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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Red Conspiracy, by Joseph J. Mereto
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Red Conspiracy
+
+Author: Joseph J. Mereto
+
+Release Date: August 31, 2006 [EBook #19150]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RED CONSPIRACY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Curtis Weyant, David Maddock and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+The Red Conspiracy
+
+BY
+
+JOSEPH J. MERETO
+
+
+
+
+1920
+
+THE NATIONAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY
+
+37 West 39th Street, New York
+
+
+
+
+This book proves the existence of the Red Peril. We publish it to warn
+America. We ask the help of every loyal American, organization and
+institution to put "The Red Conspiracy" in every home, school and
+library in the land. Price, cloth bound, $2.15 postpaid; in paper, $1.10
+postpaid.
+
+Chapters of the book and parts of chapters can also be supplied in
+pamphlet and leaflet form for wide distribution. Write us for
+particulars.
+
+The National Historical Society
+37 West 39th Street, New York
+
+
+
+
+_Copyright, 1920, by
+The National Historical Society_
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+
+As a mark of sincere gratitude for all that he owes to his Country from
+birth, the author of "The Red Conspiracy" hereby dedicates his work to
+his fellow-countrymen, trusting that it will prove a bulwark of defense
+for our Star-Spangled Banner and constitutional form of government, now
+so violently assailed by disloyal American citizens, as well as by
+Marxian rebels from abroad who have deceived many of the uneducated or
+trained them in ways of evil.
+
+While "The Red Conspiracy" will appeal strongly to all who are seeking a
+clear and comprehensive knowledge of Socialism, Bolshevism, Communism
+and I. W. W.'ism, it will be of special value to the workingmen of
+America, as it will enable them easily to understand the fallacies of
+the Revolutionists and at the same time make them realize the serious
+dangers that would result from the adoption of any of the various
+radical programs.
+
+Friendship, indeed, the "Knights of the Red Flag" profess for the
+laboring man. Such friendship, however, once it is understood will be
+spurned, for it is one which would plunge the sons of toil into a
+terrible abyss of injustice, deprivation and suffering--wrongs far
+greater than those endured from abuses of capitalism and partial
+corruption of some government officials.
+
+At the very beginning of this work, the author wishes to express his
+heartfelt sympathy for poor men and women who are treated unjustly by
+employers, as well as with all who receive too small a recompense for
+their wearisome labors. It is, indeed, a source of deep regret to us
+that in consequence of injustice and uncharitableness, there are to be
+found in this rich republic numbers of our fellow-countrymen, not merely
+men and women but even innocent little children, who can scarcely
+relieve the pangs of their hunger by the coarsest kinds of food and have
+naught but rags for clothes and huts for homes. Feeling deep concern for
+these poor people, and for all who suffer either from employers or from
+defects of government, we trust that "The Red Conspiracy" will not only
+help toward remedying many of the evils that now weigh heavily upon the
+working class, but help to avert the far more dreadful evils that would
+result from the adoption of Socialism, Bolshevism, Communism, and I. W.
+W.'ism.
+
+For many years the author has made a careful study of radicalism, and
+during that time has read not only many thousands of Socialist and I. W.
+W. papers, leaflets, pamphlets and books, but also most of the leading
+works against Socialism in the English language. We have sought to
+gather an illuminating collection of quotations, not merely from
+standard Marxian publications, but from the speeches of Socialists of
+unquestioned authority in the international movement. These open
+confessions of the Revolutionists cannot fail to interest the reader and
+will certainly arouse the deep indignation of every fair-minded person
+against a propaganda of deception which is working fast to wreck modern
+civilization.
+
+No doubt the readers of "The Red Conspiracy" will be interested to learn
+that many of the revelations made in this book are brought to light
+through purchase by the author himself of revolutionary papers and
+pamphlets on sale in the spring and summer of 1919 at the National
+Headquarters of the Socialist Party, the Chas. H. Kerr Socialist
+Publishing Company, and the National Headquarters of the I. W. W., all
+in Chicago, and also in leading Socialist bookstores of Chicago, New
+York, and Philadelphia. The matter obtained in these centres of
+underworld corruption and anarchy could not have been procured had the
+author ransacked every public library in the United States.
+
+Though loyalty and patriotism should always inspire us to defend our
+country against its foes, we must concede to the Socialists that human
+government, whether national, state or municipal, is by no means free
+from serious defects; and we are bound to admit that representatives of
+the American people, as well as men engaged in business and commerce,
+have too often been guilty of dishonesty, injustice and cruelty to the
+suffering poor.
+
+Law-abiding citizens, while very much regretting that wrongs such as
+these should exist, confidently hope to reduce them to a reasonable
+minimum by methods of social reform still more effective than those that
+have already brought to an end not a few of the evils prevalent in days
+gone by. Prudence and charity suggest to true social reformers
+reasonable constitutional and lawful methods by which to correct abuses
+instead of adding to their number by adopting Socialism. We have already
+seen too much of the work of the "Reds" in Europe and in parts of
+Mexico, and we do not wish to behold our fellow-countrymen shedding more
+blood and suffering graver evils, under Socialism, than they did during
+the terrible World War.
+
+Loyal and patriotic citizens of America, judging from the progress that
+has been made in the past in matters of social reform, have every reason
+for looking forward confidently to the success of their efforts--unless,
+indeed, the Revolutionists, by greatly increasing their numbers, should
+divide the workingmen of our country into two big parties, comprising,
+respectively, the Socialists and the anti-Socialists, whose main purpose
+it would then be to fight each other instead of joining forces against
+social abuses. If the Revolutionists should gain very large numbers of
+recruits, there would be, on the one hand, a great party consisting of
+those whose object it would be to destroy our present form of
+government, as well as the entire industrial system, and, on the other,
+an opposition party, embracing good citizens and men of common sense and
+intelligence, who, because of their realization of the blessings which
+privately-owned industries and our constitutional form of government
+have bestowed upon the people of America, would be determined to shed
+the last drop of their blood in defense of them.
+
+The Socialists, however, are not satisfied with social reform, but are
+bent on the total destruction of our system of government and industry,
+holding the system itself, rather than the faults and shortcomings of
+men, to be by its very nature responsible for all the economic evils of
+the day. "Down with the Stars and Stripes" is their cry. "Abolish
+religion and the present form of marriage." "Atheism and free-love must
+reign supreme." Then, trusting that workingmen will admire anything,
+provided that it be adorned in sufficiently glowing colors, they paint
+such fabulous pictures of Socialism as the following:
+
+     "Hundreds of thousands of former representatives of the state will
+     enter various professions, and by their intelligence and strength
+     will help to increase the wealth and comfort of society. Neither
+     political nor common crimes will be known in the future. Thieves
+     will have disappeared because private property will have
+     disappeared, and in the new society everybody will be able to
+     satisfy his wants easily and conveniently by work. Nor will there
+     be tramps and vagabonds, for they are the product of a society
+     founded on private property, and with the abolition of this
+     institution they will cease to exist. Murder? Why? No one can
+     enrich himself at the expense of others, and even murder for
+     hatred or revenge is directly or indirectly connected with the
+     social system. Perjury, false testimony, fraud, theft of
+     inheritance, fraudulent failures? There will be no private property
+     against which these crimes could be committed. Arson? Who should
+     find satisfaction in committing arson when society has removed all
+     cause for hatred? Counterfeiting? Money will be but a mere chimera,
+     it would be love's labor lost! Blasphemy? Nonsense! It will be left
+     to good Almighty God himself to punish whoever has offended him,
+     provided that the existence of God is still a matter of
+     controversy." ("Woman Under Socialism," by Bebel, page 436 of the
+     1910 edition in English.)
+
+As an immense number of American citizens would not be led astray by
+these foolish promises, or by others equally absurd--recalling how
+political and common crimes, theft, murder, arson, perjury, worthless
+currency, blasphemy and political corruption have ruined Socialist
+Russia and made it a hell on earth--a dreadful revolution would be
+necessary to compel our countrymen to surrender their cherished rights.
+The Socialists, if victorious, after having set up a new form of
+government, modeled on their own low ideas of morality, would not only
+substitute a free-love regime for the present form of marriage, but,
+going still further, would avail themselves of every opportunity for
+destroying religion. The evils, however, would by no means end here, for
+the new government, whose rapid decay would begin from the very day of
+its birth, would in a short time collapse and fall, and then the
+citizens of America would have neither a government to protect them from
+the ravages of criminals, whose number would be legion, nor yet any
+suitable system of organized industries for the employment of men and
+the production of the necessaries of life. Consequently, trials and
+sufferings incomparably greater than any of the present day would befall
+the people in the reign of anarchy that would ensue.
+
+It is to preserve our fellow-countrymen from ever having to endure such
+calamities that we have undertaken this work, in which it is proven
+conclusively that the "Reds," unless quickly thwarted, will overwhelm us
+with unspeakable horrors of crime, rebellion, anarchy and destitution.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION iii
+
+     Scope of Book, iii; Value to Workingmen, iii; Sympathy for Labor,
+     iii; Quotations from Socialist Authorities, iv; Revolutionists Set
+     Back the Cause of Labor, v; Bebel's Fabulous Picture of Socialist
+     Possibilities, v; Socialism Means War, vi.
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+SOCIALISM IN OTHER LANDS                                               1
+
+     Modern Socialism Dates from "Communist Manifesto," 1848, 1; Karl
+     Marx, 1; Engels, 1; International Workingmen's Association, 1;
+     "Capital" by Marx, the Socialist Bible, 2; Socialism in Germany, 2;
+     in Bavaria, 4; in Russia, 4; Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, 5;
+     Socialism in Austria-Hungary, 5; in France, 5; in Great Britain, 8;
+     in Italy, 9; in Spain, 9; in Belgium, 10; in Holland, 10; in
+     Bohemia, 10; in Sweden, 11; in Norway, 11; in Argentina, 11; in
+     Canada, 12; in Bulgaria, 12; in Mexico, 12; in Other Foreign Lands,
+     12.
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+GROWTH OF SOCIALISM IN THE UNITED STATES                              13
+
+     Introduced from Europe, 13; Workingmen's Party, 13; Socialist Labor
+     Party, 13; Socialist Democracy of America, 13; Socialist Party of
+     America, 13; Socialist Periodicals, 14; Socialist Party Strife and
+     Bossism, 14; The Internatonal, 16; The First International, 16; The
+     Second International, 16; International Socialist Bureau, 17;
+     American Socialists and the International, 17; The Berne
+     Conference, 18; The Third (Moscow) International, 18; Debs and
+     American Socialists Recognized by Lenine, 20; American Socialists'
+     Straddle Resolution on Berne and Moscow, 21.
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF AMERICA DEVELOPS A LEFT WING                   23
+
+     Revolution Camouflaged as Evolution, 23; "Yellows," "Reds,"
+     "Rights" and "Lefts," 23; Origin of the Left Wing, 24;
+     Revolutionary Principles of the Left Wing, 24; Sympathy with
+     Russian Bolshevism, 25; Industrial Unionism Advocated, 26; Mass
+     Action and Strikes the Prelude to Armed Rebellion, 26; "Moderate"
+     Socialism Rejected by American Revolutionists, 28; To Overthrow the
+     United States Government, 30; Text of Call to Moscow International,
+     31; American Socialist Party for "Industrial Unionism," 34.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE FREE-FOR-ALL FIGHT BETWEEN THE RIGHT AND LEFT WINGS               35
+
+     Rowdies at Socialist Meetings, 35; Revolution in America "at Hand,"
+     36; "Existence of the Party at Stake," 37; "The Steering
+     Committee," 38; Hillquit Says Left Wing is Not "Too Radical," 40;
+     "Friendly Separation," 41; The Left Wing Gets More "Dictatorship"
+     Than It Wants, 42; The Rights Expel and Suspend Tens of Thousands,
+     42; The Socialists' "Immortal" Executive Committee, 42; Manifesto
+     of the Third (Moscow) International, 45.
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+BIRTH OF THE COMMUNIST AND COMMUNIST LABOR PARTIES                    52
+
+     Left Wing Conference, 52; Left Wingers Split, 52; Call for a
+     Communist Convention, 53; Too Many Would-Be Lenines and Trotzkys,
+     54; The "Firing Squad," 55; National Emergency Convention, 55; Who
+     Called the "Cops"? 57; A Convention on Each Floor, 57; The
+     Communist and Communist Labor Parties Organize, 57; Their
+     Principles, 58; "Reds" No Worse Than "Yellows," 58; Bolshevism of
+     the Socialist Party, 59; Utterances at the Emergency Conference,
+     60; Revolutionary Character of the Socialist Party, 65;
+     Trachtenberg on Affiliation with Moscow International, 68;
+     Glassberg Letter, 69; Victor L. Berger, 70; American Socialists
+     Join the Third International, 74; Hillquit Encourages the
+     Communists, 74; The Socialist Party's Revolutionary Manifesto,
+     71-75.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+SOCIALISM IN THEORY                                                   79
+
+     Socialist Office-holding is Not Socialism, 77, 85; Collective
+     Ownership, 80; I. W. W. Point of View, 80; Socialism Explained
+     Diversely by Its Leaders, 80; Hillquit's Notion, 81; Debs' Demand,
+     81; American Socialists to "Capture the Government," 82; Analysis
+     of Collective Ownership, 82; All Women to Work, 84; Atheism and
+     Free-Love, 85; Poetry from the "Call," 86; Don't Judge Socialism by
+     Reform Planks in Platforms, 87; Socialists Attack Their Own Social
+     Reform Program, 89; Unpatriotic Attitude of Socialists in the War,
+     92.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+SOCIALISM IN PRACTICE                                                 94
+
+     Herron's Socialist Day Dream, 94; Communist Experiments in Russia
+     and Hungary, 94; Socialism in Yucatan, 96; "Zapata, Great Socialist
+     Leader of Southern Mexico," 97; Act of the Second: "Zapata, a
+     Tyrant, Who Played a Huge Joke on 100,000 Confiding Workers Whom He
+     Exploited," 101; Socialist Experiment in Russia, 103.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE I. W. W.                                                         105
+
+     A "Dangerous" Organization, 105; Its Origin, 105; Industrial
+     Unionism Explained, 106; Organization by Industries, 107; I. W. W.
+     Preamble, 107; Revolutionary Aims, 108; Conceptions of Right and
+     Wrong, 108; Violent Tactics, 100; Revolution by Means of the
+     "General Strike," 109; "Government Will Disappear," 110;
+     Remuneration for Work and the "Man-Day," 111; Doctrine and Examples
+     of Sabotage, 111.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD IN ACTION                            114
+
+     I. W. W. Trials and Socialist Support, 114; Revolutionary Threats,
+     115; Plotting Against the United States, 116; I. W. W.
+     Publications, 116; Propaganda Among Foreigners, 117; The Paterson
+     Strike, 117; The I. W. W. Atheistic and Anti-Religious, 118;
+     Arousing the Negro, 119; Arousing the Chinese, 120; I. W. W. Songs,
+     120; Socialists Favor the I. W. W., 122; Pretended Anti-Sabotage
+     Policy of the Socialist Party, 124; Gene Debs in Love with Bill
+     Haywood, 126; I. W. W. Attitude Toward Bolshevism, 128; Drawing
+     Together of Radicals, 129; "Left Wing" Socialists and the I. W. W.,
+     131; I. W. W. Help in Establishing Russian Bolshevism, 133;
+     Socialist Drift Toward I. W. W.'ism, 135; Growth of Syndicalism
+     Throughout the World, 136.
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+BOLSHEVIST RULE IN RUSSIA                                            138
+
+     Rise of Russian Bolshevists, 138; Bolshevist Constitution, 139;
+     Land Confiscation in Socialist Russia, 140; Peasant Warfare, 141;
+     The Russian Soviets, 142; "Liberty" in Socialist Russia, 145;
+     Justice in Bolsheviki-land, 146; Bolshevist Atheism and Religious
+     Persecution, 146; Church and State "Separated," 147; Michigan Left
+     Wing "Lets the Cat Out of the Bag," 149; Education Under Lenine's
+     Government, 151.
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+RUSSIA RED WITH BLOOD AND BLACK WITH CRIME                           153
+
+     The Red Terror, 153-5; "Take Our Lives But Spare Our Children,"
+     156; 500 Butchered in a Night, 157; Horrors of Bolshevik Prisons,
+     158; Atrocities and Tortures, 159; Petrograd, "City of the Dead,"
+     160; 76 Uprisings, 161; "Criminal Element" in Office, 161; "A Lapse
+     Into Barbarity," 162; Nationalization of Women, 163; "The Bureau of
+     Free Love," 166; Forcible Abolition of Celibacy, 167; The "Call"
+     Lauds Bolshevism, 168; "S. O. S., An Appeal to Humanity," 169;
+     "Every Pore" of Russia's "Body Shedding Blood," 170; Lenine Working
+     for World-Wide Bolshevism,[1] 170; Official Bolshevist[2] Organ in
+     New York, 172; American Socialists Want Bolshevism, 173;
+     Bolshevism's Economic Failure Revealed by Lincoln Eyre, 173; After
+     Destroying "Capitalism" Lenine Seeks "Foreign Capital," 174;
+     Bolshevism Has Sacrificed "the Health of Future Generations," 175;
+     Trotzky Offers "Foreign Capitalists" a "Share of the Profits" from
+     Russian Conscript Labor, 175.
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+EUROPEAN SPARTACIDES AND COMMUNISTS                                  177
+
+     Spartacides of Germany, 177; Origin of Name, 177; Violent
+     Principles, 177; Rowdies and Ruffians Approved by American
+     Socialists, 177; Spartacan Terrorism, 178; Communists of Bavaria,
+     178; Terrorism in Munich, 179; The Peasants Rise While the
+     Communists Plunder, 179; American Socialists Allied With the Scum
+     of Bavaria, 179; Communists of Hungary, 180; Free-Lovers, 180;
+     Churches Converted Into Music Halls, 180; Budapest Painted Red,
+     180; American Socialists Lined Up With European Thugs, 181.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+THE BOLSHEVISM OF AMERICAN SOCIALISTS                                182
+
+     Pink Booklet "About Russia," 182; Lenine Tells Why Bolshevism
+     Requires "A World Revolution," 183; American Socialists "Greet"
+     Bolshevist "Ambassador," 184; Poem on Liebknecht, 185; The "Call"
+     Endorses Communism, Bolshevism and Spartacism, 186; Hillquit Hails
+     Foreign Radicals, 188; American Socialist Papers Are Bolshevist,
+     188-93; Debs a "Bolshevik" and "Flaming Revolutionist," 194.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+VIOLENCE, BLOODSHED AND ARMED REBELLION                              196
+
+     Socialist Riots, 196; Trouble at Gary, 197; Haywood Says Socialists
+     are Conspirators Against U. S. Government, 199; Jack London on the
+     International "Fighting Organization," 200; Berger Says Socialists
+     "Must Shoot," 201; "Blow Open the Vaults of the Banks," 202;
+     Haywood and Bohn Say the Socialist "Does Not Hesitate to Break" the
+     Laws, 203; "I am Law Abiding Under Protest," Says Debs, "and Bide
+     My Time," 203; Scott Nearing "Wants War," 205.
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+PATRIOTISM RIDICULED AND DESPISED                                    207
+
+     Socialists Against Patriotism, 207; American Flag Scouted, 207;
+     "Honor the Uniform? No, Spit on It," 208; The "Call" Derides Our
+     Soldiers Returning from France, 208; "I Spit Upon Your Flag! I
+     Loathe the Stars and Stripes! To Hell With Your Flag! Down With the
+     Stars and Stripes! Run Up the Red Flag!" 210; Debs Attacks the
+     American Flag, 210.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST OUR COUNTRY                                   212
+
+     I. W. W. Conspirators, 213; "The Future of Socialism Lies in the
+     General Strike, Armed Insurrection and Forcible Overthrow of All
+     Existing Social Conditions," 213; Left Wing Socialists by Strikes
+     and Industrial Unions to Establish "the Dictatorship of the
+     Proletariat," 215; Government Raids, 215; Communist Parties for
+     Overthrow of Government, 215-219; Socialist Party More Dangerous
+     Than the Communists, 219-21; American Socialists Part of the
+     "Invisible Empire," 222-4; Secret Resignations in the Socialist
+     Party, 225-6; Socialist Party for "Mass Action," "General Strikes"
+     and "Industrial Unionism" to Seize "the Industries and Control of
+     the Government of the United States," 227-32; Winnipeg General
+     Strike, 230-1; The Socialist Party Joins the Third (Moscow)
+     International, 232-7; Imitates Moscow's Program and Methods,
+     237-40; Socialists Acclaim Debs, the Convict, 242-5; Hillquit
+     Threatens the New York Legislature with a General Strike, 245-6;
+     Socialists Disguise Their Principles at the New York Assembly
+     Trial, 246-51; Walling Rejects Socialist Peace Pretensions, 251;
+     The Russian Soviet Government Talks Peace While Its International
+     Plots War, 252-7; Wholesale Law-Breaking of American Socialists
+     Justified at the Assembly Trial, 257-62; Their Traitorous
+     Principles and Propaganda, 263-66; Socialists "Enter the
+     Government" to Destroy It, 266; Forewarned Is Forearmed, 266-7.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+SOCIALISM A PERIL TO WORKINGMEN                                      268
+
+     Socialist Chaos and Anarchy, 268; Discontent in the Socialist
+     State, 269; Perils of Confiscation, 270-2; Liberty Bonds and
+     Insurance, 273; Unworkable Labor Schemes, 273-7; Forcing Women to
+     Work, 277; Political Corruption, 277; Quarrels Over Religion and
+     Free-Love, 278; Lincoln Eyre Reveals Socialism's Economic Failure
+     in Russia, 279-91; "Lenine and Trotzky More Absolute Than Any
+     Czar," 281; Starvation and Disease, 282-3; Military Confiscation of
+     Russian Labor, 283-8; Lenine and Trotzky Invite "Foreign Capital"
+     to Share the Profits from Exploiting the Wage-Slaves of
+     Bolsheviki-land, 288-9; Death for Russian Wage-Slaves Who Strike
+     Against Their Socialist Task-Masters, 290.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST RELIGION ABROAD                               292
+
+     Ingersoll Argument Refuted, 293; Economic Determinism, 293; Atheism
+     of European Socialists, 294-5; "There Must Be War Between Socialism
+     and the Church," 296; Socialists "All more or Less Avowed
+     Atheists," 297; "No Man Can Be Consistently Both a Socialist and a
+     Christian," 298; Socialism Persecutes Religion in Yucatan, 298.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST RELIGION IN AMERICA                           301
+
+     Socialism Turns Ministers Into Atheists, 301-2; Spargo Says
+     Socialism Cannot Tolerate Religious Schools, 302; Anti-Religious
+     Poems in "Call," 303; The "Call" Has "No Use" for "Christ," 304;
+     "Religion Spells Death to Socialism," as Socialism "Does to
+     Religion," 305; "Socialism Logical Only When It Denies the
+     Existence of God," 306; "Christmas Is a Crime," 307; Blasphemous
+     Socialist Catechism for Children, 308; A Socialist Says "Socialism
+     Is Anti-Christ," 309; Hypocrisy of Hillquit, Berger and Other
+     Leaders in Concealing the Socialist Party's Irreligion to Get
+     Votes, 310-15; Hillquit Says "Ninety-Nine Per Cent of Us" Are
+     "Agnostic," 311.
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE FAMILY                                    317
+
+     Socialist Books Advocate Free-Love, 317; Socialists Dodge the Truth
+     by Arguments About Prostitution, 318-19; The "Call's" Poem on "The
+     Harlot," 320; Socialist Advocates of Free-Love, 320-2; Victor
+     Berger's Milwaukee Company Sells Free-Love Literature, 322;
+     Free-Love Stuff Sold by Kerr and Company and the National Office of
+     the Socialist Party, 323-9.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE RACE                                      330
+
+     The "Call," chief Organ of the Socialist Party in New York, An
+     Obscene Vehicle of Propaganda for Race-Suicide, Teaching "All
+     Within Its Polluting Reach to Violate One of the Laws of the State
+     of New York," 330-41.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+SOCIALIST ORGANIZATION AND "BORING IN"                               342
+
+     Organizing Activity of Socialists, 342; Dues-Paying Members, Locals
+     and Branches, 342; 400 Socialist Periodicals in the United States,
+     343; Use of Books and Leaflets, 344; Financial Support by Rich
+     Radicals, 345; Red Propaganda to Proselytize Labor and Promote
+     Strikes, 346; Effect on the American Federation of Labor, 347; I.
+     W. W.'s "Boring from Within," 348; William R. Foster, An I. W. W.,
+     Leads the A. F. of L. Steel Strike, 348-9.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+ENLISTING RECRUITS FOR THE CONSPIRACY                                350
+
+     Socialist Sunday Schools, 350; "Catch Them Young," 351; Lesson 24
+     from the "Socialist Primer," 352; Socialist Propaganda Among School
+     Children by Townley's Non-Partisan League, 353; The Teachers' Union
+     of New York City, 354; The Inter-Collegiate Socialist Society, 355;
+     Radical College Professors, 356; The Rand School, 357; Socialist
+     Propaganda Among Immigrants, 358; Socialist Naturalization Bureau,
+     359; The Red Curse Among Women, 359; Among Soldiers and Sailors,
+     360; Socialist Cartoons and Movie Films, 360; Making Rebels of
+     Negroes, 361.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+EXPERTS IN THE ART OF DECEPTION                                      363
+
+     Must Socialism Be Good Because Something Else Is Bad? 363;
+     Socialist Party Platform Planks Unreliable, 365; Socialists
+     Disagree on Land Ownership, 365-8; Government Ownership of Public
+     Utilities Is Not Socialism, 369; Double-Faced Socialists, 370; The
+     Burden of Proof Rests on the Socialist, 371; The "Lunatic"
+     Sophistry, 372; Sophistry That Labor Earns All Wealth, 373;
+     Vote-Getting by Advocating Popular Schemes, 375; Latest Dodge of
+     Red Organizations to Hide from Prosecution by Changing Their Names,
+     375; The Socialist Party Not a Real Workingmen's Party, 376.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE REDS                                        377
+
+     High Time to Fight the Reds, 377; Read and Circulate Anti-Socialist
+     Literature, 378; Warn Our School Children, 379; Quiz the Soap-Box
+     Orators, 380; Expel Socialist School Teachers, 380; Tasks for the
+     National Government, 381; Oppose Socialism in a Nation-Wide
+     Campaign of Education, 382.
+
+INDEX                                                                383
+
+APPENDIX                                                             391
+
+     Convention of the Socialist Party of the United States, May 8-14,
+     1920.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+SOCIALISM IN OTHER LANDS
+
+
+
+Modern Socialism may be said to date from the year 1848 when Marx and
+Engels published their "Communist Manifesto," a pamphlet that has since
+been translated into almost all modern European languages and has to
+this day remained the classical exposition of international Socialism.
+
+Karl Marx, the chief founder of the movement, was born of Jewish parents
+at Treves, Germany, May 5, 1818. After studying at Jena, Bonn, and
+Berlin, he became a private professor in 1841, and about a year later
+assumed the editorship of the "Rhenish Gazette," a democratic-liberal
+organ of Cologne, that was soon suppressed for its radical utterances.
+In 1843 he moved to Paris where he became greatly interested in the
+study of political economy and of early Socialistic writings and where
+he subsequently made the acquaintance of Frederick Engels, his
+inseparable companion and life-long friend.
+
+Engels was born at Barmen, Rhenish Prussia, in 1820. He remained in
+Germany until he had completed his military service, and then moved to
+Manchester, England, where he engaged in the cotton business with his
+father. In 1884, while traveling, he met Karl Marx, and was banished
+with him from France in 1847, and expelled from Belgium in 1848, the
+very year that witnessed the appearance of the "Communist Manifesto."
+Not long after this, Marx and Engels returned to Germany, and were
+instrumental in fomenting a revolution in the Rhine Province in 1849.
+The revolt having been suppressed in the same year, both men sought
+refuge in England. Here Engels was the author of numerous German books
+on Socialism and became best known by editing, after Marx's death, the
+second and third volumes of the latter's works.
+
+While in England Marx took up his abode in London where he became the
+first president of the International Workingmen's Association, whose
+influence was not limited to England, but extended to France, Germany,
+Austria, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Switzerland,
+Poland, and even the United States of America. The active career of this
+association embraced a period of about eight years, from 1864 to 1872.
+Its six conventions were largely devoted to the discussion of social and
+labor problems and it produced a lasting effect upon the Socialist
+Movement by impressing upon it a harmonious and world-wide character. By
+1876 the International Workingmen's Association was ruined by the
+quarrels that had taken place between the more moderate faction under
+the leadership of Marx, and the anarchistic element under Bakunin. It
+had, however, by this time contributed wonderfully towards the spread of
+Socialism, for it had taught the working classes of Europe the
+international nature both of their own grievances and of capitalism.
+
+Closely rivaling the success of the International Workingmen's
+Association in furthering the cause of Socialism was a book known as
+"Capital," an economic work the first volume of which was published in
+1867 by Karl Marx. The author never lived to edit the second and third
+volumes, though after his death in London, March 14, 1883, they were
+published from his notes by Frederick Engels. This work, to which the
+Father of the Revolutionary Movement gave the German title "Das
+Kapital," has long been known as the Bible of Socialism. Its
+systematized philosophic and economic doctrines besides having supplied
+the various national branches of the party with a common theory and
+program, in the main still constitute the creed of the immense majority
+of the Socialists the world over. Though "Capital" has suffered severely
+from the criticism of economists of many schools, and though not a few
+of its doctrines have been rejected by present-day Socialists, its
+powerful influence still persists to a very marked degree.
+
+Supplementing this short historical sketch of the origin of the modern
+Socialist movement, short comments will be added concerning the
+Revolutionary organization in the different countries of the world.
+
+In Germany the Socialist movement first took shape in 1862 under the
+influence of Ferdinand Lassalle. It made comparatively slow progress
+until 1874 when the 450,000 Socialist voters returned ten members to the
+Reichstag. An attempt on the part of the German Government to suppress
+the movement failed, and henceforth the party under the leadership of
+August Bebel, Karl Kautsky, George Von Vollmar, and Wilhelm Liebknecht
+steadily continued to grow in strength. Shortly before the outbreak of
+the World War the Socialists, besides occupying 110 seats in the
+Reichstag out of a total of 397, polled about 4,252,000 votes and
+published 158 papers, but a faction under the leadership of Bernstein
+had made great progress in its endeavors to transform the Revolutionary
+organization into an opportunist party.
+
+Most of the German Socialists supported the war and the majority of
+their members in the Reichstag voted for the war credits. Some, however,
+like Karl Liebknecht, the son of Wilhelm Liebknecht, opposed the
+imperial government and were imprisoned. Pressure, however, finally
+forced the government to release Liebknecht, who then delivered
+impassioned speeches throughout the country, stirring up the people
+against Kaiserism and the war profiteers and urging the soldiers to turn
+their weapons against the imperial government itself. While Liebknecht
+was defying the authorities, the naval forces mutinied at Kiel. The
+Socialists then called a general strike for November 11, 1918, as a
+prelude to the revolution. Scheidemann and Ebert had been supporting the
+government of Prince Max of Baden, the successor of Von Hertling, as
+chancellor of the empire, and had deprecated the idea of a revolution.
+But when Scheidemann saw that the revolution was certainly coming and
+that he and his colleagues would probably be left stranded, he joined
+the movement with his powerful organization, stepped in and grasped the
+power. A national council of soldiers, sailors and workmen was formed at
+Berlin, but the provisional government was shaped by Scheidemann, Ebert
+and others of the majority Socialists by virtue of their excellent
+political machinery. The Ebert-Scheidemann government fought many a
+bitter struggle with growing radicalism. Their government represented
+the most moderate group of the Socialists and received the support of
+the Centerists and others because these were far more opposed to the
+Socialists of the extreme left, such as the Spartacan Communists.
+Several revolts engineered by the Spartacans were put down with
+considerable bloodshed. In January, 1919, soon after the defeat of the
+Spartacides in Berlin, Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, their
+leaders, were put to death, and their minority party seemed to diminish
+in strength. In the latter part of May, 1919, the majority Socialists of
+the reactionary Ebert-Scheidemann group were at first opposed to the
+signing of the Treaty of Paris, whereas the Spartacans, and also the
+Independent Socialists under the leadership of Hugo Haase and Karl
+Kautsky, tried to force their opponents to sign it, so that the people
+of Germany might soon blame the "reactionaries" for the humiliation,
+and rise in rebellion to overthrow them.
+
+In Bavaria the anti-war sentiment spread rapidly, fostered by the
+efforts of Kurt Eisner. King Ludwig abdicated the throne on November 16,
+1918, and Eisner took up the reins of power, forming a Socialist
+government. After a few weeks Eisner broke with the Ebert-Scheidemann
+government of Berlin, and soon after was assassinated. Not long after
+this the Bavarian communists imposed the Soviet form of government on
+the country, much to the dislike of many of the inhabitants, especially
+those living outside of Munich. The peasants of Bavaria rebelled against
+the communist-soviet government of Munich, which finally fell, after the
+Noske-Ebert-Scheidemann forces had marched against the city.
+
+Very many years ago Socialists began to spread their doctrines as best
+they could in the realms of the Czar. Many a Marxian was arrested for
+attempting to undermine the Russian government and sent into exile in
+Siberia. The World War having broken out, Russia suffered terribly, and
+this suffering, especially of the masses, caused great discontentment
+and made the people an easy prey to the revolutionary forces of
+Socialism. The bureaucratic Czarist regime finally broke down in March,
+1917, as soon as the revolution started. Three main contending parties
+attempted to ride into power on the revolutionary tide; the Cadets, the
+Moderate Socialists (i.e., the Mensheviki, and Social Revolutionists)
+and the Bolsheviki or revolutionary Socialists. The Cadets were the
+first to gain the upper hand, but were soon swept away, for they strove
+to satisfy the soldiers, workers and peasants with abstract, political
+ideals. The Mensheviki and Social Revolutionists succeeded the Cadets.
+
+The demand for a Constitutent Assembly was one of the main aspirations
+of the Russian Revolution. It was on the eve of its realization that
+Bolsheviki, in November, 1917, by a _coup d'état_ seized the reins of
+power. The elections for the assembly took place after the Bolsheviki
+had gained the upper hand and the Bolsheviki were defeated. The
+Constituent Assembly was actually convened in Petrograd in January,
+1918, but the Bolsheviki dispersed the parliament at the point of the
+bayonet. Russia was then ruled by Lenine, head of the soviet system of
+government. The government was a "dictatorship of the proletariat,"
+characterized by injustice, violence, oppression, and bloodshed, the
+Soviets being little more than tribunals of punishment and execution,
+instruments of terror in the hands of the Autocrat Lenine. The
+Bolshevist government has met with continual opposition from the
+opposing groups of Socialists in Russia and has been attacked by the
+Allies, principally on the Archangel front and in the Gulf of Finland.
+The Finns, Lithuanians, Poles, Czecho-Slovaks, Rumanians, Ukranians, and
+especially Admiral Kolchak's Siberian forces waged a relentless warfare
+against the Bolsheviki tyranny either for political reasons or to rescue
+the countless millions of Russians who suffered so terribly from the
+Lenine system of dictatorship. By the latter part of February, 1920, the
+Lenine government seemed to be overcoming all military opposition.[A]
+
+The Socialists in Austria-Hungary as far back as 1907 could count
+1,121,948 votes and 58 newspapers. Shortly before the end of the World
+War the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy fell. Austria and Hungary separated
+from each other and each became a republic. Count Karolyi was head of
+the new Hungarian government, socialistic in tendency. In the early
+spring of 1919, when Hungary was being invaded by Czecho-Slovak troops,
+Italians and Rumanians, and was threatened with an invasion from the
+Allies Count Karolyi fled and the government fell into the hands of the
+radical Socialist, Bela Kun, who soon established intimate relations
+with the Bolshevist government at Moscow. One difficulty after another,
+however, especially the attacks of the Rumanians, soon taxed the
+strength of the crimson-red government; and in the summer of 1919 it
+succumbed to pressure brought to bear on it by the Allies.
+Notwithstanding the Bolshevist propaganda carried on in Vienna, the
+Austrian government down to February, 1920, has resisted all inducements
+to adapt Bolshevism.
+
+Modern Socialism in France was rather inactive previous to the outbreak
+of the Commune in 1871. Then, after the victory of the government forces
+over the revolutionists, many leaders of the Commune declared for
+Anarchism, but subsequently abandoned it as impracticable and devoted
+themselves to the propaganda of Marxian Socialism. After Jules Guesde
+and other communards were permitted to return to France, by the amnesty
+of 1879, the party at first developed considerable strength, but soon
+split up into several factions, with Guesde as the leader of the more
+radical wing and Jaurés and Millerand at the head of the moderate
+parliamentarian group. In the election of May, 1914, the United
+Socialists under Jaurés polled 1,357,192 votes, while the Radical
+Socialists and their allies in the Caillaux combination cast 2,227,176
+votes. During the World War most of the Socialists, especially those in
+parliament, supported the government.
+
+After the War the Longuet faction of the Socialist Party became the
+majority party, took over control of the great Paris Socialist daily
+L'Humanité and chose Cashin as editor. On April 6, 1919, a great
+demonstration took place in Paris in honor of Jaurés, the Socialist
+leader of France, who had been assassinated at the beginning of the
+World War. This and the decisions taken at the Socialist party congress
+of the Federation of the Seine on March 13th, demonstrated the decided
+turn to the left that the Socialist Party had taken since its previous
+congress in October, 1918. In the demonstration, consisting, perhaps, of
+50,000 Socialists, cries of "Revolution!" "Down with the War!" "Down
+with Clemenceau!" "Long live the Soviet!" and "Long live Russia!" filled
+the air for three hours.
+
+"The Call," New York, May 19, 1919, thus comments:
+
+     "The Socialist papers for several days appeared uncensored, though
+     every line breathed revolution. Most startling of all, there were
+     as many soldiers as civilians marching.
+
+     "Seven days later the representatives of each Socialist local in
+     the Department of the Seine met in convention to decide upon which
+     of three resolutions they should recommend the coming national
+     congress of the Socialist Party to adopt. The discussion was hot,
+     and more or less revolved around the personalities of the three
+     leaders, Albert Thomas, Right Socialist, Jean Longuet, Left
+     Socialist, and F. Loriot, Communist or Bolshevist. Broadly
+     speaking, the Thomas resolution based its faith upon present
+     political action and future political power; the Longuet resolution
+     advocated a third International, without indorsing the third
+     International held in Moscow in March, and the Loriot resolution
+     indorsed the Zimmerwald resolutions (against all wars) and
+     recognized the existence of the Third International established by
+     the Russian Bolshevik party.
+
+     "Most of the discussion hinged upon affairs in Russia with hoots of
+     derision at every uncomplimentary mention of Bolshevism, until the
+     speaker either had to take his seat or qualify his criticism of the
+     Soviet republic.
+
+     "Both the Longuet and Loriot resolutions called the war the
+     consequence of imperialistic anarchy and bourgeois ambition, both
+     denounced the imposition upon Germany of an unjust, or Bismarckian,
+     peace, such as was imposed upon France in 1871, and both mourned
+     the assassination of Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, and Kurt
+     Eisner.
+
+     "The Longuet resolution was as strong in its declaration of
+     solidarity with the Soviet republic of Russia as the Loriot
+     resolution was in opposition to all annexation of the Sarre Valley
+     by France."
+
+The National Congress of the Socialist parties of France was held from
+April 19 until April 22, 1919. A motion by M. Kienthaliens demanding the
+adhesion of French Socialists to the Internationale at Moscow, under the
+leadership of Premier Lenin of the Bolshevist government polled only 270
+votes. This resolution failed to pass probably because the Longuet
+majority faction desired the union of all the French Socialist parties.
+The Congress adopted by a majority of 894 votes, a resolution offered by
+Jean Longuet to the effect that the French Socialists are willing to
+continue to form a part of the Second Internationale, provided that all
+those who are Socialists in name only shall be excluded.
+
+On May Day, 1919, the Socialists manoeuvered a general strike of all
+labor in Paris for twenty-four hours. The press dispatches informed us
+that the shut-down was virtually complete. Not a wheel was turning on
+any of the transportation systems and taxicabs and omnibuses kept off
+the streets. All restaurants and cafés were closed and guests in the
+hotels went hungry if they had not supplied themselves with food
+beforehand. Even the drug stores closed.
+
+Theatres, music halls, and other resorts did not open. No newspapers
+were published and periodic stoppages occurred in the postal and wire
+services throughout the day. Industry on all sides was in a state of
+complete inactivity, work being suspended by every class of labor. There
+was considerable disorder and very many policemen and civilians were
+injured.
+
+In the elections of November, 1919, the Socialist vote increased to
+1,750,000, a gain of 40 per cent over that of 1914. On the 1914 basis of
+representation this would have given them 160 seats in the Chamber of
+Deputies; but their representation was actually reduced from 105 to 55,
+due to a new basis of representation and a new formation of districts.
+
+The French Syndicalists, of the Labor Confederation, had 600,000 members
+before the war and now claim 1,500,000. They were quiescent during the
+war, but their congresses of July, 1918, and September, 1919, showed a
+"tendency to return to the traditional revolutionary policy of French
+Syndicalism."
+
+In Great Britain it was not until 1884, when the Social Democratic
+Federation was organized by Henry M. Hyndman, that the Marxian movement
+displayed any notable activity. Its progress at first was extremely
+slow, but after the Independent Labor Party was formed in 1893 under the
+leadership of J. Keir Hardie with a view to carrying Socialism into
+politics, the revolutionary doctrines spread much more rapidly, "The
+Clarion" and "Labor Advocate," the two organs of the Independent Labor
+Party, helping wonderfully in the work. In 1883 the Fabian Society, an
+organization Socialistic in name and tendencies, was founded by a group
+of middle class students. It rejected the Marxian economies, and by
+means of lectures, pamphlets, and books advocated practical measures of
+social reform. Among the leading English Socialists of the more radical
+type have been Hyndman, Aveling, Blatchford, Bax, Quelch, Leathan and
+Morris; while Shaw, Pease and Webb were the leading members of the
+moderate Fabian Society.
+
+The vast majority of English Socialists supported the government in the
+World War, but the Labor Party, mostly Socialistic, during that time
+engineered great strikes of the coal miners, dock workers and railroad
+men. A press despatch dated London, April 21, 1919, says:
+
+     "The first gun in the long advertised campaign of Bolshevism in
+     Britain was fired at Sheffield, where the British Socialists'
+     annual convention, at its opening session passed a resolution
+     urging the establishment of a British soviet government.
+
+     "The resolution expresses all admiration for the workings of the
+     soviet system in Hungary and Bavaria. It declares war on the
+     'capitalist' system in Britain, attacks the policy of the peace
+     conference toward Russia and favors the distribution of
+     revolutionary propaganda in the British army and navy."
+
+During the summer and fall of 1919, Socialist and Bolshevist principles
+continued to gain an ever-increasing and very serious hold on the people
+of England and proved a serious menace to the government in the general
+railway strike in October.
+
+In Italy Socialism has been making steady progress for many years and
+since the end of the World War has increased wonderfully in strength.
+The party has greatly profited by the suffering and discontent due to
+the war and especially by the failure of Italy to secure coveted
+territory after all her sacrifices and the victory of the Allies. On
+April 10, 1919, the Italian Socialists manoeuvered a very successful
+general strike in Rome, but were prevented by the government forces from
+marching through the streets in any considerable numbers. About the same
+time disturbances were also engineered in many cities and towns of the
+country, especially in Florence[3] and Milan. In the latter part of
+April, 1919, the Executive Committee of the Socialist party of Italy
+resolved to sever its connection with the International Socialist Bureau
+and the Berne Conference, in which there were many reactionary
+Socialists, and to affiliate with the newly established Moscow
+International, consisting of the various National groups of Socialists
+giving whole-hearted support to Lenine and the Bolsheviki.
+
+On July 21, 1919, Italian Socialists conducted a general strike against
+the Russian blockade. Industrial prostration resulted in whole provinces
+stopping all traffic and communication while Soviets were set up in 240
+towns and cities, including Genoa and Florence. In the November, 1919,
+elections the Socialists secured 159 Deputies in the Chamber, having had
+44 previously. They cast over one-third of all votes cast, about
+3,000,000, as against 883,409 in 1913.
+
+The membership of the Italian labor unions is now estimated at
+1,000,000, an increase of about 300,000 since 1917. At a national
+conference, in April, 1919, the labor unions demanded a change of the
+national Parliament into a national Soviet.
+
+In Spain, especially in the big cities and notably in Barcelona,
+Socialism has made steady progress and the Marxians have taken part in
+several upheavals. In the early part of 1919 the eleventh national
+Congress, which met at Madrid, elected Pablo Iglesias president of the
+Executive Committee and adopted aggressive measures for extending
+Socialist propaganda, especially into the rural districts, and for
+establishing Socialist day schools and women's evening schools. The
+official organ of the party, "El Socialista," came in for a round of
+criticism because of its espousal of the Allied cause to the detriment,
+it was charged, of the International principles to which it should have
+adhered.
+
+In the latter part of April, 1913, the Belgian Socialists, under the
+leadership of Emil Vandervelde attracted the attention of the world by
+attempting to paralyze the entire industrial system of the country by a
+general strike. Shortly before the outbreak of the World War, Belgium,
+with its comparatively small population, had about half a million
+Socialist voters, constituting approximately half of the electorate of
+the country. During the war the Socialists supported the government and
+since the war down to the early fall of 1919 have not caused any serious
+trouble.
+
+On November 16, 1919, the Socialist vote rose to 644,499, with election
+of 70 Deputies and 20 Senators, an increase of 21 Deputies and 5
+Senators.
+
+In March, 1919, out of the 100 members of the Second Chamber of Holland,
+there were four Communists or Socialists of the extreme left and 20 of
+more moderate tendencies. The Communists published a newspaper called
+"The Bolshevist" and maintained relations with the Russian Soviet
+Government and the German Sparticides. David Wynkoop, the leader of the
+Dutch Communists, is called "Holland's Little Liebknecht" and in a
+parliamentary speech openly threatened a general strike. There was a
+Bolshevist crisis in January, 1919. An assembly of international
+communists met at the Hague and Spartacide success in Germany was the
+only thing required to launch a revolutionary attempt, accompanied by a
+general strike and terrorism. The government then adopted stern
+measures. Civil guards were formed, and banks, newspaper offices and
+police bureaus were occupied by the military with machine guns, the
+banks and newspapers having been previously equipped with wireless
+against the cutting of telephone wires.
+
+Wynkoop, in the company of workingmen, visited soldiers in their
+barracks asking them to join the movement, but the soldiers fired,
+killing three and wounding several. Efforts to corrupt the cavalry and
+the navy by similar means were not a success.
+
+Shortly after the overthrow of the Austro-Hungarian Government, the
+three Socialist parties of Czecho-Slovakia, which had been divided
+principally over questions of nationality, got together and their
+leaders of moderate tendencies were very sanguine over the outlook for a
+general victory at the ballot box in the near future. It appears,
+however, that the party was afterwards split into pro and anti
+Bolshevist factions, with a consequent decrease in political strength.
+
+In speeches made by several leaders at the Bohemian Socialist conference
+at Prague in the early part of April, 1919, it was decided that the
+alliance with the Entente should be maintained because reconciliation
+with Berlin, Budapest and Moscow would mean danger for the Czecho-Slovak
+republic.
+
+Bolshevism was described as the suicide of the proletariat, and it was
+urged that the working people of Bohemia should differentiate between
+exaggeration and methodic reform.
+
+In Prague, Pressburg and other cities troops clashed with the Communists
+and Social Democrats. On March 7, 1919, at a mass meeting addressed by
+three leading agitators from Prague, 40,000 workers, mostly miners,
+cheered assertions that the revolution of October 28, 1918, had not
+turned out well for the proletariat which was still being oppressed;
+that the Government of Prague was as weak as under the old Austrian
+regime.
+
+Socialism, in recent years, has made considerable progress in Sweden.
+The majority of the Marxians seems to be of the moderate group, though
+the Left Socialist Party assisted the Lenine Government of Russia.
+Hjalmar Branting, the leader of the Moderate Socialists, addressing the
+French Socialist Congress in the Spring of 1919, bitterly assailed
+Bolshevism and issued a warning against it. Branting's Social-Democratic
+Labor Party has 86 seats in Parliament, while the radicals, who seceded
+to form the Socialist Party in 1917, have 12 seats. In this convention,
+in June, 1919, the Socialist Party voted to join the Third (Moscow)
+International, declared for the principle of the dictatorship of the
+proletariat, voted for "mass action" as the means of conquest and a
+Soviet organization of the workers.
+
+In the Socialist party of Norway the Bolshevist faction appears to be in
+control. After the revolution in Germany in the latter part of 1918, the
+Norwegian Socialists, in speeches and articles urged the laborers to
+organize revolutionary organizations similar to those in soviet Russia,
+provide themselves with arms and be ready for a revolutionary uprising
+to overthrow the government. The party congress in 1919 joined the Third
+(Moscow) International and adopted "mass action" as tactics and
+preparation for a general strike.
+
+The Socialists were very active in Argentina after the ending of the
+World War and were the back-bone of the serious and prolonged
+disturbances in Buenos Aires. In the latter part of April, 1919, the
+Pan-American Socialist Conference was held in the Argentine capital. Its
+purpose was to promote the amalgamation of all the Socialist and labor
+organizations of the Western Hemisphere into one body. In South America
+Socialism is best organized in Argentine, Chile and Peru, and weakest in
+Brazil and Colombia.
+
+In Canada, at least till the summer of 1919, the Marxian forces were
+gaining in strength daily. This was especially true of the western part
+of the Dominion, where the radical industrial union, generally called in
+Canada the "One Big Union," has become very influential. Serious strikes
+with Bolshevist tendencies took place throughout the Dominion,
+especially in Winnipeg in the spring of 1919.
+
+Bulgaria has two Socialist parties, the Moderates and the Communist
+Party, the latter affiliated with the Third (Moscow) International. In
+the August, 1919, election the Moderate Socialist members in the
+"Sobranie" or Chamber of Deputies decreased from 46 to 39, while the
+Communists increased their Deputies from 10 to 47.
+
+Mexico, on our southern border, has added "industrial unionism" to her
+Socialist movement. At the Socialist Party convention in the fall of
+1919 a part of the organization seceded and reorganized as the Communist
+Party.
+
+Besides the many millions of Socialists in the countries already
+referred to, the Marxians are well organized and are making rapid
+strides in Serbia, Denmark, Greece, Switzerland, the Balkan States,
+Australia, New Zealand and even in South Africa and far distant Japan
+and China.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+GROWTH OF SOCIALISM IN THE UNITED STATES
+
+
+
+Socialism was introduced into the United States about the year 1850 by
+immigrants who landed on our shores from Europe. The Marxians, who came
+from Germany, were principally responsible for the foundation of the
+Workingmen's Party in 1876, which in 1877 was called the Socialistic
+Labor Party, and, a few years later, the Socialist Labor Party, which
+was reorganized at Chicago in 1889, after having lost two sections by
+secession. One of these, called the Cincinnati Socialist Labor Party, in
+1897 united with the Social Democracy of America, a combination of
+railroad men, followers of Eugene V. Debs, and of the populist followers
+of Victor L. Berger. The other seceders from the Socialist Labor Party,
+called the "kangaroos," united with the Social Democracy of Debs and
+Berger in 1900, the new combination then calling itself the Socialist
+Party of America. The minority of the old Socialist Labor Party, which
+refused to be amalgamated with the Social Democracy of America, is still
+known as the Socialist Labor Party; hence, since the year 1900, there
+have been two distinct revolutionary parties, the Socialist Party and
+the Socialist Labor Party.
+
+The former, under the leadership of Eugene V. Debs, Victor L. Berger and
+Morris Hillquit, with 109,586 dues-paying members in January, 1919, is
+by far the more powerful and influential, having steadily increased its
+vote to about 900,000 in the Presidential election of 1912, though in
+the year 1916 the vote dropped to less than 600,000. The Socialist Labor
+Party, under the guidance of Daniel De Leon until his death, in May,
+1914, seems to be making little if any progress. Though both parties
+claim to be genuinely Socialistic and Marxian, each has decried the
+other as being a "fake" or "bogus" party. The Socialist Labor Party's
+main complaint is that its rival the Socialist Party is sacrificing the
+principles of Karl Marx in its endeavor to gain votes, while, on the
+other hand, the latter party retorts by stigmatizing its opponent as
+being a party of "scabs," the sole purpose of whose existence is to
+antagonize the Socialist Party. In recent years unsuccessful attempts
+have been made to unite the two.
+
+The Socialist Party, besides publishing two important dailies in
+English, "The Call," of New York City, and the "Milwaukee Leader,"
+issues at least two in German, two in Bohemian, one in Polish and one in
+Yiddish. "Forward," the Jewish paper published in New York City in
+Yiddish, had a daily circulation[4] of over 150,000, according to a
+report in "The Call" April 6, 1919. Foremost for many years among the
+Socialist weeklies in English was the "Appeal to Reason," which was once
+extremely bitter and unrelenting in its attacks on the United States
+Government. Published at Girard, Kansas, its circulation reached nearly
+1,000,000 copies a week during the fall of 1912, but since 1917 it has
+fallen into great disfavor among most Socialists because of its pro-war
+and moderate tendencies. In addition to the Socialist papers already
+referred to, there are in our country hundreds of others in English,
+German, Bohemian, Polish, Jewish, Slovac, Slavonic, Danish, Italian,
+Finnish, French, Hungarian, Lettish, Norwegian, Croatian, Russian, and
+Swedish. In a report to Congress in 1919, the Attorney-General of the
+United States stated that there were 416 radical newspapers in America.
+
+A strong impression that serious party strife and bossism prevail in the
+Socialist organization is gained by those who read the Marxian papers
+and magazines. William English Walling, for example, in the
+"International Socialist Review," Chicago, April, 1913, showed his
+sympathy with the so-called "reds," who then comprised the radical I. W.
+W. wing of the party, and at the same time attacked the "yellows," the
+advocates of political action.
+
+"Ever since the Socialist Party was formed," he wrote, "the party
+office-holders have been spending the larger part of their energies in
+endeavoring to hold their jobs and to fight down every element in the
+party that demanded any improvement or advance in any direction....
+
+"A far greater danger is the new one, that has become serious only since
+we entered upon the present period of political success two years ago,
+namely the corruption of the party by those elected to public office....
+
+"Only last year we had several mayors in the one state of Ohio either
+being forced to resign or deserting the party because they could not use
+it for their purpose....
+
+"Next year we may elect a few congressmen and half a hundred
+legislators--if the reactionaries in the party will cease their
+underhand efforts to disrupt the organization and drive out the
+revolutionists....
+
+"If then these office-holders continue to show the tendency towards
+bossism so common in the past, the Socialist Party will soon become an
+office-holders' machine, little different in character from the machine
+by which Gompers controls the Federation of Labor, or Murphy, Tammany
+Hall....
+
+"The only possible way to avoid a split so openly and shamelessly
+advocated by some of the opportunist leaders of our party--Berger even
+threatened it in the last National Convention--is to have the system of
+proportional representation....
+
+"Unless some such changes as these are made in the next four years, it
+does not take a prophet to see that there would be nothing left of what
+we now know as the Socialist Party. If we cannot control our own petty
+autocrats, how can we ever hope to control the infinitely more powerful
+and resourceful autocrats of the Capitalist system?"
+
+"The Communist," formerly the Left Wing organ of the Chicago Socialists,
+in its edition of April 1, 1919, bitterly assails Victor L. Berger of
+the Right Wing:
+
+     "A vote for Berger is a vote of pitying contempt for our Bolsheviki
+     and Spartacan comrades. A vote for Berger is a vote approving his
+     repeated and uncalled-for condemnation of our class-war comrades of
+     the I. W. W.--condemnation persistently offered to prove Berger's
+     own eminent respectability. A vote for Berger is a vote of scoffery
+     against the St. Louis platform--a vote of apology for the platform,
+     dissipation of its meaning, and disavowal of its essential spirit.
+     A vote for Berger is a vote for the International of German
+     Majority Socialism. A vote for Berger is a vote for petty bourgeois
+     progressivism as the essence of Socialism; it is a vote against
+     identification of the Socialist Party with the revolutionary mass
+     aspirations. A vote for Berger is a betrayal of all the efforts,
+     sacrifices and dreams of those whose lives have gone into the
+     socialist movement as torch-bearers of proletarian triumph over
+     capitalist exploitation, from Marx to the humblest comrade fighting
+     today in the ranks of the revolutionary class struggle.
+
+     "As far as this election is concerned there is nothing to be
+     considered about Victor Berger, past and present, except the ideal
+     Socialism which has become unchangeably attached to his name. If
+     the American Socialist Party is to be a party of Berger-Socialism,
+     then indeed, the Socialist movement will not die in America. No, it
+     is the Socialist Party that will die."
+
+As we shall see presently, these prophecies of disruption were soon
+fulfilled.
+
+The representatives of the Socialist organizations of the different
+countries of the world have from the time of Karl Marx met together at
+more or less regular intervals, being banded together in what is called
+the "International."
+
+The official organ of the National Office, Socialist Party, "The Eye
+Opener," in its issue of February, 1919, gives a detailed explanation of
+the "International":
+
+     "It is an organization of Socialist Parties and labor
+     organizations, meeting periodically in international conferences.
+     In order to be eligible for membership, an organisation must meet
+     the following test, adopted by the International Congress of Paris,
+     1900.
+
+     "Those admitted to the International Socialist Congresses are:
+
+     "1. All associations which adhere to the essential principles of
+     Socialism; namely, Socialization of the means of production and
+     exchange, international union, and action of the workers, conquest
+     of public power by the proletariat, organized as a class party.
+
+     "2. All the labor organizations which accept the principles of the
+     class struggle and recognize the necessity of political action,
+     legislative and parliamentary but do not participate directly in
+     the political movement.
+
+     "This definition includes every Socialist Party and propaganda
+     organization in the world and it further takes in those enlightened
+     unions that recognize the need for political action. It excludes
+     conservative unions that do not yet admit the soundness of the
+     principles of the class struggle."
+
+The First International was thoroughly Marxian and revolutionary.
+According to "The Revolutionary Age," April 12, 1919, it accepted the
+revolutionary struggle against capitalism and waged that struggle with
+all the means in its power. It considered its objective to be the
+conquest of power by the revolutionary proletariat, the annihilation of
+the bourgeois state, and the introduction of a new proletarian state,
+functioning temporarily as a dictatorship of the proletariat. The First
+International collapsed after the Franco-Prussian War.
+
+The Second International was formed at Paris in the year 1889. Its
+tendencies were much more moderate than those of its predecessor. "The
+Revolutionary Age," April 12, 1919, criticises it for being
+"conservative and petty bourgeois in spirit," and states that "it was
+part and parcel of the national liberal movement, not at all
+revolutionary, dominated by the conservative skilled elements of the
+working class and the small bourgeoisie. It was hesitant and
+compromising, expressing the demands of the 'petite bourgeoisie' for
+government ownership, reforms, etc."
+
+In 1900 an International Socialist Bureau was established at Brussels
+for the purpose of solidifying and strengthening the work of the Second
+International and for maintaining uninterrupted relations between the
+various national organizations.
+
+That the American Socialists were closely united with the Marxians the
+world over during the Second International, which continued till the
+World War, was especially evident from the fact that representatives
+from the United States met abroad in the international congresses every
+three years to discuss party policies. Far from denying the
+international character of the whole movement, the Revolutionists of the
+United States have ever rejoiced and gloried in it, trusting that it
+would result in the rapid spread of their doctrines and the ultimate
+victory of their cause. In confirmation of the intimate union existing
+between American and foreign Socialists, during the time of the second
+International, we have the declaration of the Socialist Party of the
+United States in its national platform of 1904, pledging itself to the
+principles of International Socialism, as embodied in the united thought
+and action of the Socialists of all nations. Moreover, Morris Hillquit
+informed us in "The Worker," March 23, 1907, that the International
+Socialist Movement, with its thirty million adherents and its organized
+parties in about twenty-five civilized countries in both hemispheres,
+was everywhere based on the same Marxian program and followed
+substantially the same methods of propaganda and action. Writing again,
+in "Everybody's," October, 1913, Hillquit declared that the dominant
+Socialist organizations of all countries were organically allied with
+one another, that by means of an International Socialist Bureau,
+supported at joint expense, the Socialist parties of the world
+maintained uninterrupted relations with one another, and that every
+three years they met in international conventions, whose conclusions
+were accepted by all constituent[5] national organizations.
+
+Commenting upon "The Collapse of the Second International," which is
+held to have taken place at the beginning of the World War, "The
+Revolutionary Age," March 22, 1919, says:
+
+     "Great demonstrations were held in every European country by
+     Socialists protesting against their government's declarations of
+     war, and mobilizations for war. And we know that these
+     demonstrations were rendered impotent by the complete surrender of
+     the Socialist parliamentary leaders and the official Socialist
+     press, with their 'justification' of 'defensive wars' and the
+     safeguarding of 'democracy.'
+
+     "Why the sudden change of front? Why did the Socialist leaders in
+     the parliaments of the belligerents vote the war credits? Why did
+     not Moderate Socialism carry out the policy of the Basle Manifesto,
+     namely; the converting of an imperialistic war into a civil
+     war--into a proletarian revolution? Why did it either openly favor
+     the war or adopt a policy of petty-bourgeois pacifism?"
+
+At the conclusion of the World War Socialists and representatives of
+labor from many countries met at Berne, Switzerland, in what was known
+as the Berne Conference. This international Socialist conference was
+comparatively moderate in tendencies, while another Socialist congress,
+held shortly before it in Bolshevist Moscow, was far more radical.
+
+J. Ramsay MacDonald, commenting upon the Berne Conference in "Glasgow
+Forward," in the spring of 1919, said:
+
+     "It declined to condemn the Bolshevists and declined to say that
+     their revolution was Socialism....
+
+     "Moscow seems to be more thorough than Berne, though as a matter of
+     fact Berne was far more thorough than Moscow. There is a glamour
+     and a halo about Moscow; but there are substance and permanence
+     about Berne.
+
+     "That blessed word 'Soviet' has become a shibboleth. But Berne did
+     not say anything about it. It declared its continuing belief in
+     democracy and in representative institutions. I hope that the
+     Soviet is not contrary to democracy; I know that it is a
+     representative institution. But I know more. I know that beyond its
+     primary stage it is a system of indirect representation--the
+     representation of representatives--and that a few years ago there
+     was not a single Socialist in the country that would have accepted
+     such a form of representative government. For Socialists to pretend
+     to prefer that system to one of direct responsibility is a mere
+     pose.
+
+     "Therefore, two Internationals will be the worst thing that could
+     happen to the revolutions now going on and to the general
+     Socialist movement. The duty of every Socialist--especially of
+     those of us who are not in revolution--is to strive by might and by
+     main to get a union of the two. We may have to suffer a time of
+     internal trouble owing to the friction of conflicting conceptions
+     of Socialist reconstruction, but I am quite certain that no one has
+     yet said what is to be the last word on the subject, and to split
+     on such a controversy as this is to advertise to the world how
+     unready Socialism is to assume command."
+
+The Berne Conference, which had at first been called to meet at
+Lausanne, the Russian Bolshevik government of Lenine denounced in a
+manifesto which the "Chicago Socialist" of February 8, 1919, republished
+in part as follows:
+
+     "The Central Committee of the Russian Communist Bolshevik Party in
+     a manifesto on the proposal to call together an International
+     Conference at Lausanne, declares that the project cannot be
+     considered even as an attempt to revive the Second International.
+     The latter ceased to exist during the first days of August, 1914,
+     when the representatives of the majority of nearly all the
+     Socialist parties passed over into the ranks of their imperialist
+     governments.
+
+     "The attempts made to revive this International, for which
+     agitation has been carried on in all countries throughout the war,
+     emanated from elements standing mid-way, which, whilst not
+     recognizing openly Imperialist Socialism, nevertheless had no idea
+     of creating a third revolutionary International.
+
+     "The attempts made to go back to the pre-war situation regarding
+     the labor movement crashed against the Imperialist policy of the
+     official parties, which could not, at that time, admit the
+     appearance of an attempt to restore the International, fearing, as
+     they did, that this might tend to weaken the war policy of the
+     government and the working class working in unison.
+
+     "To counteract these attempts, the Imperialist Socialist parties
+     undertook to change the conditions of representation of the
+     national sections in the old International. The last so-called
+     inter-Allied conference in the Entente countries made it clear that
+     this change had been effected.
+
+     "Great Britain was represented by a motley organization in which
+     the Socialist parties could play no direct role. Italy was
+     represented by men whose party never before belonged to the
+     International and whose presence compelled the absence of the
+     official Italian Socialist Party. America was represented by
+     Gompers, representing associations which never had anything to do
+     with the Socialists....
+
+     "As against the International of traitors and
+     counter-revolutionaries, organizing themselves for the purpose of
+     forming leagues against the proletarian revolutions the world over,
+     the Communists of all countries must rapidly close their ranks
+     around the third revolutionary International--already, in fact,
+     existing.
+
+     "This Third International has nothing in common with the avowed
+     Socialist Imperialists, or with the pseudo-revolutionary
+     Socialists, who in reality support the former when they refuse to
+     break with them, and who do not recoil against participation in the
+     conferences of falsely called Socialists. The Russian Communist
+     Bolshevik Party refuses to take part in these conferences, which
+     abuse the name of Socialism. It invites all those who desire that
+     the Third Revolutionary International shall live to take the same
+     line; the task of this Third International being to hasten the
+     conquest of power by the working class.
+
+     "The Communist parties of Finland, Esthonia, Lithuania, of White
+     Russia, the Ukraine, Poland, and Holland are at one with the
+     Russian Communist Party.
+
+     "The latter also regards as its associates the Spartacus group in
+     Germany, the Communist Party of German Austria and other
+     revolutionary proletarian elements of the countries in the old
+     Austro-Hungarian Empire; the Left Social Democrats of Sweden, the
+     Revolutionary Social Democracy of Switzerland and Italy, the
+     followers of Maclean in England, of Debs in America, of Loriot in
+     France. In their persons the Third International, which is at the
+     head of the World Revolution, already exists.
+
+     "At the present moment when the Socialist Imperialists of the
+     Entente who formerly hurled the most violent accusations against
+     Scheidemann, are about to unite with him and to break the power of
+     Socialism in all countries, the Communist Party considers that
+     unity for the World Revolution is an indispensable condition for
+     its success.
+
+     "Its most dangerous enemy now is the Yellow International of the
+     Socialist traitors--thanks to whom capitalism still succeeds in
+     keeping a considerable portion of the working class under its
+     influence.
+
+     "For the conquest of power by the workers let us carry on an
+     implacable struggle against those who are deceiving them--against
+     the pseudo-Socialist traitors."
+
+At the end of May, 1919, the National Executive Committee of the
+Socialist Party of the United States, probably on account of pressure
+brought to bear on it by the "Left Wing," stated that the party
+repudiated the Berne Conference, but, at the same time, was _not yet_
+affiliated with the Communist Conference of the Bolshevists at Moscow.
+The phraseology of this ambiguous announcement is here given:
+
+     "It recognizes the necessity of reorganizing the Socialist
+     International along more harmonious and radical lines. The
+     Socialist Party of the United States is not committed to the Berne
+     Conference, which has shown itself retrograde on many vital points,
+     and totally devoid of creative force. On account of the isolation
+     of Russia, and the misunderstanding arising therefrom, it also is
+     not affiliated with the Communist Congress of Moscow."
+
+This awkward straddle is explained by the fact that the American
+Socialist Party, under the pro-German leadership of Morris Hillquit of
+New York and Victor L. Berger of Milwaukee, had in its Congressional
+platform for 1918 expressly endorsed the Inter-Allied Socialist and
+Labor Conference, held at London that year. This is the conference which
+the Lenine government scoffs at in the manifesto quoted just above,
+styling it the "so-called inter-allied conference," in which "America
+was represented by Gompers, representing associations which never had
+anything to do with the Socialists." That the American Socialist Party
+had been led into the endorsement of the conference by Berger and
+Hillquit because the conference had recommended a meeting with German
+workingmen seems evident from the wording of the endorsement, taken from
+the official publication of the Socialist Party's 1918 Congressional
+Platform, pages 3-4:
+
+     "In all that concerns the settlement of this war, the American
+     Socialist Party is in general accord with the announced aims of the
+     Inter-Allied Conference. We re-affirm the principles announced by
+     the Socialist Party in the United States in 1915; adopted by the
+     Socialist Republic of Russia in 1917; proclaimed by the
+     Inter-Allied Labor Conference in 1918 and endorsed by both the
+     majority and minority Socialists in the Central empires; no
+     forcible annexations, no punitive indemnities and the free
+     determination of all peoples.
+
+     "The Socialist Party believes that the foundations for
+     international understanding must be laid during the war, before the
+     professional diplomats begin to dictate the world's future as they
+     have in the past.
+
+     "It therefore supports the demand of the Inter-Allied Conference
+     for a meeting with the German workingmen, convinced that such a
+     meeting will promote the cause of democracy, and will encourage the
+     German people to throw off the military autocracy that now
+     oppresses them. We join our pledge to that of the Inter-Allied
+     Conference that, this done, as far as in our power, we shall not
+     permit the German people to be made the victims of imperialistic
+     designs."
+
+The phrases in the above endorsement, "Inter-Allied Conference,"
+"majority ... Socialists in the Central empires," and "promote the cause
+of democracy," must have invoked the scorn of Lenine and Trotsky. Hence
+the wording of their manifesto, in which they acknowledged as
+"associates" the "followers ... of Debs in America," is an evident slap
+at Berger and Hillquit and their "followers" in the American Socialist
+Party. It was so understood by many in the party, and led to the rapid
+sprouting of a "Left Wing" and the ultimate secession of about 72,000
+dues-paying members, leaving only about 40,000 with Berger and Hillquit.
+
+The story of this rupture will be found in the three chapters following,
+where it also appears that Berger and Hillquit attempted to hide their
+"Yellow" streak under a deeper daub of "Red."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF AMERICA DEVELOPS A LEFT WING
+
+
+
+Some years ago, when the people of the United States were beginning to
+suspect that the Socialists were plotting a revolution against our
+Constitutional form of government the hypocritical followers of Eugene
+V. Debs, fearing that their plot might be nipped in the bud, endeavored
+to conceal their conspiracy, and succeeded quite well, by assuring the
+American people that the word "revolution," so often used by them, was a
+harmless term and was to be taken in a broad sense, without the "r,"
+signifying nothing more than "evolution." "Do not be alarmed," they told
+us, "we Socialists are striving to bring about reforms in the
+government, but solely by constitutional means and the use of the
+ballot."[B]
+
+Many proofs could be given to show that, even in the early days of the
+American Socialist Party, revolution, in the strictest sense of the
+word, was foremost in the minds of many of the Marxian leaders. With the
+advent of Bolshevism in Russia, and the successful overthrow of European
+governments by revolutionary Socialists abroad, the "Reds" in our own
+country became decidedly bolder, both in word and plot, against the
+Government of our country. The more outspoken, daring and impatient
+plotters in the Socialist Party of America lined up in a Left Wing
+faction, whereas the more hypocritical, hesitant, cautious and prudent
+revolutionists constituted the Right Wing. The former became known as
+the "Reds," the latter as the "Yellows."
+
+The "Reds" made a specialty of "direct action" or violence, had little
+confidence in victory through the ballot, and campaigned for a
+revolution at an early day. The "Yellows," of course, also rely on a
+final victory through rebellion, but in the meantime, during the period
+of revolutionary education and organization, insist on political action.
+The leaders in control of the executive machinery of the Socialist
+Party, wishing to retain their lucrative positions, and looking forward
+to the advantage of political office during the years which might elapse
+before the time would be ripe for rebellion, were nearly all Right
+Wingers, and have waged a bitter and unscrupulous fight against the Left
+Wing organization within the party.
+
+The Left Wing of the Socialist Party of America had its origin,
+probably, in the year 1916. According to the "International Socialist
+Review," of December of that year, this ultra-revolutionary faction took
+form in Boston. About the latter part of the year 1917 it began to
+develop more rapidly, its progress being more or less proportional to
+the spread of Bolshevism and the Socialist revolutions in Europe. Its
+success, of course, was at the expense of the political leaders of the
+Right.
+
+The Left Wing has certainly been more honest than the Right. The "Reds"
+comprising it favor direct action, that is, strikes and disturbances,
+rather than the use of the ballot, hoping thus to bring our country into
+such a critical condition that they may precipitate a rebellion, and
+then, though in a minority, assume control of the government by a sudden
+_coup d'état_, as the Bolsheviki did in Russia. The Left Wingers opposed
+the "immediate demands" in the Socialist Party platform, preferring to
+work for dictatorship rather than for social reforms. They despised the
+politicians of the Right Wing, calling them yellow, reactionary,
+hypocritical, capitalistic Socialists, and telling them that their place
+was with the newly formed Labor Party, which had already praised the
+Socialists and invited them to join its ranks. The Lefts expressed a
+fear that the leaders of the Right would, if our Government were
+overthrown, turn against them just as the Scheidemann-Ebert group turned
+against the German Spartacides. The fight between the two factions
+became severe about the beginning of the year 1919.
+
+"The Revolutionary Age," Boston, February 15, 1919, speaking of the
+disturbance in the Socialist Party, and explaining the fundamental
+principles of the Left Wing said:
+
+     "The American Socialist Party is in a condition of feverish
+     theoretical activity. Pressing problems are being met in a spirit
+     of self-criticism. New forms of action in the social struggle are
+     being accepted. Old methods, old tactics, old ideas, which in the
+     test of war have proven incapable of furthering the revolutionary
+     struggle of the proletariat, are being seriously analyzed and
+     repudiated.
+
+     "The membership of the Socialist Party, the majority, is
+     instinctively class conscious and revolutionary. It was this
+     membership that compelled our officials to acquiesce in the
+     adoption of a radical declaration against war--which most of the
+     officials sabotaged or converted into an innocuous policy of
+     bourgeois pacificism. When the Bolsheviki conquered, the majority
+     of our officials were either hostile or silent; some weeks before,
+     the 'New York Call' had stigmatized the Bolsheviki as 'anarchists.'
+     But the membership responded; they forced the hands of the
+     officials, who became 'me too' Bolsheviki, but who did not draw the
+     revolutionary implications of the Bolshevik policy. These officials
+     and their machinery baffled the will of the membership; more, the
+     membership baffled itself because it did not clearly understand the
+     theory and the practice implied in its instinctive class
+     consciousness and revolutionary spirit.
+
+     "While our National Executive Committee accepts the Berne Congress
+     and refuses to call an emergency National Convention, locals of the
+     party are actively engaged in the great struggle, turning to the
+     left, to revolutionary Socialism. Groups within the party are
+     organizing and issuing proclamations, determined that the party
+     shall conquer the party for revolutionary Socialism. Two of these
+     proclamations were published in the last issue of 'The
+     Revolutionary Age.' They deserve serious consideration and
+     discussion.
+
+     "The manifesto of the Communist Propaganda League of Chicago is a
+     concise document. Its criticism of the party is summarized:
+
+     "'The Party proceeds on too narrow an understanding of political
+     action for a party of revolution, its programs and platforms have
+     been reformist and petty bourgeois in character, instead of being
+     definitely directed toward the goal of social revolution; the party
+     has failed to achieve unity with the revolutionary movement on the
+     industrial field.'
+
+     "Its proposals for democratizing the party--mass action in the
+     party--are excellent; it repudiates the old international and the
+     Berne Congress, and asks:
+
+     "'Identification of the Socialist Party with class conscious
+     industrial unionism, unity of all kinds of proletarian action and
+     protest forming part of the revolutionary class struggle; political
+     action to include political strikes and demonstrations, no
+     compromising with any groups not inherently committed to the
+     revolutionary class struggle, such as Labor parties, People's
+     Councils, Non-Partisan Leagues, Municipal Ownership Leagues and the
+     like.'"
+
+In order clearly to understand the big fight that has disrupted the
+Socialist Party, further explanations of the principles of the Left Wing
+are necessary. "The Revolutionary Age," from which the above quotation
+was taken, was first published in Boston, its editor being Louis C.
+Fraina. In the summer of 1919 it combined with "The Communist," of New
+York City, and, still maintaining its former name, became the national
+organ of the Left Wing of the Socialist Party.
+
+In the article just quoted reference was made to "mass action." This,
+according to "The Revolutionary Age," is to be the main weapon used by
+the rebels in precipitating rebellion. The July 12, 1919, issue of the
+same paper explains mass action and shows how it is to be used. The
+article, written by Louis C. Fraina, reads in part as follows:
+
+     "Socialism in its early activity as a general organized movement
+     was compelled to emphasize the action of politics because of the
+     immaturity of the proletariat....
+
+     "All propaganda, all electoral and parliamentary activity are
+     insufficient for the overthrow of Capitalism, impotent when the
+     ultimate test of the class struggle turns into a test of power. The
+     power for the social revolution issues out of the actual struggles
+     of the proletariat, out of its strikes, its industrial unions and
+     mass action."
+
+Industrial unions of course means the union system of the I. W. W., and
+not the craft unions of the American Federation of Labor.
+
+The article continues:
+
+     "The peaceful parliamentary conquest of the state is either sheer
+     utopia or reaction....
+
+     "The revolution is an act of a minority, at first; of the most
+     class conscious section of the industrial proletariat, which in a
+     test of electoral strength, would be a minority, but which, being a
+     solid, industrially indispensable class, can disperse and defeat
+     all other classes through the annihilation of the fraudulent
+     democracy of the parliamentary system implied in the dictatorship
+     of the proletariat, imposed upon society by means of revolutionary
+     mass action....
+
+     "Mass action is not a form of action as much as it is a process and
+     synthesis of action. It is the unity of all forms of proletarian
+     action, a means of throwing the proletariat, organized and
+     unorganized, in a general struggle against Capitalism and the
+     capitalist state....
+
+     "The great expressions of mass action in recent years, the New
+     Zealand general strike, the Lawrence strike, the great strike of
+     the British miners under which capitalist society reeled on the
+     verge of collapse--all were mass actions organized and carried
+     through in spite of the passive and active hostility of the
+     dominant Socialist and labor organization. Under the impulse of
+     mass action, the industrial proletariat senses its own power and
+     acquires the force to act equally against capitalism and the
+     conservatism of organizations. Indeed, a vital feature of mass
+     action is precisely that it places in the hands of the proletariat
+     the power to overcome the fetters of these organizations, to act in
+     spite of their conservatism, and through proletarian mass action
+     emphasize antagonisms between workers and capitalists, and conquer
+     power. A determining phase of the proletarian revolution in Russia
+     was its acting against the dominant Socialist organizations,
+     sweeping these aside through its mass action before it could seize
+     social supremacy....
+
+     "Mass action is the proletariat itself in action, dispensing with
+     bureaucrats and intellectuals, acting through its own initiative;
+     and it is precisely this circumstance that horrifies the soul of
+     petty bourgeois Socialism. The masses are to act upon their own
+     initiative and the impulse of their own struggles....
+
+     "Mass action organizes and develops into the political strike and
+     demonstration, in which a general political issue is the source of
+     the action....
+
+     "The class power of the proletariat arises out of the intensity of
+     its struggles and revolutionary energy. It consists, moreover, of
+     undermining the bases of the morale of the capitalist state, a
+     process that requires extra parliamentary activity through mass
+     action. Capitalism trembles when it meets the impact of a strike in
+     a basic industry; Capitalism will more than tremble, it will
+     actually verge on a collapse, when it meets the impact of a general
+     mass action involving a number of correlated industries, and
+     developing into revolutionary mass action against the whole
+     capitalist regime. The value of this mass action is that it shows
+     the proletariat its power, weakens capitalism, and compels the
+     state largely to depend on the use of brute force in the struggle,
+     either the physical force of the military or the force of legal
+     terrorism; this emphasizes antagonisms between proletarian and
+     capitalist, widening the scope and deepening the intensity of the
+     proletarian struggle against capitalism....
+
+     "Mass action, being the proletariat itself in action, loosens its
+     energy, develops enthusiasm, and unifies the action of the workers
+     to its utmost measure....
+
+     "Moreover, mass action means the repudiation of bourgeois
+     democracy. Socialism will come not through the peaceful, democratic
+     parliamentary conquest of the state, but through the determined and
+     revolutionary mass action of a proletarian minority. The fetish of
+     democracy is a fetter upon the proletarian revolution; mass action
+     smashes the fetish, emphasizing that the proletarian recognizes no
+     limits to its action except the limits of its own power. The
+     proletariat will never conquer unless it proceeds to struggle after
+     struggle; its power is developed and its energy let loose only
+     through action. Parliamentarism, in and of itself, fetters
+     proletarian action; organizations are often equally fetters upon
+     action; the proletariat must act and always act; through action it
+     conquers....
+
+     "The great war has objectively brought Europe to the verge of
+     revolution. Capitalist society at any moment may be thrust into the
+     air by an upheaval of the proletariat--as in Russia. Whence will
+     the impulse for the revolutionary struggle come? Surely not from
+     the moderate Socialism and unionism, which are united solidly in
+     favor of an imperialistic war; surely not from futile parliamentary
+     rhetoric, even should it be revolutionary rhetoric. The impulse
+     will come out of the mass action of the proletariat....
+
+     "Mass action is equally a process of revolution and the revolution
+     itself in operation."
+
+The March 22, 1919, issue of "The Revolutionary Age" published the
+Manifesto of the Left Wing section of the Socialist Party of New York,
+from which several important quotations are hereby taken:
+
+     "We are a very active and growing section of the Socialist Party
+     who are attempting to reach the rank and file with our urgent
+     message over the heads that be, who, through inertia or a lack of
+     vision, cannot see the necessity for a critical analysis of the
+     party's policies and tactics....
+
+     "In the latter part of the nineteenth century the
+     Social-Democracies of Europe set out to 'legislate capitalism out
+     of office.' The class struggle was to be won in the capitalist
+     legislatures. Step by step concessions were to be wrested from the
+     state; the working class and the Socialist parties were to be
+     strengthened by means of 'constructive' reform and social
+     legislation; each concession would act as a rung in the ladder of
+     Social Revolution, upon which the workers could climb step by step,
+     until finally, some bright sunny morning, the peoples would awaken
+     to find the Cooperative Commonwealth functioning without disorder,
+     confusion or hitch on the ruins of the capitalist state.
+
+     "And what happened? When a few legislative seats had been secured,
+     the thunderous denunciations of the Socialist legislators suddenly
+     ceased. No more were the parliaments used as platforms from which
+     the challenge of revolutionary Socialism was flung to all the
+     corners of Europe. Another era had set in, the era of
+     'constructive' social reform legislation. Dominant Moderate
+     Socialism accepted the bourgeois state as the basis of its action
+     and strengthened that state. All power to shape the policies and
+     tactics of the Socialist parties was entrusted to the parliamentary
+     leaders. And these lost sight of Socialism's original purpose;
+     their goal became 'constructive reforms' and cabinet
+     portfolios--the 'cooperation of classes,' the policy of openly or
+     tacitly declaring that the coming of Socialism was a concern 'of
+     all the classes,' instead of emphasizing the Marxian policy that
+     the construction of the Socialist system is the task of the
+     revolutionary proletariat alone....
+
+     "The 'Moderates' emphasized petty-bourgeois reformism in order to
+     attract tradesmen, shop-keepers and members of the professions,
+     and, of course, the latter flocked to the Socialist movement in
+     great numbers, seeking relief from the constant grinding between
+     corporate capital and awakening labor....
+
+     "Dominant 'Moderate Socialism' forgot the teachings of the founders
+     of scientific Socialism, forgot its function as a proletarian
+     movement--'the most resolute and advanced section of the working
+     class parties'--and permitted the bourgeois and self-seeking trade
+     union elements to shape its policies and tactics. This was the
+     condition in which the Social-Democracies of Europe found
+     themselves at the outbreak of the war in 1914. Demoralized and
+     confused by the cross-currents within their own parties,
+     vacillating and compromising with the bourgeois state, they fell a
+     prey to social-patriotism and nationalism.
+
+     "But revolutionary Socialism was not destined to lie inert for
+     long. In Germany, Karl Liebknecht, Franz Mehring, Rosa Luxemburg
+     and Otto Rhule organized the Spartacus group. But their voices were
+     drowned in the roar of cannon and the shriek of the dying and
+     maimed.
+
+     "Russia, however, was to be the first battle-ground where the
+     'moderate' and revolutionary Socialism should come to grips for the
+     mastery of the state. The break-down of the corrupt, bureaucratic
+     Czarist regime opened the floodgates of Revolution....
+
+     "'Moderate Socialism' was not prepared to seize the power for the
+     workers during a revolution. 'Moderate Socialism' had a rigid
+     formula--'constructive social reform legislation within the
+     capitalist state,' and to that formula it clung....
+
+     "Revolutionary Socialists hold, with the founders of Scientific
+     Socialism, that there are two dominant classes in society--the
+     bourgeoisie and the proletariat; that between these two classes a
+     struggle must go on, until the working class, through the seizure
+     of the instruments of production and distribution, the abolition of
+     the capitalist state, and the establishment of the dictatorship of
+     the proletariat, creates a Socialist system. Revolutionary
+     Socialists do not believe that they can be voted into power. They
+     struggle for the conquest of power by the revolutionary
+     proletariat....
+
+     "The 'moderate Socialist' proposes to use the bourgeois state with
+     its fraudulent democracy, its illusory theory of 'unity of all the
+     classes,' its standing army, police and bureaucracy oppressing and
+     baffling the masses; the revolutionary Socialist maintains that the
+     bourgeois state must be completely destroyed, and proposes the
+     organization of a new state--the state of the organized
+     producers--of the Federated Soviets--on the basis of which alone
+     can Socialism be introduced.
+
+     "Industrial Unionism, the organization of the proletariat in
+     accordance with the integration of industry and for the overthrow
+     of Capitalism, is a necessary phase of revolutionary Socialist
+     agitation. Potentially, industrial unionism constructs the basis
+     and develops the ideology of the industrial state of Socialism; but
+     industrial unionism alone cannot perform the revolutionary act of
+     seizure of the power of the state, since under the conditions of
+     Capitalism it is impossible to organize the whole working class,
+     or an overwhelming majority into industrial unionism.
+
+     "It is the task of a revolutionary Socialist party to direct the
+     struggles of the proletariat and provide a program for the
+     culminating crisis."
+
+Julius Hammer, in a letter published in "The Call," April 4, 1919,
+speaking of the Left Wing, says:
+
+     "Aside from the discussions as to the principles and tactics
+     identifying the 'Left Wing' there is a great deal of acrimonious
+     discussion and opposition to those in the 'Left Wing' organization.
+     They are called 'separatists,' 'secessionists,' 'splitters of the
+     party,' and this in spite of vehement denials that there is
+     intention or desire to split the party. 'It is unnecessary,'
+     say they, 'and superfluous; the party machinery is ample
+     for the purpose now; organization within organization is
+     injurious and wrong.' Some seem to go even further and fling
+     epithets of 'disrupters,' 'traitors,' 'direct actionists,'
+     'anti-politicalists,' 'anarchists,' etc. And there seems to be
+     quite a number who consider that the menace should be met with
+     stern measures--nothing less than expulsion."
+
+In the Left Wing statements of principles and tactics the reader will
+observe a constant emphasis upon "direct action," or violence, and in
+favor of "industrial unionism" and the "identification of the Socialist
+Party with class conscious industrial unionism." Chapters VIII and IX of
+this work, which describe the principles and tactics of the I. W. W.,
+will make the significance of the Left Wing movement perfectly apparent
+as an effort to combine Socialist Partyism and I. W. W.'ism or to place
+the latter under the political leadership of the former. In the Left
+Wing we see an enthusiastic consecration of the major part of the
+American Socialist Party to revolutionary violence--the direct
+application of anarchistic tactics to the overthrow of the Government
+and institutions of the United States. As we follow the Left Wing
+movement we shall see the principles and tactics of the I. W. W., as
+carried out in Russia, adopted as a program by the major part of the
+American Socialist party, which also finally succeeded in committing the
+minor part, the Right Wing, to the same principles.
+
+Needless to say, this movement was helped on by the various
+communications received from the Lenine dictatorship, and notably by the
+call for an international communist congress to meet at Moscow in March,
+1919. The text of this call began to appear in the American radical
+publications in late March and April, and is here reproduced from "The
+One Big Union Monthly" for the latter month:
+
+     "First Section
+
+     "AIMS AND TACTICS
+
+     "In our estimation, the acceptance of the following principles
+     shall serve as a working program for the International:
+
+     "1. The actual period is the period of the dissolution and collapse
+     of the whole capitalist system;
+
+     "2. The first task of the proletariat consists to-day of the
+     immediate seizure of government power by the proletariat;
+
+     "3. This new governmental apparatus must incorporate the
+     dictatorship of the working class, and in some places, also, that
+     of the poorer peasantry, together with hired farm labor, this
+     dictatorship constituting the instrument of the systematic
+     overthrow of the exploiting classes;
+
+     "4. The dictatorship of the proletariat shall complete the
+     immediate expropriation of Capitalism and the suppression of
+     private property in the means of production, which includes, under
+     Socialism, the suppression of private property and its transfer to
+     a proletarian state under the Socialist administration of the
+     working class, the abolition of capitalist agricultural production,
+     the nationalization of the great business firms and financial
+     trusts;
+
+     "5. In order to insure the Social Revolution, the disarming of the
+     bourgeoisie and its agents, and the general arming of the
+     proletariat, is a prime necessity.
+
+
+     "Second Section
+
+     "ATTITUDE REGARDING SOCIALIST PARTIES
+
+     "7. The fundamental condition of the struggle is the mass action of
+     the proletariat, developing into open armed attack on the
+     governmental powers of Capitalism;
+
+     "8. The old International has broken into three principal groups:
+     the avowed social-patriots, who, during the entire duration of the
+     imperialistic war between the years 1914 and 1918, have supported
+     their own bourgeoisie; the minority Socialists of the 'Center,'
+     represented by leaders of the type of Karl Kautsky, and who
+     constitute a group composed of ever-hesitating elements, unable to
+     settle on any determined direction and who up to date have always
+     acted as traitors; and the Revolutionary Left Wing.
+
+     "9. As far as the social-patriots are concerned, who stood up
+     everywhere in arms, in the most critical moments, against the
+     revolution, a merciless fight is the alternative; in regard to the
+     'Center,' the tactics consist in separating from it the
+     revolutionary elements, in criticizing pitilessly its leaders and
+     in dividing systematically among them the number of their
+     followers; these tactics are absolutely necessary when we reach a
+     certain degree of development;
+
+     "10. On the other hand it is necessary to proceed in a common
+     movement with the revolutionary elements of the working class who,
+     though hitherto not belonging to the party, yet adopt to-day in its
+     entirety, the point of view of dictatorship of the proletariat,
+     under the form of Soviet government, including the syndicalist
+     elements of the labor movements;
+
+     "11. It is also necessary to rally the groups and proletarian
+     organizations, who, though not in the wake as yet of the
+     revolutionary trend of the Left Wing, nevertheless have manifested
+     and developed a tendency leading in that direction;
+
+     "12. We propose that the representatives of parties and groups
+     following these tendencies shall take part in the Congress as
+     plenipotentiary members of the Workers' International and should
+     belong to the following parties:
+
+     "1. The Spartacus group (Germany); 2. The Bolsheviki or Communist
+     Party (Russia); 3. Other Communist groups of; 3. German-Austria; 4.
+     Hungary; 5. Finland; 6. Poland; 7. Esthonia; 8. Lettonia; 9.
+     Lithuania; 10. White Russia; 11. Ukraine; 12. The Revolutionary
+     elements of Czecho-Slovakia; 13. The Bulgarian Social-Democratic
+     Party; 14. The Roumanian Social-Democrats; 15. The Left Wing of the
+     Servian Social-Democracy; 16. The Left Wing of the Swedish
+     Social-Democratic Party; 17. The Norwegian Social-Democratic Party;
+     18. The Danish groups of the class struggle; 19. The Dutch
+     Communist Party; 20. The revolutionary elements of the Belgian
+     Labor Party; 21-22. The groups and organizations in the midst of
+     the French Socialist and syndicalist movements who are in
+     solidarity with our aims; 23. The Left Wing of the Swiss
+     Social-Democratic Party; 24. The Italian Socialist Party; 25. The
+     left elements of the Spanish Socialist Party; 26. The left elements
+     of the Portuguese Socialist Party; 27. The British Socialist Party
+     (those nearer to us are the elements represented by MacLean); 28.
+     I. S. P. R. (Great Britain); 29. S. L. P. (England); 30. I. W. W.
+     (Great Britain); 31. The revolutionary elements of Shop-Stewards
+     (Great Britain); 33. The S. L. P. (U. S. A.); 34. The elements of
+     the Left Wings of American Socialist Propaganda (tendency
+     represented by E. V. Debs and the Socialist Propaganda League); 35.
+     I. W. W. (Industrial Workers of the World), America; 36. The
+     Workers' International Industrial Union (U. S. A.); 37. I. W. W. of
+     Australia; 38. The Socialist groups of Tokio and Samon, represented
+     by Sen Katayama; 39. The Young Peoples' Socialist International
+     Leagues.
+
+
+     "Third Section
+
+     "THE ORGANIZATION AND NAME OF THE PARTY
+
+     "13. The Congress must be transformed into a common organ of combat
+     in view of the permanent struggle and systematic direction of the
+     movement, into a center of International Communism which will
+     subordinate the Interests of the Revolution from an international
+     point of view.
+
+     "The concrete forms of organization, representation, etc., will be
+     elaborated by the Congress."
+
+     The testimony of Morris Hillquit in the Socialist case before the
+     Assembly Judiciary Committee gave the preceding document an added
+     interest which the reader will better appreciate further on. As
+     will appear later in our narrative, on September 4, 1919, the
+     Socialist Party adopted a manifesto strongly favoring the
+     "industrial" unionizing of American labor for the purpose of
+     reinforcing the political "demands" of the Socialist Party with
+     "industrial action."
+
+     On the stand at Albany, on February 19, 1920, Hillquit acknowledged
+     the authorship of at least 90 per cent of the "industrial action"
+     manifesto of his party, but declared that he had never read the
+     Moscow manifesto when he wrote his, and so was not influenced by
+     the Moscow recommendation of industrial action to bring about a
+     revolution by violence. But the above "call" to the Moscow
+     Conference urged "a common movement" with "syndicalist elements,"
+     or "industrial union" revolutionaries, as much as the Moscow
+     manifesto did, and the reader will find at the end of our next
+     chapter evidence that Morris Hillquit was familiar with and
+     criticized the above Moscow "call" at least as early as July, 1919.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE FREE-FOR-ALL FIGHT BETWEEN THE RIGHT AND LEFT WINGS
+
+
+
+Emanuel Blumstein, a member of the Right Wing, in a letter published in
+"The Call," April 9, 1919, bitterly complained against the tactics of
+the Left Wingers--in trying to wrest control of the Socialist Party from
+the "Old Guard" of Berger and Hillquit, which had acquired the habit of
+domination:
+
+     "The reason that the so-called Left Wingers are concentrating at
+     meetings, making motions to recall delegates, and carry their
+     motions through, is very simple. Anyone who attends the meetings
+     can easily understand it. They shout down every honest thinking
+     Socialist with slurs and abuse. They make it so intolerable that
+     the meeting hall appears to be, instead of a Socialist meeting, a
+     room frequented by rowdies of all types and descriptions. In this
+     way they drive the most active Comrades out of the meeting hall, as
+     these Comrades get disgusted with the tactics pursued and leave the
+     meeting. Then they drag the meeting on to all hours of the night
+     until those left, having no opposition, carry all their destructive
+     actions through, and this they call democratic decision for the
+     Comrades of the branch--deciding the policies for them."
+
+Morris Zucker, a member of the Left Wing, defends his faction in a
+letter that appeared in "The Call," New York, April 11, 1919:
+
+     "In regard to Lee's objection that the Left Wing may bring about a
+     premature revolt, the reply is that no real revolution, no social
+     revolution, is ever manufactured. It must be spontaneous. It must
+     be real. It must be an overwhelming, impulsive demonstration of the
+     popular will. Revolutions may be manipulated but not manufactured.
+     Trotzky shows in his 'From October to Brest-Litovsk' that the
+     Bolshevist Revolution was not manufactured.
+
+     "The problem is to manipulate the revolution, to guide it, to
+     counsel it. And herein lies the importance of proper Socialist
+     education, of knowledge and understanding, and from these of proper
+     Socialist tactics.
+
+     "The Left Wing believes it has the proper program. And it wants the
+     Socialist Party to adopt its program. The Left Wing not only
+     preaches revolutionary Socialism, it believes that the economic and
+     social forces that have made half Europe Socialist, and threaten
+     momentarily to engulf the other half are at work in America also.
+     It believes that a revolutionary outbreak in America is not a
+     matter of the far and distant future. And it desires to make that
+     revolution as easy and as successful as it can possibly be. For
+     that reason the Left Wing has evolved its manifesto and program,
+     and now calls upon the Socialist Party to discuss it, perfect it,
+     and adopt it."
+
+In April, 1919, the New York State Committee of the Socialist Party, by
+a vote of 24 against 17, resolved that it was "definitely opposed to the
+organization calling itself the Left Wing section of the Socialist
+Party, and to any group within the party organized for the same or
+similar purpose;" and it instructed "its executive committee to revoke
+the charter of any local affiliated with any such organization or that
+permits its subdivision or members to be affiliated."
+
+"The Call," April 23, 1919, publishes a long letter from F. Basky in
+which he defends the principles of the Left Wing and attacks the New
+York State Committee for the above resolutions. We quote a part:
+
+     "Aside of these arguments the Left Wing is not a
+     counter-organization to the Socialist Party. On the contrary, it is
+     the only active force to save the party from going into decay and
+     finally to the scrap heap as a tool not adapted to the task. If the
+     Left Wing is the party, then and only then can we answer the
+     criticism of the syndicalist that a political party is nothing else
+     but a vote-catching machinery for middle-class politicians. If the
+     principles enunciated in the manifesto will be the principles of
+     the party, then it will enjoy the confidence of those who, through
+     their bitter experience realized the fallacies of the Second
+     International, led and dominated by the social-patriots, reformists
+     of the German Social Democratic Party. If we follow the line of
+     uncompromising revolutionary activity indicated by the Left
+     Wingers, then we can rest assured that the party will be cleared of
+     the would-be Scheidemanns, Eberts, Kerenskys, Brantenburgs, and the
+     rest of the traitors of our principles and our class.
+
+     "They will be eliminated anyway. The fight is on. And I welcome the
+     attack of the state committee. We at least know some of those we
+     would have to face in the critical hour. Might as well fight it out
+     now; whether they or the Left Wing represents the party. Let us
+     find out right now who is with us and who is against us."
+
+"The Call," April 30, 1919, published a resolution then recently passed
+by the Socialist Party of Essex County, New Jersey, which had adopted
+the Left Wing program. Part of the resolution is hereby quoted:
+
+     "While the need for new orientation is clearly apparent, there is
+     an element within the party which is either unwilling or unable to
+     adjust itself to the new world conditions and the new tactics
+     required by these conditions. Unfortunately, this element has
+     controlled the party national executive committee and the party
+     machinery, with the consequence that the national organization, in
+     place of furnishing the leadership and urging the locals forward to
+     take advantage of the present world crisis in building up the
+     proletariat movement, has conspicuously lagged behind."
+
+By the early part of May, 1919, conditions in the Socialist Party became
+so serious that the Executive Committee of Local New York, according to
+"The Call," May 8, 1919, issued the following statement on the Left
+Wing:
+
+     "To the Members of Local New York:
+
+     "Comrades.--A critical situation has arisen within Local New York.
+     Your executive committee is compelled to take unusual and vigorous
+     measures to combat the disruptive efforts of an internal faction
+     which seeks to dominate the party by undemocratic and unsocialistic
+     methods. The executive committee addresses itself to you, the
+     membership, to explain the gravity of the crisis and to urge your
+     support in saving the organization which has been built up with so
+     much sacrifice by thousands of Comrades.
+
+     "The very existence of the party is at stake--its existence as the
+     democratically self-governed party of the working class, laboring
+     to awaken and educate the proletarian masses and to express their
+     class interests on the political field....
+
+     "This organization, i.e., the Left Wing, is not open to all party
+     members, nor even to all who accept the ideas set forth in its
+     manifesto and program. Only such persons are admitted as can be
+     counted on to set the authority of the 'Left Wing Section' above
+     that of the party itself. Its meetings are held in secret, and
+     their business is that of a permanent closed caucus to lay plans
+     for controlling the action of the party branches and committees,
+     and of obstructing their activities when it cannot control them.
+
+     "Even within the 'Left Wing Section' itself democratic methods are
+     not used. The admission of members, the choice of delegates to Left
+     Wing conferences, and the framing of instructions to those
+     delegates are intrusted to committees composing an inner circle.
+     All members and adherents of the 'Left Wing Section' are called
+     upon in their action as party members and as members of party
+     committees, to give explicit obedience to orders issued by the
+     inner circle. A sufficient sample of this is the appointment of a
+     'steering committee' for the Left Wingers in the central committee
+     of the local, and the issuance of instructions to delegates
+     affiliated with that section as follows:
+
+     "'In all matters involving Left Wing tactics vote as a unit with
+     the steering committee. Do not make motions, ask for divisions,
+     further divisions, roll call, and appeals from the chair. The
+     steering committee will attend to that.'
+
+     "The Left Wing Section has not been able to command a majority in
+     the central committee, notwithstanding the drastic methods used in
+     their attempt to capture it. Unable to control they have practised
+     systematic obstruction, and have openly declared that they will not
+     permit the central committee to function so long as their group is
+     in the minority there. Under the direction of their steering
+     committee, the time is consumed with every species of parliamentary
+     delay, with the aim and effect of preventing the central committee
+     from transacting business and carrying on the normal work of the
+     party. These dilatory tactics are supplemented by personal abuse
+     directed against those who will not truckle to the 'Left Wing,' by
+     insults and provocatory threats, and when necessary, by the
+     creation of an uproar designed to attract the attention of the
+     police and to break up the sessions....
+
+     "The Executive Committee has heretofore decided not to have a
+     meeting of the central committee on May 13, and has appointed a
+     committee to reorganize Local New York. This committee will begin
+     with such branches as are affiliated with the 'Left Wing Section.'
+     No one will be excluded because of his opinions, but no one can
+     retain a double membership in the party and the so-called 'Left
+     Wing Section.'"
+
+By about the middle of May, 1919, the Left Wing program had been adopted
+by the Socialist Party in Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit,
+Philadelphia, Kings and Queens Counties, N. Y., and Essex County, N. J.
+In Hudson County, N. J., the county committee referred it favorably to
+all the branches, and at the end of the month the New Jersey Convention
+of the party adopted it. In Chicago, J. Louis Engdahl, sentenced[C] to
+twenty years in Leavenworth prison, was reported to have been ousted
+from the organization, having been considered too conservative by the
+millionaire Socialist, William Bross Lloyd, and the latter's friends who
+controlled the Communist Propaganda League, the Left Wing faction of the
+local organization.
+
+"The Call," May 8, 1919, publishes an interesting letter from one of its
+correspondents:
+
+     "It is not so much a question as to Left or Right Wing domination
+     as it is a question of whether we are to have a united or divided
+     party.
+
+     "I am not a Centrist, if that means to be in the center of the
+     party as it is today. We must move to the Left--that is understood
+     by all thinking, class-conscious Comrades, but we must move
+     together, not, perhaps, as far as some of the hot-heads would like
+     to have us--they fail to understand what an American Socialist
+     Party should be, for they seem to think of New York City as the
+     whole thing. If they could take a trip to Chicago and back they
+     might find themselves moving toward the Right.
+
+     "No one wants to be where the stick-in-the-mud Rights are,
+     either--that is, no one except them. The majority of us see the
+     need for revolutionizing the party. What we don't see is any
+     necessity of disrupting the party in the process. The master class
+     would like to see that; in fact, they have been egging us on to
+     fight among ourselves for the last two or three years, and we have
+     blindly done the very thing that they want most we should do. They
+     are laughing in their sleeves at us--poor boobs that we are."
+
+On May 15, 1919, following the open fight against the Left Wing
+inaugurated by the New York State Committee and its Executive Committee,
+the Left Wing Locals of Boston, Cleveland and New York joined in a call
+for a National Conference of the Left Wing to convene in New York on
+June 21. This call opened with the following paragraph:
+
+     "The international situation and the crisis in the American
+     Socialist Party; the sabotage the party bureaucracy has practised
+     on the emergency national convention; the N. E. C. [National
+     Executive Committee] aligning our party with the social-patriots at
+     Berne, with the Congress of the Great Betrayal; the necessity of
+     reconstructing our policy in accord with revolutionary events--all
+     this and more, makes it necessary that the revolutionary forces in
+     the Socialist Party get together for counsel and action."
+
+Apparently so many bitter letters were sent to "The Call" that it found
+it expedient to publish the following notice in its edition of May 16,
+1919:
+
+     "No letters dealing in personalities of any kind will be published
+     in this column. All views and all arguments set forth must be
+     confined strictly to the principles and tactics either defended or
+     attacked. This ruling is by the unanimous vote of the Board of
+     Managers of 'The Call.'"
+
+Morris Hillquit, member of the National Executive Committee of the
+Socialist Party till September, 1919, and one of the principle leaders
+of the Right, published in his paper, "The Call," May 21, 1919, a long
+article in large type, covering half of the editorial page, under the
+caption, "The Socialist Task and Outlook." After speaking of the gloomy
+conditions in the Socialist Party abroad, he thus comments on conditions
+in the American branch of the international organization:
+
+     "All the more unfortunate is it that the energies of the Socialist
+     Party should at this time be dissipated in acrimonious and
+     fruitless controversies brought on by the self-styled Left Wing
+     movement. I am one of the last men in the party to ignore or
+     misunderstand the sound revolutionary impulse which animates the
+     rank and file of this new movement, but the specific form and
+     direction which it has assumed, its program and tactics, spell
+     disaster to our movement. I am opposed to it, not because it is too
+     radical, but because it is essentially reactionary and
+     non-Socialistic; not because it would lead us too far, but because
+     it would lead us nowhere. To prate about the dictatorship of the
+     proletariat and of workers' Soviets in the United States at this
+     time is to deflect the Socialist propaganda from its realistic
+     basis, and to advocate the abolition of all social reform planks in
+     the party platform means to abandon the concrete class struggle as
+     it presents itself from day to day.
+
+     "The Left Wing movement, as I see it, is a purely emotional reflex
+     of the situation in Russia. The cardinal vice of the movement is
+     that it started as a wing, i.e., as a schismatic and disintegrating
+     movement. Proceeding on the arbitrary assumption that they were the
+     Left, the ingenuous leaders of the movement had to discover a
+     Right, and since the European classification would not be fully
+     reproduced without a Center, they also were bound to locate a
+     center in the Socialist movement of America.[D] What matters it to
+     our imaginative Left Wing leaders that the Socialist Party of
+     America as a whole has stood in the forefront of Socialist
+     radicalism ever since the outbreak of the war, that many of its
+     officers and leaders have exposed their lives and liberties to
+     imminent peril in defense of the principles of international
+     Socialism, they are Right Wingers and Centrists because the
+     exigencies of the Left Wing require it. The Left Wing movement is a
+     sort of burlesque on the Russian revolution. Its leaders do not
+     want to convert their Comrades in the party. They must capture and
+     establish a sort of dictatorship of the proletariat(?) within the
+     party. Hence the creation of their dual organization as a kind of
+     Soviet, and their refusal to cooperate with the aforesaid stage
+     Centrists and Right Wingers.
+
+     "But the performance is too sad to be amusing. It seems perfectly
+     clear that, so long as this movement persists in the party, the
+     latter's activity will be wholly taken up by mutual quarrels and
+     recriminations. Neither wing will have any time for the propaganda
+     of Socialism. There is, as far as I can see, but one remedy. It
+     would be futile to preach reconciliation and union where antagonism
+     runs so high. Let the Comrades on both sides do the next best
+     thing. Let them separate, honestly, freely and without rancor. Let
+     each side organize and work in its own way, and make such
+     contribution to the Socialist movement in America as it can. Better
+     a hundred times to have two numerically small Socialist
+     organizations, each homogeneous and harmonious within itself, than
+     to have one big party torn by dissensions and squabbles, an
+     impotent colossus on feet of clay. The time for action is near.
+     Let us clear the decks."
+
+By the end of May, 1919, the Left Wing fight had become so serious that
+the National Executive Committee revoked the charter of the Socialist
+Party in Michigan and suspended the Russian, Lithuanian, Ukranian,
+Lettish, Polish, South Slavic and Hungarian branches, expelling or
+suspending considerably over 25,000 members out of a total dues-paying
+membership of about 100,000.
+
+"The Ohio Socialist," the party organ of Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia
+and New Mexico, in its issue of June 4, 1919, comments as follows on the
+expulsions:
+
+     "Violating every principle of fair play and square dealing and
+     disregarding every constitutional provision, the National Executive
+     Committee at its session in Chicago, May 24 to 30, expelled without
+     a trial the state organization of the Socialist Party of Michigan,
+     constituting about 6,000 members, suspended the Russian,
+     Lithuanian, Lettish, Polish, Hungarian, Ukrainian and South Slavic
+     Federations of the party, constituting more than 30,000 members,
+     and worst of all--and let it be said to their everlasting
+     shame--are autocratically holding up the national membership
+     referendum for the election of a new National Executive Committee,
+     International Delegates, International Secretary, and the holding
+     of a national convention.
+
+     "Never before in the party's history have Socialist Party officials
+     been so lost to all sense of decency and square dealing. A wilful
+     group of seven members of the National Executive Committee usurped
+     power which the constitution does not grant them and which the
+     Socialist Party membership never intended any servants of the party
+     to have. This despotic group of seven did not act as the party's
+     servants, but as dictators and tyrants to defeat the expressed will
+     of the party membership and to perpetuate itself in office.
+
+     "Unbelievable as it may seem, seven officials of the party had the
+     monumental effrontery to assume the right to expel and suspend
+     40,000 members. Think of it. That such a dastardly deed should ever
+     be perpetrated upon the rank and file of our organization is almost
+     beyond comprehension. And yet it was done--it was done by those
+     whom you elected to serve you. Instead they are betraying you,
+     disrupting the organization....
+
+     "The intention of these autocrats is plain as daylight. Like a
+     tidal wave, the demand for a Socialism which stands true to the
+     working class at all times has swept the party. The thousands of
+     Comrades who are sincerely working to win the party to a more
+     revolutionary position are known to the Left Wing. This Left Wing
+     understands clearly that the Scheidemann brand of Socialism stands
+     for the betrayal and defeat of the working class and that only the
+     Socialism of Liebknecht and Lenine has within it the potentialities
+     of victory and success....
+
+     "There was no trial, no opportunity for defense offered to the
+     Michigan Comrades. A motion to allow Michigan a chance to interpret
+     their action was voted down. The right to appear at a trial was
+     denied....
+
+     "Expulsion meant throwing out over three thousand votes. On with
+     the expulsion of Michigan....
+
+     "But the expulsion of Michigan was apparently not sufficient to
+     decide the elections in favor of the reactionary moderates. At a
+     subsequent session, accordingly, it was decided to destroy the
+     whole election.
+
+     "The National Executive Committee instructed the secretary not to
+     tabulate the vote or make it public. They nullified the referendum
+     vote, destroyed the will of the membership in order to retain
+     control. Most of these National Executive Committee members are out
+     for re-election, are interested parties, knowing that the
+     referendum defeated them for re-election, are now, by this action,
+     perpetuating themselves in office....
+
+     "The National Executive Committee's action is equivalent to
+     stealing the elections. The party must act sternly to rebuke this
+     official chicanery.
+
+     "After this betrayal of the party the despotic seven seemed to fear
+     the results of the National Convention, which has been called for
+     August 30. A way had to be devised to control the convention. Happy
+     thought: Suspend the federations that have endorsed the Left Wing,
+     and we are safe. Another caucus held. Result: Suspension of the
+     Russian, Polish, Hungarian, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Lettish and
+     South Slavic Federations from the Socialist Party--over thirty
+     thousand members. A plain attempt to assure the election of
+     reactionary delegates to the National Convention to approve the
+     abominable actions of the National Executive Committee majority....
+
+     "In spite of all these dirty tactics the little group of
+     reactionary autocrats did not feel themselves secure. They still
+     fear that they will not be able to control the coming National
+     Convention. So they formed a corporation, nearly all the directors
+     of which are of the same stamp as the wilful seven, and into the
+     hands of these directors is to be placed the entire property of the
+     Socialist Party, including the new headquarters building upon which
+     $10,000 has been paid. These directors cannot be recalled by the
+     party membership as long as they retain membership in the party,
+     and only four, a minority, can be removed in three years' time....
+
+     "They want the Left Wing to desert the party. They want us to leave
+     the party machinery in their hands. They will be disappointed in
+     this. We know their game. We shall not play into their hands. We
+     will not quit. Every Left Winger will work night and day for the
+     reinstatement of the nearly 40,000 members whom the reactionaries
+     are trying to sever from the party in violation of the party's
+     constitution. Every radical will work with might and main to get
+     new members and build, build the Left Wing and the party. Every
+     revolutionist will stick until victory is ours and the Socialist
+     Party is completely won for revolutionary Socialism."
+
+Commenting on the referendum for a new National Executive Committee "The
+Revolutionary Age" in its May 24, 1919, issue says:
+
+     "The moderates claim that the Left Wing represents only a small
+     clique in the party: why, then, not allow the membership to make
+     its decision through the referendum? Why disfranchise the
+     revolutionary Socialists? Why steal votes away from the Left Wing
+     candidates? These desperate tactics are understandable only on the
+     theory that the moderates feel that the revolutionary Socialists
+     are a majority, that they will meet defeat in the referendum votes
+     and revolutionary Socialism will conquer the party."
+
+"The Revolutionary Age," July 12, 1919, informs us that the
+Massachusetts Comrades were also expelled and that others in other
+States were threatened:
+
+     "Another State gone. Massachusetts is expelled for adopting the
+     Left Wing program at its State Convention and for refusing to
+     recognize the National Executive Committee's act of suspending the
+     Federations. For this latter offense, Pennsylvania is now
+     threatened with excommunication, and very likely Ohio will meet the
+     same sad fate.
+
+     "It is a race against time. Will there be anything left for the
+     rump N. E. C. to expel by August 30th?"
+
+Relative to the success of the Left Wing in electing its members to the
+new National Executive Committee of fifteen, and to the meeting of this
+new committee, "The Revolutionary Age," July 19, 1919, comments as
+follows:
+
+     "The election of Comrades Fraina, Hourwich, Harwood, Prevey,
+     Ruthenberg, Lloyd, Keracher, Batt, Hogan, Millis, Nagle,
+     Katterfeld, Wicks and Herman appears now to be certain, while there
+     is still a question about the third choice in the First District,
+     Comrade Lindgren leading without the New York vote.
+
+     "There is no question, but that the final tally of the party
+     elections is available at the National Office, but according to the
+     action of the National Executive Committee this tally will not be
+     made known till August 30. Meanwhile the State secretaries have
+     published enough of the votes to leave no question of the outcome,
+     except as above indicated....
+
+     "According to the party law the new N. E. C. is entitled to control
+     beginning July 1st....
+
+     "There can be no legality by which a defunct Executive Committee
+     can keep the newly elected committee from taking office. By such
+     'constitutionality' the old body could perpetuate itself
+     indefinitely, let the members vote as they like. Stopping
+     referendums is the method chosen to make sure that the members
+     consent."
+
+Accusations and recriminations, charges and counter-charges, continued
+to fly back and forth between the two Wings, as the secretaries
+proceeded with the work of expulsion or suspension, carrying out the
+savage instructions of the Right Wing majority of the National Executive
+Committee, where Victor L. Berger, Morris Hillquit and Seymour Stedman
+were the dominating leaders. On the side of the Lefts little more could
+be done than to set up a howl against the "dictatorship of the
+proletariat" within the party which forced them to taste the medicine
+they would have preferred to prescribe for the rest of the country.
+
+During the summer the Left Wing movement was hastened on, dragging the
+Right Wing after it, by the publication in the radical papers of America
+of the manifesto issued in Moscow in March, 1919, by the Third or
+Communistic International in session there. Max Eastman, a Left Wing
+leader, in an article on "The New International" in "The Liberator,"
+July, 1919, a Left Wing magazine, thus describes the Bolshevik
+International:
+
+     "The Communist International, which met at Moscow on March 2d,
+     1919, comprised thirty-two _delegates with full power to act_,
+     representing parties or groups in Germany, Russia, Hungary,
+     Sweden, Norway, Bulgaria, Rumania, Finland, Ukrainia, Esthonia,
+     Armenia, delegates from the 'Union of Socialists of Eastern
+     Countries,' from the labor organizations of Germans in Russia, and
+     from the Balkan 'Union of Revolutionary Socialists.'
+
+     "There were also present _representatives with consultative powers_
+     from parties and groups in Switzerland, Holland, Bohemia,
+     Jugo-Slavia, France, Great Britain, Turkey, Turkestan, Persia,
+     Corea, China, and the United States (S. J. Rutgers, of the
+     Socialist Propaganda League, now merged with the Left Wing section
+     of the Socialist Party). A letter was read from Comrade Loriot, the
+     leader of the Left Wing section of the French Party, repudiating
+     the Berne Congress of the Second International.
+
+     "The Russian Communist Party was represented by Comrades Lenine,
+     Trotzky, Zinoviev, Kukharin and Stalin. This party contains many
+     millions of organized class-conscious Socialists, more, perhaps,
+     than are to be found in all the rest of the world."
+
+The Communist Manifesto of 1919, issued by this Moscow International,
+became the test of fellowship among the simon-pure "Reds" the world
+over, and since the campaign of the Left Wing grew into an attempt to
+force the Socialist Party of America to adopt this Bolshevik program, we
+here quote the salient parts of the Moscow Manifesto from the article by
+Eastman mentioned above:
+
+     "_To the proletariat of all countries!_
+
+     "Seventy-two years have gone by since the Communist Party of the
+     World proclaimed its program in the form of the Manifesto written
+     by the great teachers of the proletarian revolution, Karl Marx and
+     Frederick Engels....
+
+     "We Communists, representatives of the revolutionary proletariat of
+     the different countries of Europe, America and Asia, assembled in
+     Soviet Moscow, feel and consider ourselves followers and fulfillers
+     of the program proclaimed seventy-two years ago. It is our task now
+     to sum up the practical revolutionary experience of the working
+     class, to cleanse the movement of its admixtures of opportunism and
+     social patriotism, and to gather together the forces of all the
+     true revolutionary proletarian parties in order to further and
+     hasten the complete victory of the Communist revolution.
+
+     "The opportunists who, before the war, exhorted the workers, in the
+     name of the gradual transition into Socialism, to be temperate;
+     who, during the war, asked for submission in the name of 'civil
+     peace' and defense of the Fatherland, now again demand of the
+     workers self-abnegation to overcome the terrible consequences of
+     the war. If this preaching were listened to by the workers,
+     Capitalism would build out of the bones of several generations a
+     new and still more formidable structure, leading to a new and
+     inevitable world war. Fortunately for humanity, this is no longer
+     possible....
+
+     "Only the Proletarian Dictatorship, which recognizes neither
+     inherited privileges nor rights of property, but which arises from
+     the needs of the hungering masses, can shorten the period of the
+     present crisis; and for this purpose it mobilizes all materials and
+     forces, introduces the universal duty to labor, establish the
+     regime of industrial discipline, thus to heal in the course of a
+     few years the open wounds caused by the war and also to raise
+     humanity to new undreamed-of heights.
+
+     "The whole bourgeois world accuses the Communists of destroying
+     liberties and political democracy. This is not true. Having come
+     into power the proletariat only asserts the absolute impossibility
+     of applying the methods of bourgeois democracy, and it creates the
+     conditions and forms of a higher _working class democracy_....
+
+     "The peasant of Bavaria and Baden who does not look beyond his
+     church spire, the small French wine-grower who has been ruined by
+     the adulterations practiced by the big capitalists, the small
+     farmer of America plundered and betrayed by bankers and
+     legislators--all these social ranks which have been shoved aside
+     from the main road of development by Capitalism, are called on
+     paper by the regime of political democracy to the administration of
+     the State. In reality, however, the finance-oligarchy decides all
+     important questions which determine the destinies of nations behind
+     the back of parliamentary democracy....
+
+     "The proletarian State, like every State, is an organ of
+     suppression, but it arrays itself against the enemies of the
+     working class. It aims to break the opposition of the despoilers of
+     labor, who are using every means in a desperate effort to stifle
+     the revolution in blood, and to make impossible further opposition.
+     The dictatorship of the proletariat, which gives it the favored
+     position in the community, is only a provisional institution. As
+     the opposition of the Bourgeoisie is broken, as it is expropriated
+     and gradually absorbed into the working groups, the proletarian
+     dictatorship disappears, until finally the State dies and there are
+     no more class distinctions....
+
+     "In an empire of destruction where not only the means of production
+     and transportation, but also the institutions of political
+     democracy have become bloody ruins, the proletariat must create its
+     own forms, to serve above all as a bond of unity for the working
+     class and to enable it to accomplish a revolutionary intervention
+     in the further development of mankind. Such apparatus is
+     represented in the Workmen's Councils. The old parties, the old
+     unions, have proved incapable, in person of their leaders, to
+     understand, much less to carry out the task which the new epoch
+     presents to them. The proletariat has created a new institution
+     which embraces the entire working class without distinction of
+     vocation or political maturity, an elastic form of organization
+     capable of continually renewing itself, expanding, and of drawing
+     into itself ever new elements, ready to open its doors to the
+     working groups of city and village which are near to the
+     proletariat. This indispensable autonomous organization of the
+     working class in the present struggle and in the future conquests
+     of different lands, tests the proletariat and constitutes the
+     greatest inspiration and the mightiest weapon of the proletariat of
+     our time. Wherever the masses are awakened to consciousness,
+     Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Councils will be formed....
+
+     "The outcry of the bourgeois world against the civil war and the
+     red terror is the most colossal hypocrisy of which the history of
+     political struggles can boast. There would be no civil war if the
+     exploiters who have carried mankind to the very brink of ruin had
+     not prevented every forward step of the laboring masses, if they
+     had not instigated plots and murders and called to their aid armed
+     help from outside to maintain or restore their predatory
+     privileges. Civil war is _forced upon_ the laboring classes by
+     their arch-enemies. The working class must answer blow for blow, if
+     it will not renounce its own object and its own future which is, at
+     the same time, the future of all humanity.
+
+     "The Communist parties, far from conjuring up civil war
+     artificially, rather strive to shorten its duration as much as
+     possible--in case it has become an iron necessity--to minimize the
+     number of its victims, and, above all, to secure victory for the
+     proletariat. This makes necessary the disarming of the bourgeoisie
+     at the proper time, the arming of the laborer, and the formation of
+     a communist army as the protector of the rule of the proletariat
+     and the inviolability of the social structure. Such is the Red Army
+     of Soviet Russia which arose to protect the achievements of the
+     working class against every assault from within or without. The
+     Soviet Army is inseparable from the Soviet State.
+
+     "Seizure of political power by the proletariat means destruction of
+     the political power of the bourgeoisie. The organized power of the
+     bourgeoisie is in the civil State, with its capitalistic army under
+     control of bourgeoisie-junker officers, its police and gendarmes,
+     jailers and judges, its priests, government officials, etc.
+     Conquest of the political power means not merely a change in the
+     personnel of ministries, but annihilation of the enemy's apparatus
+     of government; disarmament of the bourgeoisie of the
+     counter-revolutionary officers, of the White Guard; arming of the
+     proletariat, the revolutionary soldiers, the Red Guard of
+     workingmen; displacement of all bourgeois judges and organization
+     of proletarian courts; elimination of control by reactionary
+     government officials and substitution of new organs of management
+     of the proletariat.... Not until the proletariat has achieved this
+     victory and broken the resistance of the bourgeoisie can the former
+     enemies of the new order be made useful, by bringing them under
+     control of the Communist system and gradually bringing them into
+     accord with its work....
+
+     "The Dictatorship of the Proletariat does not in any way call for
+     partition of the means of production and exchange; rather, on the
+     contrary, its aim is further to centralize the forces of production
+     and to subject all of production to a systematic plan. As the first
+     steps--socialization of the great banks which now control
+     production; the taking over by the power of the proletariat of all
+     government-controlled economic utilities; the transferring of all
+     communal enterprises; the socializing of the syndicated and
+     trustified units of production, as well as all other branches of
+     production in which the degree of concentration and centralization
+     of capital makes this technically practicable; the socializing of
+     agricultural estates and their conversion into co-operative
+     establishments....
+
+     "As far as smaller enterprises are concerned, the proletariat must
+     gradually unite them, according to the degree of their importance.
+     It must be particularly emphasized that small properties will in no
+     way be expropriated and that small property owners who are not
+     exploiters of labor will not be forcibly dispossessed....
+
+     "The task of the Proletarian Dictatorship in the economic field can
+     only be fulfilled to the extent that the proletariat is enabled to
+     create centralized organs of management and to institute workers'
+     control. To this end it must make use of its mass organizations
+     which are in closest relation to the process of production....
+
+     "As in the field of production, so also in the field of
+     distribution, all qualified technicians and specialists are to be
+     made use of, provided their political resistance is broken and they
+     are still capable of adapting themselves, not to the service of
+     capital, but to the new system of production.... Besides
+     expropriating the factories, mines, estates, etc., the proletariat
+     must also abolish the exploitation of the people by capitalistic
+     landlords, transfer the large mansions to the local workers'
+     councils, and move the working people into the bourgeois
+     dwellings....
+
+     "The capitalistic criminals asserted at the beginning of the World
+     War that it was only in defense of the common Fatherland. But soon
+     German Imperialism revealed its real brigand character by bloody
+     deeds in Russia, in the Ukraine and Finland. Now the Entente States
+     unmask themselves as world despoilers and murderers of the
+     proletariat....
+
+     "Indescribable is the White Terror of the bourgeois cannibals.
+     Incalculable are the sacrifices of the working class. Their
+     best--Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg--they have lost. Against this the
+     proletariat must defend itself, defend at any price. The Communist
+     International calls the whole world proletariat to this final
+     struggle.
+
+     "Down with the imperialistic conspiracy of capital!
+
+     "Long live the International Republic of the Proletarian Councils!"
+
+As will be seen when we study the I. W. W., the above is the program of
+the world-wide conspiracy of a single class, a minority of society, to
+carry out the cynical purpose of I. W. W.'ism--to "take possession of
+the earth and the machinery of production."
+
+Morris Hillquit, a Right Wing leader of the Socialist Party of America,
+declared that "The Communist Congress of Moscow made the mistake of
+attempting a sort of dictatorship of the Russian proletariat in the
+Socialist International and was conspicuously inept and unhappy in the
+choice of certain allies and in the exclusion of others."[E]
+
+Quoting this, Max Eastman, in the article from which we have taken so
+much, makes the following reply:
+
+     "How can he expect them to be any more indefinite and generous in
+     their invitation than they were? In every country where there was a
+     doubt as to what groups had stood true to the revolutionary
+     principle and the principle of Internationalism, they so indicated
+     the alignment as to leave every Socialist free to consider himself
+     their ally who seriously and courageously desired to. This was what
+     they did in America. The S. L. P. (Socialist Labor Party), the
+     Socialist Propaganda League, the I. W. W. and in the Socialist
+     Party 'the followers of Debs!' Could they in a brief word open the
+     door wider to American Socialists, unless they wished to admit
+     prominent members of the Socialist Party who were known to have
+     repudiated them, as Berger did, declaring his solidarity with the
+     Mensheviks who were waging war on them?"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+BIRTH OF THE COMMUNIST AND COMMUNIST-LABOR PARTIES
+
+
+
+On June 24, 1919, the Left Wing Conference assembled in New York City.
+The purpose of the Conference was for the first time to unite the forces
+of the Left Wing throughout the country and to decide upon a common plan
+of action against the Right. For some time there had been a growing
+desire among the members of the Left for the formation of a new party to
+be known as the Communist Party. The Michigan State organization and the
+different Russian-speaking federations, which had either been expelled
+or suspended, were particularly anxious for a new party. Then, too, many
+members of the Left Wing throughout the country believed that, even
+though they were more numerous than those of the Right, it would be
+useless to try to control the National Emergency Convention of the
+Socialist Party, called for August 30, 1919, in Chicago. They feared
+that the credentials of the still unsuspended and unexpelled Left Wing
+delegates would not be recognized by the party machine in the hands of
+the Right Wing, and, moreover, that even if they were, these Left Wing
+delegates would not be in the majority because so many other Left Wing
+delegates had been expelled from the Party.
+
+Almost at the beginning of the National Conference of the Left Wing the
+Michigan State delegates and the delegates of the foreign-language
+federations insisted on the immediate organization of a new party to be
+known as the Communist Party. The majority of the delegates, however,
+were opposed to immediate organization, claiming that it would be much
+more prudent to wait till the meeting of the National Emergency
+Convention, at the end of August, as many Left Wing Socialists would
+refuse to leave the mother party until it became evident that the
+Convention could not be captured by the Left Wing. The majority of the
+delegates decided to call a Communist Party Convention on September 1,
+1919. The Michigan State delegates and the Russian-speaking federation
+delegates thereupon broke with the majority of the Left Wing, causing a
+serious split, which continued till about the end of July, 1919.
+
+In that month, however, most of the members of the National Council of
+the Left Wing who had been leading the faction of the Left Wing which
+had refused the call for the immediate formation of the Communist Party,
+went over to the minority faction, which included the Michigan State
+organization and the Russian-speaking federations. A compromise had been
+reached whereby the aforesaid members of the National Council agreed not
+to insist upon attendance at the National Emergency Convention of the
+Socialist Party, while the Michigan organization, together with the
+federations, were willing to wait till September 1, 1919, for the
+convention of the Communist Party.
+
+Even on these terms John Reed, Ben Gitlow and some other leading members
+of the Left Wing refused to go over to the Communist Party, having
+decided to fight for the rights of the Left Wingers in the National
+Emergency Convention of the Socialist Party. This group of Left Wingers
+later on, as will be seen, became the nucleus of a third party, the
+Communist Labor Party. Several statements from the joint call for the
+convention of the Communist Party, cited from "The Revolutionary Age,"
+August 23, 1919, will interest the reader:
+
+     "The party will be founded upon the following principles:
+
+     "The present is the period of the dissolution and collapse of the
+     whole capitalist world system, which will mean the collapse of
+     world culture, if capitalism with its unsolvable contradictions is
+     not replaced by Communism.
+
+     "The problem of the proletariat consists in organizing and training
+     itself for the conquest of the powers of the state....
+
+     "This new proletarian state must embody the dictatorship of the
+     proletariat, both industrial and agricultural, this dictatorship
+     constituting the instrument for the taking over of property used
+     for exploiting the workers, and for the reorganization of society
+     on a Communist basis....
+
+     "The dictatorship of the proletariat shall carry out the abolition
+     of private property in the means of production and distribution, by
+     transfer to the proletarian state under Socialist administration of
+     the working class....
+
+     "The present world situation demands the closest relation between
+     the revolutionary proletariat of all countries....
+
+     "We favor international alliance of the Communist Party of the
+     United States only with the Communist groups of other countries,
+     such as the Bolsheviki of Russia, Spartacans of Germany, etc....
+
+     "The party shall propagandize class-conscious industrial unionism,
+     and shall carry on party activity in cooperation with industrial
+     disputes that take on a revolutionary character."
+
+The national organ of the Communist Party was "The Communist" of
+Chicago. In its issue of August 23, 1919, it thus criticises the
+Socialist Party:
+
+     "The majority of the readers of 'The Communist' are familiar with
+     the form of organization of the old Socialist Party, with its state
+     autonomy and its bureaucratic officialdom. Every state is
+     practically organized as an Independent Socialist party. 'Official
+     socialism' of Milwaukee is entirely different from[6] 'official
+     socialism' in Ohio, both in regard to platforms and form of
+     organization. Every state has a 'Socialism' of its own brand, and
+     even dues are not uniform throughout the country. 'Official papers'
+     of the party are in most cases organs of independent associations,
+     not at all affiliated with the central party organizations. Such
+     important weapons in the struggle of the proletariat are left in
+     the hands of the petty bourgeois ideologists who, in reality,
+     prostitute the labor press. As examples, we have, for instance,
+     'The Milwaukee Leader,' the 'New York Call,' the Jewish 'Daily
+     Forward,' the 'Appeal to Reason,' and many others scattered
+     throughout the United States, and each contradicting not only the
+     others, but containing in each issue glaring contradictions that an
+     intelligent person who reads them becomes disgusted with the whole
+     muddled mess."
+
+The fight among the revolutionists was a fight to the finish. The
+leaders all wanted to become Trotzkys and Lenines, all wanted to be
+bosses. It seems reasonable to conclude that if Bolshevism were ever
+introduced into the United States, either by the mother Socialist Party
+or by its offspring, the Communist Party or the Communist Labor Party,
+the dictatorship of the proletariat, that wonderful piece of nonsense
+which we hear so much about, would be grasped at by an amazing number of
+competitors. In Russia Lenine and Trotzky seem to constitute the
+Dictatorship of the Proletariat. In the Socialist Party of the United
+States Berger and Hillquit, of the old National Executive Committee,
+constituted a first-class dictatorship. In the Communist Party, Dennis
+Batt, lately jailed, and Alexander Stoklitsky would surely give the
+Communist rank and file plenty to do--everything of course being done
+according to their wills. John Reed and Ben Gitlow would make an ideal
+"dictatorship of the proletariat," if the Communist Labor Party ever
+made Bolshevism the law of the land.
+
+"Truth," one of the organs of the Communist Labor Party, published in
+Duluth, Minn., in its issue of August 29, 1919, devotes nearly two of
+its eight pages to bitter attacks on the Communist Party. Two short
+quotations will suffice to show the spirit of envy that exists:
+
+     "'Tis said that distance lends enchantment, and perhaps that is the
+     reason why some of you in the East have responded to the
+     cuckoo-call of Michigan-Federations. Frankly, we see nothing
+     hopeful in the alignment presented by the Michigan-Federation
+     combine. We are fearful of the consequence of such leadership. The
+     so-called Communist Party, as it is now constituted and especially
+     with the accretion of a part of the National Council, presents the
+     prettiest bunch of 'eligibles' that man ever laid eyes upon. And as
+     I gaze upon this august array of talent, I wonder where the working
+     class is going to get off at. We of the left wing of Cook County
+     are reluctant to join with an organization under the guidance of a
+     few doctrinaires from Detroit and the would-be Lenine of the United
+     States.[F] We do not consider that the welfare of the revolutionary
+     movement would be zealously guarded in their hands."
+
+From "Truth," of the same date, we also quote an open letter to Louis C.
+Fraina, which reads in part as follows:
+
+     "Do you know how the Russian Federation is being ruled? Do you know
+     that a 'firing squad' is constantly on the job expelling members
+     and branches from the Federation who dare to disagree on anything
+     with the would-be bosses of the Russian Federation?...
+
+     "Do you know that a regular secret service system is being employed
+     by these 'bosses' to hunt down the undesirables?
+
+     "Do you know that a worse than military censorship is being
+     maintained in the domain of Stocklitzky (the Northwestern States),
+     where it is prohibited to the branches to communicate with each
+     other or to send out or receive any correspondence otherwise than
+     through the hands of the censors, the Executive Committee, and that
+     this censorship committee, like the imperialists in the world's
+     war, are holding up the mail of these branches and do not deliver
+     at all the 'undesirable' mail?"
+
+August 30, 1919, the day for the assembling of the National Emergency
+Convention of the Socialist Party, at last arrived. Delegates of the
+Right Wing, and many of the Left, including John Reed, I. E. Ferguson
+and Rose Pastor Stokes, were present. The Left Wing delegates, to the
+number of about 84, arrived early at the place of meeting, Machinists'
+Hall, 113 South Ashland Boulevard, Chicago. Trouble immediately began,
+for the seats being occupied by the Left Wingers, the members of the
+Right were crowded out.
+
+Germer and Gerber of the Right seem to have lost their heads. "The
+Chicago Herald and Examiner," of August 31, 1919, informs us that Adolph
+Germer, National Secretary of the Socialist Party and one of the leading
+members of the Right Wing, called in the police, who cleared the hall.
+"The Chicago Tribune" of the same day tells us that everybody was
+exchanging fisticuffs when the police arrived. Detective Sergeant
+Lawrence McDonough, head of the anarchist squad, with the aid of a dozen
+uniformed policemen, seems to have saved the day for the Right Wingers.
+John Reed, of the Left Wing, was furious, and "The Call," New York,
+August 31, 1919, tells us that he issued a statement which he addressed
+to the delegates of the Emergency Convention:
+
+     "We address you to inform you of occurrences this morning which
+     every Revolutionary Socialist on the floor of this convention will
+     protest against.
+
+     "Delegates from Illinois, Minnesota, Washington, Oregon, Ohio,
+     Nebraska, California and other states entered the convention floor
+     and took their seats in readiness for the opening of the
+     convention.
+
+     "At nearly 10 o'clock Gerber of New York and Goebel of New Jersey,
+     who were at the door and attempted to refuse the above named
+     delegates admission, called the police and these delegations were
+     ejected from the hall by police power, many of them being roughly
+     handled."
+
+Press reports inform us that after the belligerents had calmed down the
+meeting was again convened, and that Victor Berger, in referring to the
+Lefts, said: "They're just a lot of anarchists; we are the party."
+Berger did not say whether or not by the word "we" he meant the old
+National Executive Committee, which should have gone out of office in
+July,[G] but seemed to have given itself a "mandate" to run the National
+Emergency Convention.
+
+On August 31, 1919, the hot-heads and sore-heads again assembled, and a
+dispute arose as to who called the "cops." As a result the Left Wingers
+next met by themselves downstairs, on the first floor of the hall, while
+the Right Wingers remained higher up on the second floor. On the same
+day the Minnesota group was seated by the Convention, but was denied a
+vote.
+
+On September 1st the high climbers of the Right Wing purged the party
+still more by unseating the Washington State delegation and expelled
+Katterfield "for the good of the party." The California delegates then
+threw a bomb into the Right Wing Convention by announcing that they
+would not take their seats until all of the contested delegations were
+seated and the police were withdrawn from the hall. These delegates
+finally went down to the first floor and joined ranks with the Left
+Wingers there, this section henceforth being known as the Communist
+Labor Party.
+
+On the same day the Convention of the Communist Party assembled at
+Smolny Institute, 1221 Blue Island Avenue, Chicago. Red flags were
+displayed and Bolshevist songs were sung until the police of the
+anarchist squad finally demanded the removal of the blood-colored
+standards of revolt.
+
+"The Call" informs us that on the next day, September 2nd, the Communist
+Party, composed of the Michigan crowd, the Russian Federation and the
+former Left Wing National Council, nearly split in two when, at a
+concerted signal, there resigned from the emergency committee of the
+convention, Louis C. Fraina, C. E. Ruthenberg, I. E. Ferguson,
+Maximilian Cohen, S. Elbaum and A. Selakowich, and, from other offices,
+A. Paul of Queens and Fannie Horowitz. It seems that these members were
+anxious to have the Communist Party amalgamate with the Communist Labor
+Party, but that the foreign federations, fearing that they would be
+outnumbered by the English-speaking members, were very much opposed to
+the union.
+
+On this same day Dennis Batt, one of the principal leaders of the
+Communist Party, was jailed.
+
+Moreover, on the 2nd of September the Communist Labor Party--the group
+that had first met with the Right Wing, and, later on, down stairs on
+the first floor of the hall on South Ashland Boulevard--assembled at the
+I. W. W. Hall at 119 Throop street. This party, heart and soul, is in
+favor of the propagation of Bolshevism and I. W. W.'ism in the United
+States, and if not completely broken up by the Government, seems
+destined to become more numerous than either the rapidly disintegrating
+Socialist Party or the Communist Party, which is principally made up of
+foreigners who speak the various Russian languages. The principal
+leaders of the Communist Labor Party are John Reed, William Bross Lloyd,
+formerly known as the millionaire Socialist, and Benjamin Gitlow.[H] It
+seemed likely, too, that Fraina, Ferguson, Ruthenberg and Cohen,
+prominent "Reds," who resigned from the emergency committee of the
+Communist Party, would soon be found among the leaders of the Communist
+Labor Party. At the time of the convention no national organ of the
+Communist Labor Party had yet begun publication, but "The Voice of
+Labor," edited by Reed and Gitlow, and "Truth," formerly the Socialist
+paper of Duluth, were local organs.
+
+Both the Communist Party and the Communist Labor Party are strongly
+Bolshevist. The Communist Labor Party is decidedly more in favor of the
+I. W. W. than the Communist Party; but the main differences between
+these two parties seems to be a matter of race, language, and especially
+of personal jealousy and dislike among the leaders.
+
+For years the Socialist Party and the Socialist Labor Party have
+remained separated from each other, so that now, with the two new
+parties, the Communist Party and the Communist Labor Party, there are
+four parties of rebels, all plotting a revolution against our National
+Government, while the great body of the American people sleep and dream.
+
+Quite a number of educated people in the United States, including the
+editors of some of our leading dailies, seem to think that the remnant
+of the Socialist Party is not at all a Bolshevist organization and not
+at all revolutionary in character. They are very much deceived, having
+let the crafty, deceptive, hypocritical leaders of the Right Wing fool
+them badly. The Left Wingers have indeed been much more open in
+admitting their intentions to overthrow our government by force of arms.
+They are dangerous, but perhaps not nearly so much so as the slippery
+"Yellows," cunning weasels of the imported Russian Hillquit type, who,
+though they do not talk as openly as the "Reds," are spreading their
+subversive principles on every side, and especially among the less
+educated classes of our people, into whose minds they instil the spirit
+of hatred between employers and employees, while at the same time
+encouraging strikes, wherever they can, with the hope of overthrowing
+our Government when conditions become sufficiently critical. Both
+parties of the Socialists and both parties of the Communists, along with
+the I. W. W., are all revolutionary in the strictest sense, and the
+sooner the American people wake up to the fact and take some intelligent
+action to stamp them out, the better it will be. It is not yet too late,
+but soon may be.
+
+The Bolshevist Socialists of Russia and the two new parties of
+Socialists that at Chicago in September, 1919, seceded from the mother
+party, have all adopted the name, "Communist," which "The Call," New
+York, July 24, 1919, informs us was used by Marx and Engels, the
+founders of modern Socialism, adding that though the name is somewhat
+confusing, inasmuch as the word has another and a distinct meaning in
+English, still, "wherever it is used it means revolutionary Socialists
+as distinguished from Social patriots and mere parliamentary
+Socialists." Is this definition an alibi for Hillquit and Berger?
+
+Many persons have hastily assumed that the main reason why the Left and
+Right Wings of the Socialists fought each other like cats and dogs was
+that the Right Wing members of the party are opposed to Bolshevism. This
+is nonsense. The Socialist papers of the country, Right and Left, with
+the possible exception of the once powerful "Appeal to Reason," which in
+recent years has fallen into great discredit among Socialists because it
+favored our entrance into the World War--have been and still are
+advocating Bolshevism every day. If anyone has any doubt, let him read
+any of the rebel sheets.
+
+The Socialist Party of St. Louis, in its appeal for party unity,
+published in "The Call," July 19, 1919, informs us that the Socialist
+Party is whole-heartedly with the Russian Bolshevists and their cause:
+
+     "Promptly, and notwithstanding all obstacles and persecution, the
+     Socialist party hurried to the front in defense of the cause of our
+     Russian Comrades. Mass meetings were held, demonstrations in behalf
+     of Soviet Russia were arranged, our Socialist press gave all
+     possible support to counteract the sinister work of the American
+     capitalist press."
+
+Eugene V. Debs, many times the presidential candidate of the Socialists
+and the idol of "Reds" and "Yellows" alike, has all along been an ardent
+Bolshevist. Listen to these words of his in his article, "The Day of the
+People," published in many Socialist papers in the early part of 1919,
+and taken by us from the March number of "Party News," the official
+organ of the Socialist Party of Philadelphia:
+
+     "In Russia and Germany our valiant Comrades are leading the
+     proletarian revolution, which knows no race, no color, no sex and
+     no boundary lines. They are setting the heroic example for
+     world-wide emulation. Let us, like them, scorn and repudiate the
+     cowardly compromisers within our ranks, challenge and defy the
+     robber-class power, and fight it out on that line to victory or
+     death!
+
+     "From the crown of my head to the soles of my feet I am Bolshevik,
+     and am proud of it."
+
+The report of the Right Wing majority of the old National Executive
+Committee of the Socialist Party, made to the National Emergency
+Convention, and here quoted from "The Call," September 3, 1919, contains
+the following defense of their Bolshevism, against the aspersions of the
+Left Wing leaders who had challenged the committee's attitude toward
+Russia:
+
+     "Ever since the revolution in Russia, the party has hailed it as
+     the first great gift of the International. At every meeting of the
+     National Executive Committee held since the second revolution in
+     Russia [the revolution which put Lenine and Trotzky in power] the
+     committee has issued some ringing declaration in favor of the
+     workers' and peasants' government in Russia....
+
+     "Rarely has a meeting been held under party auspices that our
+     speakers have not taken advantage of it to present the claims and
+     achievements of the Russian revolution. The party's position may be
+     easily ascertained by consulting the party bulletins and the party
+     press."
+
+The Executive Committeemen who signed this defense of the committee's
+Bolshevist complexion were Victor L. Berger, Seymour Stedman, James
+Oneal, A. Shiplacoff, Dan Hogan, John M. Work, Frederick Krafft and
+George H. Goebel. These, with Morris Hillquit, were the men who had
+violently expelled or suspended tens of thousands of members of the
+party without warrant of the party Constitution and without granting a
+trial or the right of self-defense to those thus dealt with; who had
+maintained themselves in office after July 1, 1919, in express violation
+of the party Constitution, having suppressed announcement of the result
+of the referendum vote by the rank and file to elect executive
+committeemen, by which vote Left Wing committeemen had been elected, as
+the report to the National Emergency Convention of the Right Wing
+committee appointed to investigate this referendum had to acknowledge;
+and who, by these devices and a similar high-handedness committed by
+themselves and friendly delegates had seized control of the National
+Emergency Convention and organized it in their own interest.
+
+In their report to the convention they further defended themselves
+against the Left Wing charge that this majority of the Executive
+Committee had allied itself with the Berne Conference. Under this head
+the above-mentioned committeemen say:
+
+     "While no definite date may be set for the beginning of the present
+     party dissension, it is certain that they began to be generally
+     noticeable in January of this year [1919], when the National
+     Executive Committee elected delegates to the Berne Conference owing
+     to the fact that the delegates elected by referendum could not
+     serve, and the assembling of the Berne Conference in March made
+     necessary the election of delegates by the National Executive
+     Committee.
+
+     "The so-called Left Wing members of the National Executive
+     Committee participated in the election, nominating and voting for
+     candidates. None of their nominees were elected, and shortly after
+     the election an organized attack was made against the international
+     delegates by the Left Wing....
+
+     "The National Executive Committee, in session, decided that if our
+     delegates arrived at Berne in time and the conference failed to
+     take the position of the party on war and imperialism, we were to
+     withdraw with any other elements favoring a genuine working-class
+     International. It was agreed that we would not affiliate with any
+     International that excluded the Russian Comrades, who were fighting
+     world imperialism, or the Comrades opposed to the Ebert-Scheidemann
+     regime in Germany.
+
+     "Before our delegates could leave the country, the National
+     Executive Committee learned that the Berne Conference had failed to
+     respond to its opportunity.... Learning this, the National
+     Executive Committee decided to send one delegate abroad to impart
+     information to the Comrades in Europe, informing them of our
+     attitude on international questions."[I]....
+
+     "Yet, despite all this, a systematic campaign of falsehood has been
+     waged against the party by a faction within the party. This faction
+     has falsely claimed that the party is allied with the Berne
+     Conference.... They have denounced the party and its officials as
+     an organization of 'Scheidemanns' and 'Noskes,' asserting that if
+     the party were intrusted with public power it would murder our own
+     Comrades with machine guns and hand grenades....
+
+     "These slanders have been accompanied with a similar propaganda
+     regarding Russia. The party and its officials, especially the
+     members of the National Executive Committee, have been charged with
+     being 'Kolchaks' and 'counter-revolutionists,' the implication
+     being that the party has been committed to counter-revolution in
+     Russia, allied intervention, and support of Kolchak in Siberia.
+
+     "As in the case of Germany, so in the case of Russia, the National
+     Executive Committee and the party in general have opposed
+     intervention in Russia or support of Kolchak and have supported the
+     Russian Comrades at the head of the Soviet power against a campaign
+     of international lying.
+
+     "There has never been a single utterance of the National Executive
+     Committee quoted by the Left Wing to support these slanders. The
+     Comrades may rest assured that this faction would quote the
+     National Executive Committee if it could."
+
+It is technically true that the Left Wing writers were not able to quote
+the Executive Committee as such; but they could and did quote the
+dominating leaders of the Right Wing majority of the Executive
+Committee, Hillquit and Berger, through their organs, the "Call" and
+"Leader"--"The Call" as characterizing the Bolsheviki as "anarchists"
+and Berger as proclaiming his solidarity with the Mensheviki--and we
+have nowhere seen any evidence that these leaders could purge the record
+of these charges. That these leaders _were_ the Executive Committee, to
+all intents and purposes, seems abundantly shown by their ruthless use
+of it to smash the party, going so far as to cast out nearly two-thirds
+of the entire party membership to get rid of their accusers, the Left
+Wing leaders.
+
+This scandal and disaster to a cause they pretended to serve are logical
+outcomes of a double hypocrisy--an effort to fool the voting public and
+our Government officials by a pretense of moderation in papers and
+electioneering speeches, while at the same time fooling the dues-paying
+rank and file of their party with expressions of loyalty to radicalism.
+
+The significant facts in estimating the revolutionary character of the
+American Socialist Party, as recruited and indoctrinated by its
+double-faced leaders are two: the fact that as lately as September,
+1919, some 70,000 of their pupils graduated into the open course of
+revolutionary violence adopted by the Communist Party of America and the
+Communist Labor Party, and the fact that the more manageable 40,000
+remaining with these leaders were so much like their seceding Comrades
+that their leaders were compelled to defend their own radicalism in the
+fashion above shown, and were also compelled, as we shall soon see, to
+take an open stand for revolution and I. W. W.'ism in order to keep even
+the remnant of the party from deserting them.
+
+Thus a serious mistake has been made by the many who fancy that the
+"Yellow" Socialists--Hillquit's Right Wing which still constitutes the
+Socialist Party of America--are not plotters who work for a revolution
+to overthrow our Government. Of course they are, and any one who has
+read the Socialist papers and publications, even to a very limited
+degree, may easily see that these alleged "moderates" appear such only
+in contrast with the more rabid "Red" rebels of the Left; and that the
+one object of Right and Left alike is to stir up discontent and foment
+hatred of class against class precisely in order that a rebellion may
+some day break out.
+
+True it is that the crafty leaders of the Right do not act as
+imprudently as the hot-headed leaders of the Left, for they fear lest
+rashness should precipitate them in a premature and unsuccessful
+outbreak; yet they are sowing the seed of revolution as certainly as are
+the Communists, and perhaps with much more success, because they proceed
+more prudently. Once in a while, when they are off their guard, the "cat
+escapes from the bag." As an example we quote from an article that
+appeared in the May Day, 1919, issue of "The Call," the paper founded
+and controlled by Hillquit, the foxy leader of the Rights:
+
+     "The world revolution, dreamed of as a thing of the distant future,
+     has become a live reality, rising from the graves of the murdered
+     millions and the misery and suffering of the surviving millions. It
+     has taken form, it strikes forward, borne on by the despair of the
+     masses and the shining example of the martyrs. Its spread is
+     irrepressible. The bridges are burnt behind the old capitalist
+     society and its path is forever cut off. Capitalist society is
+     bankrupt, and the only salvation of humanity lies in the uprising
+     of the masses, in the victory of the Socialist revolution, in the
+     revolutionary forces of Socialism.
+
+     "The World War, which is now about to be officially closed, has
+     slid into a condition neither war nor peace. However the war of
+     nations has been followed by the war of the classes. The class
+     struggle is no longer fought by resolutions and demonstrations.
+     Threateningly it marches through the streets of the great cities
+     for life or death."
+
+Yet the Right Wing papers, on the whole, are much more reserved than
+those of the Left. As an example of the openness with which the Left
+Wing or Communist papers instigate rebellion, a quotation from "The
+Communist," Chicago, April 1, 1919, will interest the reader:
+
+     "The Communist Propaganda League of Chicago came into existence on
+     November 7, 1918, first anniversary of the Russian Soviet Socialist
+     Republic, and the very day of the German Revolution.
+
+     "A group of Socialist Party officials and active party members came
+     together for consultation as to ways and means for giving the
+     American Socialist movement a revolutionary character in harmony
+     with all the significance of November 7th, the most glorious date
+     in all history. At the hour of that little meeting bedlam reigned
+     in the streets of Chicago by premature celebration of peace. The
+     calling of this meeting during the mass tumult of November 7th is
+     prophetic of the revolutionary vision which brought these Comrades
+     together. On that day the seething proletariat ruled Chicago by
+     sheer force of numbers. One thing alone was needed to give this
+     mass expression identity with the proletarian uprisings of
+     Europe--one thing: the revolutionary idea!
+
+     "The Communist Propaganda League is an organization for the
+     propagation of the revolutionary idea. The civilization of tomorrow
+     is with unorganized masses who greeted the news of peace and
+     revolution in Germany with what may be safely described as the
+     greatest spontaneous expression of mass sentiment ever witnessed in
+     America. To give direction and inspiration to the advancing and
+     irresistible army of the preletariat is the mission to which this
+     League is dedicated."
+
+This League, with the millionaire Socialist, William Bross Lloyd, at its
+head, became part of the Communist Labor Party.
+
+The indications are that the Communist Labor Party, had it been left
+undisturbed by our Government, would soon have surpassed in numbers the
+remnant left in the old Socialist Party, whose dues-paying membership
+dwindled from 109,589 in January, 1919, to 39,750 by July of the same
+year. Evidently, when the Left Wing secession occurred, a few real
+rebels came out of the Socialist Party, which used to boast in election
+campaigns that it was merely a party of evolution, not of revolution.
+Those who still remain in the old party are rebels, too, but the rank
+and file is restrained by seasoned leaders, who are more prudent but
+less honest than the hot-headed Communists.
+
+The Socialists now have in the country four revolutionary organizations:
+the Socialist Party, the Socialist Labor Party, the Communist Party and
+the Communist Labor Party. The scum of the land, the wrecks and wreckers
+of civilization, deluded ignoramuses, thus find ample opportunity for
+selecting an organization of rebellion in which there is "no political
+corruption." The members of these parties find fault with everything
+under the Stars and Stripes, and yet hesitate to pass over to Russia and
+live under the bloody standard of Lenine and Trotzky. If these four
+rebel parties do not suffice for some of the rebels, there still remains
+the I. W. W. All are pretty much the same, their principal differences
+being the varying degrees of hypocrisy, boldness and lust for power of
+their leaders.
+
+The open and pronounced revolutionary character of the I. W. W.,
+Communist Party and Communist Labor Party, evidenced in their
+inflammatory utterances and tactics, had established their criminal
+status with our National and State police and legal departments, while
+startling wholesale arrests, deportations and indictments of these three
+classes of law-breakers soon impressed a recognition of their criminal
+status upon the public mind. It is important to establish the further
+fact, if it be one, that the only difference between the rank and file
+of these organizations and the rank and file of the remnant still
+attached to the Socialist Party of America is the difference between
+tweedledee and tweedledum.
+
+The late inquiry into the qualifications of five suspended Socialists to
+sit as law-makers in the New York Assembly created an astonishing
+furore, disclosing amazing ignorance concerning American Socialism among
+our most intelligent citizens. The confusion of the public mind was
+still further increased by the Attorney-General of the United States,
+whose convincing characterization of the two Communist parties, given
+out on January 23, 1920, contained the following sentence:
+
+     "Certainly such an organization as the Communist Party of America
+     and also the Communist Labor Party cannot be construed to fall
+     within the same category as the Socialist Party of America, which
+     latter organization is pledged to the accomplishment of changes of
+     the Government by lawful and rightful means."
+
+But can the facts so far brought out in this book "be construed" as
+indicating any substantial difference between the 39,000 or 40,000
+Socialists who have kept their old party name and the 70,000 or 72,000
+who separated from them in September, 1919? Up to the moment of
+separation were not all alike under the same "pledge" to use "lawful and
+rightful means?" But if this public profession of lawfulness meant
+nothing to 70,000 of them, why think it means more to the rest?
+
+We have the further striking evidence, shown above, that the leaders who
+had compromised their attitude toward Bolshevism felt compelled, in
+order to hold any of the rank and file, to argue that "the National
+Executive Committee and the party in general" had "supported the Russian
+Comrades at the head of the Soviet power." Yet in spite of this defense
+the old National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party was rebuked
+and kicked out of office during the Emergency Convention, even by
+delegates who were friendly to the compromised leaders. The "Call,"
+September 5, 1919, gives some of the details:
+
+     "The rebuke of the National Executive Committee was in the form of
+     an amendment to the original motion to adopt its report. The
+     amendment carried by 63 to 39....
+
+     "Perhaps Frederick Haller expressed the general sentiment of the
+     convention when he said:
+
+     "'We must endorse this supplemental report of the National
+     Executive Committee, but we must go back to our constituents and
+     tell them that we gave the National Executive Committee hell.'"
+
+These "constituents," the rank and file, determine the character of the
+party, and not the thimble-rigging games of their political leaders, who
+support themselves and have "made a good thing" out of Socialism by
+carrying water on one shoulder for gullible voters, and on the other for
+their credulous disciples. This is not the first time that self-serving,
+hypocritical teachers, in compassing sea and land to make proselytes,
+have made them twofold more the children of hell than themselves.
+
+The National Emergency Convention of 1919 affords still other evidence
+of the mind of the rank and file of the Socialist Party in the report of
+the committee which investigated the referendum vote of 1919 which the
+old National Executive Committee had suppressed. The "Call," September
+1, 1919, says:
+
+     "The report states that on the face of the returns, referendum B
+     and D were carried by large majorities, and a National Executive
+     Committee, consisting of Louis Fraina of New York, Charles E.
+     Ruthenberg of Cleveland, Seymour Stedman of Chicago, Patrick S.
+     Nagle of Oklahoma and L. E. Katterfeld of Cleveland was elected.
+     The returns also showed on their face that John Reed and Louis
+     Fraina had been elected as the party's international delegates and
+     Kate Richards O'Hare its international secretary."
+
+Thus the party was "Red" or Left-Wingish "by large majorities," and was
+distinctly Bolshevist, as we learn from the "Call's" explanation of
+"referendum B and D," which "were carried by large majorities."
+
+     "Referendum B put the question of holding a National Emergency
+     Convention up to the membership. Referendum D asked the membership
+     to decide whether the party should record itself as being opposed
+     to entering any other international Socialist alignment than that
+     of the Third National [International?] which held its first
+     conference at Moscow early in March.
+
+     "Its adoption means that the Socialist party will not take part in
+     any international conference from which the Bolsheviki of Russia
+     and the Spartacans of Germany are excluded, or in which they refuse
+     to participate."
+
+Thus at the Emergency Convention of August-September, 1919, the
+Socialist Party of America was tied to the will of the Russian
+Bolshevists and the German Spartacides, who held the powers of approval
+and veto in deciding what internationals the members of the Socialist
+Party of America might associate with! A more anomalous product of the
+double-faced generalship of Berger and Hillquit it would be hard to
+imagine.
+
+But this is not all. The Moscow Manifesto of March, 1919, was before the
+Emergency Convention. This Russian Communistic Manifesto is addressed
+"To the proletariat of all countries" (see Chapter IV) and reads: "We
+Communists, representatives of the revolutionary proletariat of the
+different countries of Europe, America and Asia, assembled in Soviet
+Moscow." Would the Socialist Party of America accept its inclusion among
+those in "America" thus designated, or refuse? The committee which
+considered the matter split, bringing in majority and minority reports.
+The majority report, favored by Berger, considered the Third
+International as not yet constituted, thus hanging the Socialist Party
+of America in the air, without fellowship with Moscow, Berne or any
+other thing--a trapeze performance truly Bergeresque. The minority
+report, voted for even by a third of the machine delegates in the
+Emergency Convention, favored affiliation with the associates of the
+Moscow Conference as constituting the Third International. It was
+decided to submit both reports to a referendum vote of the party, which
+should have been taken in January or February, 1920, if the requirements
+of the party Constitution were followed.
+
+The concern of the Socialist Party managers to keep the facts from the
+general public, evidenced by their tactics in the case of the five
+suspended Socialist Assemblymen at Albany, might have led to another
+unconstitutional delay or manipulation of a referendum. But this was
+immaterial in determining the mind of the rank and file, as we have
+documentary evidence showing that the only opposition within the party
+to a clear-cut Bolshevik committal sprang out of fear either of legal
+prosecution or of the loss of votes through public condemnation. The
+following illuminating discussion is extracted from a letter of
+Alexander Trachtenberg, a conspicuous Socialist, as printed in the
+"Call" of November 26, 1919:
+
+     "The members of the Socialist Party now have before them two
+     referenda--Referendum E, consisting of the various changes in the
+     party Constitution which were decided upon at the Chicago
+     Convention, and Referendum F, on international Socialist
+     relations....
+
+     "The question of international affiliation is at this moment
+     probably the most important before the Socialist Party. The two
+     reports which emanated from the convention, known as the majority
+     and minority reports, will no doubt receive very careful
+     consideration by the members....
+
+     "A close examination of the two reports reveals that the condition
+     laid down for the International, with which the Socialist party
+     cares to affiliate itself, are the same. Both reports agree that:
+
+     "a. The Second International is dead.
+
+     "b. The Berne International Conference hopelessly failed in its
+     indeavor to reconstitute the International.
+
+     "c. The New International must consist only of those parties:
+
+     "1. Which have remained true to the revolutionary International
+     Socialist movement during the war.
+
+     "2. Which refused to co-operate with bourgeois parties and are
+     opposed to all forms of coalition.
+
+     "In short, _both_ reports agree that the Socialist Party will go
+     only into such an International the component parties of which
+     _conduct their struggle on revolutionary class lines_. The
+     difference between the two reports is, that while the majority
+     report leaves the matter of the reconstruction of the International
+     hang in the air, the minority report has something tangible to
+     offer. It also more specifically outlines the Socialist policy on
+     the question of international affiliation, and gives several
+     reasons for joining the Third (Moscow) International....
+
+     "The Socialist Party of America cannot afford to remain amorphous
+     at the present stage of the building of the new International. It
+     has refused to go with those elements who have either betrayed or
+     were unwilling to remain true to their professions. It belongs
+     among those parties which have remained true to International
+     Socialism and who alone have the right to build the edifice of the
+     new International.
+
+     "By voting for the minority report the Comrades will give
+     expression to _what they have professed and believed in_ during the
+     past critical years in the life of the international Socialist
+     movement."
+
+A letter on the same subject, by Benjamin Glassberg, appears in the
+"Call" of December 4, 1919, from which we take extracts showing the
+Bergeresque argument of Hoan, Berger's mayor of Milwaukee:
+
+     "The most important question before the members of the Socialist
+     Party just now is the referendum on the majority and minority
+     reports on international relations. Comrade Trachtenberg has argued
+     in the columns of 'The Call' in favor of the minority report, and
+     Hoan of Milwaukee for the majority, and Comrade Warshow has argued
+     against both.
+
+     "A careful examination of the position taken by both Hoan and
+     Warshow fails to reveal why the minority report should be voted
+     down. Comrade Hoan is naturally very much concerned at the
+     possibility that 'in the coming political battles the capitalistic
+     henchmen will flaunt in your face that the above is the program of
+     the Socialist Party' (referring to the statement in the governing
+     rules of the Communist International that the revolutionary era
+     compels the proletariat to make use of mass action).
+
+     "The important thing, according to Hoan, is not whether the
+     minority report is right or not, but rather what will the effect be
+     at the next election. In this respect he is typical of the pure and
+     simple political Socialist....
+
+     "In one breath Comrade Warshow calls for a new International to
+     which shall be admitted all Socialist parties of the world who
+     believe in the class struggle, and in the next he defends the
+     Socialists supporting a coalition government. How can one subscribe
+     to the doctrine of the class struggle and at the same time approve
+     of Socialists joining in a coalition government, which of necessity
+     will not be the agent of the workers but of the class with which
+     the workers are at all times at war?....
+
+     "In all our official declarations, including the Chicago manifesto,
+     we have voiced our support of the Bolsheviki. In our meetings and
+     in our literature we have taken our stand solidly with our Russian
+     Comrades, our friends, the Left Wingers to the contrary
+     notwithstanding.
+
+     "Why, then, hesitate to affiliate with them?"
+
+Thus, whether or not Berger's policy of dissimulation prevailed--and his
+wholesale slaughter of dues-payers with the ax of the Executive
+Committee had shown all who opposed him what they might expect--it
+remained true that identification with the Bolshevist principles and
+tactics of Lenine and Trotzky was what the present members of the
+Socialist Party in America "have professed and believed in during the
+past critical years" and was in accord with "all" their "official
+declarations," their "meetings" and their "literature."
+
+The base ingratitude of Berger toward those who have followed and
+supported him; the gross, incredible savagery of his egotism in turning
+to rend those he had discipled into revolutionaries the moment their
+allegiance to the principles he taught them stood in the way of his
+cowardice and ambition; his butcher insensibilities in making his
+party's Constitution a "scrap of paper" and the party a shambles for the
+hewing down of two-thirds of his "Comrades;" his burlesque effrontery in
+posing in the convention as a law-and-order man, railing at his own
+victims as "anarchists"--these daubs of color paint the cubist portrait
+of Wisconsin's mock hero, one of the meanest caricatures of human life
+that ever swaggered on a political arena.
+
+When the two Wings of the Convention raised the question, "Who called
+the cops?" Berger's pale and innocent figure rose with the trembling
+remark: "If they had not been here yesterday morning we would not be
+here now. The two-fisted Reed and the other two-fisted Left Wingers
+would be here." He took pains to have the delicate pathos of his
+martyrdom sketched into the Executive Committee report he signed,
+"Victor L. Berger, in addition to a sentence of 20 years, has four more
+indictments pending against him, besides being refused his seat in
+Congress. All the Socialist candidates for Congress in Wisconsin and the
+State Secretary also are under indictment. No mail whatever is permitted
+to be delivered to the 'Leader,' the party daily in Milwaukee," etc. On
+the other hand, against the terrible "anarchs" who had so outraged his
+own gentle spirit and sense of order, he even fulminated outside the
+Convention Hall, as in the interview which we take from the "Call" of
+September 4, 1919:
+
+     "Ever since the Socialist movement has existed there have been two
+     very distinct tendencies apparent--the Social Democratic tendency
+     and the Anarcho-Syndicalist tendency....
+
+     "But the revolution in Russia and Hungary, which had been predicted
+     by us, as well as in Germany, has had a peculiar psychological
+     effect on many of the rank and file of the party, especially upon
+     those who had come from Russia and Hungary. They really believe
+     this revolt can be repeated today in America.
+
+     "The revolution in Russia and the psychological effect of it
+     penetrated into the foreign federations affiliated with the
+     Socialist party of America and gave the Anarcho-Syndicalists, who
+     have joined us in great numbers in the last six months, a chance to
+     split up the Socialist party of America into three groups.
+
+     "First, the old Socialist Party, which will remain longer to aid
+     the old ideals of Social Democracy, even though there may be a
+     change in tactics required by changed conditions.
+
+     "Then there are the Communist Socialists, led by John Reed and a
+     few hysterical men and women, who try to bring about a Russian
+     revolution or God knows what other things, they themselves don't
+     know tomorrow morning.
+
+     "And, finally, there is the Communist Party, led by Louis Fraina,
+     which consists mainly of Russians, Ukrainians[7], Slovenic races
+     and other foreign federation members, who have been suspended for
+     stuffing ballot boxes in the last referendum, and who also want
+     revolution of some kind, the wherewith and howwith they haven't
+     been able to explain so far."
+
+Do we exaggerate the humbuggery of leadership uncloaked in this
+Emergency Convention of the Socialist Party of America? Let the reader
+judge from the supreme example of it, the motive of which we present in
+the words of the organ of one of the chief conspirators, Hillquit's
+"Call." The issue of August 31, 1919, declared: "The convention will
+adopt a stand, expressed in a manifesto that is expected to satisfy all
+those in the Left Wing who are contending for what they believe to be
+revolutionary principles." In the issue of September 3 we read:
+
+     "There will be a restatement of party principles which is expected
+     to cut the ground from under the feet of the former members and
+     organizations of the party who have read themselves out and will
+     remain suspended in mid-air between the newly formed and still more
+     newly revised Communist-Labor Party and the Communist Party."
+
+In the "Call" of September 5, which published the manifesto, we also
+have this comment on it by James Oneal: "The American movement can
+congratulate itself on having produced such a splendid document. It will
+tend to rally members who have been uncertain of the outcome of the
+convention, and will eventually bring to us many who are sick of the
+hypocrisies, the shams and the illusions that have held them in chains
+for nearly three tragic years."
+
+What hypocrisies, shams and illusions are referred to? Who were their
+authors? In another column of the same issue we are told: "With every
+delegate on his feet and cheering, the National Emergency Convention of
+the Socialist Party unanimously adopted its manifesto this afternoon.
+[September 4th.] It was the big moment of the convention. The document
+is regarded as the most revolutionary the party has ever drawn up, and
+one certain to bring back into the organization thousands of members
+temporarily outside of it, either because their local organizations were
+expelled or by reason of what Lenine has called 'the intoxication of the
+revolutionary phrase.'"
+
+Thus this manifesto was adopted by the wreckers of the Socialist Party
+to hold the "revolutionary" rank and file still left them and to draw
+back the revolutionary seceders--minus their leaders, of course.
+Nevertheless the manifesto is truly revolutionary--"most
+revolutionary"--the revolutionary creed of a revolutionary organization.
+It is, of course, carefully worded, so as to deceive if possible that
+public whose intelligence the cynical Socialists despise at the same
+time that they appeal to it for votes, and this careful wording we can
+understand from a comment in the "Call" of September 5, 1919: "Before
+reading the manifesto, Block told the convention the manifesto was
+largely based upon one suggested by Morris Hillquit, now ill at Saranac
+Lake, N. Y."[J]
+
+Seen through its mask of verbiage, however, the manifesto of the
+Emergency Convention of the Socialist Party of America joins with the
+famous Preamble of the I. W. W. and the manifestoes and programs of the
+Communist and Communist Labor Parties in advocating the plundering of
+mankind by proletarians, the elimination of the private ownership of
+natural wealth and the machinery of production, and the _wresting_ of
+"the industries and the control of the government of the United States"
+out of their present ownership and control so as "to place industry and
+government in the control of the workers."
+
+This revolutionary document incites "American labor" to "break away"
+from its present leadership, called "reactionary and futile," and "to
+join in the great emancipating movement of the more advanced
+revolutionary workers of the world"--the I. W. W.'s and Bolshevists. It
+is "the supreme task" of "the Socialist party of America," its "great
+task," to which its members "pledge all" their "energies and resources,"
+to "win the American workers" from their "ineffective" leadership, "to
+educate them to an enlightened understanding of their own class
+interests, and to train and assist them to organize politically and
+industrially on class lines, in order _to effect their emancipation_,"
+namely, "to _wrest_ the industries and the control of the government of
+the United States from the capitalists _and their retainers_" and "place
+industry _and government_ in the control of the workers."
+
+Furthermore, "to _insure_ the triumph of Socialism in the United States
+the bulk of American workers must be strongly organized politically as
+Socialists, in constant, clear-cut and _aggressive opposition to all
+parties of the possessing class_" and "must be strongly organized in the
+economic field on broad industrial lines, _as one powerful and
+harmonious class organization_, co-operating with the Socialist Party,
+and _ready in cases of emergency_ to _reinforce_ the _political_ demands
+of the working class _by industrial action_." (See, a few pages further
+on, the manifesto itself, from which we have quoted in the three last
+paragraphs.)
+
+Is this the thing which Berger and Hillquit have let loose--after
+blocking a much less compromising resolution of long-distance
+affiliation with Moscow? Does Berger think the people of Wisconsin such
+blockheads that they will shy at a word like Bolshevism, but are unable
+to understand the plain, bold English of a conspiracy to bring about
+industrial organization "to wrest the industries and the control of the
+government of the United States" out of the hands of the American people
+and into the hands of a special class? Indeed, if the "workers" take
+everything, what will become of the drones--the Socialist political
+hacks?
+
+While we reserve the details for Chapter XVI, we add here in passing
+that on February 10, 1920, it was acknowledged in testimony at the trial
+of the five Assemblymen at Albany that affiliation with the Third
+(Moscow) International had been carried by referendum vote in the
+Socialist Party of America with a large majority.
+
+Before giving the reader the text of that part of the Emergency
+Convention manifesto which we have been discussing we must call
+attention to another piece of evidence--Morris Hillquit's letter in his
+paper, the "New York Call," shortly after the Emergency Convention, in
+which he says:
+
+"The split in the ranks of American Socialism raises the question: What
+shall be the attitude of the Socialist Party toward the newly formed
+Communist organization?" His letter answering this important question
+was read out of the "Call" into the record of the New York Assembly's
+inquiry into the qualifications of the five suspended Socialists to act
+as law-makers and will be found in the "New York Herald" of January 29,
+1920, from which we take it:
+
+     "Any attempted solution of the problem must take into account the
+     following fundamental facts:
+
+     "First--The division was not created arbitrarily and deliberately
+     by the recent convention in Chicago. It had become an accomplished
+     fact months ago, and the Chicago gatherings did nothing more than
+     recognize the fact.
+
+     "Second--The division was not brought about by differences on vital
+     questions of principles. It arose over disputes on methods and
+     policy.
+
+     "Third--The separation of the Socialist Party into three
+     organizations need not necessarily mean a weakening of the
+     Socialists. They are wrong in their estimate of American
+     conditions, their theoretical conclusions and practical methods,
+     but they have not deserted to the enemy. The bulk of their
+     following is still good Socialist material. When the hour of the
+     real Socialist fight strikes in this country we may find them
+     again in our ranks.
+
+     "Our quarrel is a family quarrel, and has no room in the columns of
+     the capitalistic papers, where it can only give joy and comfort to
+     the common enemy. The unpardonable offense of the
+     Simons-Russell-Spargo crowd [which withdrew from the Socialist
+     Party of America on account of its unpatriotic and un-American
+     opposition to the people and Government of the United States at
+     war, as expressed in the Socialist Party's St. Louis Convention
+     utterances in April, 1917] was not so much their social-patriotic
+     stand during the war as the fact that they rushed into the
+     anti-Socialist press maliciously denouncing their former comrades
+     as pro-German and deliberately added fuel to the sinister flame of
+     mob violence and government persecution directed against the
+     Socialist movement.
+
+     "We have had our split. It was unfortunate but unavoidable, and now
+     we are through with it. Legitimate constructive work of the
+     Socialist movement is before us. Let us give it all of our time,
+     energies and resources. Let us center our whole fight upon
+     capitalism, and let us hope our Communist brethren will go and do
+     likewise."
+
+Thus all three organizations, Socialist Party of America, Communist
+Party of America and Communist Labor Party, have merely had "a family
+quarrel" and are still one kin, one blood, one "family," without
+"fundamental" "differences on vital questions of principles," so that
+the Socialist Partyites and their "Communist brethren" can go on doing
+"likewise" against our present Government and institutions until, "when
+the hour of the _real_ Socialist fight"--the Great Rebellion--"strikes
+_in this country_" the members of the Socialist Party "may find" the
+members of the two Communist parties "again in" their "ranks." Thus by
+Hillquit, at least, all three parties can only "be construed" to be in
+one and the same "category."
+
+We end this chapter by reproducing from the "New York Call" of September
+5, 1919, a considerable part of the Socialist Party's Emergency
+Convention manifesto. This offspring of Hillquit's brain declares
+"solidarity with the revolutionary workers of Russia" and "radical"
+Spartacides of Germany and Communists of Austria and Hungary. Let the
+reader carefully weigh this document's meanings, comparing them with the
+call for and manifesto of the Moscow Conference, the definition of
+"industrial unionism" and "mass action" in the Left Wingers' writings,
+the Communist and Communist Labor manifestoes and programs, and the
+principles and tactics of I. W. W.'ism as set forth elsewhere in this
+volume, and then ask himself if the latest official utterance of the
+Socialist Party of America can in any way "be construed" as placing that
+party in any "category" which does not also contain the Communist
+organizations and the I. W. W. The salient parts of the manifesto
+follow:
+
+     "The capitalist class is now making its last stand in its history.
+     It was intrusted with the government of the world. It is
+     responsible for the prevailing chaos. The events of recent years
+     have conclusively demonstrated that capitalism is bankrupt, and has
+     become a dangerous impediment to progress and human welfare. The
+     working class alone has the power to redeem and to save the
+     world....
+
+     "It now becomes more than ever the immediate task of international
+     Socialism to accelerate and organize the inevitable transfer of
+     political and industrial power from the capitalist class to the
+     workers. The workers must recognize the economic structure of human
+     society by eliminating the institution of the private ownership of
+     natural wealth and of the machinery of industry, the essence of the
+     war-breeding system of international commercial rivalry. The
+     workers of the world must recognize the economic structure of human
+     society by making the natural wealth and the machinery of industry
+     the collective property of all....
+
+     "The workers of Great Britain, France and Italy, the workers of the
+     newly created nations, and the workers of the countries which
+     remained neutral during the war, are all in a state of
+     unprecedented unrest. In different ways and by different methods,
+     either blindly impelled by the inexorable conditions which confront
+     them, or clearly recognizing their revolutionary aims, they are
+     abandoning their temporising programs of pre-war labor reform. They
+     are determined to control the industries, which means control of
+     the governments.
+
+     "In the United States capitalism has emerged from the war more
+     reactionary and aggressive, more insolent and oppressive than it
+     has ever been....
+
+     "But even in the United States the symptoms of a rebellious spirit
+     in the ranks of the working masses are rapidly multiplying.
+     Widespread and extensive strikes for better labor conditions, the
+     demand of the 2,000,000 railway workers to control their industry,
+     sporadic formation of labor parties, apparently, though not
+     fundamentally, in opposition to the political parties of the
+     possessing class, are promising indications of a definite tendency
+     on the part of American labor to break away from its reactionary
+     and futile leadership and to join in the great emancipating
+     movement of the more advanced revolutionary workers of the world.
+
+     "Recognizing this crucial situation at home and abroad, the
+     Socialist Party in the United States at its first national
+     convention after the war, squarely takes its position with the
+     uncompromising section of the international Socialist movement. We
+     unreservedly reject the policy of those Socialists who supported
+     their belligerent capitalist governments on the plea of 'national
+     defense,' and who entered into demoralizing compacts for so-called
+     civil peace with the exploiters of labor during the war and
+     continued a political alliance with them after the war.
+
+     "We, the organized Socialists of America, declare our solidarity
+     with the revolutionary workers of Russia in the support of the
+     government of their Soviets, with the radical Socialists of
+     Germany, Austria and Hungary in their efforts to establish working
+     class rule in their countries, and with those Socialist
+     organizations in England, France, Italy and other countries, who,
+     during the war as after the war, have remained true to the
+     principles of uncompromising international Socialism....
+
+     "The great purpose of the Socialist Party is to wrest the
+     industries and the control of the government of the United States
+     from the capitalists and their retainers. It is our purpose to
+     place industry and government in the control of the workers with
+     hand and brain, to be administered for the benefit of the whole
+     community.
+
+     "To insure the triumph of Socialism in the United States the bulk
+     of the American workers must be strongly organized politically as
+     Socialists, in constant, clear-cut and aggressive opposition to all
+     parties of the possessing class. They must be strongly organized in
+     the economic field on broad industrial lines, as one powerful and
+     harmonious class organization, cooperating with the Socialist
+     Party, and ready in cases of emergency to reinforce the political
+     demands of the working class by industrial action.
+
+     "To win the American workers from their ineffective and
+     demoralizing leadership, to educate them to an enlightened
+     understanding of their own class interests, and to train and assist
+     them to organize politically and industrially on class lines, in
+     order to effect their emancipation, that is the supreme task
+     confronting the Socialist Party of America.
+
+     "To this great task, without deviation or compromise, we pledge all
+     our energies and resources. For its accomplishment we call for the
+     support and co-operation of the workers of America and of all other
+     persons desirous of ending the insane rule of capitalism before it
+     has had the opportunity to precipitate humanity into another
+     cataclysm of blood and ruin.
+
+     "Long live the International Socialist Revolution, the only hope of
+     the suffering world!"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+SOCIALISM IN THEORY
+
+
+
+Morris Hillquit, a ring-leader among Socialists of the United States,
+writing in "Everybody's," October, 1913, page 487, informs us that the
+term Socialism is used indiscriminately to designate a certain
+philosophy, a scheme of social organization and an active political
+movement.
+
+Socialism, used to designate a certain philosophy, may better be
+distinguished by being called Socialism in theory. Socialism as an
+applied scheme of social organization may be termed Socialism in
+practice, and means nothing other than a form of government according to
+the principles of Socialist philosophy. Socialism, as an active
+political movement, means the Socialist Party. Thus, when we say that
+Socialism won several times in Milwaukee, we do not mean that the system
+of Socialist philosophy was voted upon and accepted by the majority, for
+most of the voters knew practically nothing about the philosophy of
+Socialism; nor do we mean that the form of government in accordance with
+the principles of Socialist philosophy was adopted at the polls, for, as
+a matter of fact, we know that the government of Milwaukee has never
+been in accordance with the Marxian principles; but we mean this, and
+only this, that the active political movement of the Socialists, in
+other words, the Socialist Party, elected its candidates. No doubt the
+victorious candidates would have ruled Milwaukee according to the
+philosophy of Socialism, applying the Marxian principles to their
+government, if they could have done so, but the Constitution of the
+United States as well as that of the State of Wisconsin would have stood
+in the way, as will be seen when Socialism is explained more in detail.
+
+The first form of Socialism to be explained in detail is Socialism in
+theory. There seem to be about 57 hundred times 57 hundred varieties of
+Socialists, owing to the conflicting views that members of the party
+hold on different subjects which they wish to include in Socialism, and
+also because of their different interpretations of the fundamental
+principle of Socialism. There is, however, one underlying principle that
+seems to be held quite generally by Marxians the world over. No matter
+what other radical measures individual Socialists may favor or wish to
+see included in the Socialist philosophy, and no matter how many
+different interpretations are given to the principle of Socialism, the
+basic principle that stands out above all others and is accepted
+generally by Socialists the world over may be said to be the demand for
+a government, democratic in form, under which all the citizens would
+collectively own and manage the principal means of production,
+transportation and communication.
+
+The Industrial Workers of the World form one of the few classes of
+Socialists who object to the generally accepted fundamental principle
+just mentioned. "The One Big Union Monthly," March, 1919, prefers to
+drop the words "democratic form of government," because the I. W. W.'s
+are not sure that ownership by the people as a whole would succeed
+better under a democratic form of government than under a dictatorship
+of the proletariat.
+
+"The Labour Leader," the organ of the Socialist Independent Labor Party,
+Manchester, England, February 6, 1919, declares that Socialism is "the
+complete ownership and control of the means of life by the people, and
+the development of industry and the distribution of its fruits under a
+genuine and absolute democracy." In explaining Socialism, it says that
+"it means that the land shall become the property of the people, not of
+private individuals. It means that the great industries shall become the
+property of the people. It means that the railways and the canals shall
+become the property of the people. It means that the shipping shall
+become the property of the people. In short it means that everything
+essential to the life of all shall become the property of all, and shall
+be administered not for the profit of the few, but for the use of all.
+And it demands intelligent control of public affairs by the people,
+women as well as men."
+
+Practically the same ideas are expressed in other words by Jaurés in
+"Studies in Socialism," page 32 of 1906 edition, translated by Minturn.
+This great leader of the French Socialists, who was assassinated at the
+beginning of the World War, and in whose honor there was a tremendous
+demonstration in Paris on April 6, 1919, prophesied that "the time is
+not far off when no one will be able to speak to the public about the
+preservation of private property without covering himself with ridicule
+and putting himself voluntarily into an inferior rank. That which
+reigns to-day under the name of private property is really class
+property, and those who wish for the establishment of democracy in the
+economic as well as the political world should give their best effort to
+the abolition and not to the maintenance of this class property."
+
+In "The Revolutionary Age," Boston, January 11, 1919, page 4, we read:
+
+     "What is Socialism? It is the public ownership of all the wealth,
+     the mills, the mines, the factories, the railroads and land. Things
+     that are used in common, must be owned in common, by the people and
+     for the people under democratic management by the people, instead
+     of the present system of private ownership for profits."
+
+According to Morris Hillquit in "Everybody's," October, 1913, page 487:
+
+     "The Socialist program advocates a reorganization of the existing
+     industrial system on the basis of collective or national ownership
+     of the social tools. It demands that the control of the machinery
+     of wealth creation be taken from the individual capitalists and
+     placed in the hands of the nation, to be organized and operated for
+     the benefit of the whole people."
+
+Hillquit, in his various articles, has, of course, like many other
+Socialists, given his explanation of the detailed method of organization
+and operation of industries under a Socialist form of government. It
+reads very nicely and appears attractive, as his statements do till
+truth's searchlight falls on them, but it does not seem worth while to
+present his views, for very many of the leading Socialists of the world
+not only differ with each other as regards the method of organization
+and operation that they advocate for the Marxian state, but they are
+also very much at variance with the plan of organization and operation
+that Hillquit describes.
+
+Eugene V. Debs, in his "Daily Message from Moundsville Prison,"
+published in "The Call," New York, April 21, 1919, tells us what
+Socialism is:
+
+     "The earth for all the people! That is the demand.
+
+     "The machinery of production and distribution for all the people!
+     That is the demand.
+
+     "The collective ownership and control of industry and its
+     democratic management in the interest of all the people! That is
+     the demand.
+
+     "The elimination of rent, interest and profit and the production of
+     wealth to satisfy the wants of all the people! That is the demand.
+
+     "Co-operative industry in which we all shall work together in
+     harmony as the basis of a new social order, a higher civilization,
+     a real republic! That is the demand.
+
+     "The end of class struggles and class rule, of master and slave, of
+     ignorance and vice, of poverty and shame, of cruelty and crime--the
+     birth of freedom, the dawn of brotherhood, the beginning of MAN!
+     That is the demand.
+
+     "This is Socialism!"
+
+In the Preamble to the American Socialist Party Platform, adopted by
+national referendum, July 24, 1917, we are told:
+
+     "The theory of a democratic government is the greatest good to the
+     greatest number. The working class far out-numbers the capitalist
+     class. Here is the natural advantage of the working class. By
+     uniting solidly in a political party of its own, it can capture the
+     government and all its powers and use them in its own interests.
+
+     "The Socialist Party aims to abolish this class war with all its
+     evils and to substitute for capitalism a new order of co-operation,
+     wherein the workers shall own and control all the economic factors
+     of life. It calls upon all workers to unite, to strike as they vote
+     and to vote as they strike, all against the master class.
+
+     "Only through this combination of our powers can we establish the
+     co-operative commonwealth, wherein the workers shall own their jobs
+     and receive the full social value of their product. The necessities
+     of life will then be produced, not for the profits of the few, but
+     for the comfort and happiness of all who labor. Instead of
+     privately owned industries with masters and slaves, there will be
+     the common ownership of the means of life, and all the
+     opportunities and resources of the world will be equal and free to
+     all."
+
+The fundamental principle of Socialism, namely, a government, democratic
+in form, in which all the citizens would collectively own and manage the
+principal means of production, transportation and communication, will be
+more clearly understood if the several component parts of the basic
+principle are explained.
+
+A government, _democratic in form_, would, of course, require the
+overthrow of all limited monarchies as well as the annihilation of those
+that are despotic. Even a republican form of government, like that of
+the United States, is very far from being satisfactory to the
+Revolutionists, for they demand that the citizens have as direct a voice
+as possible, first in the election of all public officers, secondly in
+the framing of the laws, and thirdly in the management of the many
+industrial departments of the proposed government.
+
+By the citizens' _collective owning_ of the different things enumerated
+is meant that they would own them just as the citizens of the United
+States, as a body, to-day own the post-offices, arsenals, navy and
+public lands. Of course, collective ownership does not imply that, after
+the state should have taken over the things referred to, each citizen
+would be entitled to an equal share of them as his own private property,
+to be used by him according to his desires.
+
+_The management of the property_ of the Socialist state and the
+remuneration[8] for labor would not be in the hands of private
+individuals acting independently, but would be subject to the will of
+the majority of the citizens.
+
+By the _principal_ means of production, transportation and communication
+is meant any instrument of production, transportation or communication
+that would be used for purposes of exploitation, in other words, for
+making profit through the employment of hired labor. To illustrate this,
+several examples will be given. Mines, factories and mills of all kinds,
+large business houses and stores, together with those farms whose owners
+would employ hired labor for the production of goods to be sold at
+profit, would all be looked upon as being among the _principal means of
+production_. On the other hand, a sewing-machine used for family needs
+would not be included in the list.
+
+There are many Socialists who have held that their intended state would
+allow the private ownership of very small farms, provided that the
+products were raised without the employment of farm hands. But it seems
+likely that such a plan of private ownership would not be tolerated
+under a Socialist government, for, first of all, a very large number of
+Socialists are opposed to such a plan, and, secondly, the political
+actionists who have favored it either have sacrificed thereby the
+principles of their party, or else by advocating the private ownership
+of small farms, have done so with the intention of deceiving farmers and
+small land owners in order to win their votes. More will be said about
+this further on.
+
+Railroads, street car lines, express and steamship service would be
+among the _principal means of transportation_; while included in the
+list of _principal means of communication_ there would be the public
+telephone and telegraph systems. Automobiles, horses and carriages, if
+used without the assistance of hired labor, would not be considered as
+being principal means of transportation. So, too, under similar
+conditions, a private telephone or telegraph line running to the house
+of a friend would be excluded from the principal means of communication.
+
+The state would, of course, own all the goods produced in its mines,
+factories, shops, etc., until they were purchased with money or labor
+certificates. The people would then retain these goods as their own
+private property, and would not, according to the leading American
+Socialists, be compelled to divide them up with their fellow countrymen.
+
+The Socialist plan looks very nice on paper, allures many impoverished
+workingmen of the present day, appeals strongly to the uneducated, and
+offers great inducements to the "downs and outs" of society. It is,
+however, a deadly poison, and this will be proven conclusively in the
+chapter on "Socialism a Peril to Workingmen." There it will be shown not
+only that a Socialist state cannot possibly be a success, but that it
+would be a source of continued civil strife and discord, thoroughly
+unsatisfactory to workingmen, whom it would overwhelm with all the evils
+attendant on crime, strife, rebellion and chaos. In the Marxian state
+the industrial establishments, land, and business enterprises would be
+confiscated; neither interest, rent nor profit would be tolerated; the
+wage system would be abolished; no satisfactory plan could be devised
+for assigning so many millions of workingmen to the different positions,
+while at the same time satisfying them with remuneration for their daily
+toil; religions of all kinds would be the object of persecution;
+free-love would be legalized; and political corruption would be much
+more widespread than today. These are but several of the factors that
+would make a successful Socialist state an impossibility.
+
+It may interest the reader to know that Socialists of the highest
+authority inform us that in the new state women would be called upon to
+work. The late August Bebel, one of the foremost of German Socialists,
+says that as soon as society is in possession of all the means of
+production, "the duty to work, on the part of all able to work, without
+distinction of sex, becomes the organic law of socialized society."
+["Woman Under Socialism," by Bebel, page 275 of the 1904 edition in
+English.] Frederick Engels, in his book, "Origin of the Family," teaches
+that the emancipation of women is primarily dependent on the
+reintroduction of the whole female sex into the public industries.
+["Origin of the Family," by Engels, page 90 of Untermann's 1907
+translation into English.] In "The Call," New York, February 27, 1910,
+it is stated that "the man who professes himself to be a Socialist, and
+then says that under Socialism men will provide for women, is wide of
+the mark."
+
+Keeping clearly before their minds the fundamental principle of
+Socialism, the people of America must be careful to distinguish between
+Socialists ruling under our present form of government, and Socialists
+ruling in a Socialist state. Possible success in the first case would by
+no means indicate success in the latter. If our citizens are cautious in
+this respect, the enemies of our country will not dare to boast of the
+so-called success of Socialism in those places in which the members of
+their party, elected to public office, may have given a good
+administration under our constitutional system of government.
+
+Though Socialism, in the strictest sense of the word, is concerned
+exclusively with economics, still this does not mean that those who
+profess it do not advocate, as part of their program, many pet projects
+not appertaining to economics. By a vast majority, the members of the
+Socialist Party either advocate atheism and opposition to religion, or
+at least do not oppose those Socialists who do. Most of them, too, in
+their cravings for what is base and low, are by no means adverse to
+seeing free-love reign supreme in their contemplated state. The word
+_Socialism_ is, therefore, frequently used in a broader sense, and is
+made to include not only the common doctrine advocating the democratic
+form of government under which the citizens would collectively own and
+manage the principal means of production, transportation and
+communication, but also those other doctrines that are taught or
+silently approved by the majority. It is in this broader sense, then,
+that the opponents of the Marxians justly claim that Socialism is
+atheistic, anti-religious, and immoral.
+
+We are told by Hillquit in "Everybody's," October, 1913, page 486, that
+"like all social theories and practical mass movements, Socialism
+produces certain divergent schools, bastard offshoots clustering around
+the main trunk of the tree, large in number and variety, but
+insignificant in size and strength. Thus we hear of State Socialism,
+Socialism of the Chair, Christian Socialism and even Catholic
+Socialism."
+
+Persons who call themselves Socialists may be divided into two classes,
+in the first of which are those who are Socialists merely in name, for
+they go no further than to vote the party ticket. It is in the second
+class that we find the real Socialists, men who besides severing all
+connections with the other political organizations and voting regularly
+for the Socialist candidates, have taken out membership cards which
+entitle them to vote on party policies by the payment of several dollars
+a year into the treasury of the party. Many of the first class are, of
+course, not guilty of propagating atheism, free-love, and other radical
+doctrines. In fact, it often happens that they scarcely know that such
+things are taught by Socialists, for the deceitful Revolutionary orators
+and writers, having blinded them with vivid pictures of their
+misfortunes, lead them to believe that the movement is morally upright,
+and that the contemplated state of the future will bring them every
+blessing under Heaven.
+
+But unless those who are Socialists merely in name sever their
+connection with the party of Karl Marx, it will not be long before many
+of them will lose all sense of honor, decency and morality. Indeed they
+often sink lower than the base character who composed the "poem" that
+takes up half a page of "The Call" of May 10, 1914. Though "The Call"
+seems to consider the "poem" an excellent specimen of literature, or
+else uses the large type that it does in order to attract the attention
+of its readers to the sublime virtues of the author, the quotation of
+but a small part of the production will suffice to bring out its real
+worth and at the same time show us the benign effects of Socialist
+teachings:
+
+    "You who are exalted by pictures but not by people: you who
+        worship a book and a god rather than hearts and men and
+        women:
+    I'd rather have my world and its flesh and its devil than your
+        heaven and its spirit and its god:....
+    And while I don't blame man for being base or praise man for
+        being noble, I embrace man as my brother for being man:
+    And there you have the whole story, my man intoxication: I am
+        drunk with man: you see how it is:
+    You can have your bibles: I don't need your christs: your
+        creeds would be an insult to me: I have man: I am drunk
+        with man:
+    That's the secret of secrets: that's the confession of confessions:
+        that's the inside of the inside of me:
+    I don't expect you to take it in: drunk with man: no: that's
+        too much like mockery to you: you shudder at it:
+    To you man always comes last: man never comes first: gods,
+        mountains, laws--they come first: man can take his
+        chances:
+    That's the rule of precedence as you have fixed it: that's the up
+        and down and around of your cosmos:
+    But I say no: I who am drunk with man can't give up my faith
+        for your blasphemy: you who are sober with god."
+
+The attention of the reader must now be drawn to something of vital
+importance. There is no doubt that "Knights of the Red Flag" have
+advocated many excellent social reforms, such as higher wages, shorter
+working hours and greater safety for laborers, legislation against
+trusts, and the prevention of child labor and political corruption.
+Great credit would they deserve if their real object were not to gain
+votes to secure the establishment of a Socialist form of government. It
+is probable that before long, voting with true social reformers, they
+will see the materialization of many of the immediate demands enumerated
+in their platform. But it is to be remembered that no matter how many
+beneficial reforms Socialists may help to procure under our present
+constitutional system, they thus in no way prove the superiority of a
+Socialistic government, democratic in form, in which the citizens would
+collectively own and manage the principal means of production,
+transportation, and communication. The reason is that our constitutional
+government would still be in vogue, and the contradictory fundamental
+principle of Socialism could not be applied by the ruling Marxians.
+
+Persons who judge the Socialist movement solely by the immediate demands
+of its political platform, or by social reforms instituted after a
+political victory, understand very little either about Socialism or the
+methods and purposes of the Marxians. Yet this was the short-sighted
+manner in which the press persistently, and for a long time, viewed the
+tactics of Socialist politicians. Only a revolutionary movement far
+enough advanced to neglect gradual transformation by means of immediate
+demands would be able to sweep away by force, at a single stroke, all
+the old conditions of production, together with our present form of
+government, and the existing order of society.
+
+The so-called "Immediate Demands" of the Socialists may be termed
+political campaign Socialism or vote-catching Socialism. They are the
+sugar coating of the poisonous pill of Socialism itself. Their object is
+to attract and interest the voter, and at the same time keep his mind
+off of the fallacies of Socialism proper. They keep him from asking too
+many unanswerable questions about the detailed method of organization
+under a Socialist form of government--for instance, how the millions
+upon millions of government employes would be assigned to positions that
+would suit them, and at the same time receive satisfactory remuneration
+for their labors.
+
+These same immediate demands also give the voter a chance to find fault
+with our present system of government and to criticise it, thereby
+rendering it less able to withstand successive Socialist assaults. The
+immediate demands are, of course, meant for the present day and even if
+they should materialize, under our present system, they could not be
+continued in a Socialist state, that would be necessarily weak,
+poverty-stricken, strife-ridden, politically corrupt and chaotic. It is
+one thing to make demands, quite another thing to be able to grant them.
+A highway robber can demand a million dollars from the person whom he
+attacks, but that doesn't make the one assaulted able to surrender the
+sum; nor would it prove that the robber himself could afford to pay a
+like amount if he should afterwards be held up for a million.
+
+The immediate demands of the 1918 Congressional Platform of the
+Socialist Party are entirely too many conveniently to enumerate. They
+are classed under
+
+    A--International Reconstruction.
+      Peace Aims.
+      Federation of Peoples.
+    B--Internal Reconstruction.
+      Industrial Control.
+      Railroads and Express Service.
+      Steamships and Steamship Lines.
+      Telegraph and Telephone.
+      Large Power Scale Industry.
+      Democratic Management.
+      Demobilization.
+      The Structure of Government (i.e., of the present system of
+        government).
+      Civil Liberties.
+      Taxation.
+      Credit.
+      Agriculture.
+      Conservation of Natural Resources.
+      Labor Legislation.
+      Prisons.
+      The Negro.
+
+The immediate demands are so numerous as to require a booklet of 24
+pages, published by the National Office, Socialist Party, Chicago, Ill.
+It is very hard to find a single reference to Socialism itself in the
+entire 24 pages of the Congressional Platform.
+
+In a letter of Moses Oppenheimer, published in "The Call," New York,
+April 14, 1919, we are told that under the opportunist leadership of men
+like Hillquit, Berger, Ghent, and Robert Hunter the struggle for reforms
+has gradually overshadowed and supplanted the demand for the abolition
+of wage slavery. The writer continues:
+
+     "More and more it has resulted in petty tactics for vote catching.
+     Berger's Old Age Pension bill was a glaring exhibit of opportunist
+     incapacity.
+
+     "Immediate demands are a tactical problem! Comrade Lee knows that
+     the tactics change with changed conditions. There was a time when
+     the opportunists expected to win the votes of the bulk of A. F. of
+     L. workers. Hence the sugar coating of the Socialist pill and three
+     years of Chester M. Wright in control of 'The Call.'
+
+     "That is now ancient history. Lee could not repeat that chapter if
+     he would. Nay, I believe he wouldn't if he could.
+
+     "The powerful impulse from the movement in Europe makes itself felt
+     over here. There is great need for reforming our front, for
+     recasting our tactics. The old roar of opportunism led us nowhere,
+     except to barren failure. If nothing else the experience with our
+     Ten in Albany and our Seven in the City Hall should open our eyes.
+     The time for picayune politics is irrevocably gone."
+
+In an article published in "The Proletarian," Detroit, April, 1919, page
+4, Oakley Johnson thus criticises the Socialist policy of reformism as
+manifested in the immediate demands of the party platform:
+
+     "Socialists have been dazed time and again by the glitter of
+     reformism. In every country the question has been an ever-present
+     one, and, as a result, the rainbows of reform have found many
+     chasers in the ranks of the workers. The matter seemed, up to near
+     the end of the war, to involve more an academic dispute on tactics
+     than a principle of vital importance. There seemed too many good
+     reasons why immediate demands for slight concessions should not be
+     worked for, as a step in the direction of proletarian emancipation.
+
+     "When, however, the Bolshevik revolution in Russia showed the stand
+     taken by the reformist groups--a stand in defense of capitalism
+     when capitalism was about to fall--the uncompromisingly
+     revolutionary attitude of Marxian Socialists toward reform in the
+     past was amply justified. And when, in the course of a few months,
+     the reformistic Majority Socialists of Germany took exactly the
+     same stand as the Kerensky crowd had taken, there could no longer
+     be any doubt that the purpose of reform parties in capitalistic
+     society is to function as the last obstacle to the victory of the
+     proletariat....
+
+     "The fact is, there is a threefold objection to reformism as a
+     working-class policy. In the first place it is a waste of effort,
+     for the same zeal displayed by short-sighted reform-Socialists
+     would, if applied in the propagation of straight Socialism, treble
+     the strength of the movement in a few months' time. In the second
+     place reformism obscures the real end in view, develops
+     confusionists rather than revolutionists, gives capitalist
+     political parties a chance to steal a few 'Socialist' planks and
+     thus bid for the Socialist vote, and, worst of all, paves the way
+     to such tragedies as are now occurring in Germany, where Liebknecht
+     and Luxemberg have been murdered by their 'reform' comrades(?). And
+     finally, in the third place, even if reform be the sole object in
+     view, reformism is the poorest policy to follow to get it. A
+     proletariat organized for revolutionary ends has no difficulty in
+     securing reforms; it does not need to ask for them, for an awakened
+     and apprehensive bourgeoisie will shower reforms upon them like the
+     proverbial manna. If, indeed, workers want only reforms, why take
+     the longest way around?"
+
+"The New Age," Buffalo, April 10, 1919, page 4, rejoices that the
+reformists of the Socialist Party, whose policy it is to pay more
+attention to the immediate demands than to the principles of Socialism,
+have now a serious rival in the New Labor Party:
+
+     "Now that the New Labor Party is established (and in Chicago
+     recently they polled more votes than the Socialists), we wonder
+     what the old machine will do to combat this new octopus that
+     threatens the big vote that used to belong to 'US.' Answer: Teach
+     the working class real Socialism, the Socialism of Marx and
+     Engels."
+
+The millionaire Socialist, William Bross Lloyd, of Chicago, has a very
+interesting article on "Socialist Platforms" in "The Communist,"
+Chicago, April 1, 1919:
+
+     "Confession is good for the soul. Let the Socialist Party of the
+     World now stand up and confess that it bears a close resemblance to
+     other political parties in that, like the others, its platforms are
+     mostly bunk.
+
+     "The difference between its platforms and others is that the others
+     mean nothing while its platforms mean anything. The difference
+     between Socialists and other politicians is that the Socialists
+     mean what they think their platforms mean while the others mean
+     only to get office.
+
+     "This follows from the state of affairs we have had in the world
+     since 1914, when Socialists became so diverse in words and deeds.
+     Most of those on both sides are honest. The trouble is the
+     vagueness of the words of the Socialist propaganda.
+
+     "Socialist thought should be so clearly stated in its platforms
+     that no one can doubt its meaning. This will eliminate from the
+     party the reformers and compromisers who are such a source of
+     weakness to the movement. It will also make clear to the workers
+     that the movement really means something.
+
+     "Take, for instance, the case of the party's attitude toward war.
+     Socialists are said to be opposed to all wars--then come the
+     exceptions: wars of 'defense,' 'invasion,' 'emancipation,'
+     'liberation,' and all the meaningless tribe. Confusion results. We
+     have the German Majority Socialists, i.e., so-called Socialists,
+     supporting their government in a war of 'defense' against
+     'invasion' and of the maintenance of their 'liberties'--God save
+     the mark--against Russian autocracy....
+
+     "Without knowing the precise intention of those who drafted the St.
+     Louis platform, I infer that it was partly written in the hope--if
+     not belief--that the American workers would rise against their
+     oppressors and the situation to which they have been subjected. It
+     was a ringing declaration--a 'mass movement' of the delegates to
+     the convention, later endorsed by the party membership. And as
+     these delegates separated hot-foot for home, they got cold feet as
+     they dispersed into the cold-footed isolation of the individual
+     Socialist scattered here and there throughout this land. The
+     platform contained no statement of individual duty, no individual
+     program of action Each Socialist began to ask as his feet got
+     colder and colder: 'Where are these "mass movements;" what are the
+     others going to do?' The situation was made worse by the action of
+     the National Executive Committee which told every Socialist to read
+     the St. Louis platform and then act as his conscience dictated.
+     Fine business for a revolutionary mass movement seeking to
+     establish the co-operative commonwealth. No anarchist could be more
+     individualistic.
+
+     "The party's attitude toward war should be cleared up. It should
+     definitely provide for mass action, and bind the individuals of the
+     party as units of the party mass. This war platform should be
+     followed by a Workers' Mobilization plan carefully worked out in
+     detail and laying down action in response to each step taken in
+     approach to war. For instance, on the introduction of the War
+     Declaration in Congress, a one-day general strike just to show the
+     rulers what was in store. On passage of the War Declaration a
+     general strike, refusal to serve in the military forces, and such
+     other measures as may be effective."
+
+"The Appeal to Reason" some years ago was the leading Socialist paper of
+the United States. In 1917 it came out in favor of war with the Central
+Powers. Either because of this, or because it violently assailed
+Bolshevism for a long while, it is now outlawed by the greater part of
+the Socialist Party.
+
+On the editorial page of "The Call," New York, April 24, 1919, we read:
+
+     "Instead of the 'Appeal to Reason' asking for a pardon for Debs, it
+     should ask a pardon from Debs."
+
+In "The Bulletin," Chicago, March 24, 1919, there appears on page 12 a
+bitter attack on "The Appeal" by no less a personage than Adolph Germer,
+National Secretary of the Socialist Party. In this official paper,
+issued by the National Office, Socialist Party, we read:
+
+     "An Open Letter to 'The Appeal.'
+
+     "_March_ 19, 1919.
+
+     "Editor Appeal to Reason,
+
+     "Girard, Kans.:
+
+     "Sir.--In the issue of the 'Appeal to Reason,' March 15, 1919, you
+     publish an appeal for $30,000 CASH, for an alleged 'Amnesty and
+     Construction Fight.'
+
+     "You give yourself credit for having 'won' the first skirmish in
+     the amnesty fight and on the basis of this unfounded claim, you
+     justify your appeal for $30,000 CASH. To make your appeal seem
+     legitimate, you use such names as Eugene V. Debs, Kate Richards
+     O'Hare, Rose Pastor Stokes and refer to 'many of our comrades.' I
+     happen to be one of those who is facing a prison sentence and if
+     you have included me in 'many of the comrades,' I want you to
+     strike my name from your list. I loathe to be a 'comrade' of yours.
+     You and your paper helped to create a hatred against the Socialist
+     Party and you wilfully and maliciously lied about the National
+     Executive Committee when it refused to follow a course that would
+     put more of our members in prison. In other words, you and your
+     paper must bear a part of the responsibility for the prosecution
+     and persecution of the Socialists and it is rank hypocrisy for you
+     to prate about your fight for amnesty.
+
+     "Others may speak for themselves, but I scorn any effort that you
+     make in my behalf. A thousand times would I rather spend the rest
+     of my life behind prison bars than to have one word from you whom I
+     hold responsible for the persecutions of which my colleagues and I
+     are victims.
+
+     "I look upon your appeal for $30,000 CASH, in the name of
+     'Amnesty,' as a sinister method of filling your own coffers.
+
+     "You have lied to us and about us and betrayed us in the past and I
+     resent your hypocritical prattle about amnesty.
+
+     "Yours without respect,
+
+     "Adolph Germer,
+
+     "_National Secretary, Socialist Party_."
+
+Judging from the bitter attacks that Socialists are making upon each
+other, it would seem that there might be a little harmony in the party
+if their platforms were limited to the principles of Socialism and were
+not concerned with "immediate demands" to the almost total exclusion of
+Socialism itself.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+SOCIALISM IN PRACTICE
+
+
+
+Now that considerable has been said about Socialism in theory, we shall
+make the transition to Socialism in practice by quoting what may be
+called George Herron's dream of Socialist perfection. On page 28 of his
+booklet, "From Revolution to Revolution," we are told: "Perhaps we shall
+learn in time, before accentuated capitalism has intensified the
+universal misery of labor. Socialism is already on its way to the
+conquest of Europe. And it may be that we shall yet behold that glorious
+uprising of the universal peoples which is to begin man's real history,
+and the world's real creation--that united affirmation of the world's
+workers which Socialism foretells, knowing boundaries neither of nations
+nor sects nor factions, speaking one voice and working together as one
+man for one purpose, filling and cleansing the world with one glad
+revolutionary cry. When the peoples thus come, divine and omnipotent
+through co-operation, the raw materials of the world-life in their
+creative hands, no longer begging favors or reforms, no longer awed by
+the slave moralities or the slave religions that teach submission to
+their masters, but risen and regnant in the consciousness of their
+common inheritance and right in the earth and its fullness, of which
+they are the makers and preservers, then will the antagonisms and
+devastations of classes vanish forever, and the peace of good will
+become the universal fact."
+
+"Glorious," indeed, have been the uprisings of the Bolsheviki of Russia,
+the Communists of Hungary and Bavaria, and the Spartacans of Germany,
+all of whom are Socialists of the most pronounced type. These uprisings,
+instead of being the "beginnings of the world's real creation," are
+rather the beginnings of its destruction and ruination. The world's
+workers have been "wonderfully united" in Russia, Hungary, Bavaria and
+Germany since Socialism came into power--and no better proof need be
+given than the way in which they have been shooting each other down and
+trying to oust each other from office. Though the Socialists were not
+supposed to know "the boundaries of nations, sects or factions," but
+were to "speak one voice and work together as one man for one purpose,"
+the Spartacans, it seems, would be better off if they had not only an
+imaginary boundary to separate barbarians of their type from the rest of
+civilization, but a barrier of mountains with heights towering in the
+clouds to divide Germany into two parts, in one of which the Spartacans
+could rest in peace, safe from the attacks of their beloved brethren of
+the Ebert-Scheidemann group.
+
+If the Communists of Bavaria had only built half a dozen Chinese walls
+around Munich, they might still be holding out against the Socialist
+army that besieged them and overcame them. Lenine's Government caused
+such rivers of blood to flow in Russia that it could well dispense with
+imaginary boundary lines to separate "Bolsheviki Land" from the domains
+of Socialist Siberia. "One glad revolutionary cry" was to go up from
+Socialists all over the world, but the cry is: "Workers in
+anti-Socialist countries, save us from our false, hypocritical,
+reactionary, murderous Marxian brethren!" Have the Socialist peoples the
+world over become truly "divine" by their attacks on God and all
+religions? Have they become "omnipotent" wherever they are in power--so
+omnipotent that law, order and decency are no longer needed? The "raw
+materials of the world were in their creative hands," and yet the
+Russian people were starving by the millions, and the longer the period
+since the world war, the worse things became in those vast domains once
+so famous for their natural resources, wheat, cattle, wool, minerals,
+oil and wood.
+
+The Socialist dream was one of "no submission to masters;" but, strange
+to say, the dictator, Lenine, rules "Bolsheviki-Land" just as he
+pleases; Bela Kun so ruled Hungary; while the supposedly democratic
+Soviets just issued decrees of murder or plunder, and no national
+representative body of all the Russians or of all the Hungarians ever
+seemed to meet. The Socialists of Russia, Hungary and Bavaria were
+indeed "regnant in the consciousness of their common inheritance,"
+provided, of course, that by inheritance, confiscated property is meant.
+Yet although "antagonism and devastations of classes" were destined to
+"vanish forever, and the peace of good will become the universal fact,"
+somehow or other certain "scientific reformers" forgot that there were
+such things as fools' paradises and overlooked the old saying that "all
+that glitters is not gold."
+
+In Chapters X and XI much more will be said about the Lenine-Trotzky
+dictatorship of Socialist Russia, the Bela Kun administration of
+Hungary, the criminal Socialist crew of Bavaria, and, of course, the
+fiery Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg group that at times in certain
+localities replaced the Ebert-Scheidemann government of Germany.
+
+In "The Call," New York, April 28, 1919, under the caption, "Socialist
+Government of Yucatan Grapples With the Binder Trust," we read:
+
+     "We get vastly less news nowadays from our next-door neighbor,
+     Mexico, than from Europe and Asia, therefore a 'Call' reporter,
+     meeting a Comrade who has recently returned from the tropic
+     peninsula, fell upon him and demanded news of the Socialist, labor
+     and co-operative movements there.
+
+     "'We are facing a very much tangled-up situation down there,'
+     answered the man from Yucatan. He is W. Elkin Birch, a well-known
+     American Socialist and business man, who has lived in Mexico
+     several years. He came up to 'the States' on a business trip, and
+     is returning to Yucatan, where he is prominent in the Socialist and
+     co-operative movements.
+
+     "'The forces of capitalism in Mexico are so strong, and the
+     commercial system is so vicious,' he began, 'that I am not very
+     optimistic about the future of Socialism in Yucatan.'
+
+     "'But we thought that Alvarado had established almost a paradise
+     down there,' cried the reporter. 'A year ago we learned that you
+     had elected a complete Socialist administration in Yucatan; then, a
+     few months since, we heard that it had not put any part of the
+     Socialist program into effect. We wondered what was the reason, but
+     hardly any news comes through now.'
+
+     "'Alvarado did work a wonderful transformation, and much of the
+     good he did remains. It is true, we have an administration of
+     Socialists, but we find that that is a very different thing from a
+     Socialist administration. Yucatan is still in the grip of the
+     commercial interests, and the game is blocked at every move. As
+     fast as the radicals devise some means of stopping the robbery of
+     the people by special privilege, the privileged interests find a
+     way of circumventing the radicals by apparently yielding, but
+     really maintaining their domination.
+
+     "'Alvarado took over the Reguladora, through which the henequem,
+     Yucatan's principal product, is sold for export; he took over the
+     railroads, and the line of steamships running to the States....
+
+     "'The government still controls the Reguladora, but, as I said, it
+     is in a deadlock with the powers who control its market. We still
+     have government-owned railroads in Yucatan, but government
+     ownership merely takes the public utility out of the hands of
+     private capital and places it under the control of a political
+     organization. And private capital already has secured control of
+     that political organization, and graft and robbery are running
+     riot. Government ownership of railroads has increased the cost of
+     operation 100 per cent. The payrolls are packed with friends of
+     officials and friends of friends. If a man can control a few votes,
+     they reason, why shouldn't he have a job? What's the railroad for,
+     if not to provide jobs? The folks down there are very much like
+     people in other countries, you see.'....
+
+     "'But why doesn't the Socialist administration take control of
+     industry and commerce, and put the interests out of power?'
+     demanded the reporter, determined to uphold the faith in the face
+     of disappointing facts.
+
+     "'Well, of course, that sounds easy; but Socialists are just
+     people, after all, and when a Socialist gets into office he finds
+     it quite as hard as ordinary folks to resist the subtle influences
+     that surround officials. A man can't be sure that he is a real
+     Socialist until he is put to the test of being a part of the
+     government. The commercial interests offer him opportunities to
+     make money; they give him and his family social advantages. He
+     begins to see that capitalism has its good points, after all.' Mr.
+     Birch smiled half-satirically, half-tolerantly. 'Some members of
+     the Assembly have made fortunes during their year of office. One
+     member, who handles concessions, illegal and otherwise, has cleared
+     over a million pesos."
+
+The February, 1918, issue of the "International Socialist Review,"
+Chicago, was suppressed by the authorities of the United States
+government, and, as a consequence, it is probable that not very many
+copies are in circulation. The author of "The Red Conspiracy," however,
+has in his possession a copy of this edition, in which there is a very
+interesting article, beginning on page 414, entitled, "Your Dream Come
+True."
+
+     "A Land of practical Socialism in active operation.
+
+     "Nearly 4,000,000 people without one cent of money in circulation;
+     and where no man owns a foot of land or the tools of
+     production--trades unionism, industrialism, single tax and
+     socialism all rolled into one.
+
+     "Ninety thousand square miles without a policeman; where gold rings
+     are placed in the public markets in large baskets, to be had for
+     the asking.
+
+     "A work day of two hours for the strong; of play for the young,
+     middle-aged and old. A land where there is plenty of candy for the
+     kiddies, playgrounds for all; and from which the spectre of want
+     has departed.
+
+     "Land of peon-slaves awakened from centuries of capitalist misrule
+     to the glories of co-operation, without master or landlord.
+
+     "This is no dream, but an actualized verity right here in
+     America--in southern Mexico. Shades of Thomas Moore, Edward Bellamy
+     and William Morris arise and rejoice, for your wildest visions have
+     become facts.
+
+     "Across the miles I stretch my hand in fellowship with Mexico's
+     great democrat--Zapata. Don't forget that name. The capitalist
+     press has not told much about him--for obvious reasons. He is
+     putting into practice the basic principles of co-operation. The
+     golden rule is being translated into action.
+
+     "General Zapata now absolutely controls 90,000 square miles,
+     comprising parts of Morelo, Jalisco, Chapas, Quintana Roo and
+     Tabasco. This land is well under cultivation. The population (on a
+     rough estimate, without the advantages of a scientific census) is
+     from three to four millions. The inhabitants are nearly all peons,
+     who for centuries had existed in a degrading state of slavery. More
+     than ninety-five per cent. can neither read nor write.
+
+     "Zapata's control began in 1910, but only in the three years past
+     has the co-operative system been placed on its present basis. The
+     greatest development has been made during the past two years.
+
+     "Methods of propaganda have been simple and effective. Direct
+     action is the keynote. The people awoke to a knowledge of their
+     slavery and the realization of their heritage--and took what
+     belonged to them. The only message sent to the people was somewhat
+     similar to the I. W. W. preamble, but much shorter than that
+     classic document.
+
+     "Having aroused the slaves to realize their status by saying in
+     substance: the rich unjustly possess the land; we want all that is
+     ours and are not willing that any man should possess that which is
+     not his--Zapata would lead his army into some rich valley and
+     simply dispossess the wealthy 'owners.' Then the peons on the land
+     would be given the use of the land. Not one man in the ninety
+     thousand square miles holds a title to one foot of land. After
+     getting the new territory, the land was cultivated and the district
+     organized.
+
+     "When strong enough the army--the propaganda branch of the
+     revolution--held another convention in some other fertile valley
+     and benevolently assimilated some other opulent set of
+     slave-driving usurpers of the land....
+
+     "Every citizen of each community is given a little brass
+     citizenship tag. It is necessary to show this only in strange
+     towns. It is his passport for whatever he needs for food, clothing
+     and shelter. Each person goes into the stores and gets what he
+     needs for the simple asking.
+
+     "We have heard endless discussions as to the nature of the future
+     medium of exchange. Many volumes have been written on the subject.
+     Zapata isn't worrying over these problems. He is leaving them where
+     they belong--to the philosophers. There isn't any medium of
+     exchange in Zapata's land. Why should there be on a free earth? If
+     a man wanted ten pairs of sandals or shoes he could have them, but
+     why would he want them? He can always go--in Zapata's country--to
+     any store and get a pair when he needs one. So with all other
+     provisions. In practice, in the few years the plan has been in
+     operation, the peons have not abused the privilege. They are
+     producers, and realize it. Why rob themselves? There is not one
+     idea of profit in all that 90,000 square miles, and human nature is
+     just as it was when Adam delved and Eve spun.
+
+     "Travelers are not being admitted freely just now, in these
+     unsettled times, because of the lying reports carried away by
+     spying emissaries of capitalism. But when one is given permission
+     to visit the country, his route is marked out and listed on the
+     passport given him. He pays the government and then is provided
+     freely on all the travels over the designated route.
+
+     "No women or children are to be found in any line of manual labor
+     in mill, field or factory.
+
+     "The young and middle aged men alone work. They work from one and
+     one-half to three hours a day. Some will work more steadily for a
+     week and then go away to some town for two or three weeks to enjoy
+     their country. For the first time in history the workers have a
+     country that is really theirs. Workers? Yes, for all are workers.
+     There are no landlords or 'bosses' and overseers to prod them into
+     exhausting toil. And these people are simple enough to believe that
+     man should enjoy life--that all people should find pleasure in
+     living.
+
+     "Of course there are foremen and superintendents in the
+     administration of industry. But they receive no wages, just what
+     they need to live on, and every man, woman and child gets that. The
+     men will work two hours and then go out to play hand-ball and other
+     games in the plaza or courts.
+
+     "When the fields need attention, men go from ranch to ranch
+     wherever help is needed. In like manner all industry is carried on.
+
+     "One example will show something of how matters are managed. One
+     big sugar refinery formerly employed 2,500 men, working them
+     fourteen hours a day. Employees now work two hours a day. The
+     refinery still is in operation fourteen hours daily. There are
+     seven shifts of workers. All told, there are 25,000 employees of
+     that refinery. All are happy and have all of the food, clothing and
+     shelter the land affords. The children have big sticks of candy as
+     large as they can carry--and there is no talk of conservation of
+     supplies anywhere.
+
+     "Access to the land and co-operation did it. There isn't any
+     regular freight and passenger service. The trains operate as
+     required. Production for profit has ceased on 90,000 square miles
+     of this planet and the mills and mines are run to manufacture
+     products for use only. When goods are needed anywhere, the trains
+     haul them. Occasionally a few hundred men, women and children will
+     be taken into the mountains by the trainload for a few days'
+     outing. It is all a part of living--no fares to pay....
+
+     "The churches are being used as schools, for lecture centers, as
+     play houses and for similar useful purposes. There is no liquor
+     sold. This is not the result of any decree or election. The people
+     had so little desire for booze that they quit its manufacture....
+
+     "It is not to be inferred that Zapata has solved all of the
+     problems of society. Everything can't be done at once, even by the
+     magic wand of his propaganda. Still, his achievements make the
+     genii of Alladin's lamp look pretty small and cheap. In three years
+     every worker has been united into one industrial union; all titles
+     to land and ownership of the tools of production swept away;
+     labor's hours shortened to the minimum; the entire population fed,
+     clothed and sheltered--all through cooperation on a free earth."
+
+This is the kind of "stuff" that is served up to the "learned,"
+"scientific Socialists," who place so much confidence in the leaders who
+are supposed to be honest and worthy of leading them into the Marxian
+Paradise. This is the way they spoke of "Socialism" in Mexico some years
+ago, and today they are speaking of it in Russia in much the same way.
+
+
+Act the Second
+
+Scene--A large photo of Zapata--4 by 6 inches, in "The Call," the
+Socialist paper of New York City, April 24, 1919.
+
+Under the photo there is the following inscription:
+
+     "General Emiliano Zapata, Mexico's apostle of terrorism, and
+     recently officially reported to have been killed by Carranza's
+     troops, was a former plantation stirrup-boy, who, at the zenith of
+     his rebel power, gained temporary control of Mexico City. Twice
+     since 1910, when he began his revolt in Morelos, he and his Indian
+     followers took brief possession of the capital. For nine years he
+     ravaged southern Mexico, co-operating for a time in 1914 with
+     Villa. He was the most implacable enemy of peaceful reconstruction
+     through several regimes. Poor, uneducated, primitive but magnetic,
+     Zapata was the leader of Mexico's half-savage Indians, in whose
+     power he planned to place control of the country. Toward the last
+     he was little more than a hunted renegade, and is reported to have
+     been killed by strategy of troops operating under General Pablo
+     Gonzales in Morelos."
+
+The wood-cut of Zapata appears in connection with an article by Jack
+Neville, part of which is hereby quoted:
+
+     "Cuautla, Mexico, April 23.--The death of Emiliano Zapata removes
+     Mexico's most ruthless destructionist and implacable enemy of
+     peaceful regeneration.
+
+     "Now, on the wreckage of his empire, where the rebel chief laughed
+     at civilization and played his huge joke on 100,000 confiding
+     workers, General Pablo Gonzalez is placing firm underpinning for
+     freedom and progress.
+
+     "Here in the world's richest garden spot, where exploited humanity
+     has been kept poorest, and where Zapata 'gave' his half-savage
+     followers the land only to commandeer all crops--here the peon is
+     for the first time in centuries enjoying the fruits of his toil and
+     supporting instead of hating government."
+
+The next day, April 25th, 1919. "The Call" published another article of
+Neville's under the title, "Mexican Peons Rejoice in First Taste of
+Freedom." Only a small part of the article will be quoted:
+
+     "I stepped into a pulque-reeking cantina. A group of former
+     Zapatistas invited me to join them--to have a glass. It was the
+     open sesame. They chattered like children. Presented me with
+     cornhusk cigarettes; told me tales of Zapata; his perfidy, his
+     ruthlessness.
+
+     "'Not more than 800 rebels were yet in arms when Zapata was
+     killed,' they said. These, they explained, had ousted Zapata from
+     leadership because he had refused to divide the loot with them.
+     They told me of Zapata's former army of 30,000, blood-letting
+     surianos and ayetes (unarmed men carrying ropes) who formed the
+     rear guard to carry away the loot....
+
+     "Alongside the old church, where the patriot Morelos had more than
+     a century ago made a successful stand against the Spaniards, a
+     train was disgorging families returning to their homes, now that
+     Zapata was gone.
+
+     "A little man stepped out--the bishop of Cuernavaca, coming back to
+     his diocese under the conciliatory program of Don Pablo after eight
+     years' exile.
+
+     "I rode into the country with Colonel Sanchez Neira and talked with
+     the workmen in the field. They crowded round to pose for pictures.
+
+     "They laughed and sang while they worked.
+
+     "We rode to the headquarters of one of the 2,000,000 acre
+     haciendas. The gigantic sugar mill, formerly worth more than
+     $1,000,000, was a shell filled with debris. We rode to another
+     mill. The same! Thirty-seven of them. All ruined, wrecked wantonly
+     under Zapata's rule.
+
+     "In the village of Youtopec I drank lemonade with Gen. Pilar
+     Sanchez, while Zapata's captured band serenaded us. We rode down
+     the Inter-Oceanic railway and viewed the right of way, strewn with
+     wrecked rolling stock. We saw utterly demolished villages, the work
+     of Zapata and communism.
+
+     "I saw a bridge where train after train was dynamited, where
+     Zapatistas had ruthlessly executed more than three thousand
+     peaceful men, women and children passengers."
+
+From these articles published in "The Call," the great Socialist paper
+of New York City, it seems that the poverty-stricken, perpetually
+begging staff of Hillquit's paper does not relish the Chicago brand of
+Socialism described so beautifully in the "International Socialist
+Review." The more "talented" and "progressive" "evolutionists" near the
+shore of Lake Michigan have many a year's hard work to perform before
+they can sufficiently develop the brains of their backward chums and
+brethren on the lower east side of New York City. It takes editors like
+Kerr, Haywood, the Marcys and all the Bohns on the staff of the
+"Review" to reveal the true glories of Socialism.
+
+As recently as February, 1920, it could safely be said that the
+principles of Socialism had never been put into full operation in any
+country. The nearest approach to a truly Socialist state is Bolshevist
+Russia, that strife-ridden land of crime and bloodshed. The penalty paid
+for the foolish attempt has already been a dreadful one. How much
+greater it will be, as time goes on, nobody knows. The Socialists of
+America have hailed Russian Bolshevism as true Socialism; but, no doubt,
+as the evil consequences of Lenine's Red rule become more widely known
+and more universally feared, or if, even on the low ground of
+materialistic economics, the attempt fails, the slippery Marxians will
+try to prove that Bolshevism was not Socialism after all, since the
+Russian government was a dictatorship, with the principles of Socialism
+never fully applied.
+
+We should add that even if the Russian dictatorship succeeds in
+realizing the mere economic success which seems to be the height of its
+ambition, this will not prove to be an argument in favor of Socialism,
+but a terrible indictment of it. For the road the dictatorship is now
+taking, which indeed offers it the only possible hope of even a passable
+economic success, is the barren, heartless, unspiritual, materialistic
+tyranny of machine-like "industrialism" which the I. W. W. represents.
+In the two chapters immediately following, VIII and IX, the reader will
+learn something of the loss of all moral standards and the cruel,
+lawless violence to which the atheistic, anarchistic materialism of
+I. W. W.'ism leads; and will also find that Bolshevism is already
+committed to this system as the only economic solution of its bloody
+experiment.
+
+Is it worth while? In Chapters X and XI the reader will face some of the
+appalling details of the blood, violence and despair which have been
+tyrannically imposed upon Russia's groaning millions for the sake of an
+experiment which leads to nothing but the pagan barbarism of I. W.
+W.'ism. Is it worth while? Even if at last they are able to produce and
+distribute enough to clothe and feed themselves, can human beings be
+happy in such a state? Is this the dream of the dreamer come true?
+
+Again, the hope of a bare economic solution of the question of bread and
+butter is possible in Russia only through such an absolute and tyrannous
+dictatorship as has been established, under which the reluctant and
+disorganized proletariat can be forced back to work, whether they wish
+or no, at the point of the bayonets of the Red Guard. Would the American
+working-man think this worth while in America?
+
+It has been said that the Lenine desperadoes are determined to win an
+economic success even at the cost of forcing Russian labor to toil under
+literal military conscription. If they do this, they may
+succeed--economically merely. But does American labor think such an
+experiment _here_ would be worth what it costs?
+
+Furthermore, in the Russian land of Socialistic experiment the people,
+left to themselves by the other nations, cannot find peace among
+themselves. Why should there be peace as long as any manhood is left in
+Russia to lift up its hand out of its despair against its Bolshevist
+oppressors? Is civil war worth while--for such a barren result?
+
+Finally, if the proletarian tyrants wear all Russia down until a spirit
+of resistance is left in no breast, still will there be no peace; for,
+as will be found quoted elsewhere in this book, Lenine declares that
+Socialism cannot endure in a world half Socialistic and half
+Capitalistic, so that his wretched Russian slaves seem likely to be
+dragged into a war against the rest of the world to help out the crazy
+experiment of domination by the proletariat. Is it worth while?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE I. W. W.
+
+
+
+The I. W. W., or the so-called "Industrial Workers of the World," whose
+policy may be summed up in the words, "I Want to Wreck," and who in
+derision are termed the "I Won't Works," the "Imported Weary Willies"
+and the "Wobblies," enjoy the unenviable reputation of being classed
+among the most insurrectionary, impious and infamous workers of the
+world to-day. This industrial union, also known as the One Big Union, is
+the bitter rival of the American Federation of Labor. Joseph J. Ettor,
+in his I. W. W. pamphlet, "Industrial Unionism," page 5, speaking of the
+fear that people have of the I. W. W. says:
+
+     "Yes, gentle reader, our ideas, our principles and object are
+     certainly dangerous and menacing, applied by a united working class
+     would shake society and certainly those who are now on top
+     sumptuously feeding upon the good things they have not produced
+     would feel the shock."
+
+The I. W. W. was organized at a secret conference in Chicago, January 2,
+1905, attended by 26 of the most radical Socialists in the country,
+including Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood, William E. Trautman,
+Thomas J. Haggerty, Daniel MacDonald, Charles H. Moyer, Charles O.
+Sherman, Frank Bohn and A. M. Simons. Daniel De Leon was prominent at
+the first convention, June 27, 1905, and for three years afterward, the
+organization being founded on his theory that the Socialistic revolution
+would not come by voting but by a violent seizure of the industries of
+the country by Socialistic workmen industrially organized.
+
+"The One Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, page 4, referring to the
+hungry and desperate masses tells us:
+
+     "In some countries these revolting, desperate masses may come out
+     victorious, and establish a rule of their own, like the Russian
+     Bolsheviki, only to find that they will have to keep on running
+     society on private ownership basis, until industrial organization
+     of the workers is so far advanced that it can take over the
+     responsibility. There is no way in which the masses can escape
+     industrial unionism. What they do not want to do now at our
+     prompting, they will have to do later of their own initiative,
+     driven by economic necessity. Our new society is bound to come. It
+     will be firmly established in ten years if we are energetic. It
+     will take longer if we are indifferent. We cannot stand still
+     socially, because there is no footing before we reach the bottom.
+     We cannot go back, any more than the butterfly can again become a
+     larva. We must go forward to Industrial Democracy."
+
+On page 23 of the same issue of "The One Big Union Monthly" we are
+informed that Industrial Unionism is International:
+
+     "Industrial unionism arises out of and is modeled after modern
+     capitalism. Unlike trade unionism, it is not born of the capitalism
+     of fifty years ago. Industrial unionism recognizes that capitalism
+     is not only interindustrial, so to speak, but also international.
+     That just as it binds industries together by means of machine
+     processes and financial investments, so also does capitalism tend
+     to bind nations together. Industrial unionism follows the same
+     trend. It, too, is not only interindustrial but also international.
+     Industrial unionism seeks to organize the industrial workers of the
+     world just as capitalism seeks to exploit them. Industrial unionism
+     is spreading wherever international capitalism exists. Like
+     international capitalism, industrial unionism knows no boundaries,
+     color, race, creed or sex. As international capitalism knows only
+     profit, industrial unionism knows only the industrial exploitation
+     by which profit is possible. Industrial unionism organizes to make
+     industrial exploitation an impossibility. And capitalism is its
+     most valued assistant."
+
+Ettor, in "Industrial Unionism," page 21, tells us, that the I. W. W.
+does not organize by trades, but by industries: "All the workers in any
+plant, factory, mine, mill or any given industry in a given locality
+organize in one Local Industrial Union. All the Local Industrial Unions
+of a given general industry are banded together in the National
+Industrial Union. The National Industrial Unions are banded again
+stronger in the Industrial Department and then all Departments, six in
+all, are brought under one head, the General Administration of the I. W.
+W. One Big Union of all workers, welded together in such a manner that,
+imbued with the war cry: 'an injury to one is an injury to all,' all its
+members can act together in fighting the common enemy."
+
+Explaining organization by industries rather than by trades, "The One
+Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, page 25, takes for instance the
+stockyards:
+
+     "We do not know how many crafts there are in the stockyards, but
+     there are many. According to the old style, these crafts would be
+     organized each by itself, the carpenters belonging to the national
+     union of carpenters, the engineers to the national union of
+     engineers, the butchers to the national union of butchers, etc. It
+     also belongs to old style unionism to leave the unskilled workers
+     unorganized. Our method would be to organize all the workers in a
+     plant, as a branch of the Stockyard Workers' Industrial Union. This
+     would imply the cancelling of trade distinctions and craft lines.
+     As against the employer we would face him not as butchers,
+     laborers, carpenters or engineers, but as stockyard workers, no
+     matter whether we are office clerks or laborers, or carpenters, or
+     engineers. This is what we mean with industrial unionism. The
+     various branches would combine into district organizations if
+     necessary, and all of them together would form the Stockyard
+     Workers' Industrial Union as part of the Industrial Workers of the
+     World. By being thus organized we hope to be able to carry on the
+     fight locally, or by districts, or on a national scale with better
+     chance of success, than if we were split up in a great number of
+     unions in each plant, with little or no contact with one another.
+     The advantages of the one big union idea are so apparent that no
+     honest worker will, in earnest, contradict us."
+
+The famous Preamble to the platform of the I. W. W. throws a startling
+light upon this revolutionary industrial union, which has, within recent
+years, been getting a very strong hold on immigrants from Europe:
+
+     "The working class and the employing class have nothing in common.
+     There can be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among
+     millions of the working people, and the few who make up the
+     employing class have all the good things of life.
+
+     "Between these two classes a struggle must go on until the workers
+     of the world organize as a class, take possession of the earth and
+     the machinery of production and abolish the wage system.
+
+     "We find that the centering of the management of industries into
+     fewer hands makes the trade unions unable to cope with the
+     ever-growing power of the employing class.
+
+     "These conditions can be changed and the interests of the working
+     class upheld only by an organization formed in such a way that all
+     its members in any one industry, or in all industries if necessary,
+     cease work whenever a strike or lockout is on in any department
+     thereof, thus making an injury to one, an injury to all.
+
+     "Instead of the conservative motto, 'A fair day's wages for a fair
+     day's work,' we must inscribe on our banner the revolutionary
+     watchword, 'Abolition of the wage system.'
+
+     "It is the historic mission of the working class to do away with
+     capitalism. The army of production must be organized, not only for
+     the every-day struggle with the capitalists, but also to carry on
+     production when capitalism shall have been overthrown. By
+     organizing industrially we are forming a structure of the new
+     society within the shell of the old."
+
+Giovannitti, editor of the New York City Italian Socialist publication,
+"Il Proletario," one of the official Socialist organs enumerated in the
+"Proceedings[9] of the 1910 National Congress of the Socialist Party,"
+writing in the April 5, 1913, edition of his paper, says:
+
+     "The aim of the Socialists and of the Syndicalists is precisely
+     that of dispossessing the middle class by transferring property to
+     the working class.
+
+     "We shall take possession of the industries for three very simple
+     reasons: because we need them, because we desire them, and because
+     we have the power to take them.
+
+     "Whether it is just or unjust, moral or immoral, it is no concern
+     to us. We shall waste no time whatever in providing the validity of
+     our legal titles, yet, if it will be necessary, after the
+     dispossession will have been accomplished, we shall engage a couple
+     of lawyers and judges to adjust the contracts and to render the act
+     perfectly legal and respectable. So, too, if it will be necessary,
+     we shall find a couple of most learned bishops to sanctify it.
+     These matters can always be arranged--all that is strong and
+     powerful becomes in time just and moral--and for this reason, we
+     Syndicalists maintain that the social revolution is not a question
+     of necessity and justice, but of necessity and strength."
+
+"The New Unionism," by Tridon, on page 112, informs us that Arturo
+Giovannitti was, in turn, a minter, a bookkeeper, a theological student,
+a mission preacher and a tramp. Ettor, in "Industrial Unionism," page
+15, speaking of the I. W. W. principles of morality, says:
+
+     "New conceptions of Right and Wrong must generate and permeate the
+     workers. We must look on conduct and actions that advance the
+     social and economic position of the working class as Right,
+     ethically, legally, religiously, socially and by every other
+     measurement. That conduct and those actions which aid, help to
+     maintain and give comfort to the capitalist class, we must consider
+     as Wrong by every standard."
+
+"The New Unionism," page 104, gives us Vincent St. John's statement of
+the methods and tactics employed by the I. W. W., of which he has been a
+prominent leader:
+
+     "As a revolutionary organization the Industrial Workers of the
+     World aims to use any and all tactics that will get the results
+     sought with the least expenditure of time and energy. The tactics
+     used are determined solely by the power of the organization to make
+     good in their use. The question of 'right' and 'wrong' does not
+     concern us. No terms made with an employer are final. All peace so
+     long as the wage system lasts is but an armed truce. At any
+     favorable opportunity the struggle for more control of industry is
+     renewed....
+
+     "The organization does not allow any part to enter into time
+     contracts with the employers. It aims where strikes are used, to
+     paralyze all branches of the industry involved, when the employers
+     can least afford a cessation of work--during the busy season and
+     when there are rush orders to be filled."
+
+In the Socialist Labor Party paper, "Weekly People," New York, February
+10, 1912, the following article by Arthur Giovannitti shows the part
+that the I. W. W. is expected to take in bringing about the Marxian
+rebellion through the instrumentality of a general strike:
+
+     "The future of Socialism lies only in the general strike, not
+     merely a quiet political strike, but one that once started should
+     go fatally to its end, i.e., armed insurrection, and the forcible
+     overthrow of all existing social conditions.... The task of
+     revolution is not to construct the new society, but to demolish the
+     old one, and, therefore, its first aim should be at the complete
+     destruction of the existing state, so as to render it absolutely
+     powerless to react and re-establish itself.... The I. W. W. must
+     develop itself as the new legislature and the new executive body of
+     the land, undermine the existing one, and gradually absorb the
+     functions of the state until it can entirely substantiate it
+     through the only means it has, the revolution."
+
+On May 1, 1919, plans for a nation-wide strike on July 4th were
+disclosed by I. W. W. orators at a mass meeting in the workingmen's
+hall, 119 South Throop Street, Chicago. It was Simms, a colored man, who
+gave the details of the strike plan:
+
+     "The workmen will lay down their tools on July 4th, and on the
+     morning of July 5th not one will take them up again....
+
+     "It will be the opening of the social revolution. Moreover, not one
+     workman will take up his tools again until every prisoner of the
+     workers now incarcerated in the capitalistic prisons is released."
+
+"The One Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, page 22, declares:
+
+     "Socialism rears new institutions. It weaves a new fabric for our
+     social life. In Russia it is the Soviets; in America it is the One
+     Big Union. This fabric is proletarian only. Within its limits the
+     Socialist Revolutionist halts. This new organism--this One Big
+     Union--may, or may not seek Democracy. Democracy is merely a method
+     of governing. If that method leads to Socialist goals it will be
+     followed. Otherwise, we will seek further for our avenue. But the
+     great end is proletarianism. It is the social ownership of the
+     means of production. It is the creation of a society where all
+     classes will be melted into one, and where the class war will
+     soften into an all-race proletarianism."
+
+Another I. W. W. publication, "The Evolution of Industrial Democracy,"
+page 40, speaking of government after the "Wobblies" get into power,
+goes still further:
+
+     "Government, as now understood will disappear--there being no
+     servile class to be held in subjection--but in its place will be an
+     administration of affairs."
+
+Relative to property rights in the future, "The Evolution of Industrial
+Democracy," page 39, informs us:
+
+     "Rights of inheritance would disappear with the right to hold
+     private property in the lands, tools and machinery of production.
+     Any accumulation by the individual that might be used for
+     exploitation would pass to the collectivity at the death of the
+     holder. Society would be the heir of the individual and, vice
+     versa, the individuals would be the heirs of society. The right to
+     freely function at the machines and enjoy the social value of his
+     toil would guarantee the worker a full competence."
+
+As regards compensation for work in accordance with the I. W. W. plan,
+we are told on page 39:
+
+     "Compensation in the industries would necessarily be upon the basis
+     of the 'man-day'--the average production of an average man in an
+     average day when working under average conditions--and in those
+     industries not of an actual productive nature, such as 'public
+     service,' etc., the man-day must prevail there also (being based
+     upon the average production of all the industries served) for the
+     reason that no man could be induced to serve for less than that
+     average--to do so being to confess himself an inferior being--and
+     to compel him to serve for less would be to set up a new slavery,
+     which the moral sense of the new community could not endure."
+
+Giovannitti, in "Il Proletario," New York, April 5, 1913, gives a lesson
+in sabotage to the Italian Socialists and members of the I. W. W.:
+
+     "We are not yet sufficiently strong to restore them [i.e., the
+     instruments of production] to ourselves, it is true, but it is also
+     true that we cannot allow any opportunity to escape of reaping any
+     advantage from them.
+
+     "Thus, if to-morrow we shall be justified in wrenching from
+     capitalism all the industries, why, when it is a question of life
+     or death for us to win or to lose a strike, is it not just to
+     remove a screw, derange a wheel, break a thread, or commit, in any
+     way whatever, an act of sabotage on a machine which otherwise would
+     become the very beginning of our defeat in the hands of the scabs?
+
+     "We cannot understand how it is still possible while we have a
+     right to all the produce of our work, we have not an entire right
+     to a part of it."
+
+Other illustrations of sabotage may be of interest to the reader. The
+following one is taken from the Chicago "Syndicalist," February 15,
+1913:
+
+     "A few drops of sulphuric acid placed on top of a pile of woolen or
+     cotton goods never stops going down.
+
+     "Two decks of cards in a grain separator cover the screen and cause
+     the grain to vanish out of the blower.
+
+     "A piece of iron dropped in a crucible full of glass will eat
+     through it. Crucibles are made of graphite and cost $40.
+
+     "A handful of salt in paint will allow a good-looking job for a day
+     or two, but when dry will fall off in sheets.
+
+     "Maclay Hoyne, Chicago's district attorney, is analyzing a
+     spontaneous fire powder that allows the user to be miles away when
+     it breaks forth.
+
+     "Castor oil capsules dissolved in varnish destroy the ability of
+     the latter to dry. The job must be washed down and started all over
+     again.
+
+     "The suffragettes of England have significantly notified their
+     opponents that a fire in every shire was the way the word was
+     flashed in days gone by."
+
+Pages 40 to 48 of "The New Unionism," by Tridon, furnish us with some
+more barbarous examples of sabotage:
+
+     "We may distinguish three forms of sabotage:
+
+     "1. Active sabotage which consists in the damaging of goods or
+     machinery.
+
+     "2. Open-mouthed sabotage, beneficial to the ultimate consumer, and
+     which consists in exposing or defeating fraudulent commercial
+     practices.
+
+     "3. Obstructionism or passive sabotage, which consists in carrying
+     out orders literally, regardless of consequences.
+
+     "If you are an engineer you can, with two cents' worth of powdered
+     stone or a pinch of sand, stall your machine, cause a loss of time
+     or make expensive repairs necessary. If you are a joiner or
+     woodworker, what is simpler than to ruin furniture without your
+     boss noticing it, and thereby drive his customers away? A garment
+     worker can easily spoil a suit or a bolt of cloth; if you are
+     working in a department store, a few spots on a fabric cause it to
+     be sold for next to nothing; a grocery clerk, by packing up goods
+     carelessly, brings about a smashup; in the woolen or the
+     haberdashery trade a few drops of acid on the goods you are
+     wrapping will make a customer furious ... an agricultural laborer
+     may sow bad seed in wheat fields," etc.
+
+     "With two cents' worth of a certain stuff, used by one who knows, a
+     locomotive can be made absolutely useless."
+
+     "The first thing to do before going out on strike is to cripple all
+     the machinery. Then the contest is even between employer and
+     worker, for the cessation of work really stops all life in the
+     capitalists' camp. Are bakery workers planning to go on strike? Let
+     them pour in the ovens a few pints of petroleum or of any other
+     greasy or pungent matter. After that, soldiers or scabs may come
+     and bake bread. The smell will not come out of the tiles for three
+     months. Is a strike in sight in steel mills? Pour sand or emery
+     into the oil cups."
+
+     "The electrical industry is one of the most important industries,
+     as an interruption in the current means a lack of light and power
+     in factories; it also means a reduction in the means of
+     transportation and a stoppage of the telegraph and telephone
+     systems. How can the power be cut off? By the curtailing in the
+     mine the output of the coal necessary for feeding the machinery or
+     stopping the coal cars on their way to the electrical plants. If
+     the fuel reaches its destination what is simpler than to set the
+     pockets on fire and have the coal burn in the yards instead of the
+     furnaces? It is child's play to put out of work the elevators and
+     other automatic devices which carry coal to the fire room. To put
+     boilers out of order use explosives or silicates or a plain glass
+     bottle which thrown on the glowing coals hinders the combustion and
+     clogs up the smoke exhausts. You can also use acids to corrode
+     boiler tubes; acid fumes will ruin cylinders and piston rods. A
+     small quantity of some corrosive substance, a handful of emery will
+     be the end of oil cups. When it comes to dynamos or transformers,
+     short circuits and inversion of poles can be easily managed.
+     Underground cables can be destroyed by fire, water or explosives,"
+     etc.
+
+"The New Unionism," the book from which the above quotations were taken
+and which was purchased by the author of "The Red Conspiracy" at the I.
+W. W. headquarters, 1001 West Madison Street, Chicago, in the latter
+part of the spring of 1919, also informs us on page 123:
+
+     "As far as sabotage is concerned, all the I. W. W. speakers and the
+     I. W. W. press countenance it although they steadily warn the
+     workers against the indiscriminate and unsocial use of that weapon
+     of warfare."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD IN ACTION
+
+
+
+Members of the I. W. W. and Socialists who advocate sabotage or get into
+trouble in one way or another, especially in strikes, are often put into
+prison for their revolutionary talk or their violent methods. The One
+Big Industrial Union and, of course, the Socialist Party then proclaim
+their innocence, collect funds for their defense, and urge all the
+working men of our country to strike in behalf of amnesty for "poor,
+persecuted, noble protagonists of the cause of labor jailed because
+freedom of speech and liberty of action are no longer tolerated by the
+government." Thus on page 409 of the February, 1918, edition of the
+"International Socialist Review," which was suppressed by the United
+States Government, we read:
+
+     "Socialists Demand Fair Trial for Indicted I. W. W.--In a
+     declaration adopted by its National Executive Committee the
+     Socialist Party calls for a fair and unprejudiced trial for the
+     indicted members of the Industrial Workers of the World. The demand
+     says:
+
+     "'The Socialist Party repeats its declaration of support of all
+     economic organizations of the working class and declares the
+     lynching, deportation, prosecution and persecution of the
+     Industrial Workers of the World is an attack upon every toiler in
+     America, and we now call attention to the fact that the charges of
+     incendiarism, the burning of crops and forests and of vicious
+     destruction of property, made by the public press against the I. W.
+     W., have been proven pure fabrications when put to legal test. The
+     Socialist Party has always extended its aid, material and moral, to
+     organized labor wherever and whenever it has been attacked by the
+     capitalist class, and this without reference to form of
+     organization or special policies; therefore we pledge our support
+     to the Industrial Workers of the World now facing trial in Chicago
+     and elsewhere, and demand for them a fair and unprejudiced trial
+     and urge our members to use every effort to assist the Industrial
+     Workers of the World by familiarizing the public with the real
+     facts, to overcome the falsehoods and misinformation with which
+     the capitalist press has poisoned and prejudiced the public mind
+     and judgment against these workers, who are now singled out for
+     destruction, just as other labor organizations and leaders have
+     been singled out for destruction by the same capitalist forces in
+     the past."
+
+The Socialist Party, in pledging its support to the Industrial Workers
+of the World, pledges its support to a revolutionary organization like
+itself. "The One Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, page 4, under the
+caption, "The Red Tidal Wave," says:
+
+     "With great satisfaction we record the fact that the red
+     revolutionary wave is encircling the globe, sweeping away the last
+     remnants of feudal rubbish from the body social, and some of the
+     capitalistic. The world war acted like a vigorous laxative on the
+     stomach of the nations."
+
+     "The Rebel Worker," an I. W. W. paper of New York City, in its
+     issue of April 15, 1919, after printing the word, "Revolution" in
+     the heaviest type all the way across the paper, publishes an
+     article on the first page entitled "Terrible Days Ahead in the
+     United States."
+
+     "'The United States is in the grip of a bloody revolution!
+     Thousands of workers are slaughtered by machine guns in New York
+     City! Washington is on fire! Industry is at a standstill and
+     thousands of workers are starving! The government is using the most
+     brutal and repressive measures to put down the revolution!
+     Disorganization, crime, chaos, rape, murder and arson are the order
+     of the day--the inevitable results of social revolution!'
+
+     "The above is what we may expect to see on the front pages of what
+     few newspapers survive the upheaval. No one who has the interest of
+     the working class at heart wants to see such a revolution. But
+     whether those interested in the working class want to see such a
+     revolution or not, there are powerful forces in the United States
+     that are making for just such a catastrophe. The Industrial Workers
+     of the World has in the past and is now using all of its energies
+     to avert such a cataclysmic debacle. It is not yet too late to
+     avoid this terrible and sanguinary strife--provided that the I. W. W.
+     is allowed to carry out its program of organizing and educating the
+     workers for the purpose of taking control of, and operating
+     industry and giving to those who work the full social value of the
+     product of their labor."
+
+     "The New Solidarity," the Chicago organ of the I. W. W., in its
+     edition of April 19, 1919, publishes on the editorial page an
+     article entitled, "When We Are Ready," part of which is hereby
+     quoted:
+
+     "Frequently the question is asked how the proletariat is to know
+     when they are ready for the revolution, how it would be possible to
+     know a sufficient number were class conscious enough for the
+     revolutionary change. This question is asked with the idea that
+     there must be a periodical counting of noses, and that little or
+     nothing may be done except educate until an absolute majority has
+     been obtained....
+
+     "It matters not how many members of the working class do or do not
+     stand up to be counted for or against capitalism, just as soon as
+     the organized workers can overthrow that system of industry they
+     will do it and not wait to be counted....
+
+     "To wait for majorities at all times is to enervate and emasculate
+     the working class movement. To constantly attack, and attack for
+     the purpose of taking and administering industry for the workers by
+     action on the job and in the Union halls, is to strengthen and
+     encourage the workers in their task, and is the plan that must
+     ultimately win the age-long struggle against exploitation."
+
+On September 5, 1917, the I. W. W. headquarters, 1001 West Madison
+street, Chicago, and the Socialist headquarters were raided by the
+United States authorities. On March 10, 1919, Solicitor General Lamar of
+the Post Office Department submitted a memorandum to the Senate
+propaganda committee stating that the I. W. W., anarchists, socialists
+and others were "perfecting an amalgamation with one object--the
+overthrow of the government of the United States by means of a bloody
+revolution and the establishment of a Bolshevik Republic." Mr. Lamar
+said his conclusion was based upon information contained in seized mail
+matter. Accompanying the memorandum were several hundred excerpts from
+the mail matter. The solicitor named the following organs, published in
+the interest of the I. W. W. or Bolshevist movements: "The New
+Solidarity," English, weekly, Chicago; "One Big Union," English,
+monthly, Chicago; "Industrial Unionist," English, weekly, Seattle;
+"California Defense Bulletin," English, weekly, San Francisco; "The
+Rebel Worker," English, bi-monthly, New York; "La Neuva Solidaridad,"
+Spanish, weekly, Chicago; "Golos Truzenta," Russian, weekly, Chicago;
+"Il Nuovo Proletario," Italian, weekly, Chicago; "Nya Varlden,"
+Swedish, weekly, Chicago; "Der Industrialer Arbiter," Jewish, weekly,
+Chicago; "Probuda," Bulgarian, weekly, Chicago; "A. Fels Badulas,"
+Hungarian, weekly, Chicago. After referring to the excerpts from the
+seized mail matter, the solicitor general's memorandum said in part:
+"This propaganda is being conducted with such regularity that its
+magnitude can be measured by the bold and outspoken statements contained
+in these publications and the efforts made therein to inaugurate a
+nation-wide reign of terror and overthrow of the government.
+
+     "In classifying these statements, they are submitted in a major or
+     general class as follows: I. W. W., anarchistic,
+     radical-socialistic and socialist. It will be seen from these
+     excerpts and it is indeed significant that this is the first time
+     in the history of the so-called radical movement in the United
+     States that the radical elements have found a common cause
+     (Bolshevism) in which they can all unite. The I. W. W.,
+     anarchistic, socialists, radical and otherwise, in fact all
+     dissatisfied elements, particularly the foreign element, are
+     perfecting amalgamation with one object, and with one object in
+     view, namely, the overthrow of the government of the United States
+     by the means of a bloody revolution and the establishment of a
+     Bolshevik republic.
+
+     "The I. W. W. is perhaps most actively engaged in spreading this
+     propaganda and has at its command a large field force known as
+     recruiting agents, subscription agents, etc., who work unceasingly
+     in the furtherance of 'the cause!'
+
+     "This organization publishes at least five newspapers in the
+     English language and nine in foreign languages. This list comprises
+     only official papers of the organization and does not take into
+     account the large number of free lance papers published in the
+     interest of the above organization."
+
+In the April 19, 1913, edition of "Solidarity," the eastern organ of the
+I. W. W., we are informed that "among other diseases common to all
+nations and particularly prevalent in the United States is respect for
+law and order." The same edition of the paper extends greetings to "all
+Rebels" from its new home in Cleveland.
+
+During the 1913 Paterson strike, which was managed by the I. W. W.,
+Quinlan, one of the leaders, declared on May 17th:
+
+     "Paterson is a dangerous place to live in just at this time, no
+     matter in what direction you are looking. The longer the strike
+     lasts, the stronger and more bitter and the madder the workers are
+     growing. Out of it all we want to build up an organization that
+     will be able to fight efficiently, and fight to win--to fight to
+     win, if necessary, by dying.
+
+     "And we are going to win this strike or Paterson will be wiped off
+     the map. If the strike is not won Paterson will be a howling
+     wilderness and a graveyard industrially, because the workers will
+     not stay there. We have had too long and bitter a fight to lay down
+     what we have gained so far. Heaven might fall and hell might break
+     loose, but the strike is going to be won."
+
+Boyd, another speaker, is reported as saying on the same day:
+
+     "We are going to get what we want whether the courts want it or
+     not. We are going to call a general strike, if it is necessary, to
+     free our fellow-workers. We are going to cut off the lights in
+     Paterson, and tie up the street car system. We shall reduce the
+     city to a condition of absolute helplessness. We are going to
+     paralyze Paterson, and we are going to win in Paterson just as we
+     are going to win in New York City."
+
+Robert Plunkett, said to be a former Cornell student, who was introduced
+as a "fellow-worker," urged the strikers and their sympathizers to use
+every means to free their leaders, even if Paterson had to "starve or go
+naked." He said that the lights would be put out in Paterson, and that
+the street cars would be tied up, so that Paterson would become a dead
+city.
+
+Mohl, who also made his appearance at the silk mills strike in Paterson,
+declared on May 18, 1913:
+
+     "The American flag is pretty to look at. Its colors are
+     striking--red, white, and blue, with two or three twinkling stars
+     here and there, but it is not good to eat."
+
+The I. W. W. is, of course, an atheistic and anti-religious
+organization. In the March 1, 1919, issue of "The One Big Union
+Monthly," page 40, we read under the caption, "Help Wanted, Male or
+Female:"
+
+     "Priest or Minister to show the One Big Union family why our
+     Solidarity Dogma is not superior to the ethical teachings of Jesus,
+     Buddha or Mohammed, also to demonstrate the inside of the religious
+     business, and where it is interwoven with Wall street."
+
+"The Call," New York, May 3, 1919, in an editorial on "The Bomb Plot,"
+which had just aroused the whole nation, said:
+
+     "The bomb and torch have not the slightest relation to any branch
+     of the organized labor movement in this country, and the editors
+     know it. Those who print such unfounded and slanderous insinuations
+     place themselves in the same class as the would-be-assassin."
+
+This editorial was published the day after the following special
+dispatch was sent to "The New York Times:"
+
+     "Sioux City, Iowa, May 2.--'We will blow the whole town to hell if
+     you put Mayor Short out of office.' This was the threat on a
+     postcard addressed to E. J. Stanson, who is trying to secure the
+     recall of Mayor Short. The card was received today. It was signed
+     'I. W. W. Alliance for Short.' The police are rounding up all
+     suspicious characters, and those known to have a leaning toward the
+     Bolshevists of the I. W. W. Citizens are seeking to oust Short
+     because he welcomed delegates to a recent 'wobblies' convention
+     here."
+
+In the latter part of the spring of 1919 the author of "The Red
+Conspiracy" obtained at the I. W. W. headquarters in Chicago a leaflet
+entitled, "To Colored Workingmen and Women!" Part of it is hereby
+quoted:
+
+     "To the black race, who, but recently, with the assistance of the
+     white men of the northern states, broke their chains of bondage and
+     ended chattel slavery, a prospect of further freedom, of Real
+     Freedom, should be most appealing.
+
+     "For it is a fact that the negro worker is no better off under the
+     freedom he has gained than the slavery from which he has escaped.
+     As chattel slaves we were the property of our masters, and as a
+     piece of valuable property our masters were considerate of us and
+     careful of our health and welfare. Today, as wage-workers, the boss
+     may work us to death at the hardest and most hazardous labor, at
+     the longest hours, at the lowest pay; we may quietly starve when
+     out of work and the boss loses nothing by it and has no interest in
+     us. To him the worker is but a machine for producing profits, and
+     when you, as a slave who sells himself to the master on the
+     installment plan, become old, or broken in health or strength or
+     should you be killed while at work, the master merely gets another
+     wage slave on the same terms.
+
+     "We who have worked in the south know that conditions in lumber and
+     turpentine camps, in the fields of cane, cotton and tobacco, in the
+     mills and mines of Dixie, are such that the workers suffer a more
+     miserable existence than ever prevailed among the chattel slaves
+     before the great Civil War....
+
+     "The only problem, then, which the colored worker should consider,
+     as a worker, is the problem of organizing with other workingmen in
+     the labor organization that best expresses the interest of the
+     whole working class against the slavery and oppression of the whole
+     capitalist class. Such an organization is the I. W. W., the
+     Industrial Workers of the World."
+
+"The One Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, page 6, publishes an article
+entitled, "The Chinese and the I. W. W.":
+
+     "The Chinese workers in this country have discovered the I. W.
+     W....
+
+     "Long enough have workers been divided along colored lines. The
+     old, old misunderstanding created by our masters is fading away as
+     we mutually discover that we are all condemned to slavery if
+     divided, and that freedom is ours if we unite. The accessions of
+     Chinese workers to our ranks fills us with great joy. May they also
+     succeed in soon carrying the gospel of Working Class Solidarity and
+     Industrial Organization to their native country. That hope takes
+     the sadness out of the news of their possible deportation."
+
+"I. W. W. Songs," a Red booklet published at the Chicago headquarters,
+has already met with such popularity among the "Wobblies" that fourteen
+editions have been published. Several songs, showing the spirit of the
+Reds, are given here:
+
+         The Preacher and the Slave
+                       By Joe Hill
+             (Tune: "Sweet Bye and Bye")
+
+    Long-haired preachers come out every night,
+    Try to tell you what's wrong and what's right;
+    But when asked how 'bout something to eat
+    They will answer with voices so sweet:
+
+              _Chorus_
+
+      You will eat, bye and bye,
+      In that glorious land above the sky;
+      Work and pray, live on hay,
+      You'll get pie in the sky when you die.
+
+    And the starvation army they play,
+    And they sing and they clap and they pray.
+    Till they get all your coin on the drum,
+    Then they'll tell you when you're on the bum:
+
+    Holy Rollers and jumpers come out,
+    And they holler, they jump and they shout.
+    "Give your money to Jesus," they say,
+    "He will cure all diseases to-day."
+
+    If you fight hard for children and wife--
+    Try to get something good in this life--
+    You're a sinner and bad man, they tell,
+    When you die you will sure go to hell.
+
+    Workingmen of all countries, unite,
+    Side by side we for freedom will fight;
+    When the world and its wealth we have gained
+    To the grafters we'll sing this refrain:
+
+             _Last Chorus_
+
+      You will eat, bye and bye,
+      When you've learned how to cook and to fry,
+      Chop some wood, 'twill do you good,
+      And you'll eat in the sweet bye and bye.
+
+
+
+                      Tie 'Em Up!
+
+               (Words and music by G. G. Allen)
+
+    We have no fight with brothers of the old A. F. of L.,
+    But we ask you use your reason with the facts we have to tell.
+    Your craft is but protection for a form of property,
+    The skill that you are losing, don't you see.
+    Improvements on machinery take your tool and skill away,
+    And you'll be among the common slaves upon some fateful day.
+    Now the things of which we're talking we are mighty sure about.--
+    So what's the use to strike the way you can't win out?
+
+              _Chorus_
+
+    Tie 'em up! Tie 'em up! That's the way to win.
+    Don't notify the bosses till hostilities begin.
+    Don't furnish chance for gunmen, scabs and all their like;
+    What you need is One Big Union and the One Big Strike.
+
+    Why do you make agreements that divide you when you fight
+    And let the bosses bluff you with the contract's "sacred right?"
+    Why stay at work when other crafts are battling with the foe,
+    You all must stick together, don't you know.
+    The day when you begin to see the classes waging war
+    You can join the biggest tie-up that was ever known before.
+    When the strikes all o'er the country are united into one,
+    Then the workers' One Big Union all the wheels shall run.
+
+
+
+
+                          Walking on the Grass
+
+                        (Tune: "The Wearing of the Green")
+
+    In this blessed land of freedom where King Mammon wears the crown,
+    There are many ways illegal now to hold the people down.
+    When the dudes of state militia are slow to come to time,
+    The law upholding Pinkertons are gathered from the slime.
+    There are wisely framed injunctions that you must not leave your job,
+    And a peaceable assemblage is declared to be a mob,
+    And Congress passed a measure framed by some consummate ass,
+    So they are clubbing men and women just for walking on the grass.
+
+    In this year of slow starvation, when a fellow looks for work,
+    The chances are a cop will grab his collar with a jerk;
+    He will run him in for vagrancy, he is branded as a tramp,
+    And all the well-to-do will shout: "It serves him right, the scamp!"
+    So we let the ruling class maintain the dignity of law,
+    When the court decides against us we are filled with wholesome awe,
+    But we cannot stand the outrage without a little sauce
+    When they're clubbing men and women just for walking on the grass.
+
+    The papers said the union men were all but anarchist,
+    So the job trust promised work for all who wouldn't enlist;
+    But the next day when the hungry horde surrounded city hall,
+    He hedged and said he didn't promise anything at all.
+    So the powers that be are acting very queer to say the least--
+    They should go and read their Bible and all about Belshazzar's feast,
+    And when mene tekel at length shall come to pass,
+    They'll stop clubbing men and women just for walking on the grass.
+
+Although the I. W. W. does not yet officially constitute a part of the
+Socialist organization, still very many of its members are most active
+Socialists. Indeed, it may be said that the I. W. W. is related to the
+Socialist Party quite as closely as a child is to its mother, for not
+only does the I. W. W. owe its origin to the followers of Karl Marx,
+but they are its directors and leaders, and have assisted and encouraged
+it in not a few of its principal strikes, notably at Lawrence, Mass.,
+and Paterson, N. J.
+
+Though we readily concede that quite a number of Socialists are
+individually antagonistic to the I. W. W., still they are opposed to it
+not because the I. W. W. differs in essential principles from the
+Socialist Party or even because this unfriendly minority of Socialists
+would oppose violent methods, if such were considered expedient, but
+because the "Yellow" Socialists prefer political action which is made
+light of by the I. W. W. direct actionists who are looked upon as
+enemies, for they seem to be doing harm to the Socialist political
+propaganda. In verification of this, an excellent proof is furnished by
+no less an authority than John Spargo, then a Socialist, and a most
+prolific writer, whose opposition to the Syndicalists and to the direct
+actionists of the Socialist Party was a well established fact even
+before the publication of his book, "Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism
+and Socialism." On page 172 of this work he writes:
+
+     "If the class to which I belong could be set free from exploitation
+     by violation of laws made by the master class, by open rebellion,
+     by seizing the property of the rich, by setting the torch to a few
+     buildings, or by the summary execution of a few members of the
+     possessing class, I hope that the courage to share in the work
+     would be mine."
+
+Spargo, in "Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism and Socialism," admits that
+the Socialists have continually and consistently given aid to the
+Industrial Workers of the World in their strikes. Yet notwithstanding
+this active support, many persons have been led to believe that the
+Socialists have repudiated the I. W. W. This incorrect opinion may be
+due to the fact that the Socialist Party did not endorse the I. W. W. at
+its 1912 National Convention, or else to the fact that William D.
+Haywood was subsequently removed by a referendum from the National
+Executive Committee of the Socialist Party. But the 1912 Indianapolis
+Convention of the Socialist Party did not repudiate the Industrial
+Workers of the World. The representatives of the party only declared for
+a neutrality between this organization and the American Federation of
+Labor, and would in all probability have endorsed the I. W. W. and
+repudiated the American Federation of Labor if the Socialists had not
+nursed a hope of getting control of the latter organization and turning
+it into an industrial union similar to that of the Industrial Workers of
+the World.
+
+That the Socialist Party by no means repudiated the I. W. W., but on the
+contrary was still on the most friendly terms with it after the 1912
+Convention, is evident from several facts. "The Call," May 17, 1912,
+affirms that the Convention decided for neutrality in affairs of unions.
+
+In the "Appeal to Reason," May 25, 1912, we read: "So after long weeks
+of discussion in the press, after days of apprehensions and fencing for
+advantage, the labor organization committee brought forth a unanimous
+report, which after a few speeches, all expressing the spirit of
+solidarity, was adopted without a dissenting vote. It was a compromise
+resolution. Each side declares itself completely satisfied with it. Each
+declares that it expresses its sentiments."
+
+William D. Haywood, who perhaps more than any other person had the
+interests of the I. W. W. at heart, declared, according to "The Call,"
+May 17, 1912, that with the adoption of this declaration concerning the
+neutrality of the party towards the two rival labor unions he felt that
+he could go to the 8,000,000 workers of the nation and carry to them the
+message of Socialism. "This," he continues, "is the greatest step that
+has yet been taken by the Socialist Party."
+
+Although Haywood was for the time being removed from the National
+Executive Committee of the party, charged with favoring direct action
+rather than political action, he was never expelled from the
+party--which yet boasted so much of the constitutional clause adopted at
+the 1912 National Convention demanding that any member who opposes
+political action, or advocates crime, sabotage, or other methods of
+violence as a weapon of the working class, to aid in its emancipation,
+shall be expelled from membership in the party.
+
+"The New Unionism," page 119, points out some of the "merits" of the I.
+W. W., in comparison made with the Socialist Party, against which it was
+somewhat offended by the anti-sabotage and anti-direct action plank
+adopted at the 1912 National Convention:
+
+     "There are vote-getters and politicians who waste their time coming
+     into a community where ninety per cent. of the men have no vote,
+     where the women are disfranchised 100 per cent., and where the boys
+     and girls under age, of course, are not enfranchised. Still they
+     will speak to these people about the power of the ballot, and they
+     never mention a thing about the power of the general strike. They
+     seem to lack the foresight, the penetration to interpret political
+     power. They seem to lack the understanding that the broadest
+     interpretation of political power comes through the industrial
+     organization; that the industrial organization is capable not only
+     of the general strike, but prevents the capitalists from
+     disfranchising the worker; it gives the vote to women, it
+     re-enfranchises the black man and places the ballot in the hands of
+     every boy and girl employed in a shop, makes them eligible to take
+     part in the general strike, makes them eligible to legislate for
+     themselves where they are most interested in changing conditions,
+     namely, in the place where they work."
+
+Again we read, on page 122 of "The New Unionism":
+
+     "The politicians in the Socialist Party, who want offices in the
+     government, fight the I. W. W. because we have no place in our
+     ranks for them, and if our idea prevails, it will crowd them out
+     and destroy their influence as 'saviors of the working class.'
+     These politicians cater for votes to the middle class--to business
+     men, farm owners and other small labor skinners--while the I. W. W.
+     appeals only to wage-workers, and allows none but actual
+     wage-workers to join our ranks. The Socialists can never get a
+     majority of votes for a working class programme (if they had such a
+     programme) because the majority of voters are middle class, since
+     about ten million male wage-workers are disfranchised (being
+     foreigners or floaters without long enough residence in one place
+     to have votes). But the wage-workers are a big majority of the
+     whole people, and produce nearly all wealth, so when they organize
+     as the I. W. W. proposes, the working class will control the
+     country, and with similar organizations in other countries will
+     control the world. Foreigners, women, children and other non-voters
+     at elections, have equal rights in the union, and take part in its
+     activities, regardless of nationality, age, sex, or any other
+     consideration except that they are wage-workers with common
+     interests in opposition to those of the employers."
+
+It may come as a surprise to the reader to hear that at the 1917 St.
+Louis Convention of the Socialist Party the anti-sabotage and
+anti-direct action plank of the Constitution was dropped. The
+"International Socialist Review," May, 1917, page 669, commenting on the
+removal of the clause, says:
+
+     "It has served its purpose, which was to guillotine and drive out
+     most of the revolutionary workers from the party. The Constitution
+     committee recommended that it be striken out by unanimous consent
+     without going on the minutes or records. Ruthenberg opposed. He
+     insisted that it be struck out and the minutes show the record of
+     the action. It was carried almost unanimously."
+
+Further on we read in the same issue of "The International Socialist
+Review":
+
+"An industrial union plank to be inserted in the platform was defeated
+by a vote of 63 to 61. Had it been offered as a resolution it would have
+gone through by a big majority." Though most of the Convention favored
+the I. W. W., evidently a small majority feared to put the Socialist
+Party on record.
+
+In 1918 and 1919 the Socialist Party grew more and more friendly to the
+I. W. W. At present they seem to have fallen in love with each other.
+The American Federation of Labor is held in greatest contempt by the
+Socialist press, while the I. W. W. is lauded to the skies. Its meetings
+are advertised, sympathy and aid are extended to its imprisoned
+officials and everything is being done to help it along.
+
+Eugene V. Debs has all along been the sincere friend of the I. W. W. In
+the February, 1918, issue of the "International Socialist Review," page
+395, he says:
+
+     "Every plutocrat, every profiteering pirate, every food vulture,
+     every exploiter of labor, every robber and oppressor of the poor,
+     every hog under a silk tile, every vampire in human form will tell
+     you that the A. F. of L. under Gompers is a great and patriotic
+     organization and that the I. W. W. under Haywood is a gang of
+     traitors in the pay of the bloody Kaiser.
+
+     "Which of these, think you, Mr. Wage-Slave, is your friend and the
+     friend of your class?....
+
+     "The war within the war and beyond the war in which the I. W. W. is
+     fighting--the war of the workers of all countries against the
+     exploiters of all countries--is our war, the war of humanity
+     against its oppressors and despoilers, the holiest war ever waged
+     since the race began."
+
+"The Call," New York, April 19, 1919, published at the top of its
+editorial page, "Debs' Daily Message from Moundsville Prison:"
+
+     "Though Jailed, He Speaketh.
+
+     "The clear voice of the awakened and dauntless few cannot be
+     silenced. The new unionism is being heard. In trumpet tones it
+     rings out its revolutionary shibboleth to all the workers of the
+     earth: 'Our interests are identical--let us combine industrially
+     and politically, assert our united power, achieve our freedom,
+     enjoy the fruit of our labor, rid society of parasitism, abolish
+     poverty and civilize the world!'....
+
+     "There can be no peace until the working class is triumphant in
+     this struggle and the wage system is forever wiped from the earth."
+
+In the May Day issue of "The Call," May 1, 1919, there is a very long
+article on Debs' Imprisonment by David Karsner, staff correspondent. He
+tells us that on the afternoon of April 28 he sat talking with Debs in
+his little room in the prison hospital at Moundsville, West Virginia,
+and that the many-times presidential candidate of the Socialist Party
+among other things said, when told of an intended visit by Karsner to
+the Leavenworth Federal prison to see William D. Haywood and the other
+93 I. W. W. prisoners:
+
+     "I want you to take my love to Bill Haywood and all the other boys
+     you see out there. We all stand shoulder to shoulder together."
+
+The staff correspondent then goes on to say:
+
+     "The reference of Debs to Haywood and the I. W. W. brought vividly
+     to my mind the little scene enacted between 'Gene' and 'Big Bill'
+     in the corridor of Judge Landis' courtroom in Chicago last August
+     during the I. W. W. trial.
+
+     "'You and the boys are making a great and noble fight,' said Debs
+     to Haywood at that time, patting the cheek of Big Bill. 'You are a
+     born champion of the underdog.' Haywood clasped Debs' in his own
+     great palm and said affectionately, 'You are the champion of the
+     underdog, Gene, and you always will be.' There was something
+     thrilling and inspiring in witnessing this friendly and comradely
+     felicitation between two noble men, both of whom have never
+     retreated one jot from their ideas of emancipation of the working
+     class.
+
+     "I recalled as I saw him this afternoon that seven years ago, or at
+     the time of the Indianapolis Convention of the Socialist party,
+     Debs pleaded for unity of the movement. He refused to be stampeded
+     into any position that would compromise the noble work that
+     confronted himself and the Socialist Party. Debs has always been
+     for industrial unionism. His speeches and writings are filled with
+     the spirit of organization and solidarity on the industrial field
+     as well as on the political. But above everything else he has
+     warned his fellow Socialists and industrialists that the thing to
+     do is to keep united, to solidify their economic and political
+     strength to the end that when our day comes we shall be ready to
+     enjoy the fruits of our victory."
+
+"The One Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, pages 14, 19 and 21, gives
+us some very interesting information about the I. W. W. attitude toward
+Bolshevism and the two extreme groups of the Socialists:
+
+     "We have long predicted the revolutionary cyclone that is now
+     sweeping over the world, even though few people cared to believe
+     us. We asked them to prepare for it by building up the framework of
+     the new society within the shell of the old, in other words to see
+     to it that we had the new house ready to move into, before we
+     dynamited the old one....
+
+     "Personally we are convinced that Russia will never again return to
+     the old order. The workers have control and they will not let go of
+     it. As the days go by, they will gradually organize production and
+     distribution on the lines of industrial unionism, as Lenine assures
+     us, and that will be their salvation.
+
+     "The plight of the Russian people is a warning to other peoples to
+     immediately start building the new society, by building industrial
+     unions right now, before the structure of the old society topples
+     over. Industrial unions are the only social apparatus that will
+     make abolishment of wage slavery possible....
+
+     "The Bolshevik Revolution has emphasized this sad fact. Socialism
+     in Russia, facing for the first time in Socialist history, the
+     problem of inaugurating a working class state, found itself
+     paralyzed by the existence of a parliamentary form of Democracy.
+     The Revolution was at stake. In order to destroy capitalism it was
+     necessary to destroy parliamentary Democracy, and Lenine destroyed
+     it. In its place he reared a new form of Democracy--the
+     Dictatorship of the Proletariat, which is Socialism.
+
+     "And yet, so misled is the thinking of our European Socialists that
+     in the very presence of a living, accomplished Socialist
+     commonwealth, they hastened to repudiate it because it was not
+     'Democratic.' Plekhanov betrayed it. Kautsky reviled it. Albert
+     Thomas called upon the capitalists of France to send their soldiers
+     there and crush it. Mr. Walling, Mr. Spargo and Mr. Russell
+     baptized themselves into a 'Socialist' crusade to destroy
+     Socialism. Could idiocy be more abject?
+
+     "The alternative is presented, to choose between Socialism or
+     Democracy. Or perhaps it would be better to put it--between
+     industrial Democracy and parliamentary Democracy. And our pitiable
+     Spargos, duped by a stale phrase, abandon their Socialism because
+     it is not 'Democratic.'
+
+     "In America, it is this same issue of Democracy which has long been
+     the dividing line between the Socialist Party and the I. W. W. Like
+     the Bolshevists of Russia, the I. W. W. have championed Democracy
+     but we have refused to allow the capitalist thinkers to define it
+     for us. We have practiced Democracy in our organization and we have
+     sublimated it into the most perfect of Democratic organizations.
+     But always, it has been a Democracy only of proletarians. We have
+     built the framework of a new society which says that those shall
+     not vote who do not work. And this, indeed, is Socialism.
+
+     "But the political Socialists have feared to draw this distinction.
+     They have not built themselves upon the proletarian rock. Into
+     their ranks they have admitted, not only the butcher, the baker and
+     the candle-stick maker, but also the lawyer, the doctor, the
+     merchant, the sky pilot, yes, and even the capitalists--known as
+     millionaire Socialists. Out of such a medley, a medley philosophy
+     was sprouted. Democracy, to the political Socialists, could not be
+     rigidly proletarian, because the political Socialists, themselves,
+     were not proletarians. And their ideals paled into evasion and
+     compromise.
+
+     "Again, the I. W. W. being proletarian, spurned a parliamentary
+     action which would have drawn it together with the exploiting
+     class. It realized, before Spargo took that fatal dodge, that, from
+     parliamentary Socialism to parliamentary Democracy it was but a
+     step. Hence we spurned politics and parliamentarism, and
+     substituted a Democracy, grouped around unions, and not around
+     parliaments.
+
+     "But the political Socialists, immersed in parliamentary hack work,
+     stifled the Socialist concept of Democracy by recognizing and
+     participating in the capitalist form of Democracy. Entering the
+     parliaments, they dreamed that they could transform these
+     parliaments into Socialist republics. Only too soon they discovered
+     that the parliaments had transformed them into 'Democratic'
+     apologists. Like a poisoning strain, parliamentarism spread out
+     over Socialism. And so, when Socialism came at last in Russia,
+     without the aid of the foolish parliaments, deluded Socialists
+     cried that Bolshevism was not Socialism."
+
+The year 1919 witnessed a very marked drawing together, in the United
+States and throughout the world, of I. W. W.'ism, or Syndicalism, and
+all the bodies of radical, revolutionary Socialism. The Moscow
+Bolshevists gave a great "boost" to the I. W. W. principle of industrial
+unionism by endorsing it and declaring that Russia was being
+reorganized economically along similar lines. Bolshevism in Russia, in
+fact, has had the help and counsel of I. W. W. experts from the United
+States, and I. W. W. leaders in America have naturally been elated. John
+Sandgren wrote in "The New Solidarity," April 12, 1919:
+
+     "The immortal gains of Bolshevism for humanity lie on the political
+     field. When it comes to economic reconstruction, the Bolsheviks are
+     going to find that it cannot be made from the top through laws and
+     regulations. Any attempt to make the people the real owners of the
+     means of production and distribution must start with the industrial
+     organization of the workers themselves as outlined in the I. W. W.
+     program. In the meantime, let us hope that Bolshevism will sweep
+     victoriously over all such parts of the world where it still has a
+     mission to perform. After that, begins the I. W. W. period in human
+     history."
+
+The April 1, 1919, issue of "The One Big Union Monthly," published the
+Russian Communist Party call and invitation to the Moscow Conference
+[see Chapter III for a copy of this document], remarking that "as to the
+general demand for the overthrow of Capitalism, the dis-establishment of
+private ownership and making the working-class the rulers of the world,
+there is apt to be little if any dissension." However, noting that "the
+I. W. W. of this and other countries" had been invited to the
+conference, it declared that "we have no reason to get excited over the
+invitation," since, "with the exception of the I. W. W., there is hardly
+any of the thirty-nine invited bodies who seriously endorse industrial
+unionism as the basis of a new society.... The proposed communist
+conference would consequently be a congress of radical political
+Socialists to consider the question of discontinuing the use of the
+ballot and adopting the methods used by the Russian communists in the
+past in overthrowing capitalist society." The I. W. W. world-scheme is
+then outlined:
+
+     "The I. W. W. has given up all thought of using the machinery of
+     the present state for its purposes. It proposes to create an
+     entirely new machinery of administration in which not even a
+     particle of the old shall enter as a constituent part. We propose
+     to re-group all mankind on industrial lines in industrial
+     organizations which we hope will make superfluous and crowd out the
+     political groupings which constitute the state. We propose to make
+     the unit of industry, the place of work, the shop, the mill, the
+     field, the ship, the basis of our new social organization. These
+     units will combine in two different manners. From a purely
+     industrial standpoint, they will unite with other units into large
+     industrial unions, calculated to embrace the whole world, each and
+     every one of them. For the purpose of local administration, we
+     propose that the local industrial units shall form a district
+     industrial council or local administrative body to take care of
+     local affairs. As we propose to order all branches of human
+     activity along these lines and include them in a world scheme of
+     industrial co-operation, we must conclude that our program,
+     although fundamentally aiming at the same thing as the program of
+     the Communist Party, somewhat differs from the program proposed as
+     a basis of unity."
+
+An editorial in the same issue on "Soviet Government in the U. S." says:
+
+     "The papers have informed us that the police and the secret service
+     have unearthed a gigantic plot among the Socialists of this country
+     to gather up all the radical elements with a view to establishing a
+     Soviet government in this country.... We do not deny that this
+     agitation is useful, for it stirs people to thought and excites
+     contradiction, ... but when that is said, we have said all the good
+     we can about it....
+
+     "The Russians made their revolution not because they had Soviets,
+     but because the people willed it.... The I. W. W. has at least on
+     paper an institution corresponding to the Soviet, namely, the
+     District Industrial Council, ... a local representative body of the
+     various industrial unions in each locality. So far, it lacks all
+     practical significance because we are not numerous enough, but
+     whenever there is to be a radical change in this country, the
+     change will have to be made through these councils locally. They
+     will take over the functions which were taken over by the Soviets
+     in Russia."
+
+Another editorial in the same issue treats of the overtures of the Left
+Wing Socialists:
+
+     "Of late we have noticed an ever-increasing tendency to hush us up
+     in the name of unity. We are being told not to show up political
+     Socialism; we are told not to attack Anarchism. We are asked to be
+     more lenient toward the A. F. of L. [American Federation of Labor.]
+     We mustn't touch on church and religion....
+
+     "It appears that political Socialists, anarchists and other labor
+     elements feel that the bottom has fallen out of their programs and
+     they want us to keep quiet about it, and as a reward we will secure
+     their friendly services. The I. W. W. is not willing to enter into
+     any such bargain."
+
+Another editorial gives further light on the "boring in" process begun
+by theoretical Socialists with an itch for revolution--paper soldiers
+anxious to get a-straddle of the great strike-conducting war-horse of I.
+W. W.'ism and ride into "the dictatorship of the proletariat." This is
+thus dealt with:
+
+     "There is a large element in this country who want a radical change
+     if not a revolution. This element would like to see the change made
+     to suit them with the smallest possible cost to themselves.
+
+     "The most insistent agitators belong to the upper-class radicals,
+     and their object seems to be to stir the working masses into some
+     sort of revolutionary activity, not clearly defined. It seems they
+     built great hopes on the participation of the I. W. W. They know we
+     are a compact mass of industrial workers, able to manipulate such
+     great affairs as the general strikes in Seattle and Butte, the
+     strike of the silk workers, the strike on the Mesaba Range, and so
+     on, and we are just what they need for their purpose.
+
+     "For this reason we have met with an unusual amount of courtesy and
+     consideration of late, but we are sorry to say that we do not
+     consider it disinterested. If these revolutionists were sincere in
+     their friendship for us, they would throw everything aside and help
+     us build up industrial unionism, but that is exactly what they are
+     not doing to any considerable extent. Their activities are directed
+     on aims that are strange and foreign to us. Some of their adherents
+     in overalls are getting into our ranks because they work in the
+     industries we have organized or because our recruiting unions are
+     open to them, and their activity is frequently annoying to us, as
+     it has little or nothing to do with the industrial organization of
+     the workers."
+
+The same issue contains an article by a Left Winger, I. E. Ferguson, a
+"Little Corporal" ready to step to the front of I. W. W.'ism and lead it
+to glory. He complains:
+
+     "The attempt to 'hog the market' of propagandizing the Russian
+     Revolution in the United States for the I. W. W. is leading to
+     excesses which ought to be checked right now, else these excesses
+     will accomplish injury to the American Socialist movement. This
+     does not mean to repudiate the claims of the I. W. W. to any
+     extent, but to controvert the negative proposition that all of the
+     American revolutionary socialist movement is and necessarily must
+     be within the folds of the I. W. W....
+
+     "The I. W. W. is the livest thing in the American Socialist
+     movement, therefore, truly, the Greatest Thing On Earth for the
+     American working class. But ... when the same organization carries
+     on the business of unionism and the business of revolution at the
+     same time, it is more than likely, when it becomes overburdened, to
+     throw overboard the more remote job in favor of the more immediate
+     one. Revolution is a political proposition, or, if you please,
+     anti-political. Its direct task is the overthrow of the capitalist
+     state, the bulwark of capitalist industrialism. There is no
+     question in the world but that the I. W. W. form of labor
+     organization is the most powerful possible weapon for the overthrow
+     of the capitalist state, because of its adaptability to great mass
+     protests and mass movements of the proletariat. But only an
+     organization with the sole aim of revolution can take the
+     responsibility for leadership in this fight."
+
+Granting some truth in the above argument, it is not probable that a
+great practical organization like the I. W. W., which _does_ things, and
+very rough things, will invite theorists, non-working drones, to come in
+and take charge of it. Nor is it willing to be borrowed, and diverted
+into an engine to run toy revolutions. This is the substance of the
+reply to Ferguson made by Harold Lord Varney in the same magazine. We
+quote its pith:
+
+     "Like the Left Wingers of the Socialist Party; like the editors and
+     the writers of the Revolutionary Age and the Class Struggle; like
+     the Eastmans, the Nearings and the Frainas of our American
+     movement, my critic is obsessed with Russia. To him, the
+     Bolshevists and their mass action revolutions are like dazzling,
+     fiery suns which blind and obscure all rivals....
+
+     "As proletarians, I. W. W.'s rejoiced at the Lenine triumph. As
+     proletarians, we have unwaveringly supported the Bolshevist regime
+     in all our propaganda. Those of our members who happened to be in
+     Russia when the October Revolution came (and there were thousands
+     of them) were all found in the Bolshevist army. Bill Shatoff,
+     Volodarsky, Martoff, Kornuk and others who have been leaders in the
+     Bolshevist army were all old members of the I. W. W. In brief,
+     then, were we in Russia, all I. W. W.'s would be Bolsheviki. But
+     from this it does not necessarily follow that in America the I. W.
+     W. must turn Bolshevist also....
+
+     "Mr. Ferguson's proposition is that after all these years of
+     struggle we should now discard this One Big Union goal and unite
+     with political Socialists to create an American Bolsheviki. And in
+     that proposal he demonstrates the impractical artlessness of the
+     Left Winger. The I. W. W. is a Socialist who is a materialist. The
+     Left Winger is a Socialist who is an ideologist. The I. W. W. seeks
+     for verities and for concrete, ponderable power. The Left Winger
+     follows the intoxicating dreams of his own imagination....
+
+     "Of course, the I. W. W. wants unity. But we will have no unity
+     with any who are not willing to accept the proletarian conception
+     of Socialism. We will have no unity with any who do not belong to
+     our class. And we will have no unity with any who flinch at the
+     'radicalism' of our program....
+
+     "The I. W. W. is not anti-political. Its members are free to be
+     members of the Socialist Party and thousands of us, the writer
+     included, do carry Socialist cards....
+
+     "The social revolution is not a thing of theories. It is merely the
+     final act of working-class organization. It is the historic mission
+     of the working class to mount to supreme power. They do this, not
+     by debating nor by marching in the street; they do this by the slow
+     process of organization. In their union halls, the workers learn
+     class consciousness. In their union halls, the workers learn
+     self-government. In their union halls, the workers are disciplined
+     and solidified for the 'final conflict.' Every strike is a
+     revolution in miniature. Every gain which organized workers make,
+     by a conscious act of their own, weakens capitalism and is
+     revolutionary. In short, the union movement is the schoolhouse of
+     the new society....
+
+     "Mr. Ferguson is not correct in asserting that the I. W. W. does
+     not have 'the sole aim of revolution.' In our Preamble, he will
+     find the boldest revolutionary utterance which has ever been
+     penned.... Even were we silent in revolutionary words, our very
+     form of organization and mode of action stamp us as revolutionists.
+     We are organized against capital. We are an army that is ever
+     battling....
+
+     "The real I. W. W. is not to be read in books of the intellectuals.
+     It does not flash in phrases. It is written in the hearts of strong
+     silent men. It can be read in the ineffable tales of anguish which
+     ring from the prisons of the land. It can be read in the tragic
+     sacrifices of the Littles, the Joe Hills, the Barans, the Looneys,
+     the Jonsons, the Rabinowitzes, the Gerlots, the Jack Whytes whom
+     destiny has claimed from among us. Its chapters have been penned,
+     not with words, but with the living dramas of Spokane and San
+     Diego, Lawrence and Paterson, McKee's Rocks, Everett and Mesaba
+     Range."
+
+This is indeed the spirit of the most dangerous organization of devoted
+fanatics in the world today, and if our present order of society hopes
+to survive its steady, unrelenting assault, it must take into its hands
+the weapons of truth and justice.
+
+We have given these quotations to show clearly both the difference and
+the bond of union between the I. W. W.'s and the other brands of
+Socialists. A Left Winger sums it up concisely ("The Communist," August
+23, 1919): "The syndicalist and the Socialist have this in common: That
+they both strive for the reduction of the state to zero and the
+'building of a new society within the shell of the old.' The fundamental
+difference between the two is that the syndicalist naively strives to
+build the new society while the capitalist class controls the coercive
+power, and the Socialist aims to destroy that power first and then begin
+the 'building' process."
+
+But I. W. W.'ism is the more logical, and, in conditions like those in
+the United States, much the more dangerous, because it is _revolution
+going on_ every day of the year, holding what it gets, be it much or
+little. Moreover, since I. W. W.'ism will not give up its position,
+Socialism in America has adopted the industrial unionism creed. This now
+is the backbone of all the recent Socialist platforms, including that of
+the Socialist Party of America. Even with the Left Winger's buoyant
+faith in a speedy overturn of the United States, he now sees that the
+One Big Union is the necessary steam-roller to accomplish it, and for
+months he has been at work, "boring from within," to get the forces of
+American labor industrially organized for revolutionary action. In
+short, there has been a general following of the advice which "Truth,"
+Left Wing organ in the Northwest, gave in its issue of May 23, 1919, as
+its answer to the above-quoted challenge of Varney to Ferguson:
+
+     "The Left Wing represents the revolutionary portion of the
+     Socialist Party in opposition to the opportunism of the Right Wing.
+     Therefore we must, in order to make the Socialist Party a
+     revolutionary expression of the working class, join hands with the
+     Left Wing....
+
+     "The I. W. W. represents the revolutionary section of the working
+     class in opposition to the opportunism of Gompers et al. Therefore
+     we must, in order to make working class organizations
+     revolutionary, join hands with the I. W. W.
+
+     "The resolutions and the manifestoes of the Left Wing are
+     revolutionary expressions. But action counts for more than words.
+     If all Left Wingers are sincere they will join in the I. W. W. and
+     endeavor to make the I. W. W. the dominant working-class
+     organization throughout the country. The times demand that we must
+     make ready to enforce our demands. No pious resolutions will bring
+     us freedom. Only POWER through organization on the job will bring
+     us freedom. True it is that we have to resort to mass action. But
+     the basis of our mass action must be organization on the job. The
+     I. W. W. represents the highest form of industrial organization and
+     therefore merits our support. So we trust that ALL Left Wingers
+     will join with the I. W. W. This is not the time to indulge in
+     hair-splitting. If you are enraptured by what has taken place in
+     Russia, do your share here in America."
+
+This appeared in May, 1919. Six months later we open the December, 1919,
+"One Big Union Monthly" and read:
+
+     "We need hardly repeat the now well known facts that the workers of
+     western Canada and of Australia have in mass adopted our principles
+     in the course of this year. Close upon these significant events
+     came the news that the three fragments into which the Socialist
+     Party was split endorsed industrial unionism, while two of them
+     rather outspokenly favored the I. W. W.
+
+     "Later we were able to state that the increase in our own
+     membership in the course of the 12 months, September 1, 1918, to
+     September 1, 1919, was about 50,000. Now we are able to inform our
+     readers that the growth of the last three months has been
+     unprecedented. Lumber workers, miners, construction workers, marine
+     transport workers and many other unions report many thousands of
+     new members. We are getting a footing in fields that we have never
+     been able to touch before, such as the printing industry and
+     building construction. Carpenters and painters are joining us by
+     the thousand. On November 9th delegates of eight independent unions
+     in different industries, representing something like 250,000
+     workers, met in New York City and took the first steps for an
+     affiliation with the I. W. W.--in spite of jails and persecution.
+     And let us not forget that the Negro workers of the U. S. are
+     organizing on the basis of our program.
+
+     "But the influence of our principles is not limited to the
+     English-speaking people in America and Australia. Other races and
+     countries are enthusiastically taking up our program and proudly
+     announcing that they are with the I. W. W. Thus in Mexico our
+     movement has taken form and been laid out on a national basis. In
+     South America, where the labor movement always has been in
+     sympathy with us, the workers are going one step further and have
+     started organizing as an I. W. W. In Buenos Ayres there is already
+     an organization of 2,800 marine transport workers in such an
+     organization.
+
+     "Furthermore it is to be noted that practically all the old trade
+     unions on this continent prove to be honey-combed with friends of
+     the I. W. W.
+
+     "Over in Europe it is the same story. The rebuilding of production
+     and distribution in Russia is said to be largely based on our
+     principles. At last report there were about 3,500,000 industrial
+     workers organized in industrial unions for the carrying on of
+     production and distribution. The Russian people are taking
+     possession of the industries through their industrial unions.
+
+     "In Italy 'The Italian Syndicalist Union,' 300,000 strong, is
+     forging ahead along the same lines as the I. W. W. In Spain our
+     adherents are to be numbered by the hundreds of thousands. In
+     France the proposition has recently been made in the organ of the
+     Communist Party, 'L'Internationale Communiste,' to start
+     reorganizing the French working class on our program, in opposition
+     to the C. G. T. [Confédération Générale du Travail, or French
+     Confederation of Labor]. In England there is a separate
+     organization of the I. W. W. that is advancing rapidly, while the
+     influence on the old trade unions is very noticeable in their
+     changed attitude of late toward 'direct action.' ...
+
+     "But the biggest surprise of the year we received from Germany. At
+     least two separate calls have been issued by the German workers to
+     organize exactly as the I. W. W. The recently formed 'Freie
+     Arbeiter Union' is also a federation of industrial unions that
+     endorse our principles. And, finally, from distant, unknown Greece
+     we are receiving news that the One Big Union is the aim of all the
+     organized workers of that country."
+
+Several very important facts have been proven in this and the preceding
+chapter: first, that the Industrial Workers of the World is a
+revolutionary organization in the strictest sense and has for its object
+the overthrow of the United States Government; secondly, that, like the
+Socialist Party, it is constantly seeking to stir up trouble whenever it
+can do so; thirdly, that it respects neither morality nor the law and
+appeals to the basest passions in man; and, finally, that all sections
+of the Socialist Party are on the strictest terms of friendship with it
+and are giving it full support.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+BOLSHEVIST RULE IN RUSSIA
+
+
+
+Shortly after the Lenine-Trotzky government came into power in Russia,
+in the latter part of the year 1917, Bolshevism became very popular in
+America among the radicals, especially the Socialists. Among those who
+helped most to bring it into such high esteem was Albert Rhys Williams,
+who had spent but one year of his life in Russia, hardly spoke the
+Russian language, and while staying in that country was in the pay of
+the Bolsheviki, as he testified before the Senate Committee.
+
+The Bolsheviki came into power by violence and have sustained themselves
+in power by violence and terrorism. Their main support, the so-called
+Red Army, in which the Chinese and Letts have played a prominent part,
+is an army of mercenaries who are well paid and well fed, while
+thousands of civilians are dying from starvation in the cities and towns
+of Russia.
+
+The first success of the Bolsheviki was the dissolution by bayonets of
+the Constituent Assembly, which for forty years had been the goal of all
+Russians--even of the Bolsheviki up to the time when they found it
+overwhelmingly against them. Then they invented a new double name for
+their anti-democratic government: Soviets, or dictatorship of the
+proletariat. Next they dissolved all the democratic Municipal Councils
+and Zemstvos and proceeded to take away the various liberties won in the
+revolution against the regime of the Czar.
+
+The dictatorship of the proletariat led rapidly to an almost complete
+stoppage of industry. Governmental expenditures increased by leaps and
+bounds with the growing pauperization of the people; for the growing
+staffs of Bolshevist officials were utterly incompetent, a large army of
+mercenaries was required in order to keep down the ever-increasing
+number of insurrections and the ceaseless attacks from many foreign
+foes, enormous subsidies had to be paid to Bolshevist workingmen,
+regardless of the fact that the factories were producing sometimes
+little and sometimes nothing, and, finally, the Lenine government spent
+great sums in revolutionary propaganda in the different countries of
+the world. Political and economic slavery, moral corruption and the
+starvation of millions of people, are a few of the "blessings" bestowed
+upon Russia by Bolshevism.
+
+Catherine Breshkovsky, the "Grandmother of the Russian Revolution,"
+herself a Socialist, speaking of the Bolsheviki, said:
+
+     "In addition to the crimes in their foreign policy, which
+     culminated in the treacherous Brest-Litovsk 'peace' with German
+     militarists, the Bolsheviki have committed innumerable crimes in
+     their internal policy. They have destroyed all civil liberties in
+     Russia: freedom of speech, of the press, of assemblage and of
+     organization; they have filled prisons through the country with
+     their political adversaries, proclaiming 'enemies of the people'
+     not only the Liberals, the Constitutional-Democratic Party, but
+     also the party of the Socialists-Revolutionists and the
+     Social-Democrats Mensheviki, that is, the parties of the Russian
+     peasantry and proletariat. They have instituted a system of terror
+     unequaled in cruelty, and while hundreds of innocent hostages would
+     pay with their lives for the assassination or for the attempt to
+     assassinate a Bolshevist commissaire, they did not punish the Red
+     Guards who assassinated the two Ministers of the Provisional
+     Government, Kokoshkin and Shingariev, while the latter were under
+     Bolshevist arrest, lying sick in a hospital."
+
+The January, 1919, issue of "The Eye Opener," the official organ of the
+National Office, Socialist Party, publishes the full text of the Russian
+Bolshevist Constitution under the caption, "Here's Constitution of
+World's First Socialist Republic." Some quotations from the document
+will no doubt prove interesting as well as instructive:
+
+     "For the purpose of realizing the socialization of land, all
+     private property in land is abolished, and the entire land is
+     declared to be national property and is to be apportioned among
+     husbandmen without any compensation to the former owners, in the
+     measure of each one's ability to till it.
+
+     "All forests, treasures of the earth, and waters of general public
+     utility, all implements whether animate or inanimate, model farms
+     and agricultural enterprises are declared to be national property.
+
+     "As a first step toward complete transfer of ownership to the
+     Soviet Republic of all factories, mills, mines, railways and other
+     means of production or transportation, the Soviet law, for the
+     control by workmen and the establishment of the Supreme Soviet of
+     National Economy is hereby confirmed, so as to assure the power of
+     the workers over their exploiters....
+
+     "Universal obligation to work is introduced for the purpose of
+     eliminating the parasitic strata of society and organizing the
+     economic life of the country.
+
+     "For the purpose of securing the working class in the possession of
+     the complete power, and in order to eliminate all possibility of
+     restoring the power of the exploiters, it is decreed that all
+     toilers be armed, and that a Socialist Red Army be organized and
+     the propertied class be disarmed....
+
+     "The Russian Republic is a free Socialist society of all the
+     working people of Russia. The entire power, within the boundaries
+     of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic, belongs to all
+     the working people of Russia, united in urban and rural Soviets....
+
+     "The Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic considers work the
+     duty of every citizen of the Republic, and proclaims as its motto:
+     'He shall not eat who does not work.'
+
+     "The following persons enjoy neither the right to vote nor the
+     right to be voted for, even though they belong to one of the
+     categories enumerated above, namely:
+
+     "Persons who employ hired labor in order to obtain from it an
+     increase in profits.
+
+     "Persons who have an income without doing any work, such as
+     interest from capital, receipts from property, etc.
+
+     "Private merchants, trade and commercial brokers.
+
+     "Monks and clergy of all denominations."
+
+This Bolshevist Constitution shows that the Lenine government has
+decreed the socialization of all the land, factories, mills, mines and
+other means of production, as well as the railways and the various means
+of transportation. This program has been carried out, though as yet
+probably not completely. Conditions in Russia were deplorable under the
+regime of the Czar, but the Socialist government has made them a
+thousand times worse. Industry has been reduced to an almost negligible
+minimum, property has been destroyed on every side and possession made a
+crime. The country has been reduced to chaos, for no one cares to sow
+where others will reap; and unemployment is widespread, for employers
+are outlawed, and the government has not enough satisfactory positions
+to offer. The right to hold property is one of the binding forces that
+holds civilization together and supplies incentive to labor. Some of the
+evil effects of the confiscation and socialization of property in Russia
+are shown from the following articles, published by the
+Socialists-Revolutionists, a faction of the Marxians opposed to the
+Bolsheviki. Their paper, "Vlast Naroda," declares:
+
+     "The village has taken away the land from the landlords, farmers,
+     wealthy peasants and monasteries. It cannot, however, divide it
+     peacefully, as was to be expected.
+
+     "The more land there is, the greater the appetite for it; hence
+     more quarrels, misunderstandings and fights.
+
+     "In Oboyansk County, many villages refused to supply soldiers when
+     the Soviet authorities were mobilizing an army. In their refusal
+     they stated 'in the spring soldiers will be needed at home in the
+     villages,' not to cultivate the land, but to protect it with arms
+     against neighboring peasants.
+
+     "In the Provinces of Kaluga, Kursk and Voronezh peasant meetings
+     adopted the following resolution:
+
+     "'All grown members of the peasant community have to be home in the
+     spring. Whoever will then not return to the village or voluntarily
+     stay away will be forever expelled from the community.
+
+     "'These provisions are made for the purpose of having as great a
+     force as possible in the spring when it comes to dividing the
+     land.' ...
+
+     "Some villages in the Nieshnov district, in the Province of
+     Mohilev, have supplied themselves with machine guns. The village of
+     Little Nieshnov, for instance, has decided to order fifteen machine
+     guns and has organized a Red Army in order to be able better to
+     defend a piece of land taken away from the landlord and, as they
+     say, that 'the neighboring peasants should not come to cut our hay
+     right in front of our windows, like last year.' When the
+     neighboring peasants heard of the decision they also procured
+     machine guns. They have formed an army and intend to go to Little
+     Nieshnov to cut the hay on the meadows 'under the windows' of the
+     disputed owners....
+
+     "Stubborn fights for meadows and forests are always going on. They
+     often result in skirmishes and murder. There are similar happenings
+     in other counties of the Province, for instance, in Petrov,
+     Balashov and Arkhar.
+
+     "In the Province of Simbirsk there is war between the community
+     peasants and shopkeepers. The former have decided to do away with
+     'Stolypin heirs,' as they call the shopkeepers. The latter,
+     however, have organized and are ready for a stubborn resistance.
+     Combats have already taken place. The peasants demolish farms, and
+     farmers set fire to towns, villages, thrashing floors, etc."
+
+Indeed, the results of confiscation and socialization were so bad from
+the very beginning that no less a personage than Lenine himself, in "A
+Letter to American Workingmen," published by the Socialist Publication
+Society of Brooklyn, New York, on pages 12 and 13, says:
+
+     "Mistakes are being made by our peasants who, at one stroke, in the
+     night from October 25 to October 26 (Russian Calendar), 1917, did
+     away with all private ownership of land, and are now struggling,
+     from month to month, under the greatest difficulties, to correct
+     their own mistakes, trying to solve in practice the most difficult
+     problems of organizing a new social state, fighting, against
+     profiteers to secure the possession of the land, for the workers
+     instead of for the speculator, to carry on agricultural production
+     under a system of communist farming on a large scale.
+
+     "Mistakes are being made by our workmen in their revolutionary
+     activity, who, in a few short months, have placed practically all
+     the large factories and workers under state ownership, and are now
+     learning, from day to day, under the greatest difficulties, to
+     conduct the management of entire industries, to reorganize
+     industries already organized, to overcome the deadly resistance of
+     laziness and middle-class reaction and egotism."
+
+The Socialists of the United States and other radical elements in our
+country, after the World War, began to laud to the skies the Russian
+Soviets as the most perfect form of government that the world had ever
+seen. They were held to far surpass parliaments, congress and other
+legislative bodies and to be the supreme accomplishments of a democratic
+form of government. The deputies of the soviets, according to the
+Bolshevist Constitution, were to be elected by the secret, direct and
+equal vote of all the working masses. Theoretically the soviets were
+very attractive, but in reality fall far short of the ideal. "Struggling
+Russia," a well-known weekly magazine published in New York City by one
+of the groups of Russian Socialists, has this to say about the Soviets
+in its issue of April 5, 1919:
+
+     "In fact, there never was either a secret election in Soviet
+     Russia, or one based on equal suffrage. Elections are usually
+     conducted at a given factory or foundry at open meetings, by the
+     raising of hands and always under the knowing eye of the chairman.
+     The majority of the workers very frequently do not take part in
+     these elections at all. The rights of a minority are never
+     recognized, as proportional representation has been rejected.
+
+     "As regards direct elections, it is again a mere phrase. The
+     Central Executive Committee, which is supposed to embody the
+     supreme administrative organ of the country, was actually being
+     elected through a four-grade system. Local Soviets send their
+     representatives to the Provincial Congress, the Provincial Congress
+     is represented by delegates at the All-Russian Congress, and only
+     this last body elects the Central Executive Committee. Often the
+     delegates are not elected by the regular meetings of the Soviets at
+     all, but are sent by the Executive Committees, cleverly handpicked
+     by the Bolsheviki after the system of proportional representation
+     was rejected....
+
+     "The exclusion from the Soviets of all who think differently from
+     the Bolsheviki developed gradually. They 'cleansed' the Soviets in
+     Perm and Ekaterinburg, in January 1918; in Ufa, Saratov, Samara,
+     Kazan and Yaroslavl in December, 1917; in Moscow and Petrograd in
+     February, 1918. They were excluding all Socialists-Revolutionists
+     and the Mensheviki, to say nothing of the People's Socialists and
+     members of the Labor Group. Often, when workers demanded new
+     elections to the Soviet (as happened in Petrograd late in December
+     of 1917, and early in January, 1918), and such elections did take
+     place, the Bolsheviki would not permit the newly elected delegates
+     to enter the building of the Soviet and frequently arrested them.
+     Gradually only Bolsheviki and Socialists-Revolutionists of the Left
+     remained in the Soviets. Soon, however, after the assassination in
+     Moscow of Count Mirbach, the German Ambassador, and the attempt at
+     rebellion in Moscow early in June, 1918, by the
+     Socialists-Revolutionists of the Left, the Bolsheviki began to fill
+     up the prisons with the latter just as they did with the
+     Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right and the Menshiviki.
+
+     "So, practically, there remained only Bolsheviki in the Soviets.
+     And as there was no difference of opinion among them, regular
+     meetings were soon abandoned altogether and the ostensible 'rule of
+     the working masses' thus definitely disappeared. A few persons,
+     often appointed from above (the Bolsheviki often had recourse to
+     bayonets to support the fiction of Soviet rule: in Tumen the
+     Executive Committee of a non-existent Soviet was brought from
+     Ekaterinburg under a convoy of 800 Red Guards), would rule and lord
+     it over the people, tired and weary of the war and a sterile
+     revolution.
+
+     "Occasional outbursts of popular wrath serve as indications of the
+     depth of dissatisfaction which is engendered by the Soviets and
+     their offshoots, the Military-Revolutionary Committee. Thus, in the
+     Polevsky works, in Ekaterinburg County, a mob of peasants, armed
+     with axes, scythes and sticks, fell upon the Soviets and beast-like
+     tore into fragments fifty Bolsheviki. In the Neviansk works the
+     insurrection of the workers against the Red Army lasted for three
+     days, until reinforcements from Perm finally subdued this
+     'counter-revolutionary' revolt. In Okhansk County 2,000 peasants
+     were shot down for demanding the abolition of the Soviets and the
+     re-establishment of the rule of the people."
+
+In the April 19, 1919, issue of "Struggling Russia" we are told that
+"Vlast Naroda," in May, 1918, thus described the uprisings against the
+Soviets:
+
+     "In Kleen, a crowd entered by force the building occupied by the
+     Soviets with the intention of bringing the deputies before their
+     own court of justice. The latter fled. The Financial Commisary
+     committed suicide by shooting himself, in order to escape the
+     infuriated crowd.
+
+     "In Oriekhovo-Zooyevo, the deputies work in their offices, guarded
+     by a most vigilant military force. Even on the streets they are
+     accompanied by guards armed with rifles and bayonets.
+
+     "In Penza, an attempt has been made on the lives of the Soviet
+     members. One of the presiding officers has been wounded. The Soviet
+     building is now surrounded with cannons and machine-guns.
+
+     "In Svicherka, where the Bolsheviki had ordered a Bartholomew
+     night, the deputies are hunted like wild animals....
+
+     "In Bielo, all members of the Soviets have been murdered.
+
+     "In Soligalich, two of the most prominent members of the Soviets
+     have literally been torn to pieces. Two others have been beaten
+     half-dead.
+
+     "In Atkarsk, several members of the Soviets have been killed."
+
+"Struggling Russia," May 31, 1919, informs us that the Petrograd
+Committee of the Socialists-Revolutionists of the Left, in the middle of
+March, 1919, issued the following proclamation condemning the Petrograd
+Soviet:
+
+     "Shame to the Bolshevist Violators, Liars and 'Agents
+     Provocateurs!'
+
+     "The Petrograd Soviet does not express the will of the Workmen,
+     Sailors and 'Reds.'
+
+     "The Soviet was not elected. The elections were either pretenses or
+     held under threats of shooting or starvation. This terrorism
+     completely suffocated freedom of speech, the press and meetings of
+     the laboring classes.
+
+     "The Petrograd Soviet consists of self-appointed Bolsheviki. It is
+     a blind tool in the hands of the 'agents-provacateurs,' hangmen and
+     assassins of the Bolshevist regime....
+
+     "Where is the dictatorship of the proletariat and working
+     peasantry? It has been supplanted by the dictatorship of the
+     Central Committee of the Bolshevist Party, governing with the
+     assistance of a swarm of extraordinary commissions and punitive
+     detachments of imported soldiers."
+
+Though the Russian Socialists overthrew the government of the Czar in
+the hope of securing liberty, liberty, under the Bolshevist regime, is
+farther off than it was before. The British High Commissioner, R. H.
+Bruce-Lockhart, in a telegram sent to the British Foreign Office,
+November 10, 1918, among other things said:
+
+     "The Bolsheviki have established a rule of force and oppression
+     unequaled in the history of any autocracy.
+
+     "Themselves the fiercest upholders of the right of free speech,
+     they have suppressed, since coming into power, every newspaper
+     which does not approve their policy.
+
+     "The right of holding public meetings has been abolished. The vote
+     has been taken away from everybody except the workmen in factories
+     and the poorer servants, and even amongst the workmen those who
+     dared to vote against the Bolsheviki are marked down by the
+     Bolshevist police as counter-revolutionaries, and are fortunate if
+     their worst fate is to be thrown into prison, of which in Russia
+     today it may truly be said, 'many go in but few come out.'"
+
+V. M. Zenzinov, a member of the Central Committee of the
+Socialists-Revolutionists, in an article published in "Struggling
+Russia," April 12, 1919, speaking of absence of liberty under
+Bolshevism, says:
+
+     "It was during my stay in Petrograd in April, 1918, that a
+     conference of factory and industrial plant employees of Petrograd
+     and vicinity was held, to which 100,000 Petrograd workingmen (out
+     of a total of 132,000) sent delegates. The conference adopted a
+     resolution sharply denouncing the Bolshevist regime. Following this
+     conference an attempt was made, in May, to call together an
+     All-Russian Congress of workmen's deputies in Moscow, but all the
+     delegates were arrested by the Bolsheviki, and to this day I am
+     ignorant of the fate that befell my comrades."
+
+Justice, as well as liberty, is a dead letter in the land of Lenine, and
+conscription is rigidly enforced by the Russian Socialist Government. R.
+H. Bruce-Lockhart, to whom reference has been made, in his telegram to
+the British Foreign Office, November 10, 1918, stated:
+
+     "The Bolsheviki have abolished even the most primitive forms of
+     justice. Thousands of men and women have been shot without even the
+     mockery of a trial, and thousands more are left to rot in the
+     prisons under conditions to find a parallel to which one must turn
+     to the darkest annals of Indian or Chinese history....
+
+     "The Bolsheviki who destroyed the Russian army, and who have always
+     been the avowed opponents of militarism, have forcibly mobilized
+     officers who do not share their political views, but whose
+     technical knowledge is indispensable, and by the threat of
+     immediate execution have forced them to fight against their
+     fellow-countrymen in a civil war of unparalleled horror."
+
+Concerning religious conditions in Russia, the Rev. Dr. George S.
+Simons, shortly after his return from that country, testified before the
+Senatorial Committee, which, in February, 1919, was investigating the
+nature of Russian Bolshevism:
+
+     "The Bolshevik is not only an atheist, but he also seeks to make
+     all religions impossible. They assert that all misery is due to the
+     superstition that there is a God. One of their officials told me:
+
+     "'We now propose to enlighten our children, and with this purpose
+     in view, we are issuing a catechism on atheism for use in all the
+     schools.'
+
+     "The man who told me this was the Commissionaire of Enlightenment
+     and Education."
+
+On February 7, 1919, an appeal was sent to Pope Benedict XV, by the
+Orthodox Greek clergy of that part of Russia which had not fallen a prey
+to the Bolsheviki. It was signed by Sylvester, Archbishop of Omsk,
+President of the Supreme Administration of the Orthodox Church, and by
+other members of the same administration. This letter implored the Holy
+Father to deign to take into consideration the conditions existing in
+Russia. It exposed a list of crimes and outrages, cities sacked,
+churches profaned and pillaged, more than twenty bishops and more than
+one hundred priests assassinated, the victims being of every kind. Some
+of them before they were put to death had their arms and legs cut off,
+while others were buried alive. Nuns were violated; the socialization of
+women was proclaimed; rein was given to unbridled passions; everywhere
+there was nothing but famine, death and misery. The following message is
+also noteworthy:
+
+     "With deep grief, Venerable Father, we expose to you the unhappy
+     conditions in which millions of Russians of true Russia are
+     reduced. Relying on that unity which makes all mankind one, and on
+     the strength of Christian fraternity, we hope, Venerable Father,
+     that we may count on your compassion as representing the Christian
+     Church, and trust that your flock will be informed of what is going
+     on, and that in common with you they will offer fervent prayers to
+     Him, in whose hands are both life and death, for those who in the
+     northeast of Europe are being made, because of their love of
+     Christ, Martyrs of the faith in the twentieth century."
+
+"Dyelo Naroda," an organ of the Socialists-Revolutionists of Russia, in
+April, 1918, stated that the situation of the church and clergy was
+horrible. "Everything pertaining to them is being spit upon and
+profaned. People, with rifles on their shoulders and their hats on,
+often enter the church and right there question the clergymen and arrest
+priests, at the same time mocking the religious feelings of the praying
+crowd. Many churches have been closed as a result of the edict
+concerning the separation of Church and State."
+
+"The New York Times," April 11, 1919, published the following special
+cable despatch concerning the religious persecution:
+
+     "London, April 10.--The Chronicle publishes an article by R.
+     Courtier Foster, a British Chaplain at Odessa and Russian ports of
+     the Black Sea, describing the religious persecution practised by
+     the Bolsheviki following upon their former capture of Odessa. He
+     says:
+
+     "'Committees were held on board the ships of the Black Sea Fleet,
+     among the dockers in the port, in the towns and villages on every
+     hand, which passed resolutions reading:
+
+     "'"We abolish God." In Odessa Cathedral, when the Archbishop of
+     Kherson was celebrating the Holy Mysteries, an uproar occurred with
+     cries of "Down with the priests!" "Down with the Church!" At a fęte
+     in the town gardens one saw a soldier of the Red Army, amid the
+     guffaws of his fellows, spit on the Russian holy picture of the
+     face of Christ, then tear it into fragments and stamp it into the
+     dust.
+
+     "'The Bolshevist conception of religious toleration is considerably
+     more elastic and far-reaching than the ideas of any medićval
+     inquisition. In this matter the Bolsheviki pride themselves on
+     being far in advance of our effete western thought. They have
+     murdered Vladimir, the Metropolitan of Kiev, twenty bishops, and
+     many hundreds of priests. Before killing them they cut off the
+     limbs of their victims, some of whom they buried alive in the
+     Kremlin. The Cathedrals in Moscow and those in the towns of
+     Yaroslav and Simferopol have been sacked. Many nuns were violated
+     and churches defiled.
+
+     "'The ancient and historical sacristies and famous libraries of
+     Moscow and Petrograd were pillaged and countless sanctuaries
+     profaned. In Cronstadt Cathedral the great figure of the Crucified
+     Christ was torn down and removed, and a monstrous and appalling
+     pagan form placed in its stead, symbolizing "Freedom of Mind."
+
+     "'It is not against any one particular form of religion that the
+     terrors of the new Freedom are hurled. Orthodox, Roman Catholics
+     and Lutherans alike have been tortured, mutilated, and done to
+     death under the aegis of the Holy Revolution which appeals to the
+     proletariat of the whole world to join its forces.
+
+     "'The Revolutionary Government is subjecting the Christian religion
+     to persecutions as great and brutal as anything the world saw
+     during the first three centuries of the Christian era. Moral
+     disintegration and ruin spread their tentacles on every side. Any
+     restraint on sinful impulse or covetous desire is laughed to scorn.
+     The Bolsheviki publicly encourage outrage and looting. The
+     propaganda for freedom of mind is essentially nihilistic. It is
+     based on negation and denial of the existence of God, denial of the
+     authority of any moral law, denial of all rights of conscience,
+     denial of all religious liberty, denial of all freedom of the
+     press, denial of any liberty of speech.
+
+     "'One officer remarked despairingly to me: "In Russia now there is
+     no God, no Czar, no law, no property, no money, no food--only
+     freedom." And in that travesty of liberty, which the whole
+     civilized world may well shudder at, all mercy, pity and toleration
+     are alike scorned. And it is this new and wonderful equality of man
+     which by means of torture, outrage and assassinations proclaims the
+     "freedom of mind and body" to the devastated Russian nation.'"
+
+In an Associated Press despatch, from London, that appeared in "The New
+York Times" on April 19, 1919, we are informed that of the 300 priests
+in the Perm diocese, 46 have been killed; moreover, that two monasteries
+were pillaged.
+
+A very interesting and enlightening article on religion in Russia and
+the attitude of the Bolsheviki towards it appears in "The Proletarian,"
+Detroit, April, 1919. The author is Ernest Greenburg and we shall quote
+the greater part of his article:
+
+     "The resolution adopted by the Socialist Party of Michigan at its
+     recent State Convention that, 'It shall be the duty of all
+     agitators and organizers upon all occasions to avail themselves of
+     the opportunity of explaining religion,' caused a storm of
+     indignation to arise among certain 'Socialists.' Clinging to the
+     old fallacy that religion should be left alone, they point to the
+     Russian Constitution and the works of the Bolshevik leaders who say
+     'Religion is a private matter.' But they fail to understand that
+     the interpretation of the term 'Religion is a private matter,' has
+     a different meaning here than it has in Russia.
+
+     "The slogan, 'Religion is a private matter,' is not of Russian
+     origin. It has been and is one of the battle cries of the
+     Revolutionary working class in all countries in which the Church
+     and the State are combined. Different conditions account for
+     different understandings of the terms 'Private Matter' here and in
+     Russia.
+
+     "Probably in no other country have religion and the church played
+     such an important role in the affairs of the state as in Russia up
+     to the very present time. Truly, it was not so much the force of
+     arms as that of ignorance which kept up the Czardom for hundreds of
+     years. The Feudal aristocracy realized the advantages to be derived
+     from keeping the minds of its slaves in darkness and superstition.
+     One of the most powerful weapons in the hands of aristocracy was
+     the Church, whose noble duty it was to sow and to propagate
+     ignorance. The Church was officially a part of the state. People
+     were forced to go to church; school children[10] were taught the
+     'Holy Law of God,' attacks against the church were punished as
+     attacks against the Czar.
+
+     "Religious ignorance of the masses was the greatest enemy of the
+     Socialists in their propaganda work; at every step they had to meet
+     and to combat the authority of God, in whose name the church
+     servants consecrated the yoke of the Czar and the landlords. It was
+     necessary to pull this poisonous tooth out of the jaws of the
+     state. Hence came the demand: 'Religion is a private
+     matter,'--private as opposed to state. It meant that the Church
+     should be separated from the state and be deprived from its
+     protection. It was a demand which, put to the Czarist government,
+     if granted would only facilitate the struggle against this very
+     religion.
+
+     "Similar demands have been put in the Socialist platforms of
+     Germany, Austria, and other countries which were confronted with
+     conditions like those in Russia. One of the immediate demands of
+     the French revolutionists of the nineteenth century was of this
+     nature.
+
+     "The November Revolution put the Russian workers in possession of
+     the machinery of the church. As a weapon of ignorance, it could not
+     be used against the exploiters; nor could it be destroyed by force.
+     Then the Russian workers declared religion a private matter,
+     thereby depriving it of State protection and forcing it under the
+     blows of scientific criticism, which will rapidly do away with the
+     reminders of the decrepit superstitions.
+
+     "In America religion always was 'a private matter.' It had never
+     been officially related to the state, but just the same it is now
+     being employed by the ruling class against the workers. If it is
+     not yet as influential here as it was in Russia during the reign of
+     the Czars--it is becoming so. Its destructive work cannot be
+     neglected any longer. It must be fought....
+
+     "German Socialists understand that by destroying the holy alliance
+     between the Church and the State their task would not be completed.
+     After that 'We must wage unrelenting war against the Church,' says
+     Bebel, 'because she foments civil war among the workers--because it
+     is the only reactionary force which has any strength and which
+     keeps us in voluntary slavery.'
+
+     "By separating the Church from the State and thereby enforcing
+     their demand, 'Religion is a private matter,' the French Socialists
+     were not yet satisfied. They went on fighting religion, and their
+     Belgian comrades worked in accord with them. Says E. Vandervelde,
+     'We are bound to admit that both in philosophy and in politics
+     there must be war between Socialism and the Church.'
+
+     "This attitude of the French and Belgian Socialists was approved by
+     the international Congress at Amsterdam, 1904.
+
+     "The position of the Russian Socialists is very clear. They fully
+     understand that 'Religion is a private matter' signifies only the
+     first stage in the war against mental slavery. 'Religion is a
+     private matter,' says N. Boucharin (The Church and the School),
+     'but it does not mean that we must not fight it by persuasion.'
+     Further on he emphasizes that it is a 'private matter' only as
+     much as forceful protection or forceful destruction is concerned.
+     Beyond the gates of the State's protection, religion is not
+     considered to be a private matter in Russia. It is fought there in
+     schools and educational institutions by 'Propaganda, explanation
+     and education.'
+
+     "In this question American Socialists must not be misled by the
+     seeming contradiction in terms."
+
+In the April 19, 1919, number of "Struggling Russia," Dioneo gives some
+interesting information relative to the destruction of education under
+the Bolshevist regime:
+
+     "The lower and secondary schools are ruined. The villages have
+     their Soviets, their premises for meetings, but no lower schools.
+     As regards secondary schools, the Bolshevist reformers are of the
+     opinion that, in general, such institutions are not wanted and are
+     just as unnecessary as the intermediate stage between nascent
+     capitalism and the extreme form of communism.
+
+     "The Bolsheviki have only acknowledged the universities. At first,
+     the reformers made such experiments on the latter as, for instance,
+     the appointment of a porter to the post of inspector of the
+     Technological institute, or of a cook as head-mistress of the
+     Higher Courses for Girls. Then the Bolsheviki decided that no
+     certificates were necessary for matriculation at the university.
+     Any half-educated person might become a student of any faculty. The
+     professors were at a loss to know how to lecture on higher
+     mathematics to students ignorant of the multiplication table, or
+     how to explain spectral analysis to persons hardly able to read.
+     Then the Bolsheviki decided that there was no necessity for the
+     professor to have a diploma either. It was only necessary that he
+     should be a supporter of the Bolshevist platform. That is all! And
+     celebrated Professors were obliged to leave the universities which
+     they had made famous....
+
+     "National education--elementary, secondary, and higher--has been
+     completely ruined by the Bolsheviki. Lately, they have apparently
+     decided that Bolshevism ought to give the world a new type of
+     university, quite different from that of the bourgeoisie. And with
+     that in mind, the Municipal Council of Voronezh has thought of a
+     'Street University.' This is how the 'Izvestia' describes this
+     curious institution of higher education: 'Each of the principal
+     thoroughfares of Voronezh is now a faculty--of law, economics,
+     history, literature, science, etc. The walls of the houses are
+     placarded with posters, containing portraits and brief biographies
+     of men distinguished in one or another branch of knowledge and
+     brief items of information concerning the respective subject.'
+     Thus comments the organ of the Bolshevist Government: 'Every
+     citizen, instead of spending years at a university, can pick up a
+     general knowledge of the principal educational subjects as he goes
+     along.' ...
+
+     "Russia's school system is ruined. Education reforms exist only on
+     paper. And at the same time the Bolsheviki, wishing to show that
+     they value knowledge very highly, have announced that a
+     geographical university such as the world has 'never yet seen' is
+     going to be opened in Petrograd. It is interesting to know what
+     professors will lecture in this new university, and who will form
+     their audience?"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+RUSSIA RED WITH BLOOD AND BLACK WITH CRIME
+
+
+
+Socialists have for many years boasted of the perfect peace and harmony
+which would prevail when once they had established their state.
+Bloodshed, civil discord and strife of every kind would cease when the
+Marxian workers ruled the land, for, as they said, privately owned
+property, and exploitation of workers are the source of wars and the
+fundamental cause of the oppression of the people. Bolshevist Russia,
+however, the first Socialist country, appears to be an exception.
+Perhaps no nation has ever witnessed such scenes of violence, bloodshed,
+murder and cruelty, perpetrated by a government, not against a foreign
+foe, but against its own people, and this not after an existence of a
+hundred or several hundred years, but constantly from its very birth. So
+far only a few pages, comparatively speaking, of the history of the
+terrible outrages are opened to us, but from these we can form some
+slight idea of the dreadful condition of the land that is truly red, but
+red principally from the rivers of blood that flow in abundance over
+every section of the country.
+
+The "Izvestia," an official Bolshevist publication, on October 19, 1918,
+published the following news item under the heading, "The Conference of
+the Extraordinary Commission:"
+
+"Comrade Baky threw light on the work of the District Commission of
+Petrograd after the departure of the All-Russian Extraordinary
+Commission for Moscow. The total number of people arrested by the
+Extraordinary Commission amounted to 6,220. Eight hundred people were
+shot."
+
+The "Northern Commune," another official Bolshevist publication, in its
+issue of September 10, 1918, stated:
+
+     "In the whole of the Jaroslavl Government a strict registration of
+     the bourgeoisie and its partisans has been organized. Manifestly
+     anti-Soviet elements are being shot; suspected persons are being
+     interned in concentration camps; non-working sections of the
+     population are being subjected to compulsory labor."
+
+The same edition of the "Northern Commune" publishes the following
+despatch:
+
+     "Tver, Sept. 9.--The Extraordinary Commission has arrested and sent
+     to concentration camps over 130 hostages from among the
+     bourgeoisie. The prisoners include members of the Cadet Party,
+     Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right, former officers, well known
+     members of the propertied class and policemen."
+
+From the September 18, 1918, edition of the "Northern Commune" we learn
+that in Perm, in retaliation for the assassination of Uritzky and for
+the attempt on Lenine, fifty hostages from among the bourgeois classes
+and the White Guards were shot.
+
+"Struggling Russia," March 22, 1919, supplies us with other details of
+Bolshevist rifle rule:
+
+     "We know a great deal about the terror in Petrograd, and
+     considerably less about Moscow. The reason is plain. We find the
+     curtain dropped on the activities of the All-Russian Extraordinary
+     Commission which had its seat in Moscow. In a report of the meeting
+     of the Executive Committee of the Moscow Soviet, which took place
+     on October 16, we read:
+
+     "'The report of the work of the All-Russian Extraordinary
+     Commission was read at a secret session of the Executive Committee.
+     But the report and the discussion of it were held behind closed
+     doors and will not be published.' ['Izvestia,' October 17, 1918.]
+
+     "The kind of decisions adopted by the Moscow Bolsheviki behind
+     closed doors and the mass terror practised in Moscow and all over
+     Russia under the direction of the All-Russian Extraordinary
+     Commission are well illustrated by Eugene Trupp, a prominent
+     Socialist-Revolutionist and a member of the All-Russian Constituent
+     Assembly, who wrote the following in the Socialist-Revolutionary
+     daily, 'Zemlia i Volia' (Land and Freedom) of October 3, 1918:
+
+     "'After the murder of Uritzky in Petrograd, 1,500 people were
+     arrested; 512, including 10 Socialists-Revolutionists, were shot.
+     At the same time 800 people were arrested in Moscow. It is unknown,
+     however, how many of these were shot. In Nizhni-Novgorod, 41 were
+     shot; in Yaroslavl, 13; in Astrakhan, 12 Socialists-Revolutionists;
+     in Sarapool, a member of the Central Committee of the Party of
+     Socialists-Revolutionists, I. I. Teterkin; in Penza, about 40
+     officers; in Kooznetzk people are daily shot in masses; all this is
+     only a drop in the ocean. I have no exact information as to the
+     number of people shot in other cities.' ...
+
+     "'Despite all these and other outrages, a demonstration of Red
+     Guards took place in Moscow on September 6. Their main demands were
+     "deeds for words" and "relentless red terror in the fight against
+     the bourgeoisie." ...
+
+     "'The last days of my stay Moscow and Soviet-Russia in general were
+     filled with red terror. A gray, silent and dejected crowd, with
+     pale, terrified faces and eyes full of excitement, was moving along
+     the streets. "Such or such people have been arrested today." "This
+     or that number has been shot." "Do not sleep at home, they are
+     looking for you." "You are still alive?" "Why do you not go away
+     from here?" were expressions hastily exchanged.
+
+     "'No conversations were heard; only silent whispering in corners.
+     All were trembling. All were filled with horror of the wild terror.
+     Spies were all over. At the proper places you could see their
+     familiar figures.
+
+     "'These spies sneak about the stations, mingling with the crowds of
+     Red Guards, in the trains, and in all dirty, warm corners always
+     pushing forward. While traveling you feel that if your face or
+     perhaps your attire, or your opinion, carelessly uttered, will not
+     please them, you may be held up at any moment. You feel that every
+     passenger is hiding something in himself. Keep silent; we will
+     talk later when we have passed the spying cordons.'"
+
+In the September 18, 1918, evening issue of the "Northern Commune,"
+there is a report of a meeting of the Soviet of the First District of
+Petrograd. After a report made by Kharitonoff, who emphasized the
+necessity of suppressing the bourgeois press, and after speeches by
+other members, the following resolution was passed:
+
+     "The meeting welcomes the fact that mass terror is being used
+     against the White Guards and higher bourgeois classes, and declares
+     that every attempt on the life of our leaders will be answered by
+     the proletariat by the shooting down not only of hundreds, as the
+     case is now, but of thousands of White Guards, bankers,
+     manufacturers, Cadets (Constitutional Democrats) and
+     Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right."
+
+We are indebted to "Struggling Russia," March 29, 1919, for the
+following information as regards the Red rule of Lenine and the shooting
+of children:
+
+     "The following quotation from a speech of one of the most active
+     Bolshevist leaders, Zinoviev, printed in the 'Northern Commune' of
+     September 19, 1918, fully expresses the spirit of the Bolshevist
+     terrorism:
+
+     "'To overcome our enemies we must have our own Socialist
+     Militarism. We must win over to our side 90 millions out of the 100
+     millions of population of Russia under the Soviets. As for the
+     rest, we have nothing to say to them; they must be annihilated.'
+
+     "The program of annihilating ten million of the opponents of
+     Bolshevism in Russia (Mr. Zinoviev has considerably underestimated
+     their number) began to be executed by the Bolsheviki from the first
+     moment of their coming into power. In the beginning of March, 1918,
+     they held mass executions in Rostov-on-the-Don, killing, among
+     others, many youths. The Moscow 'Russkiya Viedomosti' (Russian
+     News) in its issue of March 23, 1918, reported that the president
+     of the Rostov Municipal Council and the Chairman of the Don
+     Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Party, B. C. Vasiliev,
+     the mayor of the city, P. Petrenko, the former Chairman of the
+     Rostov-Nakhichevan Council of Workingmen's and Soldiers' Delegates,
+     P. Melnikov, and even M. Smirnov, at that time Chairman of the
+     Council, have handed in a petition to the Bolshevist
+     War-Revolutionary Council asking them to shoot them 'instead of the
+     innocent children who are executed without law and justice.' A
+     group of women, horrified by what was going on, also asked that
+     they be shot instead of the children. In their petition they wrote
+     as follows:
+
+     "'If, according to you, there is need of sacrifices in blood and
+     life in order to establish a Socialistic state and to create new
+     ways of life, take our lives, kill us, grown mothers and fathers,
+     but let our children live. They have not yet had a chance to live;
+     they are only growing and developing. Do not destroy young lives.
+     Take our lives and our blood as ransom....
+
+     "'We, mothers, have served the country by giving our sons, husbands
+     and brothers. Pray, take our last possession, our lives, but spare
+     our children. Call us, one after the other, for execution, when our
+     children are to be shot! Every one of us would gladly die in order
+     to save the life of her children or that of other children.
+
+     "'Citizens, members of the War Revolutionary Council, listen to the
+     cries of the mothers. We cannot be kept silent!'"
+
+Charles Dumas, a French Socialist, on his return to France from Russia,
+wrote a book in which he warns his fellow-comrades on the dangers of
+Bolshevism, and among other things he says:
+
+     "Upon my arrival in Petrograd I wanted, first of all, to meet three
+     of my old Russian friends, but soon learned that my searches were
+     in vain. Two of the poor fellows had lost their minds and the third
+     had cut his own throat with a razor....
+
+     "The Sebastopol horrors of March, 1918, when the sailors of the
+     port, inflamed to a high pitch of bestiality by the Bolshevist
+     press decided to kill all the inhabitants of the principal streets,
+     not sparing even children above the age of five, are still so fresh
+     in your minds that I need not remind you of them....
+
+     "On March 18, 1918, the peasants of an adjoining village organized,
+     in collusion with the Bolsheviki, a veritable St. Bartholomew night
+     in the city of Kuklovo. About 500 bodies of the victims were found
+     afterwards, most of them 'intellectuals.' All residences and stores
+     were plundered and destroyed, the Jews being among the worst
+     sufferers. Entire families were wiped out, and for three days the
+     Bolsheviki would not permit the burial of the dead.
+
+     "In May, 1918, the city of Korocha was the scene of a horrible
+     massacre. Thirty officers, four priests, and 300 citizens were
+     killed. The Peoples' Commissaries and the Soviets have, upon more
+     than one occasion, made admissions that these horrors were part of
+     their program. At the Congress of the Soviets the chairman of the
+     Central Committee of the Soviets, Sverdlov, said: 'We invoke the
+     Soviets not to relent, but to fortify the Terror, no matter how
+     terrible it may be and what dimensions it may assume.'"
+
+An Associated Press despatch, dated Omsk, April 5, 1919, stated that the
+Bolsheviki had murdered 2,000 at or near Osa:
+
+     "Indisputable evidence of the massacre by the Bolsheviki of more
+     than 2,000 civilians in and near the town of Osa has been obtained
+     by Messrs. Simmonds and Emerson and Dr. Rudolph Teusler of the
+     American Red Cross, who have just returned from reoccupied Russian
+     territory. Approximately 500 persons were killed at Osa and 1,500
+     in the surrounding districts."
+
+The same despatch shows the excessive cruelty of Lenine's gang of
+blood-thirsty Reds:
+
+     "A blacksmith was shot because he could not pay 5,000 rubles. A man
+     was shot because he lived in a brick house. All attorneys and
+     jurists and doctors whose services were not required were killed. A
+     woman was compelled to fetch a lamp and gaze upon her murdered sons
+     for the amusement of the slayers.
+
+     "The Soviet called a meeting and prepared lists of those to die.
+     The houses prescribed were visited by squads, the doors were
+     smashed in, the victims dragged to the edge of the town and forced
+     to dig their own graves. A survivor testified that he had seen men
+     thrown into a pit and buried alive. Priests were hunted
+     unmercifully. The evidence showed that men were slain whose only
+     offense was that they worked as sextons or caretakers of churches.
+     In the Perm district everything of value was stolen from the
+     churches, the monastery was looted and several priests were
+     murdered."
+
+According to two more Associated Press despatches, even women and
+children were not excepted by the Bolsheviki who have been so much
+extolled by our American Socialists and recognized as their brethren:
+
+     "Stockholm, April 17, 1919.--The Bolsheviki are carrying out a
+     rapid and systematic annihilation of all the bourgeois elements in
+     Riga, according to reports from Libau to 'Svenska Dagblast.' The
+     victims of the Bolsheviki terror are taken to the Island of Hasen,
+     in the Dvina river, and are said to number 70,000, including women
+     and children. No one is permitted to take food or money to the
+     island."
+
+     "London, April 17, 1919.--Eighteen hundred persons, including 400
+     women, were murdered by the Bolsheviki at Ufa, according to a
+     dispatch from Omsk, received in official quarters here."
+
+The "Northern Commune" published the following report in which the
+horrors of the Bolsheviki prisons were described by the Bolsheviki
+themselves:
+
+     "The presiding officers of the Soviet of the Viborg district
+     decided to send a delegation to the prisons of that district when
+     they heard that terrible scenes were occurring there. The prisoners
+     were starving. Many of them who had been held eight months had not
+     yet been tried, for the Commission entrusted with the investigation
+     of their cases had not yet been in session.
+
+     "The delegation consisted of Dr. Petropavlovsky, the Military
+     Commissionary, Vasilyevsky, and the President of the Soviet,
+     Frilisser. The latter handed in the following report: 'Comrades,
+     what we saw and heard in visiting the prisons of the Viborg
+     district cannot be described....
+
+     "'The cells are repulsively dirty. There is neither clean linen nor
+     pillows. The prisoners are being punished for the least offence.
+
+     "'But what is most terrible is the scene we witnessed in the prison
+     hospital.
+
+     "'Comrades! We found there no people! We found there living ghosts
+     who had no strength to talk, for they were starving.
+
+     "'When somebody dies, the corpse remains for several hours with its
+     living neighbors, who say: "That is nothing. We shall all soon die
+     of hunger."'"
+
+"Dyelo Naroda," in its issue of April 26, 1918, thus describes the
+cruelties of the barbarous Bolshevists:
+
+     "In Kirensk County the people's tribunal ordered a woman found
+     guilty of extracting brandy, to be enclosed in a bag and repeatedly
+     knocked against the ground until dead.
+
+     "In the Province of Tver the people's tribunal had sentenced a
+     young fellow to freeze to death for theft. In a rigid frost he was
+     led out, clad only in a shirt, and water was poured on him until he
+     turned into a piece of ice. Out of pity somebody cut his tortures
+     short by shooting him."
+
+The British High Commissioner, R. H. Bruce-Lockhart, in his telegram to
+the British Foreign Office, November 10, 1918, thus describes one of the
+methods of torture and the taking of hostages as practiced by the
+followers of the "gentle" Lenine:
+
+     "The Bolsheviki have restored the barbarous methods of torture. The
+     examination of prisoners frequently takes place with a revolver at
+     the unfortunate prisoner's head.
+
+     "The Bolsheviki have established the odious practice of taking
+     hostages. Still worse, they have struck at their political
+     opponents through their woman folk. When recently a long list of
+     hostages was published in Petrograd, the Bolsheviki seized the
+     wives of those men whom they could not find and threw them into
+     prison until their husbands should give themselves up."
+
+When the Bolsheviki were forced to evacuate Riga, in May, 1919, they
+left behind them in the [**] prisons 1,600 hostages who were found to be
+in a state of unspeakable misery and starvation.
+
+An Associated Press despatch of March 22, 1919, states that "a Russian
+girl of 19 years, who, in December, 1918, had been charged with
+espionage, was tortured by being pierced thirteen times in the same
+wound with a bayonet. She lived, however, and made an affidavit to these
+details."
+
+The same dispatch states that "an examination of dead bodies of persons
+alleged to have been killed by the Bolsheviki in the Perm district,
+shows a preponderance of bayonet wounds in the back, but in other
+instances mouths were slit, fingers and hands cut off, and the heads of
+the victims smashed."
+
+"Struggling Russia," in its issue of April 5, 1919, informs us that
+"officers have come out of Petrograd prisons with their nails torn off,
+and that prisoners after having been fed on herrings were given nothing
+to drink for two or three days."
+
+A dispatch from Warsaw, dated April 10, 1919, stated that fugitives from
+Russia were pouring into that city, each of them bringing fresh tales of
+Bolsheviki horrors. The people in Russia, it was said, were being shot
+on the least provocation. For instance, men who remained in bed during
+the cold weather to keep warm because they had no fuel were accused of
+"discontent" and dragged into the streets and shot. Dead bodies, it was
+claimed, were left lying in the streets in heaps.
+
+In order to maintain their popularity with the workingmen and with their
+hired mercenaries, the Bolsheviki paid their supporters enormous wages
+by means of an unchecked paper issue. In fact they have turned out so
+many tons of paper money, without financial guarantees of any sort, that
+today in Russia money has lost practically all its value.
+
+"Struggling Russia," March 22, 1919, publishes an appeal issued in
+Petrograd and signed by the following organizations: Committee for the
+Defence of Freedom of the Press; Central Committee of the Russian Social
+Democratic Labor Party; Central Committee of the Party of
+Socialists-Revolutionists; Central Committee of the Councils of Peasant
+Deputies and the Union of Workmen-Printers. Among other things the
+appeal says:
+
+     "Civil war has inflamed the whole country. Cities are being
+     destroyed. The war of brother against brother is consuming the
+     strength of our revolutionary democracy. The cannons, secured to
+     guard the conquests of our revolution, shatter monuments, homes,
+     and shrines of art. The cities of Russia fall at the hands of her
+     own citizens....
+
+     "The nation is being driven towards ruin. The people are deprived
+     of all liberties won by the revolution."
+
+The April 26, 1919, issue of "Struggling Russia," under the caption,
+"City of the Dead," describes the deplorable condition of Petrograd as
+follows:
+
+     "Vladimir Bourtzev published in his paper, 'Obscherye Dyelo,' (The
+     Common Cause), appearing in Paris, an interview with a well known
+     pedagogist and journalist, C. L. Avaliani, who recently arrived
+     from Petrograd. Mr. Avaliani lived in Petrograd during the bright,
+     early days of the revolution and has also witnessed the tragic
+     period of the Bolshevist rule:
+
+     "'That Petrograd that used to draw to itself the leading social and
+     scientific forces is no more. That living spring that sent upward a
+     spray of rainbow hues and colors has gradually died out and is now
+     finally extinct.
+
+     "'There is no scientific activity, no research work, no literary or
+     artistic life. All is leveled down and compressed under one
+     Bolshevist lid. The only burning question is the problem of food.
+     The only blessed object of Bolshevist providence is the remaining
+     bourgeois element, the only axis around which all their creative
+     experiments revolve. On the one hand, those who toil,--and on the
+     other the "parasites," and to the latter class all the members of
+     the liberal professions, all the literateurs, the lawyers and the
+     clergy were assigned. The sympathizers and upholders of the "rule
+     of the Soviets" get a food ticket; all the others are sentenced to
+     starvation.
+
+     "'It is a rule that rests solely on bayonets! There is no popular
+     confidence, no social support. It is all regarded as superfluous
+     and a "burgeois" prejudice. The sole means of enlightenment and
+     conviction are the bayonet and machine gun....
+
+     "'A real Kingdom of the Dead! Petrograd is empty. Many have been
+     summarily shot, but still more have died from exhaustion and
+     disease, and some have fled. From a population of three million
+     only 976,000 remain.'"
+
+"Struggling Russia," on April 5, 1919, published a detailed list of 76
+places or districts in which there were uprisings against the Bolsheviki
+in the year 1918. In the year 1919 the revolutionary outbreaks seem to
+have become far more numerous.
+
+Evidence as to the criminal nature of Russian Bolshevism was supplied by
+the Rev. Dr. George S. Simons, who, in February, 1919, testified before
+the Senatorial Committee as to his personal knowledge of the matter:
+
+     "There is a large criminal element in the Bolshevist regime. The
+     fact that the criminal has a big part in the movement is proven by
+     the destruction in a public bonfire of court records, the
+     destruction of prisons and the liberation of all criminals who are
+     sympathetic with the cause. We know it to be a fact that some of
+     the worst criminal characters in all Russia hold positions under
+     the Bolshevist Government, while others are helping as agitators."
+
+A press dispatch dated Warsaw, April 10, 1919, states that it has been
+decided by the Bolsheviki regime that control of desire of impulse, even
+when self-imposed, is against the freedom of man, that as a consequence
+unbelievable orgies and indecencies take place, and that all restraint
+is at an end. The despatch states, futhermore[11], that the aristocrats
+remaining in Russia have lost all will and energy. They accept
+degradation or death with complete fatalism and do not even try to save
+their wives and daughters.
+
+The deplorable condition of that part of Russia under Bolshevist rule
+was described in the Declaration adopted by the Socialist groups in Omsk
+on February 23, 1919. The Declaration says in part:
+
+     "The main prop of an agricultural country such as Russia
+     principally is, the peasant population, is pauperized, starving and
+     is being driven under the banners of the Red Armies by lash and
+     rifle. The numerically small class of intellectuals is being shot
+     down and exterminated. The cities have been handed over to the
+     pillage and rule of Red Army troops. The prisons are overcrowded.
+     The enemies of the people have carried out their destructive
+     program to the very end, and given the people, in place of bread,
+     peace and freedom--a new inter-Russian war, the complete exhaustion
+     of all the productive forces of the land, economic, industrial and
+     railroad desolation, unemployment, a terrorizing reign of disorder
+     and a lapse into barbarity."
+
+The Council of the All-Siberian Co-operative Assemblies, in a
+Declaration brought to this country by C. A. Kovalsky, a prominent
+Russian writer and a member of the Party of Socialists-Revolutionists,
+says:
+
+     "The All-Siberian Co-operative Movement--as the expression of the
+     unity of the creative democratic elements--strives for the
+     rehabilitation of the destroyed statehood of Russia....
+
+     "The immediate aims of our political activities must be--the
+     support of the existing Omsk Government, which has proclaimed
+     itself a democratic rule; the steering of its political course into
+     democratic channels; the struggle with anti-democratic influences
+     from the Right as well as with the destructive forces from the
+     left; the strengthening of the ties between the rear and the
+     fighting front, and the support of the army as the cultural force
+     which is reconquering the violated rights of the people to the
+     formation of a democratic state."
+
+The Russian Co-operative Unions, having a membership of over 20,000,000,
+and representing the strongest economic organization in Russia, reaching
+every little town and village, announced through its representatives in
+New York, on May 20, 1919, its opposition to the Lenine regime and its
+support of the Provisional Russian Government at Omsk, Siberia, headed
+by Admiral Kolchak:
+
+     "When Russia fell under the Bolshevist Soviet rule, the
+     representatives of the Co-operative Organizations, at the
+     All-Russian Co-operative Congress in Moscow, April 18 to 24, 1918,
+     rejected the principles and the methods of the Bolsheviki and
+     declared the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, concluded by the Soviet
+     authorities with the Austro-German, dishonorable and ruinous for
+     Russia. In these terrible and trying times of bloody rule that our
+     suffering and worn-out country is passing through, the Co-operative
+     Organizations of Siberia and North Russia serve as a unifying link
+     for all the honest, healthy and State-preserving elements of the
+     Russian democracy.
+
+     "The All-Siberian United Co-operatives are fully cognizant of the
+     abnormal conditions in which the territories liberated from the
+     Bolsheviki--the Ural, Siberia and the North Russian Provinces--find
+     themselves, where in pain and anguish a new Russian Statehood is
+     arising. Nevertheless, considering the unusual difficulties
+     connected with the work of rebuilding and re-establishing legality
+     and order in a land overburdened financially and economically,
+     ravaged by civil war and hunger, and with a popular psychology
+     corrupted by Bolshevism, the United Co-operatives recognize and
+     support, until the formation of a new, ultimate government through
+     the Constituent Assembly, the Provisional Russian Government formed
+     on Siberian territory and headed by Admiral Kolchak....
+
+     "We have, on our side, State wisdom, equity and justice. Our
+     adversaries oppose us with terror, violence and complete social and
+     economic ruin."
+
+In the early part of the year 1919, the report reached America that the
+Bolshevist authorities were nationalizing women. The Socialists of our
+own country, who are far from being noted for their reliability and
+truthfulness, have, of course, denied the charge, in order that the
+Lenine regime, which they support and wish to see extended to our own
+land, might not have its already terribly sullied name dishonored still
+more. The Bolshevists are far from being saints, and a "few" of their
+"shortcomings" have been pointed out in this chapter.
+
+Certainly the Lenine Government is absolutely lax in matters
+appertaining to sex relations. It has fully legalized free love, as we
+learn from the No. 2 issue of the radical Los Angeles magazine, "More
+Truth About Russia." This magazine, of course, defends the Bolshevists,
+and on page 6 of the above-mentioned issue quotes several of the decrees
+of the Lenine Government on the matter of marriage and divorce. Among
+the decrees we read:
+
+"Marriage is annulled by the petition of both parties or even one of
+them." All that is necessary to annul a marriage is the expressed desire
+of either party. The party is, of course, then free to marry again and
+remain married till another partner is desired. Hence free love is
+legalized. A government that legalizes free love may be expected to
+nationalize those women who do not wish to marry or who are unable to
+secure partners by the time they have reached a certain age.
+
+"The Call," New York, April 2, 1919, on its editorial page reprinted an
+apology of the English publication, "New Europe," which in a previous
+issue had given as the authority for its charge of the nationalization
+of women in Russia an article in the Soviet paper "Izvestija:"
+
+"I have made particular inquiries among friends recently arrived from
+Russia," says Dr. Harold Williams, "New Europe's" collaborator, "as to
+the alleged nationalization of women, and they have all assured me
+positively that they have never heard or read of such a decree."
+
+Those "friends," whoever they were, were possibly Bolsheviki themselves,
+and are not said to have denied that the women were nationalized, but
+merely that they had never heard or read of the "decree." Lots of things
+are enforced by authorities without decrees. The Bolshevist authorities
+may have had no decrees for the murder of the many thousands of innocent
+citizens whom they tortured and put to death.
+
+Dr. Harold Williams states, moreover, that it is certain that "the
+Central Bolshevist Government has issued no order of the kind" (i.e., of
+nationalization), but he does not deny that in different places the
+local Bolshevist authorities may have nationalized women.
+
+Further on it is admitted that not the official national Soviet organ,
+but the local Vladimir Soviet organ, "Izvestija," was the Bolshevist
+paper which stated that the Bolshevists of Vladimir had nationalized
+women.
+
+The article in "New Europe," republished in "The Call," concludes with
+these words:
+
+     "As this puts an entirely different complexion on the matter, and
+     as the Central Moscow Government cannot be held responsible for the
+     lucubrations of every local committee, we desire to withdraw
+     unreservedly the imputation and to express our regret for the
+     mistake."
+
+This article in the March 13, 1919, issue of "New Europe," which thus
+apologizes for the "mistake" that it claims it made in a previous issue,
+has been quoted far and wide by American Socialists and other radicals
+of our country. Yet witnesses who were questioned at the Senatorial
+investigation at Washington, in February, 1919, attested to the
+nationalization by the Bolshevists.
+
+On February 7, 1919, the Orthodox Greek Archbishop of Omsk and other
+clergy of the Russian Church sent a letter to Pope Benedict XV,
+mentioning, with other crimes and abuses of the Bolshevists, the
+socialization of women.
+
+A press despatch dated Warsaw, April 10, 1919, stated the following
+concerning the condition of women in Russia:
+
+     "The nationalization of women is becoming quite general. The
+     Bolsheviki have declared war on family life and consideration for
+     one another's mother or sister is forbidden. All must be treated
+     alike. The most terrible thing is that the women themselves have
+     accepted this nationalization and very little protest is made. This
+     applies to every class. In certain cases, however, a hitch has
+     occurred. Even Bolshevism cannot master human nature, and it has
+     been found that a masculine jealousy occasionally stands in a way.
+     Certain men have refused to nationalize a particular woman and as a
+     result Bolshevik has fought Bolshevik with considerable force."
+
+An Associated Press despatch from London, April 15, 1919, gives lengthy
+details regarding the nationalization of women, and even the opposition
+offered to it:
+
+     "The law providing for the nationalization of women in Northeast
+     Russia has been suspended in one province as a result of popular
+     outcry, according to information reaching London today, from
+     Stockholm.
+
+     "The Commissary of Vladimir has, by decree, appointed a committee
+     of women, who are to inquire into operations of the law and make a
+     report with the least possible delay. His action has been approved
+     by the local Soviet.
+
+     "'The Krasnaya Gazeta' publishes an account of the results of
+     nationalization. The system provides that every girl on reaching
+     the age of eighteen must register her name in the Bureau of Free
+     Love, after which she is compelled to select a partner from among
+     men between the ages of 19 and 50 years old. The law led to
+     lamentable confusion, says the 'Gazeta,' in judicial notions as to
+     personal inviolability.
+
+     "A few days after the Soviet's decree, which women very generally
+     ignored, two men known to nobody, arrived in the town and seized
+     the two daughters of a well-known non-bourgeois comrade, declaring
+     they had chosen them as wives and that the girls without further
+     ceremony must submit, as they had not observed the registration
+     rule.
+
+     "Comrades Yablonovski and Guriakin, who sat as judges on the claim,
+     decided that the men were right, and the girls were carried off.
+     They have not been heard of since by the village folk.
+
+     "This, says the Gazeta, was done in the name of the nationalization
+     of women.
+
+     "Many other instances of the fantastic operation of the law, not to
+     speak of its inhumanities, are cited by the Gazeta. Enthusiasts for
+     nationalization, naturally all males, raid whole villages, seize
+     young girls, and demand proof that they are not over 18. As this
+     proof is difficult to give, many of the girls are carried off, and
+     there have been suicides and murders as a result.
+
+     "In the town of Kovrov, a campaign without parallel since the
+     Trojan war was waged between the vengeful relatives of an abducted
+     nationalized girl and her persecutors.
+
+     "In this town the 'register of nationalized women' was opened on
+     December 1, but up to February 1 last only two women, both over 40,
+     and neither of whom had ever been married, registered themselves as
+     willing to accept the first husband the state sent along.
+
+     "On the committee which is now to revise the nationalization decree
+     or to recommend its complete abrogation sits Mme. Vera Arkadieff, a
+     Bolshevist enthusiast, who commanded a detachment of women soldiers
+     during the recent operations against Admiral Kolchak's army at
+     Perm. She has been twice wounded."
+
+"The Krasnaya Gazeta," translated, means the Red Gazette. It is a
+Bolshevist newspaper published in Petrograd. The following "Special
+Cable" to "The New York Times," dated Milan, April 24, 1919, published
+April 26, 1919, gives a Bolshevist's explanation of the Russian sex
+legislation:
+
+     "A Bolshevist statesman, from whom the 'Journal Epoca' obtained a
+     special interview respecting the Leninist legislation on the sex
+     problem, complains that a vast amount of grotesque
+     misrepresentation has appeared on the subject in the hostile or
+     unsympathetic press.
+
+     "'Abolition of celibacy has been adopted,' he stated, 'simply as a
+     means toward class equality. Every woman, on attaining her
+     eighteenth and every man on his twentieth year, is bound to
+     inscribe his or her name in a special register kept at the
+     Commissariat of Unions, and must then contract a union within the
+     period of six months. Should they fail to do so, they are served
+     with three warning notices at successive intervals of two months,
+     before any step is taken in the way of coercive measures. Every
+     bachelor and every spinster is bound to furnish a written
+     explanation of their irregular condition, and the only reasons
+     admitted as valid are serious ill-health or organic defects.
+
+     "'When two lovers wish to marry they present themselves to the
+     People's Commissary, who witnesses their marriage. The same course
+     is followed as regards separating, only that the Commissary, after
+     freeing the unhappy pair, inscribes the man afresh on the celibate
+     list and the woman on the register of marriageable persons,
+     notifying each of the obligation to find another partner within six
+     months. In case children have been born from their union, they are
+     either delivered to the custody of the particular parent desiring
+     them or else divided between them. The Commissariat of Unions aids
+     the youth of either sex in their quest of a mate by promoting all
+     healthy forms of social intercourse and facilitating introductions
+     among families of every type.'"
+
+The above despatch was published in the April 26, 1919, issue of "The
+New York Times."
+
+On April 28, 1919, the following very apt comment was made on it and
+appeared on the editorial page of the "New York Times":
+
+     "As explained by somebody whom a Milan paper calls a 'Bolshevist
+     statesman,' marriage as regulated by the great and good Lenine is
+     not at all the dreadful thing described recently by the mendacious
+     enemies of his Socialistic paradise. As pictured by his friends,
+     nothing worse has been done than to exert a gentle pressure on the
+     marriageable unmarried to the end that they may do their duty to
+     the Bolshevist State and provide it as soon as may be with new sons
+     and daughters to take the place of those recently 'removed' by a
+     benevolent terrorism.
+
+     "Bachelorhood and spinsterhood are to be regarded as
+     'irregular'--conditions that must be explained in writing to the
+     proper authorities. For the well disposed a simple civil marriage
+     ceremony is provided; also a simple divorce ceremony in case the
+     union proves wearisome. And that is all there is to the Bolshevist
+     marriage system, the statesman says.
+
+     "But one notices that he does not disclose what is done to those
+     who fail to find pleasing mates in the six months allowed after
+     notification for the making of a choice. Apparently it is then that
+     the so-called nationalization of women comes in, and the statesman
+     forgot to say a word about the only peculiarity of the system that
+     has evolved any serious criticism."
+
+Commenting on Bolshevism, Mr. Eber Cole Byam, in the April 26, 1919,
+issue of "America," very aptly says:
+
+     "As the Roman world was reduced to barbarism by the barbarians so
+     now the modern world is threatened with reduction to Bolshevism by
+     the Bolsheviki. Whatever the word Bolshevism may have meant
+     originally it has come to mean fiendish treatment of women, the
+     savage murder and mutilation of men and the wanton destruction of
+     the accumulated labors of generations. The Bolshevik is a
+     Socialist, not the armchair theorist dreaming fantastic fancies.
+     The Bolshevik is the real Socialist, the Socialist of practice."
+
+The following encomium on Bolshevism appeared in "The Call," New York,
+April 26, 1919, and shows what strange inclinations the Socialists have
+towards barbarism:
+
+     "For the first time in Russia's history law has been established
+     based on the direct will of the population, established through the
+     most democratic franchise in the world. Under Czarism, law was
+     merely the promulgation of autocratic tyranny....
+
+     "For the first time in Russia's history, perfect freedom of
+     religion is guaranteed to Christian, Moslem and Jew alike. After
+     the American pattern, no church may control the state....
+
+     "For the first time, millions of Russian workers and peasants find
+     themselves with decent homes. For the first time, women have equal
+     social rights with men. For the first time, a real educational
+     system has been inaugurated for the children....
+
+     "The recent official American investigators sent to Russia found a
+     great change in the life of the cities from of old. They described
+     the life as puritanical. Russians explained the change to them by
+     the fact that vice and debauchery had been confined mostly to the
+     idle ruling class, the old aristocracy, and these things had passed
+     with the passing of that class."
+
+Listen now to the words of the Russian Socialist author, Leonoid
+Andréiev, who has seen quite enough of the "blessings" of Bolshevism.
+They appear in the April 26, 1919, issue of "Struggling Russia," under
+the caption, "S. O. S., An Appeal to Humanity":
+
+     "One must, indeed, be insane not to understand the palpable and
+     simple acts of Bolshevism! One must be sightless, stark-blind or
+     have eyes that see not, to fail to observe on the face of the great
+     mutilated Russia murder without end, ruins, miles of cemeteries,
+     dungeons and insane asylums; not to perceive what hunger and terror
+     have done to Petrograd, and, alas, to many other cities!
+
+     "One must be earless, stone-deaf, or have ears that hear not, to
+     remain callous to the sobs, the sighs and the wailing of women, the
+     heart-rending cries of the children, the death-rattle of strangled
+     men, the cracking of the assassins' rifles, the only music that has
+     filled the air of Russia for the last eighteen months!...
+
+     "As the wireless operator on a sinking vessel, in the thick
+     blackness of the night, sends out his last appeal, 'Help, quick, we
+     are sinking, save us!' so I, moved by my faith in the goodness of
+     man, am sending out into distance and darkness my prayer for my
+     people who are sinking.
+
+     "If you only knew how dark is the night around us, if my words
+     could only convey its density and depth! Whom am I calling? I know
+     not. Does the wireless operator know who may intercept his call?
+     For thousands of miles around the ocean may be deserted and not a
+     living soul may overhear his appeal.
+
+     "The night is dark. The sea is frightful. But the operator has not
+     lost his faith, and he calls persistently, to the very last minute,
+     until the last light is gone and his apparatus is silenced forever.
+
+     "What does he trust in? He trusts in humanity, and so do I. He
+     trusts in the law of human love and life. It is impossible that one
+     human being will deny help to another in his hour of perdition. It
+     is impossible that one human being will abandon another to perish
+     without attempting to help. It is impossible that such an appeal
+     for help will not receive any response!...
+
+     "Friend! I do not even attempt to tell you how frightful life is in
+     Russia at present, in our tormented Petrograd. Others have told
+     enough, and new words cannot be coined by the human tongue.
+
+     "It is frightful when children starve and perish, and assassins are
+     well-fed and Trotzky is pouring down his throat the last bottle of
+     milk. It is frightful when the cemeteries of Petrograd have no more
+     room for the dead, and the murderers have a free road not only to
+     the Princess Islands, but to all the ends of the world, and the
+     wealth they have stolen will enable them to live in balmy lands and
+     in the most attractive corners of our mercenary globe."
+
+Catherine Breshkovsky, the Socialist "Grandmother of the Russian
+Revolution," though now an aged woman, lived long enough to bewail the
+fate of her country. Speaking of her native land, now reaping the
+harvest from the Marxian seed first sown many years ago, she says in her
+"Message to the American People":
+
+     "Flooded with tears and blood, Russia moans and cries out to the
+     world. She is a living body, and her tortures cannot be looked upon
+     cold-bloodedly as an extraordinary, never-before-witnessed
+     experiments in social evolution. She is alive and every pore of her
+     body is shedding blood."
+
+Let the "scientific" American Socialists continue to take their
+information from "The Call." They are far too learned to be deceived by
+Russians such as Andréiev or the "Grandmother of the Russian
+Revolution." "The capitalist press is lying about the conditions in
+Russia." "The Call" alone speaks the truth, for it is a proletarian
+sheet.
+
+Not satisfied with ruining his own country, Lenine would have Bolshevism
+spread to all other nations. He longs for their workingmen to rise in
+revolt against their present systems of government. Listen to his words
+in his "Letter to American Workingmen," published by the Socialist
+Publication Society, 431 Pulaski street, Brooklyn, New York:
+
+     "We know that it may take a long time before help can come from
+     you, Comrades, American Workingmen, for the development of the
+     revolution in the different countries proceeds along various paths,
+     with various rapidity (how could it be otherwise!) We know full
+     well that the outbreak of the European proletarian revolution may
+     take many weeks to come, quickly as it is ripening in these days.
+     We are counting on the inevitability of the international
+     revolution. But that does not mean that we count on its coming at
+     some definite date. We have experienced two great revolutions in
+     our own country, that of 1905 and that of 1917, and we know that
+     revolutions cannot come either at word of command nor according to
+     prearranged plans. We know that circumstances alone have pushed us,
+     the proletariat of Russia, forward, that we have reached this new
+     stage in the social life of the world not because of our
+     superiority but because of the peculiarly reactionary character of
+     Russia. But until the outbreak of the international revolution,
+     revolutions in individual countries may still meet with a number of
+     setbacks and serious overthrows....
+
+     "We are in a beleaguered fortress, so long as no other
+     international Socialist revolution comes to our assistance with its
+     armies. But these armies exist, they are stronger than ours, they
+     grow, they strive, they become more invincible the longer
+     imperialism, with its brutalities, continues. Workingmen the world
+     over are breaking with their betrayers, with their Gompers and
+     their Scheidemanns. Inevitably labor is approaching communistic
+     Bolshevistic tactics, is preparing for the proletarian revolution
+     that alone is capable of preserving culture and humanity from
+     destruction. We are invincible, for invincible is the Proletarian
+     Revolution."
+
+The above words of the dictator Lenine may throw some light on the
+Socialists' demand for "justice" to Russia, and their campaign in behalf
+of the recognition of the Soviet Government of that country.
+
+The Socialist Publication Society of Brooklyn at the end of the World
+War issued a large pamphlet entitled, "One Year of Revolution,"
+celebrating the first anniversary of the founding of the Russian Soviet
+Republic. On the cover page, under the caption, "The Spirit of
+Revolutionary Russia," and the subtitle, "To the Oppressed of All
+Countries," we read the summons to a Socialist world-wide revolution:
+
+     "And this life and death struggle with our own oppressors gives us
+     the right to appeal to you, proletarians of all countries, with a
+     strong voice, with the voice of those who look into the eyes of
+     death in the revolt against the exploiters.
+
+     "Break the chains, you who are oppressed! Rise in revolt!
+
+     "We have nothing to lose but our chains!
+
+     "We believe in the victory of the revolution, we are full of this
+     belief.
+
+     "We know that our Comrades in the Revolution will fulfill their
+     duty on the barricades to the bitter end.
+
+     "We know that decisive moments are coming.
+
+     "A gigantic struggle will set the world afire. On the horizon the
+     fires of the revolt of all oppressed peoples are already glowing
+     and taking definite shape.
+
+     "At the moment that the waters of the Baltic will become red with
+     the blood of our Comrades, will close forever over their bodies, at
+     this moment we call upon you.
+
+     "Already in the clutch of death, we send our warm greetings and
+     appeal to you.
+
+     "Proletarians of the world, all, unite!
+
+     "Rise in revolt, you who are oppressed.
+
+     "All hail, the International Revolution!
+
+     "Long live Socialism!"
+
+In the spring of 1919 reports reached the United States that the
+Bolsheviki had been inciting our troops in the Archangel District of
+Russia to disloyalty against our government. An Associated Press
+dispatch, dated Vienna, April 24, 1919, shows how the Bolshevists
+carried on their campaign in the Ukraine:
+
+     "The Bolsheviki penetrated the country in four sections. First came
+     agitators and next marauding bands to strike terror. These were
+     followed by larger bodies of troops, made up of foreign elements.
+     Last came Soviet troops, headed by Bolshevist commissioners. Iron
+     discipline was maintained by Chinese assassins, who executed all
+     soldiers who revolted against orders."
+
+On May 26, 1919, the "New York Times" announced that a Bolshevist weekly
+paper would be issued in that city:
+
+     "Nicholai Lenine, the Premier, and Leon Trotzky, the Minister of
+     War, together with other officials of the Russian Bolshevist
+     Government, will begin next Monday the publication in this city of
+     a sixteen page weekly newspaper, the purpose of which will be to
+     spread propaganda favorable to the Bolsheviki. This announcement is
+     made in today's issue of the propaganda sheet issued weekly from
+     the headquarters of Ludwig C. A. K. Martens, the unrecognized
+     'Bolshevist Ambassador' to the United States. The paper is to be
+     known as 'Soviet Russia.'"
+
+     "'Every friend of Russia, as well as every person interested in
+     international affairs,' says the announcement, 'will subscribe to
+     this weekly.' 'Soviet Russia' will contain news items, editorials,
+     original articles, and unpublished documents."
+
+The American Socialist Party acknowledges the Bolshevist regime of
+murder and starvation to be a Socialist regime and states that it
+upholds the lofty, international proletarian ideals. Debs and the
+American Socialist press, at the present writing, acknowledge the
+Bolsheviki to be real Socialists, not reactionaries or Socialists merely
+in name, like the Ebert-Scheidemann group in Germany. They want
+Bolshevism in America. They welcome it, laud it, love it. At least this
+is the case just now. Will they presently be offering arguments to prove
+that the Bolshevists were not Socialists at all, but traitors to the
+whole Marxian movement? Meantime the American Socialists spread all
+kinds of lies about the "wonders" of the Soviet Government while
+claiming that "the press" is lying about the Lenine system to save the
+capitalists from the demands of the laboring class.
+
+Let us sincerely hope that no more Bolshevists from Russia will land on
+our shores. We have enough rebellious, hypocritical Reds here already,
+and need no more of them to teach us how to run our government. Congress
+should pass strict laws allowing no immigrants to land here who are
+Bolshevists.
+
+It is to be hoped, too, that the leaders of the Illinois Labor Party who
+secured the adoption in their platform of a pro-Soviet plank in the
+spring of 1919 will take a few hours off and learn something about the
+Russian system before trying to "work it off" on our country.
+
+There has been a great deal of "pussy-footing" talk in the American
+press about Bolshevism and Socialism, implying that there is no
+connection between the two. Yet Bolshevism is nothing but a form of
+Socialism. It is Socialism applied, though not yet as completely applied
+as the teachings of Karl Marx require. If an incomplete application of
+the principles of Socialism reduces a country to such an awful condition
+as Russia reveals, what may be expected from the full dose of Socialism?
+
+At the last moment, with this book in type, a cry from the Bolshevik
+dictatorship comes out of Russia through interviews given by Lenine and
+Trotzky to the "New York World's" European correspondent, Lincoln Eyre.
+"I had an hour's talk with Lenine in the Kremlin at Moscow," Eyre writes
+in a dispatch headed, "Riga (by courier to Berlin), Feb. 20, 1920," and
+printed in the "World" of February 21, 1920. Lenine turned the interview
+into an argument for the lifting of the Allied blockade of Russia, and
+gave more than a hint that Russia's economic condition is desperate.
+According to Mr. Eyre's cable to the "New York World" of February 21,
+1920, Lenine said, speaking in English:
+
+     "Russia's present economic distress is simply a part of the world's
+     economic distress. Until the economic problem is faced from a world
+     standpoint and not merely from the standpoint of certain nations or
+     groups of nations, a solution is impossible.... Not only Russia but
+     all Europe is going to pieces, and the [Allied] Supreme Council
+     still indulges in tergiversation. Russia can be saved from utter
+     ruin and Europe, too, but it must be done soon and quickly."
+
+By insinuating that "all Europe is going to pieces" with Russia, and
+faces the same "utter ruin," Lenine covers his plea for Russia under an
+appeal to the self-interest of other nations. Yet his confession that
+Russia is "going to pieces" and trembles on the brink of "utter ruin" is
+plain enough, making his whole argument a cry to the "capitalistic"
+nations to help Socialistic Russia. Indeed, in other parts of the same
+interview, as reported by Mr. Eyre in the "World" of February 21, 1920,
+Lenine appeals to "foreign capital" and the "capitalistic countries" in
+the baldest terms, as follows:
+
+     "We have reiterated and reiterated our desire for peace, our need
+     for peace and our readiness to give foreign capital the most
+     generous concessions and guarantees.... I know of no reason why a
+     Socialistic commonwealth like ours cannot do business indefinitely
+     with capitalistic countries. We don't mind taking their
+     capitalistic locomotives and farming machinery, so why should they
+     mind taking our Socialistic wheat, flax and platinum?"
+
+Having waded through blood and violence to exterminate "capitalism" and
+cancel all "concessions" and "guarantees" in Russia, has "the
+dictatorship of the proletariat" emerged out of its nightmare of
+destruction simply to coax "foreign capital" back into Socialistic
+Russia by bribing offers of "the most generous concessions and
+guarantees?" After two years of a reign of terror to make an earthly
+paradise by destroying "capitalism" and the whole machinery of
+"capitalistic countries," this hungry reaching out by Lenine after
+"capital" and "capitalistic" things is almost too ludicrous for belief!
+
+Eyre's interview with Trotzky, sent from "Riga (by courier to Berlin,
+Feb. 23)" and printed in the "New York World" of February 25, 1920,
+simply reenforces Lenine's appeal to "foreign capital" and the wicked
+"capitalistic countries." According to Eyre in the "World" of February
+25, Trotzky spoke of "Russia, bankrupt, bleeding and starved," and said
+in part:
+
+     "Our military successes have not blinded us to our need of peace.
+     We require peace for the re-establishment of economic
+     stabilization.... We have had to sacrifice the welfare of our
+     people and the health of future generations to the desperate needs
+     of the hour."
+
+And for what? Apparently only to substitute the autocracy of a new
+proletarian aristocracy for the autocracy of the old regime, and the
+czardom of Lenine and Trotzky for that of the Romanoffs. And the new
+tyranny not only re-establishes the old partnership between "capital"
+and labor, but puts the burden of militarism on labor more exclusively
+than before. This seems to be the program of Trotzky, "the People's
+Commissary for Military Affairs," according to Eyre's report of
+Trotzky's words in the "New York World" of February 25, 1920. His words
+are as follows:
+
+     "We recognize our need for outside aid in setting this country on
+     its feet industrially and economically. It is a tremendous
+     enterprise, one that will take two, five, perhaps ten years to
+     carry out, but through the indomitable spirit of our proletariat it
+     will be accomplished with a speed and competency that will amaze
+     our foemen.... And once again I say that the people who help us
+     gain peace will share in the profits, the very considerable
+     profits, resultant from the aid they will have extended to us....
+
+     "Foreign capitalists who invest their money in Russian enterprises
+     or who supply us with merchandise we require will receive material
+     guarantees of amply adequate character. They need have no fears on
+     that score.... It is obvious that we must look to the victorious
+     nations, to Great Britain or, still better, to America for
+     machinery, agricultural tools and other imports which Russia's
+     economic renaissance demands."
+
+Thus the old partnership of capital and labor is to be resumed. But what
+of the Russian workers? Having fought and toiled to put Lenine and
+Trotzky on the proletarian throne they must keep up military training to
+keep them there, and must toil hard to produce "the very considerable
+profits" which Lenine and Trotzky are going to share with the "foreign
+capitalists" who help them. But let Trotzky explain the destiny of the
+Russian workers in his own words, as reported by Eyre in the "World" of
+February 25, 1920:
+
+     "The workers and peasants will insist, once the revolution is no
+     longer in peril, on returning to their factories and farms and
+     making Russia a fit land to live in. Frontier guards will be
+     maintained, of course. The framework of our (military) organization
+     must also be preserved in order that with the experience they have
+     received in the past eighteen months our proletarian fighting men
+     can be remodelled in two or three months if the need arises. There
+     will also be some form of military training for the working class,
+     that it may always be ready to defend itself against the
+     bourgeoisie."
+
+Will not this be "militarism?" Of course not; for, in Trotzky's words in
+the same interview, "Militarism, striking as it does at the very roots
+of Communism, cannot possibly exist in Soviet Russia, the only truly
+pacific country in the world!" Thus facts disappear behind words.
+Conscription was militaristic under the Czar, but it cannot be under a
+Trotzky, for he has labeled his system a Soviet Republic and since
+Soviets are never military their military arrangements, though
+apparently more severe than the other kind, are really only a form of
+pacifism! Thus the happy Russian workers must serve as "frontier
+guards," keep up the framework of their military organization, and
+submit to "some form of military training," but may whistle as they
+groan, knowing that the yoke they bear "cannot exist."
+
+Other contradictions in these interviews will be discussed later in this
+book. For example, we shall find, in Chapter XVI, that the Soviet
+Republic at Moscow can make peace with "capitalistic countries" and form
+partnerships with "foreign capital" while at the same time the Third
+International at Moscow carries on a world-wide conspiracy to destroy
+"capitalism" and overthrow the governments and institutions of
+"capitalistic countries."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+EUROPEAN SPARTACIDES AND COMMUNISTS
+
+
+
+In Berlin, shortly after the Revolution against the Imperial Government,
+Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg and their group of Socialists of the
+extreme Left were raising a merry riot almost every day in the hope of
+overcoming the ultra-conservative Socialist government and introducing
+the radical Bolshevist program. The constant disorder occasioned by
+these Spartacans or Spartacides of the Left provoked the opposition
+parties very much, annoying them to such an extent that many Germans
+wished to remove the capital of the country from Berlin to some more
+orderly city.
+
+The name "Spartacides" or "Spartacans" came from the fact that early in
+the World War Karl Liebknecht, their leader, issued a number of anti-war
+pamphlets bearing the pseudonym, "Spartacus."
+
+The Spartacides are the reddest of the Reds, the real Socialists of
+Germany. They differ very much from the Ebert-Scheidemann group, for the
+Spartacans want the principles of Socialism applied immediately, whereas
+Ebert and other members of his government warned their followers that
+though they held Socialist theories, the application of Socialism must
+be postponed to the distant future. The Ebert-Scheidemann Majority
+Socialists are regarded by the others as Socialists only in name, being
+really social reformers, or, at the most, weak-kneed Socialists who
+sought power, but fully realized that the application of the Marxian
+principles would be doomed to absolute failure. The Spartacans, however,
+still have confidence in Socialism; they agree heart and soul with the
+Russian Bolsheviki; they are the rowdies and ruffians of Germany, always
+looking for trouble. Strikes, riots and civil discord are their weapons,
+and the American Socialists are among their particular friends. Indeed,
+the Socialist Party of Eugene V. Debs has no use whatever for the
+Ebert-Scheidemann group, who are looked upon as reactionaries,
+hypocrites, murderers and traitors to Socialism.
+
+In the latter part of 1918, the Berlin correspondent of the "Kölnische
+Zeitung" drew a graphic picture of the terrorism exercised in Berlin by
+the Spartacan gangs:
+
+     "Dr. Liebknecht himself, whose imprisonment has obviously clouded
+     his formerly keen intelligence and probably turned his brain,
+     spends his time in visiting barracks in Berlin, Spandau and
+     elsewhere, and inciting the men to refuse to allow any distinctions
+     even of non-commissioned rank or to accept anything resembling
+     orders from officers or to admit them to the local councils. His
+     chief of staff, Dr. Levy, who before the war was his business
+     partner in his law office, is preaching fanaticism in Berlin to all
+     and sundry.
+
+     "The word Spartacus goes through the city like a bogy. Civilians,
+     soldiers, employees, capitalists, all feel themselves equally
+     threatened. A sitting of the Prussian Lower House had to be
+     adjourned because it was feared that the Spartacus gang was going
+     to seize the building.
+
+     "'The Lokal Anzeiger' has several times failed to appear, as the
+     result of repeated efforts of the Spartacus gang to seize it.
+     Careful burghers chain up the house doors, and it would be well if
+     the steadier elements of our workmen and soldiers would chain up
+     the door of their hearts against the murderous and suicidal ideas
+     of the Spartacus gang."
+
+The Spartacides made a practice of terrorizing German newspapers into
+supporting them. In the early part of 1919, they tried to prevent the
+Constituent Assembly from coming together, and later on engineered many
+a revolt in the various cities of Germany. Since their leaders, the
+fiery Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, were assassinated, the orderly
+elements of the German people have succeeded more and more in weakening
+the power and influence of the Spartacans.
+
+Kurt Eisner, of Bavaria, after the overthrow of the German Imperial
+Government, sought to establish a federation of German republics under
+the head of Bavaria. It was not very long before the first step was
+taken, Bavaria declaring itself a republic independent of the Berlin
+Government. After the assassination of Eisner, Bavaria, and especially
+its capital, Munich, came more and more under the control of the extreme
+radical group of Socialists known as the Communists. About the end of
+March, 1919, Bela Kun, the Foreign Minister of the newly established
+Communist Government of Hungary and one of the most active propagandists
+of Russian Bolshevism, arrived at Munich to confer with the leaders of
+the Bavarian Government. Shortly afterwards, in the early part of
+April, a Soviet Republic was proclaimed at Munich.
+
+The socialization of industry began. That part of the press that favored
+the new regime was upheld by the Government, which suppressed unfriendly
+organs. Members of the Christian Textile Workers' Association were
+forced, on pain of being deprived of work, to join the Social-Democratic
+Union. Various other measures of "freedom, equality, and justice" were
+also bestowed upon the people, and the hope was expressed by the Red
+Socialists of Munich that the proclamation of a Bavarian Soviet would
+have its effect throughout Germany and result in a world revolution.
+
+Towards the middle of April, 1919, press dispatches stated that the
+Munich Communists had elected a council, consisting of five workmen and
+five soldiers, with Herr Klatz, a bricklayer, as president; that the
+police was disarmed; that eleven hostages were taken from the ranks of
+the trade-union leaders; that revolutionary tribunals were established
+at Munich, where twenty-eight judges continued, in relays of seven, to
+pass sentences day and night, and, finally, that a decree was issued by
+the Communist government confiscating all dwellings.
+
+Shortly after these reports reached America, the peasants of Bavaria
+rose up against the revolutionary government in Munich and declared an
+effective ban on the shipment of food to that city. No attacks were made
+upon Munich by the troops of the moderate Hoffman government of Bavaria
+which had been ousted by the Communists, for it was feared that the
+whole country might thus be plunged into civil war. The only strategic
+movement of these troops was to cut off the supplies of food.
+
+Discord soon sprang up among the Soviet leaders themselves, who engaged
+in open street fights against each other. Before the end of April, 1919,
+the Central Council had been dissolved and the Communist mob had turned
+to plundering. Food ration cards were taken away from the bourgeoisie,
+and barricades were erected around the city to defend it from Noske's
+army, sent to attack it by the Ebert-Scheidemann moderate Socialist
+Government of Berlin. In the early part of May, 1919, the Communist
+rabble of the Bavarian capital was finally overcome by the artillery
+fire of Noske's troops, and Hoffman was once more put in control.
+
+The American Socialists look upon the ousted Communists of Bavaria as
+the upholders of the Marxian doctrine, and consider them, along with
+the Russian Bolsheviki and the Hungarian Communists, as Socialist
+brethren worthy of their respect and imitation.
+
+In Hungary the "100 per cent" Socialists, the Communists, under the
+leadership of Bela Kun, came into power in the early part of the year
+1919. Press despatches, at the end of March, stated that all villas,
+industries and building had been declared the property of the state;
+that each factory was controlled by a Council of Laborers; that
+free-love was legalized as in Russia; that all clergymen and nuns were
+removed from the hospitals, excepting those who acted in the capacity of
+nurses, and the religious, tuition schools were abolished.
+
+A press dispatch dated Buda-Pest, April 4, 1919, said that "in
+Transylvania, following the practice in Moscow, the churches have been
+converted into music halls, the best seats being reserved for the
+proletariat. The government officials do not pay house rent and have
+priority on foodstuffs and clothing."
+
+The American Socialists boasted about the absence of bloodshed in
+Hungary during the early part of Bela Kun's regime. Whether or not he
+had been cautioned by Lenine not to wear out too many rifles in the
+beginning, lest there be a dearth later on, we do not know. At any rate,
+by the latter part of May, 1919, the Hungarian Communists also began to
+manifest their true color. They were not satisfied with "painting
+everything red" in Buda-Pest, but also wanted to see red blood flowing
+in the gutters. In confirmation of this we have the following Associated
+Press report, dated Vienna, May 20, but not appearing in the "New York
+Times" till May 23:
+
+     "Many persons accused of being counter-revolutionists are being
+     executed by the Hungarian Communists, according to despatches
+     received here. The victims are usually shot in front of the
+     Hungarian Parliament House in the daytime or in the school-yard in
+     the Markostrasse at night.
+
+     "Among those who are said to have been executed are Herr Holan,
+     manager of the Kaschau-Oderberg Railway; Bishop Balthasar, a
+     hostage from Debreczen, and Colonel Dormany of the General Staff,
+     who was taken from a hospital. Several girls, who were accused of
+     making tri-color rosettes for the counter-revolutionists, also were
+     executed. The presiding Judge of the Revolutionary tribunal, which
+     orders the executions, it is said, is a former locksmith, 22 years
+     of age.
+
+     "Many bodies of men and women and girls of the better classes have
+     been found on the shores of islands in the Danube below the city.
+     It is reported that they were arrested in the residential quarter
+     of Buda and thrown into the Danube by guards who were taking them
+     to prisons in Pest."
+
+In the summer of 1919 the Hungarian Communists lost control of the
+country. Not only had internal dissensions broken out at home, but they
+had been attacked for a long time by the Rumanians, who had caused them
+endless trouble. If they had succeeded in remaining in power long
+enough, they would, no doubt, in time have shown themselves proficient
+in murdering their fellow-countrymen and as skilled in the use of the
+rifle as the Bolsheviki in Russia, the Spartacides in Germany and the
+Communists in Bavaria. These four groups of European Socialists of the
+extreme Left--ruffians, brutes, murderous thugs, half barbarous savages,
+slayers even of their own Socialist brethren--have long been in a
+"position" to teach the "gentle art" of plunder and murder to their
+admiring comrades on this side of the Atlantic, that "poor,"
+"persecuted," "workingman," Eugene V. Debs, and his crowd of "honest,"
+"scientific," "evolutionists."
+
+With these European thugs Berger and Hillquit deliberately "lined up"
+the Socialist Party of America in the words of their Chicago manifesto
+of September 4, 1919:
+
+     "The Socialist Party of the United States at its first national
+     convention after the war, squarely takes its position with the
+     uncompromising section of the international Socialist Movement. We
+     unreservedly reject the policy of those Socialists who supported
+     their belligerent capitalist governments on the plea of 'national
+     defense,'" etc.
+
+There is no breath of patriotism in these dogs.
+
+The above "line up" was confirmed by the rank and file of the Socialist
+Party of America in their referendum vote identifying their party with
+the Revolutionary Third (Moscow) International. (See Chapters V and
+XVI.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+THE BOLSHEVISM OF AMERICAN SOCIALISTS
+
+
+
+To accuse American Socialists of conspiring against our fair land may at
+first startle the reader. Brand as traitors to the common welfare men
+who boast so loudly of being the only friends of the oppressed laborer!
+Call the followers of Karl Marx the enemies of our country after they
+have lavished so much precious time on exposures of those who defraud
+American workingmen of an honest wage! Yet, as our investigation moves
+along, telling evidence uncovers the existence of an alarmingly
+widespread conspiracy.
+
+Our Chapters VIII and IX have clearly revealed the I. W. W. as a purely
+revolutionary organization, enrolling under its red flag discontented
+workingmen, even negroes and Chinese, pledged to overthrow our
+Government, while meanwhile, with anarchistic contempt for law and
+morality, they do what damage they can through strikes and sabotage.
+
+The same chapters proved that the Socialists are co-operating heart and
+soul with the Industrial Workers of the World.
+
+Chapters X, XI and XII gave the reader evidence of some of the terrible
+results of Bolshevism in Russia, Communism in Hungary and Bavaria, and
+Spartacism in Germany. Yet far from being dismayed by these horrors, the
+Socialists of the United States proclaim themselves of the same breed as
+the Bolshevists, Communists and Spartacans abroad, whose torch of
+incendiarism they would apply to the United States.
+
+The Socialist Party of Buffalo, New York, published a pink booklet
+entitled, "The Truth About Russia," in which reference is made to the
+Russian call to a world-wide Socialist revolution. On page 41, at the
+conclusion of the articles of the Bolshevik Constitution concerning
+rights and duties, we read:
+
+     "In proclaiming these rights and duties the Russian Socialist
+     Republic of the Soviets calls upon the working classes of the
+     entire world to accomplish their task to the very end, and in the
+     faith that the Socialist ideal will soon be achieved to write upon
+     their flags the old battle cry of the working people:
+
+     "'Proletarians of all lands, unite!
+
+     "'Long live the Socialistic world revolution!'"
+
+The plan is for Socialists in countries outside of Russia to be helped
+in their revolts against their governments by their Bolshevist comrades.
+In the "Labor Scrap Book," published by Chas. H. Kerr and Co., there is
+a long article by Nicholas Lenine, the Russian dictator. Several
+quotations are here given:
+
+     "Russia's revolution is not a domestic revolution, but essentially
+     a world revolution....
+
+     "The Bolsheviki follow a consistent policy. They realized long ago
+     that the revolution, though primarily political, must become
+     economic and socialist. They know that economy and socialism have
+     nothing to do with racial or political boundaries and that the
+     future of our revolution must, therefore, be international. The
+     revolution must pass over all political and racial frontiers and
+     crush opposing economic ideas. They know that a state organized on
+     Socialist and pacifist lines cannot exist if hemmed in by
+     capitalistic and militarist states. Russia's revolution must follow
+     the law of all healthy organisms. It must increase. If it does not
+     increase it will decline....
+
+     "Russia will continue to propagandize unshrinkingly in all
+     countries.
+
+     "We may be left temporarily in peace to enjoy our revolutionary
+     social and economic system while the rest of Europe continues to
+     groan under a capitalism and monarchism which, perhaps, for the
+     time being, will be purged of a too dangerous imperialism.
+
+     "What will Russia do if this be so?
+
+     "Short-sighted men reply: 'Cherish your own revolution; thank
+     Heaven that you are better off than the rest of the world; and let
+     the rest of the world do what it likes.'
+
+     "But we Bolsheviki are against such a policy. Short of armed
+     pressure against any European country, we shall not shrink from
+     measures necessary for spreading our revolution in the world.
+
+     "The motives why every Bolshevik must approve of this policy are
+     overwhelming. The first is that a peace between the ideas of
+     revolutionary Russia and the ideas of non-revolutionary Europe
+     could at best be a truce....
+
+     "Each side would foster its ideas and prepare for a future
+     struggle, and since non-revolutionary Europe will always be better
+     armed than pacifist Russia, the European despots (as soon as they
+     have recovered from their present bitter lesson of the meaning of
+     war) undoubtedly would hurl themselves upon Russia in order to wipe
+     away the one revolutionary plague-spot.
+
+     "For that reason our revolution cannot rest until it has
+     established full revolution in all neighbor lands.
+
+     "The second reason why Russia must incite Europe to revolt is that
+     by its very nature, the revolution cannot live in isolation. Europe
+     must be organized, either on a capitalistic basis or a proletarian,
+     anti-capitalistic basis. The dual system is inconceivable. It is
+     impossible for Russia to exist without capitalistic banks and
+     industries, if she has to trade with countries which have
+     capitalistic banks and industries....
+
+     "In its own defense the revolution must propagandize and convert.
+     It must incite and urge on the masses against their present rulers
+     in all countries, and it must do this unshrinkingly, without fear
+     of consequences, or consideration for the feelings and interests of
+     the foreign affected parties."
+
+The question may now be asked, What means is the Russian Bolshevist
+government using to incite revolution in America? We have not, of
+course, much definite information as yet; but we know that Lenine's
+government has lots of money which it can use for foreign revolutionary
+propaganda, and that a certain Ludwig C. A. K. Martens has been in our
+country for some time claiming to represent the Soviet government and
+boasting that he is able to deposit in our banks for commercial purposes
+hundreds of millions of Russian gold. He is very active, has been
+assisted by Morris Hillquit of "The Call," the Socialist daily of New
+York City, goes about visiting different Socialist organizations, and in
+return is entertained by them. During the months of April and May, 1919,
+many notices of such receptions were published in "The Call." One
+example will suffice. Under the caption, "Official Socialist News," in
+the issue of March 31, 1919, we read:
+
+     "The central committee of Local New York, Socialist Party, greets
+     Comrade L. C. A. K. Martens, recently appointed the representative
+     of the Russian Soviet government in the United States and in his
+     name the victorious Russian proletariat.
+
+     "We sincerely hope that his work in behalf of the Socialist
+     government of Russia will be crowned with success. We pledge him
+     our aid, and promise that we shall not rest until the government of
+     the United States has ceased to be a party to the economic and
+     political isolation of Russia and the military occupation of
+     territory of the Soviet republic."
+
+In the latter part of March, 1919, Martens shared offices with Santeri
+Nuorteva, also a great friend of the American Socialists. Nuorteva was
+head of the Bolshevist propaganda in this country and from his office
+mailed the "Weekly Bulletin of the Bureau of Information on Soviet
+Russia." Nuorteva denied that these large sheets, which are about the
+same size as the propaganda sheets issued in the first months of the war
+by the German Information Service, constitute propaganda. Like the
+German Information Service sheets, each contains from six to ten
+articles. All paint conditions in Russia under Trotzky and Lenine as
+steadily improving and show those men and their aids as gentle,
+kind-hearted individuals whose only sin is the betterment of mankind.
+
+Among labor unions Bolshevism has made great headway. The New Labor
+Party of Illinois in 1919 not only supported Soviet Russia but favored
+the Soviet system in our own country. Sensible workingmen in the
+American Federation of Labor and conservative members of the new Labor
+Party had good reason for being alarmed and for suspecting that American
+propagators of Bolshevism received Russian gold from some one, possibly
+from Martens.
+
+The Socialist papers of the United States approve of Bolshevism,
+Spartacism and Communism, and would gladly welcome it to our country.
+"The Call," New York, March 31, 1919, on its editorial page says: "The
+red in the East is the dawning of a new day." On April 1, 1919, the same
+paper contained a long article on the first page, entitled, "Forces of
+Darkness Open Their Campaign to End Bolshevism." On April 11, 1919, in
+an editorial on the impending capture of Odessa by the Bolsheviki, it
+says:
+
+     "The evacuation of the Black Sea port of Odessa by foreign troops
+     that have been holding it for many months is news of great
+     significance....
+
+     "Like the German forces hurled against Soviet Russia by the mailed
+     fist of the Kaiser, the French, Greek and Rumanian soldiers go out
+     in a different mind and temper than they had going in. Wherever
+     they go, they will spread the ideas of human liberty and
+     co-operative development that they were sent to crush."
+
+On April 13, 1919, "The Call" printed a poem on the assassinated
+Spartacan leader, Karl Liebknecht:
+
+                "Liebknecht
+
+    "Liebknecht, your lonely, bitter course is run!
+    While we, with cautious feet, pursue the goal--
+    'Tis not in pity's name that we make moan--
+    Nay! 'tis in envy of your martyrdom!
+    The mirror of your flaming soul
+    Has caught our poverty and gloom,
+    In that fierce light our virtues shown
+    Petty, distorted, wan!
+    Then, hail! O martyr, in our day of doom!
+    Hail, fiery heart, receive the victor's crown!
+    Our heart a charnel house has grown
+    For our vast dead! Yet we make room
+    For freedom's slain. Shall not the tomb
+    Yield heavy harvest where such seed is sown?"
+
+"The Call," April 15, 1919, published the following endorsement of
+Hungarian Communism by the New York State Committee of the Socialist
+Party:
+
+     "Whereas, the working class of Hungary have seized political power
+     and are using the same for the purpose of socializing industry and
+     as an instrument for the complete emancipation of labor, therefore
+     be it
+
+     "Resolved, that we, the State Committee of the Socialist Party of
+     the State of New York, in meeting assembled congratulate the
+     Socialist movement and the working class of Hungary on the success
+     of the revolution and on the position that the Hungarian Socialist
+     Republic has taken in defiance of the capitalist imperialists of
+     all lands."
+
+In the April 24, 1919, edition of "The Call" we read:
+
+     "A new period in the evolution of the social and economic structure
+     of the world is at hand. A new day for those who toil. A new day
+     which will mean economic and political liberty based on justice for
+     those who toil. Some call it revolution. Well, if that be the word,
+     so be it. And woe be to those who in their blind folly throw
+     themselves in the way to stop its onward sweep throughout the
+     civilized world, for they shall be as grass before the sickle!
+     Hail, all hail, the new day!"
+
+Again, in its issue of April 30, 1919, "The Call" favors the Hungarian
+Communist regime of Bela Kun:
+
+     "'There is reason to believe,' says a dispatch from Budapest, 'that
+     the present Hungarian government has been unofficially approached
+     by the Entente with the suggestion that military invasion might be
+     arrested if the extremist members were replaced by more moderate
+     Socialists.' Making all allowance for the unreliability of the
+     dispatch, it is hard to say which cuts the more contemptible
+     figure, the Entente or the 'Moderate Socialists.'"
+
+In its 1919 May Day edition, "The Call," under the caption, "All Attacks
+on Russian Revolution Have Recoiled," shows its sympathy for Bolshevism
+and Spartacism:
+
+     "Every attack of world reaction upon Soviet Russia, the center of
+     the world revolution, has remained fruitless. The internal strength
+     and the external power of the Russian Workers' and Peasants'
+     Republic is growing daily into a power that will successfully
+     withstand the onslaughts of capitalism. The possibilities of
+     subduing the Russian revolution by force from without decrease
+     constantly as the governments of the different countries are ever
+     more forcibly threatened by the fermentation among their own
+     peoples which they must combat.
+
+     "At present the second, the Socialist revolution, has come upon the
+     scene in Germany, which, driven to the edge of starvation, bleeding
+     and drained to the marrow by Kaiserism and militarism, is now being
+     held in the grip of Entente capitalism. There at this moment the
+     courageous and steadfast Socialists stand under the flag of
+     Spartacus, first on the barricades under the sign of the general
+     strike and street battles....
+
+     "The German Socialists of the Right have soiled the name of
+     Socialism by being inimical to the Russian revolution; by failing
+     to communicate with the radical English elements in the English
+     strike movements, which are also spontaneous expressions of
+     proletarian unrest; by acting as the lackeys of Kaiserism and
+     capitalism in opposing the November revolution to the last hour
+     before its outbreak; and, finally, by their unspeakable mass
+     murders of starving, demonstrating and striking proletarians.
+
+     "In this struggle between the revolution and the social-patriotic
+     bourgeois reaction which now enters into a decisive phase, two of
+     the noblest pioneers of the international, Dr. Karl Liebknecht and
+     Rosa Luxemburg, were murdered by the hate-filled bourgeois mob and
+     the degenerate Scheidemann-Noske henchmen. Another victim of the
+     treacherous reaction was Kurt Eisner, Socialist premier of Bavaria.
+     One need but be an honest, fearless Socialist to be in danger of
+     one's life under the hypocritical, false, brutal and murderous
+     regime of Ebert-Scheidemann-Noske. This regime revives the worst
+     methods of Kaiserism and holds its protecting hand over the
+     bourgeois and capitalists of Germany. But this blood and the blood
+     of our martyrs will only urge the masses to continuous
+     unconquerable struggle, till the criminal Ebert-Scheidemann-Noske
+     reaction, together with the criminals and conspirators of the old
+     empire, yield to the power of the revolutionary justice of the
+     masses."
+
+In the May 1, 1919, issue of "The Call," the May Day Manifesto is made
+public by Morris Hillquit, International Secretary of the Socialist
+Party of the United States. Only part of it is hereby quoted:
+
+     "We send fraternal greetings and vows of whole-hearted sympathy to
+     the Socialist Soviet Republic of Russia, which is so valiantly
+     upholding the lofty international proletarian ideals in the face of
+     the combining military economic and political attacks of
+     reactionary powers, and in spite of the systematic campaign of
+     libelous misrepresentation on the part of the lying capitalist
+     press of the world. We send congratulations and fraternal good
+     wishes to the workers of Hungary on the establishment of a free
+     Communistic Workers' Republic, upon the ruins of the predatory
+     monarchy of their exploiting and land-monopolizing rulers. We
+     extend the hand of comradeship and solidarity to the revolutionary
+     Socialists of Germany and Russia, now engaged in a life-and-death
+     struggle to secure for the working masses of their countries the
+     full fruit of their victorious revolutions; to the workers of
+     England in their efforts to wrest the control of the industries
+     from the parasites in their country, and to the Socialists of
+     France, Italy and all other countries of Europe in their fights
+     against their revolutionary governments."
+
+"The New Age," the Socialist paper of Buffalo, April 10, 1919, published
+a "Greeting to the Soviet Republic of Hungary":
+
+     "The proletariat of Hungary has taken all power in its own hands.
+     Like a bolt from the blue the workers, soldiers and peasants of
+     'conquered' Hungary proclaim their intervention in the arena of
+     world politics--and the diplomats of capitalism are thrown into a
+     flurry of mingled rage and fear.
+
+     "While the wires were still hot with the news of the resignation of
+     Count Karolyi, president of the provisional government of Hungary,
+     as a protest against the peace terms of the Paris Conference, came
+     word of the complete triumph of revolutionary Socialism and the
+     establishment of the second Soviet Republic in the world.
+
+     "With little or no resistance, with no intervening period of
+     Socialist compromise, the Hungarian Soviet Republic rises to power
+     and in its initial proclamation ushers in the dictatorship of the
+     proletariat, decrees the socialization of the large estates, mines,
+     big industries, banks and lines of transportation, declares its
+     oneness of purpose with the revolutionary proletariat of Russia and
+     its readiness to form an armed alliance with the federated Soviet
+     Republic. All over the country Workmen's, Soldiers' and Peasants'
+     Councils are in action and take over the functions of government."
+
+"The Revolutionary Age," then a Socialist paper of Boston, on March 29,
+1919, showed its complete sympathy for the Bolshevists, Communists and
+Spartacans:
+
+     "So the Hungarian workers set about their task and the eastern sky
+     is brightening.
+
+     "Already the two Soviet governments have issued an appeal to the
+     workers of all countries to sweep away the old system. The
+     bourgeois press tells of the spread of Bolshevism throughout
+     central Europe and the diplomats of Capitalism are turning this way
+     and that to avert fresh outbreaks. But they are powerless. Every
+     new move brings new complications, every award of territory here
+     brings discontent and adds to the 'menace' there.
+
+
+     "Next!
+
+     "The fear that weighs upon the world of Capitalism and the
+     diplomats in Paris is: Who next? The proclamation of a Soviet
+     Republic in Hungary is to them not a fact, but a symbol--a symbol
+     of the onward sweep of the proletarian revolution, which may break
+     loose in other nations.
+
+     "Through this symbol looms Soviet Russia--gigantic, mysterious and
+     implacable. Despised by the world of Capitalism, intrigued against
+     and vilified, isolated in the spaces of its own territory, attacked
+     by the soldiers of the Allies--Soviet Russia, through the flaming
+     energy of its proletariat and Socialism has conquered in spite of
+     all. The Allies, their Capitalism and Imperialism, are no longer a
+     menace to Soviet Russia; it is now Soviet Russia that menaces the
+     Allies through its own gigantic strength and the threat of the
+     international proletarian revolution....
+
+     "And this revolutionary army of Soviet Russia, massed at the
+     frontier, is prepared to march into Hungary or Poland or Germany to
+     co-operate with the revolutionary masses in any war that may be
+     necessary against international Imperialism and for the proletarian
+     revolution.
+
+     "The situation in Germany is critical and crucial. The conquest of
+     power by the revolutionary proletariat in Germany will assure the
+     world revolution. The recent butchery of the Spartacans by the
+     Government of 'Socialist' assassins has not crushed the
+     revolutionary masses; on the contrary, the masses have been
+     aroused, the Ebert-Scheidemann government depending more and more
+     upon the worst elements of the old regime; it is being isolated,
+     and the workers are rallying to the Soviets."
+
+"The Ohio Socialist," published in Cleveland, and claiming to be the
+"Official Organ of the Socialist Parties of Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia,
+West Virginia and New Mexico," in the spring of 1919 gave its unlimited
+support to Bolshevism. "The Proletarian," then a Socialist paper of
+Detroit, was in thorough accord with Bolshevists, Spartacists and
+Communists, of Russia, Germany and Hungary respectively. The following
+quotations are taken from the April, 1919, edition:
+
+     "In order to be a good American, according to the view of the
+     powers that be, it is necessary to repeat and believe the stories
+     written in the capitalist press about the Bolsheviki. But we, who
+     know what is going on, and do not believe them, maintain that a
+     person can be truthful, and still be an American. That he can be a
+     good, pure, unadulterated American, and still lend his sympathies
+     to the Bolsheviki.
+
+     "In revolutionary Germany the struggle between the defenders of
+     capitalism and the champions of working class emanicipation--the
+     Spartacides and their adherents--continues almost unceasingly. The
+     'democratic' government has taken desperate steps to crush the
+     revolution; there have been wholesale executions and other
+     repressive acts....
+
+     "The final conflict is now on. 'Ruthless slaughter' is the
+     governmental decree with Gustav Noske, 'minister of defense,' in
+     charge of the butchering. And what is it that Noske and his
+     'Socialist' colleagues are defending? The interests of the German
+     capitalists. Sacred private property rights are in danger; the
+     stronghold of capitalism is being assailed. The expropriation of
+     the capitalists is the aim of the proletarian revolutionists....
+
+     "All the old friends of Kaiserism--Hoffman, Hindenberg and the
+     rest--are lined up against the Spartacans. Although these elements
+     of reaction have gained temporary victory, the workers are
+     undismayed."
+
+"The Proletarian," in this same issue, referring to the Bela Kun
+dictatorship of Hungary, says:
+
+     "On Sunday, March 23d, the news was flashed across America that
+     Hungary had swung into the ranks of the revolutionary proletarian
+     dictatorships....
+
+     "A note from the Paris Conference seems to have been the last straw
+     that 'broke the camel's back' of the middle course government,
+     causing President, Cabinet and all, to resign. This allowed the
+     political power to fall into the hands of those who are alone
+     capable of handling the situation--the revolutionary proletariat."
+
+"The Chicago Socialist" is also pro-Bolshevist. In the April 1, 1919,
+edition each of the three following lines extends across the top of the
+front page of the paper:
+
+     "How Many Bolshevists in Chicago?
+
+     "The Vote Today Will Tell.
+
+     "Vote The Socialist Ticket."
+
+At the bottom of the first page of this April election day issue of "The
+Chicago Socialist," the following notice is given to voters:
+
+     "Vote for the great change, TODAY, by casting a Socialist ballot.
+     Stand up and be counted for a Soviet Republic, not only in Russia,
+     or in Hungary, not only in the United States or in some other land;
+     but stand up and be counted for the Soviet Republic of the world."
+
+The Socialist paper of Duluth, like the other Marxian papers of the
+United States, also favored Spartacism and Bolshevism, for in the March
+7, 1919, issue of "The Truth" we read:
+
+     "We can honestly say that the position in Germany is very
+     promising. The Spartacides are now coming into their own and ere
+     long we shall see Bolshevism firmly established in Germany."
+
+The pink booklet published by the Socialist Party, Buffalo, New York,
+entitled, "The Truth About Russia," contains the text of the Bolshevik
+Constitution, and on page 2 appears the following introduction:
+
+     "This little booklet is published by Local Buffalo, Socialist
+     Party, Erie County, with the object in view of giving information
+     to those who desire to grasp the true situation and understand the
+     struggle now going on in Eastern Europe between the reactionary
+     elements allied with German imperialism and other imperialists
+     against the Workers' Republic of Russia in their struggle for true
+     democracy."
+
+On the back cover sheet of "The Crisis in the German Social Democracy,"
+written by Karl Leibknecht, Rosa Luxemburg and Franz Mehring, and
+published by the Socialist Publication Society of Brooklyn, New York,
+there is an advertisement of "The Class Struggle," "a bi-monthly
+magazine devoted to International Socialism." This bi-monthly "does not
+exploit the ephemeral, but gives serious studies of the international
+movement from the pens of comrades in all parts of the world. Among the
+recent contributors are: Lenine, Trotzky, Lunacharsky, Franz Mehring,
+Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, Friedrich Adler, Santeri Nuorteva" So the
+advertisement reads.
+
+"The Bulletin," issued March 24, 1919, by the National Office, Socialist
+Party, page 11, volunteers information which shows one phase of
+Bolshevist propaganda carried on by that Party in the United States:
+
+     "The striking effective leaflet, 'The Great and Growing Fear--No
+     Work,' is accomplishing a double purpose and is being snapped up
+     eagerly and distributed by the hundreds of thousands by state and
+     local organizations and by individual hustlers. Two hundred
+     thousand copies have been sold and it will shortly go to its third
+     printing. Orders indicate a million edition of this powerful
+     leaflet. The Russian Constitution, an article and
+     thought-compelling cartoons on unemployment, that this leaflet
+     carries, make it the Socialist literature triumph of the month.
+     Send for sample copy and order early.
+
+     "From the hustling 'Red' town of Hamilton, Ohio, comes an order for
+     8,000 'Great Fear' leaflets to put the truth about the Russian
+     Soviet Constitution in the homes of the workers of that community."
+
+"The Eye Opener," the official national organ of the Socialist Party of
+America, in its issue of January, 1919, shows its sympathy for the
+Spartacans by the following article:
+
+     "'You Did Not Die In Vain!'
+
+     "American Socialist Party to
+
+     "_Liebknecht and Luxembourg_.
+
+     "The Socialist Party executive committee has adopted a resolution
+     on the death of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg, Germany's two
+     most uncompromising foes of Kaiserism and imperialism. It is as
+     follows:
+
+     "'The National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of the
+     United States of America, has learned of the deaths of our beloved
+     comrades, Dr. Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg, who are reported
+     assassinated by the agents of the reactionary forces of Germany,
+     who are now conspiring to deprive the workers of that country of
+     the opportunity to establish a free government there.
+
+     "'These comrades, always true to the principles of revolutionary
+     Socialism, in the face of unqualified opposition before, during and
+     after the great war, commanded the love and admiration of all the
+     lovers of international liberty, and have, by their incomparable
+     devotion to this great cause, made their names immortal in the
+     history of working class liberation.'"
+
+From the "New York Times," November 18, 1918, we learn that the Chicago
+Socialists endorsed Bolshevism.
+
+A despatch by the International News Service from Cleveland, Ohio, March
+31, 1919, informs us that C.E. Ruthenberg, leading Socialist of that
+city, after a meeting of the Cleveland Socialists on March 30, announced
+that the members of the party had just voted in favor of the adoption of
+the Bolshevik doctrine of Lenine and Trotzky for the further direction
+of the Cleveland party and that the action of the members was
+practically unanimous.
+
+"The Call," New York, April 3, 1919, gave notice of a pro-Bolshevist
+meeting to be held by the Socialists on the following Saturday afternoon
+at Park Circle, New York City:
+
+     "This is the first of a series that the Socialist Party of Harlem
+     proposes to hold, inspired by the success of the Debs meeting two
+     weeks ago at the same place, when 15,000 people attended.
+
+     "The assemblage on Saturday, besides demanding that the United
+     States recognize Soviet Russia, will also give a welcome to the
+     Soviet Republic of Hungary."
+
+In its issue of April 10, 1919, "The Call" recorded the approval by the
+Queen's County, New York, Socialists of the Bolsheviki and Spartacans:
+
+     "We desire to clearly place ourselves on record for, and openly and
+     actively sign ourselves with the revolutionary proletariat the
+     world over, as at present expressed by the policies and tactics of
+     the Communist Party of Russia (Bolsheviki), the Communist Labor
+     Party in Germany (Spartacans) and other parties in harmony with
+     them."
+
+On May 31, 1919, "The Call" published the declaration of the National
+Executive Committee of the party in favor of Bolshevism, Communism and
+Spartacism: The Socialist Party of the United States "supports
+whole-heartedly the Soviet Republic of Russia and the Communist
+government of Hungary.... In Germany, Austria and countries similarly
+situated, its sympathies are with the more advanced Socialist groups."
+
+In "The Call," May 17, 1919, Martens, the representative in the United
+States of the Russian Soviet Government, is quoted as saying:
+
+     "Russian workers, whom I represent, acknowledge with gratitude the
+     sympathy toward the struggles of Soviet Russia evinced by the
+     Socialist Party of America, as well as by the Socialist Labor
+     Party, the I. W. W. and other organizations of the working class,
+     and they return the sympathy without discrimination."
+
+"The Call," March 30, 1919, informs its readers that Cleveland
+Socialists were organizing a Workers' and Soldiers' Soviet, and again,
+on April 1, 1919, that soviets had been established in Seattle, Portland
+and San Francisco. Eugene V. Debs, in an article written by him in "The
+Class Struggle," said:
+
+     "From the crown of my head to the soles of my feet I am Bolshevik
+     and proud of it."
+
+"The Call," April 14, 1919, published Debs' "Last Minute Message to All
+New York Socialists":
+
+     "As I am about to enter the prison doors, I wish to send to the
+     Socialists of New York who have loyally stood by me since my first
+     arrest, this little message of love and cheer. These are pregnant
+     and promising days. We are all on the threshold of tremendous
+     changes. The workers of the world are awakening and bestirring
+     themselves as never before. All the forces that are playing upon
+     the modern world are making for the overthrow of despotism in all
+     its forms and for the emancipation of the masses of mankind. I
+     shall be in prison in the days to come, but my revolutionary spirit
+     will be abroad, and I shall not be inactive. Let us all, in the
+     supreme hour, measure up to our full stature and work together as
+     one for the great cause that means emancipation for us all. Love to
+     all my Comrades, and all hail to the Revolution.--Eugene Victor
+     Debs."
+
+From the same issue of "The Call" we learn that Debs, on leaving
+Wheeling, West Virginia, for the Moundsville prison, gave the following
+statement to David Karsner, staff correspondent: "I enter the prison
+doors a flaming revolutionist--my head erect, my spirit untamed, and my
+soul unconquered."
+
+A press despatch from Toledo, Ohio, March 31, 1919, describes the
+serious socialist riot which took place that afternoon as a protest
+against the then impending imprisonment of Debs, the self-styled
+"flaming revolutionist":
+
+     "Toledo, Ohio, March 31.--When they were refused admission by city
+     officials to Memorial Hall, a city building where Eugene V. Debs
+     was scheduled to speak, 5,000 persons stormed the place, broke
+     windows and doors, and then paraded the streets crying, 'To hell
+     with the mayor.' ...
+
+     "Announcement that Debs would not be permitted to speak was made
+     late Saturday night, after the Socialists here had prepared to
+     handle an overflow crowd. The announcement appeared in the morning
+     papers, and was the first notice the Socialists had that their
+     meeting could not be held.
+
+     "When the hour for Debs to speak arrived there were at least 6,000
+     men and women congregated about the William McKinley monument in
+     Courthouse Park, across the street from Memorial hall.
+
+     "A man mounted the base of the monument. 'We'll use Memorial Hall
+     this afternoon if we have to wade through blood to do it!' he
+     shouted. A policeman grabbed him and he was thrown unceremoniously
+     into a patrol wagon. The man who essayed to speak next also was
+     arrested.
+
+     "As the crowd sensed what was occurring the radicals began to hoot
+     and boo the officers. Clubs were drawn and the crowd was made to
+     move. Then came the parade through the streets and cries of 'Down
+     with the mayor!' 'Hang him!' 'To hell with the police!' and others
+     of a similar nature.
+
+     "It was after five o'clock before the police were able to disperse
+     the crowd. Fist fights by the dozens occurred on corners. Hotel
+     lobbies were invaded by the malcontents. Street cars were held up
+     and threats of serious outbreaks were to be heard on every hand....
+
+     "More than seventy-five men were arrested, including Thomas Devine,
+     Socialist member of the city council."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+VIOLENCE, BLOODSHED AND ARMED REBELLION
+
+
+
+Every year on May Day the Socialists are in the habit of publishing
+articles and making speeches of a more than usual revolutionary
+character. They are also fond of parading on that day to incite riot,
+and of holding meetings to stir up discontent and to foment rebellion
+among the laboring classes. May Day, 1919, was an especially serious one
+in several cities of the United States and will long be remembered,
+because the Socialist riots occurred while the whole country was excited
+over the unsuccessful mailing of bombs to a score or so of eminent
+citizens. The most serious Marxian riots took place in Cleveland, Ohio,
+and were described in part in the "Chicago Tribune" as follows:
+
+     "Cleveland, Ohio, May 1.--An unidentified man was killed by a
+     detective's bullet, eleven policemen were shot or badly beaten, and
+     about 100 persons wounded, many seriously, in general rioting which
+     brought a dramatic finale this afternoon to a Socialist May Day
+     demonstration here.
+
+     "About thirty persons, seriously injured, are in hospitals
+     to-night, while scores of others, including women, were trampled by
+     rioters or clubbed by police.
+
+     "Socialist headquarters was totally wrecked by angry civilians bent
+     on putting an end to the demonstration....
+
+     "A mob of several hundred threatened police headquarters when C. E.
+     Ruthenberg, Socialist leader and former Socialist candidate for
+     mayor, was arrested and for more than an hour the entire downtown
+     section of the city was a warring mass of Socialists, police,
+     civilians and soldiers, the latter riding down the rioters in army
+     trucks and tanks.
+
+     "Dozens of shots were fired in Public square, where more than
+     20,000 Socialists and sympathizers assembled for a May Day rally
+     and to protest against the convictions of Eugene V. Debs and Thomas
+     J. Mooney.
+
+     "The trouble started in Superior Avenue, near East Ninth Street,
+     when the head of one of the five Socialist parades, scheduled to
+     meet in a mass meeting at Public square, was stopped, and Liberty
+     Loan workers and an army lieutenant tore a red flag from a man at
+     the head of the marchers, practically every one of whom were
+     carrying red flags.
+
+     "In less than ten minutes riots had developed at several other
+     points, mounted and foot policemen being switched from one location
+     to another to quell the fighting.
+
+     "The trouble in the public square started when Lieut. H. S. Bergen,
+     who served with the 80th Division overseas, demanded that several
+     soldiers among the Socialists on the platform remove their uniforms
+     or the red flags they wore on their breasts.
+
+     "The soldiers refused, and C. E. Ruthenberg, scheduled as the
+     principal Socialist speaker, interceded for the Socialists.
+
+     "Lieut. Bergen, followed by Lieut. John Hardy of Detroit, thereupon
+     mounted the platform and tore the red insignia from the khaki
+     uniforms. The act was the signal for a grand rush by thousands of
+     Socialist sympathizers."
+
+On Sunday, May 4, 1919, serious trouble with the Socialist-Bolshevist
+element of Gary, Indiana, was narrowly averted. The account, as
+published in the "Chicago Tribune" on the next day, reads in part as
+follows:
+
+     "There was no 'Red' parade in Gary yesterday....
+
+     "Fifty policemen, wearing revolvers on their belts and reinforced
+     by a special shotgun squad of sixteen, a company of state militia,
+     thirty deputy sheriffs, a group of secret service men from Chicago
+     and hundreds of citizen volunteers, prevented the parade after the
+     Russian Socialists flouted an order of Mayor W.H. Hodges
+     prohibiting the march and declared they would proceed despite the
+     authorities....
+
+     "Yesterday's demonstration was the result of a carefully planned
+     plot matured for nearly a month by the foreign radical element of
+     Lake County, Indiana. Its stated purpose was to protest against the
+     conviction of Eugene V. Debs and Kate Richards O'Hare. An
+     undercurrent of rumor among the radicals gave it a more significant
+     meaning, however.
+
+     "On Thursday secret service men obtained copies of pamphlets
+     printed in Russian, containing a formula for the manufacture of
+     explosives. More literature calling for the overthrow of the
+     government was circulated. A third series of pamphlets contained
+     the Constitution of the Russian Soviet Republic.
+
+     "Friday Morris Lieberman, head of the Socialists, called on Mayor
+     Hodges for a permit to parade. It was refused with the explanation
+     that riots such as caused two deaths in Cleveland were feared....
+
+     "Early yesterday morning radicals began to arrive in Gary. Cars
+     from Indiana Harbor, Whiting, Hammond, Crown Point, and trains from
+     Chicago brought them by the dozens.
+
+     "By noon several thousand had gathered in and near the Socialist
+     headquarters, a mile south of the business district of Gary. Under
+     portraits of Trotzky and Lenine they sang Russian songs and
+     gathered about in knots waiting for 'zero hour'--one o'clock.
+
+     "Lieberman, fearing bloodshed, decided to counsel his followers
+     against a parade. They howled him down, however, and hotter heads
+     took charge of the meeting. A dozen girls, with rolls of red
+     ribbon, pinned a scarlet strip on the lapel of each man's coat as
+     he entered the meeting hall. Red neckties were abundant. Red hat
+     bands made their appearance. Many wore scarlet carnations."
+
+Judge Haas of the Municipal Court of Gary thus commented on those
+arrested in the demonstration:
+
+     "All except Capolitto have failed to become citizens. All except
+     him and one other tried to evade war service in our army,
+     endeavoring to sneak out on the ground of not being citizens of
+     this country. All they seem to want is to come over here and make
+     trouble--out of twenty-one gun-toters who have been brought before
+     me, nineteen have been foreigners and not even citizens."
+
+The leaders of the Marxian movement, both in the United States and
+abroad, testify that to be a Socialist is to be a plotter against all
+existing forms of government. Marx and Engels, for instance, confess the
+truth of this in their celebrated "Communist Manifesto," which they
+addressed to their followers over half a century ago, and which is
+looked upon even today by the rank and file of the party as embodying
+the fundamental principles of International Socialism. "The Communists,"
+we are told, "everywhere support every revolutionary movement against
+the existing social and political order of things" and "disdain to
+conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be
+obtained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social
+conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a communistic
+revolution."
+
+We are indebted to the late August Bebel, the leader of the Socialists
+of Germany, for the confession that "along with the state die out its
+representatives--cabinet ministers, parliaments, standing armies, police
+and constables, courts, attorneys, prison officials, tariff and tax
+collectors, in short the whole political apparatus. Barracks and other
+such military structures, palaces of law and of administration,
+prisons--all will now await better use. Ten thousand laws, decrees and
+regulations become so much rubbish; they have only historic value."
+["Women Under Socialism," by Bebel, page 319, of the 1904 edition in
+English.]
+
+"The People," New York, May 13, 1900, in speaking of the relation of
+Socialism to existing forms of government, including our own, affirms
+that "while there is a very general idea that Socialism means an
+extension of the powers and functions of government, still this is a
+very natural and dangerous misconception, and one that ought to be
+guarded against." "Socialism," it adds, "does not mean the extension of
+government, but on the contrary it means the end, the elimination of
+government."
+
+The "International Socialist Review," Chicago, February, 1912, together
+with many other magazines and papers current at the time, called
+attention to the fact that William D. Haywood, who for a long time had
+been before the eyes of the public on account of his revolutionary
+utterances and writings, declared in a speech at Cooper Union, in New
+York City, that the Socialists were conspirators against the United
+States Government.
+
+"The Call," April 1, 1919, in an editorial note says that "the whole
+system of government in the United States, Federal, State and Municipal,
+seems to be out of date."
+
+Though the men who march behind the red flag, singing the Marseillaise
+of the French Revolution, usually deny to the general public, for
+reasons of political expediency, that the Socialist movement is a
+violent and revolutionary one, it is evident to those who have read
+their books, magazines, and papers, that the use of the ballot and
+education are not the means on which they rely finally for the
+establishment of their visionary commonwealth. Violence is advocated and
+habitually practised by the Socialists who constitute the Industrial
+Workers of the World, whose banner with the inscription, "No God, No
+Master," has brought them into disrepute all over the country. Jack
+London, a Socialist widely known in the United States and England as a
+novelist, furnishes us with excellent reasons for believing that the
+International Socialist Party approves of violence and assassination,
+and thereby reaffirms its allegiance to the base principles of the
+French Commune. Writing in the "International Socialist Review" of
+August, 1909, Jack London made the following comment on the progress of
+Socialism in Russia:
+
+     "Our comrades in Russia have formed what they call 'THE FIGHTING
+     ORGANIZATION.' This FIGHTING ORGANIZATION accused, tried, found
+     guilty and condemned to death one Sipiaguin, Minister of the
+     Interior. On April 2, he was shot and killed in the Maryinsky
+     Palace. Two years later the FIGHTING ORGANIZATION condemned to
+     death and executed another Minister of the Interior, Von Plehve.
+     Having done so it issued a document, dated July 29, 1904, setting
+     forth the counts of its indictment of Von Plehve and its
+     responsibility for the assassination. Now, and to the point, this
+     document was sent out to the Socialists of the world, and by them
+     was published everywhere in the magazines and newspapers. The point
+     is, not that the Socialists of the world were unafraid to do it,
+     but that they did it as a matter of routine, giving publication to
+     what might be called an official document of International
+     Revolutionary Movement."
+
+August Bebel in "Unsere Ziele," page 44, expresses his sentiments on the
+subject of violence quite as frankly as Jack London. "We must not
+shudder," he tells us, "at the thought of the possible employment of
+violence; we must not raise an alarm cry at the suppression of existing
+rights, at violent expropriation, etc. History teaches that at all times
+new ideas, as a rule, were realized by a violent conflict with the
+defenders of the past, and that the combatants for new ideas struck
+blows as deadly as possible at the defenders of antiquity. Not without
+reason does Karl Marx, in his work on 'Capital' exclaim: 'Violence is
+the obstetrician that waits on every ancient society which is about to
+give birth to a new one; violence is in itself a social factor.'"
+
+As reference has just been made to Karl Marx, it will be well to call
+attention to the fact that the Father of modern Socialism, in "The Civil
+War in France," page 78, claims that "the workingmen's Paris, with its
+Commune, will forever be celebrated as the glorious harbinger of a new
+society." The Commune, then, whose anniversary is celebrated on the 18th
+of March, every year, by the Socialists all over the world, has been,
+and still is considered the precursor of their contemplated state. The
+reign of terror and rebellion in which tens of thousands of Frenchmen
+met their death, while public buildings and priceless works of art were
+being burned or destroyed and many beautiful churches pillaged, is the
+boast of the Socialistic champions of universal peace. The Parisian mob
+of criminals and revolutionists, which was finally subdued by 150,000
+French troops, after men and women had run about the streets with
+petroleum cans, firing public buildings and private houses and seizing
+many victims whom they hurried off to death, is, therefore, considered
+by the Socialists as one of the most illustrious gatherings of persons
+recorded in history, and one worthy of special memory, honor and
+respect.
+
+Victor Berger of Wisconsin, speaking in the 1908 National Convention of
+the Socialist Party in favor of an amendment to the party constitution,
+proposed by Delegate Hazlett, to the effect that any person opposing
+political action should be expelled from the party, shows how little
+difference there is between the advocates of "political action," who are
+supposed to favor the use of the ballot, and the "direct actionists,"
+who admit their preference for violence.
+
+"I have heard it pleaded," said Berger, "many a time right in our own
+meetings by speakers that come to our meetings, that the only salvation
+for the proletariat of America is direct action, that the ballot box is
+simply a humbug. Now I don't know how this question is going to be
+solved. I have no doubt that in the last analysis we must shoot, and
+when it comes to shooting, Wisconsin will be there. We always make
+good.... In order to be able to shoot even some day we must have the
+powers of political government in our hands, at least to a great extent.
+I want that understood. So everybody who is talking to you about direct
+action and so on, and about political action being a humbug, is your
+enemy today, because he keeps you from getting the powers of political
+government." ["Proceedings of the 1908 National Convention of the
+Socialist Party," page 241.]
+
+On July 31, 1909, we find Victor Berger, who posed as the special
+exponent of "political action," against the "anarchistic" element in his
+party, writing as follows in the "Social Democratic Herald" of
+Milwaukee:
+
+     "No one will claim that I am given to the reciting of revolutionary
+     phrases. On the contrary I am known to be a constructive Socialist.
+     However, in view of the plutocratic law making of the present day,
+     it is easy to predict that the safety and hope of this country will
+     finally lie in one direction only, that of a violent and bloody
+     revolution. Therefore, I say, each of the 500,000 Socialist voters
+     and of the 2,000,000 workingmen who instinctively incline our way,
+     should, besides doing much reading and still more thinking, also
+     have a good rifle and the necessary rounds of ammunition in his
+     home, and be prepared to back up his ballot with his bullets if
+     necessary. This may look like a startling statement. Yet I can see
+     nothing else for the American masses today."
+
+In the "Social Democratic Herald," August 14, 1909, Victor Berger drops
+a few more words on the same subject in an article entitled: "IF THIS BE
+TREASON, MAKE THE BEST OF IT." "There are two ways," says he, "of
+effecting great social changes in a republic--the ballot and the bullet.
+If our people are not wise--if they are otherwise--then we may have use
+for both of them."
+
+Now, if Berger is a specimen of the extreme "political actionist," a
+conservative, the enemy of "direct action," who can imagine the
+treasonable intentions and bloody thoughts of the immense number of
+"direct actionists" who throng the ranks of these national conspirators?
+
+It is not flattering to the State of Wisconsin to realize that Berger
+has several times been chosen to represent one of its Congressional
+districts in the United States House of Representatives. Yet Berger has
+apt pupils. On January 12, 1919, Mayor Hoan of Milwaukee presided at a
+Milwaukee meeting of 8,000 "Reds" to protest against the conviction,
+under the Espionage Law, of Victor L. Berger and four co-conspirators,
+and prolonged cheering and waving of "Red" insignia answered the
+following words spoken by William Bross Lloyd (_Testimony, Socialist
+Trial, Albany, page 1623_):
+
+     "What we want is revolutionary preparedness. We want to
+     organize.... We want a mobilization plan and an organization for
+     the revolution. We want to get rifles, machine guns, field
+     artillery, and the ammunition for it. You want to get dynamite. You
+     want to tell off the men for the revolution when it starts here.
+     You want to tell off the men who are to take the dynamite to the
+     armory doors and blow them in and capture the guns and ammunition
+     there so that the capitalists won't have any. You want to tell off
+     the men to dynamite the doors of the banks to get the money to
+     finance the revolution."
+
+William D. Haywood and Frank Bohn are the joint authors of a pamphlet
+entitled, "Industrial Socialism," the revolutionary tenor of which may
+be gathered from the following lines:
+
+     "When the worker, either through experience or a study of
+     Socialism, comes to know this truth [i.e., economic determinism],
+     he acts accordingly. He retains absolutely no respect for the
+     property rights of the profit takers. He will use any weapon which
+     will win his fight. He knows that the present laws of property are
+     made by and for the capitalists. Therefore he does not hesitate to
+     break them."
+
+Since Haywood and Bohn evidently had no intention of using paper-cap
+pistols and pop-guns as their weapons, and since they certainly did not
+mean to shoot at stone walls and forest trees, it seems strange that the
+Socialist Party, if it does not advocate such doctrines of violence,
+should sell these pamphlets at $6 per 100, according to a price list of
+its national office in Chicago.
+
+To make matters still worse for the apologists of the Socialist Party of
+America, no less a personage than Eugene V. Debs commented as follows,
+in the "International Socialist Review," February, 1912, on the
+doctrines of Haywood and Bohn just referred to:
+
+     "We have here a matter of tactics upon which a number of comrades
+     of ability and prominence have sharply disagreed. For my part, I
+     believe the paragraph to be entirely sound. Certainly all
+     Socialists knowing how and to what end capitalist property rights
+     are established, must hold such rights in contempt.... As a
+     revolutionist I can have no respect for capitalist property laws,
+     nor the least scruple about violating them. I hold all such laws to
+     have been enacted through chicanery, fraud and corruption, with the
+     sole end in view of dispossessing, robbing and enslaving the
+     working class. But this does not imply that I propose making an
+     individual law breaker of myself, and butting my head against the
+     stone wall of existing property laws. That might be called force,
+     but it would not be that. It would be mere weakness and folly. If I
+     had the force to overthrow these despotic laws, I would use it
+     without an instant's hesitation or delay, but I haven't got it, so
+     I am law abiding under protest--not from scruple--and bide my
+     time."
+
+In the "Appeal to Reason," Girard, Kansas, September 2, 1911, there is
+an excellent specimen of one of Debs' revolutionary articles, which
+reads in part as follows:
+
+     "Let us arouse the working class and invoke their power to smite
+     the conspirators and set our brothers [the McNamaras] free. They
+     can be saved in no other way. The lawyers will plead for them to
+     deaf ears; organized labor will protest against their taking off in
+     vain. We are confronted by a heartless, soulless plutocracy. Let us
+     buckle on our armor and fight!... Let us marshal our forces and
+     develop our power for the revolt! Let us develop without delay all
+     the power we have, and prepare to strike in every way we know how.
+     With a general strike we can paralyze the plutocracy from coast to
+     coast. Hundreds of thousands will join eagerly and serve loyally in
+     the fight. We can stop the wheels, cut off the food supply, and
+     compel the plutocrats in sheer terror to sue for peace.... A few
+     men may be needed who are not afraid to die. Be ye also ready....
+     Let us swear that we will fight to the last ditch, that we will
+     strike blow for blow, that we will use every weapon at our command,
+     and that we will never surrender! Roll up a united Socialist vote
+     in California that will shake the Pacific Coast like an earthquake,
+     and back it up with a general strike that will paralyze the
+     continent.... Let the sturdy toilers of the Pacific Coast raise the
+     Red standard of revolt."
+
+It was no other than this same Eugene V. Debs, the advocate of violence
+and revolution, who on May 17, 1912, was nominated as the presidential
+standard bearer of the Socialist Party. If ever elected, what a fine
+president he would make, this "poor," "persecuted," self-styled
+"flaming-revolutionist," now in jail! What an honorable party it must be
+that nominated such a man for the fourth successive time to fill the
+office of the presidency of our country! Indeed it was on the very same
+day that the followers of Karl Marx chose Debs as their candidate to
+rule the United States that they also declared, in the constitution of
+their party, that any member who should advocate crime, sabotage or
+other methods of violence, as a weapon of the working class to aid it in
+its emancipation, should be expelled from membership in the party!
+
+Never can political Socialists convince the American people of their
+sincerity and honesty while they nominate for office men like Debs, send
+to Congress representatives like Victor Berger, and choose as members of
+their national executive committee persons of the stamp of William D.
+Haywood. There was no better way for Socialists to convict themselves of
+hypocrisy than by retaining in their constitution the clause against
+sabotage, referred to above, while at the same time selling at their
+National Office books like "Industrial Socialism" and publishing in
+their papers and magazines articles advocating and approving "direct
+action." By their deeds we judge them, and not by their hypocritical
+words.
+
+"The Call," on April 28, 1919, introduces with the following headlines
+the long comment that it makes on the Hart-Nearing debate of April 27th
+in New York City: "Revolution Is Only Solution of World-Wide Unrest,
+Says Nearing." In the course of the article Scott Nearing's suggestion
+of revolt is mentioned: "As against Professor Hart's proposal of a
+League of Nations, I suggest revolution." The "New York Times," April
+28, 1919, commented in part on the debate as follows:
+
+     "'Who wants war?' asked Professor Hart. 'Scott Nearing wants war
+     and the people who think as he does, want war. Revolution is
+     nothing but civil war and we see its result in the Russian
+     revolution. Russia passed through three revolutions and is that the
+     kind of result we want in order to overthrow what he calls this
+     robber nation?'
+
+     "A whirlwind of applause marked this and through the applause was
+     heard a chorus of voices shouting 'yes.' The meeting cheered
+     Nearing's frequent references to 'revolution,' to the Russian
+     Soviet Republic and applauded his radical utterances, although he
+     had requested that he be permitted to speak without interruption.
+     The theatre contained about 3,000 persons who filled all the seats,
+     the stage and stood in the aisles, after paying from 25 cents to
+     $1.50 admission.
+
+     "Judging from the manifestations of approval of Nearing's remarks,
+     the large audience appeared to be overwhelmingly composed of
+     revolutionary Socialists, and when the speaker declared he believed
+     in a League of Socialist Nations the crowd vigorously applauded in
+     a way that left no doubt of its sentiment."
+
+"The Call" in its May Day issue, 1919, published an article on
+present-day revolutionary tactics of the Socialists:
+
+     "The world revolution, dreamed of as a thing of the distant future,
+     has become a live reality, rising from the graves of the murdered
+     millions and the misery and suffering of the surviving millions. It
+     has taken form, it strikes forward, borne on by the despair of the
+     masses and the shining example of the martyrs. Its spread is
+     irrepressible. The bridges are burnt behind the old capitalist
+     society and its path is forever cut off. Capitalist society is
+     bankrupt and the only salvation of humanity lies in the uprising of
+     the masses, in the victory of the Socialist revolution, in the
+     renovating forces of Socialism.
+
+     "The world war which is now about to be officially closed has slid
+     into a condition neither war nor peace. However, the war of the
+     nations has been followed by the war of the classes. The class
+     struggle is no longer fought by resolutions and demonstrations.
+     Threateningly it marches through the streets of the great cities
+     for life or death."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+PATRIOTISM RIDICULED AND DESPISED
+
+
+
+Though it is evident that there can be no patriotism in men who are
+doing their utmost to overthrow our government by stirring up
+class-hatred and inciting rebellion, still most of the citizens of our
+country have never realized the extent to which Socialists ridicule and
+despise patriotism and abhor its very name.
+
+"The Call," September 25, 1912, in answering the charge that Socialism
+undermines patriotism, says: "So it does, and is proud of it, if by
+patriotism is meant that mawkish sentiment which causes a man, for the
+sum of $15 a month, to go out and get himself killed in defense of a
+country of which he owns not a single foot and can never hope to own
+any. If a wage slave is paid only enough to live on, anyhow, what
+difference to him does it make whether his boss is a Britisher or a
+Chinaman?"
+
+The Socialists often succeed in stirring up violence during strikes to
+develop the spirit of revolt; then, when it becomes necessary for the
+state to protect the lives and property of its citizens, the lovers of
+rebellion and disorder do their utmost to incite hatred and contempt
+against the soldiers who are sent to preserve order.
+
+On February 10, 1912, there appeared in "The Call" an article which
+reads as follows:
+
+     "The capitalist class, alarmed at the amazingly rapid growth of
+     anti-militarism in this country, is endeavoring, through church and
+     government, to combat this just sentiment, and by law and precept
+     to create an artificial respect and love for the soldiers' uniform
+     and the American flag.
+
+     "'Respect the uniform, honor the flag,' is their cry, and they are
+     foolish enough to believe that if they raise their voices loud
+     enough, we, the workers, will become infected by their fictitious
+     enthusiasm, and shout with them.
+
+     "'Honor the uniform!' Oh, surely! Honor the trappings and gold lace
+     with which they are dressing up their weak-minded scabs! Honor the
+     uniform which has the power to transform a decent but ignorant boy
+     of the working class into an unthinking savage, who would, if
+     ordered to do so by a superior in rank, shoot down his aged father
+     or kill his sister's unborn child with a bayonet thrust, should
+     they happen to be on strike and crying aloud for a little more
+     bread, warmer clothing and better shelter. Honor the uniform? No,
+     spit on it! Make it a shame and a reproach until a worker who wears
+     it will not dare to show his face among decent working people.
+     Honor the uniform! Honor that which gives a free license to kill,
+     if the victim happens to be a worker? Honor that which stands for
+     oppression, for the loafer against the worker, for the master
+     against the slave? Honor that which causes a worker to become a
+     traitor to his class, to forget his ties of blood, and for pay to
+     deliver himself over body and soul to his natural enemy, the
+     capitalist class? Honor the Judases, the Benedict Arnolds of the
+     working class? Our masters insult us by even asking such a thing.
+
+     "Shall we honor the Massachusetts militiamen who, without the
+     slightest provocation, murdered a young worker? Is that what you
+     want us to do, you capitalists, you cardinals and presidents? You
+     ask too late, for we already despise and loathe your decorated
+     hirelings, and are, as time passes, making it more difficult for
+     you to recruit our decent boys and transform them into loathsome
+     parasites."
+
+On May 6, 1919, millions of New Yorkers enthusiastically welcomed the
+77th Division of our soldier boys on their return home from the
+battle-fields of Europe. Glowing descriptions of the celebration
+appeared in nearly all the papers of the Metropolis. A contemptible
+account, however, was published the next day in "The Call," showing the
+scornful spirit of the Socialists toward the millions of American troops
+who made so many sacrifices for their country in the late war. The
+article in "The Call" runs as follows:
+
+     "Rows and Rows and Rows and Rows and Rows of 'Em March
+
+     "_Folks Cheered 77th Division which Finally Changed From Toys Into
+     Folks, Too._
+
+     "A row of mounted police rode up Fifth avenue yesterday.
+
+     "A man carrying a banner on which were the words and figures, '77th
+     Division,' marched up Fifth avenue yesterday.
+
+     "A band played all the way up Fifth avenue yesterday.
+
+     "A line of soldiers walked up Fifth avenue yesterday.
+
+     "A second line of soldiers walked up Fifth avenue yesterday.
+
+     "A third line of soldiers walked up Fifth avenue yesterday.
+
+     "A fourth line of soldiers walked up Fifth avenue yesterday.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "A soldier carrying a service flag walked up Fifth avenue
+     yesterday.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "One soldier wore khaki and carried a steel helmet on his shoulder.
+
+     "A second soldier wore khaki and carried a steel helmet on his
+     shoulder.
+
+     "A third soldier wore khaki and carried a steel helmet on his
+     shoulder.
+
+     "A fourth soldier wore khaki and carried a steel helmet on his
+     shoulder.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "They marched precisely.
+
+     "They marched steadily.
+
+     "They marched firmly.
+
+     "They marched in silence.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "The crowds cheered.
+
+     "The crowds waved flags.
+
+     "The crowds did not fill the stands.
+
+     "The crowds applauded.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "The police kept the waves of humanity back.
+
+     "The police did not have much trouble.
+
+     "The police permitted the crowd to cheer.
+
+     "The police permitted the crowds to wave flags.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "Soldiers of the 77th Division marched up Fifth avenue yesterday,
+     and when they had done marching they broke ranks and greeted their
+     friends and relatives who had not seen them since they went to war.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "A mother greeted her son with kisses and tears.
+
+     "A mother greeted her son with kisses and tears.
+
+     "A mother greeted her son with kisses and tears.
+
+     "Change the word 'mother' to sweetheart, brother, sister, and keep
+     on repeating until 'father' is reached and then change 'kisses and
+     tears' to 'smiles and cheers.'"
+
+The hypocritical Socialists at one moment plead for universal peace, the
+desire of nations, and at the next for class hatred. They are trying to
+ruin our domestic peace and to expose us to the ravages of lawlessness
+and crime. By fostering contempt for soldiers and other guardians of the
+peace, they not only make it harder for them to fulfil their duties, but
+prevent many from joining the army and navy for the defense of our
+country against foreign and domestic foes.
+
+Our country at present is well able to defend itself against foreign
+attacks, but if our domestic enemies continue to sow the seeds of
+discord and class hatred among our fellow citizens, it will surely fall,
+for no nation that is divided against itself can stand.
+
+From the very fact that "The Call" of February 10, 1912, dared to
+publish the following article, showing the intense hatred of its author
+for the Stars and Stripes, our national emblem, the reader can judge for
+himself whether the thousands of unoffended subscribers have the
+faintest spark of patriotism in their hearts:
+
+     "'At least honor the flag!' they cry in desperation. 'Honor the
+     flag which stands for freedom, equality and fraternity!'
+
+     "What flag? The American flag? The Stars and Stripes? The flag
+     which floats over every hellhole of mine and mill and prison? The
+     flag which floats over station house and barracks whence issue
+     police and soldiers to batter down and murder workers exercising
+     their constitutional rights of free speech and free assemblage?
+     Honor the flag which you, our masters, have changed from a flag of
+     liberty into a symbol of the cruelest exploitation and vilest
+     oppression of the new civilization?
+
+     "If I had been Samuel Gompers when he was reproached by the
+     capitalists for placing his foot on the American flag, I should
+     have answered: 'Yes, I trampled on it, and, more than that, I spit
+     upon your flag, not mine; I loathe the Stars and Stripes, once the
+     symbol of liberty for all, but now the stripes represent the bloody
+     stripes left by your lash on the back of the worker, and the stars,
+     the bullet and bayonet wounds in his breast. To hell with your
+     flag!...
+
+     "Down with the Stars and Stripes! Run up the red flag of humanity."
+
+Not alone do the members of the rank and file of the Socialist Party
+attack the Star Spangled Banner, but even its foremost leaders are
+guilty of the same offense. "The Comrade," July, 1904, furnishes us
+with an attack made upon our country's flag by no less a personage than
+Eugene V. Debs:
+
+"Have you a drop of blood in your veins? Has your manhood rotted into
+cowardice? Wake up and take your place in the class struggle. For the
+desecration of the flag your leader is in jail. What flag? The flag of
+the capitalist class--the flag that floats over the bull pens of
+Colorado. The wholesome truths he stamped upon its stripes are your
+shame and your masters' crime. Rally to the red flag of international
+Socialism, the symbol of the proletarian revolt."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST OUR COUNTRY
+
+
+
+This chapter is the center of our book, the hub where all the spokes of
+evidence focus and unite, clearly revealing the unity, power and purpose
+of the Wheel of Revolution which now is rolling through the minds and
+wills of American radicals. To make this complex plot simple, it has
+been analyzed into its parts in the other chapters of "The Red
+Conspiracy," so that each element may be weighed by itself. In the
+present chapter the results of this analysis are gathered up again, to
+show how all the parts fit into one mechanism; and, with the whole thus
+seen as one contrivance, the working of each part being understood, the
+plan and purpose of the entire invention stands out as clear as day.
+
+But if this chapter is the center of our explanation of "The Red
+Conspiracy," the center of the thing itself lies elsewhere. The Great
+Red Wheel of Proletarian Revolution is an International Wheel, and both
+the hub which unites it and the turning power which moves it are
+centered in the old Russian town of Moscow.
+
+Frequently in preceding chapters the reader has been impressed by the
+fact that the "Reds" are guilty of conspiracy against all governments,
+including that of the United States of America. In the present chapter
+we shall discuss this matter of conspiracy much more in detail and
+assemble the proofs in such order and strength that no reasonable man
+can deny the existence of the widespread plot now fast undermining the
+pillars of our country.
+
+The "Reds" under one name or another have in the long run proven to be
+far more than evolutionists in the various countries of Europe. Actual
+rebellions have shown them to be revolutionists by violence in the
+strictest sense of the word in Russia, Germany, Bavaria, Hungary and
+even on one of the islands of far distant Japan. Their activities in
+England, France, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Holland, Bulgaria and many
+another foreign land bid fair to give us still further proofs in the
+near future that the "Reds" do not intend to wait for success by the
+ballot, but that, as soon as they consider themselves a sufficiently
+strong and united minority, they will throw off their masks, use rifles
+in place of hypocritical words, and work behind barricades instead of
+behind closed meeting doors. The Italian Socialists were about to begin
+their rebellion when, quite recently, the word came from the Moscow
+headquarters of the International conspirators to wait for a more
+opportune moment.
+
+It seems quite incredible that the "Reds" of our own country, whether
+they be I. W. W.'s, Communists, members of the Communist Labor Party, or
+Socialists, should be merely evolutionists, harmless parliamentarians,
+when their brethren abroad, with whom they so much sympathize, and upon
+whom they look as the saviors of the world and the highest types of
+advanced civilization, are either avowedly attempting to overthrow their
+governments or else have already done so, and in not a single instance
+by means of the ballot. There is an old saying to the effect that we are
+known by the company we keep. Since the American "Reds" keep company
+with foreign rebels, it is not to be presumed that the latter are demons
+and the former saints.
+
+Few specific proofs need be given in this chapter to show that the I. W.
+W.'s are guilty of conspiracy against the United States Government, for
+a great part of them, especially those most active, belong either to the
+Communist, Communist Labor or the Socialist Party, and an abundance of
+proofs will be given that these latter organizations are far from being
+harmless and innocent political parties.
+
+Moreover, the I. W. W.'s, in their revolutionary "Preamble" and by the
+many utterances of their leaders, are openly committed to a conspiracy
+of violence against our Government. Relative to the I. W. W. and its
+underhand activities, the reader will remember the words of Arturo
+Giovannitti, quoted in a previous chapter, from the Socialist Labor
+Party paper, "Weekly People," New York, February 10, 1912. That writer,
+with all his experience as a leader of the "Wobblies," certainly knew
+their plans, and makes this astounding admission relative to the part
+that the I. W. W. is expected to take in bringing about the Marxian
+rebellion:
+
+     "The future of Socialism lies only in the general strike, not
+     merely a quiet political strike, but one that once started should
+     go fatally to its end, i.e., armed insurrection, and the forcible
+     overthrow of all existing social conditions.... The task of
+     revolution is not to construct the new society, but to demolish the
+     old one, therefore, its first aim should be at the complete
+     destruction of the existing state, so as to render it absolutely
+     powerless to react and re-establish itself.... The I. W. W. must
+     develop itself as the new legislature and the new executive body of
+     the land, undermine the existing one, and gradually absorb the
+     functions of the state until it can entirely substantiate it
+     through the only means it has, the revolution."
+
+During the year 1919 a very excellent example of how the One Big Union
+tried to develop a strike into a rebellion was given in Winnipeg,
+Canada. Some time previously we had in our own country an example in the
+great strike at Seattle, Washington.
+
+Cases of sabotage, murder and arson are but minor activities of the I.
+W. W., and mere circumstances to aid in bringing about the contemplated
+rebellion.
+
+Government raids in recent years, and the seizure of hundreds of tons of
+inflammatory literature, from which extensive quotations were made in
+the daily press, have furnished us with ample proofs that the I. W. W.'s
+are national conspirators.
+
+The reader will remember the vivid picture of the contemplated rebellion
+in the mind of the "Wobbly" who wrote in "The Rebel Worker," April 15,
+1919:
+
+     "The United States is in the grip of a bloody revolution! Thousands
+     of workers are slaughtered by machine guns in New York City!
+     Washington is on fire! Industry is at a standstill and thousands of
+     workers are starving! The government is using the most brutal and
+     repressive measures to put down the revolution! Disorganization,
+     crime, chaos, rape, murder and arson are the order of the day--the
+     inevitable results of social revolution!"
+
+The I. W. W.'s are certainly conspirators, and seek the overthrow of our
+Government by industrial violence, and we were told by "The Evolution of
+Industrial Democracy," page 40, that "Government, as now understood,
+will disappear--there being no servile class to be held in
+subjection--but in its place will be an administration of affairs."
+
+The spirit of armed rebellion against our Government was foremost in the
+minds of the Left Wing members of the Socialist Party who afterwards
+formed the Communist and the Communist Labor Parties. We shall recall
+some of the words of Louis C. Fraina during the great struggle between
+the Rights and Lefts:
+
+     "All propaganda, all electoral and parliamentary activity are
+     insufficient for the overthrow of Capitalism, impotent when the
+     ultimate test of the class struggle turns into a test of power. The
+     power for the social revolution issues out of the actual struggles
+     of the proletariat, out of its strikes, its industrial unions and
+     mass action."--"The Revolutionary Age," July 12, 1919.
+
+     "Socialism will come not through the peaceful, democratic
+     parliamentary conquest of the state, but through the determined and
+     revolutionary mass action of a proletarian minority."--"The
+     Revolutionary Age," July 12, 1919.
+
+     "Revolutionary Socialists hold, with the founders of Scientific
+     Socialism, that there are two dominant classes in society--the
+     bourgeoisie and the proletariat; that between these two classes a
+     struggle must go on until the working class, through the seizure of
+     the instruments of production and distribution, the abolition of
+     the capitalist state, and the establishment of the dictatorship of
+     the proletariat, creates a Socialistic system. Revolutionary
+     Socialists do not believe that they can be voted into power. They
+     struggle for the conquest of power by the revolutionary
+     proletariat."--"The Revolutionary Age," March 22, 1919.
+
+"The Communist," of Chicago, April 1, 1919, it will be remembered, in
+speaking of November 7, 1919, the day on which the armistice was signed,
+said:
+
+     "On that day the seething proletariat ruled Chicago by sheer force
+     of numbers. One thing alone was needed to give this mass expression
+     identity with the proletarian uprisings in Europe--one thing, the
+     revolutionary idea."
+
+After the formation of the Communist and Communist Labor parties, in
+September, 1919, both made great progress in winning recruits to the
+cause of armed rebellion. On January 2, 1920, government agents all over
+the country suddenly descended upon the conspirators and took thousands
+of them prisoners. Bombs, rifles and other weapons were captured by the
+department agents. In Newark 25 rifles and a large number of bombs were
+taken, many tons of violent literature were seized and innumerable
+quotations from it appeared in the daily press, showing beyond the
+shadow of a doubt the evil intentions of these "Reds" against the land
+that we love.
+
+The Communist Party of America and the Communist Labor Party have the
+same purposes and aims as the Communist Party of Russia. They are joined
+with the latter in advocating and supporting the manifesto of the Third
+International, which openly urges an armed revolution to bring about the
+overthrow of the Government of the United States.
+
+Both parties have conducted effective propaganda work through
+newspapers, books, pamphlets and other means. The Communist Party alone
+had twenty-five newspapers printed in several languages, actively
+supporting its cause. This number was being increased weekly, papers
+which were formerly Socialist Party organs going over to its support.
+The alien editors of most of these papers were taken by the Department
+of Justice agents in the raids.
+
+The Department of Justice naturally was most vitally interested in the
+promises of violence against the United States Government contained in
+the manifesto of the Communists of the Third International, which was
+held at Moscow, March 2 to 6, 1919. Among the passages in the Moscow
+manifesto which most interested the Department of Justice were the
+following:
+
+     "Socialist criticism has sufficiently stigmatized the bourgeois
+     world order. The task of the International Communist Party is now
+     to overthrow this order and to erect in its place the structure of
+     the Socialist world order. We urge the workingmen and women of all
+     countries to unite under the Communist banner, the emblem under
+     which the first victories have already been won.
+
+     "Proletarians of all lands! In the war against imperialistic
+     barbarity, against monarchy, against the privileged classes,
+     against the bourgeois state and bourgeois property, against all
+     forms and varieties of social and national oppression--unite!
+
+     "Under the standard of the Workingmen's Councils under the banner
+     of the Third International, in the revolutionary struggle for power
+     and the dictatorship of the proletariat, proletarians of all
+     countries--unite!"
+
+The manifesto is signed by Lenine, Trotzky and other revolutionaries.
+Several references are made to the United States, indicating this
+country as one of the objectives of the revolutionaries. Describing the
+methods to be used, the manifesto says:
+
+     "Civil war is forced upon the laboring classes by their arch
+     enemies. The working class must answer blow for blow, if it will
+     not renounce its own object and its own future, which is at the
+     same time the future of all humanity.
+
+     "The Communist parties, far from conjuring up civil war,
+     artificially, rather strive to shorten its duration as much as
+     possible--in case it has become an iron necessity--to minimize the
+     number of its victims, and above all to secure victory for the
+     proletariat."
+
+Under the caption, "The Way to Victory," the manifesto says:
+
+     "The revolutionary era compels the proletariat to make use of the
+     means of battle which will concentrate its entire energies, namely,
+     mass action, with its logical resultant, direct conflict with the
+     governmental machinery in open combat. All other methods, such as
+     revolutionary use of bourgeoisie parliamentarism, will be of only
+     secondary significance."
+
+The principles of the American Communist Party set forth in their seized
+records and made public by the Department of Justice, are:
+
+     "The Communist Party of America is the party of the working class.
+     The Communists of America propose to end capitalism and organize a
+     workers' industrial republic. The workers must control industry and
+     dispose of the products of industry.
+
+     "The Communist Party is a party realizing the limitations of all
+     existing workers' organizations and purposes to develop the
+     revolutionary movement necessary to free the workers from the
+     oppression of capitalism. The Communist Party insists that the
+     problems of the American worker are identical with the problems of
+     the workers of the world.
+
+     "The Communist Party is the conscious expression of the class
+     struggle of the workers against capitalism. Its aim is to direct
+     this struggle to the conquest of political power, the overthrow of
+     capitalism and the destruction of the bourgeois state.
+
+     "The Communist Party prepares itself for the revolution in the
+     measure that it develops a program of immediate action expressing
+     the mass struggles of the proletariat. These struggles must be
+     inspired with revolutionary spirit and purposes.
+
+     "The Communist Party is fundamentally a party of action. It brings
+     to the workers a consciousness of their oppression, of the
+     impossibility of improving their condition under capitalism. The
+     Communist Party directs the workers' struggle against capitalism,
+     developing fuller forms and purposes in this struggle, culminating
+     in the mass action of the revolution.
+
+     "The negro problem is a political and economic problem. The racial
+     oppression of the negro is simply the expression of his economic
+     bondage and oppression, each intensifying the other. This
+     complicates the negro problem, but does not alter its proletarian
+     character. The Communist Party will carry on agitation among the
+     negro workers to unite them with all class conscious workers."
+
+Little need be added concerning the Communist Labor Party. As its
+manifesto and program are practically identical with those of the
+Communist Party of America, while all its members are likewise
+affiliated with the Third or Moscow International, the foregoing
+characterization of the Communist Party applies without essential
+modification to the Communist Labor Party. The identical character of
+these two parties was asserted by A. Mitchell Palmer, Attorney-General
+of the United States, in a statement given out January 23, 1920, and
+printed in the "New York Times" of the next day, as follows:
+
+     "These two organizations are identical in aim and tactics, the
+     cause for their separate existence being due to the desire of
+     certain individuals connected with the so-called Left Wing elements
+     of the Socialist Party to be leaders. For the sake of convenience I
+     shall refer to members of the Communist Party of America and the
+     Communist Labor Party as 'Communists.'"
+
+Attorney-General Palmer then quotes from the manifesto of the Third
+International, adopted March 6, 1919, at Moscow, to show, as he says,
+"that their sole and intimate aim was to accomplish not only the
+conquest but the destruction of the idea of the 'State,' as understood
+by loyal American citizens," and that "this destruction was not to be
+accomplished by parliamentary action, for it is specifically stated that
+it is to be by armed conflict with governmental authority." The
+Attorney-General's statement then continues:
+
+     "It is this manifesto which was adopted by the Communist parties in
+     the United States as their program of action....
+
+     "In the program of the Communists in the United States we find such
+     statements as the following:
+
+     "'Communism rejects the conception of the State; it rejects the
+     idea of class reconstruction and the parliamentary conquest of
+     capitalism....
+
+     "'The objective is the conquest by the proletariat of the power of
+     the State. Communism does not propose to capture the bourgeois
+     parliament of any State, but to conquer and destroy it.'
+
+     "We thus find stated in very clear and plain language the fact that
+     the aim of the Communists of America is for the destruction of the
+     government. This shows clearly that the organizations of Communists
+     in this country aim, not at the change of government of the United
+     States by parliamentary or political methods, but in the overthrow
+     and the destruction of the same by mass and direct action, by force
+     and violence.
+
+     "Another point of particular significance to which I feel I should
+     call your attention, is the fact that the organizations of
+     Communists in the United States are pledged to destroy the great
+     and loyal labor organization of America, namely, the American
+     Federation of Labor, which, according to the Communist Party of
+     America is considered to be reactionary and a bulwark of
+     capitalism. Another particularly significant pledge of the
+     Communists of America is to carry on agitation of the negro workers
+     of America."
+
+The I. W. W.'s and the members of the Communist and Communist Labor
+parties are all openly confessed conspirators against the United States
+Government. The members of the Socialist Party are just as bad, and
+worse, for they are hypocrites, besides being conspirators.
+
+The Socialists, as we have seen in a former chapter, have for many years
+given unlimited support to the I. W. W., knowing full well that it was
+an organization pledged to revolution by violence.
+
+The Socialists, moreover, are heart and soul in favor of the Bolsheviki
+of Russia, who have issued the manifesto of their International
+expressly to stir up revolutions by violence in all countries, including
+our own. The Socialists of the United States call themselves Bolsheviki,
+are spreading the doctrines of the Bolshevists of Russia and openly
+admit that Bolshevism and Socialism are identical.
+
+Until very recently the Socialist Party nursed within its bosom about
+70,000 dues-paying members, out of 109,586, who went over to the
+Communist and Communist Labor parties. Hence, at least till lately,
+nearly two-thirds of its membership consisted of avowed rebels. Has it
+changed since the break with the Communists? No, not at all. It is just
+as bad as ever, only more hypocritical, more prudent and biding its time
+so as not to start a premature revolt. After the wholesale arrests of
+the members of the Communist and the Communist Labor parties on January
+2, 1920, the Publicity Department of the Socialist Party, 220 South
+Ashland Boulevard, Chicago, said: "The Socialist Party herewith raises
+its voice in emphatic and solemn protest against these activities on the
+part of the hot-headed and overzealous guardians of the safety of the
+United States."
+
+Now listen once more to the words of Morris Hillquit, who poses before
+the public as in a different class from the American Communists and
+Communist Laborites. In "The Call," May 21, 1919, in a long article in
+large type covering half the editorial page, Morris Hillquit said of the
+"Left Wing" movement: "I am one of the last men in the party to ignore
+or misunderstand _the sound revolutionary impulse_ which animates the
+rank and file of this new movement, but the specific form and direction
+which it has assumed, its program and tactics, spell disaster to our
+movement. I am opposed to it, _not because it is too radical_, but
+because it is _essentially reactionary_ and non-Socialistic; _not
+because it would lead us too far_, but because it would lead us nowhere.
+To prate about the dictatorship of the proletariat and of workers'
+Soviets in the United States _at this time_ is to deflect the
+Socialistic propaganda from its realistic basis, and to advocate the
+abolition of all social reform planks in the party platform means to
+abandon _the concrete class struggle_ as it presents itself from day to
+day." (Italics mine.)
+
+The wisdom of this crafty, go-slow policy is now apparent, with the
+"Left Wing" leaders in jail, and Hillquit's chameleons now posing as
+angels of light, the saviors of "representative government" in America.
+The fact that the Socialist Party of America "goes into politics" does
+not make it less dangerous than the other revolutionary bodies, but more
+dangerous, for it thus expects to have men in political positions to
+seize the reins of government when the hour of blood and violence
+arrives. That this is its definite policy, the meaning of its political
+activity, was apparent as far back as its National Convention of 1908,
+when, in opposing those who would dismiss the use of the ballot in favor
+of "direct action"--violence--exclusively, Victor L. Berger said:
+
+     "I have no doubt that in the last analysis we must shoot, and when
+     it comes to shooting, Wisconsin will be there.... In order to be
+     able to shoot even some day we must have the powers of political
+     government in our hands, at least to a great extent. I want that
+     understood. So everybody who is talking to you about direct action
+     and so on, and about political action being a humbug, is your enemy
+     today, because he keeps you from getting the powers of political
+     government." ("Proceedings of the 1908 National Convention of the
+     Socialist Party," page 241.)
+
+In the "Social Democratic Herald" of Milwaukee, July 31, 1909, Berger
+wrote: "It is easy to predict that the safety and hope of this country
+will finally lie in one direction only, that of a violent and bloody
+revolution. Therefore, I say, each of the 500,000 Socialist voters and
+of the 2,000,000 workingmen who instinctively incline our way, should,
+besides doing much reading and still more thinking, also have a good
+rifle and the necessary rounds of ammunition in his home, and be
+prepared to back up his ballot with his bullets if necessary. This may
+look like a startling statement. Yet I can see nothing else for the
+American masses today." In the same paper, August 14, 1909, he wrote:
+"We should be grateful if the social revolution, if the freeing of
+75,000,000 whites, would not cost more blood than the freeing of
+4,000,000 negroes in 1861."
+
+Thus the Socialist Party of America, under the tutelage and control of
+far-seeing and deep-witted leaders like Hillquit and Berger, is by far
+the most dangerous band of conspirators in the United States. No
+"revolutionary impulse" is too extreme for Hillquit, no movement is "too
+radical;" but its "program and tactics" must be deep-laid, deceptive,
+seizing every present political advantage so that the central power can
+be grasped by astute leadership in one lurch when the hour of "shooting"
+arrives.
+
+The dramatic violence of Lenine and Trotzky passed through all the
+radical bodies in America like an electric shock, and the enthusiasts
+wished to start a ruction right away. But Morris Hillquit was not
+carried off his feet. If the boys were so senseless as to try to seize
+the reins of party government, Hillquit would dismiss them with a
+friendly wave, as in his article, quoted above, in which he also says:
+"There is, as far as I can see, but one remedy. It would be futile to
+preach reconciliation and union where antagonism runs so high. Let the
+Comrades on both sides do the next best thing. Let them separate,
+honestly, freely, and without rancor. Let each side organize and work in
+its own way, and make such contribution to the Socialist movement in
+America as it can." If the "contribution" of the boys should really turn
+out to be a successful general strike and overturn, who would be better
+able to grasp the power than an astute leader like Hillquit?
+
+This book was written before the Judiciary Committee of the New York
+Assembly began its inquiry, in January, 1920, into the fitness of five
+Socialist Assemblymen to act as law-makers, and since then has only
+received the addition of some important facts and testimony. It is
+remarkable, therefore, that all the evidence independently sifted in
+that investigation overwhelmingly points to the same conclusions arrived
+at in this volume.
+
+On January 21, 1920, at the second day's hearing at Albany, as reported
+in the "New York Times" of January 22, John B. Stanchfield and Martin W.
+Littleton, of counsel for the Judiciary Committee, stated the
+fundamental nature of the charges brought against the five suspended
+Socialists--charges based, as is well known, on the results of raids and
+investigations of radicalism by the New York State Legislative
+Committee, Senator Lusk, Chairman. Said Mr. Stanchfield:
+
+     "When the Chairman read from the statement yesterday that the
+     charge against these men was disloyalty, and that they had
+     affiliated themselves with a party whose platform and program call
+     for an overthrow of this Government by violence, he added that we
+     will prove this beyond the shadow of a doubt.
+
+     "We are not upon this investigation engaged in a discussion of the
+     philosophy of Socialism or its economics. We are engaged in an
+     investigation of its tactics, its methods, its practical program,
+     and these tactics, these methods, and that program called for the
+     overturn of the power of this State and its annihilation, its utter
+     and complete annihilation."
+
+Mr. Littleton said:
+
+     "The representation with reference to what these five men did and
+     what they profess and what they engaged to do stands out as plainly
+     as any thing can stand out--that they gave their allegiance wholly
+     and solely to an alien and invisible empire known as the
+     Internationale. It stands out that they are the citizens, not in
+     reality of the country which sustains and maintains them, but they
+     are citizens of this invisible empire which projects itself as a
+     revolutionary force into every country, menacing its institutions
+     and threatening its overthrow. Their allegiance before they ever
+     entered upon the threshold of this chamber was given to this
+     empire, which masquerades at one time with the softness of
+     parliamentary reform and which declares itself in favor of
+     revolution with force, according to the place and time where it may
+     so declare.
+
+     "It is that alien state, people of alien races--pledged to the
+     destruction of this Government and its institutions--that the
+     charges say that these men belong to and act with....
+
+     "Perhaps at a later day in this proceeding we will ascertain the
+     specific program to which they pledged themselves, the program of
+     Mr. Lenine and Mr. Trotzky, not to reform Russia--that is a
+     misconception and a misdirection; it is not that Lenine and Trotzky
+     are trying to reform Russia or change Russia, it is that Lenine and
+     Trotzky, acting through these agencies, are proposing the
+     installation of the same kind of government in constitutional
+     America that they have inaugurated in Russia, and these are the
+     agents and the instructors, according to the charge, to carry out
+     that program.
+
+     "It is quite a different thing from expressing your sympathy in a
+     convention for downtrodden Russia. It is a little different
+     program, Mr. Chairman, and the evidence in this case will disclose
+     that these members, in conjunction with that party, have tied
+     themselves irrevocably to the program.
+
+     "So that charge involves, I should say, a grave question as to
+     whether these men, pledged to an alien empire to carry out an alien
+     policy and to do it masquerading as a political party, shall be
+     members of that Assembly and can take the oath of office.
+
+     "Our ideals are the embodiment of the Constitution which these men
+     ought to have been able to take the oath to and support. No alien,
+     invisible empire, having one corner of it resting in the heart of
+     Soviet Russia, another corner of it resting upon the shoulders of
+     the Spartacides in Germany, and another resting somewhere else, you
+     swore allegiance to, but to this country and this standard and no
+     other country or standard--that is the ideal which we take the oath
+     for and undertake to support.
+
+     "Now, with that situation, here is an Assembly organized under the
+     ideals of that country and under its Constitution, and the question
+     here is, Can that Assembly inquire into whether or not five of its
+     members are disloyal to the country have foresworn themselves and
+     given their allegiance to an alien and an invisible empire, and
+     placed themselves in the hands of a master who can withdraw them
+     from this Assembly when he chooses? Can such a deliberative body as
+     this make that inquiry, and, finding the fact out, can it expel
+     that agency from this body before the poison has contaminated the
+     system?"
+
+Mr. Littleton here took up the charge that the five Socialist
+Assemblymen, before taking office, had placed their resignations in the
+hands of their party leaders, or their local organizations, to be used
+to withdraw them from office should they fail to carry out their party's
+behest. He continued:
+
+     "What is the charge here? That these men, belonging to the
+     invisible empire of the Internationale, whose agents may be violent
+     or peaceable, according as the law allows, and according as they
+     may escape, are here acting as agents of Lenine and Trotzky, not to
+     establish a Soviet Republic under the rotten ruins of an infamous
+     democracy, but to establish a Soviet Republic on the ruins of a
+     Constitution to which every man is pledged by every ounce of his
+     blood and by that solemn vow which he registered in heaven when he
+     entered on the duties of his office.
+
+     "Mr. Chairman, before this investigation is over and before the
+     waves which have been stirred, the waves of public opinion, have
+     subsided, I make no threat, but I make a prediction, that this
+     country will understand that this so-called political party,
+     masquerading as a political party, is the agent and the
+     co-conspirator with the dark forces of this invisible empire whose
+     object is the forcible destruction of constitutional government in
+     America.
+
+     "I say this question, before it is over, will arouse this country.
+     It will not be a tempest in the teapot. It will be a question as to
+     whether they can hypocritically masquerade as a political party,
+     and strike hands with every agency of force and revolution, and
+     still make simple American people understand they are not sworn
+     enemies of their country and ready to overthrow it."
+
+The power of the "invisible empire" established by Lenine and Trotzky
+can be traced in the quotations in this book as a great dramatic energy
+which has seized and dragged into its vortex one after another of the
+radical organizations in the United States until none are now left out,
+and some even of the comparatively conservative trades union bodies
+appear to be trembling on the verge of peril. The evil fascination of
+the blood-reign of Lenine and Trotzky has been most remarkably evident
+in the Socialist Party of America, and precisely so because an element
+in this organization developed a strong power of resistance--only to
+succumb at last.
+
+The story of this struggle is told in Chapters III to V of this work,
+where we see the Moscow Magnet dragging one section so much more rapidly
+than the rest moved that the Socialist Party at first stretched out into
+two wings, the Left and the Right, and then exploded into three parts,
+the Communist Labor Party, the Communist Party of America and that which
+still calls itself the Socialist Party of America.
+
+We cannot forget the significant statement by Morris Hillquit in the
+"New York Call" after the Chicago Emergency Convention of September,
+1919. This was put in evidence against the Socialist Party of America
+during the trial before the New York Assembly's Judiciary Committee and
+appeared in the "New York Herald" of January 29, 1920. Hillquit's letter
+in the "Call" raised the question, "What shall be the attitude of the
+Socialist Party toward the newly formed Communist organization?" In
+answering this question Hillquit used the following remarkable
+expressions:
+
+     "The division _was not brought about by differences on vital
+     questions of principles_. It arose over disputes on methods and
+     policy. The separation of the Socialist Party into three
+     organizations _need not necessarily mean a weakening of the
+     Socialists_.... Our quarrel is a _family_ quarrel, and has no room
+     in the columns of the capitalistic papers.... We have had our
+     split.... Now we are through with it. Legitimate constructive work
+     of the Socialist movement is before us. Let us give it all of our
+     time, energies and resources. Let us center our whole fight upon
+     capitalism, and let us hope _our Communist brethren_ will go and do
+     likewise." (Italics mine.)
+
+The difference, then, is not at all one of "principles," but only one of
+"methods and policy," that is, of cunning in putting on disguises; and
+in this we concede that the Socialist Party of America is greatly
+superior to its "Communist brethren."
+
+Another evidence of this cunning, brought out at the trial of the
+Socialist Assemblymen in January, 1920, bears directly upon the
+conspiratory character of the Socialist Party's policy of "political
+action." According to the "New York Evening Sun," January 22, 1920, the
+following from the Socialist Party's New York State Constitution was put
+in evidence:
+
+     "All candidates or appointees to public office selected by the
+     dues-paying membership of the Socialist Party of the State of New
+     York, or any of its subdivisions, shall sign the final resignation
+     blank before nomination is made official or appointment is made
+     final."
+
+The form of resignation, also put in evidence, is here reproduced from
+the same issue of the "Evening Sun":
+
+     "To the end that my official acts may at all times be under the
+     direction and control of the party membership, I hereby sign and
+     place in the hands of Local (........) my resignation to any office
+     to which I may be elected (or appointed), such resignation to
+     become effective whenever a majority of the local shall so vote. I
+     sign this resignation voluntarily as a condition of receiving said
+     nomination, and pledge my honor as a man and Socialist to abide by
+     it."
+
+One of the by-laws of the New York County organization put in evidence
+also reads:
+
+     "On accepting a nomination of the party for public office, the
+     candidate shall at once give to the executive committee a signed
+     resignation of the office for which he is nominated, and shall
+     assent in writing to its being filed with the proper authority, if,
+     in case of election, he proves disloyal to the party."
+
+A protest had been made to the New York Assembly claiming that "the
+fundamental principles of representative government" would be violated
+in refusing to seat the five suspended Socialist Assemblymen. But it is
+plain that men controlled in office by such a secret device would not
+really represent their districts, nor those who voted for them, but only
+the members of the dues-paying locals or the executive committee holding
+their resignations; and in cases of some of the suspended Socialists it
+was said that of the votes they received not one in ten nor even one in
+twenty had been cast by a dues-paying Socialist. At the trial Morris
+Hillquit, of counsel for the defense, tried to break the force of this
+damaging evidence by getting in testimony "that this provision of the
+State Constitution has been a dead letter since its inception." (New
+York "Evening Sun," January 22, 1920.) But this hypocrisy was thoroughly
+exposed by the testimony given on January 28, 1920, by George R. Lunn,
+Democratic Mayor of Schenectady, who had been a candidate for that
+office three times as a Socialist. The following summary of his
+testimony is from the "New York Sun" of January 29, 1920:
+
+     "The outstanding features of Mayor's Lunn's testimony were his
+     statements that on the night before election in 1911, when he was
+     running for Mayor on the Socialist ticket, two members of the party
+     went to his home and presented a blank resignation for his
+     signature. This, he said, he signed in order to 'avoid a squabble,'
+     although he considered it 'child's play and illegal.' He refused,
+     he said, in 1913 to sign the required resignation before the
+     election. This time he was defeated. In 1915, he testified, he was
+     again nominated and elected, after repudiating that part of the
+     Socialist Constitution which bound him to follow the dictates of
+     his party leaders. The result, he said, was that the State
+     organization revoked the charter of the entire Schenectady local in
+     order to discipline him."
+
+In a ninety-page brief, submitted to members of the New York Assembly on
+February 12, 1920, by counsel of the Judiciary Committee, after five
+weeks of investigating the qualifications of the suspended Socialist
+Assemblymen, Attorney-General Charles D. Newton and the other signers
+said that the five Socialists by "their promise ... to place their
+resignations in the hands of the dues-paying members ... abdicated their
+functions as Assemblymen and disqualified themselves from taking the
+oath of office and rendered their oath false." ("New York Times,"
+February 13, 1920.)
+
+The same brief, according to the "Times" of above date, says:
+
+     "A decent regard for the Assembly as the popular representative
+     house of the State requires that these five Assemblymen be excluded
+     from their seats. They have taken a false oath to secure seats
+     which they cannot occupy as gentlemen, patriots, loyal citizens or
+     Assemblymen. They come here under the false pretense of being loyal
+     to their Government, when in fact they are really citizens of the
+     Internationale, and desire above all things the destruction of this
+     Government."
+
+The Socialist Party of America is also denounced by the same brief on
+three other counts, which the "New York Times" of February 13, 1920,
+thus summarizes:
+
+     "The Socialist Party is a revolutionary party, having the single
+     purpose of destroying our institutions and Government, which they
+     abhor, and substituting the Russian Soviet Government or the
+     proletariat Government instead to be controlled by themselves. This
+     appears from their platforms and propaganda.
+
+     "The Socialist Party is not a national party, like the Democratic
+     Party or the Republican Party, whose aim is to conserve and
+     preserve the nation. The Socialist Party is an anti-national party
+     whose allegiance is given to the Internationale and not to the
+     United States, whose Government and institutions it would destroy.
+
+     "'Mass action' and the 'general strike' are advocated and urged by
+     the Socialist Party as a part of the plan to bring about conditions
+     favorable to revolution, and as instruments of revolution, and not
+     to remedy industrial evils. The revolutionary purpose and
+     non-political character of such acts make them treasonable, and,
+     whether criminal or not in the absence of such purpose, treasonable
+     with it."
+
+This last point, the attitude of the Socialist Party of America toward
+"mass action" and the "general strike," is of the utmost importance as
+evidence that the Socialist Party stands for seizure of the Government
+of the United States by revolutionary violence; for the reader will
+recall abundant proof in this book that it is precisely by means of
+"mass action" and the "general strike" that both of the Communist
+parties in this country expect to destroy our existing Government, these
+"instruments of revolution" being also the very ones recommended by the
+Communist manifesto of the Third (Moscow) International, and the ones
+employed by the I. W. W. in its industrial battles.
+
+The Moscow Manifesto, as cited from the copy of it in the "New York
+Call" of July 24, 1919, gives the Third International's plan of action
+for world revolution in a nutshell:
+
+     "The revolutionary epoch demands that the proletariat should employ
+     such fighting methods as will concentrate its entire energy, viz.,
+     the method of mass action, and lead to its logical consequence--the
+     direct collision with the capitalist state machine in an open
+     combat. All other methods, e.g., revolutionary use of bourgeois
+     parliamentarism will in the revolution have only a subordinate
+     value."
+
+It is very significant, therefore, that the Socialist Party of America
+definitely committed itself to these tactics in the manifesto it adopted
+at the Chicago Emergency Convention on September 4, 1919. As given in
+the "Call" of September 5, 1919, the manifesto of the Socialist Party of
+the United States says on this point:
+
+     "The great purpose of the Socialist Party is to wrest the
+     industries and the control of the Government of the United States
+     from the capitalists and their retainers. It is our purpose to
+     place industry and government in the control of the workers with
+     hand and brain, to be administered for the benefit of the whole
+     community.
+
+     "To insure the triumph of Socialism in the United States the bulk
+     of the American workers must be strongly organized politically as
+     Socialists, in constant, clear-cut and aggressive opposition to all
+     parties of the possessing class. They must be strongly organized in
+     the economic field on broad industrial lines, as one powerful and
+     harmonious class organization, co-operating with the Socialist
+     Party, and ready in cases of emergency to reinforce the political
+     demands of the working class by industrial action.
+
+     "To win the American workers from their ineffective and
+     demoralizing leadership, to educate them to an enlightened
+     understanding of their own class interests, and to train and assist
+     them to organize politically and industrially on class lines, in
+     order to effect their emancipation, that is the supreme task
+     confronting the Socialist Party in America.
+
+     "To this great task, without deviation or compromise, we pledge all
+     our energies and resources. For its accomplishment we call for the
+     support and co-operation of the workers of America and of all other
+     persons desirous of ending the insane rule of capitalism before it
+     has had the opportunity to precipitate humanity into another
+     cataclysm of blood and ruin.
+
+     "Long live the International Socialist Revolution, the only hope of
+     the suffering world!"
+
+So culminates and ends this 1919 national convention manifesto of the
+Socialist Party of America. This dedication of that party to the
+"supreme task" of "strongly organizing" the "bulk of the American
+workers" into "one powerful and harmonious class organization" in order
+that "industrial action" may "reinforce the political demands of the
+working class," adds greatly to the significance of some testimony by
+leading Socialists in the inquiry of the New York Assembly's Judiciary
+Committee at Albany. On January 30, 1920, Algernon Lee, educational
+director of the Rand School and secretary of the New York County
+Committee of the Socialist Party, was sworn and testified as follows,
+according to the "New York Herald" of January 31, 1920:
+
+     "Mr. Lee ... described at length what Socialists mean by direct
+     mass action and the general strike. He said the general strike had
+     been used with some degree of success in Russia and Belgium....
+     'The general strike is often used to back up political action,' the
+     witness said. He justified combining economic strikes as a
+     political weapon....
+
+     "'Let us assume for the moment,' said Mr. Conboy, 'that these five
+     gentlemen whose seats are in question ... should present a
+     political program here in the shape of proposed legislation, and
+     they were reinforced by the combination in industrial action,
+     including within its weapons the general strike. It would be
+     possible for them, would it not, in the event that the Legislature
+     of this State refused to adopt the movement which they presented
+     for adoption by the Legislature, to cripple the industries of the
+     State and to starve the people thereof?'
+
+     "'I think you are assuming, I may almost say, an impossible
+     condition,' replied Mr. Lee, 'that the people should elect an
+     overwhelming majority upon one side and then be so overwhelmingly
+     organized as to be able to use industrial action on the other
+     side.'"
+
+But here Mr. Lee simply concealed the truth behind hypocritical
+camouflage by using the term, "the people," ambiguously. For our people
+might go on as now, conducting constitutional government by
+representatives in all their legislatures elected by "an overwhelming
+majority upon one side," while at the same time the underground work
+might go on of "strongly organizing" "the bulk of the American workers"
+into "one powerful and harmonious class organization" ready for
+"industrial action." In that case, a "general strike" would absolutely
+paralyze the whole country, and "the people" and all their legislatures
+alike would have to surrender absolutely to any demands made upon them,
+or would have to engage instantly in such a civil war as the world has
+not yet seen, carried on under conditions of indescribable chaos.
+
+Moreover the underground work of revolutionary "industrial organization"
+need be only partial, need, in fact, be carried on only a little beyond
+conditions already actually existing, in order to establish a
+"dictatorship of the proletariat," or else terrible civil war, in many
+of our American cities by the simple process of calling general strikes.
+The reader who questions this should learn the facts about the Winnipeg
+general strike of May 1-June 15, 1919, "the culmination of the
+development of the One Big Union movement in Canada" (page 333 of "The
+American Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, edited by Alexander Trachtenberg,
+Director, Department of Labor Research, Rand School of Social Science"),
+which held a city of 200,000 terrorized for six weeks under the absolute
+dictatorship of a Strike Committee elected by the strikers, while "many
+cities, including Calgary, Edmonton and Toronto, meanwhile joined the
+general strike in sympathy with Winnipeg." (Ibid., page 334.)
+
+The strikers included the employees of the fire, water supply, health,
+street cleaning, light and power, transportation, telegraph, telephone
+and postal departments of the city, together with the janitors of
+buildings, elevator men, wholesale and retail clerks and the carters and
+deliverers of the stores, railways and express companies, thus cutting
+off the city from the rest of the world and even from the supplies and
+facilities within its own bounds except only as the Strike Committee
+made concessions. "I could have a glass of milk or lunch if I had a
+ticket from the Strike Committee. Otherwise I couldn't." This was the
+testimony of Mr. Robert McKay, of Winnipeg, February 10, 1920, and
+printed in the Albany "Knickerbocker Press" of February 11, 1920, from
+which we take the facts. Even the Winnipeg newspapers failed to appear
+after the first three days of the strike, while the city police also
+voted to strike, but continued on duty under command of the Strike
+Committee.
+
+At length a Citizens' Committee was organized, 100 men at first, which
+grew to 1,000, and even 10,000, Mr. McKay says. "The regular police was
+replaced by 1,500 special police, assisted by mounted police and
+militia," and "during the last two weeks there were two riots, in which
+two persons were shot by the mounted police." (Account in Trachtenberg's
+"Year Book," above quoted, page 334.) In other words, Winnipeg was only
+delivered by means of rescue from outside and by incipient civil war,
+the ringleaders of the dictatorship being arrested and indicted for
+trial.
+
+Yet are there some Americans still so blinded by foolish optimism as to
+think we are in no danger--even at a time when all the "Reds" of
+America, inflamed by the Third International, are uniting in feverish
+haste to carry "industrial organization" to a sufficient state to make
+it an instrument for holding up the whole American people? If the false
+prophets of optimism pooh-pooh the peril and label intelligent warnings
+as "hysteria," will it be the first time in history that this was done
+by men of weight and influence in the very shadow of a great, impending
+rebellion and down to the very hour of its outbreak?
+
+Mr. Lee's testimony on January 30, 1920, as quoted above, was
+voluntarily supplemented by a statement by Seymour Stedman, of counsel
+for the five Socialist Assemblymen and a prominent Socialist himself,
+one of the National Executive Committeemen who fought the Left Wing to
+keep the control of the party in 1919. We quote from the report of the
+trial in the "New York Times" of January 31, 1920:
+
+     "Mr. Lee was next asked to explain what was meant by the pledge of
+     the Socialist anti-war faction to support 'mass action' against
+     conscription. He answered that the general strike was included in
+     the term 'mass action,' but that the word contemplated other
+     methods as well.
+
+     "'Is it part of the Socialist Party plans to use the general strike
+     to back up political action?'
+
+     "'If the circumstances should exist which made that necessary, I
+     take it that it would be construed so,' said the witness.
+
+     "Mr. Conboy was unable to pin the witness down to a definition of
+     what circumstances would make the Socialists resort to direct
+     action. Mr. Stedman interrupted:
+
+     "'There was a bill to nationalize the railroads,' he said. 'The men
+     went on strike to reinforce their demands. I can see the miners and
+     the whole working class going on a strike protesting against the
+     Government paralyzing them rather than taking the mine owners by
+     the collar. That will be general. If the working class made such a
+     demand to reinforce a general political demand for the relaxation
+     of such an injunction, the Socialists would stand side by side with
+     them everywhere. Personally, I think the mining situation was an
+     instance where there should have been a general strike.'"
+
+It is important to emphasize the proofs that the Socialist Party of
+America has openly committed itself to the sanction and advocacy of
+"industrial" violence in furtherance of its avowed intention "to wrest
+industry and the control of the government of the United States" from
+the whole American people and place them in the hands of a special
+class. For since the wholesale arrests of "Reds" by the Department of
+Justice were made, followed by the institution of the inquiry into the
+qualifications of the five Socialist Assemblymen at Albany, a new,
+general movement became discernible among the radicals, a movement to
+disguise their real principles, camouflage their plan of action and
+carry their propaganda "under ground."
+
+Hillquit, Victor L. Berger and the other shrewd leaders of the Socialist
+Party realized early in 1919 that the programs of violence against this
+country, flaunted openly by the Left Wing leaders, would bring down the
+hand of the Government upon the conspirators. As early as April 19,
+1919, Julius Gerber, Executive Secretary of the New York Local of the
+Socialist Party, in a private letter which we quote from the Left Wing
+"New York Communist." May 1, 1919, stated that "the control of the party
+by these irresponsible people will make the party an outlaw
+organization, and break up the organization."
+
+Yet the call for the Third (Moscow) International had cunningly
+classified the Socialists of the world into three groups, a Right, a
+Center and "the Revolutionary Left Wing." This last group included the
+friends of Moscow, the elements of the Third International; and those
+credited to it in America, who received invitations to the Moscow
+Conference of March 2-6, were the Socialist Labor Party, the I. W. W.,
+the Workers' International Industrial Union and "the elements of the
+Left Wings of American Socialist Propaganda (tendency represented by E.
+V. Debs and the Socialist Propaganda League)." The group of the Right,
+the other extreme, was completely condemned by the Moscow call as
+"avowed social-patriots who, during the entire duration of the
+imperialistic war between the years 1914 and 1918 have supported their
+own bourgeoisie."
+
+But the "Center" was described as "represented by leaders of the type of
+Karl Kautsky, and who constitute a group composed of ever-hesitating
+elements, unable to settle on any determined direction and who up to
+date have always acted as traitors." "In regard to the 'Center,'" the
+call continues, "the tactics consist in separating from it the
+revolutionary elements, in criticizing pitilessly its leaders and in
+dividing systematically among them the number of their followers." The
+Left Wing leaders in America, however, ignoring the recognition of a
+"Center" in this country, lumped together and designated as the "Right"
+all their Socialist opponents, the special followers of Hillquit, Victor
+L. Berger and the other "bosses" of the Socialist Party; but they
+certainly followed the tactics of "criticizing pitilessly its leaders."
+(See the Moscow call in Chapter III and the details of the Left Wing
+fight in Chapters III, IV and V.)
+
+These facts explain the course pursued by Hillquit and his
+fellow-leaders. In the first place they had to get rid of the Left Wing
+leaders whose "control of the party" would make it "an outlaw
+organization and break up the organization." This they accomplished by
+wholesale expulsions and suspensions, as we have seen in earlier
+chapters. But in the second place they had to prepare a sufficiently
+strong public declaration of the real revolutionary principles of their
+party and a sufficiently explicit identification of the party with the
+Moscow International to satisfy both the rank and file of their
+followers and Lenine and Trotzky in Russia, while yet not going far
+enough to incriminate themselves with the awakening suspicions of our
+National and State Governments. As a result we have the utterances of
+the Emergency Convention of August-September, 1919, where every
+compromising word was still only a hint of the principles and plan of
+action carefully concealed behind it.
+
+Even so, the leaders soon realized that they had revealed too much of
+the truth for their safety; while the wholesale arrests, indictments and
+deportations of radicals evidently convinced these cunning plotters that
+the old-time disguises and hypocrisies of Hillquit, Victor Berger and
+the other foxes of the party were the only safe tactics for
+revolutionists in America. Thus Ludwig C. A. K. Martens, the Bolshevist
+"ambassador," himself led the retreat in his smooth lies to the United
+States Senate Foreign Sub-Committee, to the effect that the dictatorship
+in Russia no longer regarded it as necessary to urge those affiliated
+with it in other countries to overthrow the existing governments.
+Undoubtedly he had made the American situation perfectly clear to Lenine
+and Trotzky.
+
+The reappearance of Morris Hillquit in the Assembly case at Albany, on
+February 17, 1920, and his appearance on the witness-stand as "an expert
+on Socialism," was a similar attempt to repair the breaches with
+camouflage. It was his part with an amused smile to show that
+"industrial organization," "industrial action," "mass action" and
+"general strikes" really mean nothing in the Socialist Party's
+manifestoes, platforms and programs, and that his party's affiliation
+with the Third (Moscow) International was a mere meaningless, friendly
+gesture. But these party utterances and acts meant all and even more
+than they said to the party's rank and file and confederates.
+
+It was brought out in the testimony at Albany on February 10, 1920, that
+the minority report of the Emergency Convention, decreeing affiliation
+with the Moscow International, had been adopted by a referendum vote of
+the party's rank and file, 3,495 votes for to 1,449 against. The wording
+of this report, here given in part from Trachtenberg's 1919-20 Labor
+Year Book, page 411, is another of those brilliant attempts at
+camouflage for which the "Yellow" Socialists are famous:
+
+     "Any International, to be effective in this crisis, must contain
+     only those elements who take their stand unreservedly upon the
+     basis of the class struggle, and their adherence to this principle
+     is not mere lip loyalty....
+
+     "The Socialist Party of the United States, in principle and in its
+     past history, has always stood with those elements of other
+     countries that remained true to their principles. The manifestoes
+     adopted in national convention at St. Louis (1917) and Chicago
+     (1919), as well as Referendum 'D,' 1919, unequivocally affirm this
+     stand.[K] These parties, the majority parties of Russia, Italy,
+     Switzerland, Norway, Bulgaria and Greece, and growing minorities in
+     every land, are uniting on the basis of the preliminary
+     convocation, at Moscow, of the Third International. As in the past,
+     so in this extreme crisis, we must take our stand with them.
+
+     "The Socialist Party of the United States, therefore, declares
+     itself in support of the Third (Moscow) International, not so much
+     because it supports the 'Moscow' programs and methods, but because:
+
+     "(a) 'Moscow' is doing something which is already challenging world
+     imperialism.
+
+     "(b) 'Moscow' is threatened by the combined capitalist forces of
+     the world simply because it is proletarian.
+
+     "(c) Under these circumstances, whatever we may have to say to
+     'Moscow' afterwards, it is the duty of Socialists to stand by it
+     now because its fall will mean the fall of Socialist republics in
+     Europe, and also the disappearance of Socialist hopes for many
+     years to come."
+
+If Moscow's "programs and methods" are only the minor reason for
+supporting Moscow, what is the major reason for this "support?" What is
+the Third (Moscow) International "doing" which "is really challenging"
+the "world," arraying the "forces of the world" against it and thus
+making its own "fall" a serious possibility? We examine (see Chapters
+III and IV and the present chapter) the Third (Moscow) International's
+call to the March, 1919, Conference and the manifesto sent out from it,
+and we see what it has done in challenge of the rest of the world. It
+has declared war against the rest of the world and its existing
+governments, the "Entente Powers," "The White Terror of the
+bourgeoisie," as it calls them in the "Manifesto of the Moscow
+International" published in the "New York Call" of July 24, 1919, from
+which we here quote; and against these "Entente Powers," "The White
+Terror," the manifesto continues, "Against this the proletariat must
+defend itself--defend itself at all costs! The Communist International
+calls the whole world-proletariat to this, the final struggle! Down with
+the imperialist conspiracy of capital! Long live the International
+Republic of Proletarian Soviet!" (Ibid.)
+
+Thus complete identification with this proletarian declaration of war
+against the "Entente Powers" was the major aim of the Socialist Party of
+the United States in voting for affiliation with Moscow. This is the
+principal ground on which it "declares itself in support of the Third
+(Moscow) International" and proclaims it to be "the duty of Socialists
+to stand by it now." Just as Hillquit differed from the Left Wingers,
+now his "communist brethren," not "on vital questions of principles,"
+but only "on methods and policy," opposing their "movement" "not
+because" it was "too radical" or "would lead us too far," but simply
+because its "specific form and direction, ... its program and tactics,"
+would "spell disaster," so Hillquit's Party supported the Third (Moscow)
+International "not so much because" of its "programs and methods" as
+because what it was "doing," its war-declaration and marshaling of the
+world's proletarian forces against the "Entente Powers," was "really
+challenging world imperialism."
+
+Is not one mind, one aim, one intent, one purpose and hatred
+consistently evident in all these utterances? And thus we understand the
+vehemence of the Chicago Manifesto of September 4, 1919, "largely based
+upon one suggested by Morris Hillquit," as the "Call," New York, of
+September 5, 1919, says. The following quotation from the Chicago
+Manifesto, as printed in the "New York Call" of September 5, 1919, and
+also in Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, pages 413-14, shows
+that the Socialist Party of America completely repudiates the so-called
+"Moderate" Socialists, and supports the Bolshevist and Communist violent
+revolutionists:
+
+"The Socialist Party of the United States at its first national
+convention after the war, squarely takes its position with the
+uncompromising section of the international Socialist movement. We
+unreservedly reject the policy of those Socialists who supported their
+belligerent capitalist governments on the plea of 'national defense,'
+and who entered into demoralizing compacts for so-called civil peace
+with the exploiters of labor during the war and continued a political
+alliance with them after the war. We, the organized Socialists of
+America, pledge our support to the revolutionary workers of Russia in
+the maintenance of their Soviet Government, to the radical Socialists of
+Germany, Austria and Hungary in their efforts to establish working-class
+rule in their countries, and to those Socialist organizations in
+England, Italy and other countries who during the war, as after the war,
+have remained true to the principles of uncompromising international
+Socialism."
+
+Just as the Moscow Manifesto cries out, "Long live the International
+Republic of Proletarian Soviet!" so does Hillquit's manifesto, adopted
+September 4, 1919, by the Socialist Party, "hold out to the world the
+ideal of a federation of free and equal Socialist nations." A common
+zeal for the violent overthrow of the world's existing non-Socialist
+governments, in order to set up a world-empire of Socialism, is the
+major feature of the Socialist Party's unity with the Moscow plotters
+and incendiaries.
+
+But while Moscow's "programs and methods" are "not so much" the concern
+of the American Socialist Party as the "federation of ... Socialist
+nations," yet these Moscow "programs and methods" are themselves also
+distinctly adopted and enthusiastically followed by the American
+Socialists.
+
+The Moscow Manifesto ("New York Call," July 24, 1919) lays down two
+great principles of action, one of _method_, the other of _means_. Here
+is the method: "The revolutionary epoch demands that the proletariat
+should employ such fighting methods as will concentrate its entire
+energy, viz., the method of mass action, and lead to its logical
+consequence--the direct collision with the capitalist state machine in
+an open combat. All other methods, e.g., revolutionary use of bourgeois
+parliamentarism, will in the revolution have only a subordinate value."
+
+Here is the means: "A coalition is necessary with those elements of the
+revolutionary workers' movement who, though they did not previously
+belong to the Socialist Party, now, on the whole, take up the standpoint
+of the proletarian dictatorship in the form of the power of Soviets,
+e.g., _some of the sections among the Syndicalists_." (Ibid.)
+
+The American "Syndicalists" are the I. W. W.'s, and their methods are
+those of "industrial action" by means of industrial unionism. In other
+words, they are seeking to organize "One Big Union" in order, as the
+"Preamble" to their Constitution asserts, to "take possession of the
+earth and the machinery of production." These are the methods and means
+recommended by the Moscow International to the rabid Socialists
+affiliated with it all over the world.
+
+These methods and means, urged by the Moscow Manifesto, were evidently
+adopted in Hillquit's manifesto, which led, by the party's adoption of
+it, to the American Socialist Party's strong commitment of itself at
+Chicago to "strongly organize" on "industrial lines" the "bulk of the
+American workers" into "one powerful and harmonious class organization"
+ready for "industrial action." The preamble to the Constitution, also
+adopted at the Emergency Convention of 1919, according to Trachtenberg's
+Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, page 410, stresses the same thing:
+
+     "The Socialist Party seeks to organize the working-class for
+     independent _action_ on the political field, not merely for the
+     betterment of their conditions, _but also and above all with the
+     revolutionary aim_ of putting an end to exploitation and class
+     rule." And it adds: "To accomplish this aim, it is necessary that
+     the working-class be powerfully and solidly organized also on the
+     economic field _to struggle for the same revolutionary goal_."
+
+Trachtenberg's 1919-1920 Year Book, page 409, tells us, too, that the
+party at its Emergency Convention "adopted a series of resolutions,"
+including two described as follows:
+
+     "_Co-operatives._--Favoring the establishment of co-operatives and
+     recommending that literature be distributed on the subject."
+
+     "_Economic Organization._--Favoring industrial unionism and
+     establishing a labor department in the party for the preparation of
+     literature and more active work among the labor unions."
+
+We know what the last-mentioned resolution means; and the meaning of the
+propaganda for "co-operatives" becomes plain when we read in
+Trachtenberg's same Year Book, page 393, that this co-operative movement
+has been defined as "The state within a state."
+
+Indeed, these two resolutions, favoring propaganda for "co-operatives"
+and "industrial unionism," seem to be explained in the "Preamble to the
+Constitution of the Socialist Party," adopted at Chicago on September 6,
+1919. A single sentence in this Preamble, which we quote from
+Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, page 410, tells us what the
+Socialist Party wants and the means by which it hopes to get it. Here is
+the sentence: "The workers must wrest the control of the government from
+the hands of the masters and use its powers in this upbuilding of the
+new social order, the Co-operative Commonwealth."
+
+Naturally "co-operatives" are favored as a step toward the "Co-operative
+Commonwealth," which is what the Socialist dreamers want. But in order
+to set up this new state, the Socialists want "the workers" to do a big
+job for them, namely, to "wrest the control of" the present Government
+of the United States and get it out of the way. Thus "the workers" are
+the means, the tool, which the hair-brained Socialists hope to use,
+while the proposed method of using these "workers" is to make Socialists
+of them and line them up in one big "industrial union" ready for
+"industrial action" when the Socialists crack the whip. We do not think
+America's "workers" intend to burn their fingers in pulling Hillquit's
+chestnuts out of the fire; but the lazy drones, the Socialist
+"intellectuals," as the Hillquitites love to style themselves, certainly
+hope to ride into power on the back of American labor just as the
+Bolshevist "dictators," Lenine and Trotzky, rode into power and are
+still riding on the galled back of the labor slaves of Russia.
+
+It appears, then, that the Socialist Party of America is not merely
+affiliated with Moscow's "programs and methods" by a referendum vote,
+but has adopted a similar program and method for its own "supreme task."
+The only difference is that the Bolsheviks have made their revolution,
+while the American Socialists are forging the weapon for theirs. Debs'
+motto is their motto: "I am law abiding under protest--not from
+scruple--and bide my time."
+
+Perceiving the peril of his party, Hillquit, on the witness stand in the
+Judiciary Committee's inquiry at Albany, sought in every way to belittle
+the significance of his and his party's Chicago Manifesto, the Moscow
+Manifesto, and the evident connection between the two, belittling, also,
+his party's affiliation with the Third (Moscow) International. How
+unscrupulous and hypocritical his testimony seems in the light of all
+the facts!
+
+In his testimony at Albany on February 19, 1920, Hillquit acknowledged
+the Chicago Manifesto, adopted September 4, 1919, as his own child. "At
+least ninety per cent of it is my authorship," he proudly said. Having
+himself imprudently led his party to make open confession, by manifesto,
+of its plot "to wrest the industries and the control of the government
+of the United States" out of their present keeping and so completely
+into the hands of the Socialist Party that it would be able "to place"
+them "in the control of" a special class, did Hillquit feel that he
+would be justified on the witness stand in using any extreme of craft
+which might help to bury the plot out of sight again?
+
+In spite of the fact that the Party Manifesto Hillquit wrote sounds
+astonishingly like the echo of the Moscow Manifesto, Hillquit, on
+February 19, 1920, swore that he had never read the Moscow Manifesto
+when he wrote his ninety per cent or more of the Chicago Manifesto. To
+this he held even when reminded by Mr. Conboy that all of the Moscow
+Manifesto but the preamble had appeared in the "New York Call" of July
+24, 1919. And he still sought to convey the notion that the Moscow
+Manifesto had not made any particular impression upon the members of
+his party prior to the Emergency Convention of September, 1919, in spite
+of the letter read to him by Mr. Conboy, of which the following is an
+extract:
+
+
+                        "SOCIALIST PARTY
+                       "National Office
+                "Executive Secretary: Adolph Germer
+                    "803 West Madison Street
+                "Chicago, Ill., 5/12/1919.
+
+     "Local Rochester, C. M. O'Brien,
+
+     "580 St. Paul St., Rochester, N. Y.:
+
+     "Dear Comrade.--I am pleased to announce the publication of two
+     vital documents in pamphlet form, namely, 'The Manifesto Communist
+     International,' issued 1919 by the Soviets of Russia at Moscow to
+     the toiling masses of the world. This is undoubtedly the greatest
+     declaration ever issued from any working class tribunal since the
+     Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels ... the second is 'The
+     Constitution World's First Socialist Republic....
+
+     [Signed] "Edwin Firth,
+
+     "Literature Dept."
+
+But Hillquit, the great "expert on Socialism," missed reading this
+"vital" manifesto all the summer of 1919, when the Socialist papers were
+full of it; and yet, by some wild chance, himself composed a close echo
+of it!
+
+The cowardly "Reds," as we have seen, want a violent revolution and
+constantly preach it to the discontented as boldly and openly as they
+dare. But they want America's workingmen to take all the risk and do all
+the work, and they go on with their frantic agitation in the hope that
+American labor will some day organize a great "general strike" and try
+to turn it into a revolution to overthrow the United States Government.
+Naturally, therefore, the Socialists get excited whenever any great
+labor strike is on, and they stand as tempters whispering the word
+"revolution" into the ears of the strikers. Sometimes they get their
+suggestion that the strike be turned into a revolution before the
+strikers' minds by a hypocritical pretense that they are afraid that
+what they so much long for is likely to happen. Debs, the Socialist
+Party's presidential standard-bearer, is a past master in this art of
+suggestion through a pretense of feeling concern, and during the steel
+strike of 1919 he even tried to "start something" of this kind from
+behind the bars of his jail. Thus in the form of an interview, sent as
+a "special to the 'New York Times,'" which published it September 24,
+1919, he got off the following hypocritically inflammatory comment on
+the steel strike from his place in the Atlanta Federal Prison:
+
+     "'I fear that much violence will result from the strike. Then we
+     have the potentiality of other unions to consider, for many of
+     them, including the miners, who have a crisis coming within a short
+     time themselves, as well as the railroad men of the country, who
+     have already made demands--these workers and others may be drawn
+     into the great steel struggle before it is over, and while I do not
+     believe that a prearranged general strike will be called, yet I
+     fear the results of great excitement over possible killings like
+     those we read about in the papers of today, and it is possible that
+     in the heat of passion men may lay down their work and be swept
+     into a revolution with cyclonic fury.
+
+     "'Anything is possible as an outcome of the present situation,'
+     continued the prisoner, 'and should a general strike or revolution
+     occur it would be the outcome of too great pressure being brought
+     to bear upon the men who, in a state of unrest and industrial
+     uncertainty, have reached a highly inflammable condition that might
+     burst out spontaneously.'"
+
+"Honest" Bill Haywood, one of the foremost Socialists of the time,
+admitted as far back as the early part of 1912, in a speech at Cooper
+Union, New York City, that the Socialists were conspirators against the
+United States Government.
+
+The Socialist Party of America, ever since its birth, has been reviling
+and attacking the Government of the United States with a view to
+overthrowing and destroying it. Is it possible that such an organization
+is not engaged in a conspiracy against our country?
+
+The American Socialists have been thoroughly unpatriotic. "To hell with
+the American flag!" "Down with the Stars and Stripes!" "I would spit
+upon your flag!" These are a few of their expressions of contempt. The
+United States uniform and the soldiers alike are scorned and ridiculed.
+The article in "The Call," "Rows and Rows and Rows of 'em march," which
+has been quoted in a previous chapter, shows the reader the real spirit
+and intention of Debs' gang, who have been so zealous in stirring up
+strikes with a view to the final ruin of our present form of government.
+
+Debs, four times the standard-bearer of the Socialists in presidential
+campaigns, has revealed himself, as we have shown, in such utterances as
+these:
+
+     "As a revolutionist, I have no respect for capitalist property
+     laws, nor the least scruple about violating them.... I am law
+     abiding under protest--not from scruple--and bide my time."
+
+     "Let the sturdy toilers of the Pacific Coast raise the Red standard
+     of revolt."
+
+     "All hail to the revolution."
+
+     "I enter the prison doors a flaming revolutionist, my head erect,
+     my spirit untamed, and my soul unconquered."
+
+     "In Russia and Germany our valiant comrades are leading the
+     proletarian revolution.... They are setting the heroic example for
+     world-wide emulation. Let us, like them, scorn and repudiate the
+     cowardly compromisers within our ranks, challenge and defy the
+     robber-class power, and fight it out on that line to victory or
+     death."
+
+This favorite leader of the radicals of America was convicted by jury of
+violation of the Espionage Law on September 12, 1918, and two days later
+sentenced to serve ten years in the penitentiary. The case was appealed
+on the ground that the Espionage Act was an unconstitutional abridgment
+of the right of free speech. The decision of the United States Supreme
+Court was handed down on March 10, 1919. In the words of a Socialist
+work, Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, page 102, "The Court
+held that the law was not contrary to the Constitution and affirmed the
+sentence imposed upon Debs by the lower court. The decision was
+unanimous that the nature and intended effect of his speech was to
+obstruct recruiting and enlistment in the army."
+
+Yet this same Year Book, in its account of "The Emergency Convention of
+the Socialist Party" at Chicago in August-September, 1919, says, page
+409: "The Convention went on record offering the presidential nomination
+of the party to Eugene V. Debs, the nomination to be ratified at the
+1920 Convention."
+
+On March 5, 1920, at Albany, in the final argument for the five
+suspended Socialist Assemblymen, according to the "New York Times" of
+March 6, 1920, Seymour Stedman said of Debs: "He represents in a sense
+the Socialist movement. Perhaps he represents it more completely than
+any other man in this country."
+
+In order that the reader may understand the extreme way in which
+lawbreakers like Debs and Victor L. Berger were justified by those
+defending the five suspended Socialists at Albany, we give an extract
+from the testimony of Morris Hillquit on February 19, 1920, as reported
+in the "New York Times" of the next day:
+
+     "The testimony leading up to Mr. Hillquit's admissions was given
+     after Martin Conboy of counsel for the Judiciary Committee had read
+     into the record a speech and a signed article by Victor L. Berger.
+     In the speech, delivered at the Socialist National Convention in
+     1908, Mr. Berger said:
+
+     "'I have no doubt that in the last analysis we must shoot, and when
+     it comes to shooting, Wisconsin will be there.'
+
+     "In the signed article which appeared in a Socialist newspaper
+     published in Milwaukee the following year, he wrote:
+
+     "'Socialists and workingmen should ... have rifles and the
+     necessary rounds of ammunition ... and be prepared to back up their
+     ballots with their bullets.'"
+
+In reply, according to the "New York Times" of February 20, 1920,
+putting his own far-fetched construction on Victor L. Berger's words,
+Morris Hillquit himself advanced the doctrine of "a little shooting" in
+the following statement:
+
+     "'History ... has shown that when the privileged minority is about
+     to lose its privileges ... it tries to destroy reform or lawful
+     revolutionary movements by force, ... and in a case of this kind it
+     may come to shooting.
+
+     "'It is not at all impossible that, even in this country, when the
+     majority of the people will be ready to introduce substantial
+     reform and take away the privileges of the profiteering class by
+     constitutional, legal methods, these self-same profiteering
+     interests will take offense and try to play some trick upon the
+     people, and in that case it is possible--as a matter of prophecy,
+     not as a matter of program, so far as we are concerned--that the
+     people of this country will be compelled to supplement their
+     political action by a little shooting.'"
+
+Testifying the same day, Hillquit endorsed Debs as follows, according to
+the "New York Times" of February 20, 1920:
+
+     "When asked if Debs is a candidate of the Socialist Party for
+     President, Mr. Hillquit replied:
+
+     "'If any voice or influence of mine could accomplish anything, he
+     certainly will be nominated at the next convention.'
+
+     "'The Supreme Court has passed upon the conviction of Debs and
+     affirmed it,' said ex-Judge Sutherland, of counsel.
+     'Notwithstanding this judgment, you still declare that Mr. Debs
+     represents and personifies the attitude of the Socialist Party on
+     the subject of loyalty to the United States Government?'
+
+     "'I do not say that he represents the attitude of the Socialist
+     Party. I think I said that he represents the highest and noblest
+     sentiments of United States citizenship and American loyalty....
+     Debs was convicted only for saying things, not for doing things. I
+     do not for a moment doubt he said the things he is charged with
+     having said.' ...
+
+     "'Do you uphold and approve of, as a leader of the Socialist Party,
+     the words that Mr. Debs pronounced, and for which he was
+     convicted?'
+
+     "'I haven't got his complete speech before me. I do not want to
+     commit the Party in this general way to every statement. I will
+     say, as a whole, I read his speech at the time and my impression
+     was that it was a perfectly innocent, honest expression of
+     opposition to war for very good and patriotic motives.' ...
+
+     "'Have you any respect at all for the decision of the tribunal to
+     the contrary?'
+
+     "'I have respect to this effect: that I know that it is final and
+     binding and in practice will go. I do not have respect in the sense
+     of believing that it is just, impartial, and well-reasoned out.'
+     ...
+
+     "'Mr. Hillquit, do you wish to be understood as saying that you
+     approve of the words spoken by Mr. Debs for which he was
+     convicted?'
+
+     "'Are you trying to get me a little conviction, also, Judge?' asked
+     the witness.
+
+     "'I am not in a position to indorse every word and every phrase
+     because I have not the speech before me,' he continued. 'As a rule,
+     I fully indorsed his statements on the subject of the war,
+     expressed, I suppose, in that speech and in other speeches.... I
+     share with all my comrades the greatest respect for Debs, and
+     cannot think any compliment too high for him.'
+
+     "'And you think it was that largeness of view, do you, that led Mr.
+     Debs to say the things which brought him into conflict with the law
+     of the United States?'
+
+     "'Absolutely, just in the same way as it once happened to one Jesus
+     of Nazareth.'"
+
+     "'And you say that notwithstanding the highest judicial authority
+     known under the Constitution has declared him guilty of doing
+     that, and in contempt of that authority, notwithstanding that
+     authority, you say that he is the man that should be placed in the
+     President's chair by the votes of the Socialist Party?'
+
+     "'I do.'
+
+     "'If Mr. Debs were elected in 1920, how would you proceed to
+     inaugurate[12] him, as he is serving a twenty-year sentence?' asked
+     Assemblyman Jenks.
+
+     "'The chances are that prior to the time he would be called upon to
+     occupy the chair the powers that be would sober up enough to know
+     that the present conviction is an improper and inhuman act and
+     liberate him.'"
+
+On several occasions at the trial, in spite of Hillquit's studied effort
+to cast an air of innocency over his party, menacing words escaped from
+this crafty leader. He could not restrain them even at the end, on March
+3, 1920, when summing up the case for the Socialist defendants at
+Albany, according to the following account in the "Sun and New York
+Herald" of March 4, 1920:
+
+     "Justifying the general strike as an emergency weapon, Mr. Hillquit
+     made this startling statement interpreted in some quarters as an
+     open threat:
+
+     "'The workers of this country have the right "to call a general
+     strike" and it is well that they should at least hold it in
+     abeyance as a possible instrument in some cases, in very
+     exceptional emergencies. I will say that the general strike has
+     been used abroad for the purpose of enforcing political action.'
+
+     "'A labor party is being formed,' Mr. Hillquit said, 'in some parts
+     of the country. Suppose it should elect representatives to the
+     Legislature and a capitalist in that Legislature should get up and
+     say "I don't approve of your programme; get out of my Legislature."
+
+     "'I say this would be eminently a case where the workers would be
+     justified in declaring a general strike until such time as their
+     constitutional rights are actually accorded to them.'"
+
+To this "veiled threat" Martin Conboy, counsel for the Judiciary
+Committee, replied the next day in summing up for the prosecution. We
+quote his words from the "Sun and New York Herald" of March 5, 1920:
+
+     "'Under the veil of a simile a threat was employed that if you
+     gentlemen concluded that these five Socialist Assemblymen should
+     not sit in this chamber as members of this Assembly a general
+     strike might be called. In the whole history devoted to the
+     development of this idea there has been no more frank exposition of
+     the doctrine than that. It is proof, sufficient and satisfactory to
+     the point of a demonstration of the charge that has been made in
+     this case.
+
+     "'The threat carries itself further. You must not only admit them,
+     but you must take their legislative programme and exact it into
+     law; otherwise the general strike will again be employed.
+
+     "'No opportunity is lost by the leaders of the Socialist Party to
+     impress upon the rank and file that it is impossible to achieve
+     ultimate triumph by political action. For this reason the American
+     Federation of Labor is subjected to continuous attacks and
+     misrepresentation. For this reason Debs, originally an ardent trade
+     unionist, abandoned and repudiated his former associates after
+     joining the Socialist Party.'"
+
+The hypocritical defense made by the Socialists at Albany, through which
+the unchanged character of the unrepentant plotters has constantly
+revealed itself, should put us on our guard. Brought into the light by
+wholesale arrests and deportations, all branches of radicalism, in this
+country and at Moscow, have adopted new tactics of deception. They
+profess peace and a return to peaceful methods, claim the liberties
+which belong only to the law-abiding, and hide behind the sympathies of
+those who are easily taken in. Yet they justify all their misdeeds, and
+withdraw none of their evil principles, but rather reaffirm them, with
+subtlety. What does this mean? It means that the old conspirators, whose
+overt acts have lately crowded our law-courts, hope to fool the American
+people into letting them continue their propaganda unto lawlessness
+under a thin mask of conformity to the very laws they seek to destroy.
+
+Although the "Red" conspiracy, as a result of government prosecution,
+has taken on disguises and gone under ground, it is not, thus, less
+virulent and dangerous, but more so. Evidence of deceit appeared in the
+"One Big Union Monthly" for February, 1920, to which lack of space
+prevents more than a mere allusion. That issue contained articles
+showing even the I. W. W. preparing an alibi and a disguise. They argued
+that their organization was not "illegal," and that its famous Preamble
+meant "evolution" and not "revolution." Another article urged the I. W.
+W. to give up its name and amalgamate with other industrial unions in a
+new organization to be known as The One Big Union.
+
+Still more significant, the same magazine for February, 1920, published
+a new incitement to revolution by Leon Trotzky, together with a "Call
+for Proletarian International" signed by "The Bureau of the Central
+All-Russian Council of Industrial Unions" and an "Appeal of the Russian
+Industrial Unions to the Workers of the Allied Countries" signed by "The
+Bureau of the All-Russian Council of Industrial Union." The "call"
+reads:
+
+     "The Central All-Russian Council of Industrial Unions invites all
+     economic organizations based on the real and revolutionary class
+     struggle for the liberation of labor through the proletarian
+     dictatorship to solidify anew their ranks against the international
+     league of brigands, to break with the international of
+     conciliators, and to proceed in unison with the Central All-Russian
+     Council of Industrial Unions toward the organization of a truly
+     international conference of all Socialistic labor unions and
+     veritable revolutionary workers' syndicates.
+
+     "We beg all economic labor organizations that accept the program of
+     the revolutionary class struggle to respond to our call and enter
+     in a direct touch with us."
+
+The accompanying I. W. W. comment was, "We are sure that our
+organization will be there." Thus, if it be under ground, the mole still
+works. Moscow still inflames, unifies and directs the great
+world-conspiracy against the "Entente Powers" and all the nations that
+have been looking toward peace. The "Appeal," accompanying the "call,"
+says in part:
+
+     "Can it be true, that you, the workers of England, France, Italy
+     and the United States, will much longer support your governments
+     and permit your blood to quench the spreading conflagration of the
+     social revolution? Can it be that the international bandits of the
+     League of Nations and the thrice-branded Versailles shall be
+     allowed unhampered to weave their nets for the strangling of the
+     world proletarian revolution?...
+
+     "Down with the bandits of imperialism!
+
+     "Long live the World Proletarian Revolution!
+
+     "Long live the International Soviet Republic!"
+
+Near the end of his article Trotzky says, according to "The One Big
+Union Monthly," for February, 1920, page 21, "By thrusting the
+bourgeoisie away from the helm of state, by taking power into its own
+hands, the working class is preparing for the creation of Federation of
+Soviet Republics of Europe and the whole world.... War was and will
+remain a form of armed exploitation or armed struggle against
+exploitation."
+
+An editorial note on the same page, immediately below the article of
+Trotzky, says: "The above article and the APPEAL OF THE RUSSIAN
+INDUSTRIAL UNIONS TO THE WORKERS OF THE ALLIED COUNTRIES are taken from
+documents on Russia of the working class, written by members of the
+Soviet Government.... These materials were sent to Fellow Worker Wm. D.
+Haywood by Comrade Leon Trotzky, the valiant Commissary for War of the
+victorious Workers' Commonwealth. We are happy to announce that the I.
+W. W. will be the first to publish these latest documents on peasant and
+industrial life in Bolshevikland."
+
+Did Martens and Hillquit advise Lenine and Trotzky to disguise their
+American propaganda by using the Industrial Unions of Russia as their
+cat's-paw? We ask this because Hillquit has long been "Councillor" in
+America to the Russian Soviet Republic,[L] while the above method of
+inflaming American labor unions has been the secret method of the
+Socialist Party's Rand School of Science for some years--since 1916, at
+least. These are facts established by documents obtained in the summer
+of 1919 by raids of the Rand School, put in evidence before the New York
+State Legislative Committee, Senator Clayton R. Lusk, Chairman, and
+referred to in the July 30, 1919, issue of "The National Civic
+Federation Review," from which we quote the following:
+
+     "One David P. Berenberg is director of the correspondence
+     department of the Rand School. From the letter-files seized there,
+     evidence was produced showing the kind of propaganda conducted
+     through Berenberg's department. In a carbon copy of a letter to
+     Harry L. Perkins, of San Diego, Cal., dated June 7, 1916, the
+     statement was made:
+
+     "'When we read of 'preparedness' that is in full force in the camps
+     of the capitalists, we realize that unless we organize and fit
+     ourselves to resist, and to take over the government, we will one
+     day find ourselves where our French and German brothers are today,
+     dead or maimed in the fray.'
+
+     "'In other words,' commented Chairman Lusk, 'for over two years
+     this Rand School has been advocating armed preparedness to take
+     over the government.'
+
+     "A letter--obviously after a form letter sent to correspondents
+     generally--dated October 3, 1916, addressed to M. E. Rabb, Xenia,
+     Ohio, offered as evidence, contained the following:
+
+     "'What are you doing when the State robs you and your union and so
+     makes you helpless to strike? There is only one thing to do: take
+     over the State.
+
+     "'Are the members of your local prepared to take over and conduct
+     wisely and well the affairs of your town and county? Are you
+     prepared to meet the militia when the powers of the State and
+     courts are against you? Are you arming yourself with the knowledge
+     of the foundations of our society so that when these crises come to
+     you, you will have an organization strong enough to have foreseen
+     and forestalled them? Are you training your members in scientific
+     Socialism?'
+
+     "This same adroitly phrased incitement was found in other
+     correspondence."
+
+This pest-house of treason and lawlessness, the Rand School, Hillquit's
+pet university of Socialism, ought to be dug up by the roots. And what
+shall we say of such evidence? Why should the Socialist Party of America
+hesitate to affiliate with the Third (Moscow) International and approve
+its "programs and methods" when Hillquit's illegitimate offspring, the
+Rand School, was teaching such "methods" a year before the Bolsheviki
+seized Petrograd and the dictatorship? Is Hillquit Lenine's pupil or
+Lenine's teacher? Is Hillquit, backer of the Rand School propaganda, the
+same gentle Morris Hillquit who as an "expert on Socialism" testified
+before the Assembly Judiciary Committee on February 17, 1920:
+
+     "The word 'revolution' does not have for us the romantic
+     significance of barricade fights or other acts of violence that it
+     has for most of our newspaper writers and school boys." ("Sun and
+     New York Herald," February 18, 1920.)
+
+Can this be the same Hillquit who earlier in the trial broke out in the
+angry threat: "What we say to you, gentlemen: the contemplated act of
+this Assembly, if consummated, _will ... loosen the violent
+revolution_." ("New York Evening Sun," January 21, 1920.) Did he allude
+to some pink tea party?
+
+And perhaps the "school boys" Hillquit referred to are those by his pet
+institution poisoned and turned into degenerates in the bud of manhood,
+like poor Oscar Edelman, whose valedictory speech on graduating from a
+course in the Rand School of Social Science ran thus:
+
+     "For us as students, Socialists and Labor Unionists, our work is
+     laid out. We must help educate the workers of America so that their
+     slogan, 'a fair day's wage for a fair day's work' be replaced by
+     the revolutionary slogan, 'abolition of the wage system.' ... In
+     the great world-struggle which is taking place today, we must take
+     active part.... The ideals which today inspire Debs and Lenine are
+     the ideals which inspire us." (Lusk Committee evidence, quoted from
+     "The National Civic Federation Review," July 30, 1919.)
+
+But of all the sublime performances of Hillquit, that which lays the
+brightest crown on his veracity was the answer he gave at Albany on
+February 17, 1920, to the long hypothetical question concerning the
+attitude of the Socialists should their friends of the Third
+International, the Bolsheviki, invade the United States.
+
+At this question the redoubtable Mr. Hillquit, according to the "New
+York Times" of February 18, 1920, "settled back in his chair and smiled"
+and said: "I should say that the Socialists of the United States would
+have no hesitancy whatsoever in joining forces with the rest of their
+countrymen to repel the Bolsheviki who would try to invade our country
+_and force a form of government upon our people which our people were
+not ready for and did not desire_." (Italics mine.)
+
+Had Hillquit stopped where the italics began he would have stretched our
+credulity to the utmost. But if "our people" meant to him American
+Socialists, we readily believe that invading Bolsheviki, coming to wrest
+the American dictatorship from our native talent, would find themselves
+and their undesirable "form of government" pitched into the sea by
+Hillquit and his crowd. Majority Socialist against Spartacide and
+Bolshevik against Menshivik--we have seen how one Socialist group repels
+the "form of government" forced by another.
+
+When we think of the heroic exploits of Hillquit in repelling foreign
+invaders from America about 1917-18, can we not imagine him hurling one
+of his deadly manifestoes at his Bolsheviki friends? No doubt when
+Comrade Martens, the vanguard of the invading Bolsheviki, stormed
+Hillquit's castle on Riverside Drive with a fee and a commission as
+"Councillor," the outraged patriot crashed a receipt in full against the
+invader's outstretched paw.
+
+As we think of Hillquit's love for peaceful "political action"--on the
+witness stand--those words from his foundling, the "New York Call" of
+May 1, 1919, return to our minds:
+
+     "The world revolution, dreamed of as a thing of the distant future,
+     has become a live reality, rising from the graves of the murdered
+     millions and the misery and suffering of the surviving millions. It
+     has taken form, it strikes forward, borne on by the despair of the
+     masses and the shining example of the martyrs: its spread is
+     irrepressible....
+
+     "The war of the nations has been followed by the war of the
+     classes. The class struggle is no longer fought by resolutions and
+     demonstrations. Threateningly it marches through the streets of the
+     great cities for life or death."
+
+Mr. William English Walling, in an article published in the "New York
+Times," January 20, 1920, asks a pertinent question about the
+revolutionary activities of the American Socialist Party:
+
+     "The 'American Socialist Party,' finds itself compelled, precisely
+     like Lenine, to pretend to be a peace-loving organization, loyally
+     accepting constitutional democracy and opposed to violence. Are we
+     to take it at its own word? Is it possible that a few pious phrases
+     offered on occasion can deceive the American people as to the
+     nature of a propaganda organization that is shouting from the
+     housetops in every corner of the country and every day of the year?
+
+     "The only imaginable reason why the public has paid any attention
+     is that there are two or three organizations more wholly given over
+     to violence, whereas the Socialist organization gives a share of
+     its attention to party politics. It was said until recently, 'Oh,
+     the anarchists are for violence, but the Socialists are for law and
+     order.' Last August it was found that a large part of the
+     Socialists were for immediate revolution. Then it was said that the
+     Communists are revolutionary, but the Socialists are for law and
+     order. The reasoning was that if the Left Wing was for immediate
+     revolution, then the Right Wing must be for law and order!"
+
+Mr. Walling expresses an expert opinion, having been a prominent member
+of Hillquit's party until this organization, at St. Louis in 1917,
+began the openly lawless course which led to the conviction of a large
+number of its leaders under the Espionage Law. Moreover, since January,
+1920, when Mr. Walling recorded the above opinion, evidence has come to
+light which shows he was exactly right in saying that the American
+Socialist Party acted "precisely like Lenine" in pretending "to be a
+peace-loving organization" because it found "itself compelled" to do so.
+
+The tactics of Lenine, Trotzky and Zinovieff, the Bolshevist
+"triumvirate" of Russia, and of Ludwig C. A. K. Martens and Morris
+Hillquit in America, are so similar that the evidence brought by Lincoln
+Eyre out of Russia perfectly interprets the "weasel words" of Martens
+and Hillquit on the witness stand at Washington and Albany,
+respectively. Hillquit, the connecting link, according to his testimony
+at Albany, February 19, 1920, was born at Riga, Russia; came to America
+a boy, like so many Russian immigrants; attended New York's public
+schools; and under the protection of the Stars and Stripes, which he
+would drag down, has made himself so emphatically one of the
+"capitalists," whom he hates, that he resides on New York's famous
+"Riverside Drive," and was able to testify with a smirk, "I flatter
+myself that I am not a failure." (See printed "Testimony" of the trial
+of the five Assemblymen for the details.)
+
+A moral failure, without extenuation, most Americans will regard Morris
+Hillquit. For out of thirty-five years, spent by him on our hospitable
+shores in getting rich under the protection of our Government,
+institutions and people, he has used at least twenty in trying to
+destroy the benefactor that nursed him. See the "New York Evening
+Telegram" of February 17, 1920, as follows: "Mr. Hillquit was called to
+the stand as the first witness for the five Assemblymen. He gave his
+residence as No. 214 Riverside Drive, New York City. Mr. Hillquit said
+he had lived in this country thirty-five years, and had been a Socialist
+since the party was organized, in 1900."
+
+This is the man who in 1917 and 1918 backed his organization, so far as
+he dared, to cripple the people of the United States while they were
+engaged in a desperate war; and who since has been Lenine's brain in
+America in trying to set fire to the house of government in which the
+American people live. Notice his intelligence in the hypocritical
+Bolshevist refinement of separating the Moscow Soviet Government from
+the Moscow International, so that one of these may offer our people
+peace while the other continues to plot our destruction. This
+distinction was made, with its significance concealed, in Hillquit's
+testimony at Albany on February 18, 1920, which the Albany
+"Knickerbocker Press" of the next day, February 19, thus summarized:
+
+     "Mr. Hillquit testified at length concerning Soviet Russia.... Mr.
+     Hillquit also testified that there were differences between Soviet
+     Government, Bolshevists and the Moscow International. _The latter_,
+     he said, _did not represent Soviet Russia_, and the Bolshevists, he
+     said, were merely a national party of Russia." (Italics mine.)
+
+In a cabled account of an interview with Zinovieff, sent by Lincoln Eyre
+from Russia to the "World," headed, "Riga (by courier via Berlin), Feb.
+24," and printed in the "New York World" of February 26, 1920, we have a
+flood of light showing that the central plot of the Socialist
+international conspiracy hinges precisely on the distinction which
+Hillquit had made at Albany a few days before, namely, that the Moscow
+International does "not represent Soviet Russia." Through the courtesy
+of the "New York World" we quote from its issue of February 26, 1920,
+the essential parts of Eyre's statement as follows:
+
+     "Bolshevik propaganda abroad, though still as active and insidious
+     as it has ever been has undergone a radical change of late. That
+     conclusion was arrived at by a close study of the subject, which I
+     pursued in Moscow and Petrograd, reinforced by an interview with C.
+     S. Zinovieff, ruler of the latter city, also President of the
+     Executive Committee of the Third Internationale and firebrand of
+     the revolution.
+
+     "The Russian Communist Party, which is the Bolsheviki's official
+     political title, no longer exports agitators chosen from among
+     members to kindle the flames of revolt in foreign lands. They are
+     too wise for that antiquated process nowadays. What they do in
+     these scientific times is to import from the country of his birth
+     the crudely fashioned product of his own domestic Bolshevism,
+     subject him to certain finishing processes (including perhaps a
+     gold lining) and ship him back home again complete in every detail,
+     smooth running and highly inflammable. That is one of the reasons
+     why the Soviet Government is prepared to promise and to keep its
+     promise to refrain from sending forth agents charged with spreading
+     the gospel of capitalistic annihilation....
+
+     "Another reason for the Soviet's willingness to quit propagandizing
+     abroad is that it has already turned over to the Third
+     Internationale all business of that kind.... Now, the Third
+     Internationale has no official connection with the Soviet
+     Government. It is supposed to be a separate institution. Yet all
+     its leaders hold office under the Soviets and its funds, which are
+     considerable, must be derived from Soviet sources. Nevertheless it
+     is technically, indeed legally, non-governmental, wherefore the
+     Moscow Cabinet is justified in pledging itself to leave propaganda
+     to 'friendly' foreign states alone.
+
+     "The moving spirit of the Third Internationale is Zinovieff, who,
+     with Lenine and Trotzky, forms the triumvirate on which Bolshevism
+     today rests, although he is by no means as big a man as the other
+     two. Zinovieff is not a member of the Council of Peoples'
+     Commissaries (the Cabinet), but merely of the All-Russian Central
+     Executive Committee, from which the former body derives its powers,
+     and which itself is subordinate to the supreme executive
+     legislative judicial organ, the All-Russian Convention of Soviets.
+     Thus, while the role allotted to him on the administrative stage is
+     really as prominent as that of any of his fellows, short of Lenine
+     and Trotzky, Zinovieff can legitimately claim to be without voice
+     in the actual administration of the Soviet Republic....
+
+     "The first point that Zinovieff made clear to me in our talk was
+     that the Third Internationale is not comparable to the League of
+     Nations.... The Overlord of Petrograd affirmed, ... 'The Third
+     Internationale ... is a purely political group. It is a
+     confederation of the world's Communists, an international coalition
+     of the Communist Parties already existing in their respective
+     countries.... The Third Internationale is a going concern, with
+     some 8,000,000 members.' ...
+
+     "'But,' I asked, 'how is your aim of a European world republic of
+     Soviets to be realized unless there is some international
+     governmental machine?'
+
+     "'There will be some such machine,' Zinovieff replied, 'but
+     probably it will take the form of a new organization along Soviet
+     lines. In my view, the revolution will follow the same general
+     channels it has taken in Russia, with alterations of detail, of
+     course. Should France overthrow capitalism, for instance, she will
+     at first establish Sovietism, and subsequently combine with us. To
+     foresee the mechanical angles of such combination, however, is too
+     early.'
+
+     "'And your propaganda programme,' I ventured, 'is as strong and
+     far-reaching as ever?'
+
+     "The prompt reply was: 'The Third Internationale is primarily an
+     instrument of revolution. It reunites at Moscow the intelligence
+     and energy of all the Communist groups the world over. Delegates
+     from the various national organizations come to us and give and
+     take knowledge about the cause and return to their respective home
+     countries refreshed and invigorated. This work will be continued,
+     no matter what happens, legally or illegally. The Soviet Government
+     may pledge itself to refrain from propaganda abroad, but the Third
+     Internationale--never!'"
+
+Let us ponder this description of the Third International by its manager
+and greatest living expert: its scope, a confederation of the world's
+Communists, a coalition of the Communist parties of all countries; its
+size, 8,000,000 members, perhaps greatly exaggerated; its nature, "an
+instrument of revolution;" and its determination, to carry on
+propaganda, for the violent seizure of every land by a dictatorship, "no
+matter what happens, legally or illegally." Let us reflect that it is
+with this Third International, and not the Russian Soviet Government,
+that Hillquit's Party in America is affiliated, according to the
+testimony of the Socialists themselves at Albany. Finally, with these
+facts for a plummet, let us try to find the bottom of Hillquit's
+hypocrisy in pretending at Albany that he and his disciples do not
+believe in "revolution" but only in "evolution."
+
+Before passing from Lincoln Eyre's testimony, we further quote from his
+cable in the "World" of February 26, 1920, what we may call his
+description of "the Third International at work," as follows:
+
+     "Zinovieff ... is that combination of idealistic Hotspur and
+     practical executive which is characteristic of many Bolshevist
+     leaders. Despite his long years in exile with Lenine, to whose
+     Doctor Johnson he played Boswell ably and loyally, this
+     shock-haired enthusiastic young Jew--he is to-day scarcely
+     forty--was able to run Petrograd.... Petrograd is still underfed,
+     underheated, dirty and desolate, but it continues to live.... For
+     this Zinovieff, as all-mighty controller of the city's destinies,
+     ... deserves credit....
+
+     "Besides having a hand in everything that concerns local
+     administration, and most things which have to do with national
+     government, he personally edits and writes many pages of the Third
+     Internationale's organ, 'The Internationale Communist,' a monthly
+     magazine of some 250 pages printed simultaneously in Russian,
+     English, French and German. Moreover, he passes upon all important
+     printed matter emanating from the Internationale's press. Every
+     foreign Communist coming to Moscow or Petrograd sees Zinovieff and
+     gets pointers from him how to propagate Bolshevism.
+
+     "In the seven weeks I spent in Moscow, three delegates arrived from
+     the United States and literally scores from Germany, Hungary,
+     Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Roumania, Bulgaria, Italy,
+     China, Japan, Corea, India, Afghanistan and Asia Minor countries.
+     The only important states from which few Communistic envoys come
+     are Britain and France. Practically all these missionaries are
+     obliged to travel illegally, that is, with false passports or
+     without any. They slip across the fighting fronts that encircle the
+     Soviet Republic in astonishing ways, risking death and all forms of
+     hardship to reach Moscow. The one-time seat of Moscow's Emperors
+     has become to Communists the world over what Mecca is to the
+     Mohammedan pilgrims.
+
+     "A youthful emissary of the I. W. W. said to me: 'We come here to
+     drink of the fountain of revolutionary youth.' I asked him what he
+     thought would happen when Russia's frontiers were opened. 'We shall
+     come as we come now, but in greater numbers and with greater ease,'
+     he replied.
+
+     "'But won't the Third Internationale send its Russian agitators
+     abroad then, thus making it unnecessary for you to come here?'
+     'What for?' he retorted. 'There is no use sending Russians to talk
+     to American workmen. Americans will close their ears to a foreigner
+     where they will open them wide to one of their own countrymen. The
+     Third Internationale is a realistic organization. It has learned
+     long ago that racial and national prejudices, however misguided
+     they may be, are deep seated and cannot be overcome in a day. It
+     aims to get results, and so it lets Americans talk to Americans.'
+     ...
+
+     "The Bolsheviki are as eager to precipitate a world revolution as
+     ever. But at the moment they are even more eager to establish
+     relations with the markets of the world, so that Russia may be
+     saved from economic catastrophe.... The Kremlin realizes full well
+     that it cannot hope to spread Bolshevism by means of its own
+     people. And with the Third Internationale headed by Zinovieff,
+     operating in close contact with the National Communist groups, it
+     knows it does not have to."
+
+Thus the overtures of peace and promises of good behavior made by the
+Russian Soviet Government to the other Powers are pure humbug; and
+equally false are the professions of peace in America which Hillquit's
+branch of the Third International has made to lull the fears of the
+American people. To get the full force of this parallelism we have only
+to place the law-breaking Socialist Party of America since 1917 in juxta
+position with the hypocritical Socialist professions and principles
+brought out in 1920 during the trial of the Assemblymen at Albany.
+
+As the long record of jury convictions of officials and members of the
+Socialist Party of America is the real foundation of the case against
+the five New York Assemblymen, exposing the character of the
+organization they serve, we quote for the reader's information a press
+summary of the facts, submitted by a citizens' "Committee on Publicity,"
+March 2, 1920, "for the approval of the People of the State of New
+York." According to the Albany "Knickerbocker[13] Press" of March 3,
+1920, this Committee's statement, after referring to "the procedure of
+the New York Assembly in January, 1920," in "temporarily suspending the
+five Socialist Assemblymen while instituting a judicial inquiry into
+their qualifications to serve as law-makers," continues as follows:
+
+     "We believe the Assembly was misjudged in the minds of many who
+     reasoned: 'Socialists elected to previous Assemblies were seated
+     without objection, why then suspend the five Socialist Assemblymen
+     this year and investigate them?'
+
+     "We offer what we believe to be a complete answer to the question.
+     We believe the Assembly had a compelling warrant for its procedure
+     in serious facts and charges not known to previous Legislatures.
+     These include:
+
+     "First--Court records showing that most of the principal leaders of
+     the Socialist 'Party' were convicted lawbreakers.
+
+     "Second--the revelations of the Lusk Committee.
+
+     "Under the first head may be mentioned the conviction and
+     twenty-year sentence, on January 8, 1919, of Victor L. Berger,
+     National Executive Committeeman of the so-called Socialist Party;
+     the conviction of Eugene V. Debs, four times Presidential candidate
+     of the party, whose ten-year sentence was affirmed by the United
+     States Supreme Court March 10, 1919; and other convictions in 1919,
+     including, Adolph Germer, National Executive Secretary; J. Louis
+     Engdahl, editor of the Socialist Party's official publications;
+     Irwin St. John Tucker, head of its literature department, and
+     William F. Kruse, Secretary of the Young People's Socialist
+     organization. In addition, twenty of the Socialist Party's lesser
+     leaders and scores of its rank and file had been convicted of
+     disloyal acts and utterances, while nineteen of the chief Socialist
+     organs had their second-class mail privileges canceled for
+     disloyalty.
+
+     "Under the second head may be mentioned the fact that the
+     investigations of the Lusk Committee showed that the Socialist
+     incitement to lawlessness prevalent throughout the country was
+     largely due to the propaganda of the Rand School of Socialism, a
+     New York Corporation of which two of the Socialist Assemblymen were
+     members. Furthermore, the American Socialist Society, the
+     corporation that owns and conducts the Rand School, had been
+     convicted under the Espionage Act before the United States District
+     Court and heavily fined by Judge Julius M. Mayer.
+
+     "These were some of the facts and charges which were matters of
+     public record and public knowledge when the Assembly of 1920
+     convened. We submit, therefore, that if the Assembly had not taken
+     action as it did, it would have been derelict in its duty.
+
+     "We therefore recommend:
+
+     "1. That all loyal organizations pass, publish and file with this
+     Committee resolutions in acknowledgment of the service rendered by
+     the New York Assembly and in encouragement of similar action by the
+     Legislatures of other states.
+
+     "2. That individuals affirm this judgment in suitable ways, and
+     particularly by letters to the press in their localities.
+
+     "3. That all loyal individuals and organizations co-operate to give
+     the whole American people the exact facts concerning the conspiracy
+     of radicals against our Government and institutions.
+
+     "To this end we propose to continue the work of education by
+     permanent organization under the name of 'Publicity Committee
+     Against Socialism.'"[M]
+
+The above list of Socialist convictions for lawbreaking will be found
+completely confirmed, on Socialist authority, in Trachtenberg's Labor
+Year Book, 1919-1920, pages 92-103.
+
+Was this record questioned by the Socialist defense at Albany? In no
+wise; it could not be. Was the record faced, the guilt of the
+lawbreakers confessed, and their transgressions deplored as acts of
+disloyalty which the Socialist Party now condemns and repudiates? Not at
+all. These acts were freshly confirmed, and taken anew upon the
+Socialist Party, by brazen justification of them at Albany and
+condemnation of the laws, juries and courts of the American people.
+
+We have seen how Hillquit on the witness stand justified the disloyal
+and violently revolutionary utterances of two of the chief offenders,
+Debs and Victor L. Berger, identifying himself with their sentiments and
+proclaiming Debs as the highest type of American citizen, the man most
+fit for President of the United States. We have also seen that the whole
+Socialist Party was in 1919 committed to the nomination of Debs as its
+Presidential candidate in 1920; while it is a well known fact that when
+Congress excluded Victor L. Berger from that body because of his
+conviction as a lawbreaker, the lawless Socialist Party at once
+re-elected him to show its contempt for law and order under our
+institutions.
+
+The testimony piled up by the prosecution at Albany showed that, instead
+of judging the wholesale lawbreaking by its leaders and members in 1917
+and 1918, the Socialist Party had in 1919 and 1920 involved itself in a
+still deeper guilt, adding treason to disloyalty by affiliating itself
+with the open enemies of our Government in Russia and other foreign
+lands. Was this denied by the Socialist defense at Albany? No, the fact
+of affiliation with the Third (Moscow) Internationale was admitted,
+reducing the defense to the false principle that the five Socialist
+Assemblymen should not be excluded on account of their signed pledge of
+obedience to a lawless organization, no matter how lawless it might be.
+Thus in summing up for the defense, on March 3, 1920, Morris Hillquit,
+according to the "New York Times" of March 4, 1920, made the following
+excellent summary of the evidence against his party:
+
+     "First--That the Socialist Party is a revolutionary organization.
+
+     "Second--That it seeks to attain its ends by means of violence.
+
+     "Third--That it does not sincerely believe in political action, and
+     that its politics is only a blind or camouflage.
+
+     "Fourth--That it is unpatriotic and disloyal.
+
+     "Fifth--That it is unduly controlled--or that it unduly controls
+     public officials elected on its ticket.
+
+     "Sixth--That it owes allegiance to a foreign power known as the
+     Internationale.
+
+     "Seventh--That it approves of the Soviet Government of Russia, and
+     seeks to introduce a similar regime in the United States; and,
+     finally,
+
+     "Eighth--That the Assemblymen personally opposed prosecution of the
+     war and gave aid and comfort to the enemy.
+
+     "'All of these charges,' Mr. Hillquit said, 'are distinctly charges
+     against the Socialist Party as such. In other words, it is the
+     Socialist Party of the United States that is on trial before you.'
+     ...
+
+     "'I think, perhaps, the most telling point is the charge that the
+     Socialist Party is unpatriotic and disloyal--at least it has been
+     emphasized more than any other,' said the lawyer. 'We opposed the
+     war.... If similar conditions again arise I am sure we will take
+     the same position.'"
+
+Similarly, Seymour Stedman, summing up for the Socialists on March 5,
+1920, not being able to deny the many convictions of leaders and members
+of the Socialist Party under the Espionage Law, openly attacked the law
+itself, according to the following account in the "New York Evening Sun"
+of March 5, 1920:
+
+     "Albany, March 5.--A bitter attack on the Espionage Act was made by
+     Seymour Stedman in his final summing up for the five suspended
+     Socialists before the Judiciary Committee of the Assembly today.
+
+     "'Because of that act, you don't know the truth about this war; you
+     cannot know the truth about this war until the Espionage Act is
+     dead,' he asserted....
+
+     "Mr. Stedman admitted that the St. Louis war platform of the
+     Socialist Party was drawn 'in lurid language to meet a situation in
+     high flame,' but said no meeting could be called to consider
+     amending it because those who favored it might have been convicted
+     under the Espionage Act....
+
+     "Mr. Stedman contended that, of course, the Socialists took their
+     oath to uphold the Constitution of New York State and the United
+     States with the idea that they could interpret for themselves what
+     the Constitution means.
+
+     "'Each public officer who takes an oath to support the Constitution
+     swears that he will support it as he understands it, and not as it
+     is understood by others.'"
+
+According to the "New York World" of March 6, 1920, Stedman, in his
+speech of the preceding day, justified Eugene V. Debs' lawbreaking with
+the disgusting remark, "He had no conception of Jesus with a dagger in
+his teeth;" and justified the lawbreaking for which Rose Pastor Stokes
+was convicted with the sentence, "She had a right to disagree with the
+war aims." She, of course, was not convicted for "disagreement" but for
+wilfully interfering with the "recruiting service" of the United States
+Government.
+
+The "New York World" of March 6, 1920, also gives the following specimen
+of Stedman's reasoning:
+
+     "Answering the charge that Socialists generally were guilty of law
+     violations, he exclaimed: 'Go down to the penitentiaries and get
+     the histories of the birds there and you won't find any Socialists.
+
+     "'We are quite willing to say that if 2,000 Socialists had been
+     arrested during the war, we are guilty.'"
+
+It is difficult to follow this logic. After telling us that we wouldn't
+"find any Socialists" in the penitentiaries, did Stedman suddenly
+bethink himself of the scores convicted, and then, on the spur of the
+moment, fix 2,000 as the number of "arrests" necessary to wring from
+Socialists the confession, "We are guilty"? From a Socialist work,
+Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, page 92, we quote the
+following figures for Stedman's edification:
+
+     "The total number of prosecutions for violation of the Espionage
+     Act from June 15, 1917, to July 1, 1918, were 988. Of these, 197
+     pleaded guilty and were sent to prison, 166 others were convicted
+     (a large number appealing), and 497 cases were pending for trial
+     July 1st, while 128 had been acquitted or dismissed up to that
+     time. The act has been enforced _with increasing vigor since that
+     date_, but no official figures subsequent thereto are available."
+
+According to Trachtenberg, pages 93 and 94, the above cases do not
+include about 450 cases of "conspiracy to obstruct draft" under the
+Penal Code and Draft Act, 30 prosecutions for threats against the
+President, others under the treason statutes, and prosecutions under
+state statutes and city ordinances, in "number," says Trachtenberg,
+"doubtless _greatly in excess_ of the federal prosecutions," including
+"in New York City alone scores of cases." A flock of 27 Socialists was
+convicted at Sioux Falls, S.D. (Trachtenberg, page 92), and at Chicago a
+herd of 166 I. W. W.'s, first cousins to the Socialists; while these
+first cousins were also indicted in various places in batches of 47, 38,
+27, 28, etc. (Ibid.) Nor do any of the foregoing figures include the
+"arrests" of _two or three thousand "Communists" who were members of
+Stedman's party prior to September, 1919_.
+
+In short, even accepting Stedman's extraordinary dictum that "2,000
+Socialists ... arrested" is the minimum necessary to force Socialists to
+confess themselves "guilty," that test is more than met by the arrests
+already known.
+
+Martin Conboy, in summing up for the State in the proceedings before the
+New York Assembly Judiciary Committee, on March 4, 1920, according to
+the "New York Times" of March 5, 1920, accused the Socialist counsel and
+witnesses of "evasive and hypocritical sentiments, expressed on the
+witness stand, to throw the dust of political, parliamentary and
+inoffensive acts into the eyes of this Committee and the correspondents
+of the newspapers." On the other hand, he said, "the leaders of the
+Socialist Party" lost "no opportunity" to "impress upon the rank and
+file of that organization that it is impossible to achieve the ultimate
+triumph of their cause by political action," in support of which he
+cited the testimony in evidence as follows:
+
+     "Every manifesto, every platform, almost every utterance of the
+     Socialist orator carries with it the party mandate that the workers
+     of America should be organized industrially so as to be submissive
+     to the command of a revolutionary leadership.
+
+     "In adopting a programme of industrial action, involving the use of
+     the general strike, the Socialist Party has stripped itself of the
+     mask of political action and stands revealed as a radical
+     revolutionary propaganda organization.'"
+
+Another part of Mr. Conboy's address we cite from the "Sun and New York
+Herald" of March 5, 1920:
+
+     "The danger of revolution is more real than the nation realizes,
+     Mr. Conboy charged, saying that the Socialist Party seeks to set up
+     its rule here by the following 'unlawful methods':
+
+     "'Obstruction of the Federal and State governments in all measures
+     relating to defense, thereby rendering the nation defenseless
+     against the attack of enemies from without and within.
+
+     "'Destruction of government by mass action and insisting in all
+     teachings that political action must be backed by force.
+
+     "'By making its members and those elected to office responsible
+     only to its dues-paying members, thereby relieving its agents of
+     obligation to established government.
+
+     "'We are confronted with the necessity of determining how we shall
+     treat this group of persons who are in the United States but not
+     of it; who, while accepting the benefits of our laws and
+     constitutions and the sacrifices of blood and treasure given to
+     support them, refuse their support to them; who take all they can
+     get but will not give a life or a dollar to preserve, defend and
+     perpetuate the Government that is their sole and only guaranty of
+     life, liberty, property and the pursuit of happiness,' said Mr.
+     Conboy.
+
+     "'It is the first time since the rebellion of 1861 that notice has
+     been plainly and explicitly served upon the Government of the
+     United States by a group of men residing within its borders that
+     they will not support or defend it, but that they will by all means
+     obstruct and resist its effort to maintain in time of stress its
+     national honor and existence.
+
+     "'The Socialist Party of America is not a loyal organization
+     disgraced occasionally by the traitorous act of a member, but a
+     disloyal party composed of perpetual traitors.'"
+
+Again, in a part of his address reported in the "New York Evening Sun"
+of March 4, 1920, Mr. Conboy mentioned the fact that "at the National
+Convention of the Socialist Party of America held in St. Louis," in
+April, 1917, "its members were directed to deny and repudiate allegiance
+to this Government," and added:
+
+     "The explanation of the anti-American attitude of the Socialist
+     Party of America during the war lies in the anti-national and
+     pro-international character of its programme. Its members are not
+     occasional but perpetual traitors, in constant conflict not merely
+     with the purposes of any temporary administration of the affairs of
+     this Government, but with the very institutions and fundamental
+     laws. They are citizens not of the United States, but subjects of
+     the Internationale, whose pronouncements are to be given their
+     moral support, a support which they not only withhold from but deny
+     to the Government of the United States.
+
+     "The principal exponent of this party, who appears here in the dual
+     capacity of witness in chief and counsel in chief, is the
+     international secretary for America of the International Socialist
+     Bureau."
+
+To complete our information concerning the Moscow International, we add
+here some details concerning its Executive Committee, and the right of
+representation on it enjoyed by the affiliated "Parties" in other lands
+than Russia, including, no doubt, the Socialist Party of America.
+Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, in its article, "The Moscow
+International Communist Conference" (held at Moscow, March 2-6, 1919),
+says, page 312:
+
+     "The Conference ... perfected the organization of the new
+     International and entrusted the direction of the work to an
+     Executive Committee consisting of one representative from the
+     Communist parties of the more important countries. The parties in
+     Russia, Germany, German-Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Sweden and
+     the Balkan Federation, were directed to send members to the
+     Executive Committee. Parties which have declared their adherence to
+     the new International will be given seats in the Executive
+     Committee, pending the arrival of delegates from other countries.
+     The members of the Committee from the country in which the
+     Executive Committee has its seat [Russia] were empowered to plan
+     the work of the new organization. The Executive Committee was
+     authorized to elect a bureau consisting of five members to do the
+     actual work of the Committee."
+
+Has the Socialist Party of America contributed its Executive
+Committeeman to this revolutionary machine? Even so, the orders, or
+"suggestions," evidently come from the Bolshevist Bureau of Five who "do
+the actual work of the Committee." Are these the Russian power that,
+according to correspondence found in a raid of the Lusk Committee, has
+already appointed Eugene V. Debs to reign over us "as 'Proletarian
+Dictator' of the United States" as soon as the plotted revolution is
+pulled off in this country? (See "The National Civic Federation Review"
+for July 30, 1919.) Are these the power, too, according to report, that
+induced the Italian Socialists and Syndicalists to postpone their
+proposed revolution to a more convenient season? And was this to give
+Soviet Russia a chance to put through a temporary peace or truce with
+Europe to stave off "economic catastrophe?" If so, the twitching
+revolutionaries in other lands must evidently train their toes to dance
+at Moscow's convenience.
+
+Meanwhile, under the International, the diabolical work of getting the
+immoral elements ready for violence goes on in every land, including the
+United States.
+
+Let Hillquit excuse, extenuate, deny and palaver as he may, it remains
+true that the Socialist Party of America teaches the same treasonable
+doctrines of violence and insurrection as the Russian Bolshevists, but
+in a more covert way. We have a sample in the pamphlet, "The
+Dictatorship of the Proletariat," put in evidence on January 27, 1920,
+in the inquiry of the Judiciary Committee at Albany. It is published by
+the Jewish Socialist Federation of America, New York City, a part of the
+Socialist Party of America. It says in part:
+
+     "Socialism does not believe in the State, wants to annihilate it
+     entirely. It holds that the task of the State has always been to
+     oppress the country in the interests of one class. So long as there
+     are classes in society which seek supremacy, the mastery, there
+     must be a State. But as soon as classes are eliminated the State
+     will have no justification for existence, and it will disappear of
+     itself.
+
+     "The Socialist movement rouses the workingmen to revolution. It
+     preaches to them the class struggle, awakens within them
+     class-consciousness, makes all necessary preparations for
+     Socialistic order. When society is ready for the overturn, when the
+     Socialistic organization feels that the moment has come, it will
+     make the revolution.
+
+     "The dictatorship will be employed for the one thing, to eliminate
+     capitalism by force, take away by force the capital from private
+     owners and transfer it to the ownership of the community. The
+     industries will be managed by the workingmen through their soviets.
+
+     "Let the true Socialists stand as sentinels; let them see that the
+     Socialist programs strike with hot, revolutionary blood. The great
+     task of the Socialist movement is to create an army in this country
+     which should be ready to make the Socialist revolution when the
+     suitable moment arrives. This army must know its aims and the
+     method of attaining these aims, must be an intelligent army. Every
+     soldier in it must himself know the way, the plans, the strategy."
+
+In the "Outline of the Evidence Taken Before the Judiciary Committee to
+and Including February 5, 1920," issued by counsel for the State, they
+quote from the Yiddish book, cited above, referring to the printed
+"Testimony," pages 199, 204 and 207, in proof that the Jewish Socialist
+Federation, which published the book, is "part of the Socialist Party,"
+and introducing their citations from the book with the very significant
+remark, "Published in Yiddish the principles of Socialism were not
+camouflaged as they frequently are in English." Bearing this in mind,
+let us note how this plain-spoken book, which we cite from the State
+counsel's "Outline," pages 31-34, gives the lie to Hillquit's camouflage
+about "revolution" being "evolution." The book says:
+
+     "History teaches us that through evolution, through natural
+     developments alone, no ruling class in society has ever been
+     deposed from its power.... Workingmen cannot depend on '_peaceful_
+     evolution'; they must prepare for a revolution, and
+     class-dictatorship....
+
+     "To the Socialist at present, the meaning of class struggle,
+     Internationale and Dictatorship of the Proletariat, must be clear.
+     He must understand that Socialism is not a reform movement. He must
+     know that Socialism is a Revolutionary world-perspective, and that
+     the Socialist movement is a Revolutionary movement.... He must
+     cease to be a moral preacher and become a fighter. He must know
+     that the Socialist movement is a red movement, a movement with
+     blood in the veins, which knows that nothing in life can be won
+     without a struggle."
+
+This is the real stuff, hid in a foreign tongue, with which Hillquit's
+gang poisons the East Side of New York City, while the gang's leaders
+lie to the American people.
+
+Yet if the real plan is not to give us Socialism by "peaceful evolution"
+but to impose it on us by "a revolution, and class-dictatorship," what
+is the real object of the "political action" carried on meantime by
+these hypocrites? Again the Yiddish book gives us the real thing:
+
+     "So long as the State is ... a tool in the hands of the bourgeoisie
+     in the fight against the proletariat, ... why do the Socialists
+     seek to send their representatives there? Where do Socialists fit
+     into the State? What can they do there?
+
+     "Socialists seek to enter into the government for two reasons,
+     first, to be nearer to the doors of the chambers, where
+     dictatorship sits, and second to hinder the dictatorial work in any
+     way possible. The first reason is the most important. Sitting in
+     Parliament or in Congress, being inside of the government ranks,
+     affords Socialists an opportunity to find out the plans, the
+     strategy of the State. And knowing this, they can carry out the
+     propaganda the better."
+
+If this is not treason--wickedness using "political party" methods both
+as a mask and a blackjack to destroy the State--what is it?
+
+To be forewarned is to be forearmed. Ample proof has been given in this
+chapter to show that there is a nation-wide conspiracy to destroy our
+government and institutions and replace the Stars and Stripes by the red
+flag. I. W. W.'s, Communists, Communist Laborites, Socialists and
+Socialist Laborites have united under the leadership of the Bolshevist
+Government of Russia. Their agents are everywhere, everywhere
+hypocritically protesting that in our land freedom, of speech and
+freedom of assemblage are no longer tolerated. Unless our loyal citizens
+promptly rally to the defense of America, disorder, strife and rebellion
+will be seething everywhere, the foundations of the glorious nation that
+sprang from the blood of the brave soldiers of '76 will be completely
+undermined, our country will be afflicted with evils far more grave than
+those averted by the heroes who fought and died in 1812, and the land
+that we love will fall a prey to the terrible ravages of crime,
+lawlessness and anarchy.
+
+We must save our country, and save it now. Now is the time to act--now,
+before it is too late; and we must act so effectively and so vigorously
+that the Socialists and all their allied, criminal, revolutionary crews
+will wish that they never had seen a red flag or left their homes
+abroad. They are conspiring enemies of our country. They are traitors to
+the flag under which Washington and his soldiers fought for the
+independence of America; traitors to the flag to whose defense the brave
+men of 1812 rallied; traitors to the flag for which a million soldiers
+suffered or died in our great Civil War. They are traitors to the flag
+that symbolizes the union of countless happy homes under a democratic
+government held in honor, respect and veneration. Traitors they are to
+the flag that stands for freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom
+of the press, and for the protection of individual as well as of family
+rights. They are traitors to the flag of a much slandered and
+calumniated government, which, though imperfect, like all things on this
+earth, extends its blessings to all, not even excepting ungrateful
+Socialists and other radicals.
+
+Fellow citizens and fellow countrymen, rally to the defense of the flag
+that you love! Denounce, to the north, south, east and west, the evil
+teachings and deceptions of the Red conspirators; for there is nothing
+that will more quickly ruin the parties of Reds than to reveal to the
+world their professed and secret teachings.
+
+    "Immortal patriots, rise once more!
+    Defend your rights, defend your shore!
+    Let no rude foe with impious hand,
+    Invade the shrine where sacred lies
+    Of toil and blood the well earned prize.
+    While off'ring peace, sincere and just,
+    In heav'n we place a manly trust,
+    That truth and justice shall prevail,
+    And every scheme of bondage fail."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+SOCIALISM A PERIL TO WORKINGMEN
+
+
+
+In glowing colors the imaginations of Socialists have beautifully
+pictured their utopian state for the benefit of the credulous and
+oppressed. Unfortunately, however, for the followers of Karl Marx, a
+little reasoning and common sense show that their visionary state,
+instead of being a heavenly paradise, would in reality be a descent into
+chaos and anarchy. Domestic peace would be a blessing of the past.
+Discontent, wrangles, fights, riots, civil discord and sabotage would be
+the order of the day till irrepressible rebellion had sounded the
+death-knell of Socialism.
+
+There is every indication that the Revolutionists would not destroy our
+present system of government without having recourse to arms. Besides
+the many convincing proofs given in the preceding chapter, we learn from
+"The Call," New York, January 28, 1912, that the celebrated Socialist
+novelist, Jack London, scouted the idea that the social revolution would
+be realized without force. Then, again, Victor Berger--who was Socialist
+Congressman from Wisconsin, and who, like Debs, was one of the
+"innocents" whom the "poor," "persecuted" Reds have been trying to save
+from a long imprisonment by a nationwide agitation for amnesty--writing
+in the "Social Democratic Herald" of Milwaukee, on August 14, 1909,
+said: "We should be grateful if the social revolution, if the freeing of
+75,000,000 whites would not cost more blood than the freeing of
+4,000,000 negroes in 1861."
+
+Roland Sawyer, the Socialist candidate for governor of Massachusetts in
+1912, writing in "The Call," New York, October 1, 1911, dares to confess
+that "the conceptions of modern Socialism are all found in a cruder form
+on the streets of Paris during the Revolution." Finally, as we have
+seen, Eugene V. Debs, who on four different occasions was the Socialist
+candidate for the presidency of the United States, in the "Appeal to
+Reason," Girard, Kansas, September 2, 1911, said: "Let us marshal our
+forces and develop our power for the revolt.... A few men may be needed
+who are not afraid to die. Be ye also ready.... Let us swear that we
+will fight to the last ditch, that we will strike blow for blow, that we
+will use every weapon at our command, that we will never surrender."
+
+It is evident that if, after a bloody rebellion, the Socialists should
+overthrow the United States Government, the many millions of defeated
+patriotic Americans would continue to be the enemies of the new regime.
+But even if no rebellion took place, and the present system of
+government were overthrown merely by the ballot, the new state would
+begin life with millions of enemies, those, namely, who for one reason
+or another had been radically opposed to Socialism.
+
+When the Marxians come into power, several large factions of them
+usually rebel against the government of the Socialists, as in Russia,
+Germany and Bavaria.
+
+The Socialists, in most cases, gain control of a country after a foreign
+war, at a time when it is most difficult for even the wisest and most
+experienced statesmen to solve the serious problems of the hour. Great
+discontent should, therefore, be expected from the failure of
+inexperienced agitators after coming into power, because of their
+inability to solve an almost endless number of serious difficulties.
+Foremost among these would probably be food difficulties, which, as in
+Russia, Germany, and Hungary, have resulted in widespread opposition to
+the newly established regimes.
+
+The Socialists have never yet made known to the people of America the
+detailed working plan of their proposed state. They have, of course,
+made lots of very general statements, which do not stand the test of
+accurate criticism, but they have utterly failed to offer solutions of
+the grave difficulties that they know would confront them. They prefer
+to let the future work out the solution, and, in the meantime, invite us
+to ruin our present form of government and industry, imagining that we
+Americans are a lot of ignorant children who will entrust our destinies
+to a pack of wild theorists with nothing but a vague hope of a
+propitious future.
+
+Think of the discontent which would result if our people tore down the
+old structure, to find no structure whatever into which to move. They
+would be in the same predicament as the people of San Francisco in the
+days after the earthquake and fire, when they had to camp out in the
+open with an insufficient food supply, exposed to the inclemency of the
+weather. In fact, they would be far worse off. A big-hearted world
+rushed supplies to the San Franciscans and soon helped them to surmount
+their difficulties. But the new Socialist state would be attacked from
+within and without, by citizens hoping to destroy the hated form of
+government, and by foreign nations dreading the spread of anarchy, just
+as the United States, England and France blockaded Socialist Russia,
+causing untold trouble to the Bolshevist government.
+
+In the midst of embarrassments like these the inexperienced Marxian
+agitators must attempt to solve ten thousand times ten thousand problems
+which require skill in the extreme and years of careful thought. Would
+not this result in widespread discontent? Or would the citizens of the
+United States, who just before the dawn of Socialism had been taught by
+Debs and his crew to find fault with everything under the sun, suddenly
+learn patience and remain as meek as lambs merely because the Socialists
+had raised the Red flag in place of the Star Spangled Banner?
+
+No sooner would the all-perfect Socialists take control at Washington
+than the endeavors of the new state to settle the serious difficulties
+confronting it would occasion so much discontent and strife as seriously
+to threaten, if not actually bring to an end, the very existence of the
+new government. For, first of all, the people would have to determine
+whether the immense number of property owners, whose goods must be taken
+over by the state, should receive full payment, partial payment, or no
+payment at all.
+
+The famous Belgian Socialist, Vandervelde, informs us that we may group
+into three categories the plans of socialization proposed by different
+schools, according to their aiming at the expropriation of the means of
+production without indemnity, with complete indemnity, or with limited
+indemnity. ["Collectivism and Industrial Evolution," by Vandervelde,
+page 152 of the 1904 translation into English.--Chas. H. Kerr and
+Company.]
+
+If full compensation were granted, millions of Socialists would become
+exceedingly disgusted and discontented, for not only would the new state
+from the very beginning of its existence be burdened with a tremendous
+debt through having to borrow many billions of dollars, if such a thing
+were possible, in order to make the purchases, but--which would make
+matters much worse--many of the property owners, who even now are hated
+and detested by the Socialists, could, after receiving payment, either
+sit down for the rest of their lives and watch the Revolutionists labor
+and toil, or else, while doing some work themselves, could use their
+wealth in bribing the Socialist officials to bestow on them all kinds of
+privileges and favors.
+
+If no compensation whatever were granted, then, in addition to the
+hatred and disgust for the new system, which would prevail among the
+millions who would be dispossessed of their property, after long years
+of work and careful saving in order to purchase it, there would also be
+boundless dissatisfaction on the part of persons who, still respecting
+God's Commandments and the sense of right in natural conscience, would
+want to see justice and honesty reign throughout America.
+
+Finally, if partial payment were made, both those opposed to full
+compensation and those in favor of it would be displeased because of the
+reasons given, which would still influence them very decidedly. If the
+indemnity paid were very small, the former property owners and all
+honest citizens would be those especially offended. If the amount paid
+were large, dishonest Socialists would take offense. Therefore, no
+matter which plan of expropriation were adopted, the state would make a
+great number of new enemies.
+
+Though we learn from page 186 of the "Proceedings of the 1908 National
+Convention of the Socialist Party" that the delegates to the convention,
+after a factional dispute on party principles, declared by a vote of 102
+to 33 for the collective ownership of _all_ the land, and thus
+determined that the state should take over all the farms of the country,
+still it cannot be denied that a great number of Revolutionists have
+claimed, especially of late years, that the government should not
+dispossess the small farmers of their properties. On account of the
+rival theories of the two contending factions, the Socialist state might
+have to pass through a serious ordeal before either plan was adopted.
+Should the new government finally determine to take possession of such
+property, millions of farmers and their families would become
+exceedingly hostile to the government. Should the state allow former
+owners to cultivate the fields about their old homesteads, the
+discontent would be but partially lessened, for strict obedience to the
+commands of government bosses would replace the freedom of action once
+enjoyed by the farmer's family.
+
+Pages 167 to 190 of the "Proceedings of the 1908 National Convention of
+the Socialist Party," and pages 220 to 235 of the "Proceedings of the
+1910 National Congress of the Socialist Party," convinced us that very
+many of the Revolutionists who oppose government ownership of _all_
+land do so in order to gain votes. It seems highly probable, therefore,
+that if Socialism became the law of America many of the apparently
+moderate Revolutionists would throw off their masks and unhesitatingly
+declare for the most radical plan of government ownership.
+
+Yet even if the contemplated state should permit the private ownership
+of small farms, their owners would be displeased because they would no
+longer be allowed to hire laborers for working the fields. Some
+conservative Socialists, indeed, profess willingness to tolerate the
+employment of one or two farm hands. But not alone do the 1908 National
+Platform and the amendment adopted by party referendum on September 7,
+1909, oppose exploitation, or the employment of hired labor in the
+production of goods, but innumerable articles in Socialist papers, books
+and reviews denounce exploitation most emphatically. Hence, if the
+Socialist state allowed farmers in good standing with the government to
+own little farms, they could not hire labor to operate them. If the
+farmer should fall sick, his crops would go to ruin. Advantage could not
+be taken of some of the great inventions helpful to agriculture, nor
+scientific methods of work and management. The individual farmer, thus
+handicapped, might feed himself, his wife, his children, his horse, his
+cow, his pig, but very little more.
+
+In the Socialist state great discontent would arise from either the
+toleration or prohibition of small business enterprises. If permitted,
+without power to hire labor, they must compete with the government. If
+forbidden, large numbers of persons would be obliged to work for the
+government, after losing little stores or shops in which for years they
+had been interested.
+
+In its issue of March 30, 1912, the "Appeal to Reason," then the leading
+Socialist weekly of the United States, declared that under Socialism
+John D. Rockefeller would be allowed to retain his money and decide what
+to do with it. Were this the case, and every person of wealth allowed to
+retain his money, it is difficult to see how Socialists who hate and
+detest the rich could endure such a condition, any more than they could
+tolerate the granting of full or partial indemnity to property owners.
+The attempt to leave the rich in possession of their wealth would
+probably incite Socialists to rise in arms against the state they had
+founded.
+
+On the other hand, if wealth were confiscated, the wealthy and the
+honest poor alike would be discontented with a dishonest government.
+Moreover, where would the Socialists draw the line of lawful possession?
+At $1,000,000, $10,000, $1,000, or $100? Would the decision be reached
+peaceably? Would the use and possession of government bonds be allowed?
+As the desire to acquire is one of the strongest passions, bitter hatred
+would assail the Socialist state, which, Debs tells us, would prohibit
+business profits, rent and interest. ["Socialism and Unionism," by
+Eugene V. Debs.] How could insurance companies, in which the American
+people have invested so much, and which depend on interest, exist under
+Socialism? Socialism having ruined the insurance companies, would the
+millions of policyholders just sit down and have a good, hearty laugh
+over their losses?
+
+The real crux of Socialism is the inability of the Marxians to determine
+upon a system of employment and a scale of wages or remuneration
+satisfactory both to the government and the working classes.
+
+Remuneration must either be in the form of money, or of goods or labor
+certificates entitling the holder to receive goods from the government
+stores. As labor certificates would be like money, we shall class them
+as "money" when speaking of wages.
+
+Different schemes of employment have been proposed by Socialists. One of
+the oldest allows each individual to select the occupation he desires,
+provided he can do the work. All citizens, under this system, receive
+equal pay or equal supplies for their services.
+
+Such a system is absurd. The more repugnant occupations, no matter how
+important for the welfare of the nation, would be neglected. All would
+want easy, clean jobs. Bootblacks might prefer to become artistic
+decorators; street-cleaners would ask to be put in charge of big
+factories; night-workers would prefer day-work. The result would be
+endless discontent, jealousy and disorder. As everybody would receive
+equal recompense, the system would set a premium on sloth and
+inefficiency, and entail state bankruptcy. One of the most serious
+objections would be the discontent among skilled workingmen, who would
+want skill to be a determining factor in the wage scale. Yet should
+their system of equal remuneration not prevail, unskilled laborers, led
+by agitators to believe that equal wages would be paid to all, would
+become the sworn enemies of the government. A second system, favored by
+many Socialists would permit all citizens to choose their occupations
+and allow each individual to draw upon the national storehouses
+_according to his needs_. [Gotha Programme of the Socialists of
+Germany.]
+
+This scheme, like the first, is absolutely absurd. It would permit all
+to demand more than they needed, would encourage sloth, would bankrupt
+the state, and would occasion discontent among skilled workingmen. Under
+this system, too, the entire population would neglect the more
+distasteful occupations, and ill-feeling and jealousy would arise in the
+hearts of those failing to obtain congenial positions.
+
+As diligence should be a determining factor in the arrangement of the
+wage scale, in considering the remaining systems we shall assume that
+the wages are those for men whose diligence may be termed first class.
+
+Many Socialists, foreseeing the evils of a mad rush to obtain the
+attractive positions, yet realizing how intolerable it would be for the
+state to drive its citizens into uncongenial occupations, have
+endeavored to find a way out. Several solutions have been proposed,
+among which is the one we shall call the third system.
+
+In the third system, occupations may be chosen by those qualified to do
+the work. The recompense would be the same for all, but with the hours
+of toil lessened in proportion to the disagreeableness of the work.
+["Looking Backward," by Bellamy, Chapter 7, Social Democratic Publishing
+Company of Milwaukee.] But such a system would give more reason than
+ever for jealousy and discontent on the part of skilled workingmen, who
+would be terribly incensed at seeing street cleaners and garbage
+collectors for example receive salaries equal to their own and at the
+same time enjoy shorter hours. This system would put a premium on such
+occupations as sewer-cleaning and dish-washing, and would discourage
+persons from pursuing occupations of the highest importance to the
+country.
+
+Morris Hillquit, writing in "Everybody's," December, 1913, page 826,
+tells us that "the national government might well own and operate all
+means of interstate transportations and communication, such as railroad
+systems, telegraph and telephone lines; all sources of general and
+national wealth, such as mines, forests, oil-wells; and all monopolized
+or trustified industries already organized on a basis of national
+operation.
+
+"Similarly the state government might assume the few industries confined
+within state limits; while the municipal government would logically
+undertake the management of the much wider range of peculiarly local
+business, such as street transportation and the supply of water, light,
+heat and power.
+
+"Still other local industries, too insignificant or unorganized even for
+municipal operation, might be left to voluntary co-operative
+enterprises."
+
+On page 829 of the same issue of "Everybody's," Hillquit adds that
+"under a system of Socialism each worker will be a partner in the
+industrial enterprise in which he will be employed, sharing in its
+prosperity and losses alike."
+
+At first sight this fourth plan seems attractive, but upon examination
+we notice that nothing is said as to how the millions of persons to be
+employed by the national, state or municipal governments will be
+assigned to the different enterprises. Will the people be forced to
+labor at repugnant tasks? That will make endless turmoil and trouble in
+the Marxian state. But if all persons enjoy equal rights under the
+Socialist government there would be a grand rush for the most congenial
+occupations, and especially for the most lucrative. The result would be
+an immense amount of discontent and jealousy in those who failed to
+secure the positions they desired. True, these objections might not hold
+for well-to-do persons like Hillquit, founder of the "New York Call,"
+for he and other Socialist politicians who have become wealthy by always
+remaining leaders of their dues-paying comrades might, perhaps, invest
+their money in co-operative enterprises. But such persons constitute
+only a small part of the population of the country.
+
+The many objections brought against these four systems could not be
+obviated by the adoption of a fifth, in which all would be free to
+choose their occupations, and would for the same number of hours of work
+receive as recompense an amount determined by all the factors which
+should be taken into consideration, such as skill, the physical
+difficulty of the labor, danger, disagreeableness of the work and the
+increased value added to the raw material.
+
+In trying to arrange the details of such a system, innumerable
+difficulties would arise. Unskilled laborers would want physical labor
+rather than skill or talent made the principal factor in determining the
+scale; for they would recall the promises of Socialist orators that in
+the new state all should enjoy equal rights, and they would consider it
+a grave injustice to work as hard or even harder than skilled laborers
+and yet receive lower wages through want of skill and talent due to no
+fault of theirs. Should the plea of these millions of unskilled
+laborers go unheeded, the new state could count them among its most
+bitter enemies.
+
+On the other hand, skilled laborers would want skill and talent to be
+the main factors in determining wages, arguing that they had worked hard
+to become proficient and that their talent and skill made the work more
+valuable to the state. They would protest that they should not suffer
+simply because unskilled laborers lacked their skill and talent. Should
+the skilled workingmen not be heard, the new state would have another
+throng of enemies.
+
+Compromises might be attempted by different adjustments of talent and
+skill to physical labor in determining the wage schedule; but in each
+case the new regime would only be at the beginning of troubles. What
+bitter disputes among the skilled workingmen in different trades! There
+would be conflicting views of every sort regarding the exact amount of
+skill and of physical labor required in the different trades, and
+regarding the difficulties, disagreeableness of work, dangers to health
+and life, and increased value added to the raw material in each line.
+
+But what would happen even if the ship of state under the red flag and
+its mast could weather the wage-storm and come safely into port with
+some working system?
+
+The people, we are told, would enjoy equal rights. The government could
+not refuse to grant work to any qualified person applying for it.
+Suppose the members of some trade, the carpenters, for example,
+displeased with the wages they were getting, should apply for other work
+and stick to it until the government was forced to grant their demands.
+Other craftsmen, seeing how easily the carpenters had won their strike,
+would imitate their example. Thus would occur derangements of the
+intricate wage scale--which had occupied the attention of the country
+for so long a time and been adopted only after the greatest
+difficulty--causing great discontent and jealousy, while the economic
+losses through successful strikes would raise the prices of commodities,
+bringing on a general fever of discontent.
+
+A further source of trouble would be the problem of determining what
+wages should be paid to shirkers and those incapable of working with
+efficiency. Would wage courts decide the value of their services? If so,
+how many thousands of such courts would be required? If not, would state
+officials or politicians decide the cases? The wages of such persons,
+no matter how determined, would cause discontent.
+
+It would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to determine justly
+and accurately the wages of eminent specialists, physicians and persons
+whose important services the state could not afford to lose. If very
+high wages were awarded them, the poorer classes would take offence at
+the prospect of a rich class once more rising with power to suppress
+them, as many do at the present time. If low wages were paid to eminent
+specialists, they would neglect important pursuits and vocations to the
+detriment of the nation's welfare. Even if they received moderately high
+wages, other persons of the same profession would become offended at the
+government's refusal to grant them like salaries and would line up with
+the enemies of the Socialist state.
+
+Even under the most favorable circumstances, the fifth wage-system would
+produce two classes, the comparatively rich, and the comparatively poor,
+a condition repugnant to Socialists.
+
+The forcing of women to work, in accordance with Socialistic doctrines,
+would arouse opposition to the new government. The husbands, fathers and
+sons of the women would be displeased with the wretched way in which
+their homes would be kept and their meals prepared.
+
+A further source of tremendous discontent in the Socialist state would
+be the prevalence[14] of political corruption to a far greater extent
+than under the present system. For there would be a far greater throng
+of state employes than now, and there would be an immense number of
+people trying to get permissions, privileges and exemptions of every
+description. With human nature unchanged, but with the opportunities for
+deals and bribery greatly multiplied, political corruption would greatly
+increase.
+
+Another important cause would be in operation. Socialism is spreading
+anti-religious and atheistic doctrines, loosing men and women from their
+moral restraints. With dishonesty thus increasing, acceptors of bribes
+would not only be more common in the Marxian state, but the average
+number of their offences would increase; for since opportunities of
+collecting large single sums would be rarer than at present, owing to
+abolition of the capitalist system and the small amount of wealth
+possessed by individuals, dishonest politicians would naturally endeavor
+to enrich themselves by granting corrupt favors to a larger number of
+people. The reader himself can picture the condition of affairs in the
+Socialist state when large numbers of its citizens were its declared
+enemies because of a vast and hopeless system of political corruption.
+
+The Socialist state would contain many persons who by soapbox orators
+and revolutionary authors were led to believe that police, soldiers and
+courts would disappear. These persons would be greatly discontented when
+the Socialist government still hedged them in by retaining the old
+system for the preservation of law and order, or, as in Russia, greatly
+increased the restraint on their liberty by means of immense numbers of
+Red Guards, heavily armed and noted for cruelty. Or if these were taken
+away, the state would feel the enmity of all its better citizens who
+realized the need for guardians, police, soldiers and courts, to protect
+them from the crimes of the lawless.
+
+Under the Socialist regime there would be atheists, fighting as in
+Russia, Mexico, France, Italy and Portugal for the propagation of their
+doctrines, while in opposition to them would be millions of believers,
+defending themselves from the attacks of the enemies of God. Any
+concession granted by the state to one of these parties would arouse the
+enmity of the other.
+
+So, too, there would be a rapidly growing faction in favor of free-love,
+as well as one opposed to it, and as each party would be extremely
+powerful, and use every effort to defeat its opponents, there would be
+great strife and discontent.
+
+The Socialists in power in Europe, whether "moderate" or extremely
+radical, have made millions of enemies by imprisonments, executions,
+suppression of free speech, the gagging of the press, the withholding
+food, etc. Would these things happen in our country if the Reds gained
+control?
+
+There is every reason to believe that the Socialist Government would
+become exceedingly unpopular here as in Russia, owing to a great
+increase in crime; for to say nothing of the criminal offences
+occasioned by the prevalent discontent of the citizens, the atheistical
+and anti-religious doctrines of the Revolutionists, by continuing to
+undermine the faith of the people in the existence of God and by leading
+them to disbelieve in the rewards of heaven and the punishments of hell,
+would very seriously interfere with the beneficent effects of several of
+the most excellent preventives of crime.
+
+With discontent, jealousy and crime reigning supreme in the state from
+its very birth, many who had hoped for the success of Socialism would
+become utterly disgusted with its absolute failure and would long for
+the re-establishment of the old order. As the leaders of the Marxian
+movement now make the most extravagant promises concerning perfections
+of their prospective state, their government, should it come, would
+suffer the hatred of all who discovered that they had been cruelly
+deceived.
+
+We must remember, too, that the very persons who would discover that
+they had been deceived by their Socialist teachers would be the very
+same people who are now taught by the same teachers to find fault with
+everything under the sun. It would, therefore, be a terrible day for the
+new state when the embittered rank and file of the Revolutionary Party
+fully realized the total failure of Socialism. The Socialist state would
+then have millions of enemies, recruited from the Socialist Party
+itself, as well as from the ranks of those who had always opposed
+Socialism.
+
+Not alone would these enemies be far more numerous than those who oppose
+our present form of government, but their wrath and anger, wrought to
+fever heat by the many causes we have enumerated, as well as by the
+mistakes of the Marxian rulers, would urge them to commit deeds of
+violence that have never yet been conceived even by the "bomb squad" of
+the revolutionary I. W. W. Rebellion against the new government would be
+the order of the day, and the Socialist state would not long endure. It
+would crumble to pieces, and the poor workingman, in the midst of
+anarchy and the total destruction of industry, would deeply regret
+having listened to the crazed imaginations of silver-tongued fanatics.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lincoln Eyre's cables from Russia, received by the "New York World" when
+this book was in type, more than corroborate the picture drawn in this
+chapter of the "perils to workingmen" from any attempt to put the
+economic fallacies of Socialism into practice. In the first place,
+according to Eyre's cable of February 26, 1920, printed in the "World"
+of February 28, 1920, all the blood and violence inflicted on Russia
+have failed to establish real Communism there. Through courtesy of the
+"World" we give, in part, Eyre's statement as to this, from the cable
+just mentioned:
+
+     "In wartime France, England or Germany no man could obtain for love
+     or money more than a specified maximum of food, fuel or the
+     household requirements. In wartime revolutionary Russia, ruled by a
+     communist dictatorship, any man with enough thousand ruble notes
+     can buy all the food and warmth he desires. Throughout the war
+     dwellers in London, Paris or Berlin affected by war conditions
+     (and that meant practically everybody) were freed of paying rent by
+     a moratorium. Residents of Moscow and Petrograd are still obliged
+     to pay rent and at a higher figure than in pre-war days. These two
+     incontrovertible facts are evidence that an all-powerful Bolshevik
+     in the Communist Government has in two years installed a lesser
+     measure of Communism in actual practice than existed in the
+     belligerent European countries during the war years. To my mind
+     this is one of the severest, albeit the most rarely mentioned,
+     indictments of the Bolsheviks' vast communistic programme, since it
+     reveals their impotency to attain their initial aim--the abolition
+     of classes."
+
+In the second place, not alone has there been failure to destroy
+capitalism and equalize possessions, but new class distinctions and "new
+aristocracies" have arisen. We quote Eyre on this point from the same
+issue of the "World," February 28, 1920:
+
+     "While capitalism in the larger sense of the term has been
+     destroyed, together with private ownership on a large scale,
+     capital continues to be accumulated and to make its influence felt.
+     One man may still possess more than another in worldly goods and
+     receive higher pay for his work. Equality of material possessions
+     is as non-existent in the Russian social republic as it is in the
+     American 'bourgeois' republic. Hence there are coming into
+     existence new groupings of Russian population, new lines of
+     economic demarcation, new forms of social standing and of wealth.
+     The beginning of two new aristocracies are detectable. One is found
+     in the governmental hierarchy, the other in the ever-increasing
+     speculator class.... The Soviets ... cannot do without the
+     speculators (which means all persons engaged in private trading)."
+
+Thirdly, "Communist" Russia already has her "ruling class," as
+privileged and as distinctly marked off from the ordinary day-laborer as
+in any "bourgeois" republic. We quote Eyre as to this from the same
+article:
+
+     "Governmental aristocracy has its boots imbedded in the Kremlin,
+     that ancient Moscow citadel.... In Soviet Russia today one speaks
+     of the Kremlin as one spoke of Versailles in the magnificent days
+     of Louis XIV.... Only the most eminent commissaries of the people
+     and a few other Soviet stars of the first magnitude are domiciled
+     there in the grandiose palaces that once housed the most famous
+     figures of Muscovite history.
+
+     "Protected behind numerous barriers of bayonets and machine guns,
+     the Bolshevik chieftains have made this barbarically gorgeous
+     nesting place of Oriental autocracy the throbbing nerve centre of
+     world revolution.... And from its frowning gates they sally forth
+     in their high power limousines on affairs of state even as the
+     Czars in their day went forth to superintend the administration of
+     their colossal heritage.
+
+     "Bolshevism's upper ten are in the Kremlin. The lesser lights of
+     the Bolshevik aristocracy must content themselves with quarters in
+     the 'Soviet houses,' which were the city's leading hotels, and are
+     now nationalized habitations reserved for prominent Soviet
+     officials. These buildings, like the Kremlin, are better heated and
+     generally cared for than most other domiciles and the food served
+     in them is slightly more abundant. Sentries guard the doors to
+     prevent unauthorized visitors from gaining admission....
+
+     "The fact that some individuals ride to the opera in limousines
+     while the rest walk is necessarily productive of class division.
+     Already there is a slang term for the former--the proletarian
+     bourgeoisie, they are called."
+
+The observant reader will also have gathered from the extract just given
+that, fourthly, the "ruling class" of Communist Russia is much more
+distrustful of the "common people" than any class in the United States,
+Great Britain or France would think of being. Thus the lords and
+lordlings of the "proletarian dictatorship" barricade themselves in
+"citadels," behind "barriers of bayonets and machine guns," while
+"sentries guard the doors" to keep out "visitors." What would we poor
+"bourgeois" Americans think if our wealthier inhabitants and public
+officials kept "common citizens" out of range by such a display of
+infantry and artillery?
+
+Fifthly, despite all the gush about a "workingmen's" republic in Russia,
+that country is now absolutely helpless under the yoke of the most
+absolute autocracy the world has seen in a long while. As to this we
+quote Lincoln Eyre's cable, dated February 25, 1920, and published in
+the "New York World" of February 27, 1920. Eyre says:
+
+     "Lenine ... and Trotzky ... wield a more absolute power than any
+     Czar.... They are the only really strong men detectable among the
+     Bolsheviki or anywhere else in Russia. That their strength is
+     greater than ever is demonstrated by the amazing program for the
+     militarization of labor that they have just entered upon; a
+     programme which when first proposed aroused the Communist Party's
+     instant antagonism, but which in a few days the dictators easily
+     persuaded their disciples to support."
+
+We shall return to this astounding conscription of labor a little
+further on. It is referred to here merely to show who actually does the
+"ruling" in the widely advertised "labor" government of Russia. Eyre
+continues:
+
+     "There is iron law and order all over Russia, neither anarchy nor
+     chaos being visible.... With the recent abolition of the death
+     penalty the Red terror, long since bleached to pale pink, came to a
+     definite end. Such is the omnipotence of the Soviets that it is no
+     longer necessary for them to terrorize their opponents into
+     obedience."
+
+Thus horrible butcheries are no longer necessary because no one longer
+dares to resist. All liberty, all self-government, all self-initiative
+have been crushed in the iron vise of dictated policy. This is the case,
+as Eyre says, "twenty-seven months after the social revolution gripped
+the nation in a clutch of steel that never has been relaxed since." Is
+not such mental, moral and spiritual death a greater calamity than
+physical death?
+
+Sixthly, the common people, crushed under this experimental Socialist
+Juggernaut, are starving to death. In the article last cited, in the
+"World" of February 27, 1920, Eyre says:
+
+     "The food problem is hideously acute, yet not quite so critical as
+     at the outset of the winter. In Moscow, Petrograd and other
+     industrial centres some 8,000,000 human beings, of whom only a tiny
+     fraction are Bolsheviki, are slowly but surely starving to death.
+     There are abundant food stocks in the south and east, but they
+     cannot be carried in sufficient quantity over the semi-paralyzed
+     railroads....
+
+     "Trotzky himself defined the industrial situation as a race between
+     economic reconstruction and reversion to savagery."
+
+Seventhly, craving for food is one of the things which make it
+impossible to shut out the food speculator, whose extortion at least
+helps to prolong life. As Eyre says:
+
+     "City and country food speculation, which the dictatorship thus far
+     confesses its inability to suppress or even control, is fast
+     developing a new capitalist class right under the Communists'
+     noses. One of the most painful sights in Russia is some pale, thin,
+     tottering old woman paying out more than she earns in a week for a
+     few lumps of sugar bought from a well-fed trader from the country
+     in the Sukfarevka, Moscow's open air market place."
+
+Eighthly, the common people are nearly as cold as they are hungry. In
+the cable printed in the "World" of February 27, 1920, Eyre says:
+
+     "Fuel is slightly less scarce than it was two months ago. The lack
+     of heat, however, is helping the food shortage to increase the
+     mortality rate, which is likely to attain 30 per cent in Moscow
+     before spring."
+
+In the ninth place, disease stalks through the land, hand in hand with
+cold and famine. The article just cited contains the following by Eyre:
+
+     "Disease is rampant, and the typhus epidemic in Siberia, where
+     Kolchak left many tens of thousands of victims behind him in his
+     retreat, is spreading swiftly westward. Owing to the absence of
+     medical supplies, the epidemic can be combated only by quarantine."
+
+In the tenth place, "labor" in Russia, the real "working class," is
+conscripted, enslaved under military discipline, and "exploited" under
+an incredible system of military court martial--a degradation of
+workingmen by the Socialist tyrants of Russia which no form of modern
+"capitalism" has dreamed of since human slavery was abolished. On this
+subject Eyre says, in the "World" of February 27, 1920:
+
+     "Four of Trotzky's sixteen armies have been turned into 'labor
+     armies,' which means that soldiers fresh from victories on military
+     fronts are being obliged to work, still under military command and
+     discipline, on the 'economic front.' They are used chiefly for
+     building up the transport system and assuring shipment of food and
+     fuel from the country to the city....
+
+     "Labor generally is being militarized to an amazing extent.
+     Discipline is being imposed upon factory workers by the
+     establishment of special tribunals with powers of courts martial.
+     Communist commissaries, no longer required at the front, are being
+     detached from their regiments and sent to stimulate production
+     endeavor in industries and railroads."
+
+Is this the kind of thing which Hillquit's Socialist gang of would-be
+labor "exploiters" would lure America's liberty-loving workingmen into
+by calling them "slaves" in their present dignified situation as
+self-governed and self-reliant freemen? On December 13, 1919, the
+presidents and secretaries of the 113 national and international unions
+affiliated with the American Federation of Labor met at Washington, D.
+C., with the heads of the four railway brotherhoods and several
+farmers' organizations, and are to be congratulated for having passed
+the following resolution, which the late information from Russia
+overwhelmingly vindicates:
+
+     "Whereas, the American Federation of Labor is an American
+     institution, believing in American principles and ideas, and
+
+     "Whereas, an attempt is being made to inject the spirit of
+     Bolshevism and I. W. W.'ism into the affairs of the American
+     Federation of Labor, and
+
+     "Whereas, the American Federation of Labor is opposed to
+     Bolshevism, I. W. W.'ism and the irresponsible leadership which
+     encouraged such a policy, therefore be it
+
+     "Resolved, that the conference of representatives of trades unions
+     affiliated with the A. F. of L., and other organizations associated
+     in this conference, repudiate and condemn the policy of Bolshevism
+     and I. W. W.'ism as being destructive of American ideals and
+     impracticable in application; be it further
+
+     "Resolved, that this conference reiterate the action of the
+     conventions of the American Federation of Labor, and the advocacy
+     of the principles of conciliation and voluntary arbitration and
+     collective bargaining."
+
+We cite this here to put the freedom of self-determination, practiced by
+the great progressive body of American labor, in vivid contrast with the
+abject slavery which the Socialists of Russia are now imposing upon the
+labor of that country. Lincoln Eyre's statement of the labor situation
+in Russia is confirmed by Trotzky himself, as we learn from the "New
+York World" of February 28, 1920, as follows:
+
+     "London, February 27.--Leon Trotzky, Minister of War of Soviet
+     Russia, addressing the third Russian Congress, held in Moscow
+     January 25 last, outlined the Bolshevist plan for converting the
+     Red Army into an army of labor. According to reports of his speech
+     reaching here he said:
+
+     "'There is still one way open to the reorganization of national
+     economy--the way of uniting the army and labor and changing the
+     military detachments of the army into detachments of a labor army.
+
+     "'Many in the army have already accomplished their military task
+     but they cannot be demobilized as yet. Now that they have been
+     released from their military duties, they must fight against
+     economic ruin and against hunger; they must work to obtain fuel,
+     peat and other heat-producing products; they must take part in
+     building, in clearing the lines of snow, in repairing roads,
+     building sheds, grinding flour, etc.
+
+     "'We have already organized several of these armies and they have
+     been allotted their tasks. One army must obtain foodstuffs for the
+     workmen of the districts in which it was formerly stationed and it
+     also will cut wood, cart it to the railways and repair engines.
+     Another army will help in the laying down of railway lines for the
+     transport of crude oil. A third labor army will be used in
+     repairing agricultural implements and machines, and, in the spring,
+     will take part in the working of the land....
+
+     "'Trade unions must register qualified workmen in the villages.
+     Only in those localities where trade union methods are inadequate
+     other methods must be introduced, in particular that of compulsion,
+     because labor conscription gives the state the right to tell the
+     qualified workmen who is employed on some unimportant work in his
+     village, "You are obliged to leave your present employment and go
+     to Sormovo or Kolomna, because there your work is required."
+
+     "'Labor conscription means that the qualified workmen who leave the
+     army must proceed to places where they are required, where their
+     presence is necessary to the economic system of the country. We
+     must feed these workmen and guarantee them the minimum food
+     ration.'"
+
+No doubt these "qualified workmen" are what we call "skilled workmen."
+Here we have, in its naked reality, the "deliverance" from
+"wage-slavery" which the crazy Socialists of all schools have so long
+been preaching to the laboring freemen of America. How would the
+millions of labor's noblemen in the American Federation of Labor like to
+see Debs, Hillquit and Victor L. Berger cracking the whip over them
+after the fashion of Lenine, Trotzky and Zinovieff in Russia?
+
+Notice the "capitalistic" language of Trotzky: "_We_"--the tyrannical,
+exploiting drones in the Kremlin--"must feed these workmen and guarantee
+them the _minimum_ food ration." Do not the "workmen" produce the food?
+Then why do they not take it and cut the throats of these drones? Is not
+this the Socialist doctrine we are taught by our American theorists, who
+froth at the mouth over the alleged "wage-slavery" of American workmen
+who rear intelligent families in comfortable homes and maintain the
+independence and self-initiative of American freemen?
+
+In the eleventh place, we notice that the workmen of Russia, as a reward
+for complete slavery under military conscription and courts martial
+tribunals, are guaranteed nothing but this "minimum food ration" and a
+possibility of being able to buy enough additional food out of their
+wages to postpone starvation. The last-mentioned possibility is
+described for us by Lincoln Eyre in his cable in the "New York World" of
+February 27, 1920, where, it must be remembered, he is speaking of the
+most-favored workmen, in the big cities. He says:
+
+"Nobody in Russia relying wholly upon 'Sovietsky' food--food handed out
+through official agencies--gets enough to eat except soldiers, a small
+percentage of heavy workers and high Soviet officials. Ordinary factory
+workers seldom receive as much as 60 per cent of their alimentary
+requirements through the Government. The remainder they must buy at
+fantastically high prices from speculators. And though they themselves,
+in collaboration with central dictatorship, fix their own wages, they
+never earn enough to cover the swift-climbing cost of living. If this is
+the plight of the workers, that is, of the ruling class, the ghastliness
+of the situation confronting the less favored elements of the population
+may well be imagined."
+
+Is it in irony that Eyre speaks of these "workers" as "the ruling
+class"? What are the real workmen in Russia but victims of this cruel
+experiment of tyrannizing Socialist "intellectuals"?
+
+We remark next, in the twelfth place, that the Soviet system of food
+distribution, wholly unequal and thus anti-communistic, has resulted in
+dividing the Russians into eight classes, each category having a special
+card defining its special ration. The account of this is given by
+Lincoln Eyre in a cable dated March 9, 1920, and published in the "New
+York World" of March 10, 1920, from which we take two sentences:
+
+     "The commissariat of food control has gradually built up no less
+     than eight distinct classes.... Special cards also are provided for
+     children from one, two to five and from five to sixteen. It will be
+     seen that this totals eight distinct varieties of card."
+
+The affect of these distinctions may be gathered from the following
+instance given in the article just cited:
+
+     "In the month of November there was distributed by the Petrograd
+     Soviet altogether 13,631,480 pounds of bread.... Had all the bread
+     been divided evenly among the whole population, each person would
+     have had about one-half a pound a a day, whereas, in fact, one
+     category got much less than that amount daily and the third
+     category none at all."
+
+In the thirteenth place, we note that the Russian Socialist tyrants give
+the workmen, in exchange for their labor, pieces of paper run off from
+printing presses which seem almost to have solved the problem of
+perpetual motion. The workmen are wise if they spend this fiat money
+daily for whatever it will bring in food, for its value will collapse
+utterly when the dictatorship bursts, leaving the country financially
+prostrate, without credit or means of exchange. This is one of the
+greatest bunco games ever practiced upon workingmen. Eyre describes it
+in a cable dated March 3, 1920, and published in the "New York World" of
+March 4, 1920, from which we quote:
+
+     "In 'the Socialist Federative Republic of Soviets of Russia,' to
+     give the Bolshevik land its official title, no mention has been
+     made of finance. The reason for this is simple. There is no
+     finance, in the European or American sense of the word, in present
+     Russia. The Soviet Government pays its own people what it has to
+     pay in paper money, of which it prints unlimited quantities. Being
+     determined eventually to abolish money altogether in favor of
+     Communistic exchange of products, it is not worried about
+     depreciation in the value of its currency. It possesses about
+     1,000,000,000 rubles--the exact amount is kept very secret--in
+     gold, with which it intends to pay for goods purchased abroad until
+     it can establish a system of barter with foreign commercial
+     interests. From the capitalistic viewpoint its budgetary
+     expenditures are chaotic, but in Communistic eyes they are both
+     sane and logical."
+
+Only to minds financially insane or criminally degenerate could such a
+system seem "sane and logical." Their carefully kept store of gold shows
+that the Bolshevist dictators are not insane but criminal. They
+understand their game, which is that of bunco-steering to "exploit"
+labor on the largest scale the world has ever seen. Honest paper money
+is a promise to pay, for value received, in gold, silver or good
+merchandise. If this form is used by these frauds, it is with the
+deliberate intention of repudiation, the possibility of payment being
+also destroyed by the floods of the stuff turned out. If the paper given
+is not a promise to pay, it is circulated simply through the tyranny of
+men who by threat of punishment or starvation force workingmen to
+exchange a day's labor for a bit of food and a piece of paper. In either
+case the labor exploiters in the Kremlin exact from Russia's workingmen,
+in exchange for a little food and a wad of paper, a genuine value, the
+product of hard labor, which these get-rich-quick Wallingfords can turn
+into gold, or exchange with the world for anything they want. All that
+Russian workingmen get is semi-starvation and the temporary delusion,
+conveyed to them in fine speeches, that they are "in the game," whereas
+they are only its dupes.
+
+The worthless character of the paper money, which the workmen
+nevertheless have to take and spend to keep soul and body together, is
+shown by the fact that the peasants refuse it. In his cable printed in
+the "New York World" of February 27, 1920, Eyre says that "the peasant
+twenty miles outside of Moscow ... has more food than he can eat, more
+clothes than he can wear," yet "refuses to sell his products for money
+except that proportion of them that he is compelled to turn over to the
+Soviets at a fixed price. In private trading," Eyre continues, "he will
+take in exchange for his foodstuffs only manufactured articles, clothing
+and other things he needs." Thus the peasant is fortunate in that he
+lives on land where he can at least raise enough to eat; whereas the
+"proletarian," in whose behalf the Socialists pretend to have made the
+Russian revolution, is most of all victimized by it.
+
+The reason why the Bolshevist dictators are now conscripting Russian
+labor seems evident. These pick-pockets have finished exploiting the
+Russian aristocracy and "bourgeoisie," squeezed them dry, and squandered
+what they stole. The only game left to them now is to exploit labor to
+the limit and appropriate the profits.
+
+Two other features of this thimble-rigging arrangement complete the
+exposure of the most inhuman scheme to exploit labor which the world has
+seen for centuries. One of these shows us, in the fourteenth place, that
+the rascals Lenine and Trotzky, are actually inviting "foreign capital"
+to form a partnership with them in their exploitation of Russian labor,
+under promise to turn over to this outside "capital" a good share of the
+"profits" to be wrung by labor conscription out of the sweat of Russia's
+brow.
+
+The invitation to "foreign capital" to join hands with the Bolshevist
+dictatorship, under promise of good profits and guarantees of security
+was made by both Lenine and Trotzky through interviews granted to
+Lincoln Eyre. Through courtesy of the "New York World" we have quoted
+the propositions of these "friends" of Russian labor near the close of
+Chapter XV of this book, as the reader doubtless remembers, and we
+merely recall the facts here to put them in line with the other features
+of Bolshevist labor oppression which we have just been considering. Who
+could have imagined that within a little more than two years after
+beginning their barbarous Socialist experiment with Russian industries
+the brazen dictatorship would be urging "foreign capital" to join in a
+scheme to squeeze both a domestic and a foreign profit out of the toil
+of Russian workingmen conscripted by Socialist task-masters and held in
+wage-slavery under fear of death by court martial?
+
+In the fifteenth place, we have the dreadful fact that Russian labor is
+enslaved by a Socialist autocracy not for the sake of promoting peace
+but for the sake of promoting war. In our last chapter we quoted the
+statements of Zinovieff to Lincoln Eyre that the Third Internationale
+would never give up its purpose to make the whole world Bolshevist. Eyre
+also found the belief general in Russia that so long as the Socialists
+retain power, any peace made by them with the outside world will only be
+a short truce in which to prepare for another war. He says, in his cable
+printed in the "New York World" of February 27, 1920:
+
+     "All, Bolsheviki included, feel that as long as the Soviets remain
+     in power in Russia and Bolshevism does not spread to other lands,
+     peace cannot be more than a truce in the international class
+     warfare."
+
+Again, in his cable printed in the "New York World" of March 4, 1920,
+Lincoln Eyre says:
+
+     "The Red Army's victories against Kolchak, Yudenitch and Denikine
+     are in themselves paradoxical, in that they serve to increase the
+     Russian need for peace.... Every advance recorded in Siberia or the
+     Crimea brings the front line further from the base and complicates
+     the task of supplying munitions, food and equipment. Thus it
+     becomes increasingly evident to all Russians, whatever their
+     political leanings may be, that Russia must have peace in order to
+     survive economically. And yet--another paradox--all feel that any
+     peace established now between Soviet authority and Governments of
+     the bourgeois and democratics cannot be more than a brief truce
+     because Socialism and capitalism cannot abide side by side, and
+     because neither can be suppressed without warfare. The Bolshevik
+     faith in the ultimate appearance of a world revolution has not
+     waned, but their hope of its speedy coming has lessened
+     considerably."
+
+Who but the long-suffering Russians would endure the hopeless fate
+imposed by Socialism on Russian labor? The workingmen were conscripted
+by Trotzky's armies. They won victories, but these have not freed them.
+Returning from the front they are conscripted for labor armies, to work
+as they fought, under military discipline, subject to court martial and
+death if they rebel. Yet this military toil will not free them. They
+slave under the pistols of the commissaries only to get themselves
+economically equipped for a new war against their "capitalistic"
+neighbors, and in this war the workingman, if he can still walk, will be
+conscripted to go to the front again. Should he survive this, must he
+begin the same round over again?
+
+But why not strike against this slavery? Russian labor does not dare to
+strike. Tender-hearted Socialism has made the labor strike a crime in
+Russia. Says Lincoln Eyre, in a cable dated March 11, 1920, and printed
+in the "New York World" of March 13, 1920:
+
+     "The unions, of course, lost their former principal weapon--the
+     strike. Today any body of workers that would venture out on strike
+     would be considered, to quote President Melnitchansky of the Moscow
+     unions, as traitors to their Socialist fatherland and as such would
+     doubtless be shot."
+
+With this utter collapse of Socialist theories and professions in
+Bolshevikiland, we need not wonder that, according to a cable in the
+"New York Times" of March 2, 1920, the French National Socialist
+Congress adjourned at Strasbourg, March 1, 1920, "after voting down by
+more than 2 to 1 a motion to ally the Socialists of France with Lenine
+and Trotzky." According to the same cable, "The pleaders for the Third
+Internationale, formed at Moscow, were answered by the reply that the
+beautiful doctrines enunciated there had been thrown aside by Lenine and
+Trotzky and that any one who believed in real Socialism would be a fool
+to get behind the leaders of Soviet Russia."
+
+Is it now in order for our American Bolshevists, Gene Debs, Morris
+Hillquit (_alias_ Hilkovitz) and Vic Berger, solemnly to inform us that
+Russian Bolshevism never was Socialism, nor anything like it, but only a
+base counterfeit? And will they also inform us that Lenine and Trotzky
+are unprincipled adventurers and cold-blooded blackguards who have
+hidden behind the mask of Socialism to blackjack a great people and
+filch a wealth they never did a day's work to accumulate?
+
+When our American wavers of the Red Flag try to hide their shipwrecked
+theories behind a repudiation of Bolshevikiland, we shall have to remind
+them of their many, many utterances jubilantly assuring us that
+"Bolshevism is Socialism in practice." A specimen will do, taken from
+one of the books published by the Jewish Socialist Federation of
+America, a "part of the Socialist Party" of the United States piloted by
+Debs, Hilkovitz and Berger, which we quote as cited on page 34 of the
+"Outline of the Evidence Taken Before the Judiciary Committee" of the
+New York Assembly:
+
+     "Bolshevism is not a new Socialist theory, but the practical
+     carrying out in life of the old Socialist theory.
+
+     "Bolshevism especially is not a theory. Bolshevism is a method of
+     how to establish Socialism in life.
+
+     "Bolshevism is practical Socialism, the Socialism of today, and not
+     of the remote future day."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST RELIGION ABROAD
+
+
+
+It is but proper to begin this chapter by conceding that there are many
+church-going members among those who vote the Marxian ticket--not as an
+indorsement of the teachings of international Socialism, but merely as a
+protest against political corruption and the abuses of capitalism.
+Justice, moreover, demands that we acknowledge the existence of a small
+minority of dues-paying members of the Socialist Party who neither
+attack religion nor tacitly approve of the atheistic propaganda carried
+on in the official Marxian press, as well as in the books, pamphlets and
+magazines on sale not only in the leading Socialist book-stores of
+America, but even at the National Office of the party in Chicago.
+
+In most countries of Europe, where the war against religion is much more
+open and widespread than in America, the Socialists are frank in
+confessing that their movement is atheistic and anti-religious.
+
+In our own country some of the more violent Socialistic enemies of the
+church admit both in their speeches and in their writings that they
+would be extremely happy to see the very idea of God become a matter of
+ancient history. Christian Socialists of the old Carr faction, who
+constitute a minority of far less than one per cent of the Socialist
+Party of the United States, have not only conceded the existence of an
+atheistic propaganda within the ranks, but have attacked it and utterly
+failed to suppress it.
+
+Apart from these two classes of American Socialists, who admit the
+existence of a campaign in favor of atheism, most Socialists in our
+country, because they fear that votes will be lost if our people are
+convinced of the anti-religious character of the party, steadfastly deny
+that they are conspiring against religion. Indeed they are quite cunning
+and crafty in their effort to beguile the unwary. If the person
+hesitates joining the party, owing to his conviction that nearly all the
+Socialist leaders have been the enemies of religion, he is informed that
+it would be just as foolish for him not to be a Revolutionist for this
+reason, as it would be for one not to become a Republican because Robert
+Ingersoll did not believe in God and even propagated atheism.
+
+As the conspirators against religion have, by this plausible argument,
+involving the name of Ingersoll, removed the prejudices that many
+persons formerly had against Socialism on account of the atheistic
+teachings of its leaders, it seems but fitting to give a short
+refutation of the deceptive argument and to point out the absurdity of
+the comparison just mentioned.
+
+In the first place, although Robert Ingersoll was an atheist, he never
+stated that Republicanism was anti-religious. On the other hand, very
+many of the highest authorities in the Marxian Party, whose extensive
+knowledge of Socialism justifies our belief that they know but too well
+the policy of the revolutionary movement, admit that Socialism
+postulates atheism and war against religious beliefs. Ingersoll,
+moreover, never attacked religion nor taught atheism with a view to
+furthering the cause of Republicanism. But a very large number of the
+Socialists, whether Europeans or Americans, in their endeavor to promote
+what they consider to be the best interests of their party, have in
+their books, magazines, pamphlets and papers been waging a relentless
+war against religion. The atheistical works of Robert Ingersoll were not
+purchased by the rank and file of the Republican Party for purposes of
+party propaganda, but the rank and file of the Revolutionary Party spend
+large sums of money on publications in which their avowed leaders teach
+atheism as part of the Socialist program. Not content even with this,
+the members do their utmost to increase the circulation of
+anti-religious Socialist books, magazines, pamphlets and papers.
+
+Before producing the evidence that will convict the Socialist leaders
+and the rank and file of the party of openly advocating atheism and
+hostility to religion, or at least of tacitly approving of such a
+propaganda, a few words must be said relative to the materialistic
+conception of history, or of economic determinism, as it is often
+called. According to this doctrine, which is one of the fundamental
+teachings of the Socialists, the whole history of mankind, including its
+political, intellectual and religious development, is nothing more than
+a process of evolution, the guiding principle of which is the prevailing
+economic conditions and their resultant class struggles. Consequently,
+the Socialists who believe this doctrine deny the intervention of God in
+the development and spread of the Christian religion; for economic
+determinism teaches that the development of the church is not the work
+of Divine Providence, but of the economic conditions and class struggles
+of society.
+
+W. D. P. Bliss, the Socialist editor of the "New Encyclopedia of Social
+Reform," in an article on page 1135 of his work, admits that it is
+perfectly true that the large majority of avowed Socialists are divorced
+from recognized religion and the church, and that this leads many of
+them to extreme radicalism on all questions of ethics, money and the
+family.
+
+Frederick Engels, one of the renowned founders of modern Socialism,
+taught that "nowadays in our evolutionary conception of the universe,
+there is absolutely no room for either a Creator or a ruler."
+("Socialism, Utopian and Scientific," by Frederick Engels, page 17 of
+the Introduction to the 1901 edition in English--New York Labor News
+Co.)
+
+Wilhelm Liebknecht, who until shortly before his death in 1900 was one
+of the foremost leaders of the Socialist Party in Germany, addressing
+the Halle Convention, said: "As regards my own self, I had done with
+religion at an early age.... I am an atheist, I do not believe in
+God.... We may peacefully take our stand upon the ground of Socialism,
+and thus conquer the stupidity of the masses in so far as stupidity
+reveals itself in religious forms and dogmas." The same German Socialist
+and atheist taught in his book, "Materialist Basis of History":
+
+     "It is our duty as Socialists to root out the faith in God with all
+     our zeal, nor is anyone worthy the name, who does not consecrate
+     himself to the spread of atheism."
+
+August Bebel, who before his death in August, 1913, was the leader of
+the Socialists of Germany, gave many proofs of the intimate relation
+existing between Socialism and atheism. On September 16, 1878, he
+declared in the Reichstag:
+
+     "Gentlemen, you attack our views on religion because they are
+     atheistic and materialistic. I acknowledge the correctness of the
+     impeachment. I am firmly convinced that Socialism finally leads to
+     atheism."
+
+In the Reichstag, on December 31, 1881, he made the following profession
+of faith:
+
+     "In politics we profess Republicanism, in economics Socialism, in
+     religion atheism."
+
+According to the 1903 platform of the German Socialists, adopted at
+Dresden, "No religious instructions of any kind shall be given to
+children under the age of sixteen; after that they can select their own
+religious tenets and teachings, as they please. Superstitious religious
+notions that are current among the less educated classes are to be
+eradicated through proper instructions."
+
+"The Comrade," September, 1904, confesses that the satirical weekly
+"L'Asino," published by the Socialists of Italy, and known throughout
+the world for its attacks on religion, carries on a bitter fight against
+the Catholic Church. In the early part of 1913, "L'Asino," speaking of
+the coming Italian election, boasted that the Socialists would proclaim
+their anti-clericalism and atheism in the public meetings.
+
+The Austrian Socialists in convention at Linz, May 30, 1898, passed a
+resolution proposed by Pernerstorfer to the effect that "Socialism is
+directly contradictory to Roman clericalism, which is enslaved to
+unyielding authority, immutable dogmas, and absolute intellectual
+thralldom. We doubt all authority, we know of no immutable dogma, we are
+the champions of right, liberty and conscience." [Reported in
+"Vorwärts," 1898, no. 126, suppl.]
+
+The bitter persecution that has for years been waged against the church
+in France is too well known to require much comment. The representatives
+of the French Socialist Party at Tours in March, 1903, voted upon a
+program from which several clauses will be cited:
+
+     "The Socialist Party needs to organize a new world, free minds
+     emancipated from superstition and prejudices. It asks for and
+     guarantees every human being, every individual, absolute freedom of
+     thinking, and writing and affirming their beliefs. Over against all
+     religious dogmas and churches as well as over against the class
+     conceptions of the bourgeoisie, it sets the unlimited right of free
+     thought, the scientific conception of the universe, and a system of
+     public education based exclusively on science and reason. Thus
+     accustomed to free thought and reflection, citizens will be
+     protected against the sophistries of the capitalistic and clerical
+     reaction." The program also declares for the "abolition of the
+     congregations, nationalization of property in mortmain of every
+     kind belonging to them, and appropriation of it for works of social
+     insurance and solidarity."
+
+In the Tours program, therefore, we have the open confession of the
+Socialist Party of France that it is anti-religious and that it favors
+the disgraceful robbery of the church that has for many years been going
+on in that country.
+
+The Belgian Socialists are quite as violent as the French in their
+hatred of the church, for in addition to the large number of vile
+anti-religious pamphlets distributed during the campaign that preceded
+the elections of 1912, we have the testimony of no less an authority
+than the Socialist leader, Emile Vandervelde, in the "Social Democrat,"
+England, January, 1903:
+
+     "In the end the question to be solved is: what is the essential aim
+     of Socialism? There is not a Socialist who would hesitate to say
+     that it is the emancipation of the workers, the freedom of the
+     proletariat--and by this freedom we mean its complete freedom, the
+     abolition of all slavery in the spiritual sphere as well as in the
+     material sphere.... Can a sincere believer follow the church's
+     teachings and yet be a Socialist? We are bound to admit that both
+     in philosophy and in politics there must be war between Socialism
+     and the Church."
+
+In England, too, the Socialists are the avowed enemies of religion.
+Blatchford, who is well known to his comrades for his extreme work in
+propagating Socialism by the pen, wrote in the "Clarion," October 4,
+1907:
+
+     "Believing that the Christian religion was untrue, and believing
+     that all supernatural religions were inimical to human progress,
+     and foreseeing that a conflict between Socialism and religion was
+     inevitable, I attacked the Christian religion. I am working for
+     Socialism when I attack religion which is hindering it."
+
+Again in his book, "God and My Neighbor," Blatchford utters the
+following blasphemies:
+
+     "I am an easiful old pagan, and I am not angry with you at all--you
+     funny little champion of the Most High....
+
+     "This is the God of Heaven? This is the Father of Christ? This is
+     the Creator of the Milky Way? No! He will not do. He is not big
+     enough. He is not good enough. He is not clean enough. He is a
+     spiritual nightmare, a bad dream born in the savage minds of terror
+     and ignorance and a tigerish lust for blood....
+
+     "Is this unspeakable monster the Father of Christ? Is he the God
+     who inspireth Buddha and Shakespeare and Beethoven and Darwin and
+     Plato? No, not he. But in warfare and massacre, in rapine and rape,
+     in black revenge and in deadly malice, in slavery and polygamy, and
+     the debasement of women, and in the pomps, vanities and greeds of
+     royalty, of clericalism, and of usury and barter--we may easily
+     discern the influence of his ferocious and abominable personality."
+
+This book, which teaches atheism from cover to cover, could be bought
+for a dollar a copy in 1912 at the National Office of the Socialist
+Party in Chicago, Ill. In the May, 1917, issue of the "International
+Socialist Review," "God and My Neighbor," by Blatchford, is thus
+advertised:
+
+     "Is the Bible true? This is the chief subject of debate today
+     between Christians and Scientists the world over. Robert Blatchford
+     says: 'Is the Bible a holy and inspired book and the Word of God to
+     man, or is it an incongruous and contradictory collection of tribal
+     tradition and ancient fables, written by men of genius and
+     imaginations? Mr. Blatchford believes religions are not revealed,
+     they are evolved.
+
+     "'We cannot accept as the God of Creation,' he writes, 'this savage
+     idol, Jehovah, of an obscure tribe, and we have renounced him and
+     are ashamed of him, not because of any later divine revelation, but
+     because mankind have become too enlightened to tolerate Jehovah.'"
+
+Ernest Bax, an Englishman, one of the greatest authorities in the world
+on Socialism, an author who, even in America, has been styled "the most
+accomplished writer on behalf of Socialism in this and perhaps in any
+country," in his book, "Religion of Socialism," thus testifies to the
+relation existing between Socialism and religion:
+
+     "In what sense Socialism is not religious will now be clear. It
+     utterly despises the other world with all its stage
+     properties--that is, the present objects of religion." ["Religion
+     of Socialism," by Ernest Belfort Bax, page 52 of 1891 edition.]
+
+Who could imagine any more convincing testimony of the atheistic and
+anti-religious nature of the Socialist movement than the following words
+of the English Socialist, James Leathan, in "Socialism and Character":
+
+     "At the present moment I cannot remember a single instance of a
+     person who is at one and the same time a really earnest and
+     intelligent Socialist and an orthodox Christian. Those who do not
+     openly attack the church and the fabric of Christianity, show but
+     scant respect to either the one or the other in private.... And
+     while all of us are thus indifferent to the church, many of us are
+     frankly hostile to her. Marx, Lassalle and Engels among earlier
+     Socialists; Morris, Bax, Hyndman, Guesde and Bebel among
+     present-day Socialists--are all more or less avowed atheists; and
+     what is true of the more notable men of the party is almost equally
+     true of the rank and file the world over."
+
+In 1910 a pamphlet entitled "Socialism and Religion" was issued by the
+Revolutionists of Great Britain. One quotation from it will amply
+suffice to show the utter contempt of the English[15] Socialist for
+religion:
+
+     "If a man supports the church, or in any respect allows religious
+     ideas to stand in the way of principles of Socialism, or activity
+     of the party, he proves thereby that he does not accept Socialism
+     as fundamentally true and of the first importance, and his place is
+     outside. No man can be consistently both a Socialist and a
+     Christian. It must either be the Socialist or the religious
+     principle that is supreme, for the attempt to couple them equally
+     together betrays charlatanism or lack of thought. There is,
+     therefore, no need for a specifically anti-religious test. So
+     surely does the acceptance of Socialism lead to the exclusion of
+     the supernatural, that the Socialist has little need for such terms
+     as atheist, freethinker or even materialist, for the word
+     Socialist, rightly understood, implies one who (on all such
+     questions) takes his stand on positive science, explaining all
+     things by purely natural causation--Socialism being not merely a
+     politico-economic creed, but an integral part of a consistent world
+     philosophy."
+
+"The Western Clarion," a publication of the Canadian Socialists,
+declared in its issue of May 23, 1914, that the Socialist Party of
+Canada would have "no compromise with advocates of Christianity."
+
+Alvarado, the governor of Yucatan, and his criminal sustainers several
+years ago drove the clergy from the country, turned the churches into I.
+W. W. meeting houses, and turned some, as in the case of the Cathedral
+of Merida, even into warehouses. Religion was outlawed and an atheist
+tyranny established. Alvarado is an ardent I. W. W. Socialist of the
+most violent sort. His advent into Yucatan from the lawless northern
+part of Mexico was marked by wholesale confiscation of property, by
+robbery and outrage. His vile subordinates, of like origin with himself,
+committed loathsome crimes, unspeakable and without number, and no
+opportunity was overlooked to persecute the unhappy people whose
+accumulations by thrift and industry and whose steadfast adherence to
+their religion marked them as certain victims of robbery, murder and
+outrage.
+
+"The Call," New York, April 9, 1919, informs us that the workers in
+Yucatan have elected a succession of Socialist governors, and in its
+issue of April 14, 1919, under the caption, "Up to the Minute Official
+Socialist News," we read the following:
+
+     "Felipe Carrillo, president of the Socialist Party of Yucatan,
+     Mexico, spoke on conditions in Yucatan. Among other things he said:
+     'The Socialist Party of America should do everything possible
+     against intervention in Mexico.... All the public officials, from
+     the highest to the lowest, are members of the Socialist party....
+     There is no middle class in Yucatan.... The Socialist Party of
+     Yucatan has been in power three years.'
+
+     "A rising vote was taken, expressing our fraternal greetings to
+     Felipe Carrillo and the Comrades of Yucatan."
+
+The April 9, 1919, issue of "The Call" informs us that Alvardo in 1915
+organized the Socialist Party of Yucatan, 62,700 members of which belong
+to the League of Resistance, an organization which, we are told, is
+purely economic in its activities.
+
+What a strange name for an economic league, especially in Mexico, where
+economics have for some years been taught by the torch, bomb, dagger!
+
+The March, 1919, edition of "The Eye Opener," the official organ of the
+Socialist Party of the United States, throws a little light on this
+economic league of "the knights of the red flag." On page 4 of that
+issue we are told that among the principles of the League of Resistance
+are the following:
+
+     "The Land is Mother, and Labor is the Father of Humanity.
+     Attack no one without motive, but never present the other cheek to
+       any who has struck one.
+     Fly from the religions, principally the Catholic religion, as from
+       the plagues."
+
+The article on the economic League of Resistance ends with the call of
+Yucatan to the rest of the continent: "Workers of the world, unite."
+Carillo is then quoted as saying:
+
+"Never will labor conquer until it understands solidarity. Political
+action, economic action, perhaps military action--todos metodos
+necesitamos. En todas las epocas del mundo, rifley dynamita sean
+necesarios; pero siempre y sobre todo, solidaridad." The words, "rifley
+dynamita" mean nothing and are evidently a misprint for "rifle y
+dynamita." There was good reason for letting the words remain in the
+Spanish in the official organ of the Socialist Party of the United
+States, for if "rifle y dynamita" were the Spanish words meant, their
+translation would be:
+
+     "We need all means. In all periods of the world's history, the
+     rifle and dynamite may be necessary, but always and above all
+     solidarity."
+
+So much for the _economic_ League of Resistance of the Socialists of
+Yucatan, which has been destroying both religion and civilization alike!
+Carrillo, its president, has been greeted throughout our country by the
+Socialists, who have been extending their fraternal greetings also to
+the rest of their "Comrades in Yucatan."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST RELIGION IN AMERICA
+
+
+
+Much more testimony than has already been given could easily be
+furnished for proving that the Socialist movement in foreign lands is
+atheistic and anti-religious, but as sufficient has been given, let us
+dwell more on the anti-religious activities of the Revolutionists in our
+own country.
+
+In answer to a possible objection, namely, that the American Socialists
+should in no way be held responsible for the anti-religious and
+atheistic teachings of their comrades abroad, the attention of the
+reader is called to the fact that the Socialist movement is an
+international one, and that nearly all the Marxian leaders in Europe are
+considered by the American Socialists as first class authorities on
+Socialism. Moreover the books and writings of these foreign protagonists
+form a very considerable part of the Socialistic literature of the
+United States and are considered as standard works on the subject.
+
+But in addition to the fact that the American Socialists thus share the
+responsibility of their European comrades, the Revolutionists of our own
+country will now come forward with more than enough testimony to prove
+that they are just as guilty as their foreign comrades of propagating
+atheistic and anti-religious doctrines.
+
+Rev. William T. Brown, formerly the pastor of Plymouth Church,
+Rochester, New York, after becoming a Socialist, wrote the following in
+the May, 1902, number of "Wilshire's Magazine":
+
+     "For myself, I do not recognize any existing church or state as
+     complete in itself or founded by God. There is absolutely nothing
+     in church or state that cannot be traced to a perfectly natural
+     origin.... Instead of the religious idea that God breathed into
+     clay the breath of life, and so man came into existence in the
+     image of God, we know beyond question that man's ancestors were
+     animals, and he is the image of his animal parentage.... Singing
+     hymns, saying prayers, learning catechism, attending the services
+     of a place miscalled a sanctuary will do nothing whatever to effect
+     the ends for which men are striving.... The church will attract its
+     own, and the Socialist cause will draw those who belong to it.
+     People who are interested in fossils and relics and curios will
+     find a congenial place in the church as will also the ignorant and
+     deluded masses."
+
+George D. Herron, who, like William T. Brown, had once been a minister,
+on becoming a Socialist expressed his atheistic sentiments by writing in
+the "International Socialist Review," Chicago, August, 1901:
+
+     "When the gods are dead to rise no more, man will begin to live.
+     After the end of the gods, when there is nothing else to which we
+     may turn, nothing left outside of ourselves, we shall turn to one
+     another for fellowship, and behold! the heart of all worship is
+     exposed and we have omnipotence in our hands....
+
+     "There will be no more priests, no rulers, no judges, when
+     fellowship comes and the gods are gone. And when there are neither
+     priests, nor rulers, nor judges, there will be no evil on earth,
+     nor none called good, to stand over against others called evil."
+
+John Spargo, a former Socialist of considerable renown in the United
+States, and until recently very popular with the party, speaking of
+education in "Socialism, A Summary and Interpretation of Socialist
+Principles," touches upon the question of parochial schools in the
+Marxian commonwealth:
+
+     "Whether the Socialist regime could tolerate the existence of
+     elementary schools other than its own, such as privately conducted
+     kindergartens and schools, religious schools, and so on, is
+     questionable. Probably not. It would probably not content itself
+     with refusing to permit religious doctrines or ideas to be taught
+     in its schools, but would go farther, and as the natural protector
+     of the child, guard its independence of thought in later life as
+     far as possible by forbidding religious teaching of any kind in
+     schools for children up to a certain age....
+
+     "This restriction of religious education to the years of judgment
+     and discretion implies no hostility to religion on the part of the
+     state, but neutrality[16]." ["Socialism, A Summary and
+     Interpretaion[17] of Socialist Principles," by John Spargo, page
+     238 of 1906 edition.]
+
+"The Call" does not fail to publish among its many poems those that are
+violently anti-religious. In confirmation of this we shall transcribe
+several, all of which furnish excellent proofs of the existence of the
+conspiracy against religion. The first poem that will be quoted appeared
+in the November 19, 1911, edition, and reads as follows:
+
+    "When all the choric peal shall end;
+      That through the fanes hath rung;
+    When the long lauds no more ascend
+      From man's adoring tongue;
+    When overwhelmed are altar, priest and creed;
+      When all the faiths have passed;
+    Perhaps from darkening incense freed,
+      God may emerge at last."
+
+The following poem, entitled, "To the Religionist," appeared on the same
+day:
+
+    "You bid us spare your vision;
+      Put faith in a life after death,
+    Strive on toward some realm Elysian
+      And heed all that one Book saith.
+
+    "You will pray to a power celestial,
+      To direct us in all our ways,
+    Lest we fall to a region bestial
+      And lose ourselves in its maze.
+
+    "You speak of the Crucifixion
+      Of one on Calvary
+    As if his benediction
+      Was a rank monopoly.
+
+    "Shall we pray to a power not human
+      For guidance miraculous
+    When the nearest man or woman
+      Will give help, and without that fuss?
+
+    "When the glorious future people
+      Have realized our dream,
+    Then the cross upon the steeple
+      No longer shall blaspheme.
+
+    "The godhood of the lowly
+      Their sacrifice unknown;
+    Of the temple once held holy
+      There shall not last one stone."
+
+Only two stanzas of a poem which appeared in "The Call," March 17, 1912,
+are hereby given:
+
+    "The Gods are dead;
+      Dead lies their Heaven, their Hell.
+    The Gods are dead,
+      With all their terrors! Well!
+
+    "Man now unmakes them,
+      Who made them in his youth;
+    He boldly breakes them
+      With shattering blows of truth."
+
+Editorials and articles attacking religion are of very common occurrence
+in "The Call." Several illustrations will suffice. In the May 1, 1912,
+edition we read:
+
+     "In our combat with the natural forces we have been taught by
+     science to seek the cause and effect not in anything supernatural;
+     we have gotten rid of superstition[18] and fear of revengeful
+     gods."
+
+The following short article appeared on November 19, 1911, in the same
+paper:
+
+     "Our exploiters might as well understand now that we have no use
+     for the distorted and mystical figure that they present as Christ,
+     a conservative member of the Property Defence League, a thing
+     neither man nor woman, but a third sex--not understood of us except
+     as a rightful object of suspicion; we have no use for this rant,
+     cant and fustian of his holiness and immaculate qualities. That
+     presentation has always been repellent to us and always will be, no
+     matter how much he may be proclaimed as the friend of the
+     workingman.... Christ, the democrat, the agitator, the
+     revolutionary, the rebel, the bearer of the red flag, yes we can
+     understand that figure."
+
+Under the caption, "The Old Year and The New," an editorial, part of
+which is here given, was published in "The Call," January 1, 1912:
+
+     "Interesting is it to see these clerical reactionists trying to
+     kindle into flame the dying embers and ashes of the religious
+     enthusiasm of past ages, now on the point of flickering out, and
+     marshalling the remnants of fear and ignorance against the
+     inexorable march of humanity and social progress.
+
+     "We have no verbal answer to expend upon them. They are not worth
+     it. Well do we know that their show of attack is but a defensive
+     movement. The only answer they need expect from us will be given
+     in the steady continuance of our work. For we can put a thousand
+     workers into the field for their one, and despite all they may do,
+     we will take from them thousands and hundreds of thousands of those
+     who now follow them, and in whose ignorance alone lies their
+     defensive strength. Economic conditions fight on our side. Their
+     capitalist Christ cannot feed the multitude. We can teach the
+     multitude how to feed themselves."
+
+"The Proletarian," the Socialist paper of Detroit, in its April, 1919,
+edition tells us that "Socialism is not a religion, it explains the
+causes and fallacies underlying all religions."
+
+In the "International Socialist Review," August, 1908, a notable
+confession is made relative to religion:
+
+     "Religion spells death to Socialism, just as Socialism to religion.
+     The moment Socialism turns into a religion it loses all its
+     progressiveness, it ossifies and turns into a superstition of
+     fanatics, who never forget and never learn anything. Socialism is
+     essentially, although not apparently, a free-thought movement. The
+     thinking Socialists are all free-thinkers."
+
+In the "International Socialist Review" not only are there many articles
+and editorials attacking religion, but also many advertisements of
+atheistical and anti-religious books. For instance, in the February,
+1912, edition, among the many works advertised on page 512 the following
+are listed under the heading, "Free-Thought Pamphlets":
+
+    "Holy Smoke in Holy Land.
+    Myth of the Great Deluge.
+    Revelation Under the Microscope of Evolution.
+    Chas. Darwin, What He Accomplished.
+    Jehovah Interviewed.
+    Church and State--by Jefferson.
+    Mistakes of Moses--by Ingersoll.
+    Ingersolia: Gems from R. G. Ingersoll.
+    Age of Reason--by Thos. Paine.
+    Ingersoll--44 Lectures.
+    Ingersoll's Famous Speeches."
+
+In the April, 1912, edition of the "International Socialist Review" the
+subsequent additions are made to the advertisements already mentioned:
+
+    "Voltaire.
+    Confessions of a Nun.
+    Merry Tales of the Monks.
+    Secrets of Black Nunnery."
+
+Surely such books as these would not be extensively advertised in the
+"Review" and in the Socialist papers, nor would money be spent in this
+way by their publishers, unless the atheistic and anti-religious works
+found many purchasers among those who inserted a plank in their party
+platform stating that the Socialist movement was primarily an economic
+one and was not concerned with matters of religious belief.
+
+The following is part of an editorial taken from the "Comrade," New
+York, January, 1904, on the death of Herbert Spencer:
+
+     "Dying at 84 years of age, Herbert Spencer leaves behind him an
+     enduring monument such as few men have been able to build for
+     themselves. He helped to rid the world of superstition and to
+     destroy priestcraft; he put the idea of a God-direction of the
+     world, and its counterpart, the eternal subjection and the
+     dependence of man, into the waste paper basket of history. He
+     cleared the way for the feet of the army of progress."
+
+In the propagation of atheism, the German Socialist papers of the United
+States are worthy imitators of those that are published in English. The
+"New Yorker Volkszeitung," October 9, 1901, thus acknowledges the
+atheistic and anti-religious attitude of the revolutionary movement:
+
+     "Socialism and belief in the Divinity as taught by Christianity and
+     its representatives do not agree, cannot agree, are diametrically
+     opposed to one another. Socialism is logical only when it denies
+     the existence of God, when it maintains that we do not need the
+     so-called assistance of God, since we are able to help ourselves.
+     Only he who has no faith begins to feel that he can accomplish
+     something. The laborer who places confidence in God, and who, with
+     Christian resignation, thinks that all is done by God is well
+     done--how can that laborer develop revolutionary forces for the
+     overthrow of authority and social order, both of which, according
+     to his faith, are instituted by God? As long as he clings to this
+     belief he will not be able to acquire a genuinely revolutionary
+     spirit."
+
+In the May 10, 1902, edition of "Vorwärts," a weekly supplement of the
+"New Yorker Volkeszeitung," we read:
+
+     "New York, May 6.--Archbishop Corrigan died last night after a
+     protracted illness. Preparations are going on for a grand funeral
+     with the usual paraphernalia. The soul of the prelate whizzed out
+     of his mortal remains straight up into the seventh heaven, and now
+     the bishop is staying there with lovely little angels and other
+     beautiful beings hovering about him. Let him who is fool enough,
+     believe it."
+
+We are informed by "The Call," April 5, 1911, that at Utica, New York,
+on April 4, 1911, churches of all denominations were placed under the
+ban of the Italian Socialist Federation of the United States at the
+closing session of its National Congress, which had been in session for
+the last three days in that city and that strongly worded resolutions
+charging all churches with being against the emancipation of the working
+class and for the protection and perpetuation of capitalism and moral
+and economic slavery were unanimously adopted amid vociferous applause;
+finally that by the adoption of these resolutions, all members of the
+federation must sever their affiliations with any and all existing
+churches and religious organizations and refrain from all religious
+practices and rites.
+
+Some information regarding the atheistic teachings of the New York "Il
+Proletario," the official organ of the Italian Socialist Federation of
+the United States, will be of interest to the reader. In the edition of
+December 23, 1910, there are several attacks on Christianity. One of
+these entitled "Christmas Is Here" is translated as follows:
+
+     "Christmas is a fib, Christmas is a fraud, Christmas is a crime
+     wanted and continued by the powerful to delude their servants and
+     to make them believe that there is really happiness, justice and
+     love on this earth.... There is no everlasting joy. How long, O
+     poor and exhausted workingmen of the world, will the shameful
+     comedy continue? When will you finally perceive that not from a
+     false and unexisting God, not from a mystical and epileptic
+     crucified man, who died without rebellion and without protest, will
+     come your redemption? When will you open your eyes to the truth of
+     Socialism, and realize that finally upon you alone depends your
+     salvation?"
+
+In the same edition of "Il Proletario" there is a detailed list of 170
+books and pamphlets that are advertised as being on sale at the
+book-store of the Italian Socialist Federation. The first part of the
+list, under the heading "Anti-religious Pamphlets," includes 22 works,
+whose prices range from 5 cents to 30 cents. Among them are to be found:
+
+    "The Religious Pest--5 cents.
+    The Crimes of God--5 cents.
+    The Sins of My Lady Penitents--8 cents.
+    The Last Religious Lie--5 cents.
+    Neither God Nor Soul--15 cents."
+
+Near the end of the detailed list 22 more works are advertised as
+anti-clerical novels.
+
+On May 1, 1912, while its editor, Arturo M. Giovannitti, was in prison
+at Lawrence, Massachusetts, "Il Proletario" published an article under
+the caption, "The Priest":
+
+     "Now at last the nations have understood that God is a monstrous
+     fable, and that hell, heaven, immortality, and all the other
+     devilish things are states created by rascals to despoil and
+     oppress the people."
+
+We are very much indebted to the Social Reform Press for favoring us
+with the translation of "The Little Catechism," edited by Bartos
+Bittner, whose dead and corrupt body was found by neighbors in his
+lodging in Chicago. This blasphemous Catechism, from which quotations
+are to be given, was published for the use of the children of the
+Bohemian-American Socialists:
+
+     "Question. What is God?
+
+     Answer. God is a word used to designate an imaginary being which
+     people of themselves have devised.
+
+     Q. Is it true that God has never been revealed?
+
+     A. As there is no God, He could not reveal himself.
+
+     Q. What is heaven?
+
+     A. Heaven is an imaginary place which churches have devised as a
+     charm to entice their believers.
+
+     Q. How did man originate?
+
+     A. Just as did animals; by evolution from their lower kinds.
+
+     Q. Has man an immortal soul as Christianity teaches?
+
+     A. Man has no soul; it is only an imagination.
+
+     Q. Who is Jesus Christ?
+
+     A. Jesus Christ is the son of a Jewish girl called Mary.
+
+     Q. Is he the son of God?
+
+     A. There is no God, therefore there can be no God's son.
+
+     Q. Did Christ rise from the dead as Christianity teaches?
+
+     A. The report about Christ rising from the dead is a fable.
+
+     Q. Is it true that after Christ's death the Apostles received the
+     Holy Ghost?
+
+     A. It is not; the Apostles had imbibed too freely of wine and their
+     dizzy heads imagined all sorts of queer things.
+
+     Q. Did Christ ascend into heaven?
+
+     A. He did not; what the church teaches is a nonsensical fable,
+     because there is no heaven, and there was no place to ascend to.
+
+     Q. Will Christ come to this earth?
+
+     A. He will not because no dead person can come back.
+
+     Q. Will Christ return on judgment day?
+
+     A. There will be no judgment day; that is all a fable so that
+     preachers could scare people and hold them in their grasp. Man has
+     no soul, neither had Christ a soul. All these things have been
+     invented by the church.
+
+     Q. What is the Holy Spirit?
+
+     A. The Holy Spirit is an imagination existing only in the minds of
+     crazy religious people.
+
+     Q. Is Christianity desirable?
+
+     A. Christianity is not advantageous to us, but is harmful, because
+     it makes us spiritual cripples. By its teachings of bliss after
+     death it deceives the people. Christianity is the greatest obstacle
+     to the progress of mankind, therefore it is the duty of every
+     citizen to help wipe out Christianity. All churches are impudent
+     humbugs.
+
+     Q. Is there communion of saints?
+
+     A. No, because there is no God, no saints, no soul, and therefore
+     our prayers are wholly useless, and only a waste of time, which
+     should be spent in more useful things.
+
+     Q. What is our duty when we have learned that there is no God?
+
+     A. We should teach this knowledge to others.
+
+     Q. Should we take the name of God in vain?
+
+     A. Yes, because the name of God has no meaning."
+
+Isador Ladoff, a Socialist of Cleveland, Ohio, and a candidate for
+office in 1911, speaks very frankly about religion on page 11 of his
+pamphlet, "Socialism, The Anti-Christ":
+
+     "The church knows that Socialism in spite of the declaration of
+     neutrality of the latter in religious matters, undermines the very
+     foundation of the former. The church realizes that Socialism is
+     anti-Christ. For the church it is a question of life and death, a
+     struggle for existence. Why, then, should the Socialists not engage
+     in an open aggressive campaign against the church? Would not an
+     honest war between Christ and anti-Christ be more dignified, more
+     wise and more effective, than a false pretence of neutrality and a
+     defensive attitude toward the attacks of the church? Let us have
+     the courage of our convictions, not only in matters of social and
+     economic significance, but in all things affecting the interests of
+     the toiling masses of humanity, including religious institutions."
+
+Rev. E. E. Carr, writing in the "Christian Socialist," Chicago, May 15,
+1907, informs us that, "The Christian Socialists do not ask or desire
+that the party declare for religion. Strictly speaking, Socialism is a
+purely economic proposition.... We demand absolute freedom of religious
+opinion in the party, and that officials of the party cease teaching
+anti-religious dogma as an essential part of Socialist philosophy."
+
+Dishonest Socialists, when arguing that their party does not advocate
+atheism as the "religion" of their contemplated state, frequently appeal
+to the religious plank of their 1908 National Platform, which declares
+that the Socialist Party is not concerned with matters of religious
+belief.
+
+Though this deceitful appeal of the "Knights of the Red Flag" has been
+exposed time and again, still it seems expedient that the underhand
+methods of the party which boasts of being the only one sufficiently
+honest and upright to fight for the rights of poor and oppressed
+workingmen, be better known to the American people, and that the more
+important parts of the indoor convention speeches be presented in
+greater detail.
+
+Pages 191 to 205 of the "Proceedings of the 1908 National Convention of
+the Socialist Party," edited by John M. Work, published by the Socialist
+Party[19], and sold at 50 cents a copy at the National Office of the
+party, Chicago, Illinois, bear the following ample testimony to the
+hypocrisy of the Revolutionists.
+
+When Delegate Simons had finished reading the proposal of the platform
+committee "that religion be treated as a private matter--a question of
+individual conscience," Arthur M. Lewis, a delegate from Illinois rose
+and moved its rejection, saying:
+
+     "I am among those who sincerely hoped the question of religion
+     would not be raised at this convention. I am willing to concede so
+     far that we shall let sleeping dogs lie. I know that the Socialist
+     position in philosophy on the question of religion does not make a
+     good campaign subject. It is not useful in the propaganda of a
+     presidential campaign, and therefore I am willing that we should be
+     silent about it. But if we must speak, I propose that we shall go
+     before this country with the truth and not with a lie.... Now I do
+     not propose to state in this platform the truth about religion from
+     the point of view of the Socialist philosophy as it is stated in
+     almost every book of Standard Socialist literature; but if we do
+     not do that, let us at least have the good grace to be silent about
+     it, and not make hypocrites of ourselves.... I say, let us either
+     tell the truth or have the good grace and the common sense and the
+     stamina and the manhood and the self-respect to keep our mouths
+     shut about it. Therefore I move this be stricken from the
+     platform."
+
+Delegate Hillquit of New York urged the following amendment as a
+substitute for the one the ratification of which Lewis had tried to
+prevent: "The Socialist movement is primarily an economic and political
+movement. It is not concerned with the institutions of marriage or
+religion." Hillquit then went on to say:
+
+     "The fact that Comrade Lewis as a scholar, as a student of
+     psychology, of history, of ethics and of everything else, has in
+     the domain of religion come to the position of an agnostic, and
+     that ninety-nine per cent of us have landed in the same spot, does
+     not make Socialism agnostic, nor is Socialism Christian, nor is
+     Socialism Jewish, Socialism hasn't anything to do with that side of
+     our existence at all. I say to you, Comrades, if we are to follow
+     Comrade Lewis's advise, and to say in our platform and declaration
+     of principles what is true, let us not be afraid to insert in it
+     the things we are advocating day after day and on all occasions."
+
+Delegate Unterman of Idaho, speaking in favor of the adoption of the
+religious plank as originally proposed by the platform committee and
+read by Simons, added:
+
+     "Comrades, no one will accuse me with any sympathy with
+     Christianity, either as a church or as a religion. I am known in
+     the United States as a materialist of the most uncompromising
+     order. But I want it clearly understood that my materialist
+     philosophy does not permit me to strike this plank out of the
+     platform. I want it understood that my materialist dialectics do
+     not permit me to forget the exigencies of the moment for our ideals
+     in the far future.... Would you expect to go out among the people
+     of this country, people of different churches, of many different
+     religious factions, and tell them that they must become atheists
+     before they can become Socialists? That would be nonsense. We must
+     first get these men convinced of the rationality of our economic
+     and political program, and then after we have made Socialists of
+     them and members of the Socialist Party, we can talk to them inside
+     of our ranks, talk of the higher philosophy and of the logical
+     consequences of our explanation of society and nature.... We should
+     not go out in our propaganda among people that are as yet
+     unconvinced and are still groping in ignorance and obscurity, and
+     tell them that they first must become materialists before they can
+     become members of the Socialist Party. No. This declaration that
+     religion is a private matter does not mean that it is not a social
+     matter or class matter at the same time. It merely means that we
+     shall bide our good time and wait till the individual is ready,
+     through his own individual evolution, to accept our philosophy. It
+     means that we shall give him plenty of time to grow gradually to
+     the things that are necessary to him, and those material things
+     that affect his material welfare, the economic and political
+     question of Socialism. After he has grown into them, it will be so
+     much easier to approach him with the full consequences of the
+     Socialist philosophy. Therefore I ask you to retain this plank in
+     our platform."
+
+Delegate Stirton gave the following reason for his opposition to the
+adoption of any religious plank in the party platform:
+
+     "If this statement is true that religion is no concern of our
+     movement, as stated in the amendment, or in the original
+     recommendation that it is a private matter--if that is a true
+     statement, then we don't need it. If it is a lie, then we don't
+     want it."
+
+It will be remembered that Delegate Lewis at an earlier session of the
+convention had said: "Let us either tell the truth or have the good
+grace and the common sense and stamina and the manhood to keep our
+mouths shut about it" (i.e., religion from the viewpoint of Socialist
+philosophy).
+
+To show the insincerity of Lewis, we shall now quote parts of a second
+speech made by him in the evening of the same day on which he had spoken
+so eloquently in behalf of asserting the truth and not telling a lie:
+
+     "I have gone into conference," he says, "between the afternoon
+     session and the evening session with most of the members of the
+     platform committee, and I have reached an agreement with them which
+     I am sure the convention would be glad to hear, and it will dispose
+     of this question, I think, amicably to all concerned.... I consider
+     myself and every other delegate on this floor as being present at
+     this convention for the sole purpose of promoting the best
+     interests of the Socialist Party. I am willing to waive any
+     personal views of mine, and I believe the members of the platform
+     committee are in the same position, to promote those interests....
+     While it may not harmonize with my personal opinion to have this
+     plank remain in the platform, I am willing to sink those personal
+     opinions rather than put the Socialist movement in America in a
+     false position and lay it open to the attacks of our enemies."
+
+Victor Berger of Wisconsin mentioned expediency as his reason for
+favoring the adoption of a religious plank and argued:
+
+     "In the first place, a plank of this kind you will find in every
+     platform or program of every other civilized nation in the world.
+     Yet in no country do they have as much reason for it as in this
+     country. There is not a race in the world that is as thoroughly
+     religious as the Anglo-Saxon race. If you want a party made up of
+     free-thinkers only, then I can tell you right now how many you are
+     going to have. If you want to wait with our co-operative
+     commonwealth, until you have made a majority of the people into
+     free-thinkers, I am afraid we will have to wait a long while. I say
+     this, although I am known, not only in Milwaukee, but wherever our
+     papers are read, as a pronounced agnostic.... You can hardly find a
+     paper in which we are not denounced as men who want to abolish all
+     religion and abolish God. Something must be done in order to enable
+     us to show that Socialism, being an economic theory--or rather the
+     name for an epoch of civilization--has nothing to do with religion
+     either way, neither pro nor con."
+
+What reader, who elsewhere in this book has followed the evidence
+linking together the cunning craft of Morris Hillquit and Victor L.
+Berger in committing their party and followers to deceit and hypocrisy
+to obtain votes under false pretenses, will be surprised to find them
+thus also in the 1908 convention uniting the tongues of two old foxes to
+put through Hillquit's hypocrisy-plank on marriage and religion? These
+are the two whose deceit and violence have now reduced the Socialist
+Party of America to little more than a hollow echo of two lying hearts.
+
+Delegate Vander Porten opposed the adoption of the plank as originally
+read by Simons and urged the adoption of Morris Hillquit's amendment:
+
+     "Nobody regrets more than I do that this question has arisen in
+     this convention, but as long as it occupies the position that it
+     does, I believe that there is to be an expression upon it, that
+     expression should be the truth and not a lie.... When we talk of
+     educating mankind and when we talk of raising mankind above the
+     level in which he is, then we have got to throw from his arms those
+     crutches that bind him to his slavery, and religion is one of them.
+     Let it be understood that the moment the Socialist Party's whole
+     aim and object is to get votes, we can get them more quickly by
+     trying to please the religionists and those whose only ambition is
+     to pray God and crush mankind.... Let us say nothing or say the
+     truth. To spread forth to the world that religion is the
+     individual's affair, and that religion has no part in the
+     subjection of the human race, we lie when we say it."
+
+After several other delegates had spoken, the "Proceedings of the 1908
+National Convention" inform us that the chairman put the question on the
+acceptance of the substitute offered by Delegate Hillquit, and the
+result being in doubt, a show of hands was called for, and the vote
+resulted in 79 for the substitute, and 78 against it.
+
+Those who honestly voted against the plank admitted thereby that the
+Socialist Party was very much concerned with matters of religious belief
+and that the Revolutionists were then, just as they are today, the
+bitter enemies of religion.
+
+The 79 who voted for the plank did so, not because they had any love for
+religion, for this is evident from their speeches and from their method
+of procedure, but because they considered that a great deal of prejudice
+against Socialism would be removed by the adoption of a plank stating
+that the Socialist Party is primarily an economic and political
+movement, and that it is not concerned with matters of religious belief.
+
+On one single plank therefore there were 79 liars in the Socialist
+National Convention out of a possible 157. Quite an unenviable record
+for the party which is so fond of accusing its opponents of lies and
+falsehoods!
+
+When speeches against religion, such as the ones quoted, can be
+delivered at the national convention of a political party, without
+arousing anything like serious opposition among the delegates present,
+or among the rank and file of the party who afterwards read them, the
+only reasonable conclusion to be drawn is that the vast majority of the
+members of the party either advocate atheism or else are in sympathy
+with those who do.
+
+For four long years the Socialists all over the country appealed to the
+religious plank of their 1908 platform to prove that their party was not
+opposed to religion; and although they were aware that the plank was a
+lie, they were not sufficiently honest to have it removed by referendum,
+as could have been done at any time. The plank was finally dropped by
+the National Convention of 1912 and has not since then been readopted.
+This, however, was not because the Socialists as a body had become more
+upright through their adherence to atheism, but because their lies
+concerning religion had become pretty well known all over the United
+States.
+
+No doubt the reader will be interested in the following quotation taken
+from "The Communist," the Left Wing Socialist paper of Chicago. In the
+April, 1919, edition there is an article by John R. Ball, entitled,
+"Challenge of the S. P. [i.e., the Socialist Party] of Michigan":
+
+     "When the delegates to a State Socialist Convention gathered in
+     Grand Rapids, Michigan, February 24, 1919, to nominate candidates
+     for the coming State Elections, they were determined to do much
+     more than to go through the mere formalities of complying with
+     State Election Laws....
+
+     "There were many striking features about the personnel of the
+     delegates: not only were the preachers entirely absent, but their
+     following also. A Christian Socialist would have felt lonesome
+     indeed, with no one to act as a listener for him....
+
+     "Fearless and unashamed, in true Bolshevik fashion, the delegation
+     paid no heed to the prejudice of some, but adopted, with one
+     opposing vote, an additional constitutional amendment, guided
+     solely by historic facts and scientific data. A Socialist who
+     understands the Materialistic Conception of History cannot have
+     faith in superstitions of any kind. In other words, a 'religious'
+     or 'Christian' Socialist is a contradiction of terms, and the
+     statement that 'religion is a private matter' is a lie. The belief
+     in a supreme being or beings is a social phenomenon which can be
+     explained on the materialistic basis, just as all economic
+     phenomena can be explained. With persistent adherence to honesty,
+     the convention adopted a resolution and a constitutional amendment
+     declaring religion to be a social phenomenon and instructing all
+     organizers and speakers to explain religion upon its materialistic
+     basis.
+
+     "Here again, the Socialist Party of Michigan issued a direct
+     challenge to the National Organization. This time it is not a
+     challenge in regard to tactics, but we challenge the honesty of the
+     National Organization in declaring that 'religion is a private
+     matter.'"
+
+Now listen to the words of Eugene V. Debs, published on the editorial
+page of "The Call," New York, July 21, 1919, and see what a fraud and
+hypocrite the leader of the Socialists of the United States is:
+
+     "If you have not already done so, read the platform of the
+     Socialist Party, and then let us know what you find in it to
+     warrant the lying charge of the sleek and fat leeches and parasites
+     and their degenerates, tools and hirelings that Socialism is
+     atheism and free-love(?) and that it will tear up the family by the
+     roots, smash up the home and turn society into a raging bedlam."
+
+Sufficient evidence has now been given to prove that the Socialists are
+the declared enemies of the church. They are conspiring to destroy an
+institution which, apart from the supernatural blessings that it has
+conferred upon mankind, has done wonders to promote the happiness of
+nations. To the church many countries owe their civilization and their
+conversion from heathenism. She has preserved for us the priceless
+treasures of art and learning that would otherwise have fallen a prey to
+the ravages of the barbarians. For centuries she has trained untold
+millions to observe the Commandments of God, and has thus been
+instrumental in the prevention of innumerable crimes and sins from which
+the human race would have suffered. Not only has she taught the people
+the virtues of charity, justice, temperance, humility, liberality,
+purity, meekness and forgiveness of enemies, and been a source of
+immense consolation to the poor and oppressed, the sick and the injured,
+but she has comforted millions of the dying, who, when they realized
+that no earthly joys remained, took hope and delight at the thought of
+an eternal reward in heaven.
+
+It is this glorious institution, then, founded by Almighty God Himself,
+that the Socialists hate with all their hearts, and would destroy
+forever, because it prevents the spread of their revolutionary doctrines
+by teaching respect for law, order and authority, and by exposing to all
+the world the deceptions, frauds and empty promises of the conspirators
+against religion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE FAMILY
+
+
+
+Most of the Marxians in America, when confronted with the charge that
+they advocate free-love, deny the truth of the accusation, claiming that
+it is a base calumny. False and calumnious, indeed, would the charge be,
+if it were directed against each individual among the Revolutionists, or
+if from its universality exceptions were not made for many, who, not
+having as yet accepted the full consequences of International Socialism,
+go no further than to cast their votes for the party candidates. For
+would it be fair to except no others from condemnation, for among the
+dues-paying members of the party are many who are extremely averse to
+the system of loose morals that their comrades propose to substitute for
+the monogamous form of marriage now in vogue.
+
+Books advocating free-love are advertised in the Socialist press and
+receive favorable notice in editorial columns. They have long been on
+sale at the leading Socialist book-stores of the country and even at the
+National Office of the Socialist Party in Chicago. Finally, the
+Revolutionary clubs and locals all over the United States have in their
+libraries books on free-love that are standard works on Socialism.
+
+The Marxians, in their endeavors to offset the charge that a free-love
+propaganda exists within their party, frequently argue that
+prostitution, now so prevalent throughout the world, will under
+Socialism no longer remain the dreadful menace to society that it is
+today. They attribute the prevalence of this vice principally to
+poverty, and argue that in the new state, all persons will be abundantly
+supplied with the goods of this world, and consequently no one will be
+obliged to indulge in this sin for obtaining a livelihood.
+
+The Reds, therefore, try to dodge the question at issue by leading their
+opponents off on a tangent. The real question, free-love, will, however,
+by no means be forgotten by us until the Socialists have been shown up
+thoroughly. Since the conspirators against family life are so fond of
+harping on the matter of prostitution, with a view to drawing critics
+away from attacking their doctrine of free-love, the reader will be
+shown that even prostitution, instead of decreasing in the Socialist
+state, would, together with immorality of every sort, become far more
+prevalent under Marxian rule than it is today.
+
+Prostitution and impurities of every sort may, of course, be due to many
+different causes. First, let us consider prostitution in connection with
+poverty and destitution. The Socialists claim that there will be far
+less prostitution in their state since the people, as a whole, will be
+supplied more abundantly with the needs of life. This talk about greater
+supplies for all in the Socialist state is mere assertion. The Marxians
+have never proven that such would actually be the case. If so, where is
+their proof? Can they give any convincing argument? Can they name any
+country, state or city, where they have ever ruled, in which the people,
+as a whole, were better supplied with the needs of life under the red
+flag than they were before the Socialist rule began?
+
+The fact is just the contrary. Look at any part of Europe over which the
+Socialists have ruled and you will see far greater destitution under
+Socialism than there was before. As for places that have never yet tried
+Socialism, enough arguments were given in the chapter, "Socialism a
+Peril to Workingmen," to show that there would be so many upheavals, so
+much turmoil, discontent and strife in a Socialist state, that
+production would be at a minimum and entirely insufficient to supply the
+needs of the people.
+
+We concede that poverty often leads to prostitution, and this is one
+reason out of many for sincerely wishing that our poor people were
+better supplied than they now are with the necessities of life. Still it
+must not be forgotten that poverty and want are often greater factors in
+preventing prostitution than in helping it. Think of the millions of
+poor people whose very poverty indirectly makes prostitution and vice in
+general less likely by keeping them from immoral theatres, movies,
+dances and cabarets and association with bad companions of greater means
+who would be attracted by better clothes and greater wealth if these
+poor people had them.
+
+Do the Socialists claim that the average poor woman is less moral than
+the average rich one? Do not the Marxians know that poverty, rather than
+wealth, fosters religion and piety, the greatest of all factors in
+keeping persons pure? Do the Reds deny that millions and millions of the
+very poorest are chaste? If these souls can remain pure, notwithstanding
+their poverty, so, too, can others; and when these others do not remain
+pure, usually something other than poverty is the cause, _e.g._,
+irreligion, lawlessness or disregard of authority, all of which the
+Socialists are advocating, day after day, in their books, pamphlets,
+papers and speeches.
+
+Again, Debs and his followers, by having a separate party for
+workingmen, are dividing the laboring class against itself, knowing full
+well that millions upon millions of decent, honest workingmen will never
+join them. And since Socialists are making unjust and impossible
+demands, and injecting into labor organizations radical leaders who
+cause general distrust and fear, labor cannot succeed in its battles
+against the abuses of capitalism nearly as well as it would if all were
+united. Hence, because of the existence of the Socialist Party, low
+wages still prevail in many cases, with extreme poverty which often
+leads to prostitution.
+
+If the Socialists ever gain control of our country they will probably do
+so through a revolution. Or they will come into power gradually, by an
+increased vote at each election. In the meantime, as victory came near,
+there would be business failures by the thousands, owing to the
+impending destruction of the existing system of industry and government.
+In either case there would be terrible destitution and a great dearth of
+the necessities of life. This, according to the Socialists' own
+argument, would mean a great increase in prostitution.
+
+It has been proven theoretically in the chapter entitled, "Socialism, a
+Peril to Workingmen," and actually by events in Europe, that a Socialist
+state, even should it endure, cannot be a success. Hence, were the
+Marxian argument about prostitution as strong as the Socialists claim,
+picture the immorality among the people where a Socialist government
+plunges the industries and sources of production and distribution into
+total chaos.
+
+With this refutation of the claim that prostitution would become a very
+rare thing under Socialism, the national conspirators must confess that
+the same argument they have for years been using to further the
+interests of their cause, can with telling effect be turned against
+them.
+
+Not alone are the Socialists defeated in their argument that
+prostitution would be less prevalent in the Marxian state, but they are
+hypocrites in using the argument they do. "The Call," for instance,
+which frequently uses the argument which has been refuted, in the
+magazine section of its issue of June 8, 1919, published a poem
+entitled, "The Harlot," to satisfy its lustful patrons:
+
+    "I do not understand you--
+    I cannot see
+    How you can lie passive in my arms
+    When such a passion swells in me....
+    You lie in my arms--
+    Your face is close to mine.
+    I look into your eyes,
+    Revelation!
+    And you
+    Look into mine
+    Unmoved."
+
+We now return to the question of free-love--we have not forgotten it,
+though no doubt the Reds wish we had. Socialists who deny that an active
+free-love propaganda exists within their ranks must either confess their
+ignorance of what is going on, or plead guilty to the base charge of
+deceiving the American people.
+
+The "New Encyclopedia of Social Reform," edited by the Socialist, W. D.
+P. Bliss, on page 484 contains an article on the family which reads in
+part as follows:
+
+     "We then come to the third form of free-love, the free-love theory
+     par excellence, which is held today by many Socialists, and an
+     increasing number of radical men and women of various schools of
+     thought. According to these neither the state nor organized
+     religion should have aught to do with the control of the family or
+     of the sexual relation. They would make free-love supreme. They
+     would have it unfettered by any tie whatsoever. They argue that
+     compulsory love is not love; that all marriage save from love is
+     sin; that when love ends, marriage ends."
+
+In another article, on page 1135, under the caption, "Socialism," Bliss
+informs us that it is perfectly true that Deville, a French Socialist,
+said that "marriage is a regulation of property.... When marriage is
+transformed, and only after that transformation marriage will lose its
+reason for existence, and boys and girls may then freely and without
+fear of censure listen to the wants and promptings of their nature....
+The support of the children will no longer depend on the chance of
+birth. Like their instruction it will become a charge of society. There
+will be no room for prostitution or for marriage, which is in sum
+nothing more than prostitution before the mayor."
+
+On page 897 of the old 1897 edition of the "Encyclopedia of Social
+Reform," an earlier work edited by W. D. P. Bliss, we are informed that
+Socialism would allow all to live in permanent monogamy, but would not
+force people to remain married if they were unwilling to do so. "The
+Communist Manifesto," the work that made Marx and Engels famous among
+Socialists the world over, thus answers the charge made against the
+Revolutionists regarding their opposition to monogamy:
+
+     "What the communists might possibly be reproached with is that they
+     desire to introduce, in substitution for a hypocritically
+     concealed, an openly legalized community of women."
+
+Jules Guesde, a French Socialist, affirms in "Le Catéchisme Socialiste"
+that "the family is now only an odious form of property and must be
+transformed or abolished."
+
+The French Socialist leader, Jaurés, in a parliamentary speech said that
+"They [_i.e._, married men and women] were free to make the marriage and
+should in the same way be free to unmake it. In fact, just as the will
+of one of the parties could have prevented the marriage, so the will of
+one should be able to end it. The power to annul should, of course, be
+all the stronger when both parties desire it." It need scarcely be added
+that free-love would in most cases begin with the voluntary dissolution
+of the marriage ties.
+
+While the program of the French Socialist Party, adopted at Tours in
+1902, does not explicitly advocate free-love, still it calls for "the
+most liberal legislation on divorce." Ernest Belfort Bax, a prominent
+English Socialist, in "Outlooks From a New Standpoint," affirms that "a
+man may justly reject the dominant sexual morality; he may condemn the
+monogamic marriage system which obtains today; he may claim the right of
+free union between men and women; he may contend he is perfectly at
+liberty to join himself, either temporarily or permanently with a woman;
+and that the mere legal form of marriage has no binding force with him."
+["Outlooks From a New Standpoint," by Ernest Belfort Bax, page 114 of
+the 1891 edition.]
+
+"Prostitution for private gain is morally repellent. But the same
+outward act done for a cause transcending individual interest loses its
+character of prostitution." [Ibid., page 123.]
+
+"There are few points on which advanced radicals and Socialists are more
+completely in accord than their hostility to the modern legal monogamic
+marriage." [Ibid., page 151.]
+
+"There are excellent men and women, possibly the majority, born with
+dispositions for whom a permanent union is doubtless just the right
+thing; there are other excellent men and women born with lively
+imaginations and Bohemian temperaments for whom it is not precisely the
+right thing." [Ibid., page 157.]
+
+"Herein we have an instance of the distinction between bourgeois
+morality and Socialist morality. To the first it is immoral to live in a
+marital relation without having previously subscribed to certain legal
+formalities.... To the second ... to live in a state of unlegalized
+marriage defileth not a man, nor woman." [Ibid., page 158.]
+
+"Socialism will strike at the root at once of compulsory monogamy."
+[Ibid., page 159.]
+
+Quotations from this base free-love book will end with the following:
+"If it be asked 'is marriage a failure?' the answer of any impartial
+person must be 'monogamic marriage is a failure'--the rest is silence.
+We know not what the new form of the family, the society of the future
+in which men and women will be alike economically free, may involve, and
+which may be generally adopted therein. Meanwhile we ought to combat by
+every means within our power the metaphysical dogma of the inherent
+sanctity of the monogamic principle." ["Outlooks From a New Standpoint,"
+by Ernest Belfort Bax, page 160 of the 1891 edition.]
+
+"Outlooks From a New Standpoint," from which these quotations have been
+taken, was advertised in the price list of the Social Democratic
+Publishing Company of Milwaukee; and though it was sold for a dollar a
+copy at Victor Berger's establishment, it has never been used by the
+Socialists of America to prove to the world that they do not advocate
+free-love.
+
+In view of the fact that "Outlooks From a New Standpoint" was sold at
+Berger's own publishing company, it is somewhat surprising to see him,
+in the August 10, 1912, edition of his paper, the Milwaukee "Social
+Democratic Herald," attacking, in a party squabble, "the men in control
+of the 'International Socialist Review,' ... who publish books in
+defense of what our enemies call free-love." Further on in the factional
+quarrel he writes: "I shall leave out the Christian Socialists entirely.
+Many of them are honest in this fight. But these Christian
+Socialists--who are only a handful--are being used by cowardly assassins
+and practical free-lovers as a cat's paw." Perhaps the Socialist
+publishers would be a little more free with their love for each other,
+if there was less competition for the silver dollar.
+
+Ernest Belfort Bax in another book, "Religion of Socialism," thus
+denounces the present form of family life: "We defy any human being to
+point to a single reality, good or bad, in the composition of the
+bourgeois family. It has the merit of being the most perfect specimen of
+complete sham that history has presented to the world." ["Religion of
+Socialism," by Ernest Belfort Bax, page 141 of the 1891 edition.]
+
+"Socialism, Its Growth and Outcome," edited by Ernest Belfort Bax and
+William Morris, also advocates free-love, for its authors tell us that
+under Socialism "property in children would cease to exist, and every
+infant that came into the world would be born into full citizenship, and
+would enjoy all its advantages, whatever the conduct of its parents
+might be. Thus a new development of the family would take place, on the
+basis, not of a predetermined life-long business arrangement, to be
+formally and nominally held to irrespective of circumstances, but on
+mutual inclination and affection, an association terminable at the will
+of either party.... There would be no vestige of reprobation weighing on
+the dissolution of one tie and the formation of another." ["Socialism,
+Its Growth and Outcome," by Ernest Belfort Bax and William Morris, pages
+299 and 300 of the 1893 edition.]
+
+The "International Socialist Review," December, 1908, states that
+"Socialism, Its Growth and Outcome," by William Morris and Ernest
+Belfort Bax, is "a standard historical work long recognized as being of
+the utmost value to Socialists." According to the price list sent out
+from the National Office of the Socialist Party this work on free-love
+was on sale there for fifty cents a copy. Chas H. Kerr and Company, the
+Socialist publishing company of Chicago, in their catalogue advertised
+the same book as being one of the most important works in the whole
+literature of Socialism, by the two strongest Socialist writers of
+England. From these facts the reader may judge for himself whether or
+not the Revolutionists of America tell the truth when they claim that
+they are not the enemies of the family.
+
+In a speech delivered on November 12, 1907, Henry Quelch, editor of the
+Socialist paper, "London Justice," made the following statement: "I do
+want to abolish marriage. I do want to see the whole system of society,
+as at present constituted, swept away. We want no marriage bonds. We
+want no bonds at all. We want free-love."
+
+Edward Carpenter in his book, "Love's Coming of Age," tells us that
+"marriage relations are raised to a much higher plane by a continual
+change of partners until a permanent mate and equal is found."
+
+That this work on free-love might find a ready market among Socialists,
+Chas. H. Kerr and Company advertised it as follows in the "International
+Socialist Review," Chicago, December, 1902:
+
+     "He [i.e., Carpenter] faces bravely the questions that prudes of
+     both sexes shrink from, and he offers a solution that deserves the
+     attention of the ablest leaders of popular thought, while his
+     charmingly simple style makes the book easy reading matter for any
+     one who is looking for new light on the present and future of men
+     and women in their relations to each other."
+
+In a 1912 catalogue the same publishing company volunteered the
+information that "'Love's Coming of Age' is one of the best Socialist
+books yet written on the relations of the sexes." In a 1917 booklet it
+was advertised by the company as being "by far the most satisfactory
+book on the relations of the sexes in the coming social order."
+
+Carpenter's work was sold for a dollar a copy at the National Office of
+the Socialist Party in Chicago, and yet the Revolutionists persist in
+telling us that they do not advocate free-love.
+
+August Bebel, the late leader of the German Socialists, was the author
+of a book entitled, "Woman Under Socialism." This work, however, is
+better known by the simple appellation, "Woman." A simple quotation will
+suffice to show that Bebel, like many other excellent Socialist
+authorities, advocates free-love:
+
+     "If incompatibility, disenchantment or repulsion set in between two
+     persons that have come together, morality commands that the
+     unnatural and therefore immoral bond be dissolved." ["Woman Under
+     Socialism," by Bebel, page 344 of the 1904 edition in English.]
+
+Bebel's book has had an immense circulation. Over thirty editions have
+been issued, and translations have been made into nearly all the
+European languages. Before his death in August, 1913, he was the
+admiration of millions of the Revolutionists the world over. His book is
+considered everywhere as a standard work on International Socialism and
+is, of course, on sale with the other free-love publications at the
+National Office of the Socialist Party. Chas H. Kerr and Company in 1917
+advertised Bebel's work as being one of the greatest Socialist books
+ever written.
+
+Frederick Engel's "Origin of the Family," a work that has made its
+author famous among Socialists on both sides of the Atlantic, contains
+the following statement relative to free-love:
+
+     "These peculiarities that were stamped upon the face of monogamy by
+     its rise through property relations will decidedly vanish, namely
+     the supremacy of men and the indissolubility of marriage.... If
+     marriage founded on love is alone moral, then it follows that
+     marriage is moral only as long as love lasts. The duration of an
+     attack of individual sex love varies considerably according to
+     individual disposition, especially in men. A positive cessation of
+     fondness or its replacement by a new passionate love makes a
+     separation a blessing for both parties and for society. But
+     humanity will be spared the useless wading through the mire of a
+     divorce case." ["The Origin of the Family," by Fredrick Engels,
+     page 99 of the 1907 translation into English by Untermann.]
+
+"The Comrade," New York, November, 1902, thus commends Engel's book:
+"One of the most important issues of that excellent Standard Socialist
+Series published by Chas. H. Kerr and Company is 'The Origin of the
+Family,' by Fredrick Engels, now for the first time translated into
+English by Ernest Untermann. This book, first published in 1884, has
+been translated into almost every European language and has long been
+regarded as one of the classics of Socialist philosophical literature."
+
+"The Call," New York, February 27, 1910, deems "The Origin of the
+Family" worthy of editorial comment: "The one book that contains in
+small compass what every woman ought to know is Fredrick Engel's 'The
+Origin of the Family.' Every Socialist woman should become a book agent
+to sell this book."
+
+"The International Socialist Review," October, 1902, expressed its
+admiration of Engel's work by stating that "this book has long been
+known as one of the great Socialist classics and has been translated
+into almost every other language than English.... The book is really one
+of the two or three great Socialist classics; and now that it is in
+English, it must find a place in the library of everyone who hopes to
+master the real fundamental philosophy underlying Socialism."
+
+"The Origin of the Family," notwithstanding[20] the fact that it
+contains matter too foul to comment on, for example a certain comparison
+that is made on page 39, was listed with the books sold at the National
+Office of the Socialist Party, and at Chas. H. Kerr and Company, the
+largest Socialist publishing company in the United States.
+
+Ernest Untermann, the American Socialist who translated Engel's work
+into English, writes on page 7 of the preface of the 1907 edition: "The
+monogamic family, so far from being a divinely instituted union of
+souls, is seen to be the product of a series of material, and in the
+last analysis, of the most sordid motives."
+
+Rives La Monte, in "Socialism Positive and Negative," tells his readers
+that "from the point of view of this Socialist materialism, the
+monogamous family, the present economic unit of society, ceases to be a
+divine institution, and becomes the historical product of certain
+definite economic conditions. In the judgment of such Socialists as
+Fredrick Engels and August Bebel, we shall probably remain monogamous,
+but monogamy will cease to be compulsorily permanent." ["Socialism,
+Positive and Negative," by Rives La Monte, page 98 of the 1907 edition.]
+
+In the "International Socialist Review," February, 1909, there appears
+on page 628 a notice which reads as follows:
+
+     "The 'Review' lately returned to a contributor a clever and
+     readable article in which he emphasized certain absurdities and
+     miseries of the present marriage system. His letter in the reply to
+     us raises some interesting questions, and we are glad to publish
+     it: ... 'It is disappointing to be advised to frankly discuss
+     subjects of such importance as religion and marriage only in hushed
+     whispers behind closed doors. In the fear of offending conservative
+     prejudice on these topics, some Socialists become more conservative
+     than the bourgeois themselves.... Of course, the main stream and
+     most important phase of Socialism is the political-economic
+     agitation, but at the same time the Socialist movement inevitably
+     brings into being, at least for a great part of its adherents, a
+     new culture, a new literature, a new art, a new attitude toward sex
+     relations and religion and individual freedom, a new conception of
+     life as a whole. In face of this fact it is sickening to see
+     individuals, whom one knows to be atheists, defending Socialism as
+     the will of God and the fulfilment of Christianity; and other
+     individuals, whom one knows to be free-lovers, going out of their
+     way to defend the home and family against the inroads of
+     capitalism. Nevertheless such things are seen.... There are
+     thousands of women who are worn out with the bearing of unwelcome
+     children on account of ignorance of proper ways of preventing
+     conception.... If sex life, the personal heart life, of
+     revolutionists were more free and joyous, if they breathed an
+     atmosphere of liberty and spontaneity, free from religious and
+     moral superstitions, if they became now as much like the free
+     people of the future as possible, would they not be that much more
+     ardent and joyous and unceasing workers of the Great Revolution?
+     And if former non-Socialists, especially women who had suffered
+     grievously from the evils of the marriage system, or been
+     intellectually blindfolded by religious teaching, were first led
+     into the light of more emancipated ideas by some of us Socialists,
+     would not they serve and glorify Socialism forever?... If the
+     Christian Socialists have a right to their God, and monogamists to
+     their eternal marriage, then surely in a revolutionary movement
+     like ours, the complete revolutionists have, to say the least, an
+     equal right to their agnosticism and their free union."
+
+Clarence M. Meily, before speaking explicitly of free-love, praises lust
+and sensuality in the highest terms on page 129 of his book,
+"Puritanism": "Freed from the privation of millenniums of unrequited
+toil, with the wealth and wonders of the world at its command, it is
+fairly certain that the emancipated working class, still wan from its
+centuries of service and sacrifice, will take great joy in repudiating,
+finally and forever, the fallacies and aberration of asceticism.... Not
+the denial of life, but the laudation and triumph of life, will be the
+keynote of the new ethics. The lusts of the flesh, the lusts of the eye,
+the pride of life, will become new formulas, holy and pure in the light
+of the perfect development of the whole man, and of all men, to which
+the race will dedicate itself."
+
+Meily then approaches the marriage question and says: "The question of
+the status of marriage in the new society is one of extreme importance,
+since it is here that reactionaries of all sorts center their opposition
+to social reconstruction. It is both idle and disingenuous to assert
+that marriage as a legal and civil institution is not likely to undergo
+profound modification.... The artificial perpetuation of the marriage
+tie, in the face of the disinclination of the parties involved to
+continue the relation, will cease to be a matter of public concern, or
+the occasion of state interference. The dissolution of the marriage
+relation will become as purely a personal and private affair as is the
+assumption of the relation now. Some sort of registration may be
+required for the purpose of vital statistics."
+
+In July 2, 1901, "The Haverhill Social Democrat," apparently without
+fear of offending its subscribers, asked: "What is there sacred in the
+modern home? Can anything be sacred which is based on a lie or on
+impurity, or on ignorance? The marriage system today is based on
+impurity, on ignorance and on a big lie."
+
+"The Call," New York, December 4, 1910, tells its readers to "give all
+women the vote, and they will strike off the rusty chains that hold them
+still in marriage as the property of the man."
+
+That the same paper is very lax as regards the divorce evil, so closely
+allied to free-love, is evidenced from the following quotation taken
+from the edition of March 30, 1913: "Among the many encouraging signs of
+woman's growing strength--of her determination to be at last the captain
+of her soul and the master of her faith--are recent divorce
+statistics....
+
+     "Far from being a sign of moral decadence, the large number of
+     divorces granted to women is one of the healthiest portents of the
+     regeneration of the body social....
+
+     "The divorced woman is today the connecting link between the
+     non-resisting, ignorant victim of the past and the self-reliant,
+     enlightened, eugenically minded woman of the future. The divorce
+     statistics of the present are perfectly logical and the divorced
+     woman is a cheering omen, as she fulfils her historic mission."
+
+"The Little Catechism" for the use of the children of Bohemian
+Socialists, a book from which we have already had occasion to quote in
+the previous chapter, shows us the exceedingly low standard of morality
+that is taught to the youthful Revolutionists; for in answer to the
+question, "Is adultery a sin?" we are astounded by the boldness of the
+reply, "It is not a sin."
+
+We shall finally corroborate our charge that the Revolutionists advocate
+free-love by quoting the words of no less an authority than Morris
+Hillquit, who concedes in "Everybody's," February, 1914, page 233, that
+"Most Socialists stand for dissolubility of the marriage ties at the
+pleasure of the contracting parties."
+
+As many Socialist books on free-love have attained a high circulation,
+and as they have not been repudiated by the party, but have been praised
+and advertised in its newspapers, and, moreover, since these very books
+have been sold as standard works both at the National Office of the
+party and at the leading Socialist book-stores of America, the only
+reasonable conclusion to be drawn is that the number of party members
+who openly advocate free-love, or at least tacitly approve of its
+propaganda, must be in the majority, for otherwise the party would never
+tolerate such a condition of affairs within its ranks.
+
+Once the Socialists gain control of a country, as in the case of Russia,
+laws legalizing free-love are very soon passed. In the No. 2 edition of
+the Los Angeles magazine, "More Truth About Russia," its radical editor
+mentions many of the Bolshevist laws on marriage, divorce, etc., in
+vogue in Russia. Among them is one fully legalizing free-love, making it
+possible for married parties to change partners whenever they wish and
+for no other reason than their mutual or individual desire to do so:
+
+     "1. Marriage is annulled by the petition of both parties or even
+     one of them.
+
+     "2. The petition is submitted, according to the rules of local
+     jurisdiction, to the local court.
+
+     "Note: A declaration of annulment of marriage by mutual consent may
+     be filed directly with the department of registration of marriages
+     in which a record of that marriage is kept, which department makes
+     an entry of the annulment of the marriage in the record and issues
+     a certificate.
+
+     "3. On the day appointed for the examination of the petition for
+     the annulment of marriage, the local judge summons both parties or
+     their solicitors.
+
+     "4. Having convinced himself that the petition for the annulment of
+     the marriage really comes from both parties or from one of them,
+     the judge personally and singly renders the decision of the
+     annulment of the marriage and issues a certificate thereof to the
+     parties."
+
+This chapter shows that free-love filth, to corrupt and demoralize our
+people, is being propagated by the Socialist Party of America through
+its National Headquarters in Chicago, Berger's publication company in
+Milwaukee, Hillquit's "New York Call," and other publishing houses and
+papers affiliated with the party. Yet, because the question of the
+qualifications of five representatives of this system of abomination to
+make laws for the State of New York was so much as raised by a judicial
+inquiry in the New York Assembly, that body of legislators has been
+assailed and falsely charged with undermining the fundamental principles
+of representative government. The ignorance concerning the true
+character of the Socialist Party of America is startling.
+
+Is it not time for the American people to awake? Should not every decent
+American petition all our legislative bodies, state and national, to
+outlaw the Socialist Party of America and curb its iniquitous
+propaganda?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE RACE
+
+
+
+To most persons it will certainly be a surprise to hear that race
+suicide has been openly advocated in the columns of leading Socialist
+publications. True it is that the number of individuals endeavoring to
+spread this practice by their writings is comparatively[21] small;
+still, as the articles have continued to appear for years at more or
+less regular intervals, without exciting anything like serious
+opposition, we are forced to conclude that advocacy of race suicide is
+looked upon by a very large number of the Revolutionists as one of their
+characteristic virtues.
+
+Though many vile articles advocating race suicide were published in the
+1910 and the 1911 editions of "The New York Call," we shall pass them
+over, and discuss those of a more recent date.
+
+In the Sunday editions of "The Call," Anita C. Block has for years been
+editing a page called "Woman's Sphere." This section of the paper on the
+24th of March, 1912, contained an editorial comment under the caption
+"Enforced Motherhood and the Law," in which the practice of base and
+criminal race suicide is encouraged:
+
+"Within a space covering not much more than a month, six letters have
+been received by us, containing in substance about what is contained in
+the following letter:
+
+     "'Mrs. A. C. Block, New York City:
+
+     "'Dear Comrade Block.--I have been a reader of "The Call" since
+     December 1, 1911. I do not know whether you can give me any
+     information as to what I wish to know....
+
+     "'I have three children, 3˝ years, 2Ľ years, and a baby 9 months.
+     Now, you cannot blame me if I do not care for more for some time to
+     come....
+
+     "'Could you give any information? Dr.... in "..." [We suppress the
+     author's name and the title of his work.] and "..." by ... contain
+     the sentence, "Every woman should know prevention of conception." I
+     should be thankful for any advice.
+
+     "'Yours for the Co-operative Commonwealth.'"
+
+The editorial comment then goes on to say:
+
+     "Four of these letters we answered personally, stating the
+     impossibility of imparting this information under our present laws.
+     But when letters continued to come, we felt that any subject that
+     indeed meant everything in the world to the wives of the working
+     class, was entitled to publicity in these columns.
+
+     "These women ought to know exactly what the laws are that make the
+     giving of this terribly needed information--A Felony. And so we
+     print below the Federal or United States law on this subject."
+
+The law is then given in all its details, after which the New York State
+law on the same subject is also quoted.
+
+We are then told that "such are some of the laws on this grave subject,
+and, of course, no sane person would endeavor to violate them, openly at
+any rate. But as Dr.... states elsewhere in this page, we cannot be
+prevented from agitating for their repeal. Nor can we be prevented from
+educating the people wherever possible to an understanding that a
+knowledge of the means of preventing conception is a knowledge of one of
+the means of regenerating the race.
+
+     "Moreover even under Socialism, where economic conditions will be
+     such that every woman can support a dozen children in comfort if
+     she wants to, the volitional limitation of offspring will be
+     completely justifiable. For even parents in the most comfortable
+     circumstances should have the right to determine how many children
+     they want. Of all things in the world this is a matter for the
+     individual and not for society to determine."
+
+Dr...., to whom reference was made in the above editorial comment, is
+also the author of another work advertised as follows in "Woman's
+Sphere" of "The Call," March 24, 1912:
+
+     "The three most important measures for the improvement of the human
+     race from a eugenic standpoint. What are they? I suppose everybody
+     who has given the subject any thought has his remedies. I have
+     studied the subject for years and my answer is:
+
+     "1. Teaching the people the proper means of the prevention of
+     conception so that the people may have only as many children as
+     they can afford to have, and to have them when they want to have
+     them.
+
+     "2.....
+
+     "3.....
+
+     "Of the three measures the first one is the most important and
+     still it will be the last one to come, because our prudes think it
+     would lead to immorality. And nevertheless I will repeat what I
+     said several times before, that there is no single measure that
+     would so positively, so immediately contribute toward the happiness
+     and progress of the human race as teaching the people the proper
+     means of regulating reproduction. This has been my sincerest and
+     deepest conviction since I have learned to think rationally. It is
+     the conviction of thousands of others, but they are too careful of
+     their standing to express it in public. I am happy, however, to be
+     able to state that my teachings have converted thousands; many of
+     our readers who were at first shocked by our plain talk on this
+     important subject are now expressing their full agreement with our
+     ideas. And Congress may pass draconian laws, the discussion of this
+     subject cannot, must not, be stopped."
+
+On April 13, 1913, another article on the subject of race suicide, by
+Clara G. Stillman, appeared in "Woman's Sphere" of "The Call" under the
+caption, "The Right to Prevent Conception." Only part of the foul
+composition is here given:
+
+     "Those who are convinced that the voluntary prevention of
+     conception is a most important weapon in the modern fight with
+     poverty, disease and racial deterioration, will find their position
+     only strengthened by survey of their opponents' objections. These
+     objections are mainly of three kinds--and might be classed as the
+     pseudo-religious, the pseudo-moral and the pseudo-scientific,
+     because all are based on conceptions which our present state of
+     knowledge and social development have enabled us to outgrow....
+
+     "Prevention of conception is already an accepted principle among
+     the educated classes of every civilized country. According as the
+     opposition of the law and public opinion are more or less
+     stringent, it is practised with more or less secrecy; but secret or
+     open, the practice is here to stay, and it is spreading. The fear
+     of most of its opponents is, therefore, not nearly so much that the
+     human race will become extinct as that its best elements will
+     gradually be replaced by the worst. At first this may seem
+     plausible. Granting our opponents' premise temporarily, the
+     conclusion is logically unavoidable that in order to restore a
+     normal relation between the so-called more and less intelligent or
+     desirable classes of society, we must put into the hands of all the
+     methods of restricting their increase, now utilized only by the
+     few."
+
+On June 1, 1913, "Woman's Sphere" of "The Call" contained a four-column
+article on race suicide, entitled, "Musings of a Socialist Woman." The
+author, Antoinette F. Konikow, who was a delegate to the Socialist
+National Conventions of 1908 and 1912, thus expresses her views:
+
+     "I consider the question of the prevention of conception to be of
+     greater value to women than even the knowledge of sexual
+     diseases....
+
+     "After meeting hundreds of women and girls in heart to heart talks,
+     I came to the sincere conviction that lectures on sex hygiene which
+     do not give a thorough understanding of conception in its definite
+     bearings on practical life and also of its possibilities of
+     prevention--that such lectures miss their main aim in bringing help
+     to distressed humanity....
+
+     "Instead of meeting every need and demand of the worker, we are so
+     hampered by the fear of getting a bad reputation among our enemies
+     that we express our support to a new tendency only after it has
+     acquired a certain respectability in society....
+
+     "Do the daring words of Comrade Clara G. Stillman or Dr....'s
+     article not hurt the feelings of some of our Comrades? No doubt
+     some readers felt dissatisfied but not more so than others who had
+     to read the conservative statement of Comrade Carey in 'The
+     Leader,' that he considers Bebel's conception of the family
+     un-Socialistic and anti-Socialistic....
+
+     "Do our morals stand on a higher plane, thanks to the careful
+     guardianship of our laws?...
+
+     "It is high time then to serve notice upon all our benevolent
+     censors and upholders of such laws, and declare ourselves fit to
+     get along without their superior guidance. It is time to open a
+     crusade against this hypocritical suppression of knowledge, which
+     leads to endless and needless suffering. It is time to emphatically
+     declare the right of the mother to control the functions of her own
+     body for her own good and the welfare of her offspring."
+
+The disastrous consequences of such a crusade to further the cause of
+race suicide are very forcibly brought home to us by an article which
+appeared in "The Call," May 10, 1914, on "The Conscious Limitation of
+Offspring in Holland":
+
+     "Our headquarters at The Hague and our subdivisions in all our
+     greater towns are spreading theoretical leaflets and pamphlets; but
+     the special pamphlet giving practical information in the prevention
+     of conception, is only given to married people when asked. We are
+     lecturing everywhere. But the essential missionary work is done
+     privately and modestly, often unconsciously by showing the happy
+     results in their own families, by the nearly 5,000 members of our
+     league spread over the whole country, among whom are physicians,
+     clergymen and teachers, etc. Every day information is asked by
+     letters and still more by our printed postcards; all information is
+     given cost-free and post-free. Almost all younger doctors and
+     midwives are giving information, and are helping mothers in the
+     cases when it is wanted on account of pathological indications.
+     Moreover special nurses are instructed in helping poor women.
+     Harmless preventive means are more and more taking the place of
+     dangerous abortion. So, merely by our freedom of giving
+     information, we have reached the desirable results proved most
+     brilliantly by the statistical figures of our country."
+
+On May 21, 1914, "Woman's Sphere" of "The Call" devoted two more of its
+columns to the race suicide propaganda in the form of an article by
+Sonia Ureles under the caption, "Hats Off, Gentlemen, The Law!" Since
+many parts of the production are too foul to permit our quoting them, we
+shall give but a few short passages:
+
+     "But the doctors only scowled, and the nurse told her gently that
+     the law did not permit poor people to regulate the birth of their
+     offspring....
+
+     "To the thought of a private practitioner she gave no heed; it was
+     to her a luxury undreamed of....
+
+     "The nurse, a well-meaning honest creature, writhed uncomfortably
+     under her gaze. 'It's--it's against the law to give out such
+     information,' she stammered.
+
+     "'I don't care about the law,' came the stubborn reply. 'You
+     promised. Now tell me.' Nevertheless she left the hospital without
+     the information....
+
+     "She applied to the women of her neighborhood for information. They
+     told her things they thought they knew, and things they thought
+     they ought to know. And her health was the price she paid....
+
+     "They who knew, but would not tell, left her one alternative. She
+     chose it. And so,
+
+     "'Hats off, gentlemen--the law!'"
+
+In this same issue of "The Call," May 24, 1914, there is an editorial
+comment that promised the base devotees of race suicide an abundance of
+filthy reading matter for the future:
+
+     "If unwelcome motherhood is not in accordance with a constructive
+     eugenic program, then the free imparting of information concerning
+     the prevention of involuntary motherhood must be. But as has been
+     pointed out in these columns again and again, to make this part of
+     a constructive eugenic program is to run up against vicious and
+     barbarous state and federal laws which make the giving of necessary
+     information a crime, punishable by imprisonment.
+
+     "In connection with this entire subject we call the attention of
+     our readers to the grim sketch by Sonia Ureles, appearing elsewhere
+     on this page today.
+
+     "This is the first of a series of stories on the same subject which
+     Miss Ureles is writing for 'Woman's Sphere.' All who know the vivid
+     reality of this writer's work will look forward to them with keen
+     anticipation."
+
+Let it not be thought for a moment that "The Call" has yet given up its
+propaganda of race suicide. As recently as May 25, 1919, there appeared
+in the magazine section of that vile Socialist daily of New York City an
+article on the subject entitled, "Birth Control and the War," the
+article being no less than twelve columns long. Several quotations are
+hereby given:
+
+     "Everywhere the feudal-minded ones act upon substantially the same
+     impulse. Everywhere they impel and, to a large extent, though by
+     indirection, they compel, prolific breeding among the less
+     intelligent persons. These latter are also the victims of the
+     prevailing religious, political, economic and industrial systems
+     and superstitions. The feudalistic ones proclaim fecundity as a
+     religious duty to God and a moral duty to the state. By psychologic
+     tricks a vanity of the unfortunate classes is encouraged so as to
+     make even the fools believe, or, at least, feel that they, too,
+     have a place in the sun....
+
+     "By the uniform activities and lingering dominance of the feudal
+     mind we have remained in a state of development in which we
+     compete, like the stock-raiser, for an international and
+     intercredal supremacy in and through breeding....
+
+     "As yet we have had no very urgent need for territorial expansion.
+     Our turn is coming and is coming soon, if only we will heed our own
+     feudal-minded ones, and will breed fast enough. But, without being
+     aggressors in this sense, we are yet unavoidably drawn into the
+     vortex of a world war inaugurated by the feudal-minded of other
+     nations and unconsciously promoted to a small degree by our own
+     feudal-minded ones by education for feudal-mindedness and for
+     prolific breeding in our people....
+
+     "The next world war may possibly be one in which the disadvantaged
+     of all nations will fight the feudal-minded of all nations.
+     Something quite near to such an invitation already has come from
+     Russia. Shall we hasten such a conflict by continuing to preach the
+     sacredness of fecundity and of war? Or shall intelligent restraint
+     of the feudalistic compulsion help us toward a more perfect and
+     peaceful adjustment with the processes that make for the
+     democratization of welfare, with and by intelligent family
+     limitation as one means?"
+
+"The Call" is one of the official papers recognized by the Socialists of
+America. In 1914, while the race suicide propaganda was being carried on
+in its columns, lectures to be delivered for its benefit by Eugene V.
+Debs in many of the cities of New Jersey were advertised in its columns.
+It is most likely, therefore, that such a splendidly informed leader of
+the Revolutionists as Debs, like many thousands of members of the rank
+and file of the party, read some of the articles favoring race suicide.
+As we have never yet heard of Debs or a single Socialist complaining
+against the race suicide propaganda so long carried on in the columns of
+"The Call," we shall, unless the Marxians repudiate this form of
+immorality of their paper, be forced to conclude that their leader as
+well as a very large number of his followers intend legalizing this vice
+if they ever gain control of our country.
+
+In April, 1919, a vile, crimson pamphlet was on sale in the radical
+book-stores of the middle west. We shall not give the title, for it is
+too foul and indecent. On page 4 it warns its readers "not to forget
+this fact, celibacy, absolute continence from want of desire congenial
+or acquired, monkish asceticism are pathological states, diseased states
+of mind or body." Further on, we read, on page 10:
+
+     "Do not be a suffering Jesus. Do not take him as an example. Do not
+     whine or snuffle, but get ahead in the world while you can. Get
+     lands, property and independence somehow....
+
+     "The teachings of Christianity were designed for the castration of
+     the human soul. Christ would make you, not a free man, a hero, and
+     a warrior, but a hireling, a submissive beast of burden, a helot, a
+     nobody. Christianity is cowardice institutionalized and
+     peace-on-earth is the philosophy of the tax gatherer, the usurer,
+     and the international exploiter." On the inner side of the back
+     cover of the foul pamphlet a book is advertised by the
+     "International Socialist Control Association of Chicago," which
+     seems also to publish the crimson pamphlet from which the above
+     quotation was taken. The advertisement of the book is hereby given
+     in part:
+
+     "MOTHERS AND FATHERS, ATTENTION.
+
+     "The welfare of the world depends upon the bringing up of children.
+
+     "Everything depends upon the right start, hence it is your highest
+     duty to see that your children are started right.
+
+     "Foremost men say and statistics show the stupendous peril of our
+     political, religious, and educational system. The root of education
+     is not merely knowing how to read and write, but knowing men
+     analytically and scientifically.
+
+     "Anything is possible to the man who knows how and why. We develop
+     and plan out your life according to your adaptions and
+     inclinations--no guess work but cold, hard, mathematical facts. We
+     show you how to control, manage, and handle humanity and make it
+     your business to shape men's minds as easily as clay.
+
+     "Misery, superstition and poverty must go."
+
+On the back cover sheet of the pamphlet it is stated that the
+International Socialist Control Association of Chicago is "An
+organization that teaches the suppressed and downtrodden truth, long
+controlled by the political and religious machine. The only organization
+that places health, happiness and marriage upon solid, scientific
+principles."
+
+In the summer of 1919, "The Call" of New York City, Morris Hillquit's
+vile publication, became more bold than ever in favoring race suicide.
+On June 29, 1919, for instance, there appeared a three-column article in
+the magazine section of the paper, entitled, "The ... League." Parts of
+the article are hereby quoted:
+
+     "Many readers of 'Woman's Sphere' have expressed themselves as
+     eager to know the raison d'etre of The ... League, which is the
+     latest development in the birth control movement.
+
+     "The answer is that this new league is started to speed up the
+     birth control movement. Its first aim is to take the question
+     straight to Congress and repeal the Federal statute which prohibits
+     the circulation of contraceptive knowledge. All the restrictive
+     state laws are modeled on this Federal obscenity statute. If that
+     is repealed, the state laws can easily be made to follow suit....
+
+     "The repeal of this obnoxious out-of-date legislation is the
+     longest single step toward that end.
+
+     "The next step is to get the subject taught in the medical schools,
+     and to have the best possible scientific information wisely and
+     well distributed. Every health agency in the country should have it
+     for the benefit of all who are in need. It should be available at
+     hospitals, clinics, dispensaries, maternity centers, charity
+     organizations and, most of all, through the Federal Health Service
+     and the National Children's Bureau....
+
+     "Most Socialists are already convinced of the rightness of birth
+     regulation, but not all of them see the need for working now to
+     free the information. Some say, 'Oh, just work to achieve Socialism
+     and when we have that, things like birth control will come without
+     effort.' ...
+
+     "Birth control is a necessary tool for the struggle after social
+     justice. Therefore, Socialists should insist upon it right now, and
+     not be content to wait for the Co-operative Commonwealth to bring
+     it to them, also they should not hesitate to co-operate with
+     non-Socialists to get it. Birth control is a blessing to humanity
+     as a whole. Everybody needs it."
+
+On July 13, 1919, "The Call" published an editorial on Dr. Abraham
+Jacobi who had recently died. In the course of the editorial the
+following statement is made:
+
+     "Many honors have been showered upon Dr. Jacobi, but probably none
+     will be more brilliant than the fact that he was one of the first
+     to fearlessly discuss the question of birth control."
+
+On July 15, 1919, there appeared in "The Call" the letter of the
+director of the birth control league similarly praising the late Dr.
+Jacobi:
+
+     "...He did not wait till the baby was born, nor did he limit
+     himself to what is ordinarily known as the prenatal care. He again
+     and again proved his sincere belief that the only way to give
+     babies a fair chance in this world is for the parents to know how
+     to regulate the family birth rate."
+
+"The Call" on July 14, 1919, advertised seven birth control meetings to
+be held during the week in New York City. Two days later, on July 16, it
+advertised an open air birth control rally.
+
+In "Woman's Sphere" of the magazine section of "The Call," July 27,
+1919, there appears another three-column article favoring race suicide,
+entitled, "How Shall We Change the Law?" We shall quote briefly:
+
+     "Once it is no longer on the statute books that it is unlawful to
+     impart information on the prevention of conception, then people may
+     freely help each other to attain the precious information so
+     urgently needed. The 'limited' bill would give this right only to
+     doctors and possibly to nurses and midwives....
+
+     "And while we would not be so unscientific as to deny for a moment
+     that it would be better for every woman to get her advice and
+     instruction concerning the use of contraceptive directly from a
+     doctor, nevertheless it is impossible to overestimate the help men
+     and women could give each other were the free exchange of
+     information on methods of birth control legal instead of
+     illegal....
+
+     "We feel quite sure that women will get infinitely more sympathetic
+     help and advice from each other than they will ever get from any
+     free clinic doctors."
+
+"The Call" on July 26, 1919, announced that Anita C. Block, editress of
+"Woman's Sphere" of the paper, had accepted nomination as a delegate to
+the August 30, 1919, convention of the Socialist Party in Chicago.
+
+The September 2, 1919, issue of "The Call" states that it received the
+congratulations of the National Convention of the party then assembled
+at Chicago. There is, however, no record of any Socialist complaint
+against its continued race suicide propaganda. We can, therefore, draw
+our conclusions as to whether the Socialists approve of propagating race
+suicide.
+
+Away down in Mexico there lives a certain Linn A. E. Gale, a young
+Socialist who fled to that country from the United States to escape
+conscription. He is a "brave" fellow, for not only did he shirk his
+duties as a soldier and flee from his native land to escape jail, but he
+publishes a Socialist magazine in Mexico City in which he seeks to
+deprive of life those who have as much right to it as he himself has; in
+other words he is carrying on a campaign for race suicide. We quote from
+the August, 1919, issue of his Socialist publication, known as "Gale's
+Magazine":
+
+     "Mr. Felix F. Palavinci,
+
+     "Manager of El Universal,
+
+     "Mexico City, D. F. Mexico:
+
+     "Sir.--It is generally believed that you inspired the recent act of
+     the health department of this city in having confiscated copies of
+     a Spanish translation of ...'s famous book on how to practise birth
+     control, and in sentencing me to the penitentiary when I refused to
+     pay a $500 fine for publishing the said translation, which
+     outrageous and malicious penalty was revoked by order of Mexico's
+     Secretary of State, Manuel Aguirre Berlanga.
+
+     "It is hard to believe that a man of your intelligence and supposed
+     progressive ideas would be guilty of such a contemptible act. Yet
+     facts are facts and the facts leave little room for doubt that you
+     were to a large extent, if not almost entirely, responsible. The
+     persistent series of bitter and abusive articles published by your
+     newspaper, El Universal, against birth control and against me
+     personally, constitute convincing proof of your interest in
+     preventing contraceptive information from being diffused among the
+     Mexican people...."
+
+In the same issue of Gale's Mexican Socialist magazine there appears an
+article entitled, "First Congress of the National Socialist Party of
+Mexico." Speaking of the party platform to be adopted, Gale says in
+part:
+
+     "Another clause should put the party squarely on record as opposing
+     the recent tyrannical and illegal effort of the Mexico City health
+     department to prevent the dissemination of scientific birth control
+     information among the poorer classes."
+
+Hysterical critics of the New York Assembly have accused the Judiciary
+Committee of that body of accepting as evidence against the five
+suspended Socialist Assemblymen every conceivable reproach against the
+Socialist Party of America which could be scraped together out of its
+entire history. An inquiry to ascertain the qualifications of Socialists
+to make the laws of the land assuredly would be justified in searching
+every possible source of information. But, as a matter of fact, the
+Judiciary Committee confined its investigation to evidence bearing
+directly upon the political and governmental aspects of the case.
+
+Had the Judiciary Committee wished to bring out what would most surely
+and deeply shock the moral sense of the American people--the organized
+propagation of immorality with which the five suspended Assemblymen were
+linked--the facts given in this and the preceding chapter show that no
+difficulty would have been found in digging up overwhelming evidence.
+The preceding chapter shows the propagation of free-love doctrines
+through all the publicity departments of the Socialist Party of America.
+The present chapter shows that the "New York Call," the chief political
+organ of the New York State branch of the Socialist Party of America,
+with which the five suspended Assemblymen were most intimately linked,
+has for years carried on an unclean and indecent propaganda to teach all
+within its polluting reach to violate one of the laws of the State of
+New York.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+SOCIALIST ORGANIZATION AND "BORING IN"
+
+
+
+The avowed enemies of our constitutional government have within recent
+years met with stupendous success in persuading the credulous to rely on
+their extravagant promises and to look forward to the golden era of
+Socialism with the same bright hopes that little children do to the
+candies and toys in kidnappers' homes.
+
+If it be asked why the conspirators against our country, religion,
+family and everything dear to us are so successful in their efforts to
+undermine the foundations of a grand and glorious nation like our own,
+the answer is that their astounding progress is due, first, to an
+exceptional zeal in the propagation of their doctrines, and, secondly,
+to the deceptive and specious arguments used for gaining recruits.
+
+The extraordinary activity that has secured for the Socialists of the
+United States by far the greater part of a million votes in several
+presidential elections, and the acceptance of their revolutionary
+doctrines by a much larger number of radicals, who for one reason or
+another do not vote the Marxian ticket, is manifested under many
+different aspects.
+
+The Socialist Party of the United States in the early part of 1919
+contained a little more than 100,000 dues-paying members, enrolled in
+approximately 7,000 locals and branches. The members of these locals and
+branches frequently meet to devise means for spreading the doctrines of
+Karl Marx and for overthrowing the government of our country. It is
+almost needless to add that their zeal would do great credit to men
+engaged in a truly noble cause. The American people would be astounded
+at their activity, should they carefully read, from the first to the
+last page, a single copy of one of the foremost Socialist papers such as
+the "New York Call." Socialists are working by the tens of thousands
+every day, from January 1st to December 31st, endeavoring to undermine
+our government. They have been doing this for years, and only recently
+have the American people begun to wake up. Waking up, however, will not
+suffice. We must act, act quickly and vigorously, before it is too late
+and before the forces of destruction become too numerous to control.
+
+Supplementing the indoor work of the locals and branches, one cannot but
+notice the so-called soap-box orators, found on the street corners of
+nearly every city of importance in the country. The specialty of these
+men is to preach class hatred and arouse dissatisfaction in their
+audiences with the present system of government and industry, and after
+this to assert, but never to prove, that Socialism is the sole remedy
+for the evils of our time.
+
+It will be well to remember that the revolutionary Socialist Party, even
+as far back as 1913, published in the United States some 200 or more
+papers and periodicals in English, German, Bohemian, Polish, Jewish,
+Slovac, Slavonic, Danish, Italian, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Lettish,
+Norwegian, Croatian, Russian and Swedish. Attorney General Palmer made
+the number over 400 in 1919. Among the papers are two important dailies
+in English, "The Call" of New York City and the "Milwaukee Leader," two
+dailies[22] in German, two in Bohemian, one in Polish, and one in
+Yiddish, the "Forward," which in the spring of 1919 had a circulation of
+about 150,000. The "Appeal to Reason" was once the greatest Socialist
+weekly in the country having had, in the fall of 1912, a circulation of
+nearly a million copies. About the latter part of 1917 it became
+lukewarm in upholding Socialist anti-war principles. As a consequence it
+lost most of its circulation, and in March, 1920, was still looked upon
+contemptuously by most members of the Socialist Party.
+
+By the vivid pictures which the revolutionary papers and periodicals
+draw of the abuses, corruptions and wrongs of our age, they succeed in
+blinding many American citizens to such an extent that the latter do not
+realize that they have been caught in the snares of a deceitful and
+dangerous enemy. Like the soap-box orators, these publications, besides
+criticising real present-day abuses, frequently lie and exaggerate, and
+either assert that in the Marxian state man would enjoy the choicest
+blessings under heaven, or else arrive at this same conclusion by
+arguing from false and unproven assertions as premises. The Socialist
+papers and periodicals, notwithstanding their beautifully painted
+pictures of the visionary state, should in no way incline us towards
+enlisting under the red flag. For to say nothing of their lies and
+exaggerations, neither their criticisms of actual present-day wrongs,
+their unproven assertions of the benefits of Socialism, nor their
+conclusions drawn from false and unfounded premises, show in any wise
+that the Marxian state would remedy existing evils and be a source of
+blessings to our people. Indeed, it would be just as foolish for us to
+trust in these revolutionary publications as it would be to confide in
+quacks who should ask us to purchase their so-called remedies merely
+because they had pointed out the harmful effects of a few drugs sold by
+a certain apothecary, or because they had claimed excellent healing
+properties for their own potions.
+
+Not only do the Marxians exert great influence through the papers which
+they publish, but they help their cause to a great extent by articles
+published in non-Socialist papers and magazines of the United States.
+
+Another way in which they have distinguished themselves for their
+activity is by the immense number of books, novels and pamphlets they
+have written, large numbers of which are in circulation throughout our
+country and are rapidly undermining the very foundations of our National
+Government. As these works are found in abundance and are available to
+all classes of persons in public libraries, our country's library system
+is supplying its enemies with well-stocked arsenals wherein weapons are
+kept for the use of those who will one day join the ranks of these
+national conspirators.
+
+The leaflet campaign of the Socialists has long since reached alarming
+proportions. To show what progress has been made by the arch enemies of
+our country, two quotations are hereby presented to the reader. The
+first is a letter which appeared in "The Call," New York, March 31,
+1919, and reads as follows:
+
+     "Editor of 'The Call':
+
+     "We are living in the days of big events. The revolution in Russia
+     has taught us some things that we ought to follow. One of them is
+     the distribution of literature. In the past we have been climbing
+     up four or five flights of stairs, standing on the street corners
+     handing out leaflets, wearing out our strength and patience. I took
+     a leaf out of the way the thing is done in Germany at present. All
+     over the city there are any number of large window sills, at the
+     top or very near the exits of the subway and elevated stations, the
+     window sills of large stores. These window sills will hold a large
+     amount of literature. Comrades going to work in the morning could
+     very easily place the leaflets on them; it would take only a few
+     seconds, the workers coming after them will pick them up. There is
+     also, in the downtown districts, quite a few empty newsstands that
+     are not used in the morning. These newsstands are generally at the
+     very mouth of the subway stations. Then there are a number of
+     benches in and on the stations that can be used. Our overcoat
+     pockets will easily hold 100 or 200 pieces of literature. The time
+     it takes to transfer the literature from our pockets to the window
+     sills, newsstand or bench is about two seconds. I have been on the
+     job for the last three weeks and the results have been astonishing.
+     What are not picked up by the workers are in a few hours read by a
+     large number of those out of work. We have got to come to it in the
+     very near future. The halls are closed to us; let's get busy.
+
+     "Very cold, windy and rainy mornings are not very good ones. The
+     one big drawback is to get some Comrade to write the leaflets. The
+     leaflet I have used is one taken from 'The Call,' issued by local
+     Kings, entitled 'Hell in Russia.' The way the workers grab it does
+     your heart good.
+
+     "Yours for the education of the workers,
+
+     "Andrew B. DeMilt.
+
+     "P. S.--The above-named places are also good for that 'Call' you
+     have laying around the house."
+
+In the April 24, 1919, edition of "The Call," under the caption,
+"Official Socialist News," and the subheading, "Queens" (County, New
+York), we read:
+
+     "100 Socialists Wanted
+
+     "One hundred are required tonight to aid in distributing Socialist
+     literature throughout the Ridgewood section. Those who are able and
+     willing to help should call this evening at the Queens County Labor
+     Lyceum, Myrtle and Cypress Avenues."
+
+The number of revolutionary books, pamphlets and papers on the market is
+really astounding, and all out of proportion to the number of
+Socialists, Communists and I. W. W.'s who could possibly support them.
+Money for their publication must be forthcoming from other interested
+parties of considerable means. In fact, Deputy State Attorney General
+Samuel A. Berger, in a statement published in the "New York Times" on
+October 18, 1919, declared that rich radicals of the metropolis were the
+means of support for all but two of the forty or fifty extremely radical
+publications which reach 3,000,000 readers from New York City as a
+center. The same public official added that he did not have the
+authority to make known the names of the well-to-do men and women
+engaged thus in financing the plot to overthrow our National
+Government.
+
+Not only are the Reds rapidly undermining our institutions by means of
+literature, but also through the forces of organized labor. Enough has
+already been said in a previous chapter relative to the I. W. W. itself;
+but it will not be out of place to comment on the revolutionary
+influence which the I. W. W. and many Socialist labor leaders as, for
+example, Maurer of Pennsylvania, are bringing to bear upon the American
+Federation of Labor.
+
+The members of the I. W. W., as well as the Socialists and Communists
+throughout the country, have all along made every endeavor to fan the
+flames of class hatred between rich and poor, the employer and employee.
+They have, moreover, left nothing undone to promote discontent and
+strikes on as large a scale as possible with a view to finally ruining
+our present system of industry and the Government itself. Read any of
+the radical papers and you will be convinced that the "Red" rebels now
+place the greatest hopes for their rise to power in the strikes they are
+fomenting wherever and whenever an opportunity is offered.
+
+The Marxian leaders realize that the high cost of living is constantly
+gaining recruits for their cause, and that the greater the number of
+strikes and the greater the number of persons involved, the longer it
+will take to reduce the cost of the necessaries of life. They know that
+if the working class secures a six-hour day, a five-day week and, in
+addition, an immense increase in wages, production will fall far short
+of the demand, the cost of living will go up by leaps and bounds, and
+business men will be ruined. Workingmen will then lose their positions
+and discontent will be far more prevalent than ever. Again, if laboring
+men can only be made to break their wage contracts soon after every
+victorious strike, the industries of the whole country will soon be
+"topsy-turvy."
+
+What will bring on strikes more readily than to teach rebellion against
+all conservative labor leaders who would oppose uncalled-for walk-outs?
+It is much easier to get men to strike by having labor agitators
+harangue and deceive them, than it would be to have the workingmen
+quietly discuss both sides of the question honestly and fairly and then
+vote pro or con.
+
+Sympathetic strikes are well calculated to bring on a general strike,
+which might easily lead to the rebellion that the Reds so much desire.
+Strikes very often induce the action of courts against the workers
+involved and frequently demand the use of police and the calling out of
+troops, and thus the rebel "Reds" obtain other arguments, sound or
+otherwise, to win more of the working-class to their diabolical cause.
+If the Socialist strike leaders are imprisoned, justly or not,
+Socialists do not fail to start nation-wide agitations for amnesty.
+Strikes, therefore, excessive demands, the breaking of wage contracts,
+revolts against conservative labor leaders, and impassioned
+class-conscious strike agitators are among the leading assets of the
+Marxian rebels for starting a bloody rebellion.
+
+Many of the laboring class, especially newly arrived immigrants, cannot
+see the ultimate aim of the radical leaders and never dream of the
+terrible times that will soon overwhelm them if the cost of living
+continues to rise, business is ruined, and a terrible rebellion drenches
+our fair land with rivers of blood, leaving in its trail anarchy, crime
+and evils without end. Of what use are higher wages won by strikes, if
+the cost of living ascends still more rapidly? Of what use are higher
+wages for a short time if all industries and our Government with them
+are to be ruined through continual strikes and unreasonable demands
+suggested and agitated by men who have never yet given a single proof
+that their Socialistic scheme would not fall a prey to anarchy and war?
+The Reds, no matter of what type they are, have never proven that their
+state would be a success, or that it would not have a million times as
+many defects as our present system. Their empty assertions prove nothing
+but the empty-mindedness and ignorance of their illogical rank and file.
+
+Yes, Socialist, Communist and I. W. W. influence is making itself felt
+even in the American Federation of Labor. During 1919 many an
+unauthorized strike took place against the will of the lawful labor
+leaders. The printers' strike and longshoremen's strikes in New York
+City are examples. "Red" labor leaders and revolutionary propaganda
+ruined the cause of the steel strikers.
+
+The American Federation of Labor cannot afford to harbor Socialists and
+members of the I. W. W. It is doomed to shipwreck if it does not rid
+itself of Marxian agitators. The vast majority of the American people
+will not tolerate a revolutionary American Federation of Labor any more
+than they will tolerate a revolutionary I. W. W. If the principles of
+the American Federation of Labor become radical like those of the I. W.
+W., the Socialists, Communists and the Bolsheviki, the name "American"
+and past conservatism will never save our greatest labor organization
+from ruin. The greater part of the country is rapidly lining up against
+unreasonable demands made in the name of organized labor, millions of
+farmers taking the lead. Extreme advantages to city workingmen would
+spell ruin to the farmers. Millions of others of the middle class in our
+cities will also soon unite with the farmers, for they are getting tired
+of the endless and costly series of unreasonable strikes.
+
+The Socialists and agents of the I. W. W. have for years been "boring
+from within" the A. F. of L. In other words, these Marxians, though
+members of the A. F. of L., are undermining its conservatism,
+discrediting and seeking to displace its less radical leaders, changing
+its policy of co-operation between capital and labor into one of class
+hatred between employee and employer, and attempting to reorganize it
+along industrial lines, rather than along those of the various craft
+divisions of each industry, with a view to making strikes more
+widespread and dangerous for our Government. In a word, they are seeking
+to turn the A. F. of L. into a second I. W. W., destined to join forces
+with Haywood's discredited industrial union of rebels.
+
+William Z. Foster, national leader of the steel strikers in the fall of
+1919, affords us an example of an I. W. W. agent "boring from within"
+the A. F. of L.
+
+Mr. Carl W. Ackerman informs us in the "Boston Evening Transcript,"
+September 24, 1919, that the first appearance of Foster as a radical was
+in 1910, when, as a reporter for the "Seattle Call," a Socialist paper
+at that time, he was sent along the Pacific Coast to report a number of
+so-called free speech fights. "From this," continues Mr. Ackerman, "he
+appears to have developed into a general agitator. As a result of his
+tour of the west he joined the I. W. W. and in this capacity he began to
+advocate sabotage....
+
+     "In 1911, while a member of the I. W. W., Foster went to Europe and
+     visited France, Germany and Hungary as a correspondent of
+     'Solidarity,' the official organ of the I. W. W. in America, at
+     that time published at New Castle, Pa. He wrote many articles for
+     this publication, some of them signed, 'Yours for the I. W. W., W.
+     Z. Foster,' and others, 'Yours for the revolution, W. Z. Foster.'"
+
+In a letter written by Foster in 1911 and on file in the office of the
+United States District Attorney in Chicago, Foster said:
+
+     "I am satisfied from my observation that the only way for an I. W.
+     W. to have the workers adopt and practice the principles of
+     revolutionary unionism, which I take it is its mission, is to give
+     up the attempt to create a new labor movement, turn itself into a
+     propaganda league, get into the organized labor movement, and by
+     building up better fighting machinery within the old unions than
+     these possessed by our reactionary enemies, revolutionize these
+     unions, even as our French syndicalist fellow-workers have so
+     successfully done."
+
+This letter, showing Foster's plan of "boring from within" the A. F. of
+L., was signed, "Yours for the revolution."
+
+As late as 1915 Foster brought out a book entitled, "Trade Unionism, the
+Road to Freedom." Several excerpts taken from the sixth chapter show the
+true frame of mind of this leader, who has recently gained such a
+following in the A. F. of L.:
+
+     "Under the new order as pictured above, government, such as we know
+     it, would gradually disappear. In an era of science and justice
+     this makeshift institution, having lost its usefulness, would
+     shrivel and die....
+
+     "Criminal courts, police, jails and the like would go also. Crime
+     is due almost wholly to poverty. In a reign of plenty for all, it
+     would practically disappear.... People would no longer have to
+     wrangle over property rights. The industries now in the hands of
+     national, state and municipal governments would be given over
+     completely into the care of the workers engaged in them.... With
+     war, crime, class antagonisms and property squabbles obliterated,
+     and the management of industry taken from its care, little or no
+     excuse would exist for government."
+
+The November 8, 1919, report of the Senate Committee on Education and
+Labor, in its investigation of the nation-wide steel strike, commented
+as follows on Foster:
+
+     "Such men are dangerous to the country and they are dangerous to
+     the cause of union labor. It is unfair to men who may be struggling
+     for their rights to be represented by such leaders. It prevents
+     them from securing proper hearing for their cause. If Mr. Foster
+     has the real interest of the laboring man at heart he should remove
+     himself from any leadership. His leadership injures instead of
+     helping. If he will not remove himself from leadership the American
+     Federation of Labor should purge itself of such leadership in order
+     to sustain the confidence which the country has had in it under the
+     leadership of Mr. Gompers."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+ENLISTING RECRUITS FOR THE CONSPIRACY
+
+
+
+The success or failure of the Marxian movement will, to a great extent,
+depend upon the ability of the revolutionists to gain control of the
+schools, colleges and universities of the United States. That they have
+been long active in spreading their pernicious doctrines among the young
+is evident to all who are closely in touch with Socialist activities.
+
+In our country there exist what are known as Socialist Sunday schools.
+The revolutionists themselves tell us that the aim and purpose of these
+schools is the destructive work of tearing down old superstitious ideas
+of territorial patriotism, and that such schools should be founded in as
+many places as possible, to counteract the influences of churches,
+synagogues and public schools.
+
+Page 68 of the "Proceedings of the 1910 National Congress of the
+Socialist Party," clearly indicates the exceptional importance which
+Marxians attach to their training of the young:
+
+     "Among the special fields of Socialistic propaganda the education
+     of our boys and girls to an understanding of the Socialist
+     philosophy is one of the most important. The ultimate battles of
+     Socialism will largely be fought by the growing generation, and we
+     must begin early to train the latter for its part. The Socialists
+     of Europe have long appreciated the importance of the task, and in
+     almost every country they have built up a strong organization of
+     young people. The Socialists of America are just beginning to turn
+     their attention to the problem....
+
+     "The teaching of infants is a task which requires a good deal of
+     professional training, and no Socialist 'Sunday schools' for very
+     young children should be established where we do not have
+     experienced and reliable teachers to conduct them....
+
+     "It is quite otherwise with children of the maturer age of, say,
+     fourteen years and upward. Young people of that age normally
+     possess sufficient strength of mind to grasp the main philosophy
+     and aims of our movement intelligently, and their training into the
+     Socialist mode of thought and action cannot be conducted with too
+     much zeal and energy. Young people's clubs, societies for the
+     study of Socialism should be formed all over the country as regular
+     adjuncts to our party organization, and very serious consideration
+     should be given to them by the adult Socialists. But they should
+     remain primarily study clubs, and should not be encouraged to
+     engage in practical political activity, which can do but little
+     good to our movement, and may tend to arrest the intelligent growth
+     of the youthful enthusiasts. When they will reach a maturer age
+     they will be better and more efficient workers in the movement for
+     having made a more thorough study of its theory and methods."
+
+"The Call," New York, March 30, 1913, commenting on teaching Socialism
+to the young, adds: "Up to the present time only men vote in most of the
+states, and they do not use the ballot until they are 21 years of age.
+It stands to reason that for the intelligent use of the ballot there
+must be proper preparation and education. We cannot expect people to
+vote right unless they are trained right....
+
+     "If you want or expect men and women to be good and intelligent
+     voters at the age of 21, then something most vital must be done
+     with them before they reach that age. From 5 to 21, that's a long
+     road. That's the impressionable period. That's the time at which
+     the people are prepared to become good Socialists or good opponents
+     of Socialism. And the latter quite as readily as the former....
+
+     "Catch them young! That's it. But how? In lots of ways. Get them
+     coming our way. Let them lose their fear of us. Have them come to a
+     dance and find out that we are human. It surprises them sometimes.
+     When they realize that, they are partly won.
+
+     "Educating the young to Socialism is a matter of 'indirect' action
+     rather than 'direct' action. It would be the height of folly to try
+     to cram Karl Marx down these new young throats. That will come in
+     time. Start them on something easier, something less drastic. Sugar
+     coat your bitter pills a little."
+
+It is possible, in conformity with this last suggestion, that after the
+parade of Socialist children of New York City, on May Day, 1913, they
+were to be treated, as we are informed in "The Call" on the same day, to
+a feast of ice cream and cake and a series of thrilling moving pictures
+of the struggles between the police and the strikers at Lawrence and
+Little Falls.
+
+With this short diversion, we shall return to the article in "The Call"
+of March 30, 1913, which goes on to say that "the young people should
+be gradually educated to rebellion and revolution. Songs will help.
+Plays will help. Casual talk here and there will aid. It must soak in.
+You can't flood them with stuff in two days. Rebels that are made in two
+days may stick in a crisis, but I don't believe they will."
+
+It certainly is interesting to read "Lesson 24," taken from the
+"Socialist Primer," a little book which a man named Klein has prepared
+for the use of children attending the Socialist Sunday schools:
+
+     "Here is a man with a gun; he is in the troop. You see he has a
+     nice suit on. Does he work? No, the man with the gun does no work.
+     His work is to shoot men who do work. Is it nice to shoot men?
+     Would you like to shoot a man? This man eats, drinks, wears
+     clothes, but does no work. Do you think that is nice? Yes, this is
+     nice for the fat man, but bad for the thin; so he owns the man with
+     the gun. When the thin man will have the law on his side, there
+     will be no more men with guns. Who makes the gun? The man who
+     works. Who makes the nice suit? The man who works. Who gets shot
+     with the gun? The man who works. Who gets the bad clothes? The man
+     who works. Is this right? No, this is wrong!"
+
+In "The Call," New York, April 17, 1919, there appeared the following
+advertisement of a coming entertainment to be given by a Socialist
+Sunday school of the Brownsville section of Brooklyn:
+
+     "Sunday School Gives Concert in Brownsville
+
+     "The annual entertainment and concert of the Brownsville Socialist
+     Sunday school will take place tomorrow evening at the Brownsville
+     Labor Lyceum. The capitalist press has lately discovered that there
+     are Socialist Sunday schools in the city. They even send their
+     reporters to discover what awful things Socialist children are
+     taught there. The American Defence Society has just undertaken a
+     vigorous nation-wide fight against Bolshevism in general and
+     Socialist Sunday schools in particular. All school children and the
+     parochial schools are to be enlisted in this glorious work. The
+     Protestant churches, not to be outdone, are also organizing to save
+     the children from Socialism. The growth of the Socialist schools is
+     throwing fear into the hearts of the capitalists. Brownsville
+     parents can do no better than to help make this school, now one of
+     the largest in the country, even better and stronger than it is. A
+     splendid musical program has been arranged and, in addition, the
+     children will sing, dance and recite. Tickets may be bought at the
+     Lyceum."
+
+Every parent will understand the subtle, insidious poison of rebellion
+against parental authority and guidance instilled into young minds by
+such items as the following, from the "New York Call" of July 16, 1919:
+
+     "Independence is one of the finest qualities of youth. In an
+     inspiring postal card to her mother (copies of which might well be
+     put into the hands of young children everywhere), Hilda Stydocker,
+     14, of 3 Washington Avenue, West Orange, states that she is going
+     to 'earn her own living and take care of herself.' Previously
+     gossip had been circulated to the effect that Hilda had been
+     kidnapped."
+
+In a previous issue of "The Call," April 4, 1919, part of a speech given
+by H. B. Shaen, president of the Brooklyn Sunday School Union, is
+quoted:
+
+     "It is a question of great moment," President Shaen said yesterday.
+     "It must be dealt with drastically, effectively and immediately.
+     Bolshevism is a greater menace than we like to believe. The
+     proposed establishment of 3,000 so-called Socialist schools in this
+     city will be a blow at religion, at government, at decency. It
+     might be a fatal error to underestimate the pernicious influence of
+     this organization that seeks to sow disquieting seeds by deceiving
+     young America with false beliefs."
+
+Mr. Woodworth Clum, of the Greater Iowa Association, in volume 4, number
+1, of "The Iowa Magazine," gives the following shocking account of
+Socialistic propaganda among school children carried on in the northwest
+by Townley's Non-Partisan League:
+
+     "The Non-Partisan League, under direction of Townley and Le Seur,
+     has taken possession of the schools of North Dakota--and may get
+     control of the schools of Minnesota.... Radical doctrines are
+     becoming part of the regular curricula. I have a statement from O.
+     B. Burtness, representative in the North Dakota Legislature from
+     Grand Forks. Here it is:
+
+     "'The board of administration has placed in charge of the state
+     library, to select the reading for our schools, C. E. Strangeland.
+     He is telling our school children what to read. I found in our
+     state library, the other day, a bundle of books, all ready to be
+     sent to one of our country schools--a circulating library. If the
+     farmers of North Dakota could have seen what I saw, they would
+     have come to Bismarck and cleaned out the whole Socialist gang.
+     Here are the titles of some of those books I saw:
+
+     "'"Socialism and Modern Science," Ferri.
+
+     "'"Evolution and Property," La Farge.
+
+     "'"Not Guilty," Blatchford.
+
+     "'"Love and Marriage," Ellen Key.
+
+     "'"Love and Ethics," Ellen Key.
+
+     "'"The Bolshevik and World Peace," Leon Trotzky.
+
+     "'"The History of the Supreme Court," Meyers.
+
+     "'"The Profits of Religion," Sinclair.
+
+     "'"Anarchism and Socialism," Harris.'
+
+     "Ellen Key is a pronounced advocate of free-love and the
+     dissolution of marriage."
+
+In high schools, especially those of New York City, many teachers have
+been using every opportunity for advocating Socialism and other radical
+doctrines in the classroom and out of it. Students, in order to win
+favor with some of these teachers, at times show zeal for Socialistic
+tenets both in oral and written composition. Quite a number of the
+teachers are Socialists themselves, have become known as such throughout
+the schools and use their influence to win over others. Many books given
+by these teachers for outside reading are by Socialist or radical
+authors.
+
+On the editorial page of "The New York Times," April 9, 1919, there is
+an article against the "Teachers' Union," a Socialist and radical
+organization of many of the teachers of New York City. Under the title,
+"Forbidden to Preach Sedition," we read:
+
+     "There will be, presumably, much excited denunciation of the Board
+     of Education for closing the public schools to meetings of the
+     Teachers' Union. The familiar complaints about infringing the right
+     of free speech will be heard, and--well, the complaints will be as
+     ill-based as they usually are.
+
+     "In the first place, while speech is free in this country, it is
+     not, any more than it is or can be, anywhere, free to the extent
+     that anybody is free to say anything at any time and any place.
+     Restrictions of several kinds there are and must be, including
+     those by which decency and the safety of our institutions are
+     protected. On the other hand, the members of the Teachers' Union
+     have not been reduced--as yet--to silence. They have simply been
+     told that they cannot use the city's property in the campaign which
+     they have undertaken against an important branch of the City
+     Government. They are still privileged to hire as many halls as they
+     please in which to accuse the Board of Education of tyranny, and
+     to protest against the enforcement of discipline against teachers
+     with a leaning toward Bolshevism, and a tendency to mingle
+     Socialistic and pro-German propaganda with instruction in the three
+     R's.
+
+     "In this instance, as in so many others, the use of schoolhouses
+     for meetings of adults with opinions to express and doctrines to
+     preach has resulted unhappily. The adults who gather seem always,
+     or almost always, to be, not average, well-disposed citizens, but a
+     more or less incendiary minority who want to change things--and to
+     change them a lot and very quickly. That aspiration is not wholly
+     indefensible, for a good many things would be the better for
+     changing, but real light and leading have not often been found on
+     top at meetings in schoolhouses, and experience has proved that the
+     Teachers' Union has neither to offer."
+
+The following is from the "New York World" of November 20, 1919:
+
+     "Fifteen teachers in city schools will appear before Deputy
+     Attorney General Berger tomorrow afternoon to be questioned to
+     determine if they are dangerous radicals. Examination of the
+     records of the Communist Party seized in recent raids has resulted
+     in evidence indicating that each of the teachers is a member of
+     that organization....
+
+     "Superintendent of Schools Ettinger revoked the license, yesterday,
+     of Sonia Ginsberg, a teacher in School No. 170 in Brooklyn, who
+     admitted she would like to see the United States Government
+     displaced by one similar to the Bolshevist regime in Russia. Miss
+     Ginsberg, born in Russia, was naturalized as a citizen last June."
+
+For many years the Intercollegiate Socialist Society has been winning
+college and university students to the doctrines of the Social
+Revolution through the medium of the various branches that it
+establishes in such institutions. The Intercollegiate Socialist Society
+sometime ago had, in the different colleges and universities of our
+country, between 60 and 70 chapters, or Socialist local societies, with
+Socialist libraries, and lecturers in frequent attendance. Every year
+chapter-delegates are sent to an intercollegiate convention from nearly
+all the important American universities, including Harvard, Yale,
+Princeton, Columbia, Barnard, Amherst, Brown, Pennsylvania, Michigan,
+Wisconsin, Kansas, Missouri, and Chicago. Even Vassar, which had 86
+members in the first year in which the Intercollegiate was organized, is
+included in the long list. Harry W. Laidler, organizer of the Socialist
+chapters and secretary of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society, claims
+that all the universities now throw open their large assembly rooms for
+addresses by the visiting lecturers, give quarters in the college
+buildings to the Socialist chapters, and permit the use of the college
+publications in the dissemination of propagandist literature, if it is
+written by bona fide students.
+
+We shall reproduce a letter which shows what is going on in our colleges
+and universities. The identification of the writer, person addressed,
+and others mentioned in the letter, is made on the authority of Mr.
+Woodworth Clum, of the Greater Iowa Association, Davenport, Iowa.
+
+The letter was written July 29, 1919, by Arthur W. Calhoun, then
+instructor in sociology and political economy at Ohio State University,
+Columbus, Ohio. It was written to Professor Zeuch, then instructor at
+the University of Minnesota, now an instructor at Cornell University.
+"Gras," mentioned in the letter, is Professor N. S. B. Gras, a member of
+the Faculty of the University of Minnesota. The letter also mentions E.
+C. Hayes, who is professor of sociology at the University of Illinois,
+President Grose of DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana, and E. A.
+Ross, professor of sociology at the University of Wisconsin and Advisory
+Editor of the American Journal of Sociology. The "Beals" mentioned in
+the letter, says Mr. Clum, "was formerly a university professor and old
+friend of Calhoun's. He is now openly advocating Bolshevism." Toward the
+end of the letter, Calhoun says: "Greencastle is too small to do much
+with the co-op." This "co-op" is the Tri-State Co-operative Society of
+Pittsburg, and, says Mr. Clum, "the society's business is the production
+and distribution of vicious 'red' propaganda." Calhoun is or was one of
+its directors.
+
+The letter, copied from a fac-simile of the original in volume 4, number
+1, of "The Iowa Magazine," Davenport, Iowa, is as follows:
+
+     "55 E. Norwich Av., Columbus, O., _July 29._
+
+     "Dear Zeuch:--
+
+     "I think I accept all you say about the condition of the
+     proletariat and the impossibility of the immediate revolution. But
+     I am less interested in the verbiage of the Left Wing than in the
+     idea of keeping ultimates everlastingly in the center of attention
+     to the exclusion of mere puttering reforms. One of the things that
+     will hasten the revolution is to spread the notion that it _can_
+     come soon. If the Left Wing adopts impossibilist methods of
+     campaign, I shall stand aloof, but if they push for Confiscation,
+     Equality of Economic Status, and the speedy elimination of class
+     privilege, and keep their heads, I shall go with them rather than
+     the yellows.
+
+     "If Gras is doing what he says and I am doing what he says, he is
+     right in saying that he is doing the better job. I wonder, however,
+     how many of his students draw the 'necessary' conclusions: and I
+     wonder whether I do all my students' thinking for them.
+
+     "Ellery is feeling at Columbus and also at Illinois. I had a letter
+     from Hayes about him.
+
+     "I have accepted the professorship of Sociology at De Pauw
+     University. The job pays $2200 this year with assurance of $2400 if
+     I stay a second year. The president has been here three times and
+     had long interviews with me. Besides we have written a lot. I told
+     him I belong to the radical Socialists. I expounded my general
+     principles on all important points. He knows also of the
+     circumstances of my leaving Clark and Kentucky. He says he is in
+     substantial agreement with most of what I have said and that he
+     sees no reason why I can not get along at De Pauw. He says he feels
+     confident it will be a permanency. Ross had some hand in the game.
+     Pres. Grose interviewed him at Madison last week and Ross wrote
+     encouraging me to take the place. I did not make any great effort.
+     Grose knew that I did not care much one way or the other. He took
+     the initiative almost from the start and I sat back and waited. I'm
+     afraid Greencastle is too small to do much with the co-op.
+     Population 4000, 30 miles north of Bloomington. 800 students,
+     mostly in college, a few in School of Music, a few graduate
+     students. Hudson is prof. of Ec. there.
+
+     "Beals was here last week. He is pushing the 'Nation.' Says the
+     circulation has quadrupled since they became Bolshevist.
+
+     "As ever,
+
+     "AWC"
+
+The Rand School, in New York City, is known as the University of
+Socialism and is said to have had 5,000 attending its lectures in the
+year 1918. The purpose of the school, as originally conceived, and as
+adhered to throughout, is twofold, first, to offer to the general public
+facilities for the study of Socialism and related subjects. This is done
+by its reference library and reading-room and by its large book store,
+in which are sold not only Socialist books, but books on atheism as
+well; not only the more conservative Socialist papers, but ultra
+revolutionary papers such as "The Revolutionary Age," "The Proletarian,"
+many Bolshevist publications, and "The Rebel Worker" and "The New
+Solidarity," the latter two being I. W. W. papers.
+
+The last time the author of "The Red Conspiracy" visited the Rand School
+book store, there was on sale a pile of Birth Control Reviews several
+feet high, "The One Big Union Monthly," the I. W. W. organ, and enough
+foul and revolutionary matter to satisfy the filthiest or most
+blood-thirsty wretch in the United States.
+
+The second purpose of the Rand School is to offer to Socialists such
+instruction and training as may make them more efficient workers for the
+Socialist movement. This is done by means of lectures, some 5,000
+students attending, on an average, 20 lectures each in the year 1918.
+The school also directs extension classes in outlying parts of the city
+and neighboring places and correspondence courses for study classes and
+individual students in all parts of the country. It conducts a bureau to
+provide lectures on Socialism for clubs, trade unions, forums and other
+organizations not otherwise connected with the school. For years this
+school, which was raided under the direction of the Lusk Committee, has
+been sowing the seeds of class hatred and class discrimination, now
+everywhere springing up round about us. The laws have been too tolerant,
+and it has been permitted to go on without interference far too long. In
+referring to documents seized in the raids in the summer of 1919, Deputy
+Attorney General Conklin said that the papers "are so carefully and
+cleverly phrased" that no single sentence can be picked out as in
+violation of the law. "Yet," he adds, "taken as a whole, the documents
+are seditious, in my opinion." They were made a matter of record,
+awaiting the disposition of the District Attorney of New York.
+
+These facts speak for themselves. It scarcely need be said that unless
+this propaganda is checked, the power and strength of the Socialist
+Party will soon assume tremendous proportions, imperilling the existence
+of our nation.
+
+Another field of work to which the enemies of our country have been
+devoting special attention is the propagation of revolutionary doctrines
+among the non-English speaking residents of the United States. Page 69
+of the "Proceedings of the 1910 National Congress of the Socialist
+Party" informs us that "the American people are, after all, a nation of
+immigrants. We count our Americanism by a very few generations, and the
+foreign population has always played an important part in the industrial
+and political life of the country. At this time there are over ten
+million foreign born persons in the United States. Most of them are
+workers, and most of them still speak, write and read in their native
+tongues.
+
+     "The powers of capital, through their political and so-called
+     educational agencies, and often with the aid of the churches, are
+     constantly at work prejudicing them against Socialism and arraying
+     them against organized labor.
+
+     "The Socialists must make energetic efforts to counteract these
+     baneful influences and to reach the foreign workers with their
+     propaganda.
+
+     "The Socialist Party has branch organizations among all, or almost
+     all, of these nationalities, and a few of these organizations have
+     reached a high degree of strength and a large measure of influence
+     among the people of their nationalities....
+
+     "These organizations work under conditions different from those of
+     the party as a whole. In each case they deal with a special type of
+     persons, of a psychology and of economic conditions peculiarly
+     their own, and they are the most competent judges of the methods of
+     propaganda best suitable to their own countrymen. The party should
+     allow such non-English speaking organizations the greatest freedom
+     of action, and should assist them in every way in their special
+     work of Socialist propaganda."
+
+It may interest the reader to learn that the Socialist Party is so much
+concerned with its propaganda among foreigners, that in its 1913 May Day
+parade in New York City pink leaflets headed "WOMEN, BECOME CITIZENS,"
+were distributed. They read:
+
+     "If you hope to be a voter, remember that you must be a citizen!
+     Don't delay! Come to the NATURALIZATION BUREAU of the SOCIALIST
+     PARTY next Tuesday evening, and let us help you to become
+     naturalized." It was, of course, an understood fact that the
+     Socialist Party would, besides helping such women to become
+     naturalized, also help them to become Revolutionists.
+
+On May 18, 1912, May Wood-Simons reported to the National Convention of
+the Socialist Party the recommendations of the Woman's National
+Committee, urging the carrying of the propaganda of Socialism to the
+housewife, the woman on the farm, to teachers, foreign speaking women
+and women in industry. ("The Call," New York, May 19, 1912.)
+
+Though the zeal of the national foe in its propaganda of revolutionary
+principles is manifested in many other ways, only a few more
+illustrations will be given. Many thousands of copies of the "Appeal to
+Reason," when it was the foremost American Socialist paper, found their
+way into the camps and upon the battleships of our country.
+
+At the Socialist National Convention of 1912, held in Indianapolis,
+Delegate Kate Sadler pointed out how Socialist locals had been organized
+on various battleships in the navy and how she was accustomed to hold
+meetings on Sunday afternoons on the men-of-war at the navy yard,
+Bremerton, Washington. "We'll get the boys organized into the Socialist
+Party," she declared, and the Socialist Convention voted to adopt the
+resolution. ("The Call," New York, May 17, 1912.)
+
+During recent years no one who has carefully read the public press could
+have failed to notice that the Socialists have been carrying on an
+active campaign of lies and deceptions in the form of letters which they
+have sent to the editors of the daily papers, with the request that the
+same be published for the enlightenment of the public regarding the
+general excellency of the Socialist movement.
+
+In "The Call," New York, March 23, 1913, it is said that "the man or
+woman who can convey the message of Socialism through speaking is
+fortunate, and when it can be done through speaking and writing, the
+Comrade is doubly lucky. But Ryan Walker can do it through speaking and
+writing and the cartoon that makes you laugh or makes you mad.... The
+cartoons that Walker has been putting over in 'The Call,' 'The Coming
+Nation' and the 'Appeal to Reason' have been copied in Socialist papers
+all over the world, in England, Scotland, Germany, Australia, and they
+are doing their work in these countries the same as they do it here. The
+Socialist cartoonists have been accomplishing some of the biggest
+propaganda work that is done by any one of our active members, and while
+they are getting the laugh on capitalism, and getting the laugh on the
+fool workingman, they are arousing the worker to cast aside his
+foolishness, and at the same time cast aside the foolishness of the
+capitalist. Getting the laugh on the capitalist, showing how ridiculous
+and weak he is, is a great preliminary to getting rid of him."
+
+The Socialists are inspired with such an ardent desire for the success
+of their movement, that they have written theatrical plays and have even
+had moving picture films made, so that by representing in a most vivid
+manner the evils and abuses of our day, they may persuade the unwary
+that Socialism would mean the absence of sufferings and wrongs of every
+description.
+
+We elsewhere have called attention to I. W. W. effort to organize the
+negroes of America. The work of making rebels of the negroes is also
+carried on assiduously by the Socialist Party of America. Says "The
+National Civic Federation Review," July 30, 1919:
+
+     "Among the propaganda material found on sale by agents of the Lusk
+     Committee in the Rand School book store were copies of 'The
+     Messenger,' on the front page of which it is called, 'The Only
+     Radical Negro Magazine in America,' of which Chandler Owen and A.
+     Philip Randolph are editors....
+
+     "Both of the editors of this magazine, who are negroes, are
+     instructors at the Rand School of Social Science."
+
+In "The Open Forum" of the September, 1919, issue of "The Messenger"
+three letters are given as follows:
+
+     "Dear Comrade Owen:
+
+     "I enclose a check for $25.00 as a contribution to the organization
+     fund being raised by 'The Messenger.' I know of no more important
+     and vital work in the field of American Socialism and Labor today
+     than the effort of your group to incorporate the large masses of
+     Negro workers in the ranks of the advanced and class-conscious
+     white workers in the industrial and political fields.
+
+     "My heartiest wishes for the success of your movement.
+
+     "Sincerely and fraternally yours,
+
+     "Morris Hillquit."
+
+
+     "To the Editors of 'The Messenger':
+
+     "Dear Comrades.--The work which you are doing is vital. Your people
+     constitute more than a tenth of the total population of the United
+     States. We are all native born Americans. If there is to be
+     progress made, particularly in the great Southland, by the
+     Socialist Movement, it must be made by and through colored people.
+     Enclosed is my check for Five Dollars, for the first share of stock
+     in 'The Messenger.' With it goes my heart good wishes for the
+     success of your work.
+
+     "Yours truly,
+
+     "Scott Nearing."
+
+     "Dear Sir and Brother:
+
+     "Enclosed please find check for the amount of $100.00 in reply to
+     the appeal presented by you at the last meeting of our Board of
+     Directors for support to enable you to continue the noble work you
+     have undertaken to enlighten the colored worker in this country
+     upon his being exploited by the master class.
+
+     "We wish you success in the work you are conducting on this field
+     and you can rely upon the assurance of our organization for all
+     possible assistance in the future.
+
+     "Fraternally yours,
+
+     "P. Monat."
+
+In view of the frightful character of the very active propaganda that is
+being carried on by the enemies of our country, does it not behoove
+every loyal and patriotic American to rise in his power and wipe out the
+Red plague that is rapidly disseminating its destructive germs
+throughout the United States?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+EXPERTS IN THE ART OF DECEPTION
+
+
+
+It remains to be shown that the rapid spread of Socialism, besides being
+due to the extraordinary zeal of the Revolutionists, is largely the
+result of artful deception.
+
+The Marxians, who are fond of being called "scientific" Socialists, may
+very aptly be compared to little boys who might try to prove to their
+teacher that the solution of a certain problem in mathematics was
+correct, because that of another problem of an entirely different nature
+was wrong. Or, better still, they may be likened to an egg dealer who
+would attempt to prove to a customer that every egg in one crate was
+good, because a few in another were unfit for use. The appropriateness
+of comparing the "scientific" Socialists to the amusing youngsters, or
+to the illogical egg dealer, will be evident to the reader when he
+reflects that the revolutionists, north, south, east and west, from the
+first day of January till the last of December, condemn the present
+system of government and industry, endeavoring thereby to persuade the
+people that Socialism is the only remedy for the evils from which they
+are suffering.
+
+Most of the speeches and writings of the "Knights of the Red Flag"
+consist in severely criticising prevalent evils. By attacking the
+present system of government and industry they hope to have the
+workingmen conclude that the Socialist Party alone can save mankind from
+complete ruin. This, then, is the way in which "scientific" Socialism
+leads unreflecting laborers to believe that the contemplated state would
+be the most perfect institution under heaven, replete with countless
+blessings and free from every evil.
+
+It often happens that the revolutionists dazzle the eyes of the weary
+with the vivid pictures that they draw of intolerable civil and economic
+conditions, whether these be true, false or imaginary. The result is
+that the poor people frequently brood over the wrongs from which they
+happen to be suffering. They become so thoroughly discontented and
+blinded with class hatred that they are no longer able to see the
+advantage of reforming the present system by constitutional and lawful
+methods. Finally, when they have almost lost their reason and can no
+longer realize that the drug offered them has never been proven capable
+of remedying the evils that weigh heavily upon them, they accept and
+swallow the poisonous dose of Socialism and become a thousand times more
+wretched than they were before. The very potion they drink, with a view
+to being cured, makes them most unhappy for the rest of their lives, and
+in many cases for all eternity. If there is anything that non-Socialists
+should be on their guard against it is this base form of tactics by
+which the revolutionists have been eminently successful in gaining new
+recruits.
+
+If those whose party emblem is a flaming torch could even prove that
+everything without exception in the present system of industry is worthy
+of condemnation, and that the entire government is corrupt to its very
+core, it would no more follow from this that Socialism was the remedy
+than it would follow that the solution of one problem in mathematics
+must be correct because another solution of an entirely different nature
+was wrong, or that all the eggs in one crate must be good because there
+were some in a second crate unfit for use.
+
+It is very common for Socialists to assume that certain fundamental
+principles have been proven to be true, whereas the fact is that these
+very premises, from which they draw their conclusions, are often false
+and without the slightest foundation. An excellent illustration of this
+has already been given in preceding pages, where it was shown that the
+Socialists incorrectly assumed that there would be no poverty in their
+state, and argued from this that there would be very little
+prostitution. It is evident, therefore, that unless those who listen to
+the Marxians are on their guard and demand that the premises be proven
+the Socialists may deduce from incorrect premises conclusions which will
+make it appear that their intended state will bestow heaven's choicest
+blessings upon mankind.
+
+Though examples of deceit have already been given, the attention of the
+reader will be called to the testimony of no less an authority than
+Eugene V. Debs, who in the following article, published in the
+"International Socialist Review," Chicago, January, 1911, will be seen
+to substantiate our charge:
+
+     "The truth is that we have not a few members who regard vote
+     getting as a supreme importance, no matter by what methods the
+     votes may be secured, and this leads them to hold out inducements,
+     and make representations which are not at all compatible with the
+     stern and uncomprising principles of a revolutionary party. They
+     seek to make the Socialist propaganda so attractive--eliminating
+     whatever may give offence--to bourgeois sensibilities--that it
+     serves as a bait for votes, rather than as a means for education,
+     and votes thus secured do not properly belong to us."
+
+It is not unfrequently that we hear Socialists appealing to this or that
+plank of their party platform as proof sufficient that their
+organization favors or opposes a certain policy. An argument of this
+sort should have very little weight with careful thinking men, once
+their attention has been called to the fact that the Socialists have
+been proven guilty of a base lie by stating in their 1908 platform that
+the party is not concerned with matters of religious belief. But even if
+the revolutionists had never inserted in their platform a statement that
+was untrue, nevertheless the following facts show that their platform
+planks are very far from being reliable.
+
+The delegates of the party assembled in national convention on May 15,
+1908, by a vote of 102 to 33 passed a plank declaring for the
+_collective ownership of all the land_. ("Proceedings of 1908 National
+Convention of the Socialist Party," page 186.)
+
+It was on September 7, 1909, less than a year and four months after the
+adjournment of the convention of 1908, that the words declaring for the
+_collective ownership of all the land_ were, by a referendum, _stricken
+from the party platform_, while by another referendum it was decided to
+insert among the principles of the platform that the party was _not
+opposed to the occupation and possession of land by those using it in a
+useful and bona fide manner without exploitation_. ("Proceedings of the
+1910 National Congress of the Socialist Party," page 25.)
+
+About eight months after the adoption of this substitute plank, a bitter
+contest concerning the ownership of "all" the land took place in the
+National Congress of the party, which was held in Chicago from May 15,
+1910, till May 21, 1910. ("Proceedings of the 1910 National Congress of
+the Socialist Party," pages 220 to 235.) Thus, during the 1910 Congress,
+notwithstanding the fact that there existed at that time a plank in the
+party platform guaranteeing the possession of land to persons who would
+use it in a bona fide manner, _the representatives of the party in
+national congress assembled, being unable to decide whether or not it
+was to the best interests of the party to abide by this plank, referred
+the matter to the next convention_. ("Proceedings of 1908 National
+Convention of the Socialist Party," page 235.)
+
+Then, when the 1912 Convention met, it made another change, and declared
+for _the collective ownership of land wherever practicable_. ("The 1912
+Platform of the Socialist Party"--Cf. "The Call," May 19, 1912.) In
+addition to this, it stated that _occupancy and use shall be the sole
+title to land_. ("The 1912 Platform of the Socialist Party"--Cf. "The
+Call," May 19, 1912.)
+
+It is noteworthy that the Convention of 1908 had previously voted down
+this proposition to make occupancy and use the sole title to land, after
+the proposition had been denounced as being anarchistic, unsocialistic,
+nonsensical, foolish, and a dream ("Proceedings of 1908 National
+Convention of the Socialist Party," pages 188, 189 and 191.) One of the
+foremost opponents of the proposition was Delegate Morris Hillquit, who
+asked:
+
+     "What does the amendment mean? Occupancy and use the basis of title
+     to land. How do we know whether the co-operative commonwealth will
+     infer and arrange it in that way? Aren't we taking a long excursion
+     into the domain of the future and into the domain of speculation?
+     It may be true that the dream of the dreamer may become a reality,
+     if this dream is the dream of the nation. But we have not come here
+     to dream dreams and leave it to the future to realize them or to
+     show them to be just mere pipe dreams.... The Socialist state may
+     just as well decide on an entirely different basis for the
+     distribution of land. It may not at all be bound to our resolution
+     here today that occupation forms a title." ("Proceedings of 1908
+     National Convention of the Socialist Party," page 189.)
+
+When the Marxians are brought face to face with the charge of adopting a
+program today, rejecting it tomorrow, hesitating about it on the next
+day and compromising it on the fourth, as they did in respect to the
+collective ownership of "all" the land, let them not argue that such
+changes are to be expected in the evolution of Socialism. They should be
+forced to confess that they acted in such a way solely to gain votes.
+Confront them with the speeches delivered in their National Convention
+of 1908 and in their National Congress of 1910, both by the delegates
+who advocated the collective ownership of "all" the land and by those
+who opposed it. For the convenience of the reader passages from some of
+these speeches will now be given:
+
+     Delegate Cannon of Arizona: "I contend that the public ownership of
+     all machinery and land is one of the things for which the Socialist
+     Party is working. If some of the Comrades get up and tell us in
+     Germany they are not working for that, I move that we inform the
+     German Comrades that they are behind the times. The idea of not
+     including the land is nothing more or less than political
+     expediency." ("Proceedings of 1908 National Convention of the
+     Socialist Party," page 175.)
+
+     Delegate Payne of Texas: "I want to know if this convention of this
+     movement which we call the great revolutionary movement is going to
+     go down in history as catering to a small middle class of land
+     owners, or are you going to stand for the great proletarian farming
+     class?" ("Proceedings of 1908 National Convention on the Socialist
+     Party," page 181.)
+
+     Delegate Morrison of Arizona: "Is it possible that we have so far
+     forgotten ourselves, that we will attempt to curry favor with a few
+     capitalist farmers? Why is this resolution here? What is the object
+     of it? What is the purpose of it? Is it to secure votes? Do you
+     hope to deceive some one as to the actual, real program of
+     scientific Socialism? Or are you, in other words, going to lie to
+     the farmers of this country in order to secure their suffrage? Are
+     you going to present something to them that you know is not
+     contained in the Socialist program? Can you afford, as
+     representatives of this great revolutionary party, to do that which
+     in a few years you will be ashamed of? I say no." ("Proceedings of
+     1908 National Convention of the Socialist Party," page 184.)
+
+     Delegate Goaziou of Pennsylvania: "I know we have in this country a
+     growing movement among Socialists who are wanting votes no matter
+     how they will get them. They are willing to put in appeals to the
+     farmers, appeals to the middle class and appeals to everybody, so
+     that they can get votes." ("Proceedings of 1908 National Convention
+     of the Socialist Party," page 209.)
+
+     Delegate Thompson of Wisconsin: "We know that there is a very large
+     portion of votes of this country on the farm, under agricultural
+     conditions and environment, over forty per cent. Less than thirty
+     per cent of the votes of this country are under industrial
+     conditions. When we get to the point where we want to do something,
+     we must have some way or other of getting these two forces welded
+     together. We can never win out with thirty per cent of the vote. We
+     will have to have at least a substantial majority, and that we
+     cannot have without the farmers." ("Proceedings of 1908 National
+     Convention of the Socialist Party," page 185.)
+
+     Delegate Victor Berger of Wisconsin: "We cannot have Socialism in
+     this country, if we don't get the farmers in some way. If you try
+     to take away the farms of twelve millions of farmers of this
+     country, you will have a big job on your hands. You might as well
+     try to reach down the moon.... You remember how much effort and how
+     many men it cost England to conquer 30,000 farmers, Boers--Boers,
+     mind you--and now try to take the farms from these 12,000,000
+     American farmers and you will have about a million times harder
+     job. Besides, they don't need to fight. All they have to do is to
+     stop bringing food to Chicago for six weeks, and Comrade Morgan and
+     the rest of Chicago would be knocked out." ("Proceedings of the
+     1910 National Congress of the Socialist Party," page 230.)
+
+     Delegate Simmons of Illinois: "There is just one thing on earth
+     that I will toady to and that is a fact. And when I meet a fact so
+     big as the farmer question in America, a fact that has in it the
+     future of 12,000,000 of people of the producing classes, without
+     whom we stand no more chance of a Socialist victory in this country
+     than we do of changing the orbit of a comet, and when I face a fact
+     as big as that, I don't try to stand in front of it, and howl empty
+     phrases, in the hope that the fact will get out of the way."
+     ("Proceedings of the 1910 National Congress of the Socialist
+     Party," page 231.)
+
+Since the revolutionists, to win votes, frequently point to the reforms
+they have proposed or in some cases accomplished, we should all be on
+our guard lest, being allured by these reforms, we be led into the
+Socialist camp, and later on suffer the dreadful evils that have been
+shown would result from the adoption of the Marxian system of
+government.
+
+Those who vote the Socialist ticket insist on calling the attention of
+non-Socialists to the immediate demands enumerated in their party
+platform, many of which are excellent. Workingmen, however, should
+remember, first, that many of them are only meant for the time our
+present Government is still in power; moreover, that a crime-ridden,
+anarchical and bankrupt state could not grant them, and, furthermore,
+that there is no reason why our Government, in its present form, could
+not grant all the Marxian demands that are really advantageous.
+
+The Socialists often argue from some successful results in government
+ownership of public utilities to the success of Socialism itself.
+Though it cannot be denied that government ownership of public utilities
+has in some instances been a success, still anti-Socialists can just as
+well argue the failure of Socialism from failures in government
+ownership, which are entirely too numerous to require comment. If in the
+future it should become evident that great benefits would accrue from
+the national, state, or municipal ownership of certain public utilities,
+which are now privately owned, our present form of government, without
+becoming Socialistic, could take them over, just as many of our cities
+have already taken over water, gas and power plants. But the number
+would have to be limited, for it has already been shown in Chapter XVII
+what terrible consequences would follow from adopting the scheme of
+Socialism, whereby the people would collectively own and manage all the
+principle means of production, transportation and communication. Public
+ownership on such a large scale, so as to conform with the plans of the
+revolutionists, implies that the vast majority of workingmen would be
+government employees. The result, as has been shown, would be a terrible
+reign of discontent, strife, crime, revolution and chaos; whereas the
+prudent purchase of a small number of public utilities, under the
+present system of government, would entail none of these evils, since
+most workingmen could refuse positions that they did not care for or
+where the wages would not satisfy them, and do this without injuring the
+government.
+
+The Socialists, especially when they appeal to the less educated,
+frequently argue that since their party platform says nothing concerning
+the teaching of a certain doctrine, for instance free-love, it is
+evident that the party does not advocate it. Such a method of reasoning
+is, of course, absurd and utterly unworthy of men who style themselves
+scientific; for by arguing in exactly the same way, it would follow that
+their flag is not the red flag because there is no plank in their party
+platform stating that it is.
+
+Although many Socialists have written an abundance of anti-religious
+literature, other members of the party have composed books, pamphlets
+and articles that in no way attack the church. Some of the
+revolutionists, in their endeavors to make their movement attractive to
+Christians, go so far as to claim that even Christ was a Socialist.
+Since, therefore, the enemies of our country have at their disposal
+writings which attack religion, as well as those that are in no way
+hostile to it, they are well able to supply with attractive reading
+matter not only atheists who are opposed to all forms of religion, but
+Christians, no matter to what denomination they may chance to belong.
+
+In like manner there are to be found within the Socialist Party writers
+who advocate free-love and others who are opposed to its propagation,
+either through a personal repugnance to legalized sin, or else because
+they think that by teaching loose morals the party would alienate many
+prospective members. Hence, the Socialists can satisfy the depraved by
+recommending to them the different works on free-love, and at the same
+time they can give satisfaction to those who are opposed to the base
+doctrine by referring them to books which not only do not advocate it
+but even condemn it in the most emphatic way.
+
+In this double-dealing party there is a very strong faction whose
+members advocate direct action, in other words, violence, as a means for
+bringing about the downfall of our Government and of the entire
+industrial system. Opposed to these men, who are frequently termed the
+"Reds," there is a rapidly disappearing faction of so-called "Yellows,"
+who rely upon the use of the ballot, and decry direct action, either
+through personal repugnance to violence, or, as seems most likely,
+because they deem peaceful methods more prolific of votes, and
+consequently of future political advantage to themselves. The direct
+actionists by their inflammatory speeches and writings are especially
+successful in gaining recruits from among the more disorderly elements
+of society, whereas the political actionists appeal rather to those
+persons who are opposed to the destruction of life and property.
+
+It is by no means uncommon for the revolutionists to avoid as far as
+possible the discussion of knotty problems relative to the working
+details of their contemplated state. They often do this by telling us
+that the people of the future will be the ones to solve the problem in
+question. In illustration two examples will be given, the first of which
+is taken from the "Appeal to Reason," January 6, 1912:
+
+     "Do Socialists think all men should be paid alike--the man with the
+     pick the same wages as the lawyer or doctor?"
+
+     "Socialists differ on this proposition. Whatever a majority of the
+     people may decide will prevail."
+
+Again we read, in the April 6, 1912, edition of the same paper:
+
+     "Will producers get paid for the number of hours worked, or for the
+     amount of production?"
+
+     "No one knows just how the returns will be regulated, for the
+     reason that they are to be regulated according to the will of the
+     whole people and not according to the scheme of the 'Appeal to
+     Reason.' It is possible that both methods may be tried, and the
+     best prevail."
+
+A subterfuge that often meets with success, and which for this very
+reason is a favorite one among the revolutionists when they are on the
+point of being defeated in an argument, consists in this, that they do
+their best to dodge the question at issue by leading their opponents off
+on some side topic, such as the evils and abuses of the present day.
+Every anti-Socialist ought, therefore, to be on his guard, and as soon
+as he notices the national enemy trying to draw him off on a tangent, he
+should steadfastly refuse to take up the new line of argumentation, but
+should compel the evader to stick to the question at issue.
+
+It happens, too, and not unfrequently, that in the course of a dispute,
+when a Socialist is being defeated, he will ask the non-Socialist to
+prove that the present system is superior to that which is pictured in
+such beautiful colors by the followers of Karl Marx. Now, in the first
+place, the burden of proof rests with the Socialist, for if he wishes to
+lead another into his camp, it is his task to prove to him that
+everything there is congenial and attractive. The non-Socialist would
+indeed act very imprudently if he should attempt to prove that the
+present system offers more attractions than the Socialist Utopia whose
+perfections exist only in the imaginations of the revolutionists. What
+he might do, however, would be to show that the present system of
+government and industry, even in its unreformed state, is far superior
+to the condition of affairs that would actually exist if our
+constitutional government should ever have to give way to the regime of
+the revolutionists.
+
+On reading Socialist literature or listening to the speeches of the
+revolutionists one is impressed with all the wonderful benefits that the
+party proposes to confer upon our citizens if it should ever rule the
+land. Of course very many of the proposals are made solely on the
+authority of the speaker or writer. But even if they have the approval
+of the Party, we must not forget that it is one thing to propose to
+grant a favor and quite another thing actually to grant it. There are
+lots of things that men say they propose to do, without ever intending
+to do them. And it frequently happens that after having had the best
+intentions, they change their minds or else are utterly unable to carry
+out their plans.
+
+Karl Marx about half a century ago taught the absurd doctrine that as
+all wealth is produced by labor, to the laborers all wealth is due. He
+held, on the one hand, that all the profits arising from the sale of
+goods should accrue to the workingmen in virtue of the labor required
+for their production, and, on the other, that the capitalists who had
+not performed any work should not be entitled to a share in the profits.
+
+This old doctrine, unreasonable as it is, is still taught at the present
+day not only by European Socialists but also by the revolutionists of
+our own country. During the May Day parade in New York City on May 1,
+1912, when some 50,000 men marched behind red flags, great numbers of
+leaflets, entitled, "The Issue," were distributed among the spectators.
+These leaflets had been published by the Socialist Party of New York
+City and openly advocated the old doctrine of Karl Marx, the Father of
+modern Socialism, for on the third page appeared "A Parable," from which
+we quote the following:
+
+     "A man was once engaged in making bricks just outside the wall of a
+     lunatic asylum. Presently a lunatic looked over the fence and
+     asked:
+
+     "'What are you doing?'
+
+     "'Making bricks.'
+
+     "'What are the bricks for?'
+
+     "'I don't know. What does it matter to me?'
+
+     "'But why do you make them, if you don't intend to use them for
+     anything?'
+
+     "'Why? Well it's my work.'
+
+     "'But I don't see why you should work for no object. If you don't
+     use the bricks, who will?'
+
+     "'How should I know? It's nothing to do with me.'
+
+     "'Don't know what you are going to do with your own bricks?'
+
+     "'They are not my bricks. They belong to the boss.'
+
+     "'But didn't you make them?'
+
+     "'Yes.'
+
+     "'Then how comes it that the boss owns them?'
+
+     "'It's his brick kiln and his clay hole.'
+
+     "'Oh, didn't he make the kiln?'
+
+     "'No; the bricklayers built them.'
+
+     "'Did he dig the clay hole?'
+
+     "'No; those men over there dug it.'
+
+     "'Why do they dig clay holes?'
+
+     "'It's their work. The boss pays them to do it.'
+
+     "'Oh! does he pay you, too, to make these bricks?'
+
+     "'Yes.'
+
+     "'But where does he get the money to pay you with?'
+
+     "'He sells bricks.'
+
+     "'And you made those bricks he sold?'
+
+     "'Yes.'
+
+     "'Don't you think you'd better come inside?...
+
+     "'But I say, how much will the boss sell those bricks for?'
+
+     "'Oh! about $500.'
+
+     "'How long will it take you to make them?'
+
+     "'About ten weeks.'
+
+     "'How much does the boss pay you for working so hard?'
+
+     "'Two dollars and fifty cents a day.'
+
+     "'That will be $150 in ten weeks. Ha! ha! ha! aha! he! he! he!'
+
+     "'I don't see (wiping the sweat from his brow) the joke, you
+     confounded ass.'
+
+     "'You must come inside. He! he! he!!!'"
+
+American Socialists, therefore, as well as the early German
+revolutionists, teach that to the laborer all wealth is due.
+
+Though the low wages that many workingmen receive is a disgrace to our
+civilization and an abuse that cries to heaven for vengeance, still it
+is absurd to hold that wages should be so much increased as to leave
+nothing for the capitalists. For, in the first place, if the workingmen
+should enjoy the entire profits of their firms or industries all the
+owners would soon become bankrupt and fail, and, in the upheavals due to
+unemployment and the impossibility of supplying the necessaries of life,
+the present system of our Government would certainly fall a prey to
+revolution, the Socialists would come into power and then would follow
+the terrible disturbances shown in Chapter XVII, "Socialism, a Peril to
+Workingmen."
+
+We have no defence whatsoever to offer for dishonest capitalists, but
+maintain that honest capitalists are entitled to a reasonable share in
+the profits arising from their investments. For, in the first place, if
+it were not for the capital in the possession of honest capitalists,
+millions of workingmen would be terribly handicapped in earning a
+living. If this fact is not immediately evident to the reader it will
+become so when he reflects that many farm, mill and factory workers, and
+the employes of many big business houses would have to seek other
+positions if the capital required for the industries was not supplied by
+the owners. The buildings, machinery, raw materials, etc., in most
+cases are not and cannot be supplied by the laborers and workingmen, but
+are furnished by the capitalists who, if they wished, could sell them
+and spend the money obtained from the sale for their own personal
+enjoyment. For this reason, and also because the capitalists referred to
+are subject to many financial worries, assume great responsibilities,
+run the risk of incurring serious losses of one kind or another,
+including business failure and bankruptcy, it is only just that they
+should receive a reasonable recompense for their share in the production
+of the goods.
+
+From what has been said regarding the falsity of the Marxian doctrine,
+that to the laborer all wealth is due, it follows that the Socialists,
+by teaching this false principle, have been misleading the laborers and
+workingmen for over half a century.
+
+Some of the best known American Socialists, when confronted with the
+evident fallacy of the Marxian doctrine concede that Marx was mistaken
+and that they do not approve of his teachings on this subject. Now, if
+these leaders and their followers are in the majority, they should long
+ago have compelled the minority in the party to stop deceiving the
+uneducated. On the other hand, if they themselves constitute the
+minority, their own personal opinions amount to little, since the
+majority of the members of the Socialist Party would in that case be
+guilty of advocating foolish and absurd doctrine.
+
+The attractive and popular motto, "Workingmen of the world unite. You
+have nothing to lose but your chains," has moved many a poor workingman
+to enlist in the revolutionary cause. Very little reflection, however,
+is needed to expose the absurdity that is found in the second part of
+the motto. For no matter how badly off men may be financially, it has
+been shown that they not only would not lose their chains by uniting
+under the red flag of Karl Marx but would be completely crushed by the
+much heavier ones of bloody revolution and a wretched form of government
+which would bring with it a religious prosecution and widespread
+lawlessness, crime and chaos.
+
+Realizing that the police would do much to help the revolutionary
+movement, if they could be made friendly to it, some Socialists have
+been extremely anxious to win them over. To certify this statement we
+shall quote part of an article which appeared in "The Call," New York,
+April 25, 1911, urging Socialists to get control of the police force:
+
+     "A policeman's vote, like any other person's vote, counts one.
+     Policemen are wage-earners, who, like other wage-earners, are
+     eager to improve their circumstances. Policemen will vote the
+     Socialist ticket when they realize that the Socialists in office
+     will insist upon their receiving more pay, more leisure, more sick
+     and old age benefits, more privileges.... Adopt constructive
+     resolutions demanding that constables be paid higher wages, that
+     they be granted shorter hours, that they be given more days off
+     each week, that they be exempted from paying part of their wages
+     into the superannuation fund, that they be accorded the right of
+     combination, that a more generous system of sick benefits be drawn
+     up, that they have the right of appeal against dismissal and abuse
+     to a representative committee of citizens."
+
+The revolutionists are leaving nothing undone in their extraordinary
+efforts to gain recruits for the overthrow of our National Government.
+This is evidenced by the appearance in their papers of articles like the
+following, entitled, "The Pure Water Problem," which was published in
+"The Call," April 30, 1912:
+
+     "As a political organization, the Socialist Party must address
+     itself to every question that interests the electorate. And in each
+     case it must offer the public a carefully thought out solution
+     instead of mere generalities and hackneyed phrases. Otherwise it
+     will not succeed in winning the confidence of the majority of
+     voters. Now almost every city in America is confronted with a pure
+     water and sewage disposal problem.... If the Socialist Party steps
+     into the arena with clear-cut proposals that deal in a radical,
+     constructive and common sense way with this problem, it will not
+     only help to secure pure drinking water for citizens, but it will
+     break down considerable prejudice against the Socialist movement,
+     and cause people to study the more revolutionary features of our
+     own official platform."
+
+Information comes to us that on account of recent Government raids the
+Red organizations are assuming a variety of aliases. The Communist Party
+has taken the innocuous title of "The International Publishing Company,"
+alias "The International League of Defense." The I. W. W. operates under
+any local name which comes handy. Individual Reds often spread their
+doctrines, and incite workingmen to take part in outlaw strikes, while
+professing to be members of no radical organization.
+
+The Young People's Socialist League, closely affiliated with the
+Socialist Party, planned to use disguises, if necessary, after the
+Socialist Party adopted its anti-war program in 1917. Thus in "Outlines
+of the Evidence Taken Before the Judiciary Committee of the Assembly of
+New York," pages 608-9, appears a letter of William F. Kruse, National
+Secretary of the Young People's Socialist League, written to the
+secretaries of its different branches, in which he urged them to have an
+"unofficial emergency committee," have "several copies of your most
+important records and especially your mailing list stowed away in
+various safe and secluded places," and have "three trustworthy officers
+broken in for each important job." "At least one of these officers
+should be a girl," he continued, "so that if our boys are jailed for
+refusal to serve, the girls can keep the League going." He added: "If
+ever the Y. P. S. L. is suppressed you will immediately get together all
+its members as quietly as possible under the name of some athletic club,
+dance society or pleasure club. The name of this organization should
+have nothing in common with Socialism."
+
+In concluding this chapter the attention of the reader is called to the
+fact that the Socialists are trying their best to make it appear that
+the interests of the American workingmen in general are jeopardized when
+a member of their party is put in jail or is on trial. This is rank
+hypocrisy. Even if the Socialist Party was a real workingman's party,
+this fact would not give it the right to set up its justly condemned
+bomb throwers, its preachers of Bolshevist revolution, its teachers of
+race suicide, etc., as working-class martyrs and protagonists of free
+speech, which they claim is no longer allowed in our country.
+
+There are millions of workingmen in the great Republican, Democratic,
+and other American parties who don't need and don't want bomb-throwers,
+imported Marxian revolutionists, race suiciders, free-lovers, atheists,
+hypocrites, professional liars and deceivers to petition the Government
+in their name for the release of imprisoned Socialists on the plea that
+these are being prosecuted because they are leaders of the
+working-class. First of all, Debs, Haywood and their crews are leaders
+of blood-thirsty revolutionists, and not the leaders of the law-abiding
+workingmen who maintain the Democratic and Republican parties. They are
+the enemies of the latter, and the real object of the Socialists is to
+stir up trouble in our country by endeavoring to procure amnesty for a
+set of scoundrels who, after their release, would, by their subversive
+and dangerous doctrines, try to plunge the country we love and all
+honest labor into a much more terrible abyss than that into which the
+Bolsheviki have plunged Socialist Russia.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE REDS
+
+
+
+It has been shown in the preceding chapters that the base doctrines
+propagated on every side by the revolutionists are among the gravest
+evils threatening the welfare of our nation. No doubt the reader
+perceives that unless this conspiracy against our country, religion and
+family is checked, the Socialists will soon overwhelm us with a bloody
+rebellion and establish a government that will mean nothing less than a
+reign of terror and a widespread prevalence of discontent, strife and
+crime, finally terminating in chaos or anarchy.
+
+Provisions must, therefore, be made for averting the dire calamities
+that would attend the unfurling of the red flag over Washington in place
+of the Star-Spangled Banner. Measures of defense must quickly be taken
+and an army of attack must immediately be set in motion. In this way
+alone can we hope to prevent the success of the revolutionary propaganda
+that is characterized by a marvelous activity and an ever-increasing
+popularity among the unwary and uneducated. The country we love and the
+Government which has bestowed upon us innumerable blessings,
+notwithstanding abuses, call upon us for help in the hour of need. True
+patriotism bids us take up suitable weapons and wage relentless war
+against that which would destroy our present constitutional form of
+government.
+
+Who can turn a deaf ear to the call? In our heroic work we shall be
+helped by millions of patriotic citizens whose devotion to their country
+has already rallied them to the defense of the Stars and Stripes. All
+that we need do, to fan into flame the fire of patriotism already
+glowing in their hearts, is to arouse them to a full realization of the
+dangers that threaten the very existence of our nation. Now is the time
+to act, before we hear the cry "Too late!" The great weapon must be
+education and the ones to be enlightened on the evils of Socialism are
+not merely scholars, professors and teachers, but the great masses of
+the people.
+
+If we wish to bring home to the American people a clear realization of
+the threatening calamity, we ourselves must not only be thoroughly
+equipped with knowledge of the Socialistic teachings and their evil
+consequences, but must also be able to refute the alluring and deceptive
+arguments of the revolutionists. We must acquire a thorough knowledge of
+Socialism. But to do this, it almost goes without saying that we should
+carefully read and study the excellent and thoroughly up-to-date
+anti-Socialistic works that can be had at a moderate price or readily
+obtained in the public libraries.
+
+Among the best anti-Socialistic books in the English language may be
+mentioned "Socialism, the Nation of Fatherless Children," edited by
+Goldstein and Avery. This book, whose authors were once Socialists,
+contains hundreds of very strong and useful quotations and is of the
+highest value to every student who is studying the evils and dangers of
+the revolutionary movement. Published by T. J. Flynn & Co., 62 Essex
+Street, Boston, Mass.
+
+"Socialism," by Cathrein and Gettelman, a very scholarly and learned
+work, admirably explains and refutes the various Marxian doctrines. It
+is published by Benziger Bros., New York City.
+
+A third book of recent publication, and of great value to the
+anti-Socialist student is "The World Problem," by Rev. Joseph Husslein,
+S. J., published by The America Press, 175 East 83rd Street, New York,
+N. Y.
+
+One who is truly interested in the fight against the national enemy
+should not content himself with the reading of anti-Socialist
+literature, but should pass the matter on to others who may become
+interested in the battle against the enemies of our country.
+
+Business men and persons of wealth should not only urge their friends to
+read anti-Socialist works that have appealed to themselves, but should
+show their patriotism and generosity by extensively purchasing
+anti-Socialist literature, whether in the form of books, pamphlets or
+leaflets, to be sent to public libraries, clubs, high schools, colleges
+and universities, and reading-rooms, and placed within easy reach of
+their employes and customers.
+
+The workingmen of our country, to whom the Socialists are especially
+appealing, often fall an easy prey to the deceptive arguments of the
+"Reds." Many of them do not weigh matters carefully and do not realize
+how far the acceptance of radical doctrines may lead them. The men who
+started the Russian revolution did not know how far it would go. The
+party of Lvoff and Miliukoff did not foresee Kerensky. The followers of
+Kerensky did not foresee Lenine and Trotzky; and probably few of the
+followers of Lenine and Trotzky dreamed of the abyss of barbarism into
+which they in turn have plunged bleeding Russia. The Socialists of the
+United States use pamphlets and leaflets, much more than books, in
+appealing to workingmen. Books are more expensive and require more time
+to read. Leaflets are attractive, short, to the point, easily remembered
+and almost costless. Anti-Socialist leaflets, distributed by the
+millions, would do untold good and would soon start a tremendous
+opposition among laborers to the Red Flag movement.
+
+Since the foreigners in our country, especially Russians, Italians and
+Jews, take to Socialism very readily, something should be done to
+protect them by native Americans who are especially able to do so.
+Patriotic persons and organizations should have immense numbers of
+anti-Socialist books, pamphlets and leaflets published in the different
+languages and distributed free of charge to foreigners who are not yet
+acquainted with English.
+
+Socialism has made terrible inroads among the Jews. To give one example,
+"The Forward," a Yiddish daily of New York City, has a circulation of
+about 150,000 copies. This paper should be watched very carefully by the
+government, for it has been doing some very dangerous work in the line
+of revolutionary propaganda without English-speaking people being aware
+of the doctrines it is advocating.
+
+In order to counteract Socialist propaganda among girls and boys, a
+simple and limited knowledge of the evil plottings of the "Reds" ought
+to be imparted in all the grammar and high schools of our country. With
+a view to this, text-books should be prepared. The boards of education
+in the different cities should see to it that anti-Socialist instruction
+be given to the children.
+
+Editors who have a good understanding of the evil consequences of
+Socialism have a fine field rapidly opening up to them. Since the
+Marxian principles are spreading, there is a rapidly growing demand for
+articles to refute and combat them; yet many on the editorial staffs
+seem to have little definite knowledge concerning the teachings of the
+revolutionists.
+
+All patriotic citizens who understand Socialism and the tactics of the
+"Knights of the Red Flag" should expose them, violently attacking them
+in their conversations with others, so that it may no longer be said
+that the revolutionaries are more zealous in trying to ruin our country
+and overthrow out government than loyal Americans are to save them.
+
+Attention should be paid to the men who are advocating Socialism in the
+mills, factories, shops, stores, mines, etc. A thorough exposure of
+their unsound doctrines will be prolific of much good. The ardor and
+zeal of the anti-Socialist should go still further, and the illogical
+revolutionary orators should be driven from their soap boxes, not by
+violence nor by physical force--for this would only give them another
+opportunity for complaining and enable them to win the support of
+sympathizers--but by arguments with them so effective as to compel them
+to step down and walk off in disgrace under the jeers of their
+audiences. In arguing with the visionaries, proofs for the truth of
+their statements should be demanded and the fact ought always to be
+insisted upon that, even if they could show that the present system of
+government and industry was corrupt and useless, it would in no way
+follow from this that the Socialists' regime--however magnificently
+pictured by an unbridled imagination--would provide a true remedy for
+any of the evils and abuses of our day.
+
+The letters that Socialists send to the daily papers for publication, to
+further their cause, can, as a rule, easily be refuted. All that is
+required, in most instances, after a brief introduction of the question
+at issue, is to connect, by a few short sentences, several of the
+damaging quotations that can be found, for example, in the present
+volume.
+
+Men who have talent for public speaking can make good use of their
+eloquence in the warfare against our nation's foes by giving lectures
+and delivering speeches. Good writers should devote their talents to the
+preparation of books, pamphlets and leaflets against the revolutionists,
+and should furnish suitable articles for the newspapers and magazines.
+The follies of Socialism also afford an abundance of suggestions for
+dramatists and cartoonists.
+
+Socialist school teachers and principals, because of the revolutionary
+doctrines that they gradually instill into the minds of the young,
+should be eliminated from the school-room. Students of colleges and
+universities, in which the Intercollegiate Socialist Society is
+organized, could give a noble example of patriotism and loyalty to our
+country by forming clubs to oppose the influence of the Socialist
+chapters and offset the great harm they are doing.
+
+Patriotic members of the American Federation of Labor should attend as
+many of its meetings as possible in order to prevent the Marxians and
+radicals from gaining the upper hand in the organization, endorsing the
+Socialist Party, or adopting revolutionary principles of any kind.
+
+As Socialist women are trying to destroy our Federal Government, the
+women who are opposed to Socialism should give ample proofs of their
+loyalty and devotion by taking an active part in the defense of their
+country.
+
+Anti-Socialist clubs should be formed throughout the country to study
+Socialism and to devise means for combating the zealous propaganda
+carried on by the thousands of Socialist locals and branches.
+Influential members of the anti-Socialist clubs should see to it that
+the public libraries were well stocked with anti-Socialist literature
+and that Socialist publications are kept only for legitimate purposes of
+reference.
+
+Several very important works of defence remain to be undertaken by our
+National Government, if the conspirators are to be prevented from
+destroying it. Socialism has already struck deep roots into the soil of
+America. Consequently, the Government of the United States, in leaving
+to individuals the defence of the nation against the well organized
+forces of the revolutionists, is running a risk almost as great as if it
+were to entrust the suppression of an armed insurrection to individual
+action. The Socialists availing themselves of every opportunity for
+spreading their propaganda among foreigners, have already gained many
+recruits from the immigrant class. With this serious condition of
+affairs confronting it, the National Government should employ strenuous
+measures to break the grip that Socialism already has on the nation, and
+to prevent the immigrants who are landing on our shores from becoming a
+menace.
+
+A law should be passed by Congress forbidding the publication or
+circulation of any paper, magazine or book which advocates the unlawful
+destruction of our present form of government. The officers of the army
+and navy should take precautions for preventing the spread of such
+publications among soldiers and sailors.
+
+So far we have spoken only of the negative measures that the United
+States Government should adopt for its defence. It remains to add a few
+words concerning a positive campaign against the conspirators. If the
+Government neglects to stem the rising tide of Socialism it will not be
+long before a disastrous insurrections[23] will be upon us. Millions of
+dollars a day would then be spent in defraying the expenses of what
+might turn out to be an unsuccessful campaign. Congress should now
+appropriate the sums of money necessary to suppress the Marxian uprising
+and entirely uproot Socialism out of the United States.
+
+The American people as a body will never tolerate Socialism, once they
+have been made to realize its full meaning and ruinous consequences.
+This knowledge could be brought home to them most effectively by means
+of anti-Socialist information issued periodically under the direction of
+one of the departments of the Government and furnished to the press of
+the country. Such material should also be distributed to all labor
+organizations and every public library in the country, and to clubs,
+societies, clergymen, legislators, judges, and men and women of
+influence. If such a plan were adopted, the forces arrayed in the line
+of battle against the Socialists would become tremendously strong and
+the danger now seriously threatening our nation would presently
+disappear. Surely the Government could afford to spend a few million
+dollars a year against revolutionists who are already undermining its
+very foundations and whose activities, if unopposed, will bring upon us
+evils incomparably greater than those coming from a foreign foe.
+
+Orators attacking Socialism could be recruited by the Government to
+speak all over the country for five or ten minutes at a time, after the
+fashion of the Four Minute Men.
+
+Those who have read this book have seen that the principles of the
+revolutionists are logically unsound and would deluge the land we love
+with rivers of blood and plunge us into an abyss of discontent, strife,
+crime and chaos. It has been shown that the Socialist Party is an
+organization controlled by bosses and politicians with the avowed object
+of gaining votes by the most unscrupulous methods. Notwithstanding their
+pretentions to honesty and sincerity, evidence has been cited time and
+again of the deceitfulness of their propaganda, and of their plottings
+to overthrow our constitutional form of government, destroy religion and
+ruin family life.
+
+We, however, who sincerely love America, will never tear down the
+Star-Spangled Banner and in its place fling to the breezes the
+blood-stained flag of Karl Marx.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+A
+
+Absolutism in Russia, 281-2, 286, 290.
+
+Action, See Direct Action and Mass Action.
+
+A. E. F. ridiculed by N. Y. "Call," 208-9.
+
+Albany Trial, See N.Y. State Socialist Assemblymen.
+
+Aliases of "Reds," 376.
+
+Allaben, Frank, 258.
+
+Alvarado, 96, 298-9.
+
+American Federation of Labor, 381;
+  against Bolshevism and I. W. W.'ism, 283-4;
+  "Boring in," 346-9;
+  Opposed by Socialists, 126, 219.
+
+American Flag, 118.
+
+American Soldiers ridiculed, 207-9.
+
+Amnesty, Agitations for, 347, 376.
+
+Anarchy, Danger of, 279.
+
+Andreiev's S. O. S., 168-9.
+
+Anti-"Red" Campaign among foreign-born, 379.
+
+Anti-Socialist authorities, 378;
+  Letters, 380;
+  Literature, 378-9;
+  Speeches, 380.
+
+"Appeal to Reason," 343, 359.
+
+Argentina, Socialism in, 11, 12.
+
+Aristocracy in Bolshevist Russia, 280-1.
+
+Assemblymen, Socialist, on trial,
+  See N. Y. State Socialist Assemblymen.
+
+Atheism of Socialists, 293, 301-16;
+  in Austria, 295;
+  Belgium, 295-6;
+  Canada, 298;
+  England, 296-8;
+  France, 295;
+  Germany, 294;
+  Italy, 295;
+  Mexico, 298-9, 300;
+  United States, 292-3, 297.
+
+Atheistic Catechism, 308-9;
+  Poems, 302-4;
+  Works on sale, 297, 305, 307.
+
+Austria-Hungary, Socialism in, 5.
+
+Aveling, 8.
+
+
+
+B
+
+
+Bavaria, Socialism in, 4, 178-9.
+
+Basle Manifesto, 18.
+
+Bax, Ernest Belfort, 297, 321-3.
+
+Bebel, August, 2, 198, 200, 294, 324.
+
+Bela Kun, 75, 178, 180, 190.
+
+Belgium, Socialism in, 10.
+
+Berger, Victor L., 13, 15, 51, 54, 56, 62, 67, 69, 70-1, 89, 201-2, 220-1, 232-3, 242-3, 290, 313, 322, 368;
+  "We must shoot," 201;
+  "rifles" and "bullets," 202.
+
+Berne Conference, 9, 18-21, 25, 46, 61, 68.
+
+Bernstein, 3.
+
+Bible, attacked by Socialists, 297, 303.
+
+Blasphemies of Socialists, 296-7, 303-5, 307-9.
+
+Blatchford, 8, 296.
+
+Bolsheviki, Russian, Advocacy of rebellion in other lands, 171-2;
+  Criticised by Catherine Breshkovsky, 139;
+  Disperse parliament, 4, 138;
+  Educational System, 151;
+  Freeing of criminals, 161;
+  Murder women, 158;
+  Opposed to liberty, 145;
+  Rise to power, 4, 138;
+  Shooting of children, 155-7;
+  Uprisings against, 161;
+  Victories, 5.
+
+Bolshevism, Advocated by American Socialist Party, 59, 60-2, 68, 70, 72, 74-5, 77, 142, 168, 171-3, 184-5, 187-94, 198, 205, 234-6, 238, 248, 250, 255;
+  identical with Socialism, 291;
+  in America, 185;
+  in Russia, Against freedom of speech, of the press and of voting, 145, 155;
+  Against justice, 146, 154;
+  liberty, 145;
+  religion, 146-51;
+  An economic failure, 174-5;
+  Starvation under, 282-3, 286.
+
+Bolshevist Constitution, 139-40;
+  propaganda, 256.
+
+Bolshevist reign of terror, 141, 143, 145-8, 153, 154-63.
+
+Bomb plot, 118-19.
+
+Bonds, under Socialism, 273.
+
+Books, anti-Socialist, 378.
+
+"Boring in," 348-9.
+
+Bossism in Socialist Party, 14, 15.
+
+Bourgeoisie, 30.
+
+Branting, Hjalmar, 11.
+
+Breshkovsky, Catherine, 139, 170.
+
+Bulgaria, Socialism in, 12.
+
+Bureau, International Socialist, 17.
+
+Business under Socialism, 83, 272-3.
+
+
+
+C
+
+
+Cadets of Russia, 4.
+
+Calhoun, Arthur W., 356-7.
+
+Call for Moscow International, 31-3.
+
+Call for Proletarian International, 247.
+
+Campaign against the Reds, 377-82.
+
+Canada, Socialism in, 12.
+
+Capital invited back by Socialist Russia, 288.
+
+Capitalism, 76, 106, 174, 373.
+
+Carillo, Felipe, 299.
+
+Cartoons, Socialist, 360;
+  anti-Socialist, 380.
+
+Children, anti-Socialist instruction for, 379;
+  Deprived of religious education under Socialism, 302;
+  shot in Bolshevist Russia, 155-7.
+
+Chinese and the I. W. W., 120.
+
+Christ ridiculed by Socialists, 303-5, 307-8.
+
+Christian Socialists, 292, 310, 315, 322.
+
+Christianity attacked by Socialists, 292-316.
+
+Citizenship tags, 99.
+
+Civil discord under Socialism, 269-79.
+
+Class consciousness, 265.
+
+Class hatred, 63, 107, 346, 348, 352, 363-4, 372-3.
+
+Class struggle explained, 30, 107-8, 265.
+
+Clubs, anti-Socialist, 381.
+
+Committee against Socialism, Publicity, 257-8.
+
+Compensation, I. W. W. plan, 111.
+
+Commune, Paris, 200-1.
+
+Communism, in Bavaria, 4, 178-9;
+  in Russia, See Bolshevism and Bolshevist reign of terror.
+
+Communist, the name, 59.
+
+Communist Labor Party of America, Chicago Convention, 55-8;
+  Conspiracy against U. S. Government, 214-19;
+  Origin, 52-3, 64;
+  Principles, 53-4, 58, 74, 218-19, 225;
+  Socialist Party's attitude toward, 74-5.
+
+Communist Labor Party of Germany,
+  See Spartacans.
+
+Communist Manifesto, 1, 46, 198, 321.
+
+Communist Party of America,
+  Chicago Convention, 55-8;
+  Conspiracy against U. S. Government, 214-19;
+  Origin, 52-3;
+  Plan to organize Negroes, 217-18;
+  Principles, 53-4, 58, 74-5, 217-19, 224;
+  Socialist Party's attitude toward, 74-5, 225.
+
+Communist Propaganda League, 25, 64.
+
+Communists of Hungary, 180-91;
+  Favored by American Socialists, 180, 186, 188-93.
+
+Conscription of labor in Socialist Russia, 281-5.
+
+Conspiracy against our country, 212-67;
+  against the family, 317-29;
+  against the race, 330-41;
+  against religion, 292-316.
+
+Constituent Assembly, Russia, 4.
+
+Convention, Socialist Party, 75, 91-3.
+
+Co-operative organizations, Russian and Siberian, 162-3.
+
+Corruption, political, among Socialists, 97, 277-8.
+
+Criminals freed in Bolshevist Russia, 161.
+
+Czecho-Slovakia, Socialism in, 10-11.
+
+
+
+D
+
+
+Debs, Eugene V., 59, 81, 92, 105, 126-7, 194-7, 203-4, 210-11, 239-45, 264, 290, 315-16, 336.
+
+De Leon, Daniel, 13, 105.
+
+Demands of Socialist Platforms, Immediate, 368.
+
+Determinism, Economic, 293.
+
+Dictatorship of the Proletariat, 4, 47, 49-50, 53-4, 128, 145, 189, 220.
+
+Direct action, 24, 31, 98, 124-5, 201, 370.
+
+Discontent, Socialist apostles of, 343, 346-8.
+
+Divorce in Bolshevist Russia, 164, 167, 329.
+
+"Dope" of "Scientific Socialists," 96-102, 363-4.
+
+"Down with the Stars and Stripes," 210.
+
+"Drunk with man," a Socialist masterpiece, 87.
+
+Dynamite, use advocated, 299-300.
+
+
+
+E
+
+
+Ebert, 3, 177, 179, 187-90.
+
+Economic conditions in Bolshevist Russia, 174-5.
+
+Economic determinism, 293.
+
+Education in Bolshevist Russia, 151.
+
+Eisner, Kurt, 4, 7, 178, 187.
+
+Emergency Convention, Socialist Party, 242.
+
+Employment schemes in Socialist state, 273.
+
+Engels, Frederick, 1-2, 294, 325-6.
+
+Ettor, Jos. J., 105-6.
+
+Exploitation, 49-50, 83, 106, 110, 272, 365.
+
+Expropriation, 49, 50, 53, 98-9, 108, 123, 143, 179-80, 189-90, 270-1.
+
+Expulsion, Michigan organization, from Socialist Party, 42.
+
+"Eye Opener, The," 192.
+
+Eyre, Lincoln, interview with Lenine, 173-4;
+  with Trotzky, 174-6;
+  with Zinovieff, 253-5;
+  on Bolshevist Russia, 253-6, 279-84, 286-90.
+
+
+
+F
+
+
+Fabian Society, 8.
+
+Failure of Socialism,
+  in Mexico, 101-2;
+  in Bolshevist Russia, 2, 279-90;
+  in Yucatan, 101-2.
+
+Farming under Socialism, 32, 49, 83, 271-2.
+
+Ferguson, I. E., 133-4.
+
+Fighting the "Reds," 377-82.
+
+Financial conditions in Socialist Russia, 287-8.
+
+"Flag, to hell with the," 210.
+
+Foreign language papers of Socialist Party, 343.
+
+Foster, William Z., 348-9.
+
+Fraina, Louis C., 26, 55, 214-15.
+
+France, Socialism in, 5, 7-8.
+
+Freedom of Speech, 114, 242, 354;
+  in Bolshevist Russia, 145.
+
+Free love, advocated by Socialists, 317-29;
+  Hypocricy of Socialists regarding, 370;
+  in Socialist Russia, 164, 166, 329;
+  Socialist books on, 317, 321-26, 329.
+
+
+
+G
+
+
+Gale, Linn A. E., 339-340.
+
+Germany, Socialism in, 2, 3.
+
+Germer, Adolph, letter to "Appeal," 92-3.
+
+Giovannitti, Arturo, 108-9, 111, 308.
+
+Government ownership of public utilities, 368-9.
+
+"Grandmother of the Russian Revolution,"
+   See Breshkovsky, Catherine.
+
+Great Britain, Socialism in, 8-9.
+
+Guesde, Jules, 6, 321.
+
+
+H
+
+Haase, Hugo, 3.
+
+Hardie, J. Keir, 8.
+
+Haywood, William D., 123-4, 127, 199, 241, 248.
+
+Herron, George D., 302;
+  day dream of, 94, 95.
+
+High Schools, Socialism taught in, 354.
+
+Hillquit, Morris, 13, 17, 23, 34, 40-1, 50-1, 54, 62-3, 73-5, 79, 81, 85, 89, 184, 188, 220-1, 224-6, 232-4, 236-7, 239-40, 243-5, 248-53, 255, 259-60, 263-6, 274-5, 290, 311, 313-14, 328, 337, 361, 366.
+
+Hoan, Mayor of Milwaukee, 69, 202.
+
+Holland, Socialism in, 10.
+
+Hostages in Bolshevist Russia, 154, 159.
+
+Hypocrisy of the I. W. W., 246.
+
+Hypocrisy of Socialists, 204-5, 210, 219-21, 225, 233-6, 239-40, 246, 252-4, 266, 363-71, 375-6;
+  On religion, 292, 309-16, 326;
+  On free love, 317, 319-20, 322-4, 326.
+
+Hyndman, Henry M., 8.
+
+
+
+I
+
+
+Iglesias, Pablo, 9.
+
+Immediate demands of Socialist Party platforms, 24, 87, 91, 368.
+
+Immorality under Socialism, 317-41.
+
+Independent Labor Party of Great Britain, 8.
+
+Ingersoll argument of Socialists, 293.
+
+Inheritance, rights of, 110.
+
+Industrial action, 77, 228-9, 234, 237-8.
+
+Industrial Unionism, Endorsed by Communists and Communist Laborites of America, 54;
+  by Socialist Party, 238;
+  I. W. W., 107-8.
+
+Insurance policies under Socialism, 273.
+
+Inter-allied[24], Socialist and Labor Conference, 21-2.
+
+Intercollegiate Socialist Society, 355-6, 380.
+
+International, First, 16;
+  Second, 7, 16, 17-19, 32, 68;
+  Third, 6-7, 9, 11-12, 18, 20-1, 33, 45-50, 61, 67-9, 74-5, 216, 218, 228, 233-6, 239, 252-6.
+
+International character of Socialism, 17.
+
+International Congresses, 17.
+
+International Socialist Bureau, 17.
+
+International Workingmen's Association, 1, 2.
+
+"Internationale Communist," organ of Moscow International, 255-6.
+
+Irreligious poems of Socialists, 302-4.
+
+Italian labor unions, 9.
+
+Italy, Socialism in, 9.
+
+I. W. W., Advocates rebellion, 109, 115-17;
+  Affiliated with Moscow Bolshevists, 247-8;
+  Atheistic and anti-religious, 118;
+  Bomb threat, 119;
+  Chinese to be organized, 120;
+  Encouraged by Socialist Party, 114-15;
+  Growth, 136;
+  Industrial unionism, 107-8;
+  In foreign lands, 136-7;
+  Method of organization, 106-7;
+  Negroes to be organized, 119;
+  Organized by Socialists, 105;
+  Paterson strike, 117-18;
+  Plans destruction of society, 109;
+  Preamble to platform, 107;
+  Principles, 105-13, 115, 125, 130-1;
+  Publications, 116-17;
+  Relations with Socialist Party, 105, 108, 114-15, 122-7, 129, 131-6;
+  Songs, 120-2;
+  Tactics, 109;
+  Terrorism, 118;
+  Views on Bolshevism, 128-33.
+
+
+
+J
+
+
+Jaurés, 6, 321.
+
+
+
+K
+
+
+Kautsky, Karl, 2, 233.
+
+
+
+L
+
+
+Labor certificates, 273.
+
+Labor Conference, Inter-allied, 21.
+
+Labor conscription in Socialist Russia, 281-5.
+
+Labor Party of Illinois, 173.
+
+Labor under Socialism, 273-7.
+
+Land ownership under Bolshevism, 139;
+  under Socialism, 271-2, 365-8.
+
+Lassalle, Ferdinand, 2.
+
+Law and order in Socialist Russia, 282, 290.
+
+Leaflet campaign of Socialists, 192, 344-5.
+
+Leaflets, anti-Socialist, 378-9.
+
+League of Resistance, 299, 300.
+
+Leathan, 8.
+
+Lectures, anti-Socialist, 380.
+
+Left Wing, Conference, 52;
+  Criticises the Right, 25, 28-9, 36, 37;
+  Defined, 23;
+  Development, 24, 39, 45;
+  Directed by Russian Bolsheviki, 31-3;
+  Expulsions and suspensions, 42-5;
+  Merges into Communist and Communist Labor Parties, chapter 5;
+  Opposed by Socialist Party bosses, 36-7;
+  Origin, 24;
+  Principles, 24-31, 36;
+  Relations with I. W. W., 135-6;
+  Tactics at party meetings, 35, 37, 38.
+
+Legion, Loyal, rediculed by Socialists, 208-9.
+
+Lenine or Lenin, Nicolai, Autocrat of Russia, 5;
+  Letter to American workingmen, 142, 170, 174, 183-4, 216, 223-4.
+
+Lesson 24, Socialist Primer, 352.
+
+Liebknecht, Karl, 3, 7, 30, 177-8, 185-7, 191-3.
+
+Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 2, 294.
+
+Longuet, Jean, 6.
+
+London, Jack, 199, 200, 268.
+
+Looters, Socialist, 102.
+
+Loriot, F., 6.
+
+Love, See Free-love.
+
+Lusk Committee evidence, 248-50, 264, 358, 361.
+
+Luxemburg, Rosa, 3, 7, 30, 177-8, 187, 191-3.
+
+
+
+M
+
+
+MacDonald, J. Ramsay, 18-19.
+
+Manifesto, See Communist Manifesto;
+  of Left Wing, 28;
+  of Moscow, See Moscow Manifesto;
+  of National Emergency Convention of Socialist Party, 72-8, 181, 228-9, 236-7, 239.
+
+Marriage in Bolshevist Russia, 164.
+
+Martens, Ludwig C. A. K., 172, 184-5, 194, 233-4, 248, 251.
+
+Marx, Karl, 2, 198, 200, 372.
+
+Mass Action, 11, 26-8, 32, 69, 92, 217, 227, 228-9, 231, 234, 237, 262.
+
+Materialistic conception of history, 293, 315.
+
+May Day riots, 196-7.
+
+Mensheviki of Russia, 4.
+
+Mexico, Socialism in, 12, 96.
+
+Militarism in Bolshevist Russia, 176.
+
+Millerand, 6.
+
+Money situation in Bolshevist Russia, 287.
+
+Money under Socialism, 272-3.
+
+Morris, 8.
+
+Moscow Conference, call to, 233.
+
+Moscow International, See Third International.
+
+Moscow Manifesto, 46-9, 67, 216-18, 228, 235, 237, 239-40.
+
+Moscow propaganda methods, 253-4, 256.
+
+Moving pictures, Socialist, 351.
+
+
+
+N
+
+
+National Emergency Convention, Socialist Party, 43, 55-7, 66-7, 69-72, 76-8;
+  Manifesto of, 72-8.
+
+Nationalization of women, 163-8.
+
+Nearing, Scott, 205, 361.
+
+Negroes, organized by I. W. W., 119;
+  by Socialist Party, 361.
+
+Newspapers in Bolshevist Russia, 145.
+
+"New Unionism, The," 108.
+
+New York State Socialist Assemblymen on trial at Albany, 34, 74-5, 221-7, 232, 234, 239, 242-6, 249-50, 252-3, 255, 257-65, 329, 340-1.
+
+Norway, Socialism in, 11.
+
+
+
+O
+
+
+Oaths, Socialist, 260.
+
+Old Age Pension, Berger's, 89.
+
+One Big Union, See I. W. W.
+
+"One Big Union Monthly," 105.
+
+Origin of modern Socialism, 1.
+
+Ownership, Government, 368-9.
+
+
+
+P
+
+Papers, Socialist, of the U. S., 14.
+
+Parental authority undermined by Socialists, 353.
+
+Paris Commune, 200-1.
+
+Parochial schools under Socialism, 302.
+
+Parties affiliated with the Third (Moscow) International, 33.
+
+Paterson, N. J., strike of 1913, 117-18.
+
+Petrograd under Bolshevist rule, 161.
+
+Platform planks of Socialists utterly unreliable, 365-8.
+
+Poems, anti-religious Socialist, 302-4.
+
+Political action, 24, 26, 201.
+
+Political corruption among Socialists, 97, 277-8.
+
+Primer, Socialist, Lesson 24, 352.
+
+Private business under Socialism, 83.
+
+Private ownership of land in Socialist state, 271-2.
+
+Private property, 32, 47, 53, 76, 80-3, 110, 365-8.
+
+Private property under Bolshevist rule, 139.
+
+Private schools under Socialism, 302.
+
+Profit under Socialism, 82, 273.
+
+Proletarian International, call for, 247.
+
+Proletariat, 30.
+
+Promises, golden, of Socialists, 342-4, 349, 371.
+
+Propaganda, Socialist, 192, 342-61, 363-5, 368-76.
+
+Prostitution under Socialism, 318-21.
+
+Publications, of I. W. W., 116-17.
+
+Publications of Socialist Party, 343-5.
+
+Publicity Committee against Socialism, 257-8.
+
+
+
+Q
+
+
+Quelch, 8.
+
+
+
+R
+
+
+Race suicide, 326-7.
+
+Raids, Government, on Communist and Communist Labor Parties, 215.
+
+Raids on I. W. W., 116.
+
+Rand School, 248-50, 357, 361.
+
+Rebellion advocated by Socialists, 47-50, 63-4, 71-2, 75, 78, 109, 115-17, 123, 128, 131, 134, 170-2, 183-4, 186, 189, 197-9, 201-2, 204-5, 212-20, 222, 227-9, 234-5, 237, 240-1, 243, 247, 249, 251, 254, 255-6, 262, 265, 266, 269, 270, 351, 356.
+
+"Reds" and "Yellows," 23, 24.
+
+Reed, John, 55.
+
+Refinery, sugar, 100, 102.
+
+Religion, conspiracy against, 292-316.
+
+Religion in Bolshevist Russia, 146-51, 168.
+
+Remuneration for work under Socialism, 83, 273-7.
+
+Rents under Socialism, 82, 273.
+
+Resistance, League of, 299, 300.
+
+Revolution without the "r," 23.
+
+Right and Left Wings, 23.
+
+Riots, Socialist, 194-5, 196-8.
+
+"Rows and Rows of 'em march," 208-9.
+
+"Russia going to pieces," 174.
+
+Russia, Socialism in, 4;
+  See Bolsheviki, Bolshevism and Bolshevist.
+
+Russian Industrial Unions appeal to workers in Allied countries, 247-8.
+
+
+
+S
+
+
+Sabotage, 111-13.
+
+Scheidemann, 3, 177, 179, 187-8, 190.
+
+Schools under Socialism, 302.
+
+School teachers, Socialist, 380.
+
+Seventy-seventh Division, A. E. F., 208.
+
+Shaw, 8.
+
+Soap box orators, 343, 363-5, 368-71, 380.
+
+Social Democratic Federation of Great Britain, 8.
+
+Social reforms hypocritically advocated by Socialists, 87-91, 368-9.
+
+Socialism a peril, 268-84, 286-90, 347;
+  Explained, 76, 79-93, 198-9, 270-8, 349, 365-8, 372-3;
+  Fails in Yucatan, 101-2.
+
+Socialist beggars, 92.
+
+Socialist blasphemies, 296-7, 303-5, 307-9.
+
+Socialist legislators, criticism of, 29.
+
+Socialist oaths, 260.
+
+Socialist papers of the U. S., 14.
+
+Socialist school teachers, 380.
+
+Socialists and the I. W. W., 105, 108, 114-15, 122-7, 129, 131-6.
+
+Socialists, varieties of, See Varieties.
+
+Soldiers and Sailors proselytized by Socialists, 359-60.
+
+Soldiers of America ridiculed by Socialists, 207-9.
+
+Songs, I. W. W., 120-2;
+  Socialist, 351.
+
+Soviets of Russia, 18, 138, 142-3, 157-8;
+  Origin, 4;
+  Uprisings against, 143-5.
+
+"Soviet Russia," magazine, 172.
+
+Spain, Socialism in, 9, 10.
+
+Spargo, John, 123, 303.
+
+Spartacans, 3, 30, 53, 177-8, 190;
+  Favored by American Socialists, 177, 187-93.
+
+Spartacides, See Spartacans.
+
+Speculators in Socialist Russia, 282, 286.
+
+"Stars and Stripes," down with, 210.
+
+Starvation in Socialist Russia, 282-3, 286.
+
+St. Louis platform of Socialists, 75, 91-2, 125.
+
+Stokes, Rose Pastor, 55.
+
+Strikes, Bring death in Socialist Russia, 290;
+  in Belgium, 10;
+  Paris, 7;
+  Prelude to armed rebellion, 26-8, 32, 109-10, 241, 346-8;
+  in Rome, 9;
+  Sympathetic, 108, 109, 346;
+  Under a Socialist form of government, 276;
+  Winnipeg, 125, 229-30, 245-6.
+
+Struggle, See Class struggle.
+
+"Struggling Russia," magazine, 142.
+
+Students' warfare against Socialism, 380.
+
+Sugar refinery in Yucatan, 100, 102.
+
+Suicide, See Race suicide.
+
+Sunday schools, Socialist, 350-3.
+
+Sweden, Socialism in, 11.
+
+
+
+T
+
+
+Tactics of the Left Wing, 35.
+
+Teachers of public schools, Communists, 355.
+
+Teachers' Union of New York City, 354-5.
+
+Terrorism of I. W. W., 118.
+
+Theatrical plays, Socialist, 351, 360.
+
+Thomas, Albert, 6.
+
+Trial at Albany of Socialist Assemblymen, See New York State Socialist Assemblymen.
+
+
+
+U
+
+
+Underground, "Reds" working, 375-6.
+
+"Uniform, spit on it," 208.
+
+Union among Socialists of all nations, 17.
+
+Unionism, Industrial, See Industrial Unionism.
+
+United States, Socialism in, 13.
+
+
+
+V
+
+
+Vandervelde, Emil, 10, 270, 296.
+
+Varieties of Socialists, 79.
+
+Voting in Bolshevist Russia, 140, 145.
+
+
+
+W
+
+
+Wage courts under Socialism, 276-7.
+
+Wage system, abolition of, 107, 108.
+
+Wages under Socialism, 273-7.
+
+Walling's criticism of Socialist Party, 251.
+
+War, Socialist opposition to, 91-3.
+
+Wings, Right and Left, 23.
+
+Winnipeg general strike, 230-1.
+
+Work, assignment to, under Socialism, 273-7.
+
+Works, anti-Socialist, 378.
+
+Workingmen, beware of the Reds, 375-6, 378-9, 382.
+
+Women must work under Socialism, 84-5, 277.
+
+Wreckage resulting from Socialism, 101-2.
+
+Wynkoop, David, 10.
+
+
+
+Y
+
+
+"Yellow" Socialists, 63.
+
+"Yellows" and "Reds," 23-4, 58, 66.
+
+Young People's Socialist clubs, 350-1.
+
+Young, Teaching Socialism to, 350-5.
+
+Yucatan, Atheism of Socialists in, 298-9.
+
+Yucatan, Socialism in, 96.
+
+
+
+Z
+
+
+Zapata, Emiliano, 98, 101-2.
+
+Zeuch, letter to by Socialist professor, 356-7.
+
+Zimmerwald resolutions, 6.
+
+Zinovieff, 252-5.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES, MAY
+8-14, 1920
+
+
+
+After "The Red Conspiracy" went to press, this Convention was held at
+Finnish Hall, New York City. Of its 156 delegates, sixty were of foreign
+birth. By some newspapers the Convention was incorrectly styled "mild"
+and "conservative," so well were the avowed revolutionary designs of the
+Socialists camouflaged behind seemingly harmless innocuous phrases for
+the deception of the uninformed. "Vote-catching" was the key-note of the
+proceedings. As this book shows, the Socialist Party in 1919 lost the
+vast majority of its members to the Communists and the Communist
+Laborites and had, therefore, to seek new members. These, however, could
+be won only by concealing for the time being the true revolutionary
+objects of the Socialist Party. This covering-up of its conspiracy
+against the United States, and the resultant gathering into the
+conspirators' net of the timid halfway Socialists as yet members of
+other political Parties, could be accomplished only by the lure of a
+Convention Platform so worded as to convince the unwary that the
+Socialists as a Party had discarded their ultra radicalism and blatant
+un-Americanism.
+
+The Convention of May, 1920, therefore, was guided, under the adroit
+management of Morris Hillquit and Victor L. Berger, toward a Platform
+worded more mildly and conservatively than might have been expected. No
+thinking person, however, Socialist or decent American, will be deceived
+into believing that the beast of prey has changed its ugly spots because
+a gauzy veil of lies has been thrown over them.
+
+"The Red Conspiracy" has proven that the Socialists in the United States
+have been, almost to a man, in thorough accord with the principles and
+workings of the blackest Bolshevism. They have consistently and
+completely supported the I. W. W. They are avowed foes of the American
+Federation of Labor, though willing enough to use this organization by
+sending traitors to join it and to bore their rat-holes of corruption
+from within its respectable membership. One of the delegates to the
+Socialist Convention of May, 1920, George Bauer, of New Jersey, said:
+"We must remember that there are four or five million men in the A. F.
+of L., and I don't believe we can establish a co-operative commonwealth
+without them." The Convention, following this argument of expediency,
+adopted a resolution stating that the Socialist Party did not intend to
+interfere with the internal affairs of labor unions; but added a
+statement that the Party favored the organization of workers along the
+line of industrial unionism, acting as one organized working-class body.
+The I. W. W. is, of course, the leading industrial union in America, and
+the Convention's resolution set another seal to the sympathetic bond
+between Socialism and I. W. W.'ism, with the added encouragement of the
+Socialist Party's support of the less powerful industrial unions now
+within the American Federation of Labor.
+
+The Camouflagists at the Convention politely declared that the Socialist
+Party did not seek to interfere with the institution of the family. But
+Hilkovitz whitewash is not white enough to obscure the lurid red of the
+free-love and race-suicide propaganda carried on in the Socialist press,
+Hillquit's favorite sheet, "The New York Call," being one of the chief
+offenders. A visit to the Rand School in New York City and examination
+of the books for sale on its book-store shelves and the periodicals and
+pamphlets there for sale will present appalling and convincing evidence
+of the Socialist efforts to destroy elementary decency as well as the
+institutions of marriage and the family.
+
+Another declaration of the Camouflagists at the Socialist Convention of
+May, 1920, stated that the Socialist Party "recognizes the right of
+voluntary communities of citizens to maintain religious institutions and
+to worship freely according to the dictates of their conscience." As
+August Claessens warned the Convention: "Cry out against that which men
+cherish as holy, and you rouse an antagonism which no argument can
+defeat." This counsel of discretion is interesting side by side with
+another Convention statement, made by William Karlin of New York: "If
+the churches do stand for the old order, it will be a bad day for them
+when the new order comes, because the churches will go down with the old
+order." Mr. Karlin, however, accepting discretion as valor's better
+part, admitted that "There are many people to whom we can appeal if we
+don't arouse their religious prejudice;" while Delegate McIntyre, of the
+District of Columbia, prudently advised the members of the Convention to
+"get the voters first and talk religion out of them afterward." Again,
+a visit to the book-shop of the Rand School is suggested if proof is
+desired of the Socialist propaganda of atheism, sacrilege, and,
+specifically, hatred of Christianity. The reader of "The Red Conspiracy"
+will have noted enough of the Socialists' blasphemies to prevent the
+Convention Camouflagists' hedging on this subject from having any effect
+but added disgust at hypocrisy.
+
+The Convention declared in favor of political action for the attainment
+of the Socialists' ends. Exactly! Chapter XVI of this book, "The
+Conspiracy Against Our Country," has shown for what purposes political
+action and political power are to be used. Get traitors in office and
+when the Revolution comes the forces to coerce the American people and
+destroy the American Government will be in the traitors' control.
+
+Camouflagists[25] and their opponents of the Convention united in the
+nomination of Eugene V. Debs, convicted criminal, for President of the
+United States. Let us hear the words of this man whom Morris Hillquit
+stated resembles "the Nazarene," and who styles himself "a flaming
+revolutionist." A press report, from Atlanta, Georgia, dated May 14,
+1920, quotes him as saying:
+
+     "Personally I am a radical. I have always been one. My only fear
+     has always been that I might not be radical enough. In my own party
+     I always led the minority, but I hope to lead a united Socialist
+     Party to the polls this Fall. They are fighting within my own party
+     today. It is a good healthy sign. The radicals keep the
+     conservatives from giving away too much to popularize the movement.
+     That is what killed the Populist Party. The leaders sought to
+     popularize its political propaganda by pandering to more
+     conservative elements. They lost the radical support of their
+     party, which became the Socialist Party, and naturally the
+     conservatives had no further use for them. To begin to placate your
+     enemies is to invite decay."
+
+The radical minority in the Socialist Party formerly comprised the Left
+Wing members who later on became Communists and Communist Laborites. J.
+Louis Engdahl of Chicago at present leads a new Left Wing radical
+minority within the Party.
+
+The American public may at times be gullible, but hardly sufficiently so
+as to believe in the sincerity of Hillquit and Victor L. Berger, who
+filled the air at the Convention with phrases of moderation and disclaim
+of treason and revolution, following their gentle verbiage by nominating
+Debs who scores those who "sought to popularize" "political propaganda
+by pandering to more conservative elements." "Panderer" is not a pretty
+thing to be called, but the pleasant Messrs. Hilkovitz and Berger
+swallow it. That their conservative phraseology would fool no one was
+recognized at the Convention by Irwin St. John Tucker, who said: "You
+can disguise yourself by sprouting pink whiskers." Mr. Tucker, however,
+would not join the Camouflagists, remarking: "It may be that the
+American people are not yet ready to accept Socialist principles, but I
+would rather lose an election than lose those principles."
+
+Hillquit himself said in the Convention, on May 13, 1920, that the
+nomination of Debs "proves that we have not receded from our position of
+revolutionary Socialism and that we will be more effective and still
+more revolutionary than ever before."
+
+J. Louis Engdahl may be an enemy to the United States and to society in
+general, but he is man enough to say boldly what he really thinks. At
+the Convention he declared: "I say that it is time to inaugurate the
+revolution immediately. The time to prepare for victory is now.... We
+can't fool anybody here by decorating the walls with the flag of Wall
+St."
+
+Delegate Oneal, one of Hillquit's own faction of political actionists,
+volunteered to furnish a reason why camouflage was a useful policy for
+the Socialists to adopt until "The Day" arrived,--the black day when the
+United States of America should be gasping in the throes of death-agony,
+like wretched Russia. Oneal sapiently remarked at the Convention: "The
+time and conditions which favored the Russian revolution must be studied
+before we attempt to adopt them here."
+
+But the Camouflagists of the Convention did not sever and did not wish
+to sever the close bond of union between the Socialist Party of the
+United States and the Third or Moscow International, the Convention, in
+its majority report, stating that "The Moscow organization is virile and
+aggressive, inspired as it is by the militant idealism of the Russian
+revolution," the majority report further stating that the Socialist
+Party of the United States, "retaining its adherence to the Third
+International," "instructs its executive committee, its international
+secretary and international delegates to be elected" "To participate in
+movements looking to the union of all true Socialist forces in the world
+into one International and to initiate and further such movements
+whenever the opportunity is presented." The said majority report
+follows, as reported in "The New York Call," May 15, 1920:
+
+     "The international organization of Socialism has been disrupted as
+     a result of the world war.
+
+     "The old Second International is represented principally by the
+     majority party of Germany, the Socialist parties of the countries
+     carved out from the former Austro-Hungarian empire, and of most of
+     the countries of Europe that remained neutral during the war.
+
+     "The parties affiliated with this organization have largely
+     abandoned the revolutionary character and the militant methods of
+     working class Socialism. As a rule, they co-operate with the middle
+     class reform parties of their countries.
+
+     "The Third or Moscow International was organized by the Communist
+     party of Russia with the co-operation of several other Communist
+     organizations recruited in the main from the countries split off
+     from the former Russian empire and some Scandinavian and Balkan
+     countries. The Third International also includes the Labor party of
+     Norway and the Communist Labor party of Poland. Of the other
+     important countries, the Socialist parties of Switzerland, Italy
+     and the United States, and the British Socialist party have
+     expressed their intention to affiliate with it.
+
+     "The Moscow organization is virile and aggressive, inspired as it
+     is by the militant idealism of the Russian revolution. It is,
+     however, at this time only a nucleus of a Socialist International,
+     and its progress is largely impeded by the attitude of its present
+     governing committee, which seems inclined to impose upon all
+     affiliated bodies the formula of the Russian revolution 'The
+     dictatorship of the proletariat in the form of Soviet power.'
+
+     "The Independent Socialist party of Germany, the Socialist party of
+     France and the Independent Labor party of Great Britain are
+     unaffiliated. They have initiated a movement to unite all truly
+     Socialist parties of the world, including those represented in the
+     Moscow organization, into one International.
+
+     "At no time was an active and effective organization of a Socialist
+     International more vitally necessary for the success of Socialism
+     than at this crucial period of the world's history. Socialism is in
+     complete control in the great country of Russia. It is represented
+     in the bourgeois governments of several important countries of
+     Europe. The Socialists constitute the leading opposition parties in
+     most of the remaining modern countries. It should be the task of
+     the Socialist International to aid our Comrades in Russia to
+     maintain and fortify their political control and to improve and
+     stabilize the economic and social conditions of their country by
+     forcing the great powers of Europe and America to abandon the
+     dastardly policy of intrigue, war and starvation blockade against
+     Soviet Russia. It should be its task to help the Socialists in
+     countries of divided political control to institute full and true
+     Socialist governments, and to support the struggles of the
+     Socialists in the capitalist-controlled countries, so that they may
+     more speedily secure victory for the workers in their countries.
+
+     "But above all a true Socialist International would at this time
+     fulfill the all-important function of serving as the framework of
+     the coming world parliament.
+
+     "To accomplish these great tasks the International of Socialism
+     must be truly international.
+
+     "It cannot be truly Socialist if it is not based upon the program
+     of complete socialization of the industries, and upon the
+     principles of class struggle and uncompromising working class
+     politics. It cannot be truly international unless it accords to its
+     affiliated bodies full freedom in matters of policy and forms of
+     struggle on the basis of such program and principles, so that the
+     Socialists of each country may work out their problems in the light
+     of their own peculiar economic, political and social conditions as
+     well as the historic traditions.
+
+     "In view of the above considerations the Socialist party of the
+     United States, while retaining its adherence to the Third
+     International, instructs its executive committee, its international
+     secretary and international delegates to be elected
+
+     "(a) To insist that no formula such as 'the dictatorship of the
+     proletariat in the form of soviets' or any other formula for the
+     attainment of the Socialist commonwealth be imposed or exacted as
+     condition of affiliation with the Third International.
+
+     "(b) To participate in movements looking to the union of all true
+     Socialist forces in the world into one International, and to
+     initiate and further such movements whenever the opportunity is
+     presented."
+
+The brotherly sympathy between the Socialist Party of the United States
+and the Red Vandals of Soviet Russia is exhibited by the following, also
+from "The New York Call," May 15, 1920, reporting the proceedings of the
+Socialist Convention in Finnish Hall:
+
+     "A mission of three members was provided for to carry fraternal
+     greetings to Soviet Russia and to investigate and report on
+     conditions in the first working class republic, and the
+     international delegates were further instructed to get into
+     communication with Socialist organizations in North and South
+     America for the purpose of creating Socialist Pan-American
+     congresses."
+
+The majority reporters, or discreet Camouflagists, despite the prudent
+efforts of careful Mr. Hillquit to separate the Socialist Party of the
+United States from the Communists and other out-in-the-open enemies of
+our Country, evidently believed it wise to throw out a beckoning hand to
+all radicals in general, especially to the Red Left Wing Socialists who
+left the Party to become Communists and Communist Laborites in the fall
+of 1919. At the Convention of May, 1920, the following resolution was
+adopted:
+
+     "Resolved, that we, the national convention of the Socialist party,
+     in order to carry into effect this desire for unity, make the
+     following proposals:
+
+     "That any individual, branch, local or state or language federation
+     that left the party last fall because of tactical differences and
+     now desires to re-enter on the basis of the Socialist party
+     platform and constitution, be welcomed to return.
+
+     "That where Socialist party locals and other groups of the labor
+     movement exist side by side in the same locality, we propose the
+     creation of joint campaign committees for the management of a
+     working class electoral campaign upon the basis of our platform.
+
+     "That after the campaign is over, whenever the situation promises
+     practical results, steps be taken to confer with representatives of
+     other factions of the movement with a view to establishing possible
+     basis for organization unity.
+
+     "That a national advisory council of all working class
+     organizations for the purpose of combatting the reactionary forces
+     be formed so that wherever possible there be voluntary united
+     action by all political and economic organizations who take their
+     stand on the basis of the class struggle."
+
+There was a family fuss over a proposed clause, finally stricken out,
+that "due stamps or other evidence of membership in the groups formed by
+the split in the party shall be recognized as evidence of good standing"
+in the Socialist Party. In this connection, William Kruse of Illinois,
+who is far from a Camouflagist, said: "Debs believes that the Communist
+and Communist Labor members are as good Socialists as any." The
+authorities of our Nation have condemned membership in the Communist
+organization as illegal and have proven Debs a criminal. The Socialists
+welcome the Communists and Communist Laborites, "whenever the situation
+promises practical results" (when the time for "shooting," for "bullets"
+rather than "ballots," has arrived?), and the Socialists, Camouflagists
+as enthusiastically as their opponents, acclaim Debs the criminal, Debs
+the convicted enemy of the United States of America, and nominate this
+criminal enemy for President of the United States of America!
+
+The entire record of the May, 1920, Socialist Convention is a series of
+insincere, futile, clever attempts to whitewash the blood-red of the
+known and proved Socialist principles and aims, these attempts in turn
+combated by the more honest delegates, and the net result being the
+re-affirmation in tangible and important matters of these same menacing
+principles and aims, though set forth in wilier and more guarded
+language than has been heretofore the case.
+
+The Red Conspiracy has been proven, and every new move of the Socialists
+but confirms, in the minds of sane and loyal Americans, the extent and
+peril of the conspiracy, and intensifies our will to combat this evil
+thing in our midst until righteous combat has fought to glorious
+victory. Down with the Red Flag of Socialism, Communism, Bolshevism, I.
+W. W.'ism, and Anarchy! Victory and glory to the Stars and Stripes of
+our beloved Country!
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+
+[A] "The Bolsheviks--formerly a faction within the Social-Democratic
+Labor Party--have recently changed their name to Communist party to
+distinguish themselves from the other Social-Democratic groups.
+
+"The term Bolsheviks and Mensheviks date back to 1903, when at a
+congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party a difference arose
+on a seemingly unimportant question (editorial supervision of the party
+organ), when upon a vote which decided the question there naturally was
+a majority and minority. Those who were with the majority were nicknamed
+Bolsheviks and those with the minority Mensheviks, deriving their names
+from the Russian words Bolshinstvo and Menshinstvo, meaning majority and
+minority respectively." _"The Soviets at Work," by Nicolai Lenin,
+published, with foreword and footnotes by Alexander Trachtenberg, by the
+Rand School of Social Science._
+
+[B] It is a notable fact that throughout his three days' testimony on
+the witness stand at Albany, February 17, 18 and 19, 1920, in the case
+of the five suspended Socialist Assemblymen before the Judiciary
+Committee of the New York Assembly, Morris Hillquit, illustrious leader
+of the Red Rebels' Whitewash Squad, tried to save the five suspended
+Socialist Assemblymen and the damaged reputation of their organization,
+the Socialist Party of the United States, by tremendous applications of
+Debs' old recipe of quicklime and water, the special formula of which is
+to spell revolution and rifles without the "r," pistols without the "p"
+and bombs without the "b."
+
+[C] Engdahl was indicted at Chicago, February 2, 1918, as Editor of the
+Socialist Party's official publications, brought to trial before Judge
+Landis, December 9, 1918, and convicted on January 8, 1919. The four
+indicted, convicted and sentenced with him, each for twenty years, were
+Victor L. Berger, member of the Socialist Party's National Executive
+Committee; Adolph Germer, the Party's National Executive Secretary;
+William F. Kruse, Secretary of the Young People's Socialist League, and
+Irwin St. John Tucker, former head of the Party's Literature Department.
+
+[D] This reference to Left, Right and Center bears every earmark of
+familiarity with the use of these terms in the call to the Moscow
+Conference.
+
+[E] Thus Hillquit seems to have had his eye on the "call" to the Moscow
+Conference, although he swore on the stand at Albany, in February, 1920,
+that he had not read the Moscow manifesto when he wrote 90 per cent. or
+more of his Party's Chicago manifesto of September, 1919.
+
+[F] The reference is to Alexander Stoklitzky.
+
+[G] Article 3, Section 3 (a), of the "National Convention and Platform
+of the Socialist Party, 1917," as officially published, reads: "The call
+for the regular election of members of the National Executive Committee
+shall be issued on the first day of January, 1918, and on January first
+of each odd numbered year thereafter. _Members elected in 1918 shall
+retire July first, 1919._" But why should their own Constitution bother
+plotters who wish to dynamite that of the United States?
+
+[H] Gitlow was tried, convicted and sentenced in New York City early in
+1920, for inciting to anarchy.
+
+[I] The report brought back by this delegate, James Oneal, was the basis
+of the straddle resolution then adopted by a majority of the Executive
+Committee, the text of which we have given near the close of Chapter II.
+
+[J] As we have seen, the testimony of Morris Hillquit, February 19,
+1920, at the trial of the five Assemblymen at Albany, was, "At least
+ninety per cent. of the manifesto is my authorship."
+
+[K] See Chapter V of this book for an account of Referendum D, carried
+by a large majority in the spring or summer of 1919, by which the rank
+and file of the Socialist Party opposed its entrance into any
+international Socialist alignment except that of the Third (Moscow)
+International.
+
+[L] In its article on "The Russian Soviet Government Bureau in the
+United States" Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, pages 384-5,
+says: "The Legal Department, under the supervision of Morris Hillquit,
+advises the Bureau so that its actions may at all times conform to the
+laws of the United States.... The raid upon the Soviet Bureau by local
+authorities engaged the attention of the Legal Department."
+
+Again, the "Albany Argus" of February 19, 1920, describing Hillquit's
+testimony in the Socialist case on the preceding day, February 18, says:
+"It was brought out in cross-examination that Mr. Hillquit had acted as
+counsel for the Russian Soviet Bureau in this country.... The witness
+testified that he had advised Ludwig C. A. K. Martens to file his
+credentials with the Secretary of State; had aided him in the
+preparation of his statement and advised him generally in the
+organization of his office and in every effort undertaken by him for the
+establishment of trade connection with the United States."
+
+[M] Those willing to co-operate with the Committee should communicate
+with its Chairman, Mr. Frank Allaben, President of The National
+Historical Society, publishers of this book, 37 West 39th street, New
+York City.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER NOTES
+
+
+[1] Changed "Bolshevissm" to "Bolshevism".
+
+[2] Changed "Bolhevist" to "Bolshevist".
+
+[3] Changed "Forence" to "Florence".
+
+[4] Changed "circulaton" to "circulation".
+
+[5] Changed "constitutent" to "constituent".
+
+[6] Changed "form" to "from".
+
+[7] Changed "Ukrainains" to "Ukrainians".
+
+[8] Changed "renumeration" to "remuneration".
+
+[9] Changed "Procedings" to "Proceedings".
+
+[10] Changed "chidren" to "children".
+
+[11] Changed "futhermore" to "furthermore".
+
+[12] Changed "inauguarate" to "inaugurate".
+
+[13] Changed "Knickerobcker" to "Knickerbocker".
+
+[14] Changed "prevalance" to "prevalence".
+
+[15] Changed "Englisn" to "English".
+
+[16] Changed "neutriality" to "neutrality".
+
+[17] Changed "Interpretaion" to "Interpretation".
+
+[18] Changed "superstitution" to "superstition".
+
+[19] Changed "Pary" to "Party".
+
+[20] Changed "nowithstanding" to "notwithstanding".
+
+[21] Changed "camparatively" to "comparatively".
+
+[22] Changed "dailes" to "dailies".
+
+[23] Changed "insurrections" to "insurrection".
+
+[24] Changed "alied" to "allied".
+
+[25] Changed "Canouflagists" to "Camouflagists".
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Red Conspiracy, by Joseph J. Mereto
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Red Conspiracy, by Joseph J. Mereto
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
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+Title: The Red Conspiracy
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+Author: Joseph J. Mereto
+
+Release Date: August 31, 2006 [EBook #19150]
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+
+
+<div id="tp">
+<h1>The Red Conspiracy</h1>
+
+<p class='byline'>BY</p>
+
+<h2 class='author'>JOSEPH J. MERETO</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>1920<br />
+
+THE NATIONAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY<br />
+
+37 West 39th Street, New York</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="verso">
+<blockquote>
+<p>This book proves the existence of the Red Peril. We publish it to warn
+America. We ask the help of every loyal American, organization and
+institution to put "The Red Conspiracy" in every home, school and
+library in the land. Price, cloth bound, $2.15 postpaid; in paper, $1.10
+postpaid.</p>
+
+<p>Chapters of the book and parts of chapters can also be supplied in
+pamphlet and leaflet form for wide distribution. Write us for
+particulars.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smallcaps">The National Historical Society</span><br />
+37 West 39th Street, New York
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<i>Copyright, 1920, by<br />
+The National Historical Society</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="intro">
+<h2><a name="page_iii"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>As a mark of sincere gratitude for all that he owes to his Country from
+birth, the author of "The Red Conspiracy" hereby dedicates his work to
+his fellow-countrymen, trusting that it will prove a bulwark of defense
+for our Star-Spangled Banner and constitutional form of government, now
+so violently assailed by disloyal American citizens, as well as by
+Marxian rebels from abroad who have deceived many of the uneducated or
+trained them in ways of evil.</p>
+
+<p>While "The Red Conspiracy" will appeal strongly to all who are seeking a
+clear and comprehensive knowledge of Socialism, Bolshevism, Communism
+and I. W. W.'ism, it will be of special value to the workingmen of
+America, as it will enable them easily to understand the fallacies of
+the Revolutionists and at the same time make them realize the serious
+dangers that would result from the adoption of any of the various
+radical programs.</p>
+
+<p>Friendship, indeed, the "Knights of the Red Flag" profess for the
+laboring man. Such friendship, however, once it is understood will be
+spurned, for it is one which would plunge the sons of toil into a
+terrible abyss of injustice, deprivation and suffering--wrongs far
+greater than those endured from abuses of capitalism and partial
+corruption of some government officials.</p>
+
+<p>At the very beginning of this work, the author wishes to express his
+heartfelt sympathy for poor men and women who are treated unjustly by
+employers, as well as with all who receive too small a recompense for
+their wearisome labors. It is, indeed, a source of deep regret to us
+that in consequence of injustice and uncharitableness, there are to be
+found in this rich republic numbers of our fellow-countrymen, not merely
+men and women but even innocent little children, who can scarcely
+relieve the pangs of their hunger by the coarsest kinds of food and have
+naught but rags for clothes and huts for homes. Feeling deep concern for
+these poor people, and for all who suffer either from employers or from
+defects of government, we trust that "The Red Conspiracy" will not only
+help toward remedying many of the evils that now weigh heavily upon the
+working class, but help to avert the far more dreadful evils that would<a name="page_iv"></a>
+result from the adoption of Socialism, Bolshevism, Communism, and I. W.
+W.'ism.</p>
+
+<p>For many years the author has made a careful study of radicalism, and
+during that time has read not only many thousands of Socialist and I. W.
+W. papers, leaflets, pamphlets and books, but also most of the leading
+works against Socialism in the English language. We have sought to
+gather an illuminating collection of quotations, not merely from
+standard Marxian publications, but from the speeches of Socialists of
+unquestioned authority in the international movement. These open
+confessions of the Revolutionists cannot fail to interest the reader and
+will certainly arouse the deep indignation of every fair-minded person
+against a propaganda of deception which is working fast to wreck modern
+civilization.</p>
+
+<p>No doubt the readers of "The Red Conspiracy" will be interested to learn
+that many of the revelations made in this book are brought to light
+through purchase by the author himself of revolutionary papers and
+pamphlets on sale in the spring and summer of 1919 at the National
+Headquarters of the Socialist Party, the Chas. H. Kerr Socialist
+Publishing Company, and the National Headquarters of the I. W. W., all
+in Chicago, and also in leading Socialist bookstores of Chicago, New
+York, and Philadelphia. The matter obtained in these centres of
+underworld corruption and anarchy could not have been procured had the
+author ransacked every public library in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Though loyalty and patriotism should always inspire us to defend our
+country against its foes, we must concede to the Socialists that human
+government, whether national, state or municipal, is by no means free
+from serious defects; and we are bound to admit that representatives of
+the American people, as well as men engaged in business and commerce,
+have too often been guilty of dishonesty, injustice and cruelty to the
+suffering poor.</p>
+
+<p>Law-abiding citizens, while very much regretting that wrongs such as
+these should exist, confidently hope to reduce them to a reasonable
+minimum by methods of social reform still more effective than those that
+have already brought to an end not a few of the evils prevalent in days
+gone by. Prudence and charity suggest to true social reformers
+reasonable constitutional and lawful methods by which to correct abuses
+instead of adding to their number by adopting Socialism. We have already
+seen too much of the work of the "Reds" in Europe and in parts<a name="page_v"></a> of
+Mexico, and we do not wish to behold our fellow-countrymen shedding more
+blood and suffering graver evils, under Socialism, than they did during
+the terrible World War.</p>
+
+<p>Loyal and patriotic citizens of America, judging from the progress that
+has been made in the past in matters of social reform, have every reason
+for looking forward confidently to the success of their efforts--unless,
+indeed, the Revolutionists, by greatly increasing their numbers, should
+divide the workingmen of our country into two big parties, comprising,
+respectively, the Socialists and the anti-Socialists, whose main purpose
+it would then be to fight each other instead of joining forces against
+social abuses. If the Revolutionists should gain very large numbers of
+recruits, there would be, on the one hand, a great party consisting of
+those whose object it would be to destroy our present form of
+government, as well as the entire industrial system, and, on the other,
+an opposition party, embracing good citizens and men of common sense and
+intelligence, who, because of their realization of the blessings which
+privately-owned industries and our constitutional form of government
+have bestowed upon the people of America, would be determined to shed
+the last drop of their blood in defense of them.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialists, however, are not satisfied with social reform, but are
+bent on the total destruction of our system of government and industry,
+holding the system itself, rather than the faults and shortcomings of
+men, to be by its very nature responsible for all the economic evils of
+the day. "Down with the Stars and Stripes" is their cry. "Abolish
+religion and the present form of marriage." "Atheism and free-love must
+reign supreme." Then, trusting that workingmen will admire anything,
+provided that it be adorned in sufficiently glowing colors, they paint
+such fabulous pictures of Socialism as the following:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Hundreds of thousands of former representatives of the state will
+     enter various professions, and by their intelligence and strength
+     will help to increase the wealth and comfort of society. Neither
+     political nor common crimes will be known in the future. Thieves
+     will have disappeared because private property will have
+     disappeared, and in the new society everybody will be able to
+     satisfy his wants easily and conveniently by work. Nor will there
+     be tramps and vagabonds, for they are the product of a society
+     founded on private property, and with the abolition of this
+     institution they will cease to exist. Murder? Why? No one can
+     enrich himself at the expense of others, and<a name="page_vi"></a> even murder for
+     hatred or revenge is directly or indirectly connected with the
+     social system. Perjury, false testimony, fraud, theft of
+     inheritance, fraudulent failures? There will be no private property
+     against which these crimes could be committed. Arson? Who should
+     find satisfaction in committing arson when society has removed all
+     cause for hatred? Counterfeiting? Money will be but a mere chimera,
+     it would be love's labor lost! Blasphemy? Nonsense! It will be left
+     to good Almighty God himself to punish whoever has offended him,
+     provided that the existence of God is still a matter of
+     controversy." ("Woman Under Socialism," by Bebel, page 436 of the
+     1910 edition in English.)
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>As an immense number of American citizens would not be led astray by
+these foolish promises, or by others equally absurd--recalling how
+political and common crimes, theft, murder, arson, perjury, worthless
+currency, blasphemy and political corruption have ruined Socialist
+Russia and made it a hell on earth--a dreadful revolution would be
+necessary to compel our countrymen to surrender their cherished rights.
+The Socialists, if victorious, after having set up a new form of
+government, modeled on their own low ideas of morality, would not only
+substitute a free-love regime for the present form of marriage, but,
+going still further, would avail themselves of every opportunity for
+destroying religion. The evils, however, would by no means end here, for
+the new government, whose rapid decay would begin from the very day of
+its birth, would in a short time collapse and fall, and then the
+citizens of America would have neither a government to protect them from
+the ravages of criminals, whose number would be legion, nor yet any
+suitable system of organized industries for the employment of men and
+the production of the necessaries of life. Consequently, trials and
+sufferings incomparably greater than any of the present day would befall
+the people in the reign of anarchy that would ensue.</p>
+
+<p>It is to preserve our fellow-countrymen from ever having to endure such
+calamities that we have undertaken this work, in which it is proven
+conclusively that the "Reds," unless quickly thwarted, will overwhelm us
+with unspeakable horrors of crime, rebellion, anarchy and destitution.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="toc">
+<h2><a name="page_vii"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+<h3><a href="#intro">INTRODUCTION</a>, <a href="#page_iii">iii</a></h3>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Scope of Book, <a href="#page_iii">iii</a>; Value to Workingmen, <a href="#page_iii">iii</a>; Sympathy for Labor,
+     <a href="#page_iii">iii</a>; Quotations from Socialist Authorities, <a href="#page_iv">iv</a>; Revolutionists Set
+     Back the Cause of Labor, <a href="#page_v">v</a>; Bebel's Fabulous Picture of Socialist
+     Possibilities, <a href="#page_v">v</a>; Socialism Means War, <a href="#page_vi">vi</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch01">CHAPTER I</a></h3>
+
+<h4>SOCIALISM IN OTHER LANDS, <a href="#page_1">1</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Modern Socialism Dates from "Communist Manifesto," 1848, <a href="#page_1">1</a>; Karl
+     Marx, <a href="#page_1">1</a>; Engels, <a href="#page_1">1</a>;; International Workingmen's Association, <a href="#page_1">1</a>;;
+     "Capital" by Marx, the Socialist Bible, <a href="#page_2">2</a>; Socialism in Germany, <a href="#page_2">2</a>;
+     in Bavaria, <a href="#page_4">4</a>; in Russia, <a href="#page_4">4</a>; Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, <a href="#page_5">5</a>;
+     Socialism in Austria-Hungary, <a href="#page_5">5</a>; in France, <a href="#page_5">5</a>; in Great Britain, <a href="#page_8">8</a>;
+     in Italy, <a href="#page_9">9</a>; in Spain, <a href="#page_9">9</a>; in Belgium, <a href="#page_10">10</a>; in Holland, <a href="#page_10">10</a>; in
+     Bohemia, <a href="#page_10">10</a>; in Sweden, <a href="#page_11">11</a>; in Norway, <a href="#page_11">11</a>; in Argentina, <a href="#page_11">11</a>; in
+     Canada, <a href="#page_12">12</a>; in Bulgaria, <a href="#page_12">12</a>; in Mexico, <a href="#page_12">12</a>; in Other Foreign Lands,
+     <a href="#page_12">12</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch02">CHAPTER II</a></h3>
+
+<h4>GROWTH OF SOCIALISM IN THE UNITED STATES, <a href="#page_13">13</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Introduced from Europe, <a href="#page_13">13</a>; Workingmen's Party, <a href="#page_13">13</a>; Socialist Labor
+     Party, <a href="#page_13">13</a>; Socialist Democracy of America, <a href="#page_13">13</a>; Socialist Party of
+     America, <a href="#page_13">13</a>; Socialist Periodicals, <a href="#page_14">14</a>; Socialist Party Strife and
+     Bossism, <a href="#page_14">14</a>; The Internatonal, <a href="#page_16">16</a>; The First International, <a href="#page_16">16</a>; The
+     Second International, <a href="#page_16">16</a>; International Socialist Bureau, <a href="#page_17">17</a>;
+     American Socialists and the International, <a href="#page_17">17</a>; The Berne
+     Conference, <a href="#page_18">18</a>; The Third (Moscow) International, <a href="#page_18">18</a>; Debs and
+     American Socialists Recognized by Lenine, <a href="#page_20">20</a>; American Socialists'
+     Straddle Resolution on Berne and Moscow, <a href="#page_21">21</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch03">CHAPTER III</a></h3>
+
+<h4>THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF AMERICA DEVELOPS A LEFT WING, <a href="#page_23">23</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Revolution Camouflaged as Evolution, <a href="#page_23">23</a>; "Yellows," "Reds,"
+     "Rights" and "Lefts," <a href="#page_23">23</a>; Origin of the Left Wing, <a href="#page_24">24</a>;
+     Revolutionary Principles of the Left Wing, <a href="#page_24">24</a>; Sympathy with
+     Russian Bolshevism, <a href="#page_25">25</a>; Industrial Unionism Advocated, <a href="#page_26">26</a>; Mass
+     Action and Strikes the Prelude to Armed Rebellion, <a href="#page_26">26</a>; "Moderate"
+     Socialism Rejected by American Revolutionists, <a href="#page_28">28</a>; To Overthrow the
+     United States Government, <a href="#page_30">30</a>; Text of Call to Moscow International,
+     <a href="#page_31">31</a>; American Socialist Party for "Industrial Unionism," <a href="#page_34">34</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a name="page_viii"></a><a href="#ch04">CHAPTER IV</a></h3>
+
+<h4>THE FREE-FOR-ALL FIGHT BETWEEN THE RIGHT AND LEFT WINGS, <a href="#page_35">35</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Rowdies at Socialist Meetings, <a href="#page_35">35</a>; Revolution in America "at Hand,"
+     <a href="#page_36">36</a>; "Existence of the Party at Stake," <a href="#page_37">37</a>; "The Steering
+     Committee," <a href="#page_38">38</a>; Hillquit Says Left Wing is Not "Too Radical," <a href="#page_40">40</a>;
+     "Friendly Separation," <a href="#page_41">41</a>; The Left Wing Gets More "Dictatorship"
+     Than It Wants, <a href="#page_42">42</a>; The Rights Expel and Suspend Tens of Thousands,
+     <a href="#page_42">42</a>; The Socialists' "Immortal" Executive Committee, <a href="#page_42">42</a>; Manifesto
+     of the Third (Moscow) International, <a href="#page_45">45</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch05">CHAPTER V</a></h3>
+
+<h4>BIRTH OF THE COMMUNIST AND COMMUNIST LABOR PARTIES, <a href="#page_52">52</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Left Wing Conference, <a href="#page_52">52</a>; Left Wingers Split, <a href="#page_52">52</a>; Call for a
+     Communist Convention, <a href="#page_53">53</a>; Too Many Would-Be Lenines and Trotzkys,
+     <a href="#page_54">54</a>; The "Firing Squad," <a href="#page_55">55</a>; National Emergency Convention, <a href="#page_55">55</a>; Who
+     Called the "Cops"? <a href="#page_57">57</a>; A Convention on Each Floor, <a href="#page_57">57</a>; The
+     Communist and Communist Labor Parties Organize, <a href="#page_57">57</a>; Their
+     Principles, <a href="#page_58">58</a>; "Reds" No Worse Than "Yellows," <a href="#page_58">58</a>; Bolshevism of
+     the Socialist Party, <a href="#page_59">59</a>; Utterances at the Emergency Conference,
+     <a href="#page_60">60</a>; Revolutionary Character of the Socialist Party, <a href="#page_65">65</a>;
+     Trachtenberg on Affiliation with Moscow International, <a href="#page_68">68</a>;
+     Glassberg Letter, <a href="#page_69">69</a>; Victor L. Berger, <a href="#page_70">70</a>; American Socialists
+     Join the Third International, <a href="#page_74">74</a>; Hillquit Encourages the
+     Communists, <a href="#page_74">74</a>; The Socialist Party's Revolutionary Manifesto,
+     <a href="#page_71">71</a>-<a href="#page_75">75</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch06">CHAPTER VI</a></h3>
+
+<h4>SOCIALISM IN THEORY, <a href="#page_79">79</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Socialist Office-holding is Not Socialism, 77, <a href="#page_85">85</a>; Collective
+     Ownership, <a href="#page_80">80</a>; I. W. W. Point of View, <a href="#page_80">80</a>; Socialism Explained
+     Diversely by Its Leaders, <a href="#page_80">80</a>; Hillquit's Notion, <a href="#page_81">81</a>; Debs' Demand,
+     <a href="#page_81">81</a>; American Socialists to "Capture the Government," <a href="#page_82">82</a>; Analysis
+     of Collective Ownership, <a href="#page_82">82</a>; All Women to Work, <a href="#page_84">84</a>; Atheism and
+     Free-Love, <a href="#page_85">85</a>; Poetry from the "Call," <a href="#page_86">86</a>; Don't Judge Socialism by
+     Reform Planks in Platforms, <a href="#page_87">87</a>; Socialists Attack Their Own Social
+     Reform Program, <a href="#page_89">89</a>; Unpatriotic Attitude of Socialists in the War,
+     <a href="#page_92">92</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch07">CHAPTER VII</a></h3>
+
+<h4>SOCIALISM IN PRACTICE, <a href="#page_94">94</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Herron's Socialist Day Dream, <a href="#page_94">94</a>; Communist Experiments in Russia
+     and Hungary, <a href="#page_94">94</a>; Socialism in Yucatan, <a href="#page_96">96</a>; "Zapata, Great Socialist
+     Leader of Southern Mexico," <a href="#page_97">97</a>; Act of the Second: "Zapata, a
+     Tyrant, Who Played a Huge Joke on 100,000 Confiding Workers Whom He
+     Exploited," <a href="#page_101">101</a>; Socialist Experiment in Russia, <a href="#page_103">103</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch08">CHAPTER VIII</a></h3>
+
+<h4>THE I. W. W., <a href="#page_105">105</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     A "Dangerous" Organization, <a href="#page_105">105</a>; Its Origin, <a href="#page_105">105</a>; Industrial
+     Unionism Explained, <a href="#page_106">106</a>; Organization by Industries, <a href="#page_107">107</a>; I. W. W.
+     Preamble, <a href="#page_107">107</a>; Revolutionary Aims, <a href="#page_108">108</a>; Conceptions of Right and
+     Wrong, <a href="#page_108">108</a>; Violent Tactics, <a href="#page_100">100</a>; Revolution by Means of the
+     "General Strike," <a href="#page_109">109</a>; "Government Will Disappear," <a href="#page_110">110</a>;
+     Remuneration for Work and the "Man-Day," <a href="#page_111">111</a>; Doctrine and Examples
+     of Sabotage, <a href="#page_111">111</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a name="page_ix"></a><a href="#ch09">CHAPTER IX</a></h3>
+
+<h4>INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD IN ACTION, <a href="#page_114">114</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     I. W. W. Trials and Socialist Support, <a href="#page_114">114</a>; Revolutionary Threats,
+     <a href="#page_115">115</a>; Plotting Against the United States, <a href="#page_116">116</a>; I. W. W.
+     Publications, <a href="#page_116">116</a>; Propaganda Among Foreigners, <a href="#page_117">117</a>; The Paterson
+     Strike, <a href="#page_117">117</a>; The I. W. W. Atheistic and Anti-Religious, <a href="#page_118">118</a>;
+     Arousing the Negro, <a href="#page_119">119</a>; Arousing the Chinese, <a href="#page_120">120</a>; I. W. W. Songs,
+     <a href="#page_120">120</a>; Socialists Favor the I. W. W., <a href="#page_122">122</a>; Pretended Anti-Sabotage
+     Policy of the Socialist Party, <a href="#page_124">124</a>; Gene Debs in Love with Bill
+     Haywood, <a href="#page_126">126</a>; I. W. W. Attitude Toward Bolshevism, <a href="#page_128">128</a>; Drawing
+     Together of Radicals, <a href="#page_129">129</a>; "Left Wing" Socialists and the I. W. W.,
+     <a href="#page_131">131</a>; I. W. W. Help in Establishing Russian Bolshevism, <a href="#page_133">133</a>;
+     Socialist Drift Toward I. W. W.'ism, <a href="#page_135">135</a>; Growth of Syndicalism
+     Throughout the World, <a href="#page_136">136</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch10">CHAPTER X</a></h3>
+
+<h4>BOLSHEVIST RULE IN RUSSIA, <a href="#page_138">138</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Rise of Russian Bolshevists, <a href="#page_138">138</a>; Bolshevist Constitution, <a href="#page_139">139</a>;
+     Land Confiscation in Socialist Russia, <a href="#page_140">140</a>; Peasant Warfare, <a href="#page_141">141</a>;
+     The Russian Soviets, <a href="#page_142">142</a>; "Liberty" in Socialist Russia, <a href="#page_145">145</a>;
+     Justice in Bolsheviki-land, <a href="#page_146">146</a>; Bolshevist Atheism and Religious
+     Persecution, <a href="#page_146">146</a>; Church and State "Separated," <a href="#page_147">147</a>; Michigan Left
+     Wing "Lets the Cat Out of the Bag," <a href="#page_149">149</a>; Education Under Lenine's
+     Government, <a href="#page_151">151</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch11">CHAPTER XI</a></h3>
+
+<h4>RUSSIA RED WITH BLOOD AND BLACK WITH CRIME, <a href="#page_153">153</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     The Red Terror, <a href="#page_153">153</a>-<a href="#page_155">5</a>; "Take Our Lives But Spare Our Children,"
+     <a href="#page_156">156</a>; 500 Butchered in a Night, <a href="#page_157">157</a>; Horrors of Bolshevik Prisons,
+     <a href="#page_158">158</a>; Atrocities and Tortures, <a href="#page_159">159</a>; Petrograd, "City of the Dead,"
+     <a href="#page_160">160</a>; 76 Uprisings, <a href="#page_161">161</a>; "Criminal Element" in Office, <a href="#page_161">161</a>; "A Lapse
+     Into Barbarity," <a href="#page_162">162</a>; Nationalization of Women, <a href="#page_163">163</a>; "The Bureau of
+     Free Love," <a href="#page_166">166</a>; Forcible Abolition of Celibacy, <a href="#page_167">167</a>; The "Call"
+     Lauds Bolshevism, <a href="#page_168">168</a>; "S. O. S., An Appeal to Humanity," <a href="#page_169">169</a>;
+     "Every Pore" of Russia's "Body Shedding Blood," <a href="#page_170">170</a>; Lenine Working
+     for World-Wide Bolshevism,<sup><a href="#fn_1" id="fna_1">1</a></sup> <a href="#page_170">170</a>; Official Bolshevist<sup><a href="#fn_2" id="fna_2">2</a></sup> Organ in
+     New York, <a href="#page_172">172</a>; American Socialists Want Bolshevism, <a href="#page_173">173</a>;
+     Bolshevism's Economic Failure Revealed by Lincoln Eyre, <a href="#page_173">173</a>; After
+     Destroying "Capitalism" Lenine Seeks "Foreign Capital," <a href="#page_174">174</a>;
+     Bolshevism Has Sacrificed "the Health of Future Generations," <a href="#page_175">175</a>;
+     Trotzky Offers "Foreign Capitalists" a "Share of the Profits" from
+     Russian Conscript Labor, <a href="#page_175">175</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch12">CHAPTER XII</a></h3>
+
+<h4>EUROPEAN SPARTACIDES AND COMMUNISTS, <a href="#page_177">177</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Spartacides of Germany, <a href="#page_177">177</a>; Origin of Name, <a href="#page_177">177</a>; Violent
+     Principles, <a href="#page_177">177</a>; Rowdies and Ruffians Approved by American
+     Socialists, <a href="#page_177">177</a>; Spartacan Terrorism, <a href="#page_178">178</a>; Communists of Bavaria,
+     <a href="#page_178">178</a>; Terrorism in Munich, <a href="#page_179">179</a>; The Peasants Rise While the
+     Communists Plunder, <a href="#page_179">179</a>; American Socialists Allied With the Scum
+     of Bavaria, <a href="#page_179">179</a>; Communists of Hungary, <a href="#page_180">180</a>; Free-Lovers, <a href="#page_180">180</a>;
+     Churches Converted Into Music Halls, <a href="#page_180">180</a>; Budapest Painted Red,
+     <a href="#page_180">180</a>; American Socialists Lined Up With European Thugs, <a href="#page_181">181</a>.
+<a name="page_x"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch13">CHAPTER XIII</a></h3>
+
+<h4>THE BOLSHEVISM OF AMERICAN SOCIALISTS, <a href="#page_182">182</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Pink Booklet "About Russia," <a href="#page_182">182</a>; Lenine Tells Why Bolshevism
+     Requires "A World Revolution," <a href="#page_183">183</a>; American Socialists "Greet"
+     Bolshevist "Ambassador," <a href="#page_184">184</a>; Poem on Liebknecht, <a href="#page_185">185</a>; The "Call"
+     Endorses Communism, Bolshevism and Spartacism, <a href="#page_186">186</a>; Hillquit Hails
+     Foreign Radicals, <a href="#page_188">188</a>; American Socialist Papers Are Bolshevist,
+     <a href="#page_188">188</a>-<a href="#page_193">93</a>; Debs a "Bolshevik" and "Flaming Revolutionist," <a href="#page_194">194</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch14">CHAPTER XIV</a></h3>
+
+<h4>VIOLENCE, BLOODSHED AND ARMED REBELLION, <a href="#page_196">196</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Socialist Riots, <a href="#page_196">196</a>; Trouble at Gary, <a href="#page_197">197</a>; Haywood Says Socialists
+     are Conspirators Against U. S. Government, <a href="#page_199">199</a>; Jack London on the
+     International "Fighting Organization," <a href="#page_200">200</a>; Berger Says Socialists
+     "Must Shoot," <a href="#page_201">201</a>; "Blow Open the Vaults of the Banks," <a href="#page_202">202</a>;
+     Haywood and Bohn Say the Socialist "Does Not Hesitate to Break" the
+     Laws, <a href="#page_203">203</a>; "I am Law Abiding Under Protest," Says Debs, "and Bide
+     My Time," <a href="#page_203">203</a>; Scott Nearing "Wants War," <a href="#page_205">205</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch15">CHAPTER XV</a></h3>
+
+<h4>PATRIOTISM RIDICULED AND DESPISED, <a href="#page_207">207</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Socialists Against Patriotism, <a href="#page_207">207</a>; American Flag Scouted, <a href="#page_207">207</a>;
+     "Honor the Uniform? No, Spit on It," <a href="#page_208">208</a>; The "Call" Derides Our
+     Soldiers Returning from France, <a href="#page_208">208</a>; "I Spit Upon Your Flag! I
+     Loathe the Stars and Stripes! To Hell With Your Flag! Down With the
+     Stars and Stripes! Run Up the Red Flag!" <a href="#page_210">210</a>; Debs Attacks the
+     American Flag, <a href="#page_210">210</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch16">CHAPTER XVI</a></h3>
+
+<h4>THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST OUR COUNTRY, <a href="#page_212">212</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     I. W. W. Conspirators, <a href="#page_213">213</a>; "The Future of Socialism Lies in the
+     General Strike, Armed Insurrection and Forcible Overthrow of All
+     Existing Social Conditions," <a href="#page_213">213</a>; Left Wing Socialists by Strikes
+     and Industrial Unions to Establish "the Dictatorship of the
+     Proletariat," <a href="#page_215">215</a>; Government Raids, <a href="#page_215">215</a>; Communist Parties for
+     Overthrow of Government, <a href="#page_215">215</a>-<a href="#page_219">219</a>; Socialist Party More Dangerous
+     Than the Communists, <a href="#page_219">219</a>-<a href="#page_221">221</a>; American Socialists Part of the
+     "Invisible Empire," <a href="#page_222">222</a>-<a href="#page_224">4</a>; Secret Resignations in the Socialist
+     Party, <a href="#page_225">225</a>-<a href="#page_226">6</a>; Socialist Party for "Mass Action," "General Strikes"
+     and "Industrial Unionism" to Seize "the Industries and Control of
+     the Government of the United States," <a href="#page_227">227</a>-<a href="#page_232">32</a>; Winnipeg General
+     Strike, <a href="#page_230">230</a>-<a href="#page_231">1</a>; The Socialist Party Joins the Third (Moscow)
+     International, <a href="#page_232">232</a>-<a href="#page_237">7</a>; Imitates Moscow's Program and Methods,
+     <a href="#page_237">237</a>-<a href="#page_240">40</a>; Socialists Acclaim Debs, the Convict, <a href="#page_242">242</a>-<a href="#page_245">5</a>; Hillquit
+     Threatens the New York Legislature with a General Strike, <a href="#page_245">245</a>-<a href="#page_246">6</a>;
+     Socialists Disguise Their Principles at the New York Assembly
+     Trial, <a href="#page_246">246</a>-<a href="#page_251">51</a>; Walling Rejects Socialist Peace Pretensions, <a href="#page_251">251</a>;
+     The Russian Soviet Government Talks Peace While Its International
+     Plots War, <a href="#page_252">252</a>-<a href="#page_257">257</a>; Wholesale Law-Breaking of American Socialists
+     Justified at the Assembly Trial, <a href="#page_257">257</a>-<a href="#page_262">62</a>; Their Traitorous
+     Principles and Propaganda, <a href="#page_263">263</a>-<a href="#page_266">66</a>; Socialists "Enter the
+     Government" to Destroy It, <a href="#page_266">266</a>; Forewarned Is Forearmed, <a href="#page_266">266</a>-<a href="#page_267">7</a>.
+<a name="page_xi"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch17">CHAPTER XVII</a></h3>
+
+<h4>SOCIALISM A PERIL TO WORKINGMEN, <a href="#page_268">268</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Socialist Chaos and Anarchy, <a href="#page_268">268</a>; Discontent in the Socialist
+     State, <a href="#page_269">269</a>; Perils of Confiscation, <a href="#page_270">270</a>-<a href="#page_272">2</a>; Liberty Bonds and
+     Insurance, <a href="#page_273">273</a>; Unworkable Labor Schemes, <a href="#page_273">273</a>-<a href="#page_277">7</a>; Forcing Women to
+     Work, <a href="#page_277">277</a>; Political Corruption, <a href="#page_277">277</a>; Quarrels Over Religion and
+     Free-Love, <a href="#page_278">278</a>; Lincoln Eyre Reveals Socialism's Economic Failure
+     in Russia, <a href="#page_279">279</a>-<a href="#page_291">91</a>; "Lenine and Trotzky More Absolute Than Any
+     Czar," <a href="#page_281">281</a>; Starvation and Disease, <a href="#page_282">282</a>-<a href="#page_283">3</a>; Military Confiscation of
+     Russian Labor, <a href="#page_283">283</a>-<a href="#page_288">8</a>; Lenine and Trotzky Invite "Foreign Capital"
+     to Share the Profits from Exploiting the Wage-Slaves of
+     Bolsheviki-land, <a href="#page_288">288</a>-<a href="#page_289">9</a>; Death for Russian Wage-Slaves Who Strike
+     Against Their Socialist Task-Masters, <a href="#page_290">290</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch18">CHAPTER XVIII</a></h3>
+
+<h4>THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST RELIGION ABROAD, <a href="#page_292">292</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Ingersoll Argument Refuted, <a href="#page_293">293</a>; Economic Determinism, <a href="#page_293">293</a>; Atheism
+     of European Socialists, <a href="#page_294">294</a>-<a href="#page_295">5</a>; "There Must Be War Between Socialism
+     and the Church," <a href="#page_296">296</a>; Socialists "All more or Less Avowed
+     Atheists," <a href="#page_297">297</a>; "No Man Can Be Consistently Both a Socialist and a
+     Christian," <a href="#page_298">298</a>; Socialism Persecutes Religion in Yucatan, <a href="#page_298">298</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch19">CHAPTER XIX</a></h3>
+
+<h4>THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST RELIGION IN AMERICA, <a href="#page_301">301</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Socialism Turns Ministers Into Atheists, <a href="#page_301">301</a>-<a href="#page_302">2</a>; Spargo Says
+     Socialism Cannot Tolerate Religious Schools, <a href="#page_302">302</a>; Anti-Religious
+     Poems in "Call," <a href="#page_303">303</a>; The "Call" Has "No Use" for "Christ," <a href="#page_304">304</a>;
+     "Religion Spells Death to Socialism," as Socialism "Does to
+     Religion," <a href="#page_305">305</a>; "Socialism Logical Only When It Denies the
+     Existence of God," <a href="#page_306">306</a>; "Christmas Is a Crime," <a href="#page_307">307</a>; Blasphemous
+     Socialist Catechism for Children, <a href="#page_308">308</a>; A Socialist Says "Socialism
+     Is Anti-Christ," <a href="#page_309">309</a>; Hypocrisy of Hillquit, Berger and Other
+     Leaders in Concealing the Socialist Party's Irreligion to Get
+     Votes, <a href="#page_310">310</a>-<a href="#page_315">315</a>; Hillquit Says "Ninety-Nine Per Cent of Us" Are
+     "Agnostic," <a href="#page_311">311</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch20">CHAPTER XX</a></h3>
+
+<h4>THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE FAMILY, <a href="#page_317">317</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Socialist Books Advocate Free-Love, <a href="#page_317">317</a>; Socialists Dodge the Truth
+     by Arguments About Prostitution, <a href="#page_318">318</a>-<a href="#page_319">19</a>; The "Call's" Poem on "The
+     Harlot," <a href="#page_320">320</a>; Socialist Advocates of Free-Love, <a href="#page_320">320</a>-<a href="#page_322">2</a>; Victor
+     Berger's Milwaukee Company Sells Free-Love Literature, <a href="#page_322">322</a>;
+     Free-Love Stuff Sold by Kerr and Company and the National Office of
+     the Socialist Party, <a href="#page_323">323</a>-<a href="#page_329">9</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch21">CHAPTER XXI</a></h3>
+
+<h4>THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE RACE, <a href="#page_330">330</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     The "Call," chief Organ of the Socialist Party in New York, An
+     Obscene Vehicle of Propaganda for Race-Suicide, Teaching "All
+     Within Its Polluting Reach to Violate One of the Laws of the State
+     of New York," <a href="#page_330">330</a>-<a href="#page_341">41</a>.
+<a name="page_xii"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch22">CHAPTER XXII</a></h3>
+
+<h4>SOCIALIST ORGANIZATION AND "BORING IN", <a href="#page_342">342</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Organizing Activity of Socialists, <a href="#page_342">342</a>; Dues-Paying Members, Locals
+     and Branches, <a href="#page_342">342</a>; 400 Socialist Periodicals in the United States,
+     <a href="#page_343">343</a>; Use of Books and Leaflets, <a href="#page_344">344</a>; Financial Support by Rich
+     Radicals, <a href="#page_345">345</a>; Red Propaganda to Proselytize Labor and Promote
+     Strikes, <a href="#page_346">346</a>; Effect on the American Federation of Labor, <a href="#page_347">347</a>; I.
+     W. W.'s "Boring from Within," <a href="#page_348">348</a>; William R. Foster, An I. W. W.,
+     Leads the A. F. of L. Steel Strike, <a href="#page_348">348</a>-<a href="#page_349">9</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch23">CHAPTER XXIII</a></h3>
+
+<h4>ENLISTING RECRUITS FOR THE CONSPIRACY, <a href="#page_350">350</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Socialist Sunday Schools, <a href="#page_350">350</a>; "Catch Them Young," <a href="#page_351">351</a>; Lesson 24
+     from the "Socialist Primer," <a href="#page_352">352</a>; Socialist Propaganda Among School
+     Children by Townley's Non-Partisan League, <a href="#page_353">353</a>; The Teachers' Union
+     of New York City, <a href="#page_354">354</a>; The Inter-Collegiate Socialist Society, <a href="#page_355">355</a>;
+     Radical College Professors, <a href="#page_356">356</a>; The Rand School, <a href="#page_357">357</a>; Socialist
+     Propaganda Among Immigrants, <a href="#page_358">358</a>; Socialist Naturalization Bureau,
+     <a href="#page_359">359</a>; The Red Curse Among Women, <a href="#page_359">359</a>; Among Soldiers and Sailors,
+     <a href="#page_360">360</a>; Socialist Cartoons and Movie Films, <a href="#page_360">360</a>; Making Rebels of
+     Negroes, <a href="#page_361">361</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch24">CHAPTER XXIV</a></h3>
+
+<h4>EXPERTS IN THE ART OF DECEPTION, <a href="#page_363">363</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Must Socialism Be Good Because Something Else Is Bad? <a href="#page_363">363</a>;
+     Socialist Party Platform Planks Unreliable, <a href="#page_365">365</a>; Socialists
+     Disagree on Land Ownership, <a href="#page_365">365</a>-<a href="#page_368">8</a>; Government Ownership of Public
+     Utilities Is Not Socialism, <a href="#page_369">369</a>; Double-Faced Socialists, <a href="#page_370">370</a>; The
+     Burden of Proof Rests on the Socialist, <a href="#page_371">371</a>; The "Lunatic"
+     Sophistry, <a href="#page_372">372</a>; Sophistry That Labor Earns All Wealth, <a href="#page_373">373</a>;
+     Vote-Getting by Advocating Popular Schemes, <a href="#page_375">375</a>; Latest Dodge of
+     Red Organizations to Hide from Prosecution by Changing Their Names,
+     <a href="#page_375">375</a>; The Socialist Party Not a Real Workingmen's Party, <a href="#page_376">376</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3><a href="#ch25">CHAPTER XXV</a></h3>
+
+<h4>THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE REDS, <a href="#page_377">377</a></h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     High Time to Fight the Reds, <a href="#page_377">377</a>; Read and Circulate Anti-Socialist
+     Literature, <a href="#page_378">378</a>; Warn Our School Children, <a href="#page_379">379</a>; Quiz the Soap-Box
+     Orators, <a href="#page_380">380</a>; Expel Socialist School Teachers, <a href="#page_380">380</a>; Tasks for the
+     National Government, <a href="#page_381">381</a>; Oppose Socialism in a Nation-Wide
+     Campaign of Education, <a href="#page_382">382</a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<h3><a href="#index">INDEX</a>, <a href="#page_383">383</a></h3>
+
+<h3><a href="#appendix">APPENDIX</a>, <a href="#page_391">391</a></h3>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Convention of the Socialist Party of the United States, May 8-14,
+     1920.<a id="page_1"></a>
+</p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch01">
+<h2>CHAPTER I</h2>
+
+<h3>SOCIALISM IN OTHER LANDS</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Modern Socialism may be said to date from the year 1848 when Marx and
+Engels published their "Communist Manifesto," a pamphlet that has since
+been translated into almost all modern European languages and has to
+this day remained the classical exposition of international Socialism.</p>
+
+<p>Karl Marx, the chief founder of the movement, was born of Jewish parents
+at Treves, Germany, May 5, 1818. After studying at Jena, Bonn, and
+Berlin, he became a private professor in 1841, and about a year later
+assumed the editorship of the "Rhenish Gazette," a democratic-liberal
+organ of Cologne, that was soon suppressed for its radical utterances.
+In 1843 he moved to Paris where he became greatly interested in the
+study of political economy and of early Socialistic writings and where
+he subsequently made the acquaintance of Frederick Engels, his
+inseparable companion and life-long friend.</p>
+
+<p>Engels was born at Barmen, Rhenish Prussia, in 1820. He remained in
+Germany until he had completed his military service, and then moved to
+Manchester, England, where he engaged in the cotton business with his
+father. In 1884, while traveling, he met Karl Marx, and was banished
+with him from France in 1847, and expelled from Belgium in 1848, the
+very year that witnessed the appearance of the "Communist Manifesto."
+Not long after this, Marx and Engels returned to Germany, and were
+instrumental in fomenting a revolution in the Rhine Province in 1849.
+The revolt having been suppressed in the same year, both men sought
+refuge in England. Here Engels was the author of numerous German books
+on Socialism and became best known by editing, after Marx's death, the
+second and third volumes of the latter's works.</p>
+
+<p>While in England Marx took up his abode in London where he became the
+first president of the International Workingmen's Association, whose
+influence was not limited to England, but extended to France, Germany,
+Austria, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Switzerland,
+Poland, and even the United States of America. The active career of this
+associa<a id="page_2"></a>tion embraced a period of about eight years, from 1864 to 1872.
+Its six conventions were largely devoted to the discussion of social and
+labor problems and it produced a lasting effect upon the Socialist
+Movement by impressing upon it a harmonious and world-wide character. By
+1876 the International Workingmen's Association was ruined by the
+quarrels that had taken place between the more moderate faction under
+the leadership of Marx, and the anarchistic element under Bakunin. It
+had, however, by this time contributed wonderfully towards the spread of
+Socialism, for it had taught the working classes of Europe the
+international nature both of their own grievances and of capitalism.</p>
+
+<p>Closely rivaling the success of the International Workingmen's
+Association in furthering the cause of Socialism was a book known as
+"Capital," an economic work the first volume of which was published in
+1867 by Karl Marx. The author never lived to edit the second and third
+volumes, though after his death in London, March 14, 1883, they were
+published from his notes by Frederick Engels. This work, to which the
+Father of the Revolutionary Movement gave the German title "Das
+Kapital," has long been known as the Bible of Socialism. Its
+systematized philosophic and economic doctrines besides having supplied
+the various national branches of the party with a common theory and
+program, in the main still constitute the creed of the immense majority
+of the Socialists the world over. Though "Capital" has suffered severely
+from the criticism of economists of many schools, and though not a few
+of its doctrines have been rejected by present-day Socialists, its
+powerful influence still persists to a very marked degree.</p>
+
+<p>Supplementing this short historical sketch of the origin of the modern
+Socialist movement, short comments will be added concerning the
+Revolutionary organization in the different countries of the world.</p>
+
+<p>In Germany the Socialist movement first took shape in 1862 under the
+influence of Ferdinand Lassalle. It made comparatively slow progress
+until 1874 when the 450,000 Socialist voters returned ten members to the
+Reichstag. An attempt on the part of the German Government to suppress
+the movement failed, and henceforth the party under the leadership of
+August Bebel, Karl Kautsky, George Von Vollmar, and Wilhelm Liebknecht
+steadily continued to grow in strength. Shortly before the outbreak of
+the World War the Socialists, besides occupying 110 seats in the
+Reichstag out of a total of 397, polled about<a id="page_3"></a> 4,252,000 votes and
+published 158 papers, but a faction under the leadership of Bernstein
+had made great progress in its endeavors to transform the Revolutionary
+organization into an opportunist party.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the German Socialists supported the war and the majority of
+their members in the Reichstag voted for the war credits. Some, however,
+like Karl Liebknecht, the son of Wilhelm Liebknecht, opposed the
+imperial government and were imprisoned. Pressure, however, finally
+forced the government to release Liebknecht, who then delivered
+impassioned speeches throughout the country, stirring up the people
+against Kaiserism and the war profiteers and urging the soldiers to turn
+their weapons against the imperial government itself. While Liebknecht
+was defying the authorities, the naval forces mutinied at Kiel. The
+Socialists then called a general strike for November 11, 1918, as a
+prelude to the revolution. Scheidemann and Ebert had been supporting the
+government of Prince Max of Baden, the successor of Von Hertling, as
+chancellor of the empire, and had deprecated the idea of a revolution.
+But when Scheidemann saw that the revolution was certainly coming and
+that he and his colleagues would probably be left stranded, he joined
+the movement with his powerful organization, stepped in and grasped the
+power. A national council of soldiers, sailors and workmen was formed at
+Berlin, but the provisional government was shaped by Scheidemann, Ebert
+and others of the majority Socialists by virtue of their excellent
+political machinery. The Ebert-Scheidemann government fought many a
+bitter struggle with growing radicalism. Their government represented
+the most moderate group of the Socialists and received the support of
+the Centerists and others because these were far more opposed to the
+Socialists of the extreme left, such as the Spartacan Communists.
+Several revolts engineered by the Spartacans were put down with
+considerable bloodshed. In January, 1919, soon after the defeat of the
+Spartacides in Berlin, Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, their
+leaders, were put to death, and their minority party seemed to diminish
+in strength. In the latter part of May, 1919, the majority Socialists of
+the reactionary Ebert-Scheidemann group were at first opposed to the
+signing of the Treaty of Paris, whereas the Spartacans, and also the
+Independent Socialists under the leadership of Hugo Haase and Karl
+Kautsky, tried to force their opponents to sign it, so that the people
+of Germany might<a id="page_4"></a> soon blame the "reactionaries" for the humiliation,
+and rise in rebellion to overthrow them.</p>
+
+<p>In Bavaria the anti-war sentiment spread rapidly, fostered by the
+efforts of Kurt Eisner. King Ludwig abdicated the throne on November 16,
+1918, and Eisner took up the reins of power, forming a Socialist
+government. After a few weeks Eisner broke with the Ebert-Scheidemann
+government of Berlin, and soon after was assassinated. Not long after
+this the Bavarian communists imposed the Soviet form of government on
+the country, much to the dislike of many of the inhabitants, especially
+those living outside of Munich. The peasants of Bavaria rebelled against
+the communist-soviet government of Munich, which finally fell, after the
+Noske-Ebert-Scheidemann forces had marched against the city.</p>
+
+<p>Very many years ago Socialists began to spread their doctrines as best
+they could in the realms of the Czar. Many a Marxian was arrested for
+attempting to undermine the Russian government and sent into exile in
+Siberia. The World War having broken out, Russia suffered terribly, and
+this suffering, especially of the masses, caused great discontentment
+and made the people an easy prey to the revolutionary forces of
+Socialism. The bureaucratic Czarist regime finally broke down in March,
+1917, as soon as the revolution started. Three main contending parties
+attempted to ride into power on the revolutionary tide; the Cadets, the
+Moderate Socialists (i.e., the Mensheviki, and Social Revolutionists)
+and the Bolsheviki or revolutionary Socialists. The Cadets were the
+first to gain the upper hand, but were soon swept away, for they strove
+to satisfy the soldiers, workers and peasants with abstract, political
+ideals. The Mensheviki and Social Revolutionists succeeded the Cadets.</p>
+
+<p>The demand for a Constitutent Assembly was one of the main aspirations
+of the Russian Revolution. It was on the eve of its realization that
+Bolsheviki, in November, 1917, by a <i>coup d'&eacute;tat</i> seized the reins of
+power. The elections for the assembly took place after the Bolsheviki
+had gained the upper hand and the Bolsheviki were defeated. The
+Constituent Assembly was actually convened in Petrograd in January,
+1918, but the Bolsheviki dispersed the parliament at the point of the
+bayonet. Russia was then ruled by Lenine, head of the soviet system of
+government. The government was a "dictatorship of the proletariat,"
+characterized by injustice, violence, oppression, and bloodshed, the
+Soviets being little more than tribunals of punishment and execution,
+instruments of terror in the hands<a id="page_5"></a> of the Autocrat Lenine. The
+Bolshevist government has met with continual opposition from the
+opposing groups of Socialists in Russia and has been attacked by the
+Allies, principally on the Archangel front and in the Gulf of Finland.
+The Finns, Lithuanians, Poles, Czecho-Slovaks, Rumanians, Ukranians, and
+especially Admiral Kolchak's Siberian forces waged a relentless warfare
+against the Bolsheviki tyranny either for political reasons or to rescue
+the countless millions of Russians who suffered so terribly from the
+Lenine system of dictatorship. By the latter part of February, 1920, the
+Lenine government seemed to be overcoming all military opposition.<sup><a href="#fn_A" id="fna_A">A</a></sup></p>
+
+<p>The Socialists in Austria-Hungary as far back as 1907 could count
+1,121,948 votes and 58 newspapers. Shortly before the end of the World
+War the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy fell. Austria and Hungary separated
+from each other and each became a republic. Count Karolyi was head of
+the new Hungarian government, socialistic in tendency. In the early
+spring of 1919, when Hungary was being invaded by Czecho-Slovak troops,
+Italians and Rumanians, and was threatened with an invasion from the
+Allies Count Karolyi fled and the government fell into the hands of the
+radical Socialist, Bela Kun, who soon established intimate relations
+with the Bolshevist government at Moscow. One difficulty after another,
+however, especially the attacks of the Rumanians, soon taxed the
+strength of the crimson-red government; and in the summer of 1919 it
+succumbed to pressure brought to bear on it by the Allies.
+Notwithstanding the Bolshevist propaganda carried on in Vienna, the
+Austrian government down to February, 1920, has resisted all inducements
+to adapt Bolshevism.</p>
+
+<p>Modern Socialism in France was rather inactive previous to the outbreak
+of the Commune in 1871. Then, after the victory of the government forces
+over the revolutionists, many leaders <a id="page_6"></a>of the Commune declared for
+Anarchism, but subsequently abandoned it as impracticable and devoted
+themselves to the propaganda of Marxian Socialism. After Jules Guesde
+and other communards were permitted to return to France, by the amnesty
+of 1879, the party at first developed considerable strength, but soon
+split up into several factions, with Guesde as the leader of the more
+radical wing and Jaur&eacute;s and Millerand at the head of the moderate
+parliamentarian group. In the election of May, 1914, the United
+Socialists under Jaur&eacute;s polled 1,357,192 votes, while the Radical
+Socialists and their allies in the Caillaux combination cast 2,227,176
+votes. During the World War most of the Socialists, especially those in
+parliament, supported the government.</p>
+
+<p>After the War the Longuet faction of the Socialist Party became the
+majority party, took over control of the great Paris Socialist daily
+L'Humanit&eacute; and chose Cashin as editor. On April 6, 1919, a great
+demonstration took place in Paris in honor of Jaur&eacute;s, the Socialist
+leader of France, who had been assassinated at the beginning of the
+World War. This and the decisions taken at the Socialist party congress
+of the Federation of the Seine on March 13th, demonstrated the decided
+turn to the left that the Socialist Party had taken since its previous
+congress in October, 1918. In the demonstration, consisting, perhaps, of
+50,000 Socialists, cries of "Revolution!" "Down with the War!" "Down
+with Clemenceau!" "Long live the Soviet!" and "Long live Russia!" filled
+the air for three hours.</p>
+
+<p>"The Call," New York, May 19, 1919, thus comments:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Socialist papers for several days appeared uncensored, though
+     every line breathed revolution. Most startling of all, there were
+     as many soldiers as civilians marching.</p>
+
+<p>     "Seven days later the representatives of each Socialist local in
+     the Department of the Seine met in convention to decide upon which
+     of three resolutions they should recommend the coming national
+     congress of the Socialist Party to adopt. The discussion was hot,
+     and more or less revolved around the personalities of the three
+     leaders, Albert Thomas, Right Socialist, Jean Longuet, Left
+     Socialist, and F. Loriot, Communist or Bolshevist. Broadly
+     speaking, the Thomas resolution based its faith upon present
+     political action and future political power; the Longuet resolution
+     advocated a third International, without indorsing the third
+     International held in Moscow in March, and the Loriot resolution
+     indorsed the Zimmerwald resolutions<a id="page_7"></a> (against all wars) and
+     recognized the existence of the Third International established by
+     the Russian Bolshevik party.</p>
+
+<p>     "Most of the discussion hinged upon affairs in Russia with hoots of
+     derision at every uncomplimentary mention of Bolshevism, until the
+     speaker either had to take his seat or qualify his criticism of the
+     Soviet republic.</p>
+
+<p>     "Both the Longuet and Loriot resolutions called the war the
+     consequence of imperialistic anarchy and bourgeois ambition, both
+     denounced the imposition upon Germany of an unjust, or Bismarckian,
+     peace, such as was imposed upon France in 1871, and both mourned
+     the assassination of Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, and Kurt
+     Eisner.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Longuet resolution was as strong in its declaration of
+     solidarity with the Soviet republic of Russia as the Loriot
+     resolution was in opposition to all annexation of the Sarre Valley
+     by France."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The National Congress of the Socialist parties of France was held from
+April 19 until April 22, 1919. A motion by M. Kienthaliens demanding the
+adhesion of French Socialists to the Internationale at Moscow, under the
+leadership of Premier Lenin of the Bolshevist government polled only 270
+votes. This resolution failed to pass probably because the Longuet
+majority faction desired the union of all the French Socialist parties.
+The Congress adopted by a majority of 894 votes, a resolution offered by
+Jean Longuet to the effect that the French Socialists are willing to
+continue to form a part of the Second Internationale, provided that all
+those who are Socialists in name only shall be excluded.</p>
+
+<p>On May Day, 1919, the Socialists manoeuvered a general strike of all
+labor in Paris for twenty-four hours. The press dispatches informed us
+that the shut-down was virtually complete. Not a wheel was turning on
+any of the transportation systems and taxicabs and omnibuses kept off
+the streets. All restaurants and caf&eacute;s were closed and guests in the
+hotels went hungry if they had not supplied themselves with food
+beforehand. Even the drug stores closed.</p>
+
+<p>Theatres, music halls, and other resorts did not open. No newspapers
+were published and periodic stoppages occurred in the postal and wire
+services throughout the day. Industry on all sides was in a state of
+complete inactivity, work being suspended by every class of labor. There
+was considerable disorder and very many policemen and civilians were
+injured.</p>
+
+<p>In the elections of November, 1919, the Socialist vote<a id="page_8"></a> increased to
+1,750,000, a gain of 40 per cent over that of 1914. On the 1914 basis of
+representation this would have given them 160 seats in the Chamber of
+Deputies; but their representation was actually reduced from 105 to 55,
+due to a new basis of representation and a new formation of districts.</p>
+
+<p>The French Syndicalists, of the Labor Confederation, had 600,000 members
+before the war and now claim 1,500,000. They were quiescent during the
+war, but their congresses of July, 1918, and September, 1919, showed a
+"tendency to return to the traditional revolutionary policy of French
+Syndicalism."</p>
+
+<p>In Great Britain it was not until 1884, when the Social Democratic
+Federation was organized by Henry M. Hyndman, that the Marxian movement
+displayed any notable activity. Its progress at first was extremely
+slow, but after the Independent Labor Party was formed in 1893 under the
+leadership of J. Keir Hardie with a view to carrying Socialism into
+politics, the revolutionary doctrines spread much more rapidly, "The
+Clarion" and "Labor Advocate," the two organs of the Independent Labor
+Party, helping wonderfully in the work. In 1883 the Fabian Society, an
+organization Socialistic in name and tendencies, was founded by a group
+of middle class students. It rejected the Marxian economies, and by
+means of lectures, pamphlets, and books advocated practical measures of
+social reform. Among the leading English Socialists of the more radical
+type have been Hyndman, Aveling, Blatchford, Bax, Quelch, Leathan and
+Morris; while Shaw, Pease and Webb were the leading members of the
+moderate Fabian Society.</p>
+
+<p>The vast majority of English Socialists supported the government in the
+World War, but the Labor Party, mostly Socialistic, during that time
+engineered great strikes of the coal miners, dock workers and railroad
+men. A press despatch dated London, April 21, 1919, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The first gun in the long advertised campaign of Bolshevism in
+     Britain was fired at Sheffield, where the British Socialists'
+     annual convention, at its opening session passed a resolution
+     urging the establishment of a British soviet government.</p>
+
+<p>     "The resolution expresses all admiration for the workings of the
+     soviet system in Hungary and Bavaria. It declares war on the
+     'capitalist' system in Britain, attacks the policy of the peace
+     conference toward Russia and favors the distribution of
+     revolutionary propaganda in the British army and navy."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>During the summer and fall of 1919, Socialist and Bolshevist<a id="page_9"></a> principles
+continued to gain an ever-increasing and very serious hold on the people
+of England and proved a serious menace to the government in the general
+railway strike in October.</p>
+
+<p>In Italy Socialism has been making steady progress for many years and
+since the end of the World War has increased wonderfully in strength.
+The party has greatly profited by the suffering and discontent due to
+the war and especially by the failure of Italy to secure coveted
+territory after all her sacrifices and the victory of the Allies. On
+April 10, 1919, the Italian Socialists manoeuvered a very successful
+general strike in Rome, but were prevented by the government forces from
+marching through the streets in any considerable numbers. About the same
+time disturbances were also engineered in many cities and towns of the
+country, especially in Florence<sup><a href="#fn_3" id="fna_3">3</a></sup> and Milan. In the latter part of
+April, 1919, the Executive Committee of the Socialist party of Italy
+resolved to sever its connection with the International Socialist Bureau
+and the Berne Conference, in which there were many reactionary
+Socialists, and to affiliate with the newly established Moscow
+International, consisting of the various National groups of Socialists
+giving whole-hearted support to Lenine and the Bolsheviki.</p>
+
+<p>On July 21, 1919, Italian Socialists conducted a general strike against
+the Russian blockade. Industrial prostration resulted in whole provinces
+stopping all traffic and communication while Soviets were set up in 240
+towns and cities, including Genoa and Florence. In the November, 1919,
+elections the Socialists secured 159 Deputies in the Chamber, having had
+44 previously. They cast over one-third of all votes cast, about
+3,000,000, as against 883,409 in 1913.</p>
+
+<p>The membership of the Italian labor unions is now estimated at
+1,000,000, an increase of about 300,000 since 1917. At a national
+conference, in April, 1919, the labor unions demanded a change of the
+national Parliament into a national Soviet.</p>
+
+<p>In Spain, especially in the big cities and notably in Barcelona,
+Socialism has made steady progress and the Marxians have taken part in
+several upheavals. In the early part of 1919 the eleventh national
+Congress, which met at Madrid, elected Pablo Iglesias president of the
+Executive Committee and adopted aggressive measures for extending
+Socialist propaganda, especially into the rural districts, and for
+establishing Socialist day schools and women's evening schools. The
+official organ of the party, "El Socialista," came in for a round of
+criticism because of its espousal of the Allied cause to the detriment,
+it<a id="page_10"></a> was charged, of the International principles to which it should have
+adhered.</p>
+
+<p>In the latter part of April, 1913, the Belgian Socialists, under the
+leadership of Emil Vandervelde attracted the attention of the world by
+attempting to paralyze the entire industrial system of the country by a
+general strike. Shortly before the outbreak of the World War, Belgium,
+with its comparatively small population, had about half a million
+Socialist voters, constituting approximately half of the electorate of
+the country. During the war the Socialists supported the government and
+since the war down to the early fall of 1919 have not caused any serious
+trouble.</p>
+
+<p>On November 16, 1919, the Socialist vote rose to 644,499, with election
+of 70 Deputies and 20 Senators, an increase of 21 Deputies and 5
+Senators.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1919, out of the 100 members of the Second Chamber of Holland,
+there were four Communists or Socialists of the extreme left and 20 of
+more moderate tendencies. The Communists published a newspaper called
+"The Bolshevist" and maintained relations with the Russian Soviet
+Government and the German Sparticides. David Wynkoop, the leader of the
+Dutch Communists, is called "Holland's Little Liebknecht" and in a
+parliamentary speech openly threatened a general strike. There was a
+Bolshevist crisis in January, 1919. An assembly of international
+communists met at the Hague and Spartacide success in Germany was the
+only thing required to launch a revolutionary attempt, accompanied by a
+general strike and terrorism. The government then adopted stern
+measures. Civil guards were formed, and banks, newspaper offices and
+police bureaus were occupied by the military with machine guns, the
+banks and newspapers having been previously equipped with wireless
+against the cutting of telephone wires.</p>
+
+<p>Wynkoop, in the company of workingmen, visited soldiers in their
+barracks asking them to join the movement, but the soldiers fired,
+killing three and wounding several. Efforts to corrupt the cavalry and
+the navy by similar means were not a success.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the overthrow of the Austro-Hungarian Government, the
+three Socialist parties of Czecho-Slovakia, which had been divided
+principally over questions of nationality, got together and their
+leaders of moderate tendencies were very sanguine over the outlook for a
+general victory at the ballot box in the near future. It appears,
+however, that the party<a id="page_11"></a> was afterwards split into pro and anti
+Bolshevist factions, with a consequent decrease in political strength.</p>
+
+<p>In speeches made by several leaders at the Bohemian Socialist conference
+at Prague in the early part of April, 1919, it was decided that the
+alliance with the Entente should be maintained because reconciliation
+with Berlin, Budapest and Moscow would mean danger for the Czecho-Slovak
+republic.</p>
+
+<p>Bolshevism was described as the suicide of the proletariat, and it was
+urged that the working people of Bohemia should differentiate between
+exaggeration and methodic reform.</p>
+
+<p>In Prague, Pressburg and other cities troops clashed with the Communists
+and Social Democrats. On March 7, 1919, at a mass meeting addressed by
+three leading agitators from Prague, 40,000 workers, mostly miners,
+cheered assertions that the revolution of October 28, 1918, had not
+turned out well for the proletariat which was still being oppressed;
+that the Government of Prague was as weak as under the old Austrian
+regime.</p>
+
+<p>Socialism, in recent years, has made considerable progress in Sweden.
+The majority of the Marxians seems to be of the moderate group, though
+the Left Socialist Party assisted the Lenine Government of Russia.
+Hjalmar Branting, the leader of the Moderate Socialists, addressing the
+French Socialist Congress in the Spring of 1919, bitterly assailed
+Bolshevism and issued a warning against it. Branting's Social-Democratic
+Labor Party has 86 seats in Parliament, while the radicals, who seceded
+to form the Socialist Party in 1917, have 12 seats. In this convention,
+in June, 1919, the Socialist Party voted to join the Third (Moscow)
+International, declared for the principle of the dictatorship of the
+proletariat, voted for "mass action" as the means of conquest and a
+Soviet organization of the workers.</p>
+
+<p>In the Socialist party of Norway the Bolshevist faction appears to be in
+control. After the revolution in Germany in the latter part of 1918, the
+Norwegian Socialists, in speeches and articles urged the laborers to
+organize revolutionary organizations similar to those in soviet Russia,
+provide themselves with arms and be ready for a revolutionary uprising
+to overthrow the government. The party congress in 1919 joined the Third
+(Moscow) International and adopted "mass action" as tactics and
+preparation for a general strike.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialists were very active in Argentina after the ending of the
+World War and were the back-bone of the serious and prolonged
+disturbances in Buenos Aires. In the latter part of<a id="page_12"></a> April, 1919, the
+Pan-American Socialist Conference was held in the Argentine capital. Its
+purpose was to promote the amalgamation of all the Socialist and labor
+organizations of the Western Hemisphere into one body. In South America
+Socialism is best organized in Argentine, Chile and Peru, and weakest in
+Brazil and Colombia.</p>
+
+<p>In Canada, at least till the summer of 1919, the Marxian forces were
+gaining in strength daily. This was especially true of the western part
+of the Dominion, where the radical industrial union, generally called in
+Canada the "One Big Union," has become very influential. Serious strikes
+with Bolshevist tendencies took place throughout the Dominion,
+especially in Winnipeg in the spring of 1919.</p>
+
+<p>Bulgaria has two Socialist parties, the Moderates and the Communist
+Party, the latter affiliated with the Third (Moscow) International. In
+the August, 1919, election the Moderate Socialist members in the
+"Sobranie" or Chamber of Deputies decreased from 46 to 39, while the
+Communists increased their Deputies from 10 to 47.</p>
+
+<p>Mexico, on our southern border, has added "industrial unionism" to her
+Socialist movement. At the Socialist Party convention in the fall of
+1919 a part of the organization seceded and reorganized as the Communist
+Party.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the many millions of Socialists in the countries already
+referred to, the Marxians are well organized and are making rapid
+strides in Serbia, Denmark, Greece, Switzerland, the Balkan States,
+Australia, New Zealand and even in South Africa and far distant Japan
+and China.<a id="page_13"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch02">
+<h2>CHAPTER II</h2>
+
+<h3>GROWTH OF SOCIALISM IN THE UNITED STATES</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Socialism was introduced into the United States about the year 1850 by
+immigrants who landed on our shores from Europe. The Marxians, who came
+from Germany, were principally responsible for the foundation of the
+Workingmen's Party in 1876, which in 1877 was called the Socialistic
+Labor Party, and, a few years later, the Socialist Labor Party, which
+was reorganized at Chicago in 1889, after having lost two sections by
+secession. One of these, called the Cincinnati Socialist Labor Party, in
+1897 united with the Social Democracy of America, a combination of
+railroad men, followers of Eugene V. Debs, and of the populist followers
+of Victor L. Berger. The other seceders from the Socialist Labor Party,
+called the "kangaroos," united with the Social Democracy of Debs and
+Berger in 1900, the new combination then calling itself the Socialist
+Party of America. The minority of the old Socialist Labor Party, which
+refused to be amalgamated with the Social Democracy of America, is still
+known as the Socialist Labor Party; hence, since the year 1900, there
+have been two distinct revolutionary parties, the Socialist Party and
+the Socialist Labor Party.</p>
+
+<p>The former, under the leadership of Eugene V. Debs, Victor L. Berger and
+Morris Hillquit, with 109,586 dues-paying members in January, 1919, is
+by far the more powerful and influential, having steadily increased its
+vote to about 900,000 in the Presidential election of 1912, though in
+the year 1916 the vote dropped to less than 600,000. The Socialist Labor
+Party, under the guidance of Daniel De Leon until his death, in May,
+1914, seems to be making little if any progress. Though both parties
+claim to be genuinely Socialistic and Marxian, each has decried the
+other as being a "fake" or "bogus" party. The Socialist Labor Party's
+main complaint is that its rival the Socialist Party is sacrificing the
+principles of Karl Marx in its endeavor to gain votes, while, on the
+other hand, the latter party retorts by stigmatizing its opponent as
+being a party of "scabs," the sole purpose of whose existence<a id="page_14"></a> is to
+antagonize the Socialist Party. In recent years unsuccessful attempts
+have been made to unite the two.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialist Party, besides publishing two important dailies in
+English, "The Call," of New York City, and the "Milwaukee Leader,"
+issues at least two in German, two in Bohemian, one in Polish and one in
+Yiddish. "Forward," the Jewish paper published in New York City in
+Yiddish, had a daily circulation<sup><a href="#fn_4" id="fna_4">4</a></sup> of over 150,000, according to a
+report in "The Call" April 6, 1919. Foremost for many years among the
+Socialist weeklies in English was the "Appeal to Reason," which was once
+extremely bitter and unrelenting in its attacks on the United States
+Government. Published at Girard, Kansas, its circulation reached nearly
+1,000,000 copies a week during the fall of 1912, but since 1917 it has
+fallen into great disfavor among most Socialists because of its pro-war
+and moderate tendencies. In addition to the Socialist papers already
+referred to, there are in our country hundreds of others in English,
+German, Bohemian, Polish, Jewish, Slovac, Slavonic, Danish, Italian,
+Finnish, French, Hungarian, Lettish, Norwegian, Croatian, Russian, and
+Swedish. In a report to Congress in 1919, the Attorney-General of the
+United States stated that there were 416 radical newspapers in America.</p>
+
+<p>A strong impression that serious party strife and bossism prevail in the
+Socialist organization is gained by those who read the Marxian papers
+and magazines. William English Walling, for example, in the
+"International Socialist Review," Chicago, April, 1913, showed his
+sympathy with the so-called "reds," who then comprised the radical I. W.
+W. wing of the party, and at the same time attacked the "yellows," the
+advocates of political action.</p>
+
+<p>"Ever since the Socialist Party was formed," he wrote, "the party
+office-holders have been spending the larger part of their energies in
+endeavoring to hold their jobs and to fight down every element in the
+party that demanded any improvement or advance in any direction....</p>
+
+<p>"A far greater danger is the new one, that has become serious only since
+we entered upon the present period of political success two years ago,
+namely the corruption of the party by those elected to public office....</p>
+
+<p>"Only last year we had several mayors in the one state of Ohio either
+being forced to resign or deserting the party because they could not use
+it for their purpose....</p>
+
+<p>"Next year we may elect a few congressmen and half a<a id="page_15"></a> hundred
+legislators--if the reactionaries in the party will cease their
+underhand efforts to disrupt the organization and drive out the
+revolutionists....</p>
+
+<p>"If then these office-holders continue to show the tendency towards
+bossism so common in the past, the Socialist Party will soon become an
+office-holders' machine, little different in character from the machine
+by which Gompers controls the Federation of Labor, or Murphy, Tammany
+Hall....</p>
+
+<p>"The only possible way to avoid a split so openly and shamelessly
+advocated by some of the opportunist leaders of our party--Berger even
+threatened it in the last National Convention--is to have the system of
+proportional representation....</p>
+
+<p>"Unless some such changes as these are made in the next four years, it
+does not take a prophet to see that there would be nothing left of what
+we now know as the Socialist Party. If we cannot control our own petty
+autocrats, how can we ever hope to control the infinitely more powerful
+and resourceful autocrats of the Capitalist system?"</p>
+
+<p>"The Communist," formerly the Left Wing organ of the Chicago Socialists,
+in its edition of April 1, 1919, bitterly assails Victor L. Berger of
+the Right Wing:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "A vote for Berger is a vote of pitying contempt for our Bolsheviki
+     and Spartacan comrades. A vote for Berger is a vote approving his
+     repeated and uncalled-for condemnation of our class-war comrades of
+     the I. W. W.--condemnation persistently offered to prove Berger's
+     own eminent respectability. A vote for Berger is a vote of scoffery
+     against the St. Louis platform--a vote of apology for the platform,
+     dissipation of its meaning, and disavowal of its essential spirit.
+     A vote for Berger is a vote for the International of German
+     Majority Socialism. A vote for Berger is a vote for petty bourgeois
+     progressivism as the essence of Socialism; it is a vote against
+     identification of the Socialist Party with the revolutionary mass
+     aspirations. A vote for Berger is a betrayal of all the efforts,
+     sacrifices and dreams of those whose lives have gone into the
+     socialist movement as torch-bearers of proletarian triumph over
+     capitalist exploitation, from Marx to the humblest comrade fighting
+     today in the ranks of the revolutionary class struggle.</p>
+
+<p>     "As far as this election is concerned there is nothing to be
+     considered about Victor Berger, past and present, except the ideal
+     Socialism which has become unchangeably attached to his name. If
+     the American Socialist Party is to be a party of<a id="page_16"></a> Berger-Socialism,
+     then indeed, the Socialist movement will not die in America. No, it
+     is the Socialist Party that will die."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>As we shall see presently, these prophecies of disruption were soon
+fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p>The representatives of the Socialist organizations of the different
+countries of the world have from the time of Karl Marx met together at
+more or less regular intervals, being banded together in what is called
+the "International."</p>
+
+<p>The official organ of the National Office, Socialist Party, "The Eye
+Opener," in its issue of February, 1919, gives a detailed explanation of
+the "International":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "It is an organization of Socialist Parties and labor
+     organizations, meeting periodically in international conferences.
+     In order to be eligible for membership, an organisation must meet
+     the following test, adopted by the International Congress of Paris,
+     1900.</p>
+
+<p>     "Those admitted to the International Socialist Congresses are:</p>
+
+<p>     "1. All associations which adhere to the essential principles of
+     Socialism; namely, Socialization of the means of production and
+     exchange, international union, and action of the workers, conquest
+     of public power by the proletariat, organized as a class party.</p>
+
+<p>     "2. All the labor organizations which accept the principles of the
+     class struggle and recognize the necessity of political action,
+     legislative and parliamentary but do not participate directly in
+     the political movement.</p>
+
+<p>     "This definition includes every Socialist Party and propaganda
+     organization in the world and it further takes in those enlightened
+     unions that recognize the need for political action. It excludes
+     conservative unions that do not yet admit the soundness of the
+     principles of the class struggle."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The First International was thoroughly Marxian and revolutionary.
+According to "The Revolutionary Age," April 12, 1919, it accepted the
+revolutionary struggle against capitalism and waged that struggle with
+all the means in its power. It considered its objective to be the
+conquest of power by the revolutionary proletariat, the annihilation of
+the bourgeois state, and the introduction of a new proletarian state,
+functioning temporarily as a dictatorship of the proletariat. The First
+International collapsed after the Franco-Prussian War.</p>
+
+<p>The Second International was formed at Paris in the year 1889. Its
+tendencies were much more moderate than those of<a id="page_17"></a> its predecessor. "The
+Revolutionary Age," April 12, 1919, criticises it for being
+"conservative and petty bourgeois in spirit," and states that "it was
+part and parcel of the national liberal movement, not at all
+revolutionary, dominated by the conservative skilled elements of the
+working class and the small bourgeoisie. It was hesitant and
+compromising, expressing the demands of the 'petite bourgeoisie' for
+government ownership, reforms, etc."</p>
+
+<p>In 1900 an International Socialist Bureau was established at Brussels
+for the purpose of solidifying and strengthening the work of the Second
+International and for maintaining uninterrupted relations between the
+various national organizations.</p>
+
+<p>That the American Socialists were closely united with the Marxians the
+world over during the Second International, which continued till the
+World War, was especially evident from the fact that representatives
+from the United States met abroad in the international congresses every
+three years to discuss party policies. Far from denying the
+international character of the whole movement, the Revolutionists of the
+United States have ever rejoiced and gloried in it, trusting that it
+would result in the rapid spread of their doctrines and the ultimate
+victory of their cause. In confirmation of the intimate union existing
+between American and foreign Socialists, during the time of the second
+International, we have the declaration of the Socialist Party of the
+United States in its national platform of 1904, pledging itself to the
+principles of International Socialism, as embodied in the united thought
+and action of the Socialists of all nations. Moreover, Morris Hillquit
+informed us in "The Worker," March 23, 1907, that the International
+Socialist Movement, with its thirty million adherents and its organized
+parties in about twenty-five civilized countries in both hemispheres,
+was everywhere based on the same Marxian program and followed
+substantially the same methods of propaganda and action. Writing again,
+in "Everybody's," October, 1913, Hillquit declared that the dominant
+Socialist organizations of all countries were organically allied with
+one another, that by means of an International Socialist Bureau,
+supported at joint expense, the Socialist parties of the world
+maintained uninterrupted relations with one another, and that every
+three years they met in international conventions, whose conclusions
+were accepted by all constituent<sup><a href="#fn_5" id="fna_5">5</a></sup> national organizations.</p>
+
+<p>Commenting upon "The Collapse of the Second International," which is
+held to have taken place at the beginning of<a id="page_18"></a> the World War, "The
+Revolutionary Age," March 22, 1919, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Great demonstrations were held in every European country by
+     Socialists protesting against their government's declarations of
+     war, and mobilizations for war. And we know that these
+     demonstrations were rendered impotent by the complete surrender of
+     the Socialist parliamentary leaders and the official Socialist
+     press, with their 'justification' of 'defensive wars' and the
+     safeguarding of 'democracy.'</p>
+
+<p>     "Why the sudden change of front? Why did the Socialist leaders in
+     the parliaments of the belligerents vote the war credits? Why did
+     not Moderate Socialism carry out the policy of the Basle Manifesto,
+     namely; the converting of an imperialistic war into a civil
+     war--into a proletarian revolution? Why did it either openly favor
+     the war or adopt a policy of petty-bourgeois pacifism?"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>At the conclusion of the World War Socialists and representatives of
+labor from many countries met at Berne, Switzerland, in what was known
+as the Berne Conference. This international Socialist conference was
+comparatively moderate in tendencies, while another Socialist congress,
+held shortly before it in Bolshevist Moscow, was far more radical.</p>
+
+<p>J. Ramsay MacDonald, commenting upon the Berne Conference in "Glasgow
+Forward," in the spring of 1919, said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "It declined to condemn the Bolshevists and declined to say that
+     their revolution was Socialism....</p>
+
+<p>     "Moscow seems to be more thorough than Berne, though as a matter of
+     fact Berne was far more thorough than Moscow. There is a glamour
+     and a halo about Moscow; but there are substance and permanence
+     about Berne.</p>
+
+<p>     "That blessed word 'Soviet' has become a shibboleth. But Berne did
+     not say anything about it. It declared its continuing belief in
+     democracy and in representative institutions. I hope that the
+     Soviet is not contrary to democracy; I know that it is a
+     representative institution. But I know more. I know that beyond its
+     primary stage it is a system of indirect representation--the
+     representation of representatives--and that a few years ago there
+     was not a single Socialist in the country that would have accepted
+     such a form of representative government. For Socialists to pretend
+     to prefer that system to one of direct responsibility is a mere
+     pose.</p>
+
+<p>     "Therefore, two Internationals will be the worst thing that could
+     happen to the revolutions now going on and to the gen<a id="page_19"></a>eral
+     Socialist movement. The duty of every Socialist--especially of
+     those of us who are not in revolution--is to strive by might and by
+     main to get a union of the two. We may have to suffer a time of
+     internal trouble owing to the friction of conflicting conceptions
+     of Socialist reconstruction, but I am quite certain that no one has
+     yet said what is to be the last word on the subject, and to split
+     on such a controversy as this is to advertise to the world how
+     unready Socialism is to assume command."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Berne Conference, which had at first been called to meet at
+Lausanne, the Russian Bolshevik government of Lenine denounced in a
+manifesto which the "Chicago Socialist" of February 8, 1919, republished
+in part as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Central Committee of the Russian Communist Bolshevik Party in
+     a manifesto on the proposal to call together an International
+     Conference at Lausanne, declares that the project cannot be
+     considered even as an attempt to revive the Second International.
+     The latter ceased to exist during the first days of August, 1914,
+     when the representatives of the majority of nearly all the
+     Socialist parties passed over into the ranks of their imperialist
+     governments.</p>
+
+<p>     "The attempts made to revive this International, for which
+     agitation has been carried on in all countries throughout the war,
+     emanated from elements standing mid-way, which, whilst not
+     recognizing openly Imperialist Socialism, nevertheless had no idea
+     of creating a third revolutionary International.</p>
+
+<p>     "The attempts made to go back to the pre-war situation regarding
+     the labor movement crashed against the Imperialist policy of the
+     official parties, which could not, at that time, admit the
+     appearance of an attempt to restore the International, fearing, as
+     they did, that this might tend to weaken the war policy of the
+     government and the working class working in unison.</p>
+
+<p>     "To counteract these attempts, the Imperialist Socialist parties
+     undertook to change the conditions of representation of the
+     national sections in the old International. The last so-called
+     inter-Allied conference in the Entente countries made it clear that
+     this change had been effected.</p>
+
+<p>     "Great Britain was represented by a motley organization in which
+     the Socialist parties could play no direct role. Italy was
+     represented by men whose party never before belonged to the
+     International and whose presence compelled the absence of the
+     official Italian Socialist Party. America was represented by<a id="page_20"></a>
+     Gompers, representing associations which never had anything to do
+     with the Socialists....</p>
+
+<p>     "As against the International of traitors and
+     counter-revolutionaries, organizing themselves for the purpose of
+     forming leagues against the proletarian revolutions the world over,
+     the Communists of all countries must rapidly close their ranks
+     around the third revolutionary International--already, in fact,
+     existing.</p>
+
+<p>     "This Third International has nothing in common with the avowed
+     Socialist Imperialists, or with the pseudo-revolutionary
+     Socialists, who in reality support the former when they refuse to
+     break with them, and who do not recoil against participation in the
+     conferences of falsely called Socialists. The Russian Communist
+     Bolshevik Party refuses to take part in these conferences, which
+     abuse the name of Socialism. It invites all those who desire that
+     the Third Revolutionary International shall live to take the same
+     line; the task of this Third International being to hasten the
+     conquest of power by the working class.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Communist parties of Finland, Esthonia, Lithuania, of White
+     Russia, the Ukraine, Poland, and Holland are at one with the
+     Russian Communist Party.</p>
+
+<p>     "The latter also regards as its associates the Spartacus group in
+     Germany, the Communist Party of German Austria and other
+     revolutionary proletarian elements of the countries in the old
+     Austro-Hungarian Empire; the Left Social Democrats of Sweden, the
+     Revolutionary Social Democracy of Switzerland and Italy, the
+     followers of Maclean in England, of Debs in America, of Loriot in
+     France. In their persons the Third International, which is at the
+     head of the World Revolution, already exists.</p>
+
+<p>     "At the present moment when the Socialist Imperialists of the
+     Entente who formerly hurled the most violent accusations against
+     Scheidemann, are about to unite with him and to break the power of
+     Socialism in all countries, the Communist Party considers that
+     unity for the World Revolution is an indispensable condition for
+     its success.</p>
+
+<p>     "Its most dangerous enemy now is the Yellow International of the
+     Socialist traitors--thanks to whom capitalism still succeeds in
+     keeping a considerable portion of the working class under its
+     influence.</p>
+
+<p>     "For the conquest of power by the workers let us carry on an
+     implacable struggle against those who are deceiving them--against
+     the pseudo-Socialist traitors."
+<a id="page_21"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>At the end of May, 1919, the National Executive Committee of the
+Socialist Party of the United States, probably on account of pressure
+brought to bear on it by the "Left Wing," stated that the party
+repudiated the Berne Conference, but, at the same time, was <i>not yet</i>
+affiliated with the Communist Conference of the Bolshevists at Moscow.
+The phraseology of this ambiguous announcement is here given:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "It recognizes the necessity of reorganizing the Socialist
+     International along more harmonious and radical lines. The
+     Socialist Party of the United States is not committed to the Berne
+     Conference, which has shown itself retrograde on many vital points,
+     and totally devoid of creative force. On account of the isolation
+     of Russia, and the misunderstanding arising therefrom, it also is
+     not affiliated with the Communist Congress of Moscow."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This awkward straddle is explained by the fact that the American
+Socialist Party, under the pro-German leadership of Morris Hillquit of
+New York and Victor L. Berger of Milwaukee, had in its Congressional
+platform for 1918 expressly endorsed the Inter-Allied Socialist and
+Labor Conference, held at London that year. This is the conference which
+the Lenine government scoffs at in the manifesto quoted just above,
+styling it the "so-called inter-allied conference," in which "America
+was represented by Gompers, representing associations which never had
+anything to do with the Socialists." That the American Socialist Party
+had been led into the endorsement of the conference by Berger and
+Hillquit because the conference had recommended a meeting with German
+workingmen seems evident from the wording of the endorsement, taken from
+the official publication of the Socialist Party's 1918 Congressional
+Platform, pages 3-4:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In all that concerns the settlement of this war, the American
+     Socialist Party is in general accord with the announced aims of the
+     Inter-Allied Conference. We re-affirm the principles announced by
+     the Socialist Party in the United States in 1915; adopted by the
+     Socialist Republic of Russia in 1917; proclaimed by the
+     Inter-Allied Labor Conference in 1918 and endorsed by both the
+     majority and minority Socialists in the Central empires; no
+     forcible annexations, no punitive indemnities and the free
+     determination of all peoples.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Socialist Party believes that the foundations for
+     international understanding must be laid during the war, before the
+     professional diplomats begin to dictate the world's future as they
+     have in the past.<a id="page_22"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "It therefore supports the demand of the Inter-Allied Conference
+     for a meeting with the German workingmen, convinced that such a
+     meeting will promote the cause of democracy, and will encourage the
+     German people to throw off the military autocracy that now
+     oppresses them. We join our pledge to that of the Inter-Allied
+     Conference that, this done, as far as in our power, we shall not
+     permit the German people to be made the victims of imperialistic
+     designs."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The phrases in the above endorsement, "Inter-Allied Conference,"
+"majority ... Socialists in the Central empires," and "promote the cause
+of democracy," must have invoked the scorn of Lenine and Trotsky. Hence
+the wording of their manifesto, in which they acknowledged as
+"associates" the "followers ... of Debs in America," is an evident slap
+at Berger and Hillquit and their "followers" in the American Socialist
+Party. It was so understood by many in the party, and led to the rapid
+sprouting of a "Left Wing" and the ultimate secession of about 72,000
+dues-paying members, leaving only about 40,000 with Berger and Hillquit.</p>
+
+<p>The story of this rupture will be found in the three chapters following,
+where it also appears that Berger and Hillquit attempted to hide their
+"Yellow" streak under a deeper daub of "Red."<a id="page_23"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch03">
+<h2>CHAPTER III</h2>
+
+<h3>THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF AMERICA DEVELOPS A LEFT WING</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Some years ago, when the people of the United States were beginning to
+suspect that the Socialists were plotting a revolution against our
+Constitutional form of government the hypocritical followers of Eugene
+V. Debs, fearing that their plot might be nipped in the bud, endeavored
+to conceal their conspiracy, and succeeded quite well, by assuring the
+American people that the word "revolution," so often used by them, was a
+harmless term and was to be taken in a broad sense, without the "r,"
+signifying nothing more than "evolution." "Do not be alarmed," they told
+us, "we Socialists are striving to bring about reforms in the
+government, but solely by constitutional means and the use of the
+ballot."<sup><a href="#fn_B" id="fna_B">B</a></sup></p>
+
+<p>Many proofs could be given to show that, even in the early days of the
+American Socialist Party, revolution, in the strictest sense of the
+word, was foremost in the minds of many of the Marxian leaders. With the
+advent of Bolshevism in Russia, and the successful overthrow of European
+governments by revolutionary Socialists abroad, the "Reds" in our own
+country became decidedly bolder, both in word and plot, against the
+Government of our country. The more outspoken, daring and impatient
+plotters in the Socialist Party of America lined up in a Left Wing
+faction, whereas the more hypocritical, hesitant, cautious and prudent
+revolutionists constituted the Right Wing. The former became known as
+the "Reds," the latter as the "Yellows."<a id="page_24"></a></p>
+
+<p>The "Reds" made a specialty of "direct action" or violence, had little
+confidence in victory through the ballot, and campaigned for a
+revolution at an early day. The "Yellows," of course, also rely on a
+final victory through rebellion, but in the meantime, during the period
+of revolutionary education and organization, insist on political action.
+The leaders in control of the executive machinery of the Socialist
+Party, wishing to retain their lucrative positions, and looking forward
+to the advantage of political office during the years which might elapse
+before the time would be ripe for rebellion, were nearly all Right
+Wingers, and have waged a bitter and unscrupulous fight against the Left
+Wing organization within the party.</p>
+
+<p>The Left Wing of the Socialist Party of America had its origin,
+probably, in the year 1916. According to the "International Socialist
+Review," of December of that year, this ultra-revolutionary faction took
+form in Boston. About the latter part of the year 1917 it began to
+develop more rapidly, its progress being more or less proportional to
+the spread of Bolshevism and the Socialist revolutions in Europe. Its
+success, of course, was at the expense of the political leaders of the
+Right.</p>
+
+<p>The Left Wing has certainly been more honest than the Right. The "Reds"
+comprising it favor direct action, that is, strikes and disturbances,
+rather than the use of the ballot, hoping thus to bring our country into
+such a critical condition that they may precipitate a rebellion, and
+then, though in a minority, assume control of the government by a sudden
+<i>coup d'&eacute;tat</i>, as the Bolsheviki did in Russia. The Left Wingers opposed
+the "immediate demands" in the Socialist Party platform, preferring to
+work for dictatorship rather than for social reforms. They despised the
+politicians of the Right Wing, calling them yellow, reactionary,
+hypocritical, capitalistic Socialists, and telling them that their place
+was with the newly formed Labor Party, which had already praised the
+Socialists and invited them to join its ranks. The Lefts expressed a
+fear that the leaders of the Right would, if our Government were
+overthrown, turn against them just as the Scheidemann-Ebert group turned
+against the German Spartacides. The fight between the two factions
+became severe about the beginning of the year 1919.</p>
+
+<p>"The Revolutionary Age," Boston, February 15, 1919, speaking of the
+disturbance in the Socialist Party, and explaining the fundamental
+principles of the Left Wing said:<a id="page_25"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The American Socialist Party is in a condition of feverish
+     theoretical activity. Pressing problems are being met in a spirit
+     of self-criticism. New forms of action in the social struggle are
+     being accepted. Old methods, old tactics, old ideas, which in the
+     test of war have proven incapable of furthering the revolutionary
+     struggle of the proletariat, are being seriously analyzed and
+     repudiated.</p>
+
+<p>     "The membership of the Socialist Party, the majority, is
+     instinctively class conscious and revolutionary. It was this
+     membership that compelled our officials to acquiesce in the
+     adoption of a radical declaration against war--which most of the
+     officials sabotaged or converted into an innocuous policy of
+     bourgeois pacificism. When the Bolsheviki conquered, the majority
+     of our officials were either hostile or silent; some weeks before,
+     the 'New York Call' had stigmatized the Bolsheviki as 'anarchists.'
+     But the membership responded; they forced the hands of the
+     officials, who became 'me too' Bolsheviki, but who did not draw the
+     revolutionary implications of the Bolshevik policy. These officials
+     and their machinery baffled the will of the membership; more, the
+     membership baffled itself because it did not clearly understand the
+     theory and the practice implied in its instinctive class
+     consciousness and revolutionary spirit.</p>
+
+<p>     "While our National Executive Committee accepts the Berne Congress
+     and refuses to call an emergency National Convention, locals of the
+     party are actively engaged in the great struggle, turning to the
+     left, to revolutionary Socialism. Groups within the party are
+     organizing and issuing proclamations, determined that the party
+     shall conquer the party for revolutionary Socialism. Two of these
+     proclamations were published in the last issue of 'The
+     Revolutionary Age.' They deserve serious consideration and
+     discussion.</p>
+
+<p>     "The manifesto of the Communist Propaganda League of Chicago is a
+     concise document. Its criticism of the party is summarized:</p>
+
+<p>     "'The Party proceeds on too narrow an understanding of political
+     action for a party of revolution, its programs and platforms have
+     been reformist and petty bourgeois in character, instead of being
+     definitely directed toward the goal of social revolution; the party
+     has failed to achieve unity with the revolutionary movement on the
+     industrial field.'</p>
+
+<p>     "Its proposals for democratizing the party--mass action in the
+     party--are excellent; it repudiates the old international and the
+     Berne Congress, and asks:<a id="page_26"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "'Identification of the Socialist Party with class conscious
+     industrial unionism, unity of all kinds of proletarian action and
+     protest forming part of the revolutionary class struggle; political
+     action to include political strikes and demonstrations, no
+     compromising with any groups not inherently committed to the
+     revolutionary class struggle, such as Labor parties, People's
+     Councils, Non-Partisan Leagues, Municipal Ownership Leagues and the
+     like.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In order clearly to understand the big fight that has disrupted the
+Socialist Party, further explanations of the principles of the Left Wing
+are necessary. "The Revolutionary Age," from which the above quotation
+was taken, was first published in Boston, its editor being Louis C.
+Fraina. In the summer of 1919 it combined with "The Communist," of New
+York City, and, still maintaining its former name, became the national
+organ of the Left Wing of the Socialist Party.</p>
+
+<p>In the article just quoted reference was made to "mass action." This,
+according to "The Revolutionary Age," is to be the main weapon used by
+the rebels in precipitating rebellion. The July 12, 1919, issue of the
+same paper explains mass action and shows how it is to be used. The
+article, written by Louis C. Fraina, reads in part as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Socialism in its early activity as a general organized movement
+     was compelled to emphasize the action of politics because of the
+     immaturity of the proletariat....</p>
+
+<p>     "All propaganda, all electoral and parliamentary activity are
+     insufficient for the overthrow of Capitalism, impotent when the
+     ultimate test of the class struggle turns into a test of power. The
+     power for the social revolution issues out of the actual struggles
+     of the proletariat, out of its strikes, its industrial unions and
+     mass action."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Industrial unions of course means the union system of the I. W. W., and
+not the craft unions of the American Federation of Labor.</p>
+
+<p>The article continues:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The peaceful parliamentary conquest of the state is either sheer
+     utopia or reaction....</p>
+
+<p>     "The revolution is an act of a minority, at first; of the most
+     class conscious section of the industrial proletariat, which in a
+     test of electoral strength, would be a minority, but which, being a
+     solid, industrially indispensable class, can disperse and defeat
+     all other classes through the annihilation of the fraudulent
+     democracy of the parliamentary system implied in the dictator<a id="page_27"></a>ship
+     of the proletariat, imposed upon society by means of revolutionary
+     mass action....</p>
+
+<p>     "Mass action is not a form of action as much as it is a process and
+     synthesis of action. It is the unity of all forms of proletarian
+     action, a means of throwing the proletariat, organized and
+     unorganized, in a general struggle against Capitalism and the
+     capitalist state....</p>
+
+<p>     "The great expressions of mass action in recent years, the New
+     Zealand general strike, the Lawrence strike, the great strike of
+     the British miners under which capitalist society reeled on the
+     verge of collapse--all were mass actions organized and carried
+     through in spite of the passive and active hostility of the
+     dominant Socialist and labor organization. Under the impulse of
+     mass action, the industrial proletariat senses its own power and
+     acquires the force to act equally against capitalism and the
+     conservatism of organizations. Indeed, a vital feature of mass
+     action is precisely that it places in the hands of the proletariat
+     the power to overcome the fetters of these organizations, to act in
+     spite of their conservatism, and through proletarian mass action
+     emphasize antagonisms between workers and capitalists, and conquer
+     power. A determining phase of the proletarian revolution in Russia
+     was its acting against the dominant Socialist organizations,
+     sweeping these aside through its mass action before it could seize
+     social supremacy....</p>
+
+<p>     "Mass action is the proletariat itself in action, dispensing with
+     bureaucrats and intellectuals, acting through its own initiative;
+     and it is precisely this circumstance that horrifies the soul of
+     petty bourgeois Socialism. The masses are to act upon their own
+     initiative and the impulse of their own struggles....</p>
+
+<p>     "Mass action organizes and develops into the political strike and
+     demonstration, in which a general political issue is the source of
+     the action....</p>
+
+<p>     "The class power of the proletariat arises out of the intensity of
+     its struggles and revolutionary energy. It consists, moreover, of
+     undermining the bases of the morale of the capitalist state, a
+     process that requires extra parliamentary activity through mass
+     action. Capitalism trembles when it meets the impact of a strike in
+     a basic industry; Capitalism will more than tremble, it will
+     actually verge on a collapse, when it meets the impact of a general
+     mass action involving a number of correlated industries, and
+     developing into revolutionary mass action against the whole
+     capitalist regime. The value of this<a id="page_28"></a> mass action is that it shows
+     the proletariat its power, weakens capitalism, and compels the
+     state largely to depend on the use of brute force in the struggle,
+     either the physical force of the military or the force of legal
+     terrorism; this emphasizes antagonisms between proletarian and
+     capitalist, widening the scope and deepening the intensity of the
+     proletarian struggle against capitalism....</p>
+
+<p>     "Mass action, being the proletariat itself in action, loosens its
+     energy, develops enthusiasm, and unifies the action of the workers
+     to its utmost measure....</p>
+
+<p>     "Moreover, mass action means the repudiation of bourgeois
+     democracy. Socialism will come not through the peaceful, democratic
+     parliamentary conquest of the state, but through the determined and
+     revolutionary mass action of a proletarian minority. The fetish of
+     democracy is a fetter upon the proletarian revolution; mass action
+     smashes the fetish, emphasizing that the proletarian recognizes no
+     limits to its action except the limits of its own power. The
+     proletariat will never conquer unless it proceeds to struggle after
+     struggle; its power is developed and its energy let loose only
+     through action. Parliamentarism, in and of itself, fetters
+     proletarian action; organizations are often equally fetters upon
+     action; the proletariat must act and always act; through action it
+     conquers....</p>
+
+<p>     "The great war has objectively brought Europe to the verge of
+     revolution. Capitalist society at any moment may be thrust into the
+     air by an upheaval of the proletariat--as in Russia. Whence will
+     the impulse for the revolutionary struggle come? Surely not from
+     the moderate Socialism and unionism, which are united solidly in
+     favor of an imperialistic war; surely not from futile parliamentary
+     rhetoric, even should it be revolutionary rhetoric. The impulse
+     will come out of the mass action of the proletariat....</p>
+
+<p>     "Mass action is equally a process of revolution and the revolution
+     itself in operation."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The March 22, 1919, issue of "The Revolutionary Age" published the
+Manifesto of the Left Wing section of the Socialist Party of New York,
+from which several important quotations are hereby taken:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We are a very active and growing section of the Socialist Party
+     who are attempting to reach the rank and file with our urgent
+     message over the heads that be, who, through inertia or a lack of
+     vision, cannot see the necessity for a critical analysis of the
+     party's policies and tactics....<a id="page_29"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "In the latter part of the nineteenth century the
+     Social-Democracies of Europe set out to 'legislate capitalism out
+     of office.' The class struggle was to be won in the capitalist
+     legislatures. Step by step concessions were to be wrested from the
+     state; the working class and the Socialist parties were to be
+     strengthened by means of 'constructive' reform and social
+     legislation; each concession would act as a rung in the ladder of
+     Social Revolution, upon which the workers could climb step by step,
+     until finally, some bright sunny morning, the peoples would awaken
+     to find the Cooperative Commonwealth functioning without disorder,
+     confusion or hitch on the ruins of the capitalist state.</p>
+
+<p>     "And what happened? When a few legislative seats had been secured,
+     the thunderous denunciations of the Socialist legislators suddenly
+     ceased. No more were the parliaments used as platforms from which
+     the challenge of revolutionary Socialism was flung to all the
+     corners of Europe. Another era had set in, the era of
+     'constructive' social reform legislation. Dominant Moderate
+     Socialism accepted the bourgeois state as the basis of its action
+     and strengthened that state. All power to shape the policies and
+     tactics of the Socialist parties was entrusted to the parliamentary
+     leaders. And these lost sight of Socialism's original purpose;
+     their goal became 'constructive reforms' and cabinet
+     portfolios--the 'cooperation of classes,' the policy of openly or
+     tacitly declaring that the coming of Socialism was a concern 'of
+     all the classes,' instead of emphasizing the Marxian policy that
+     the construction of the Socialist system is the task of the
+     revolutionary proletariat alone....</p>
+
+<p>     "The 'Moderates' emphasized petty-bourgeois reformism in order to
+     attract tradesmen, shop-keepers and members of the professions,
+     and, of course, the latter flocked to the Socialist movement in
+     great numbers, seeking relief from the constant grinding between
+     corporate capital and awakening labor....</p>
+
+<p>     "Dominant 'Moderate Socialism' forgot the teachings of the founders
+     of scientific Socialism, forgot its function as a proletarian
+     movement--'the most resolute and advanced section of the working
+     class parties'--and permitted the bourgeois and self-seeking trade
+     union elements to shape its policies and tactics. This was the
+     condition in which the Social-Democracies of Europe found
+     themselves at the outbreak of the war in 1914. Demoralized and
+     confused by the cross-currents<a id="page_30"></a> within their own parties,
+     vacillating and compromising with the bourgeois state, they fell a
+     prey to social-patriotism and nationalism.</p>
+
+<p>     "But revolutionary Socialism was not destined to lie inert for
+     long. In Germany, Karl Liebknecht, Franz Mehring, Rosa Luxemburg
+     and Otto Rhule organized the Spartacus group. But their voices were
+     drowned in the roar of cannon and the shriek of the dying and
+     maimed.</p>
+
+<p>     "Russia, however, was to be the first battle-ground where the
+     'moderate' and revolutionary Socialism should come to grips for the
+     mastery of the state. The break-down of the corrupt, bureaucratic
+     Czarist regime opened the floodgates of Revolution....</p>
+
+<p>     "'Moderate Socialism' was not prepared to seize the power for the
+     workers during a revolution. 'Moderate Socialism' had a rigid
+     formula--'constructive social reform legislation within the
+     capitalist state,' and to that formula it clung....</p>
+
+<p>     "Revolutionary Socialists hold, with the founders of Scientific
+     Socialism, that there are two dominant classes in society--the
+     bourgeoisie and the proletariat; that between these two classes a
+     struggle must go on, until the working class, through the seizure
+     of the instruments of production and distribution, the abolition of
+     the capitalist state, and the establishment of the dictatorship of
+     the proletariat, creates a Socialist system. Revolutionary
+     Socialists do not believe that they can be voted into power. They
+     struggle for the conquest of power by the revolutionary
+     proletariat....</p>
+
+<p>     "The 'moderate Socialist' proposes to use the bourgeois state with
+     its fraudulent democracy, its illusory theory of 'unity of all the
+     classes,' its standing army, police and bureaucracy oppressing and
+     baffling the masses; the revolutionary Socialist maintains that the
+     bourgeois state must be completely destroyed, and proposes the
+     organization of a new state--the state of the organized
+     producers--of the Federated Soviets--on the basis of which alone
+     can Socialism be introduced.</p>
+
+<p>     "Industrial Unionism, the organization of the proletariat in
+     accordance with the integration of industry and for the overthrow
+     of Capitalism, is a necessary phase of revolutionary Socialist
+     agitation. Potentially, industrial unionism constructs the basis
+     and develops the ideology of the industrial state of Socialism; but
+     industrial unionism alone cannot perform the revolutionary act of
+     seizure of the power of the state, since under the conditions of
+     Capitalism it is impossible to organize<a id="page_31"></a> the whole working class,
+     or an overwhelming majority into industrial unionism.</p>
+
+<p>     "It is the task of a revolutionary Socialist party to direct the
+     struggles of the proletariat and provide a program for the
+     culminating crisis."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Julius Hammer, in a letter published in "The Call," April 4, 1919,
+speaking of the Left Wing, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Aside from the discussions as to the principles and tactics
+     identifying the 'Left Wing' there is a great deal of acrimonious
+     discussion and opposition to those in the 'Left Wing' organization.
+     They are called 'separatists,' 'secessionists,' 'splitters of the
+     party,' and this in spite of vehement denials that there is
+     intention or desire to split the party. 'It is unnecessary,'
+     say they, 'and superfluous; the party machinery is ample
+     for the purpose now; organization within organization is
+     injurious and wrong.' Some seem to go even further and fling
+     epithets of 'disrupters,' 'traitors,' 'direct actionists,'
+     'anti-politicalists,' 'anarchists,' etc. And there seems to be
+     quite a number who consider that the menace should be met with
+     stern measures--nothing less than expulsion."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the Left Wing statements of principles and tactics the reader will
+observe a constant emphasis upon "direct action," or violence, and in
+favor of "industrial unionism" and the "identification of the Socialist
+Party with class conscious industrial unionism." Chapters VIII and IX of
+this work, which describe the principles and tactics of the I. W. W.,
+will make the significance of the Left Wing movement perfectly apparent
+as an effort to combine Socialist Partyism and I. W. W.'ism or to place
+the latter under the political leadership of the former. In the Left
+Wing we see an enthusiastic consecration of the major part of the
+American Socialist Party to revolutionary violence--the direct
+application of anarchistic tactics to the overthrow of the Government
+and institutions of the United States. As we follow the Left Wing
+movement we shall see the principles and tactics of the I. W. W., as
+carried out in Russia, adopted as a program by the major part of the
+American Socialist party, which also finally succeeded in committing the
+minor part, the Right Wing, to the same principles.</p>
+
+<p>Needless to say, this movement was helped on by the various
+communications received from the Lenine dictatorship, and notably by the
+call for an international communist congress to meet at Moscow in March,
+1919. The text of this call began to appear in the American radical
+publications in late March<a id="page_32"></a> and April, and is here reproduced from "The
+One Big Union Monthly" for the latter month:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "<span class="smallcaps">First Section</span></p>
+
+<p>     "AIMS AND TACTICS</p>
+
+<p>     "In our estimation, the acceptance of the following principles
+     shall serve as a working program for the International:</p>
+
+<p>     "1. The actual period is the period of the dissolution and collapse
+     of the whole capitalist system;</p>
+
+<p>     "2. The first task of the proletariat consists to-day of the
+     immediate seizure of government power by the proletariat;</p>
+
+<p>     "3. This new governmental apparatus must incorporate the
+     dictatorship of the working class, and in some places, also, that
+     of the poorer peasantry, together with hired farm labor, this
+     dictatorship constituting the instrument of the systematic
+     overthrow of the exploiting classes;</p>
+
+<p>     "4. The dictatorship of the proletariat shall complete the
+     immediate expropriation of Capitalism and the suppression of
+     private property in the means of production, which includes, under
+     Socialism, the suppression of private property and its transfer to
+     a proletarian state under the Socialist administration of the
+     working class, the abolition of capitalist agricultural production,
+     the nationalization of the great business firms and financial
+     trusts;</p>
+
+<p>     "5. In order to insure the Social Revolution, the disarming of the
+     bourgeoisie and its agents, and the general arming of the
+     proletariat, is a prime necessity.</p>
+
+
+<p>     "<span class="smallcaps">Second Section</span></p>
+
+<p>     "ATTITUDE REGARDING SOCIALIST PARTIES</p>
+
+<p>     "7. The fundamental condition of the struggle is the mass action of
+     the proletariat, developing into open armed attack on the
+     governmental powers of Capitalism;</p>
+
+<p>     "8. The old International has broken into three principal groups:
+     the avowed social-patriots, who, during the entire duration of the
+     imperialistic war between the years 1914 and 1918, have supported
+     their own bourgeoisie; the minority Socialists of the 'Center,'
+     represented by leaders of the type of Karl Kautsky, and who
+     constitute a group composed of ever-hesitating elements, unable to
+     settle on any determined direction and who up to date have always
+     acted as traitors; and the Revolutionary Left Wing.<a id="page_33"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "9. As far as the social-patriots are concerned, who stood up
+     everywhere in arms, in the most critical moments, against the
+     revolution, a merciless fight is the alternative; in regard to the
+     'Center,' the tactics consist in separating from it the
+     revolutionary elements, in criticizing pitilessly its leaders and
+     in dividing systematically among them the number of their
+     followers; these tactics are absolutely necessary when we reach a
+     certain degree of development;</p>
+
+<p>     "10. On the other hand it is necessary to proceed in a common
+     movement with the revolutionary elements of the working class who,
+     though hitherto not belonging to the party, yet adopt to-day in its
+     entirety, the point of view of dictatorship of the proletariat,
+     under the form of Soviet government, including the syndicalist
+     elements of the labor movements;</p>
+
+<p>     "11. It is also necessary to rally the groups and proletarian
+     organizations, who, though not in the wake as yet of the
+     revolutionary trend of the Left Wing, nevertheless have manifested
+     and developed a tendency leading in that direction;</p>
+
+<p>     "12. We propose that the representatives of parties and groups
+     following these tendencies shall take part in the Congress as
+     plenipotentiary members of the Workers' International and should
+     belong to the following parties:</p>
+
+<p>     "1. The Spartacus group (Germany); 2. The Bolsheviki or Communist
+     Party (Russia); 3. Other Communist groups of; 3. German-Austria; 4.
+     Hungary; 5. Finland; 6. Poland; 7. Esthonia; 8. Lettonia; 9.
+     Lithuania; 10. White Russia; 11. Ukraine; 12. The Revolutionary
+     elements of Czecho-Slovakia; 13. The Bulgarian Social-Democratic
+     Party; 14. The Roumanian Social-Democrats; 15. The Left Wing of the
+     Servian Social-Democracy; 16. The Left Wing of the Swedish
+     Social-Democratic Party; 17. The Norwegian Social-Democratic Party;
+     18. The Danish groups of the class struggle; 19. The Dutch
+     Communist Party; 20. The revolutionary elements of the Belgian
+     Labor Party; 21-22. The groups and organizations in the midst of
+     the French Socialist and syndicalist movements who are in
+     solidarity with our aims; 23. The Left Wing of the Swiss
+     Social-Democratic Party; 24. The Italian Socialist Party; 25. The
+     left elements of the Spanish Socialist Party; 26. The left elements
+     of the Portuguese Socialist Party; 27. The British Socialist Party
+     (those nearer to us are the elements represented by MacLean); 28.
+     I. S. P. R. (Great Britain); 29. S. L. P. (England); 30. I. W. W.
+     (Great Britain); 31. The revolutionary elements of Shop-Stewards
+     (Great Britain); 33.<a id="page_34"></a> The S. L. P. (U. S. A.); 34. The elements of
+     the Left Wings of American Socialist Propaganda (tendency
+     represented by E. V. Debs and the Socialist Propaganda League); 35.
+     I. W. W. (Industrial Workers of the World), America; 36. The
+     Workers' International Industrial Union (U. S. A.); 37. I. W. W. of
+     Australia; 38. The Socialist groups of Tokio and Samon, represented
+     by Sen Katayama; 39. The Young Peoples' Socialist International
+     Leagues.</p>
+
+
+<p>     "<span class="smallcaps">Third Section</span></p>
+
+<p>     "THE ORGANIZATION AND NAME OF THE PARTY</p>
+
+<p>     "13. The Congress must be transformed into a common organ of combat
+     in view of the permanent struggle and systematic direction of the
+     movement, into a center of International Communism which will
+     subordinate the Interests of the Revolution from an international
+     point of view.</p>
+
+<p>     "The concrete forms of organization, representation, etc., will be
+     elaborated by the Congress."</p>
+
+<p>     The testimony of Morris Hillquit in the Socialist case before the
+     Assembly Judiciary Committee gave the preceding document an added
+     interest which the reader will better appreciate further on. As
+     will appear later in our narrative, on September 4, 1919, the
+     Socialist Party adopted a manifesto strongly favoring the
+     "industrial" unionizing of American labor for the purpose of
+     reinforcing the political "demands" of the Socialist Party with
+     "industrial action."</p>
+
+<p>     On the stand at Albany, on February 19, 1920, Hillquit acknowledged
+     the authorship of at least 90 per cent of the "industrial action"
+     manifesto of his party, but declared that he had never read the
+     Moscow manifesto when he wrote his, and so was not influenced by
+     the Moscow recommendation of industrial action to bring about a
+     revolution by violence. But the above "call" to the Moscow
+     Conference urged "a common movement" with "syndicalist elements,"
+     or "industrial union" revolutionaries, as much as the Moscow
+     manifesto did, and the reader will find at the end of our next
+     chapter evidence that Morris Hillquit was familiar with and
+     criticized the above Moscow "call" at least as early as July, 1919.
+<a id="page_35"></a></p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch04">
+<h2>CHAPTER IV</h2>
+
+<h3>THE FREE-FOR-ALL FIGHT BETWEEN THE RIGHT AND LEFT WINGS</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Emanuel Blumstein, a member of the Right Wing, in a letter published in
+"The Call," April 9, 1919, bitterly complained against the tactics of
+the Left Wingers--in trying to wrest control of the Socialist Party from
+the "Old Guard" of Berger and Hillquit, which had acquired the habit of
+domination:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The reason that the so-called Left Wingers are concentrating at
+     meetings, making motions to recall delegates, and carry their
+     motions through, is very simple. Anyone who attends the meetings
+     can easily understand it. They shout down every honest thinking
+     Socialist with slurs and abuse. They make it so intolerable that
+     the meeting hall appears to be, instead of a Socialist meeting, a
+     room frequented by rowdies of all types and descriptions. In this
+     way they drive the most active Comrades out of the meeting hall, as
+     these Comrades get disgusted with the tactics pursued and leave the
+     meeting. Then they drag the meeting on to all hours of the night
+     until those left, having no opposition, carry all their destructive
+     actions through, and this they call democratic decision for the
+     Comrades of the branch--deciding the policies for them."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Morris Zucker, a member of the Left Wing, defends his faction in a
+letter that appeared in "The Call," New York, April 11, 1919:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In regard to Lee's objection that the Left Wing may bring about a
+     premature revolt, the reply is that no real revolution, no social
+     revolution, is ever manufactured. It must be spontaneous. It must
+     be real. It must be an overwhelming, impulsive demonstration of the
+     popular will. Revolutions may be manipulated but not manufactured.
+     Trotzky shows in his 'From October to Brest-Litovsk' that the
+     Bolshevist Revolution was not manufactured.</p>
+
+<p>     "The problem is to manipulate the revolution, to guide it, to
+     counsel it. And herein lies the importance of proper Socialist<a id="page_36"></a>
+     education, of knowledge and understanding, and from these of proper
+     Socialist tactics.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Left Wing believes it has the proper program. And it wants the
+     Socialist Party to adopt its program. The Left Wing not only
+     preaches revolutionary Socialism, it believes that the economic and
+     social forces that have made half Europe Socialist, and threaten
+     momentarily to engulf the other half are at work in America also.
+     It believes that a revolutionary outbreak in America is not a
+     matter of the far and distant future. And it desires to make that
+     revolution as easy and as successful as it can possibly be. For
+     that reason the Left Wing has evolved its manifesto and program,
+     and now calls upon the Socialist Party to discuss it, perfect it,
+     and adopt it."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In April, 1919, the New York State Committee of the Socialist Party, by
+a vote of 24 against 17, resolved that it was "definitely opposed to the
+organization calling itself the Left Wing section of the Socialist
+Party, and to any group within the party organized for the same or
+similar purpose;" and it instructed "its executive committee to revoke
+the charter of any local affiliated with any such organization or that
+permits its subdivision or members to be affiliated."</p>
+
+<p>"The Call," April 23, 1919, publishes a long letter from F. Basky in
+which he defends the principles of the Left Wing and attacks the New
+York State Committee for the above resolutions. We quote a part:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Aside of these arguments the Left Wing is not a
+     counter-organization to the Socialist Party. On the contrary, it is
+     the only active force to save the party from going into decay and
+     finally to the scrap heap as a tool not adapted to the task. If the
+     Left Wing is the party, then and only then can we answer the
+     criticism of the syndicalist that a political party is nothing else
+     but a vote-catching machinery for middle-class politicians. If the
+     principles enunciated in the manifesto will be the principles of
+     the party, then it will enjoy the confidence of those who, through
+     their bitter experience realized the fallacies of the Second
+     International, led and dominated by the social-patriots, reformists
+     of the German Social Democratic Party. If we follow the line of
+     uncompromising revolutionary activity indicated by the Left
+     Wingers, then we can rest assured that the party will be cleared of
+     the would-be Scheidemanns, Eberts, Kerenskys, Brantenburgs, and the
+     rest of the traitors of our principles and our class.<a id="page_37"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "They will be eliminated anyway. The fight is on. And I welcome the
+     attack of the state committee. We at least know some of those we
+     would have to face in the critical hour. Might as well fight it out
+     now; whether they or the Left Wing represents the party. Let us
+     find out right now who is with us and who is against us."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Call," April 30, 1919, published a resolution then recently passed
+by the Socialist Party of Essex County, New Jersey, which had adopted
+the Left Wing program. Part of the resolution is hereby quoted:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "While the need for new orientation is clearly apparent, there is
+     an element within the party which is either unwilling or unable to
+     adjust itself to the new world conditions and the new tactics
+     required by these conditions. Unfortunately, this element has
+     controlled the party national executive committee and the party
+     machinery, with the consequence that the national organization, in
+     place of furnishing the leadership and urging the locals forward to
+     take advantage of the present world crisis in building up the
+     proletariat movement, has conspicuously lagged behind."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>By the early part of May, 1919, conditions in the Socialist Party became
+so serious that the Executive Committee of Local New York, according to
+"The Call," May 8, 1919, issued the following statement on the Left
+Wing:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "To the Members of Local New York:</p>
+
+<p>     "Comrades.--A critical situation has arisen within Local New York.
+     Your executive committee is compelled to take unusual and vigorous
+     measures to combat the disruptive efforts of an internal faction
+     which seeks to dominate the party by undemocratic and unsocialistic
+     methods. The executive committee addresses itself to you, the
+     membership, to explain the gravity of the crisis and to urge your
+     support in saving the organization which has been built up with so
+     much sacrifice by thousands of Comrades.</p>
+
+<p>     "The very existence of the party is at stake--its existence as the
+     democratically self-governed party of the working class, laboring
+     to awaken and educate the proletarian masses and to express their
+     class interests on the political field....</p>
+
+<p>     "This organization, i.e., the Left Wing, is not open to all party
+     members, nor even to all who accept the ideas set forth in its
+     manifesto and program. Only such persons are admitted as can be
+     counted on to set the authority of the 'Left Wing<a id="page_38"></a> Section' above
+     that of the party itself. Its meetings are held in secret, and
+     their business is that of a permanent closed caucus to lay plans
+     for controlling the action of the party branches and committees,
+     and of obstructing their activities when it cannot control them.</p>
+
+<p>     "Even within the 'Left Wing Section' itself democratic methods are
+     not used. The admission of members, the choice of delegates to Left
+     Wing conferences, and the framing of instructions to those
+     delegates are intrusted to committees composing an inner circle.
+     All members and adherents of the 'Left Wing Section' are called
+     upon in their action as party members and as members of party
+     committees, to give explicit obedience to orders issued by the
+     inner circle. A sufficient sample of this is the appointment of a
+     'steering committee' for the Left Wingers in the central committee
+     of the local, and the issuance of instructions to delegates
+     affiliated with that section as follows:</p>
+
+<p>     "'In all matters involving Left Wing tactics vote as a unit with
+     the steering committee. Do not make motions, ask for divisions,
+     further divisions, roll call, and appeals from the chair. The
+     steering committee will attend to that.'</p>
+
+<p>     "The Left Wing Section has not been able to command a majority in
+     the central committee, notwithstanding the drastic methods used in
+     their attempt to capture it. Unable to control they have practised
+     systematic obstruction, and have openly declared that they will not
+     permit the central committee to function so long as their group is
+     in the minority there. Under the direction of their steering
+     committee, the time is consumed with every species of parliamentary
+     delay, with the aim and effect of preventing the central committee
+     from transacting business and carrying on the normal work of the
+     party. These dilatory tactics are supplemented by personal abuse
+     directed against those who will not truckle to the 'Left Wing,' by
+     insults and provocatory threats, and when necessary, by the
+     creation of an uproar designed to attract the attention of the
+     police and to break up the sessions....</p>
+
+<p>     "The Executive Committee has heretofore decided not to have a
+     meeting of the central committee on May 13, and has appointed a
+     committee to reorganize Local New York. This committee will begin
+     with such branches as are affiliated with the 'Left Wing Section.'
+     No one will be excluded because of his opinions, but no one can
+     retain a double membership in the party and the so-called 'Left
+     Wing Section.'"
+<a id="page_39"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>By about the middle of May, 1919, the Left Wing program had been adopted
+by the Socialist Party in Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit,
+Philadelphia, Kings and Queens Counties, N. Y., and Essex County, N. J.
+In Hudson County, N. J., the county committee referred it favorably to
+all the branches, and at the end of the month the New Jersey Convention
+of the party adopted it. In Chicago, J. Louis Engdahl, sentenced<sup><a href="#fn_C" id="fna_C">C</a></sup> to
+twenty years in Leavenworth prison, was reported to have been ousted
+from the organization, having been considered too conservative by the
+millionaire Socialist, William Bross Lloyd, and the latter's friends who
+controlled the Communist Propaganda League, the Left Wing faction of the
+local organization.</p>
+
+<p>"The Call," May 8, 1919, publishes an interesting letter from one of its
+correspondents:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "It is not so much a question as to Left or Right Wing domination
+     as it is a question of whether we are to have a united or divided
+     party.</p>
+
+<p>     "I am not a Centrist, if that means to be in the center of the
+     party as it is today. We must move to the Left--that is understood
+     by all thinking, class-conscious Comrades, but we must move
+     together, not, perhaps, as far as some of the hot-heads would like
+     to have us--they fail to understand what an American Socialist
+     Party should be, for they seem to think of New York City as the
+     whole thing. If they could take a trip to Chicago and back they
+     might find themselves moving toward the Right.</p>
+
+<p>     "No one wants to be where the stick-in-the-mud Rights are,
+     either--that is, no one except them. The majority of us see the
+     need for revolutionizing the party. What we don't see is any
+     necessity of disrupting the party in the process. The master class
+     would like to see that; in fact, they have been egging us on to
+     fight among ourselves for the last two or three years, and we have
+     blindly done the very thing that they want most we should do. They
+     are laughing in their sleeves at us--poor boobs that we are."
+<a id="page_40"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On May 15, 1919, following the open fight against the Left Wing
+inaugurated by the New York State Committee and its Executive Committee,
+the Left Wing Locals of Boston, Cleveland and New York joined in a call
+for a National Conference of the Left Wing to convene in New York on
+June 21. This call opened with the following paragraph:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The international situation and the crisis in the American
+     Socialist Party; the sabotage the party bureaucracy has practised
+     on the emergency national convention; the N. E. C. [National
+     Executive Committee] aligning our party with the social-patriots at
+     Berne, with the Congress of the Great Betrayal; the necessity of
+     reconstructing our policy in accord with revolutionary events--all
+     this and more, makes it necessary that the revolutionary forces in
+     the Socialist Party get together for counsel and action."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Apparently so many bitter letters were sent to "The Call" that it found
+it expedient to publish the following notice in its edition of May 16,
+1919:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "No letters dealing in personalities of any kind will be published
+     in this column. All views and all arguments set forth must be
+     confined strictly to the principles and tactics either defended or
+     attacked. This ruling is by the unanimous vote of the Board of
+     Managers of 'The Call.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Morris Hillquit, member of the National Executive Committee of the
+Socialist Party till September, 1919, and one of the principle leaders
+of the Right, published in his paper, "The Call," May 21, 1919, a long
+article in large type, covering half of the editorial page, under the
+caption, "The Socialist Task and Outlook." After speaking of the gloomy
+conditions in the Socialist Party abroad, he thus comments on conditions
+in the American branch of the international organization:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "All the more unfortunate is it that the energies of the Socialist
+     Party should at this time be dissipated in acrimonious and
+     fruitless controversies brought on by the self-styled Left Wing
+     movement. I am one of the last men in the party to ignore or
+     misunderstand the sound revolutionary impulse which animates the
+     rank and file of this new movement, but the specific form and
+     direction which it has assumed, its program and tactics, spell
+     disaster to our movement. I am opposed to it, not because it is too
+     radical, but because it is essentially reactionary and
+     non-Socialistic; not because it would lead us too far, but because
+     it would lead us nowhere. To prate about the dictatorship of the
+     proletariat and of workers' Soviets in the United<a id="page_41"></a> States at this
+     time is to deflect the Socialist propaganda from its realistic
+     basis, and to advocate the abolition of all social reform planks in
+     the party platform means to abandon the concrete class struggle as
+     it presents itself from day to day.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Left Wing movement, as I see it, is a purely emotional reflex
+     of the situation in Russia. The cardinal vice of the movement is
+     that it started as a wing, i.e., as a schismatic and disintegrating
+     movement. Proceeding on the arbitrary assumption that they were the
+     Left, the ingenuous leaders of the movement had to discover a
+     Right, and since the European classification would not be fully
+     reproduced without a Center, they also were bound to locate a
+     center in the Socialist movement of America.<sup><a href="#fn_D" id="fna_D">D</a></sup> What matters it to
+     our imaginative Left Wing leaders that the Socialist Party of
+     America as a whole has stood in the forefront of Socialist
+     radicalism ever since the outbreak of the war, that many of its
+     officers and leaders have exposed their lives and liberties to
+     imminent peril in defense of the principles of international
+     Socialism, they are Right Wingers and Centrists because the
+     exigencies of the Left Wing require it. The Left Wing movement is a
+     sort of burlesque on the Russian revolution. Its leaders do not
+     want to convert their Comrades in the party. They must capture and
+     establish a sort of dictatorship of the proletariat(?) within the
+     party. Hence the creation of their dual organization as a kind of
+     Soviet, and their refusal to cooperate with the aforesaid stage
+     Centrists and Right Wingers.</p>
+
+<p>     "But the performance is too sad to be amusing. It seems perfectly
+     clear that, so long as this movement persists in the party, the
+     latter's activity will be wholly taken up by mutual quarrels and
+     recriminations. Neither wing will have any time for the propaganda
+     of Socialism. There is, as far as I can see, but one remedy. It
+     would be futile to preach reconciliation and union where antagonism
+     runs so high. Let the Comrades on both sides do the next best
+     thing. Let them separate, honestly, freely and without rancor. Let
+     each side organize and work in its own way, and make such
+     contribution to the Socialist movement in America as it can. Better
+     a hundred times to have two numerically small Socialist
+     organizations, each homogeneous and harmonious within itself, than
+     to have one big party torn by dissensions and squabbles, an
+     impotent <a id="page_42"></a>colossus on feet of clay. The time for action is near.
+     Let us clear the decks."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>By the end of May, 1919, the Left Wing fight had become so serious that
+the National Executive Committee revoked the charter of the Socialist
+Party in Michigan and suspended the Russian, Lithuanian, Ukranian,
+Lettish, Polish, South Slavic and Hungarian branches, expelling or
+suspending considerably over 25,000 members out of a total dues-paying
+membership of about 100,000.</p>
+
+<p>"The Ohio Socialist," the party organ of Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia
+and New Mexico, in its issue of June 4, 1919, comments as follows on the
+expulsions:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Violating every principle of fair play and square dealing and
+     disregarding every constitutional provision, the National Executive
+     Committee at its session in Chicago, May 24 to 30, expelled without
+     a trial the state organization of the Socialist Party of Michigan,
+     constituting about 6,000 members, suspended the Russian,
+     Lithuanian, Lettish, Polish, Hungarian, Ukrainian and South Slavic
+     Federations of the party, constituting more than 30,000 members,
+     and worst of all--and let it be said to their everlasting
+     shame--are autocratically holding up the national membership
+     referendum for the election of a new National Executive Committee,
+     International Delegates, International Secretary, and the holding
+     of a national convention.</p>
+
+<p>     "Never before in the party's history have Socialist Party officials
+     been so lost to all sense of decency and square dealing. A wilful
+     group of seven members of the National Executive Committee usurped
+     power which the constitution does not grant them and which the
+     Socialist Party membership never intended any servants of the party
+     to have. This despotic group of seven did not act as the party's
+     servants, but as dictators and tyrants to defeat the expressed will
+     of the party membership and to perpetuate itself in office.</p>
+
+<p>     "Unbelievable as it may seem, seven officials of the party had the
+     monumental effrontery to assume the right to expel and suspend
+     40,000 members. Think of it. That such a dastardly deed should ever
+     be perpetrated upon the rank and file of our organization is almost
+     beyond comprehension. And yet it was done--it was done by those
+     whom you elected to serve you. Instead they are betraying you,
+     disrupting the organization....</p>
+
+<p>     "The intention of these autocrats is plain as daylight. Like a
+     tidal wave, the demand for a Socialism which stands true to<a id="page_43"></a> the
+     working class at all times has swept the party. The thousands of
+     Comrades who are sincerely working to win the party to a more
+     revolutionary position are known to the Left Wing. This Left Wing
+     understands clearly that the Scheidemann brand of Socialism stands
+     for the betrayal and defeat of the working class and that only the
+     Socialism of Liebknecht and Lenine has within it the potentialities
+     of victory and success....</p>
+
+<p>     "There was no trial, no opportunity for defense offered to the
+     Michigan Comrades. A motion to allow Michigan a chance to interpret
+     their action was voted down. The right to appear at a trial was
+     denied....</p>
+
+<p>     "Expulsion meant throwing out over three thousand votes. On with
+     the expulsion of Michigan....</p>
+
+<p>     "But the expulsion of Michigan was apparently not sufficient to
+     decide the elections in favor of the reactionary moderates. At a
+     subsequent session, accordingly, it was decided to destroy the
+     whole election.</p>
+
+<p>     "The National Executive Committee instructed the secretary not to
+     tabulate the vote or make it public. They nullified the referendum
+     vote, destroyed the will of the membership in order to retain
+     control. Most of these National Executive Committee members are out
+     for re-election, are interested parties, knowing that the
+     referendum defeated them for re-election, are now, by this action,
+     perpetuating themselves in office....</p>
+
+<p>     "The National Executive Committee's action is equivalent to
+     stealing the elections. The party must act sternly to rebuke this
+     official chicanery.</p>
+
+<p>     "After this betrayal of the party the despotic seven seemed to fear
+     the results of the National Convention, which has been called for
+     August 30. A way had to be devised to control the convention. Happy
+     thought: Suspend the federations that have endorsed the Left Wing,
+     and we are safe. Another caucus held. Result: Suspension of the
+     Russian, Polish, Hungarian, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Lettish and
+     South Slavic Federations from the Socialist Party--over thirty
+     thousand members. A plain attempt to assure the election of
+     reactionary delegates to the National Convention to approve the
+     abominable actions of the National Executive Committee majority....</p>
+
+<p>     "In spite of all these dirty tactics the little group of
+     reactionary autocrats did not feel themselves secure. They still
+     fear that they will not be able to control the coming National
+     Convention. So they formed a corporation, nearly all the directors
+     of which are of the same stamp as the wilful seven, and<a id="page_44"></a> into the
+     hands of these directors is to be placed the entire property of the
+     Socialist Party, including the new headquarters building upon which
+     $10,000 has been paid. These directors cannot be recalled by the
+     party membership as long as they retain membership in the party,
+     and only four, a minority, can be removed in three years' time....</p>
+
+<p>     "They want the Left Wing to desert the party. They want us to leave
+     the party machinery in their hands. They will be disappointed in
+     this. We know their game. We shall not play into their hands. We
+     will not quit. Every Left Winger will work night and day for the
+     reinstatement of the nearly 40,000 members whom the reactionaries
+     are trying to sever from the party in violation of the party's
+     constitution. Every radical will work with might and main to get
+     new members and build, build the Left Wing and the party. Every
+     revolutionist will stick until victory is ours and the Socialist
+     Party is completely won for revolutionary Socialism."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Commenting on the referendum for a new National Executive Committee "The
+Revolutionary Age" in its May 24, 1919, issue says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The moderates claim that the Left Wing represents only a small
+     clique in the party: why, then, not allow the membership to make
+     its decision through the referendum? Why disfranchise the
+     revolutionary Socialists? Why steal votes away from the Left Wing
+     candidates? These desperate tactics are understandable only on the
+     theory that the moderates feel that the revolutionary Socialists
+     are a majority, that they will meet defeat in the referendum votes
+     and revolutionary Socialism will conquer the party."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Revolutionary Age," July 12, 1919, informs us that the
+Massachusetts Comrades were also expelled and that others in other
+States were threatened:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Another State gone. Massachusetts is expelled for adopting the
+     Left Wing program at its State Convention and for refusing to
+     recognize the National Executive Committee's act of suspending the
+     Federations. For this latter offense, Pennsylvania is now
+     threatened with excommunication, and very likely Ohio will meet the
+     same sad fate.</p>
+
+<p>     "It is a race against time. Will there be anything left for the
+     rump N. E. C. to expel by August 30th?"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Relative to the success of the Left Wing in electing its members to the
+new National Executive Committee of fifteen, and<a id="page_45"></a> to the meeting of this
+new committee, "The Revolutionary Age," July 19, 1919, comments as
+follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The election of Comrades Fraina, Hourwich, Harwood, Prevey,
+     Ruthenberg, Lloyd, Keracher, Batt, Hogan, Millis, Nagle,
+     Katterfeld, Wicks and Herman appears now to be certain, while there
+     is still a question about the third choice in the First District,
+     Comrade Lindgren leading without the New York vote.</p>
+
+<p>     "There is no question, but that the final tally of the party
+     elections is available at the National Office, but according to the
+     action of the National Executive Committee this tally will not be
+     made known till August 30. Meanwhile the State secretaries have
+     published enough of the votes to leave no question of the outcome,
+     except as above indicated....</p>
+
+<p>     "According to the party law the new N. E. C. is entitled to control
+     beginning July 1st....</p>
+
+<p>     "There can be no legality by which a defunct Executive Committee
+     can keep the newly elected committee from taking office. By such
+     'constitutionality' the old body could perpetuate itself
+     indefinitely, let the members vote as they like. Stopping
+     referendums is the method chosen to make sure that the members
+     consent."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Accusations and recriminations, charges and counter-charges, continued
+to fly back and forth between the two Wings, as the secretaries
+proceeded with the work of expulsion or suspension, carrying out the
+savage instructions of the Right Wing majority of the National Executive
+Committee, where Victor L. Berger, Morris Hillquit and Seymour Stedman
+were the dominating leaders. On the side of the Lefts little more could
+be done than to set up a howl against the "dictatorship of the
+proletariat" within the party which forced them to taste the medicine
+they would have preferred to prescribe for the rest of the country.</p>
+
+<p>During the summer the Left Wing movement was hastened on, dragging the
+Right Wing after it, by the publication in the radical papers of America
+of the manifesto issued in Moscow in March, 1919, by the Third or
+Communistic International in session there. Max Eastman, a Left Wing
+leader, in an article on "The New International" in "The Liberator,"
+July, 1919, a Left Wing magazine, thus describes the Bolshevik
+International:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Communist International, which met at Moscow on March 2d,
+     1919, comprised thirty-two <i>delegates with full power to act</i>,
+     representing parties or groups in Germany, Russia, Hun<a id="page_46"></a>gary,
+     Sweden, Norway, Bulgaria, Rumania, Finland, Ukrainia, Esthonia,
+     Armenia, delegates from the 'Union of Socialists of Eastern
+     Countries,' from the labor organizations of Germans in Russia, and
+     from the Balkan 'Union of Revolutionary Socialists.'</p>
+
+<p>     "There were also present <i>representatives with consultative powers</i>
+     from parties and groups in Switzerland, Holland, Bohemia,
+     Jugo-Slavia, France, Great Britain, Turkey, Turkestan, Persia,
+     Corea, China, and the United States (S. J. Rutgers, of the
+     Socialist Propaganda League, now merged with the Left Wing section
+     of the Socialist Party). A letter was read from Comrade Loriot, the
+     leader of the Left Wing section of the French Party, repudiating
+     the Berne Congress of the Second International.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Russian Communist Party was represented by Comrades Lenine,
+     Trotzky, Zinoviev, Kukharin and Stalin. This party contains many
+     millions of organized class-conscious Socialists, more, perhaps,
+     than are to be found in all the rest of the world."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Communist Manifesto of 1919, issued by this Moscow International,
+became the test of fellowship among the simon-pure "Reds" the world
+over, and since the campaign of the Left Wing grew into an attempt to
+force the Socialist Party of America to adopt this Bolshevik program, we
+here quote the salient parts of the Moscow Manifesto from the article by
+Eastman mentioned above:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "<i>To the proletariat of all countries!</i></p>
+
+<p>     "Seventy-two years have gone by since the Communist Party of the
+     World proclaimed its program in the form of the Manifesto written
+     by the great teachers of the proletarian revolution, Karl Marx and
+     Frederick Engels....</p>
+
+<p>     "We Communists, representatives of the revolutionary proletariat of
+     the different countries of Europe, America and Asia, assembled in
+     Soviet Moscow, feel and consider ourselves followers and fulfillers
+     of the program proclaimed seventy-two years ago. It is our task now
+     to sum up the practical revolutionary experience of the working
+     class, to cleanse the movement of its admixtures of opportunism and
+     social patriotism, and to gather together the forces of all the
+     true revolutionary proletarian parties in order to further and
+     hasten the complete victory of the Communist revolution.</p>
+
+<p>     "The opportunists who, before the war, exhorted the workers, in the
+     name of the gradual transition into Socialism, to be<a id="page_47"></a> temperate;
+     who, during the war, asked for submission in the name of 'civil
+     peace' and defense of the Fatherland, now again demand of the
+     workers self-abnegation to overcome the terrible consequences of
+     the war. If this preaching were listened to by the workers,
+     Capitalism would build out of the bones of several generations a
+     new and still more formidable structure, leading to a new and
+     inevitable world war. Fortunately for humanity, this is no longer
+     possible....</p>
+
+<p>     "Only the Proletarian Dictatorship, which recognizes neither
+     inherited privileges nor rights of property, but which arises from
+     the needs of the hungering masses, can shorten the period of the
+     present crisis; and for this purpose it mobilizes all materials and
+     forces, introduces the universal duty to labor, establish the
+     regime of industrial discipline, thus to heal in the course of a
+     few years the open wounds caused by the war and also to raise
+     humanity to new undreamed-of heights.</p>
+
+<p>     "The whole bourgeois world accuses the Communists of destroying
+     liberties and political democracy. This is not true. Having come
+     into power the proletariat only asserts the absolute impossibility
+     of applying the methods of bourgeois democracy, and it creates the
+     conditions and forms of a higher <i>working class democracy</i>....</p>
+
+<p>     "The peasant of Bavaria and Baden who does not look beyond his
+     church spire, the small French wine-grower who has been ruined by
+     the adulterations practiced by the big capitalists, the small
+     farmer of America plundered and betrayed by bankers and
+     legislators--all these social ranks which have been shoved aside
+     from the main road of development by Capitalism, are called on
+     paper by the regime of political democracy to the administration of
+     the State. In reality, however, the finance-oligarchy decides all
+     important questions which determine the destinies of nations behind
+     the back of parliamentary democracy....</p>
+
+<p>     "The proletarian State, like every State, is an organ of
+     suppression, but it arrays itself against the enemies of the
+     working class. It aims to break the opposition of the despoilers of
+     labor, who are using every means in a desperate effort to stifle
+     the revolution in blood, and to make impossible further opposition.
+     The dictatorship of the proletariat, which gives it the favored
+     position in the community, is only a provisional institution. As
+     the opposition of the Bourgeoisie is broken, as it is expropriated
+     and gradually absorbed into the working groups, the proletarian
+     dictatorship disappears, until finally the State dies and there are
+     no more class distinctions....<a id="page_48"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "In an empire of destruction where not only the means of production
+     and transportation, but also the institutions of political
+     democracy have become bloody ruins, the proletariat must create its
+     own forms, to serve above all as a bond of unity for the working
+     class and to enable it to accomplish a revolutionary intervention
+     in the further development of mankind. Such apparatus is
+     represented in the Workmen's Councils. The old parties, the old
+     unions, have proved incapable, in person of their leaders, to
+     understand, much less to carry out the task which the new epoch
+     presents to them. The proletariat has created a new institution
+     which embraces the entire working class without distinction of
+     vocation or political maturity, an elastic form of organization
+     capable of continually renewing itself, expanding, and of drawing
+     into itself ever new elements, ready to open its doors to the
+     working groups of city and village which are near to the
+     proletariat. This indispensable autonomous organization of the
+     working class in the present struggle and in the future conquests
+     of different lands, tests the proletariat and constitutes the
+     greatest inspiration and the mightiest weapon of the proletariat of
+     our time. Wherever the masses are awakened to consciousness,
+     Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Councils will be formed....</p>
+
+<p>     "The outcry of the bourgeois world against the civil war and the
+     red terror is the most colossal hypocrisy of which the history of
+     political struggles can boast. There would be no civil war if the
+     exploiters who have carried mankind to the very brink of ruin had
+     not prevented every forward step of the laboring masses, if they
+     had not instigated plots and murders and called to their aid armed
+     help from outside to maintain or restore their predatory
+     privileges. Civil war is <i>forced upon</i> the laboring classes by
+     their arch-enemies. The working class must answer blow for blow, if
+     it will not renounce its own object and its own future which is, at
+     the same time, the future of all humanity.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Communist parties, far from conjuring up civil war
+     artificially, rather strive to shorten its duration as much as
+     possible--in case it has become an iron necessity--to minimize the
+     number of its victims, and, above all, to secure victory for the
+     proletariat. This makes necessary the disarming of the bourgeoisie
+     at the proper time, the arming of the laborer, and the formation of
+     a communist army as the protector of the rule of the proletariat
+     and the inviolability of the social structure. Such is the Red Army
+     of Soviet Russia which arose to protect the<a id="page_49"></a> achievements of the
+     working class against every assault from within or without. The
+     Soviet Army is inseparable from the Soviet State.</p>
+
+<p>     "Seizure of political power by the proletariat means destruction of
+     the political power of the bourgeoisie. The organized power of the
+     bourgeoisie is in the civil State, with its capitalistic army under
+     control of bourgeoisie-junker officers, its police and gendarmes,
+     jailers and judges, its priests, government officials, etc.
+     Conquest of the political power means not merely a change in the
+     personnel of ministries, but annihilation of the enemy's apparatus
+     of government; disarmament of the bourgeoisie of the
+     counter-revolutionary officers, of the White Guard; arming of the
+     proletariat, the revolutionary soldiers, the Red Guard of
+     workingmen; displacement of all bourgeois judges and organization
+     of proletarian courts; elimination of control by reactionary
+     government officials and substitution of new organs of management
+     of the proletariat.... Not until the proletariat has achieved this
+     victory and broken the resistance of the bourgeoisie can the former
+     enemies of the new order be made useful, by bringing them under
+     control of the Communist system and gradually bringing them into
+     accord with its work....</p>
+
+<p>     "The Dictatorship of the Proletariat does not in any way call for
+     partition of the means of production and exchange; rather, on the
+     contrary, its aim is further to centralize the forces of production
+     and to subject all of production to a systematic plan. As the first
+     steps--socialization of the great banks which now control
+     production; the taking over by the power of the proletariat of all
+     government-controlled economic utilities; the transferring of all
+     communal enterprises; the socializing of the syndicated and
+     trustified units of production, as well as all other branches of
+     production in which the degree of concentration and centralization
+     of capital makes this technically practicable; the socializing of
+     agricultural estates and their conversion into co-operative
+     establishments....</p>
+
+<p>     "As far as smaller enterprises are concerned, the proletariat must
+     gradually unite them, according to the degree of their importance.
+     It must be particularly emphasized that small properties will in no
+     way be expropriated and that small property owners who are not
+     exploiters of labor will not be forcibly dispossessed....</p>
+
+<p>     "The task of the Proletarian Dictatorship in the economic field can
+     only be fulfilled to the extent that the proletariat is<a id="page_50"></a> enabled to
+     create centralized organs of management and to institute workers'
+     control. To this end it must make use of its mass organizations
+     which are in closest relation to the process of production....</p>
+
+<p>     "As in the field of production, so also in the field of
+     distribution, all qualified technicians and specialists are to be
+     made use of, provided their political resistance is broken and they
+     are still capable of adapting themselves, not to the service of
+     capital, but to the new system of production.... Besides
+     expropriating the factories, mines, estates, etc., the proletariat
+     must also abolish the exploitation of the people by capitalistic
+     landlords, transfer the large mansions to the local workers'
+     councils, and move the working people into the bourgeois
+     dwellings....</p>
+
+<p>     "The capitalistic criminals asserted at the beginning of the World
+     War that it was only in defense of the common Fatherland. But soon
+     German Imperialism revealed its real brigand character by bloody
+     deeds in Russia, in the Ukraine and Finland. Now the Entente States
+     unmask themselves as world despoilers and murderers of the
+     proletariat....</p>
+
+<p>     "Indescribable is the White Terror of the bourgeois cannibals.
+     Incalculable are the sacrifices of the working class. Their
+     best--Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg--they have lost. Against this the
+     proletariat must defend itself, defend at any price. The Communist
+     International calls the whole world proletariat to this final
+     struggle.</p>
+
+<p>     "Down with the imperialistic conspiracy of capital!</p>
+
+<p>     "Long live the International Republic of the Proletarian Councils!"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>As will be seen when we study the I. W. W., the above is the program of
+the world-wide conspiracy of a single class, a minority of society, to
+carry out the cynical purpose of I. W. W.'ism--to "take possession of
+the earth and the machinery of production."</p>
+
+<p>Morris Hillquit, a Right Wing leader of the Socialist Party of America,
+declared that "The Communist Congress of Moscow made the mistake of
+attempting a sort of dictatorship of the Russian proletariat in the
+Socialist International and was conspicuously inept and unhappy in the
+choice of certain allies and in the exclusion of others."<sup><a href="#fn_E" id="fna_E">E</a></sup><a id="page_51"></a></p>
+
+<p>Quoting this, Max Eastman, in the article from which we have taken so
+much, makes the following reply:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "How can he expect them to be any more indefinite and generous in
+     their invitation than they were? In every country where there was a
+     doubt as to what groups had stood true to the revolutionary
+     principle and the principle of Internationalism, they so indicated
+     the alignment as to leave every Socialist free to consider himself
+     their ally who seriously and courageously desired to. This was what
+     they did in America. The S. L. P. (Socialist Labor Party), the
+     Socialist Propaganda League, the I. W. W. and in the Socialist
+     Party 'the followers of Debs!' Could they in a brief word open the
+     door wider to American Socialists, unless they wished to admit
+     prominent members of the Socialist Party who were known to have
+     repudiated them, as Berger did, declaring his solidarity with the
+     Mensheviks who were waging war on them?"
+<a id="page_52"></a></p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch05">
+<h2>CHAPTER V</h2>
+
+<h3>BIRTH OF THE COMMUNIST AND COMMUNIST-LABOR PARTIES</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>On June 24, 1919, the Left Wing Conference assembled in New York City.
+The purpose of the Conference was for the first time to unite the forces
+of the Left Wing throughout the country and to decide upon a common plan
+of action against the Right. For some time there had been a growing
+desire among the members of the Left for the formation of a new party to
+be known as the Communist Party. The Michigan State organization and the
+different Russian-speaking federations, which had either been expelled
+or suspended, were particularly anxious for a new party. Then, too, many
+members of the Left Wing throughout the country believed that, even
+though they were more numerous than those of the Right, it would be
+useless to try to control the National Emergency Convention of the
+Socialist Party, called for August 30, 1919, in Chicago. They feared
+that the credentials of the still unsuspended and unexpelled Left Wing
+delegates would not be recognized by the party machine in the hands of
+the Right Wing, and, moreover, that even if they were, these Left Wing
+delegates would not be in the majority because so many other Left Wing
+delegates had been expelled from the Party.</p>
+
+<p>Almost at the beginning of the National Conference of the Left Wing the
+Michigan State delegates and the delegates of the foreign-language
+federations insisted on the immediate organization of a new party to be
+known as the Communist Party. The majority of the delegates, however,
+were opposed to immediate organization, claiming that it would be much
+more prudent to wait till the meeting of the National Emergency
+Convention, at the end of August, as many Left Wing Socialists would
+refuse to leave the mother party until it became evident that the
+Convention could not be captured by the Left Wing. The majority of the
+delegates decided to call a Communist Party Convention on September 1,
+1919. The Michigan State delegates and the Russian-speaking federation
+delegates thereupon broke with the majority of the Left Wing, causing a
+serious split, which continued till about the end of July, 1919.<a id="page_53"></a></p>
+
+<p>In that month, however, most of the members of the National Council of
+the Left Wing who had been leading the faction of the Left Wing which
+had refused the call for the immediate formation of the Communist Party,
+went over to the minority faction, which included the Michigan State
+organization and the Russian-speaking federations. A compromise had been
+reached whereby the aforesaid members of the National Council agreed not
+to insist upon attendance at the National Emergency Convention of the
+Socialist Party, while the Michigan organization, together with the
+federations, were willing to wait till September 1, 1919, for the
+convention of the Communist Party.</p>
+
+<p>Even on these terms John Reed, Ben Gitlow and some other leading members
+of the Left Wing refused to go over to the Communist Party, having
+decided to fight for the rights of the Left Wingers in the National
+Emergency Convention of the Socialist Party. This group of Left Wingers
+later on, as will be seen, became the nucleus of a third party, the
+Communist Labor Party. Several statements from the joint call for the
+convention of the Communist Party, cited from "The Revolutionary Age,"
+August 23, 1919, will interest the reader:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The party will be founded upon the following principles:</p>
+
+<p>     "The present is the period of the dissolution and collapse of the
+     whole capitalist world system, which will mean the collapse of
+     world culture, if capitalism with its unsolvable contradictions is
+     not replaced by Communism.</p>
+
+<p>     "The problem of the proletariat consists in organizing and training
+     itself for the conquest of the powers of the state....</p>
+
+<p>     "This new proletarian state must embody the dictatorship of the
+     proletariat, both industrial and agricultural, this dictatorship
+     constituting the instrument for the taking over of property used
+     for exploiting the workers, and for the reorganization of society
+     on a Communist basis....</p>
+
+<p>     "The dictatorship of the proletariat shall carry out the abolition
+     of private property in the means of production and distribution, by
+     transfer to the proletarian state under Socialist administration of
+     the working class....</p>
+
+<p>     "The present world situation demands the closest relation between
+     the revolutionary proletariat of all countries....</p>
+
+<p>     "We favor international alliance of the Communist Party of the
+     United States only with the Communist groups of other countries,
+     such as the Bolsheviki of Russia, Spartacans of Germany, etc....<a id="page_54"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "The party shall propagandize class-conscious industrial unionism,
+     and shall carry on party activity in cooperation with industrial
+     disputes that take on a revolutionary character."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The national organ of the Communist Party was "The Communist" of
+Chicago. In its issue of August 23, 1919, it thus criticises the
+Socialist Party:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The majority of the readers of 'The Communist' are familiar with
+     the form of organization of the old Socialist Party, with its state
+     autonomy and its bureaucratic officialdom. Every state is
+     practically organized as an Independent Socialist party. 'Official
+     socialism' of Milwaukee is entirely different from<sup><a href="#fn_6" id="fna_6">6</a></sup> 'official
+     socialism' in Ohio, both in regard to platforms and form of
+     organization. Every state has a 'Socialism' of its own brand, and
+     even dues are not uniform throughout the country. 'Official papers'
+     of the party are in most cases organs of independent associations,
+     not at all affiliated with the central party organizations. Such
+     important weapons in the struggle of the proletariat are left in
+     the hands of the petty bourgeois ideologists who, in reality,
+     prostitute the labor press. As examples, we have, for instance,
+     'The Milwaukee Leader,' the 'New York Call,' the Jewish 'Daily
+     Forward,' the 'Appeal to Reason,' and many others scattered
+     throughout the United States, and each contradicting not only the
+     others, but containing in each issue glaring contradictions that an
+     intelligent person who reads them becomes disgusted with the whole
+     muddled mess."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The fight among the revolutionists was a fight to the finish. The
+leaders all wanted to become Trotzkys and Lenines, all wanted to be
+bosses. It seems reasonable to conclude that if Bolshevism were ever
+introduced into the United States, either by the mother Socialist Party
+or by its offspring, the Communist Party or the Communist Labor Party,
+the dictatorship of the proletariat, that wonderful piece of nonsense
+which we hear so much about, would be grasped at by an amazing number of
+competitors. In Russia Lenine and Trotzky seem to constitute the
+Dictatorship of the Proletariat. In the Socialist Party of the United
+States Berger and Hillquit, of the old National Executive Committee,
+constituted a first-class dictatorship. In the Communist Party, Dennis
+Batt, lately jailed, and Alexander Stoklitsky would surely give the
+Communist rank and file plenty to do--everything of course being done
+according to their wills. John Reed and Ben Gitlow would make an ideal
+"dictatorship of the proletariat," if the Communist Labor Party ever
+made Bolshevism the law of the land.<a id="page_55"></a></p>
+
+<p>"Truth," one of the organs of the Communist Labor Party, published in
+Duluth, Minn., in its issue of August 29, 1919, devotes nearly two of
+its eight pages to bitter attacks on the Communist Party. Two short
+quotations will suffice to show the spirit of envy that exists:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "'Tis said that distance lends enchantment, and perhaps that is the
+     reason why some of you in the East have responded to the
+     cuckoo-call of Michigan-Federations. Frankly, we see nothing
+     hopeful in the alignment presented by the Michigan-Federation
+     combine. We are fearful of the consequence of such leadership. The
+     so-called Communist Party, as it is now constituted and especially
+     with the accretion of a part of the National Council, presents the
+     prettiest bunch of 'eligibles' that man ever laid eyes upon. And as
+     I gaze upon this august array of talent, I wonder where the working
+     class is going to get off at. We of the left wing of Cook County
+     are reluctant to join with an organization under the guidance of a
+     few doctrinaires from Detroit and the would-be Lenine of the United
+     States.<sup><a href="#fn_F" id="fna_F">F</a></sup> We do not consider that the welfare of the revolutionary
+     movement would be zealously guarded in their hands."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>From "Truth," of the same date, we also quote an open letter to Louis C.
+Fraina, which reads in part as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Do you know how the Russian Federation is being ruled? Do you know
+     that a 'firing squad' is constantly on the job expelling members
+     and branches from the Federation who dare to disagree on anything
+     with the would-be bosses of the Russian Federation?...</p>
+
+<p>     "Do you know that a regular secret service system is being employed
+     by these 'bosses' to hunt down the undesirables?</p>
+
+<p>     "Do you know that a worse than military censorship is being
+     maintained in the domain of Stocklitzky (the Northwestern States),
+     where it is prohibited to the branches to communicate with each
+     other or to send out or receive any correspondence otherwise than
+     through the hands of the censors, the Executive Committee, and that
+     this censorship committee, like the imperialists in the world's
+     war, are holding up the mail of these branches and do not deliver
+     at all the 'undesirable' mail?"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>August 30, 1919, the day for the assembling of the National Emergency
+Convention of the Socialist Party, at last arrived. Delegates of the
+Right Wing, and many of the Left, including John Reed, I. E. Ferguson
+and Rose Pastor Stokes, were present. The Left Wing delegates, to the
+number of about 84, arrived<a id="page_56"></a> early at the place of meeting, Machinists'
+Hall, 113 South Ashland Boulevard, Chicago. Trouble immediately began,
+for the seats being occupied by the Left Wingers, the members of the
+Right were crowded out.</p>
+
+<p>Germer and Gerber of the Right seem to have lost their heads. "The
+Chicago Herald and Examiner," of August 31, 1919, informs us that Adolph
+Germer, National Secretary of the Socialist Party and one of the leading
+members of the Right Wing, called in the police, who cleared the hall.
+"The Chicago Tribune" of the same day tells us that everybody was
+exchanging fisticuffs when the police arrived. Detective Sergeant
+Lawrence McDonough, head of the anarchist squad, with the aid of a dozen
+uniformed policemen, seems to have saved the day for the Right Wingers.
+John Reed, of the Left Wing, was furious, and "The Call," New York,
+August 31, 1919, tells us that he issued a statement which he addressed
+to the delegates of the Emergency Convention:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We address you to inform you of occurrences this morning which
+     every Revolutionary Socialist on the floor of this convention will
+     protest against.</p>
+
+<p>     "Delegates from Illinois, Minnesota, Washington, Oregon, Ohio,
+     Nebraska, California and other states entered the convention floor
+     and took their seats in readiness for the opening of the
+     convention.</p>
+
+<p>     "At nearly 10 o'clock Gerber of New York and Goebel of New Jersey,
+     who were at the door and attempted to refuse the above named
+     delegates admission, called the police and these delegations were
+     ejected from the hall by police power, many of them being roughly
+     handled."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Press reports inform us that after the belligerents had calmed down the
+meeting was again convened, and that Victor Berger, in referring to the
+Lefts, said: "They're just a lot of anarchists; we are the party."
+Berger did not say whether or not by the word "we" he meant the old
+National Executive Committee, which should have gone out of office in
+July,<sup><a href="#fn_G" id="fna_G">G</a></sup> but seemed to have given itself a "mandate" to run the National
+Emergency Convention.<a id="page_57"></a></p>
+
+<p>On August 31, 1919, the hot-heads and sore-heads again assembled, and a
+dispute arose as to who called the "cops." As a result the Left Wingers
+next met by themselves downstairs, on the first floor of the hall, while
+the Right Wingers remained higher up on the second floor. On the same
+day the Minnesota group was seated by the Convention, but was denied a
+vote.</p>
+
+<p>On September 1st the high climbers of the Right Wing purged the party
+still more by unseating the Washington State delegation and expelled
+Katterfield "for the good of the party." The California delegates then
+threw a bomb into the Right Wing Convention by announcing that they
+would not take their seats until all of the contested delegations were
+seated and the police were withdrawn from the hall. These delegates
+finally went down to the first floor and joined ranks with the Left
+Wingers there, this section henceforth being known as the Communist
+Labor Party.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day the Convention of the Communist Party assembled at
+Smolny Institute, 1221 Blue Island Avenue, Chicago. Red flags were
+displayed and Bolshevist songs were sung until the police of the
+anarchist squad finally demanded the removal of the blood-colored
+standards of revolt.</p>
+
+<p>"The Call" informs us that on the next day, September 2nd, the Communist
+Party, composed of the Michigan crowd, the Russian Federation and the
+former Left Wing National Council, nearly split in two when, at a
+concerted signal, there resigned from the emergency committee of the
+convention, Louis C. Fraina, C. E. Ruthenberg, I. E. Ferguson,
+Maximilian Cohen, S. Elbaum and A. Selakowich, and, from other offices,
+A. Paul of Queens and Fannie Horowitz. It seems that these members were
+anxious to have the Communist Party amalgamate with the Communist Labor
+Party, but that the foreign federations, fearing that they would be
+outnumbered by the English-speaking members, were very much opposed to
+the union.</p>
+
+<p>On this same day Dennis Batt, one of the principal leaders of the
+Communist Party, was jailed.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, on the 2nd of September the Communist Labor Party--the group
+that had first met with the Right Wing, and, later on, down stairs on
+the first floor of the hall on South Ashland Boulevard--assembled at the
+I. W. W. Hall at 119 Throop street. This party, heart and soul, is in
+favor of the propagation of Bolshevism and I. W. W.'ism in the United
+States, and if not completely broken up by the Government, seems
+destined<a id="page_58"></a> to become more numerous than either the rapidly disintegrating
+Socialist Party or the Communist Party, which is principally made up of
+foreigners who speak the various Russian languages. The principal
+leaders of the Communist Labor Party are John Reed, William Bross Lloyd,
+formerly known as the millionaire Socialist, and Benjamin Gitlow.<sup><a href="#fn_H" id="fna_H">H</a></sup> It
+seemed likely, too, that Fraina, Ferguson, Ruthenberg and Cohen,
+prominent "Reds," who resigned from the emergency committee of the
+Communist Party, would soon be found among the leaders of the Communist
+Labor Party. At the time of the convention no national organ of the
+Communist Labor Party had yet begun publication, but "The Voice of
+Labor," edited by Reed and Gitlow, and "Truth," formerly the Socialist
+paper of Duluth, were local organs.</p>
+
+<p>Both the Communist Party and the Communist Labor Party are strongly
+Bolshevist. The Communist Labor Party is decidedly more in favor of the
+I. W. W. than the Communist Party; but the main differences between
+these two parties seems to be a matter of race, language, and especially
+of personal jealousy and dislike among the leaders.</p>
+
+<p>For years the Socialist Party and the Socialist Labor Party have
+remained separated from each other, so that now, with the two new
+parties, the Communist Party and the Communist Labor Party, there are
+four parties of rebels, all plotting a revolution against our National
+Government, while the great body of the American people sleep and dream.</p>
+
+<p>Quite a number of educated people in the United States, including the
+editors of some of our leading dailies, seem to think that the remnant
+of the Socialist Party is not at all a Bolshevist organization and not
+at all revolutionary in character. They are very much deceived, having
+let the crafty, deceptive, hypocritical leaders of the Right Wing fool
+them badly. The Left Wingers have indeed been much more open in
+admitting their intentions to overthrow our government by force of arms.
+They are dangerous, but perhaps not nearly so much so as the slippery
+"Yellows," cunning weasels of the imported Russian Hillquit type, who,
+though they do not talk as openly as the "Reds," are spreading their
+subversive principles on every side, and especially among the less
+educated classes of our people, into whose minds they instil the spirit
+of hatred between employers and employees, while at the same time
+<a id="page_59"></a>encouraging strikes, wherever they can, with the hope of overthrowing
+our Government when conditions become sufficiently critical. Both
+parties of the Socialists and both parties of the Communists, along with
+the I. W. W., are all revolutionary in the strictest sense, and the
+sooner the American people wake up to the fact and take some intelligent
+action to stamp them out, the better it will be. It is not yet too late,
+but soon may be.</p>
+
+<p>The Bolshevist Socialists of Russia and the two new parties of
+Socialists that at Chicago in September, 1919, seceded from the mother
+party, have all adopted the name, "Communist," which "The Call," New
+York, July 24, 1919, informs us was used by Marx and Engels, the
+founders of modern Socialism, adding that though the name is somewhat
+confusing, inasmuch as the word has another and a distinct meaning in
+English, still, "wherever it is used it means revolutionary Socialists
+as distinguished from Social patriots and mere parliamentary
+Socialists." Is this definition an alibi for Hillquit and Berger?</p>
+
+<p>Many persons have hastily assumed that the main reason why the Left and
+Right Wings of the Socialists fought each other like cats and dogs was
+that the Right Wing members of the party are opposed to Bolshevism. This
+is nonsense. The Socialist papers of the country, Right and Left, with
+the possible exception of the once powerful "Appeal to Reason," which in
+recent years has fallen into great discredit among Socialists because it
+favored our entrance into the World War--have been and still are
+advocating Bolshevism every day. If anyone has any doubt, let him read
+any of the rebel sheets.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialist Party of St. Louis, in its appeal for party unity,
+published in "The Call," July 19, 1919, informs us that the Socialist
+Party is whole-heartedly with the Russian Bolshevists and their cause:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Promptly, and notwithstanding all obstacles and persecution, the
+     Socialist party hurried to the front in defense of the cause of our
+     Russian Comrades. Mass meetings were held, demonstrations in behalf
+     of Soviet Russia were arranged, our Socialist press gave all
+     possible support to counteract the sinister work of the American
+     capitalist press."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Eugene V. Debs, many times the presidential candidate of the Socialists
+and the idol of "Reds" and "Yellows" alike, has all along been an ardent
+Bolshevist. Listen to these words of his in his article, "The Day of the
+People," published in many Socialist papers in the early part of 1919,
+and taken by us<a id="page_60"></a> from the March number of "Party News," the official
+organ of the Socialist Party of Philadelphia:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In Russia and Germany our valiant Comrades are leading the
+     proletarian revolution, which knows no race, no color, no sex and
+     no boundary lines. They are setting the heroic example for
+     world-wide emulation. Let us, like them, scorn and repudiate the
+     cowardly compromisers within our ranks, challenge and defy the
+     robber-class power, and fight it out on that line to victory or
+     death!</p>
+
+<p>     "From the crown of my head to the soles of my feet I am Bolshevik,
+     and am proud of it."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The report of the Right Wing majority of the old National Executive
+Committee of the Socialist Party, made to the National Emergency
+Convention, and here quoted from "The Call," September 3, 1919, contains
+the following defense of their Bolshevism, against the aspersions of the
+Left Wing leaders who had challenged the committee's attitude toward
+Russia:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Ever since the revolution in Russia, the party has hailed it as
+     the first great gift of the International. At every meeting of the
+     National Executive Committee held since the second revolution in
+     Russia [the revolution which put Lenine and Trotzky in power] the
+     committee has issued some ringing declaration in favor of the
+     workers' and peasants' government in Russia....</p>
+
+<p>     "Rarely has a meeting been held under party auspices that our
+     speakers have not taken advantage of it to present the claims and
+     achievements of the Russian revolution. The party's position may be
+     easily ascertained by consulting the party bulletins and the party
+     press."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Executive Committeemen who signed this defense of the committee's
+Bolshevist complexion were Victor L. Berger, Seymour Stedman, James
+Oneal, A. Shiplacoff, Dan Hogan, John M. Work, Frederick Krafft and
+George H. Goebel. These, with Morris Hillquit, were the men who had
+violently expelled or suspended tens of thousands of members of the
+party without warrant of the party Constitution and without granting a
+trial or the right of self-defense to those thus dealt with; who had
+maintained themselves in office after July 1, 1919, in express violation
+of the party Constitution, having suppressed announcement of the result
+of the referendum vote by the rank and file to elect executive
+committeemen, by which vote Left Wing committeemen had been elected, as
+the report to the National Emergency Convention of the Right Wing
+committee appointed to investi<a id="page_61"></a>gate this referendum had to acknowledge;
+and who, by these devices and a similar high-handedness committed by
+themselves and friendly delegates had seized control of the National
+Emergency Convention and organized it in their own interest.</p>
+
+<p>In their report to the convention they further defended themselves
+against the Left Wing charge that this majority of the Executive
+Committee had allied itself with the Berne Conference. Under this head
+the above-mentioned committeemen say:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "While no definite date may be set for the beginning of the present
+     party dissension, it is certain that they began to be generally
+     noticeable in January of this year [1919], when the National
+     Executive Committee elected delegates to the Berne Conference owing
+     to the fact that the delegates elected by referendum could not
+     serve, and the assembling of the Berne Conference in March made
+     necessary the election of delegates by the National Executive
+     Committee.</p>
+
+<p>     "The so-called Left Wing members of the National Executive
+     Committee participated in the election, nominating and voting for
+     candidates. None of their nominees were elected, and shortly after
+     the election an organized attack was made against the international
+     delegates by the Left Wing....</p>
+
+<p>     "The National Executive Committee, in session, decided that if our
+     delegates arrived at Berne in time and the conference failed to
+     take the position of the party on war and imperialism, we were to
+     withdraw with any other elements favoring a genuine working-class
+     International. It was agreed that we would not affiliate with any
+     International that excluded the Russian Comrades, who were fighting
+     world imperialism, or the Comrades opposed to the Ebert-Scheidemann
+     regime in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>     "Before our delegates could leave the country, the National
+     Executive Committee learned that the Berne Conference had failed to
+     respond to its opportunity.... Learning this, the National
+     Executive Committee decided to send one delegate abroad to impart
+     information to the Comrades in Europe, informing them of our
+     attitude on international questions."<sup><a href="#fn_I" id="fna_I">I</a></sup>....</p>
+
+<p>     "Yet, despite all this, a systematic campaign of falsehood has been
+     waged against the party by a faction within the party. This faction
+     has falsely claimed that the party is allied with the Berne
+     Conference.... They have denounced the party <a id="page_62"></a>and its officials as
+     an organization of 'Scheidemanns' and 'Noskes,' asserting that if
+     the party were intrusted with public power it would murder our own
+     Comrades with machine guns and hand grenades....</p>
+
+<p>     "These slanders have been accompanied with a similar propaganda
+     regarding Russia. The party and its officials, especially the
+     members of the National Executive Committee, have been charged with
+     being 'Kolchaks' and 'counter-revolutionists,' the implication
+     being that the party has been committed to counter-revolution in
+     Russia, allied intervention, and support of Kolchak in Siberia.</p>
+
+<p>     "As in the case of Germany, so in the case of Russia, the National
+     Executive Committee and the party in general have opposed
+     intervention in Russia or support of Kolchak and have supported the
+     Russian Comrades at the head of the Soviet power against a campaign
+     of international lying.</p>
+
+<p>     "There has never been a single utterance of the National Executive
+     Committee quoted by the Left Wing to support these slanders. The
+     Comrades may rest assured that this faction would quote the
+     National Executive Committee if it could."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It is technically true that the Left Wing writers were not able to quote
+the Executive Committee as such; but they could and did quote the
+dominating leaders of the Right Wing majority of the Executive
+Committee, Hillquit and Berger, through their organs, the "Call" and
+"Leader"--"The Call" as characterizing the Bolsheviki as "anarchists"
+and Berger as proclaiming his solidarity with the Mensheviki--and we
+have nowhere seen any evidence that these leaders could purge the record
+of these charges. That these leaders <i>were</i> the Executive Committee, to
+all intents and purposes, seems abundantly shown by their ruthless use
+of it to smash the party, going so far as to cast out nearly two-thirds
+of the entire party membership to get rid of their accusers, the Left
+Wing leaders.</p>
+
+<p>This scandal and disaster to a cause they pretended to serve are logical
+outcomes of a double hypocrisy--an effort to fool the voting public and
+our Government officials by a pretense of moderation in papers and
+electioneering speeches, while at the same time fooling the dues-paying
+rank and file of their party with expressions of loyalty to radicalism.</p>
+
+<p>The significant facts in estimating the revolutionary character of the
+American Socialist Party, as recruited and indoctrinated by its
+double-faced leaders are two: the fact that as lately as September,
+1919, some 70,000 of their pupils graduated into<a id="page_63"></a> the open course of
+revolutionary violence adopted by the Communist Party of America and the
+Communist Labor Party, and the fact that the more manageable 40,000
+remaining with these leaders were so much like their seceding Comrades
+that their leaders were compelled to defend their own radicalism in the
+fashion above shown, and were also compelled, as we shall soon see, to
+take an open stand for revolution and I. W. W.'ism in order to keep even
+the remnant of the party from deserting them.</p>
+
+<p>Thus a serious mistake has been made by the many who fancy that the
+"Yellow" Socialists--Hillquit's Right Wing which still constitutes the
+Socialist Party of America--are not plotters who work for a revolution
+to overthrow our Government. Of course they are, and any one who has
+read the Socialist papers and publications, even to a very limited
+degree, may easily see that these alleged "moderates" appear such only
+in contrast with the more rabid "Red" rebels of the Left; and that the
+one object of Right and Left alike is to stir up discontent and foment
+hatred of class against class precisely in order that a rebellion may
+some day break out.</p>
+
+<p>True it is that the crafty leaders of the Right do not act as
+imprudently as the hot-headed leaders of the Left, for they fear lest
+rashness should precipitate them in a premature and unsuccessful
+outbreak; yet they are sowing the seed of revolution as certainly as are
+the Communists, and perhaps with much more success, because they proceed
+more prudently. Once in a while, when they are off their guard, the "cat
+escapes from the bag." As an example we quote from an article that
+appeared in the May Day, 1919, issue of "The Call," the paper founded
+and controlled by Hillquit, the foxy leader of the Rights:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The world revolution, dreamed of as a thing of the distant future,
+     has become a live reality, rising from the graves of the murdered
+     millions and the misery and suffering of the surviving millions. It
+     has taken form, it strikes forward, borne on by the despair of the
+     masses and the shining example of the martyrs. Its spread is
+     irrepressible. The bridges are burnt behind the old capitalist
+     society and its path is forever cut off. Capitalist society is
+     bankrupt, and the only salvation of humanity lies in the uprising
+     of the masses, in the victory of the Socialist revolution, in the
+     revolutionary forces of Socialism.</p>
+
+<p>     "The World War, which is now about to be officially closed, has
+     slid into a condition neither war nor peace. However the war of
+     nations has been followed by the war of the classes. The<a id="page_64"></a> class
+     struggle is no longer fought by resolutions and demonstrations.
+     Threateningly it marches through the streets of the great cities
+     for life or death."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Yet the Right Wing papers, on the whole, are much more reserved than
+those of the Left. As an example of the openness with which the Left
+Wing or Communist papers instigate rebellion, a quotation from "The
+Communist," Chicago, April 1, 1919, will interest the reader:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Communist Propaganda League of Chicago came into existence on
+     November 7, 1918, first anniversary of the Russian Soviet Socialist
+     Republic, and the very day of the German Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>     "A group of Socialist Party officials and active party members came
+     together for consultation as to ways and means for giving the
+     American Socialist movement a revolutionary character in harmony
+     with all the significance of November 7th, the most glorious date
+     in all history. At the hour of that little meeting bedlam reigned
+     in the streets of Chicago by premature celebration of peace. The
+     calling of this meeting during the mass tumult of November 7th is
+     prophetic of the revolutionary vision which brought these Comrades
+     together. On that day the seething proletariat ruled Chicago by
+     sheer force of numbers. One thing alone was needed to give this
+     mass expression identity with the proletarian uprisings of
+     Europe--one thing: the revolutionary idea!</p>
+
+<p>     "The Communist Propaganda League is an organization for the
+     propagation of the revolutionary idea. The civilization of tomorrow
+     is with unorganized masses who greeted the news of peace and
+     revolution in Germany with what may be safely described as the
+     greatest spontaneous expression of mass sentiment ever witnessed in
+     America. To give direction and inspiration to the advancing and
+     irresistible army of the preletariat is the mission to which this
+     League is dedicated."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This League, with the millionaire Socialist, William Bross Lloyd, at its
+head, became part of the Communist Labor Party.</p>
+
+<p>The indications are that the Communist Labor Party, had it been left
+undisturbed by our Government, would soon have surpassed in numbers the
+remnant left in the old Socialist Party, whose dues-paying membership
+dwindled from 109,589 in January, 1919, to 39,750 by July of the same
+year. Evidently, when the Left Wing secession occurred, a few real
+rebels came out of the Socialist Party, which used to boast in election
+campaigns that it was merely a party of evolution, not of revolution.<a id="page_65"></a>
+Those who still remain in the old party are rebels, too, but the rank
+and file is restrained by seasoned leaders, who are more prudent but
+less honest than the hot-headed Communists.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialists now have in the country four revolutionary organizations:
+the Socialist Party, the Socialist Labor Party, the Communist Party and
+the Communist Labor Party. The scum of the land, the wrecks and wreckers
+of civilization, deluded ignoramuses, thus find ample opportunity for
+selecting an organization of rebellion in which there is "no political
+corruption." The members of these parties find fault with everything
+under the Stars and Stripes, and yet hesitate to pass over to Russia and
+live under the bloody standard of Lenine and Trotzky. If these four
+rebel parties do not suffice for some of the rebels, there still remains
+the I. W. W. All are pretty much the same, their principal differences
+being the varying degrees of hypocrisy, boldness and lust for power of
+their leaders.</p>
+
+<p>The open and pronounced revolutionary character of the I. W. W.,
+Communist Party and Communist Labor Party, evidenced in their
+inflammatory utterances and tactics, had established their criminal
+status with our National and State police and legal departments, while
+startling wholesale arrests, deportations and indictments of these three
+classes of law-breakers soon impressed a recognition of their criminal
+status upon the public mind. It is important to establish the further
+fact, if it be one, that the only difference between the rank and file
+of these organizations and the rank and file of the remnant still
+attached to the Socialist Party of America is the difference between
+tweedledee and tweedledum.</p>
+
+<p>The late inquiry into the qualifications of five suspended Socialists to
+sit as law-makers in the New York Assembly created an astonishing
+furore, disclosing amazing ignorance concerning American Socialism among
+our most intelligent citizens. The confusion of the public mind was
+still further increased by the Attorney-General of the United States,
+whose convincing characterization of the two Communist parties, given
+out on January 23, 1920, contained the following sentence:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Certainly such an organization as the Communist Party of America
+     and also the Communist Labor Party cannot be construed to fall
+     within the same category as the Socialist Party of America, which
+     latter organization is pledged to the accomplishment of changes of
+     the Government by lawful and rightful means."
+<a id="page_66"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>But can the facts so far brought out in this book "be construed" as
+indicating any substantial difference between the 39,000 or 40,000
+Socialists who have kept their old party name and the 70,000 or 72,000
+who separated from them in September, 1919? Up to the moment of
+separation were not all alike under the same "pledge" to use "lawful and
+rightful means?" But if this public profession of lawfulness meant
+nothing to 70,000 of them, why think it means more to the rest?</p>
+
+<p>We have the further striking evidence, shown above, that the leaders who
+had compromised their attitude toward Bolshevism felt compelled, in
+order to hold any of the rank and file, to argue that "the National
+Executive Committee and the party in general" had "supported the Russian
+Comrades at the head of the Soviet power." Yet in spite of this defense
+the old National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party was rebuked
+and kicked out of office during the Emergency Convention, even by
+delegates who were friendly to the compromised leaders. The "Call,"
+September 5, 1919, gives some of the details:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The rebuke of the National Executive Committee was in the form of
+     an amendment to the original motion to adopt its report. The
+     amendment carried by 63 to 39....</p>
+
+<p>     "Perhaps Frederick Haller expressed the general sentiment of the
+     convention when he said:</p>
+
+<p>     "'We must endorse this supplemental report of the National
+     Executive Committee, but we must go back to our constituents and
+     tell them that we gave the National Executive Committee hell.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>These "constituents," the rank and file, determine the character of the
+party, and not the thimble-rigging games of their political leaders, who
+support themselves and have "made a good thing" out of Socialism by
+carrying water on one shoulder for gullible voters, and on the other for
+their credulous disciples. This is not the first time that self-serving,
+hypocritical teachers, in compassing sea and land to make proselytes,
+have made them twofold more the children of hell than themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The National Emergency Convention of 1919 affords still other evidence
+of the mind of the rank and file of the Socialist Party in the report of
+the committee which investigated the referendum vote of 1919 which the
+old National Executive Committee had suppressed. The "Call," September
+1, 1919, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The report states that on the face of the returns, referendum B
+     and D were carried by large majorities, and a National<a id="page_67"></a> Executive
+     Committee, consisting of Louis Fraina of New York, Charles E.
+     Ruthenberg of Cleveland, Seymour Stedman of Chicago, Patrick S.
+     Nagle of Oklahoma and L. E. Katterfeld of Cleveland was elected.
+     The returns also showed on their face that John Reed and Louis
+     Fraina had been elected as the party's international delegates and
+     Kate Richards O'Hare its international secretary."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Thus the party was "Red" or Left-Wingish "by large majorities," and was
+distinctly Bolshevist, as we learn from the "Call's" explanation of
+"referendum B and D," which "were carried by large majorities."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Referendum B put the question of holding a National Emergency
+     Convention up to the membership. Referendum D asked the membership
+     to decide whether the party should record itself as being opposed
+     to entering any other international Socialist alignment than that
+     of the Third National [International?] which held its first
+     conference at Moscow early in March.</p>
+
+<p>     "Its adoption means that the Socialist party will not take part in
+     any international conference from which the Bolsheviki of Russia
+     and the Spartacans of Germany are excluded, or in which they refuse
+     to participate."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Thus at the Emergency Convention of August-September, 1919, the
+Socialist Party of America was tied to the will of the Russian
+Bolshevists and the German Spartacides, who held the powers of approval
+and veto in deciding what internationals the members of the Socialist
+Party of America might associate with! A more anomalous product of the
+double-faced generalship of Berger and Hillquit it would be hard to
+imagine.</p>
+
+<p>But this is not all. The Moscow Manifesto of March, 1919, was before the
+Emergency Convention. This Russian Communistic Manifesto is addressed
+"To the proletariat of all countries" (see Chapter IV) and reads: "We
+Communists, representatives of the revolutionary proletariat of the
+different countries of Europe, America and Asia, assembled in Soviet
+Moscow." Would the Socialist Party of America accept its inclusion among
+those in "America" thus designated, or refuse? The committee which
+considered the matter split, bringing in majority and minority reports.
+The majority report, favored by Berger, considered the Third
+International as not yet constituted, thus hanging the Socialist Party
+of America in the air, without fellowship with Moscow, Berne or any
+other thing--a trapeze performance truly Bergeresque. The minority
+report,<a id="page_68"></a> voted for even by a third of the machine delegates in the
+Emergency Convention, favored affiliation with the associates of the
+Moscow Conference as constituting the Third International. It was
+decided to submit both reports to a referendum vote of the party, which
+should have been taken in January or February, 1920, if the requirements
+of the party Constitution were followed.</p>
+
+<p>The concern of the Socialist Party managers to keep the facts from the
+general public, evidenced by their tactics in the case of the five
+suspended Socialist Assemblymen at Albany, might have led to another
+unconstitutional delay or manipulation of a referendum. But this was
+immaterial in determining the mind of the rank and file, as we have
+documentary evidence showing that the only opposition within the party
+to a clear-cut Bolshevik committal sprang out of fear either of legal
+prosecution or of the loss of votes through public condemnation. The
+following illuminating discussion is extracted from a letter of
+Alexander Trachtenberg, a conspicuous Socialist, as printed in the
+"Call" of November 26, 1919:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The members of the Socialist Party now have before them two
+     referenda--Referendum E, consisting of the various changes in the
+     party Constitution which were decided upon at the Chicago
+     Convention, and Referendum F, on international Socialist
+     relations....</p>
+
+<p>     "The question of international affiliation is at this moment
+     probably the most important before the Socialist Party. The two
+     reports which emanated from the convention, known as the majority
+     and minority reports, will no doubt receive very careful
+     consideration by the members....</p>
+
+<p>     "A close examination of the two reports reveals that the condition
+     laid down for the International, with which the Socialist party
+     cares to affiliate itself, are the same. Both reports agree that:</p>
+
+<p>     "a. The Second International is dead.</p>
+
+<p>     "b. The Berne International Conference hopelessly failed in its
+     indeavor to reconstitute the International.</p>
+
+<p>     "c. The New International must consist only of those parties:</p>
+
+<p>     "1. Which have remained true to the revolutionary International
+     Socialist movement during the war.<a id="page_69"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "2. Which refused to co-operate with bourgeois parties and are
+     opposed to all forms of coalition.</p>
+
+<p>     "In short, <i>both</i> reports agree that the Socialist Party will go
+     only into such an International the component parties of which
+     <i>conduct their struggle on revolutionary class lines</i>. The
+     difference between the two reports is, that while the majority
+     report leaves the matter of the reconstruction of the International
+     hang in the air, the minority report has something tangible to
+     offer. It also more specifically outlines the Socialist policy on
+     the question of international affiliation, and gives several
+     reasons for joining the Third (Moscow) International....</p>
+
+<p>     "The Socialist Party of America cannot afford to remain amorphous
+     at the present stage of the building of the new International. It
+     has refused to go with those elements who have either betrayed or
+     were unwilling to remain true to their professions. It belongs
+     among those parties which have remained true to International
+     Socialism and who alone have the right to build the edifice of the
+     new International.</p>
+
+<p>     "By voting for the minority report the Comrades will give
+     expression to <i>what they have professed and believed in</i> during the
+     past critical years in the life of the international Socialist
+     movement."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>A letter on the same subject, by Benjamin Glassberg, appears in the
+"Call" of December 4, 1919, from which we take extracts showing the
+Bergeresque argument of Hoan, Berger's mayor of Milwaukee:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The most important question before the members of the Socialist
+     Party just now is the referendum on the majority and minority
+     reports on international relations. Comrade Trachtenberg has argued
+     in the columns of 'The Call' in favor of the minority report, and
+     Hoan of Milwaukee for the majority, and Comrade Warshow has argued
+     against both.</p>
+
+<p>     "A careful examination of the position taken by both Hoan and
+     Warshow fails to reveal why the minority report should be voted
+     down. Comrade Hoan is naturally very much concerned at the
+     possibility that 'in the coming political battles the capitalistic
+     henchmen will flaunt in your face that the above is the program of
+     the Socialist Party' (referring to the statement in the governing
+     rules of the Communist International that the revolutionary era
+     compels the proletariat to make use of mass action).</p>
+
+<p>     "The important thing, according to Hoan, is not whether the
+     minority report is right or not, but rather what will the effect be
+     at the next election. In this respect he is typical of the pure and
+     simple political Socialist....<a id="page_70"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "In one breath Comrade Warshow calls for a new International to
+     which shall be admitted all Socialist parties of the world who
+     believe in the class struggle, and in the next he defends the
+     Socialists supporting a coalition government. How can one subscribe
+     to the doctrine of the class struggle and at the same time approve
+     of Socialists joining in a coalition government, which of necessity
+     will not be the agent of the workers but of the class with which
+     the workers are at all times at war?....</p>
+
+<p>     "In all our official declarations, including the Chicago manifesto,
+     we have voiced our support of the Bolsheviki. In our meetings and
+     in our literature we have taken our stand solidly with our Russian
+     Comrades, our friends, the Left Wingers to the contrary
+     notwithstanding.</p>
+
+<p>     "Why, then, hesitate to affiliate with them?"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Thus, whether or not Berger's policy of dissimulation prevailed--and his
+wholesale slaughter of dues-payers with the ax of the Executive
+Committee had shown all who opposed him what they might expect--it
+remained true that identification with the Bolshevist principles and
+tactics of Lenine and Trotzky was what the present members of the
+Socialist Party in America "have professed and believed in during the
+past critical years" and was in accord with "all" their "official
+declarations," their "meetings" and their "literature."</p>
+
+<p>The base ingratitude of Berger toward those who have followed and
+supported him; the gross, incredible savagery of his egotism in turning
+to rend those he had discipled into revolutionaries the moment their
+allegiance to the principles he taught them stood in the way of his
+cowardice and ambition; his butcher insensibilities in making his
+party's Constitution a "scrap of paper" and the party a shambles for the
+hewing down of two-thirds of his "Comrades;" his burlesque effrontery in
+posing in the convention as a law-and-order man, railing at his own
+victims as "anarchists"--these daubs of color paint the cubist portrait
+of Wisconsin's mock hero, one of the meanest caricatures of human life
+that ever swaggered on a political arena.</p>
+
+<p>When the two Wings of the Convention raised the question, "Who called
+the cops?" Berger's pale and innocent figure rose with the trembling
+remark: "If they had not been here yesterday morning we would not be
+here now. The two-fisted Reed and the other two-fisted Left Wingers
+would be here." He took pains to have the delicate pathos of his
+martyrdom<a id="page_71"></a> sketched into the Executive Committee report he signed,
+"Victor L. Berger, in addition to a sentence of 20 years, has four more
+indictments pending against him, besides being refused his seat in
+Congress. All the Socialist candidates for Congress in Wisconsin and the
+State Secretary also are under indictment. No mail whatever is permitted
+to be delivered to the 'Leader,' the party daily in Milwaukee," etc. On
+the other hand, against the terrible "anarchs" who had so outraged his
+own gentle spirit and sense of order, he even fulminated outside the
+Convention Hall, as in the interview which we take from the "Call" of
+September 4, 1919:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Ever since the Socialist movement has existed there have been two
+     very distinct tendencies apparent--the Social Democratic tendency
+     and the Anarcho-Syndicalist tendency....</p>
+
+<p>     "But the revolution in Russia and Hungary, which had been predicted
+     by us, as well as in Germany, has had a peculiar psychological
+     effect on many of the rank and file of the party, especially upon
+     those who had come from Russia and Hungary. They really believe
+     this revolt can be repeated today in America.</p>
+
+<p>     "The revolution in Russia and the psychological effect of it
+     penetrated into the foreign federations affiliated with the
+     Socialist party of America and gave the Anarcho-Syndicalists, who
+     have joined us in great numbers in the last six months, a chance to
+     split up the Socialist party of America into three groups.</p>
+
+<p>     "First, the old Socialist Party, which will remain longer to aid
+     the old ideals of Social Democracy, even though there may be a
+     change in tactics required by changed conditions.</p>
+
+<p>     "Then there are the Communist Socialists, led by John Reed and a
+     few hysterical men and women, who try to bring about a Russian
+     revolution or God knows what other things, they themselves don't
+     know tomorrow morning.</p>
+
+<p>     "And, finally, there is the Communist Party, led by Louis Fraina,
+     which consists mainly of Russians, Ukrainians<sup><a href="#fn_7" id="fna_7">7</a></sup>, Slovenic races
+     and other foreign federation members, who have been suspended for
+     stuffing ballot boxes in the last referendum, and who also want
+     revolution of some kind, the wherewith and howwith they haven't
+     been able to explain so far."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Do we exaggerate the humbuggery of leadership uncloaked in this
+Emergency Convention of the Socialist Party of America? Let the reader
+judge from the supreme example of it, the motive of which we present in
+the words of the organ of one of<a id="page_72"></a> the chief conspirators, Hillquit's
+"Call." The issue of August 31, 1919, declared: "The convention will
+adopt a stand, expressed in a manifesto that is expected to satisfy all
+those in the Left Wing who are contending for what they believe to be
+revolutionary principles." In the issue of September 3 we read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "There will be a restatement of party principles which is expected
+     to cut the ground from under the feet of the former members and
+     organizations of the party who have read themselves out and will
+     remain suspended in mid-air between the newly formed and still more
+     newly revised Communist-Labor Party and the Communist Party."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the "Call" of September 5, which published the manifesto, we also
+have this comment on it by James Oneal: "The American movement can
+congratulate itself on having produced such a splendid document. It will
+tend to rally members who have been uncertain of the outcome of the
+convention, and will eventually bring to us many who are sick of the
+hypocrisies, the shams and the illusions that have held them in chains
+for nearly three tragic years."</p>
+
+<p>What hypocrisies, shams and illusions are referred to? Who were their
+authors? In another column of the same issue we are told: "With every
+delegate on his feet and cheering, the National Emergency Convention of
+the Socialist Party unanimously adopted its manifesto this afternoon.
+[September 4th.] It was the big moment of the convention. The document
+is regarded as the most revolutionary the party has ever drawn up, and
+one certain to bring back into the organization thousands of members
+temporarily outside of it, either because their local organizations were
+expelled or by reason of what Lenine has called 'the intoxication of the
+revolutionary phrase.'"</p>
+
+<p>Thus this manifesto was adopted by the wreckers of the Socialist Party
+to hold the "revolutionary" rank and file still left them and to draw
+back the revolutionary seceders--minus their leaders, of course.
+Nevertheless the manifesto is truly revolutionary--"most
+revolutionary"--the revolutionary creed of a revolutionary organization.
+It is, of course, carefully worded, so as to deceive if possible that
+public whose intelligence the cynical Socialists despise at the same
+time that they appeal to it for votes, and this careful wording we can
+understand from a comment in the "Call" of September 5, 1919: "Before
+reading the manifesto, Block told the convention the mani<a id="page_73"></a>festo was
+largely based upon one suggested by Morris Hillquit, now ill at Saranac
+Lake, N. Y."<sup><a href="#fn_J" id="fna_J">J</a></sup></p>
+
+<p>Seen through its mask of verbiage, however, the manifesto of the
+Emergency Convention of the Socialist Party of America joins with the
+famous Preamble of the I. W. W. and the manifestoes and programs of the
+Communist and Communist Labor Parties in advocating the plundering of
+mankind by proletarians, the elimination of the private ownership of
+natural wealth and the machinery of production, and the <i>wresting</i> of
+"the industries and the control of the government of the United States"
+out of their present ownership and control so as "to place industry and
+government in the control of the workers."</p>
+
+<p>This revolutionary document incites "American labor" to "break away"
+from its present leadership, called "reactionary and futile," and "to
+join in the great emancipating movement of the more advanced
+revolutionary workers of the world"--the I. W. W.'s and Bolshevists. It
+is "the supreme task" of "the Socialist party of America," its "great
+task," to which its members "pledge all" their "energies and resources,"
+to "win the American workers" from their "ineffective" leadership, "to
+educate them to an enlightened understanding of their own class
+interests, and to train and assist them to organize politically and
+industrially on class lines, in order <i>to effect their emancipation</i>,"
+namely, "to <i>wrest</i> the industries and the control of the government of
+the United States from the capitalists <i>and their retainers</i>" and "place
+industry <i>and government</i> in the control of the workers."</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, "to <i>insure</i> the triumph of Socialism in the United States
+the bulk of American workers must be strongly organized politically as
+Socialists, in constant, clear-cut and <i>aggressive opposition to all
+parties of the possessing class</i>" and "must be strongly organized in the
+economic field on broad industrial lines, <i>as one powerful and
+harmonious class organization</i>, co-operating with the Socialist Party,
+and <i>ready in cases of emergency</i> to <i>reinforce</i> the <i>political</i> demands
+of the working class <i>by industrial action</i>." (See, a few pages further
+on, the manifesto itself, from which we have quoted in the three last
+paragraphs.)</p>
+
+<p>Is this the thing which Berger and Hillquit have let loose--after
+blocking a much less compromising resolution of long-<a id="page_74"></a>distance
+affiliation with Moscow? Does Berger think the people of Wisconsin such
+blockheads that they will shy at a word like Bolshevism, but are unable
+to understand the plain, bold English of a conspiracy to bring about
+industrial organization "to wrest the industries and the control of the
+government of the United States" out of the hands of the American people
+and into the hands of a special class? Indeed, if the "workers" take
+everything, what will become of the drones--the Socialist political
+hacks?</p>
+
+<p>While we reserve the details for Chapter XVI, we add here in passing
+that on February 10, 1920, it was acknowledged in testimony at the trial
+of the five Assemblymen at Albany that affiliation with the Third
+(Moscow) International had been carried by referendum vote in the
+Socialist Party of America with a large majority.</p>
+
+<p>Before giving the reader the text of that part of the Emergency
+Convention manifesto which we have been discussing we must call
+attention to another piece of evidence--Morris Hillquit's letter in his
+paper, the "New York Call," shortly after the Emergency Convention, in
+which he says:</p>
+
+<p>"The split in the ranks of American Socialism raises the question: What
+shall be the attitude of the Socialist Party toward the newly formed
+Communist organization?" His letter answering this important question
+was read out of the "Call" into the record of the New York Assembly's
+inquiry into the qualifications of the five suspended Socialists to act
+as law-makers and will be found in the "New York Herald" of January 29,
+1920, from which we take it:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Any attempted solution of the problem must take into account the
+     following fundamental facts:</p>
+
+<p>     "First--The division was not created arbitrarily and deliberately
+     by the recent convention in Chicago. It had become an accomplished
+     fact months ago, and the Chicago gatherings did nothing more than
+     recognize the fact.</p>
+
+<p>     "Second--The division was not brought about by differences on vital
+     questions of principles. It arose over disputes on methods and
+     policy.</p>
+
+<p>     "Third--The separation of the Socialist Party into three
+     organizations need not necessarily mean a weakening of the
+     Socialists. They are wrong in their estimate of American
+     conditions, their theoretical conclusions and practical methods,
+     but they have not deserted to the enemy. The bulk of their
+     following is still good Socialist material. When the hour of the
+     real<a id="page_75"></a> Socialist fight strikes in this country we may find them
+     again in our ranks.</p>
+
+<p>     "Our quarrel is a family quarrel, and has no room in the columns of
+     the capitalistic papers, where it can only give joy and comfort to
+     the common enemy. The unpardonable offense of the
+     Simons-Russell-Spargo crowd [which withdrew from the Socialist
+     Party of America on account of its unpatriotic and un-American
+     opposition to the people and Government of the United States at
+     war, as expressed in the Socialist Party's St. Louis Convention
+     utterances in April, 1917] was not so much their social-patriotic
+     stand during the war as the fact that they rushed into the
+     anti-Socialist press maliciously denouncing their former comrades
+     as pro-German and deliberately added fuel to the sinister flame of
+     mob violence and government persecution directed against the
+     Socialist movement.</p>
+
+<p>     "We have had our split. It was unfortunate but unavoidable, and now
+     we are through with it. Legitimate constructive work of the
+     Socialist movement is before us. Let us give it all of our time,
+     energies and resources. Let us center our whole fight upon
+     capitalism, and let us hope our Communist brethren will go and do
+     likewise."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Thus all three organizations, Socialist Party of America, Communist
+Party of America and Communist Labor Party, have merely had "a family
+quarrel" and are still one kin, one blood, one "family," without
+"fundamental" "differences on vital questions of principles," so that
+the Socialist Partyites and their "Communist brethren" can go on doing
+"likewise" against our present Government and institutions until, "when
+the hour of the <i>real</i> Socialist fight"--the Great Rebellion--"strikes
+<i>in this country</i>" the members of the Socialist Party "may find" the
+members of the two Communist parties "again in" their "ranks." Thus by
+Hillquit, at least, all three parties can only "be construed" to be in
+one and the same "category."</p>
+
+<p>We end this chapter by reproducing from the "New York Call" of September
+5, 1919, a considerable part of the Socialist Party's Emergency
+Convention manifesto. This offspring of Hillquit's brain declares
+"solidarity with the revolutionary workers of Russia" and "radical"
+Spartacides of Germany and Communists of Austria and Hungary. Let the
+reader carefully weigh this document's meanings, comparing them with the
+call for and manifesto of the Moscow Conference, the definition of
+"industrial unionism" and "mass action" in the Left Wing<a id="page_76"></a>ers' writings,
+the Communist and Communist Labor manifestoes and programs, and the
+principles and tactics of I. W. W.'ism as set forth elsewhere in this
+volume, and then ask himself if the latest official utterance of the
+Socialist Party of America can in any way "be construed" as placing that
+party in any "category" which does not also contain the Communist
+organizations and the I. W. W. The salient parts of the manifesto
+follow:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The capitalist class is now making its last stand in its history.
+     It was intrusted with the government of the world. It is
+     responsible for the prevailing chaos. The events of recent years
+     have conclusively demonstrated that capitalism is bankrupt, and has
+     become a dangerous impediment to progress and human welfare. The
+     working class alone has the power to redeem and to save the
+     world....</p>
+
+<p>     "It now becomes more than ever the immediate task of international
+     Socialism to accelerate and organize the inevitable transfer of
+     political and industrial power from the capitalist class to the
+     workers. The workers must recognize the economic structure of human
+     society by eliminating the institution of the private ownership of
+     natural wealth and of the machinery of industry, the essence of the
+     war-breeding system of international commercial rivalry. The
+     workers of the world must recognize the economic structure of human
+     society by making the natural wealth and the machinery of industry
+     the collective property of all....</p>
+
+<p>     "The workers of Great Britain, France and Italy, the workers of the
+     newly created nations, and the workers of the countries which
+     remained neutral during the war, are all in a state of
+     unprecedented unrest. In different ways and by different methods,
+     either blindly impelled by the inexorable conditions which confront
+     them, or clearly recognizing their revolutionary aims, they are
+     abandoning their temporising programs of pre-war labor reform. They
+     are determined to control the industries, which means control of
+     the governments.</p>
+
+<p>     "In the United States capitalism has emerged from the war more
+     reactionary and aggressive, more insolent and oppressive than it
+     has ever been....</p>
+
+<p>     "But even in the United States the symptoms of a rebellious spirit
+     in the ranks of the working masses are rapidly multiplying.
+     Widespread and extensive strikes for better labor conditions, the
+     demand of the 2,000,000 railway workers to control their industry,
+     sporadic formation of labor parties, apparently,<a id="page_77"></a> though not
+     fundamentally, in opposition to the political parties of the
+     possessing class, are promising indications of a definite tendency
+     on the part of American labor to break away from its reactionary
+     and futile leadership and to join in the great emancipating
+     movement of the more advanced revolutionary workers of the world.</p>
+
+<p>     "Recognizing this crucial situation at home and abroad, the
+     Socialist Party in the United States at its first national
+     convention after the war, squarely takes its position with the
+     uncompromising section of the international Socialist movement. We
+     unreservedly reject the policy of those Socialists who supported
+     their belligerent capitalist governments on the plea of 'national
+     defense,' and who entered into demoralizing compacts for so-called
+     civil peace with the exploiters of labor during the war and
+     continued a political alliance with them after the war.</p>
+
+<p>     "We, the organized Socialists of America, declare our solidarity
+     with the revolutionary workers of Russia in the support of the
+     government of their Soviets, with the radical Socialists of
+     Germany, Austria and Hungary in their efforts to establish working
+     class rule in their countries, and with those Socialist
+     organizations in England, France, Italy and other countries, who,
+     during the war as after the war, have remained true to the
+     principles of uncompromising international Socialism....</p>
+
+<p>     "The great purpose of the Socialist Party is to wrest the
+     industries and the control of the government of the United States
+     from the capitalists and their retainers. It is our purpose to
+     place industry and government in the control of the workers with
+     hand and brain, to be administered for the benefit of the whole
+     community.</p>
+
+<p>     "To insure the triumph of Socialism in the United States the bulk
+     of the American workers must be strongly organized politically as
+     Socialists, in constant, clear-cut and aggressive opposition to all
+     parties of the possessing class. They must be strongly organized in
+     the economic field on broad industrial lines, as one powerful and
+     harmonious class organization, cooperating with the Socialist
+     Party, and ready in cases of emergency to reinforce the political
+     demands of the working class by industrial action.</p>
+
+<p>     "To win the American workers from their ineffective and
+     demoralizing leadership, to educate them to an enlightened
+     understanding of their own class interests, and to train and assist
+     them to organize politically and industrially on class lines,<a id="page_78"></a> in
+     order to effect their emancipation, that is the supreme task
+     confronting the Socialist Party of America.</p>
+
+<p>     "To this great task, without deviation or compromise, we pledge all
+     our energies and resources. For its accomplishment we call for the
+     support and co-operation of the workers of America and of all other
+     persons desirous of ending the insane rule of capitalism before it
+     has had the opportunity to precipitate humanity into another
+     cataclysm of blood and ruin.</p>
+
+<p>     "Long live the International Socialist Revolution, the only hope of
+     the suffering world!"
+<a id="page_79"></a></p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch06">
+<h2>CHAPTER VI</h2>
+
+<h3>SOCIALISM IN THEORY</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Morris Hillquit, a ring-leader among Socialists of the United States,
+writing in "Everybody's," October, 1913, page 487, informs us that the
+term Socialism is used indiscriminately to designate a certain
+philosophy, a scheme of social organization and an active political
+movement.</p>
+
+<p>Socialism, used to designate a certain philosophy, may better be
+distinguished by being called Socialism in theory. Socialism as an
+applied scheme of social organization may be termed Socialism in
+practice, and means nothing other than a form of government according to
+the principles of Socialist philosophy. Socialism, as an active
+political movement, means the Socialist Party. Thus, when we say that
+Socialism won several times in Milwaukee, we do not mean that the system
+of Socialist philosophy was voted upon and accepted by the majority, for
+most of the voters knew practically nothing about the philosophy of
+Socialism; nor do we mean that the form of government in accordance with
+the principles of Socialist philosophy was adopted at the polls, for, as
+a matter of fact, we know that the government of Milwaukee has never
+been in accordance with the Marxian principles; but we mean this, and
+only this, that the active political movement of the Socialists, in
+other words, the Socialist Party, elected its candidates. No doubt the
+victorious candidates would have ruled Milwaukee according to the
+philosophy of Socialism, applying the Marxian principles to their
+government, if they could have done so, but the Constitution of the
+United States as well as that of the State of Wisconsin would have stood
+in the way, as will be seen when Socialism is explained more in detail.</p>
+
+<p>The first form of Socialism to be explained in detail is Socialism in
+theory. There seem to be about 57 hundred times 57 hundred varieties of
+Socialists, owing to the conflicting views that members of the party
+hold on different subjects which they wish to include in Socialism, and
+also because of their different interpretations of the fundamental
+principle of Socialism. There is, however, one underlying principle that
+seems<a id="page_80"></a> to be held quite generally by Marxians the world over. No matter
+what other radical measures individual Socialists may favor or wish to
+see included in the Socialist philosophy, and no matter how many
+different interpretations are given to the principle of Socialism, the
+basic principle that stands out above all others and is accepted
+generally by Socialists the world over may be said to be the demand for
+a government, democratic in form, under which all the citizens would
+collectively own and manage the principal means of production,
+transportation and communication.</p>
+
+<p>The Industrial Workers of the World form one of the few classes of
+Socialists who object to the generally accepted fundamental principle
+just mentioned. "The One Big Union Monthly," March, 1919, prefers to
+drop the words "democratic form of government," because the I. W. W.'s
+are not sure that ownership by the people as a whole would succeed
+better under a democratic form of government than under a dictatorship
+of the proletariat.</p>
+
+<p>"The Labour Leader," the organ of the Socialist Independent Labor Party,
+Manchester, England, February 6, 1919, declares that Socialism is "the
+complete ownership and control of the means of life by the people, and
+the development of industry and the distribution of its fruits under a
+genuine and absolute democracy." In explaining Socialism, it says that
+"it means that the land shall become the property of the people, not of
+private individuals. It means that the great industries shall become the
+property of the people. It means that the railways and the canals shall
+become the property of the people. It means that the shipping shall
+become the property of the people. In short it means that everything
+essential to the life of all shall become the property of all, and shall
+be administered not for the profit of the few, but for the use of all.
+And it demands intelligent control of public affairs by the people,
+women as well as men."</p>
+
+<p>Practically the same ideas are expressed in other words by Jaur&eacute;s in
+"Studies in Socialism," page 32 of 1906 edition, translated by Minturn.
+This great leader of the French Socialists, who was assassinated at the
+beginning of the World War, and in whose honor there was a tremendous
+demonstration in Paris on April 6, 1919, prophesied that "the time is
+not far off when no one will be able to speak to the public about the
+preservation of private property without covering himself with ridicule
+and putting himself voluntarily into an inferior rank.<a id="page_81"></a> That which
+reigns to-day under the name of private property is really class
+property, and those who wish for the establishment of democracy in the
+economic as well as the political world should give their best effort to
+the abolition and not to the maintenance of this class property."</p>
+
+<p>In "The Revolutionary Age," Boston, January 11, 1919, page 4, we read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "What is Socialism? It is the public ownership of all the wealth,
+     the mills, the mines, the factories, the railroads and land. Things
+     that are used in common, must be owned in common, by the people and
+     for the people under democratic management by the people, instead
+     of the present system of private ownership for profits."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>According to Morris Hillquit in "Everybody's," October, 1913, page 487:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Socialist program advocates a reorganization of the existing
+     industrial system on the basis of collective or national ownership
+     of the social tools. It demands that the control of the machinery
+     of wealth creation be taken from the individual capitalists and
+     placed in the hands of the nation, to be organized and operated for
+     the benefit of the whole people."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Hillquit, in his various articles, has, of course, like many other
+Socialists, given his explanation of the detailed method of organization
+and operation of industries under a Socialist form of government. It
+reads very nicely and appears attractive, as his statements do till
+truth's searchlight falls on them, but it does not seem worth while to
+present his views, for very many of the leading Socialists of the world
+not only differ with each other as regards the method of organization
+and operation that they advocate for the Marxian state, but they are
+also very much at variance with the plan of organization and operation
+that Hillquit describes.</p>
+
+<p>Eugene V. Debs, in his "Daily Message from Moundsville Prison,"
+published in "The Call," New York, April 21, 1919, tells us what
+Socialism is:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The earth for all the people! That is the demand.</p>
+
+<p>     "The machinery of production and distribution for all the people!
+     That is the demand.</p>
+
+<p>     "The collective ownership and control of industry and its
+     democratic management in the interest of all the people! That is
+     the demand.<a id="page_82"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "The elimination of rent, interest and profit and the production of
+     wealth to satisfy the wants of all the people! That is the demand.</p>
+
+<p>     "Co-operative industry in which we all shall work together in
+     harmony as the basis of a new social order, a higher civilization,
+     a real republic! That is the demand.</p>
+
+<p>     "The end of class struggles and class rule, of master and slave, of
+     ignorance and vice, of poverty and shame, of cruelty and crime--the
+     birth of freedom, the dawn of brotherhood, the beginning of MAN!
+     That is the demand.</p>
+
+<p>     "This is Socialism!"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the Preamble to the American Socialist Party Platform, adopted by
+national referendum, July 24, 1917, we are told:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The theory of a democratic government is the greatest good to the
+     greatest number. The working class far out-numbers the capitalist
+     class. Here is the natural advantage of the working class. By
+     uniting solidly in a political party of its own, it can capture the
+     government and all its powers and use them in its own interests.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Socialist Party aims to abolish this class war with all its
+     evils and to substitute for capitalism a new order of co-operation,
+     wherein the workers shall own and control all the economic factors
+     of life. It calls upon all workers to unite, to strike as they vote
+     and to vote as they strike, all against the master class.</p>
+
+<p>     "Only through this combination of our powers can we establish the
+     co-operative commonwealth, wherein the workers shall own their jobs
+     and receive the full social value of their product. The necessities
+     of life will then be produced, not for the profits of the few, but
+     for the comfort and happiness of all who labor. Instead of
+     privately owned industries with masters and slaves, there will be
+     the common ownership of the means of life, and all the
+     opportunities and resources of the world will be equal and free to
+     all."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The fundamental principle of Socialism, namely, a government, democratic
+in form, in which all the citizens would collectively own and manage the
+principal means of production, transportation and communication, will be
+more clearly understood if the several component parts of the basic
+principle are explained.</p>
+
+<p>A government, <i>democratic in form</i>, would, of course, require the
+overthrow of all limited monarchies as well as the annihilation of those
+that are despotic. Even a republican form of<a id="page_83"></a> government, like that of
+the United States, is very far from being satisfactory to the
+Revolutionists, for they demand that the citizens have as direct a voice
+as possible, first in the election of all public officers, secondly in
+the framing of the laws, and thirdly in the management of the many
+industrial departments of the proposed government.</p>
+
+<p>By the citizens' <i>collective owning</i> of the different things enumerated
+is meant that they would own them just as the citizens of the United
+States, as a body, to-day own the post-offices, arsenals, navy and
+public lands. Of course, collective ownership does not imply that, after
+the state should have taken over the things referred to, each citizen
+would be entitled to an equal share of them as his own private property,
+to be used by him according to his desires.</p>
+
+<p><i>The management of the property</i> of the Socialist state and the
+remuneration<sup><a href="#fn_8" id="fna_8">8</a></sup> for labor would not be in the hands of private
+individuals acting independently, but would be subject to the will of
+the majority of the citizens.</p>
+
+<p>By the <i>principal</i> means of production, transportation and communication
+is meant any instrument of production, transportation or communication
+that would be used for purposes of exploitation, in other words, for
+making profit through the employment of hired labor. To illustrate this,
+several examples will be given. Mines, factories and mills of all kinds,
+large business houses and stores, together with those farms whose owners
+would employ hired labor for the production of goods to be sold at
+profit, would all be looked upon as being among the <i>principal means of
+production</i>. On the other hand, a sewing-machine used for family needs
+would not be included in the list.</p>
+
+<p>There are many Socialists who have held that their intended state would
+allow the private ownership of very small farms, provided that the
+products were raised without the employment of farm hands. But it seems
+likely that such a plan of private ownership would not be tolerated
+under a Socialist government, for, first of all, a very large number of
+Socialists are opposed to such a plan, and, secondly, the political
+actionists who have favored it either have sacrificed thereby the
+principles of their party, or else by advocating the private ownership
+of small farms, have done so with the intention of deceiving farmers and
+small land owners in order to win their votes. More will be said about
+this further on.<a id="page_84"></a></p>
+
+<p>Railroads, street car lines, express and steamship service would be
+among the <i>principal means of transportation</i>; while included in the
+list of <i>principal means of communication</i> there would be the public
+telephone and telegraph systems. Automobiles, horses and carriages, if
+used without the assistance of hired labor, would not be considered as
+being principal means of transportation. So, too, under similar
+conditions, a private telephone or telegraph line running to the house
+of a friend would be excluded from the principal means of communication.</p>
+
+<p>The state would, of course, own all the goods produced in its mines,
+factories, shops, etc., until they were purchased with money or labor
+certificates. The people would then retain these goods as their own
+private property, and would not, according to the leading American
+Socialists, be compelled to divide them up with their fellow countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialist plan looks very nice on paper, allures many impoverished
+workingmen of the present day, appeals strongly to the uneducated, and
+offers great inducements to the "downs and outs" of society. It is,
+however, a deadly poison, and this will be proven conclusively in the
+chapter on "Socialism a Peril to Workingmen." There it will be shown not
+only that a Socialist state cannot possibly be a success, but that it
+would be a source of continued civil strife and discord, thoroughly
+unsatisfactory to workingmen, whom it would overwhelm with all the evils
+attendant on crime, strife, rebellion and chaos. In the Marxian state
+the industrial establishments, land, and business enterprises would be
+confiscated; neither interest, rent nor profit would be tolerated; the
+wage system would be abolished; no satisfactory plan could be devised
+for assigning so many millions of workingmen to the different positions,
+while at the same time satisfying them with remuneration for their daily
+toil; religions of all kinds would be the object of persecution;
+free-love would be legalized; and political corruption would be much
+more widespread than today. These are but several of the factors that
+would make a successful Socialist state an impossibility.</p>
+
+<p>It may interest the reader to know that Socialists of the highest
+authority inform us that in the new state women would be called upon to
+work. The late August Bebel, one of the foremost of German Socialists,
+says that as soon as society is in possession of all the means of
+production, "the duty to work, on the part of all able to work, without
+distinction of sex, becomes the organic law of socialized society."
+["Woman<a id="page_85"></a> Under Socialism," by Bebel, page 275 of the 1904 edition in
+English.] Frederick Engels, in his book, "Origin of the Family," teaches
+that the emancipation of women is primarily dependent on the
+reintroduction of the whole female sex into the public industries.
+["Origin of the Family," by Engels, page 90 of Untermann's 1907
+translation into English.] In "The Call," New York, February 27, 1910,
+it is stated that "the man who professes himself to be a Socialist, and
+then says that under Socialism men will provide for women, is wide of
+the mark."</p>
+
+<p>Keeping clearly before their minds the fundamental principle of
+Socialism, the people of America must be careful to distinguish between
+Socialists ruling under our present form of government, and Socialists
+ruling in a Socialist state. Possible success in the first case would by
+no means indicate success in the latter. If our citizens are cautious in
+this respect, the enemies of our country will not dare to boast of the
+so-called success of Socialism in those places in which the members of
+their party, elected to public office, may have given a good
+administration under our constitutional system of government.</p>
+
+<p>Though Socialism, in the strictest sense of the word, is concerned
+exclusively with economics, still this does not mean that those who
+profess it do not advocate, as part of their program, many pet projects
+not appertaining to economics. By a vast majority, the members of the
+Socialist Party either advocate atheism and opposition to religion, or
+at least do not oppose those Socialists who do. Most of them, too, in
+their cravings for what is base and low, are by no means adverse to
+seeing free-love reign supreme in their contemplated state. The word
+<i>Socialism</i> is, therefore, frequently used in a broader sense, and is
+made to include not only the common doctrine advocating the democratic
+form of government under which the citizens would collectively own and
+manage the principal means of production, transportation and
+communication, but also those other doctrines that are taught or
+silently approved by the majority. It is in this broader sense, then,
+that the opponents of the Marxians justly claim that Socialism is
+atheistic, anti-religious, and immoral.</p>
+
+<p>We are told by Hillquit in "Everybody's," October, 1913, page 486, that
+"like all social theories and practical mass movements, Socialism
+produces certain divergent schools, bastard offshoots clustering around
+the main trunk of the tree, large in number and variety, but
+insignificant in size and strength.<a id="page_86"></a> Thus we hear of State Socialism,
+Socialism of the Chair, Christian Socialism and even Catholic
+Socialism."</p>
+
+<p>Persons who call themselves Socialists may be divided into two classes,
+in the first of which are those who are Socialists merely in name, for
+they go no further than to vote the party ticket. It is in the second
+class that we find the real Socialists, men who besides severing all
+connections with the other political organizations and voting regularly
+for the Socialist candidates, have taken out membership cards which
+entitle them to vote on party policies by the payment of several dollars
+a year into the treasury of the party. Many of the first class are, of
+course, not guilty of propagating atheism, free-love, and other radical
+doctrines. In fact, it often happens that they scarcely know that such
+things are taught by Socialists, for the deceitful Revolutionary orators
+and writers, having blinded them with vivid pictures of their
+misfortunes, lead them to believe that the movement is morally upright,
+and that the contemplated state of the future will bring them every
+blessing under Heaven.</p>
+
+<p>But unless those who are Socialists merely in name sever their
+connection with the party of Karl Marx, it will not be long before many
+of them will lose all sense of honor, decency and morality. Indeed they
+often sink lower than the base character who composed the "poem" that
+takes up half a page of "The Call" of May 10, 1914. Though "The Call"
+seems to consider the "poem" an excellent specimen of literature, or
+else uses the large type that it does in order to attract the attention
+of its readers to the sublime virtues of the author, the quotation of
+but a small part of the production will suffice to bring out its real
+worth and at the same time show us the benign effects of Socialist
+teachings:</p>
+
+<p>/P
+    "You who are exalted by pictures but not by people: you who
+        worship a book and a god rather than hearts and men and
+        women:
+    I'd rather have my world and its flesh and its devil than your
+        heaven and its spirit and its god:....
+    And while I don't blame man for being base or praise man for
+        being noble, I embrace man as my brother for being man:
+    And there you have the whole story, my man intoxication: I am
+        drunk with man: you see how it is:
+    You can have your bibles: I don't need your christs: your
+        creeds would be an insult to me: I have man: I am drunk
+        with man:<a id="page_87"></a>
+    That's the secret of secrets: that's the confession of confessions:
+        that's the inside of the inside of me:
+    I don't expect you to take it in: drunk with man: no: that's
+        too much like mockery to you: you shudder at it:
+    To you man always comes last: man never comes first: gods,
+        mountains, laws--they come first: man can take his
+        chances:
+    That's the rule of precedence as you have fixed it: that's the up
+        and down and around of your cosmos:
+    But I say no: I who am drunk with man can't give up my faith
+        for your blasphemy: you who are sober with god."
+P/</p>
+
+<p>The attention of the reader must now be drawn to something of vital
+importance. There is no doubt that "Knights of the Red Flag" have
+advocated many excellent social reforms, such as higher wages, shorter
+working hours and greater safety for laborers, legislation against
+trusts, and the prevention of child labor and political corruption.
+Great credit would they deserve if their real object were not to gain
+votes to secure the establishment of a Socialist form of government. It
+is probable that before long, voting with true social reformers, they
+will see the materialization of many of the immediate demands enumerated
+in their platform. But it is to be remembered that no matter how many
+beneficial reforms Socialists may help to procure under our present
+constitutional system, they thus in no way prove the superiority of a
+Socialistic government, democratic in form, in which the citizens would
+collectively own and manage the principal means of production,
+transportation, and communication. The reason is that our constitutional
+government would still be in vogue, and the contradictory fundamental
+principle of Socialism could not be applied by the ruling Marxians.</p>
+
+<p>Persons who judge the Socialist movement solely by the immediate demands
+of its political platform, or by social reforms instituted after a
+political victory, understand very little either about Socialism or the
+methods and purposes of the Marxians. Yet this was the short-sighted
+manner in which the press persistently, and for a long time, viewed the
+tactics of Socialist politicians. Only a revolutionary movement far
+enough advanced to neglect gradual transformation by means of immediate
+demands would be able to sweep away by force, at a single stroke, all
+the old conditions of production, together with our present form of
+government, and the existing order of society.<a id="page_88"></a></p>
+
+<p>The so-called "Immediate Demands" of the Socialists may be termed
+political campaign Socialism or vote-catching Socialism. They are the
+sugar coating of the poisonous pill of Socialism itself. Their object is
+to attract and interest the voter, and at the same time keep his mind
+off of the fallacies of Socialism proper. They keep him from asking too
+many unanswerable questions about the detailed method of organization
+under a Socialist form of government--for instance, how the millions
+upon millions of government employes would be assigned to positions that
+would suit them, and at the same time receive satisfactory remuneration
+for their labors.</p>
+
+<p>These same immediate demands also give the voter a chance to find fault
+with our present system of government and to criticise it, thereby
+rendering it less able to withstand successive Socialist assaults. The
+immediate demands are, of course, meant for the present day and even if
+they should materialize, under our present system, they could not be
+continued in a Socialist state, that would be necessarily weak,
+poverty-stricken, strife-ridden, politically corrupt and chaotic. It is
+one thing to make demands, quite another thing to be able to grant them.
+A highway robber can demand a million dollars from the person whom he
+attacks, but that doesn't make the one assaulted able to surrender the
+sum; nor would it prove that the robber himself could afford to pay a
+like amount if he should afterwards be held up for a million.</p>
+
+<p>The immediate demands of the 1918 Congressional Platform of the
+Socialist Party are entirely too many conveniently to enumerate. They
+are classed under</p>
+
+<p>/P
+    A--International Reconstruction.
+      Peace Aims.
+      Federation of Peoples.
+    B--Internal Reconstruction.
+      Industrial Control.
+      Railroads and Express Service.
+      Steamships and Steamship Lines.
+      Telegraph and Telephone.
+      Large Power Scale Industry.
+      Democratic Management.
+      Demobilization.
+      The Structure of Government (i.e., of the present system of
+        government).
+      Civil Liberties.
+      Taxation.<a id="page_89"></a>
+      Credit.
+      Agriculture.
+      Conservation of Natural Resources.
+      Labor Legislation.
+      Prisons.
+      The Negro.
+P/</p>
+
+<p>The immediate demands are so numerous as to require a booklet of 24
+pages, published by the National Office, Socialist Party, Chicago, Ill.
+It is very hard to find a single reference to Socialism itself in the
+entire 24 pages of the Congressional Platform.</p>
+
+<p>In a letter of Moses Oppenheimer, published in "The Call," New York,
+April 14, 1919, we are told that under the opportunist leadership of men
+like Hillquit, Berger, Ghent, and Robert Hunter the struggle for reforms
+has gradually overshadowed and supplanted the demand for the abolition
+of wage slavery. The writer continues:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "More and more it has resulted in petty tactics for vote catching.
+     Berger's Old Age Pension bill was a glaring exhibit of opportunist
+     incapacity.</p>
+
+<p>     "Immediate demands are a tactical problem! Comrade Lee knows that
+     the tactics change with changed conditions. There was a time when
+     the opportunists expected to win the votes of the bulk of A. F. of
+     L. workers. Hence the sugar coating of the Socialist pill and three
+     years of Chester M. Wright in control of 'The Call.'</p>
+
+<p>     "That is now ancient history. Lee could not repeat that chapter if
+     he would. Nay, I believe he wouldn't if he could.</p>
+
+<p>     "The powerful impulse from the movement in Europe makes itself felt
+     over here. There is great need for reforming our front, for
+     recasting our tactics. The old roar of opportunism led us nowhere,
+     except to barren failure. If nothing else the experience with our
+     Ten in Albany and our Seven in the City Hall should open our eyes.
+     The time for picayune politics is irrevocably gone."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In an article published in "The Proletarian," Detroit, April, 1919, page
+4, Oakley Johnson thus criticises the Socialist policy of reformism as
+manifested in the immediate demands of the party platform:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Socialists have been dazed time and again by the glitter of
+     reformism. In every country the question has been an ever-present
+     one, and, as a result, the rainbows of reform have found many
+     chasers in the ranks of the workers. The matter seemed,<a id="page_90"></a> up to near
+     the end of the war, to involve more an academic dispute on tactics
+     than a principle of vital importance. There seemed too many good
+     reasons why immediate demands for slight concessions should not be
+     worked for, as a step in the direction of proletarian emancipation.</p>
+
+<p>     "When, however, the Bolshevik revolution in Russia showed the stand
+     taken by the reformist groups--a stand in defense of capitalism
+     when capitalism was about to fall--the uncompromisingly
+     revolutionary attitude of Marxian Socialists toward reform in the
+     past was amply justified. And when, in the course of a few months,
+     the reformistic Majority Socialists of Germany took exactly the
+     same stand as the Kerensky crowd had taken, there could no longer
+     be any doubt that the purpose of reform parties in capitalistic
+     society is to function as the last obstacle to the victory of the
+     proletariat....</p>
+
+<p>     "The fact is, there is a threefold objection to reformism as a
+     working-class policy. In the first place it is a waste of effort,
+     for the same zeal displayed by short-sighted reform-Socialists
+     would, if applied in the propagation of straight Socialism, treble
+     the strength of the movement in a few months' time. In the second
+     place reformism obscures the real end in view, develops
+     confusionists rather than revolutionists, gives capitalist
+     political parties a chance to steal a few 'Socialist' planks and
+     thus bid for the Socialist vote, and, worst of all, paves the way
+     to such tragedies as are now occurring in Germany, where Liebknecht
+     and Luxemberg have been murdered by their 'reform' comrades(?). And
+     finally, in the third place, even if reform be the sole object in
+     view, reformism is the poorest policy to follow to get it. A
+     proletariat organized for revolutionary ends has no difficulty in
+     securing reforms; it does not need to ask for them, for an awakened
+     and apprehensive bourgeoisie will shower reforms upon them like the
+     proverbial manna. If, indeed, workers want only reforms, why take
+     the longest way around?"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The New Age," Buffalo, April 10, 1919, page 4, rejoices that the
+reformists of the Socialist Party, whose policy it is to pay more
+attention to the immediate demands than to the principles of Socialism,
+have now a serious rival in the New Labor Party:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Now that the New Labor Party is established (and in Chicago
+     recently they polled more votes than the Socialists), we wonder
+     what the old machine will do to combat this new octopus that
+     threatens the big vote that used to belong to 'US.'<a id="page_91"></a> Answer: Teach
+     the working class real Socialism, the Socialism of Marx and
+     Engels."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The millionaire Socialist, William Bross Lloyd, of Chicago, has a very
+interesting article on "Socialist Platforms" in "The Communist,"
+Chicago, April 1, 1919:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Confession is good for the soul. Let the Socialist Party of the
+     World now stand up and confess that it bears a close resemblance to
+     other political parties in that, like the others, its platforms are
+     mostly bunk.</p>
+
+<p>     "The difference between its platforms and others is that the others
+     mean nothing while its platforms mean anything. The difference
+     between Socialists and other politicians is that the Socialists
+     mean what they think their platforms mean while the others mean
+     only to get office.</p>
+
+<p>     "This follows from the state of affairs we have had in the world
+     since 1914, when Socialists became so diverse in words and deeds.
+     Most of those on both sides are honest. The trouble is the
+     vagueness of the words of the Socialist propaganda.</p>
+
+<p>     "Socialist thought should be so clearly stated in its platforms
+     that no one can doubt its meaning. This will eliminate from the
+     party the reformers and compromisers who are such a source of
+     weakness to the movement. It will also make clear to the workers
+     that the movement really means something.</p>
+
+<p>     "Take, for instance, the case of the party's attitude toward war.
+     Socialists are said to be opposed to all wars--then come the
+     exceptions: wars of 'defense,' 'invasion,' 'emancipation,'
+     'liberation,' and all the meaningless tribe. Confusion results. We
+     have the German Majority Socialists, i.e., so-called Socialists,
+     supporting their government in a war of 'defense' against
+     'invasion' and of the maintenance of their 'liberties'--God save
+     the mark--against Russian autocracy....</p>
+
+<p>     "Without knowing the precise intention of those who drafted the St.
+     Louis platform, I infer that it was partly written in the hope--if
+     not belief--that the American workers would rise against their
+     oppressors and the situation to which they have been subjected. It
+     was a ringing declaration--a 'mass movement' of the delegates to
+     the convention, later endorsed by the party membership. And as
+     these delegates separated hot-foot for home, they got cold feet as
+     they dispersed into the cold-footed isolation of the individual
+     Socialist scattered here and there throughout this land. The
+     platform contained no statement of individual duty, no individual
+     program of action<a id="page_92"></a> Each Socialist began to ask as his feet got
+     colder and colder: 'Where are these "mass movements;" what are the
+     others going to do?' The situation was made worse by the action of
+     the National Executive Committee which told every Socialist to read
+     the St. Louis platform and then act as his conscience dictated.
+     Fine business for a revolutionary mass movement seeking to
+     establish the co-operative commonwealth. No anarchist could be more
+     individualistic.</p>
+
+<p>     "The party's attitude toward war should be cleared up. It should
+     definitely provide for mass action, and bind the individuals of the
+     party as units of the party mass. This war platform should be
+     followed by a Workers' Mobilization plan carefully worked out in
+     detail and laying down action in response to each step taken in
+     approach to war. For instance, on the introduction of the War
+     Declaration in Congress, a one-day general strike just to show the
+     rulers what was in store. On passage of the War Declaration a
+     general strike, refusal to serve in the military forces, and such
+     other measures as may be effective."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Appeal to Reason" some years ago was the leading Socialist paper of
+the United States. In 1917 it came out in favor of war with the Central
+Powers. Either because of this, or because it violently assailed
+Bolshevism for a long while, it is now outlawed by the greater part of
+the Socialist Party.</p>
+
+<p>On the editorial page of "The Call," New York, April 24, 1919, we read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Instead of the 'Appeal to Reason' asking for a pardon for Debs, it
+     should ask a pardon from Debs."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In "The Bulletin," Chicago, March 24, 1919, there appears on page 12 a
+bitter attack on "The Appeal" by no less a personage than Adolph Germer,
+National Secretary of the Socialist Party. In this official paper,
+issued by the National Office, Socialist Party, we read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "<span class="smallcaps">An Open Letter to 'The Appeal.'</span></p>
+
+<p>     "<i>March</i> 19, 1919.</p>
+
+<p>     "<span class="smallcaps">Editor Appeal to Reason</span>,</p>
+
+<p>     "<span class="smallcaps">Girard, Kans.:</span></p>
+
+<p>     "<span class="smallcaps">Sir.</span>--In the issue of the 'Appeal to Reason,' March 15, 1919, you
+     publish an appeal for $30,000 CASH, for an alleged 'Amnesty and
+     Construction Fight.'</p>
+
+<p>     "You give yourself credit for having 'won' the first skirmish in
+     the amnesty fight and on the basis of this unfounded claim, you
+     justify your appeal for $30,000 CASH. To make your<a id="page_93"></a> appeal seem
+     legitimate, you use such names as Eugene V. Debs, Kate Richards
+     O'Hare, Rose Pastor Stokes and refer to 'many of our comrades.' I
+     happen to be one of those who is facing a prison sentence and if
+     you have included me in 'many of the comrades,' I want you to
+     strike my name from your list. I loathe to be a 'comrade' of yours.
+     You and your paper helped to create a hatred against the Socialist
+     Party and you wilfully and maliciously lied about the National
+     Executive Committee when it refused to follow a course that would
+     put more of our members in prison. In other words, you and your
+     paper must bear a part of the responsibility for the prosecution
+     and persecution of the Socialists and it is rank hypocrisy for you
+     to prate about your fight for amnesty.</p>
+
+<p>     "Others may speak for themselves, but I scorn any effort that you
+     make in my behalf. A thousand times would I rather spend the rest
+     of my life behind prison bars than to have one word from you whom I
+     hold responsible for the persecutions of which my colleagues and I
+     are victims.</p>
+
+<p>     "I look upon your appeal for $30,000 CASH, in the name of
+     'Amnesty,' as a sinister method of filling your own coffers.</p>
+
+<p>     "You have lied to us and about us and betrayed us in the past and I
+     resent your hypocritical prattle about amnesty.</p>
+
+<p>     "Yours without respect,</p>
+
+<p>     "<span class="smallcaps">Adolph Germer,</span></p>
+
+<p>     "<i>National Secretary, Socialist Party</i>."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Judging from the bitter attacks that Socialists are making upon each
+other, it would seem that there might be a little harmony in the party
+if their platforms were limited to the principles of Socialism and were
+not concerned with "immediate demands" to the almost total exclusion of
+Socialism itself.<a id="page_94"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch07">
+<h2>CHAPTER VII</h2>
+
+<h3>SOCIALISM IN PRACTICE</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Now that considerable has been said about Socialism in theory, we shall
+make the transition to Socialism in practice by quoting what may be
+called George Herron's dream of Socialist perfection. On page 28 of his
+booklet, "From Revolution to Revolution," we are told: "Perhaps we shall
+learn in time, before accentuated capitalism has intensified the
+universal misery of labor. Socialism is already on its way to the
+conquest of Europe. And it may be that we shall yet behold that glorious
+uprising of the universal peoples which is to begin man's real history,
+and the world's real creation--that united affirmation of the world's
+workers which Socialism foretells, knowing boundaries neither of nations
+nor sects nor factions, speaking one voice and working together as one
+man for one purpose, filling and cleansing the world with one glad
+revolutionary cry. When the peoples thus come, divine and omnipotent
+through co-operation, the raw materials of the world-life in their
+creative hands, no longer begging favors or reforms, no longer awed by
+the slave moralities or the slave religions that teach submission to
+their masters, but risen and regnant in the consciousness of their
+common inheritance and right in the earth and its fullness, of which
+they are the makers and preservers, then will the antagonisms and
+devastations of classes vanish forever, and the peace of good will
+become the universal fact."</p>
+
+<p>"Glorious," indeed, have been the uprisings of the Bolsheviki of Russia,
+the Communists of Hungary and Bavaria, and the Spartacans of Germany,
+all of whom are Socialists of the most pronounced type. These uprisings,
+instead of being the "beginnings of the world's real creation," are
+rather the beginnings of its destruction and ruination. The world's
+workers have been "wonderfully united" in Russia, Hungary, Bavaria and
+Germany since Socialism came into power--and no better proof need be
+given than the way in which they have been shooting each other down and
+trying to oust each other from office. Though the Socialists were not
+supposed to know "the<a id="page_95"></a> boundaries of nations, sects or factions," but
+were to "speak one voice and work together as one man for one purpose,"
+the Spartacans, it seems, would be better off if they had not only an
+imaginary boundary to separate barbarians of their type from the rest of
+civilization, but a barrier of mountains with heights towering in the
+clouds to divide Germany into two parts, in one of which the Spartacans
+could rest in peace, safe from the attacks of their beloved brethren of
+the Ebert-Scheidemann group.</p>
+
+<p>If the Communists of Bavaria had only built half a dozen Chinese walls
+around Munich, they might still be holding out against the Socialist
+army that besieged them and overcame them. Lenine's Government caused
+such rivers of blood to flow in Russia that it could well dispense with
+imaginary boundary lines to separate "Bolsheviki Land" from the domains
+of Socialist Siberia. "One glad revolutionary cry" was to go up from
+Socialists all over the world, but the cry is: "Workers in
+anti-Socialist countries, save us from our false, hypocritical,
+reactionary, murderous Marxian brethren!" Have the Socialist peoples the
+world over become truly "divine" by their attacks on God and all
+religions? Have they become "omnipotent" wherever they are in power--so
+omnipotent that law, order and decency are no longer needed? The "raw
+materials of the world were in their creative hands," and yet the
+Russian people were starving by the millions, and the longer the period
+since the world war, the worse things became in those vast domains once
+so famous for their natural resources, wheat, cattle, wool, minerals,
+oil and wood.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialist dream was one of "no submission to masters;" but, strange
+to say, the dictator, Lenine, rules "Bolsheviki-Land" just as he
+pleases; Bela Kun so ruled Hungary; while the supposedly democratic
+Soviets just issued decrees of murder or plunder, and no national
+representative body of all the Russians or of all the Hungarians ever
+seemed to meet. The Socialists of Russia, Hungary and Bavaria were
+indeed "regnant in the consciousness of their common inheritance,"
+provided, of course, that by inheritance, confiscated property is meant.
+Yet although "antagonism and devastations of classes" were destined to
+"vanish forever, and the peace of good will become the universal fact,"
+somehow or other certain "scientific reformers" forgot that there were
+such things as fools' paradises and overlooked the old saying that "all
+that glitters is not gold."<a id="page_96"></a></p>
+
+<p>In Chapters X and XI much more will be said about the Lenine-Trotzky
+dictatorship of Socialist Russia, the Bela Kun administration of
+Hungary, the criminal Socialist crew of Bavaria, and, of course, the
+fiery Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg group that at times in certain
+localities replaced the Ebert-Scheidemann government of Germany.</p>
+
+<p>In "The Call," New York, April 28, 1919, under the caption, "Socialist
+Government of Yucatan Grapples With the Binder Trust," we read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We get vastly less news nowadays from our next-door neighbor,
+     Mexico, than from Europe and Asia, therefore a 'Call' reporter,
+     meeting a Comrade who has recently returned from the tropic
+     peninsula, fell upon him and demanded news of the Socialist, labor
+     and co-operative movements there.</p>
+
+<p>     "'We are facing a very much tangled-up situation down there,'
+     answered the man from Yucatan. He is W. Elkin Birch, a well-known
+     American Socialist and business man, who has lived in Mexico
+     several years. He came up to 'the States' on a business trip, and
+     is returning to Yucatan, where he is prominent in the Socialist and
+     co-operative movements.</p>
+
+<p>     "'The forces of capitalism in Mexico are so strong, and the
+     commercial system is so vicious,' he began, 'that I am not very
+     optimistic about the future of Socialism in Yucatan.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'But we thought that Alvarado had established almost a paradise
+     down there,' cried the reporter. 'A year ago we learned that you
+     had elected a complete Socialist administration in Yucatan; then, a
+     few months since, we heard that it had not put any part of the
+     Socialist program into effect. We wondered what was the reason, but
+     hardly any news comes through now.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Alvarado did work a wonderful transformation, and much of the
+     good he did remains. It is true, we have an administration of
+     Socialists, but we find that that is a very different thing from a
+     Socialist administration. Yucatan is still in the grip of the
+     commercial interests, and the game is blocked at every move. As
+     fast as the radicals devise some means of stopping the robbery of
+     the people by special privilege, the privileged interests find a
+     way of circumventing the radicals by apparently yielding, but
+     really maintaining their domination.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Alvarado took over the Reguladora, through which the henequem,
+     Yucatan's principal product, is sold for export; he took over the
+     railroads, and the line of steamships running to the States....<a id="page_97"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "'The government still controls the Reguladora, but, as I said, it
+     is in a deadlock with the powers who control its market. We still
+     have government-owned railroads in Yucatan, but government
+     ownership merely takes the public utility out of the hands of
+     private capital and places it under the control of a political
+     organization. And private capital already has secured control of
+     that political organization, and graft and robbery are running
+     riot. Government ownership of railroads has increased the cost of
+     operation 100 per cent. The payrolls are packed with friends of
+     officials and friends of friends. If a man can control a few votes,
+     they reason, why shouldn't he have a job? What's the railroad for,
+     if not to provide jobs? The folks down there are very much like
+     people in other countries, you see.'....</p>
+
+<p>     "'But why doesn't the Socialist administration take control of
+     industry and commerce, and put the interests out of power?'
+     demanded the reporter, determined to uphold the faith in the face
+     of disappointing facts.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Well, of course, that sounds easy; but Socialists are just
+     people, after all, and when a Socialist gets into office he finds
+     it quite as hard as ordinary folks to resist the subtle influences
+     that surround officials. A man can't be sure that he is a real
+     Socialist until he is put to the test of being a part of the
+     government. The commercial interests offer him opportunities to
+     make money; they give him and his family social advantages. He
+     begins to see that capitalism has its good points, after all.' Mr.
+     Birch smiled half-satirically, half-tolerantly. 'Some members of
+     the Assembly have made fortunes during their year of office. One
+     member, who handles concessions, illegal and otherwise, has cleared
+     over a million pesos."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The February, 1918, issue of the "International Socialist Review,"
+Chicago, was suppressed by the authorities of the United States
+government, and, as a consequence, it is probable that not very many
+copies are in circulation. The author of "The Red Conspiracy," however,
+has in his possession a copy of this edition, in which there is a very
+interesting article, beginning on page 414, entitled, "Your Dream Come
+True."</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "A Land of practical Socialism in active operation.</p>
+
+<p>     "Nearly 4,000,000 people without one cent of money in circulation;
+     and where no man owns a foot of land or the tools of
+     production--trades unionism, industrialism, single tax and
+     socialism all rolled into one.<a id="page_98"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "Ninety thousand square miles without a policeman; where gold rings
+     are placed in the public markets in large baskets, to be had for
+     the asking.</p>
+
+<p>     "A work day of two hours for the strong; of play for the young,
+     middle-aged and old. A land where there is plenty of candy for the
+     kiddies, playgrounds for all; and from which the spectre of want
+     has departed.</p>
+
+<p>     "Land of peon-slaves awakened from centuries of capitalist misrule
+     to the glories of co-operation, without master or landlord.</p>
+
+<p>     "This is no dream, but an actualized verity right here in
+     America--in southern Mexico. Shades of Thomas Moore, Edward Bellamy
+     and William Morris arise and rejoice, for your wildest visions have
+     become facts.</p>
+
+<p>     "Across the miles I stretch my hand in fellowship with Mexico's
+     great democrat--Zapata. Don't forget that name. The capitalist
+     press has not told much about him--for obvious reasons. He is
+     putting into practice the basic principles of co-operation. The
+     golden rule is being translated into action.</p>
+
+<p>     "General Zapata now absolutely controls 90,000 square miles,
+     comprising parts of Morelo, Jalisco, Chapas, Quintana Roo and
+     Tabasco. This land is well under cultivation. The population (on a
+     rough estimate, without the advantages of a scientific census) is
+     from three to four millions. The inhabitants are nearly all peons,
+     who for centuries had existed in a degrading state of slavery. More
+     than ninety-five per cent. can neither read nor write.</p>
+
+<p>     "Zapata's control began in 1910, but only in the three years past
+     has the co-operative system been placed on its present basis. The
+     greatest development has been made during the past two years.</p>
+
+<p>     "Methods of propaganda have been simple and effective. Direct
+     action is the keynote. The people awoke to a knowledge of their
+     slavery and the realization of their heritage--and took what
+     belonged to them. The only message sent to the people was somewhat
+     similar to the I. W. W. preamble, but much shorter than that
+     classic document.</p>
+
+<p>     "Having aroused the slaves to realize their status by saying in
+     substance: the rich unjustly possess the land; we want all that is
+     ours and are not willing that any man should possess that which is
+     not his--Zapata would lead his army into some rich valley and
+     simply dispossess the wealthy 'owners.' Then the peons on the land
+     would be given the use of the land. Not<a id="page_99"></a> one man in the ninety
+     thousand square miles holds a title to one foot of land. After
+     getting the new territory, the land was cultivated and the district
+     organized.</p>
+
+<p>     "When strong enough the army--the propaganda branch of the
+     revolution--held another convention in some other fertile valley
+     and benevolently assimilated some other opulent set of
+     slave-driving usurpers of the land....</p>
+
+<p>     "Every citizen of each community is given a little brass
+     citizenship tag. It is necessary to show this only in strange
+     towns. It is his passport for whatever he needs for food, clothing
+     and shelter. Each person goes into the stores and gets what he
+     needs for the simple asking.</p>
+
+<p>     "We have heard endless discussions as to the nature of the future
+     medium of exchange. Many volumes have been written on the subject.
+     Zapata isn't worrying over these problems. He is leaving them where
+     they belong--to the philosophers. There isn't any medium of
+     exchange in Zapata's land. Why should there be on a free earth? If
+     a man wanted ten pairs of sandals or shoes he could have them, but
+     why would he want them? He can always go--in Zapata's country--to
+     any store and get a pair when he needs one. So with all other
+     provisions. In practice, in the few years the plan has been in
+     operation, the peons have not abused the privilege. They are
+     producers, and realize it. Why rob themselves? There is not one
+     idea of profit in all that 90,000 square miles, and human nature is
+     just as it was when Adam delved and Eve spun.</p>
+
+<p>     "Travelers are not being admitted freely just now, in these
+     unsettled times, because of the lying reports carried away by
+     spying emissaries of capitalism. But when one is given permission
+     to visit the country, his route is marked out and listed on the
+     passport given him. He pays the government and then is provided
+     freely on all the travels over the designated route.</p>
+
+<p>     "No women or children are to be found in any line of manual labor
+     in mill, field or factory.</p>
+
+<p>     "The young and middle aged men alone work. They work from one and
+     one-half to three hours a day. Some will work more steadily for a
+     week and then go away to some town for two or three weeks to enjoy
+     their country. For the first time in history the workers have a
+     country that is really theirs. Workers? Yes, for all are workers.
+     There are no landlords or 'bosses' and overseers to prod them into
+     exhausting toil. And these people are simple enough to believe that
+     man should enjoy life--that all people should find pleasure in
+     living.<a id="page_100"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "Of course there are foremen and superintendents in the
+     administration of industry. But they receive no wages, just what
+     they need to live on, and every man, woman and child gets that. The
+     men will work two hours and then go out to play hand-ball and other
+     games in the plaza or courts.</p>
+
+<p>     "When the fields need attention, men go from ranch to ranch
+     wherever help is needed. In like manner all industry is carried on.</p>
+
+<p>     "One example will show something of how matters are managed. One
+     big sugar refinery formerly employed 2,500 men, working them
+     fourteen hours a day. Employees now work two hours a day. The
+     refinery still is in operation fourteen hours daily. There are
+     seven shifts of workers. All told, there are 25,000 employees of
+     that refinery. All are happy and have all of the food, clothing and
+     shelter the land affords. The children have big sticks of candy as
+     large as they can carry--and there is no talk of conservation of
+     supplies anywhere.</p>
+
+<p>     "Access to the land and co-operation did it. There isn't any
+     regular freight and passenger service. The trains operate as
+     required. Production for profit has ceased on 90,000 square miles
+     of this planet and the mills and mines are run to manufacture
+     products for use only. When goods are needed anywhere, the trains
+     haul them. Occasionally a few hundred men, women and children will
+     be taken into the mountains by the trainload for a few days'
+     outing. It is all a part of living--no fares to pay....</p>
+
+<p>     "The churches are being used as schools, for lecture centers, as
+     play houses and for similar useful purposes. There is no liquor
+     sold. This is not the result of any decree or election. The people
+     had so little desire for booze that they quit its manufacture....</p>
+
+<p>     "It is not to be inferred that Zapata has solved all of the
+     problems of society. Everything can't be done at once, even by the
+     magic wand of his propaganda. Still, his achievements make the
+     genii of Alladin's lamp look pretty small and cheap. In three years
+     every worker has been united into one industrial union; all titles
+     to land and ownership of the tools of production swept away;
+     labor's hours shortened to the minimum; the entire population fed,
+     clothed and sheltered--all through cooperation on a free earth."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This is the kind of "stuff" that is served up to the "learned,"
+"scientific Socialists," who place so much confidence in the leaders who
+are supposed to be honest and worthy of leading them<a id="page_101"></a> into the Marxian
+Paradise. This is the way they spoke of "Socialism" in Mexico some years
+ago, and today they are speaking of it in Russia in much the same way.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Act the Second</span></p>
+
+<p>Scene--A large photo of Zapata--4 by 6 inches, in "The Call," the
+Socialist paper of New York City, April 24, 1919.</p>
+
+<p>Under the photo there is the following inscription:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "General Emiliano Zapata, Mexico's apostle of terrorism, and
+     recently officially reported to have been killed by Carranza's
+     troops, was a former plantation stirrup-boy, who, at the zenith of
+     his rebel power, gained temporary control of Mexico City. Twice
+     since 1910, when he began his revolt in Morelos, he and his Indian
+     followers took brief possession of the capital. For nine years he
+     ravaged southern Mexico, co-operating for a time in 1914 with
+     Villa. He was the most implacable enemy of peaceful reconstruction
+     through several regimes. Poor, uneducated, primitive but magnetic,
+     Zapata was the leader of Mexico's half-savage Indians, in whose
+     power he planned to place control of the country. Toward the last
+     he was little more than a hunted renegade, and is reported to have
+     been killed by strategy of troops operating under General Pablo
+     Gonzales in Morelos."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The wood-cut of Zapata appears in connection with an article by Jack
+Neville, part of which is hereby quoted:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Cuautla, Mexico, April 23.--The death of Emiliano Zapata removes
+     Mexico's most ruthless destructionist and implacable enemy of
+     peaceful regeneration.</p>
+
+<p>     "Now, on the wreckage of his empire, where the rebel chief laughed
+     at civilization and played his huge joke on 100,000 confiding
+     workers, General Pablo Gonzalez is placing firm underpinning for
+     freedom and progress.</p>
+
+<p>     "Here in the world's richest garden spot, where exploited humanity
+     has been kept poorest, and where Zapata 'gave' his half-savage
+     followers the land only to commandeer all crops--here the peon is
+     for the first time in centuries enjoying the fruits of his toil and
+     supporting instead of hating government."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The next day, April 25th, 1919. "The Call" published another article of
+Neville's under the title, "Mexican Peons Rejoice in First Taste of
+Freedom." Only a small part of the article will be quoted:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "I stepped into a pulque-reeking cantina. A group of former
+     Zapatistas invited me to join them--to have a glass. It was the
+     open sesame. They chattered like children. Presented me<a id="page_102"></a> with
+     cornhusk cigarettes; told me tales of Zapata; his perfidy, his
+     ruthlessness.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Not more than 800 rebels were yet in arms when Zapata was
+     killed,' they said. These, they explained, had ousted Zapata from
+     leadership because he had refused to divide the loot with them.
+     They told me of Zapata's former army of 30,000, blood-letting
+     surianos and ayetes (unarmed men carrying ropes) who formed the
+     rear guard to carry away the loot....</p>
+
+<p>     "Alongside the old church, where the patriot Morelos had more than
+     a century ago made a successful stand against the Spaniards, a
+     train was disgorging families returning to their homes, now that
+     Zapata was gone.</p>
+
+<p>     "A little man stepped out--the bishop of Cuernavaca, coming back to
+     his diocese under the conciliatory program of Don Pablo after eight
+     years' exile.</p>
+
+<p>     "I rode into the country with Colonel Sanchez Neira and talked with
+     the workmen in the field. They crowded round to pose for pictures.</p>
+
+<p>     "They laughed and sang while they worked.</p>
+
+<p>     "We rode to the headquarters of one of the 2,000,000 acre
+     haciendas. The gigantic sugar mill, formerly worth more than
+     $1,000,000, was a shell filled with debris. We rode to another
+     mill. The same! Thirty-seven of them. All ruined, wrecked wantonly
+     under Zapata's rule.</p>
+
+<p>     "In the village of Youtopec I drank lemonade with Gen. Pilar
+     Sanchez, while Zapata's captured band serenaded us. We rode down
+     the Inter-Oceanic railway and viewed the right of way, strewn with
+     wrecked rolling stock. We saw utterly demolished villages, the work
+     of Zapata and communism.</p>
+
+<p>     "I saw a bridge where train after train was dynamited, where
+     Zapatistas had ruthlessly executed more than three thousand
+     peaceful men, women and children passengers."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>From these articles published in "The Call," the great Socialist paper
+of New York City, it seems that the poverty-stricken, perpetually
+begging staff of Hillquit's paper does not relish the Chicago brand of
+Socialism described so beautifully in the "International Socialist
+Review." The more "talented" and "progressive" "evolutionists" near the
+shore of Lake Michigan have many a year's hard work to perform before
+they can sufficiently develop the brains of their backward chums and
+brethren on the lower east side of New York City. It takes editors like
+Kerr, Haywood, the Marcys and all the Bohns on<a id="page_103"></a> the staff of the
+"Review" to reveal the true glories of Socialism.</p>
+
+<p>As recently as February, 1920, it could safely be said that the
+principles of Socialism had never been put into full operation in any
+country. The nearest approach to a truly Socialist state is Bolshevist
+Russia, that strife-ridden land of crime and bloodshed. The penalty paid
+for the foolish attempt has already been a dreadful one. How much
+greater it will be, as time goes on, nobody knows. The Socialists of
+America have hailed Russian Bolshevism as true Socialism; but, no doubt,
+as the evil consequences of Lenine's Red rule become more widely known
+and more universally feared, or if, even on the low ground of
+materialistic economics, the attempt fails, the slippery Marxians will
+try to prove that Bolshevism was not Socialism after all, since the
+Russian government was a dictatorship, with the principles of Socialism
+never fully applied.</p>
+
+<p>We should add that even if the Russian dictatorship succeeds in
+realizing the mere economic success which seems to be the height of its
+ambition, this will not prove to be an argument in favor of Socialism,
+but a terrible indictment of it. For the road the dictatorship is now
+taking, which indeed offers it the only possible hope of even a passable
+economic success, is the barren, heartless, unspiritual, materialistic
+tyranny of machine-like "industrialism" which the I. W. W. represents.
+In the two chapters immediately following, VIII and IX, the reader will
+learn something of the loss of all moral standards and the cruel,
+lawless violence to which the atheistic, anarchistic materialism of
+I. W. W.'ism leads; and will also find that Bolshevism is already
+committed to this system as the only economic solution of its bloody
+experiment.</p>
+
+<p>Is it worth while? In Chapters X and XI the reader will face some of the
+appalling details of the blood, violence and despair which have been
+tyrannically imposed upon Russia's groaning millions for the sake of an
+experiment which leads to nothing but the pagan barbarism of I. W.
+W.'ism. Is it worth while? Even if at last they are able to produce and
+distribute enough to clothe and feed themselves, can human beings be
+happy in such a state? Is this the dream of the dreamer come true?</p>
+
+<p>Again, the hope of a bare economic solution of the question of bread and
+butter is possible in Russia only through such an absolute and tyrannous
+dictatorship as has been established, under which the reluctant and
+disorganized proletariat can be<a id="page_104"></a> forced back to work, whether they wish
+or no, at the point of the bayonets of the Red Guard. Would the American
+working-man think this worth while in America?</p>
+
+<p>It has been said that the Lenine desperadoes are determined to win an
+economic success even at the cost of forcing Russian labor to toil under
+literal military conscription. If they do this, they may
+succeed--economically merely. But does American labor think such an
+experiment <i>here</i> would be worth what it costs?</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, in the Russian land of Socialistic experiment the people,
+left to themselves by the other nations, cannot find peace among
+themselves. Why should there be peace as long as any manhood is left in
+Russia to lift up its hand out of its despair against its Bolshevist
+oppressors? Is civil war worth while--for such a barren result?</p>
+
+<p>Finally, if the proletarian tyrants wear all Russia down until a spirit
+of resistance is left in no breast, still will there be no peace; for,
+as will be found quoted elsewhere in this book, Lenine declares that
+Socialism cannot endure in a world half Socialistic and half
+Capitalistic, so that his wretched Russian slaves seem likely to be
+dragged into a war against the rest of the world to help out the crazy
+experiment of domination by the proletariat. Is it worth while?<a id="page_105"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch08">
+<h2>CHAPTER VIII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE I. W. W.</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>The I. W. W., or the so-called "Industrial Workers of the World," whose
+policy may be summed up in the words, "I Want to Wreck," and who in
+derision are termed the "I Won't Works," the "Imported Weary Willies"
+and the "Wobblies," enjoy the unenviable reputation of being classed
+among the most insurrectionary, impious and infamous workers of the
+world to-day. This industrial union, also known as the One Big Union, is
+the bitter rival of the American Federation of Labor. Joseph J. Ettor,
+in his I. W. W. pamphlet, "Industrial Unionism," page 5, speaking of the
+fear that people have of the I. W. W. says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Yes, gentle reader, our ideas, our principles and object are
+     certainly dangerous and menacing, applied by a united working class
+     would shake society and certainly those who are now on top
+     sumptuously feeding upon the good things they have not produced
+     would feel the shock."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The I. W. W. was organized at a secret conference in Chicago, January 2,
+1905, attended by 26 of the most radical Socialists in the country,
+including Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood, William E. Trautman,
+Thomas J. Haggerty, Daniel MacDonald, Charles H. Moyer, Charles O.
+Sherman, Frank Bohn and A. M. Simons. Daniel De Leon was prominent at
+the first convention, June 27, 1905, and for three years afterward, the
+organization being founded on his theory that the Socialistic revolution
+would not come by voting but by a violent seizure of the industries of
+the country by Socialistic workmen industrially organized.</p>
+
+<p>"The One Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, page 4, referring to the
+hungry and desperate masses tells us:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In some countries these revolting, desperate masses may come out
+     victorious, and establish a rule of their own, like the Russian
+     Bolsheviki, only to find that they will have to keep on running
+     society on private ownership basis, until industrial organization
+     of the workers is so far advanced that it can take over the
+     responsibility. There is no way in which the masses<a id="page_106"></a> can escape
+     industrial unionism. What they do not want to do now at our
+     prompting, they will have to do later of their own initiative,
+     driven by economic necessity. Our new society is bound to come. It
+     will be firmly established in ten years if we are energetic. It
+     will take longer if we are indifferent. We cannot stand still
+     socially, because there is no footing before we reach the bottom.
+     We cannot go back, any more than the butterfly can again become a
+     larva. We must go forward to Industrial Democracy."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On page 23 of the same issue of "The One Big Union Monthly" we are
+informed that Industrial Unionism is International:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Industrial unionism arises out of and is modeled after modern
+     capitalism. Unlike trade unionism, it is not born of the capitalism
+     of fifty years ago. Industrial unionism recognizes that capitalism
+     is not only interindustrial, so to speak, but also international.
+     That just as it binds industries together by means of machine
+     processes and financial investments, so also does capitalism tend
+     to bind nations together. Industrial unionism follows the same
+     trend. It, too, is not only interindustrial but also international.
+     Industrial unionism seeks to organize the industrial workers of the
+     world just as capitalism seeks to exploit them. Industrial unionism
+     is spreading wherever international capitalism exists. Like
+     international capitalism, industrial unionism knows no boundaries,
+     color, race, creed or sex. As international capitalism knows only
+     profit, industrial unionism knows only the industrial exploitation
+     by which profit is possible. Industrial unionism organizes to make
+     industrial exploitation an impossibility. And capitalism is its
+     most valued assistant."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Ettor, in "Industrial Unionism," page 21, tells us, that the I. W. W.
+does not organize by trades, but by industries: "All the workers in any
+plant, factory, mine, mill or any given industry in a given locality
+organize in one Local Industrial Union. All the Local Industrial Unions
+of a given general industry are banded together in the National
+Industrial Union. The National Industrial Unions are banded again
+stronger in the Industrial Department and then all Departments, six in
+all, are brought under one head, the General Administration of the I. W.
+W. One Big Union of all workers, welded together in such a manner that,
+imbued with the war cry: 'an injury to one is an injury to all,' all its
+members can act together in fighting the common enemy."<a id="page_107"></a></p>
+
+<p>Explaining organization by industries rather than by trades, "The One
+Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, page 25, takes for instance the
+stockyards:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We do not know how many crafts there are in the stockyards, but
+     there are many. According to the old style, these crafts would be
+     organized each by itself, the carpenters belonging to the national
+     union of carpenters, the engineers to the national union of
+     engineers, the butchers to the national union of butchers, etc. It
+     also belongs to old style unionism to leave the unskilled workers
+     unorganized. Our method would be to organize all the workers in a
+     plant, as a branch of the Stockyard Workers' Industrial Union. This
+     would imply the cancelling of trade distinctions and craft lines.
+     As against the employer we would face him not as butchers,
+     laborers, carpenters or engineers, but as stockyard workers, no
+     matter whether we are office clerks or laborers, or carpenters, or
+     engineers. This is what we mean with industrial unionism. The
+     various branches would combine into district organizations if
+     necessary, and all of them together would form the Stockyard
+     Workers' Industrial Union as part of the Industrial Workers of the
+     World. By being thus organized we hope to be able to carry on the
+     fight locally, or by districts, or on a national scale with better
+     chance of success, than if we were split up in a great number of
+     unions in each plant, with little or no contact with one another.
+     The advantages of the one big union idea are so apparent that no
+     honest worker will, in earnest, contradict us."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The famous Preamble to the platform of the I. W. W. throws a startling
+light upon this revolutionary industrial union, which has, within recent
+years, been getting a very strong hold on immigrants from Europe:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The working class and the employing class have nothing in common.
+     There can be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among
+     millions of the working people, and the few who make up the
+     employing class have all the good things of life.</p>
+
+<p>     "Between these two classes a struggle must go on until the workers
+     of the world organize as a class, take possession of the earth and
+     the machinery of production and abolish the wage system.</p>
+
+<p>     "We find that the centering of the management of industries into
+     fewer hands makes the trade unions unable to cope with the
+     ever-growing power of the employing class.<a id="page_108"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "These conditions can be changed and the interests of the working
+     class upheld only by an organization formed in such a way that all
+     its members in any one industry, or in all industries if necessary,
+     cease work whenever a strike or lockout is on in any department
+     thereof, thus making an injury to one, an injury to all.</p>
+
+<p>     "Instead of the conservative motto, 'A fair day's wages for a fair
+     day's work,' we must inscribe on our banner the revolutionary
+     watchword, 'Abolition of the wage system.'</p>
+
+<p>     "It is the historic mission of the working class to do away with
+     capitalism. The army of production must be organized, not only for
+     the every-day struggle with the capitalists, but also to carry on
+     production when capitalism shall have been overthrown. By
+     organizing industrially we are forming a structure of the new
+     society within the shell of the old."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Giovannitti, editor of the New York City Italian Socialist publication,
+"Il Proletario," one of the official Socialist organs enumerated in the
+"Proceedings<sup><a href="#fn_9" id="fna_9">9</a></sup> of the 1910 National Congress of the Socialist Party,"
+writing in the April 5, 1913, edition of his paper, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The aim of the Socialists and of the Syndicalists is precisely
+     that of dispossessing the middle class by transferring property to
+     the working class.</p>
+
+<p>     "We shall take possession of the industries for three very simple
+     reasons: because we need them, because we desire them, and because
+     we have the power to take them.</p>
+
+<p>     "Whether it is just or unjust, moral or immoral, it is no concern
+     to us. We shall waste no time whatever in providing the validity of
+     our legal titles, yet, if it will be necessary, after the
+     dispossession will have been accomplished, we shall engage a couple
+     of lawyers and judges to adjust the contracts and to render the act
+     perfectly legal and respectable. So, too, if it will be necessary,
+     we shall find a couple of most learned bishops to sanctify it.
+     These matters can always be arranged--all that is strong and
+     powerful becomes in time just and moral--and for this reason, we
+     Syndicalists maintain that the social revolution is not a question
+     of necessity and justice, but of necessity and strength."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The New Unionism," by Tridon, on page 112, informs us that Arturo
+Giovannitti was, in turn, a minter, a bookkeeper, a theological student,
+a mission preacher and a tramp. Ettor, in "Industrial Unionism," page
+15, speaking of the I. W. W. principles of morality, says:<a id="page_109"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "New conceptions of Right and Wrong must generate and permeate the
+     workers. We must look on conduct and actions that advance the
+     social and economic position of the working class as Right,
+     ethically, legally, religiously, socially and by every other
+     measurement. That conduct and those actions which aid, help to
+     maintain and give comfort to the capitalist class, we must consider
+     as Wrong by every standard."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The New Unionism," page 104, gives us Vincent St. John's statement of
+the methods and tactics employed by the I. W. W., of which he has been a
+prominent leader:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "As a revolutionary organization the Industrial Workers of the
+     World aims to use any and all tactics that will get the results
+     sought with the least expenditure of time and energy. The tactics
+     used are determined solely by the power of the organization to make
+     good in their use. The question of 'right' and 'wrong' does not
+     concern us. No terms made with an employer are final. All peace so
+     long as the wage system lasts is but an armed truce. At any
+     favorable opportunity the struggle for more control of industry is
+     renewed....</p>
+
+<p>     "The organization does not allow any part to enter into time
+     contracts with the employers. It aims where strikes are used, to
+     paralyze all branches of the industry involved, when the employers
+     can least afford a cessation of work--during the busy season and
+     when there are rush orders to be filled."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the Socialist Labor Party paper, "Weekly People," New York, February
+10, 1912, the following article by Arthur Giovannitti shows the part
+that the I. W. W. is expected to take in bringing about the Marxian
+rebellion through the instrumentality of a general strike:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The future of Socialism lies only in the general strike, not
+     merely a quiet political strike, but one that once started should
+     go fatally to its end, i.e., armed insurrection, and the forcible
+     overthrow of all existing social conditions.... The task of
+     revolution is not to construct the new society, but to demolish the
+     old one, and, therefore, its first aim should be at the complete
+     destruction of the existing state, so as to render it absolutely
+     powerless to react and re-establish itself.... The I. W. W. must
+     develop itself as the new legislature and the new executive body of
+     the land, undermine the existing one, and gradually absorb the
+     functions of the state until it can entirely substantiate it
+     through the only means it has, the revolution."
+<a id="page_110"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On May 1, 1919, plans for a nation-wide strike on July 4th were
+disclosed by I. W. W. orators at a mass meeting in the workingmen's
+hall, 119 South Throop Street, Chicago. It was Simms, a colored man, who
+gave the details of the strike plan:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The workmen will lay down their tools on July 4th, and on the
+     morning of July 5th not one will take them up again....</p>
+
+<p>     "It will be the opening of the social revolution. Moreover, not one
+     workman will take up his tools again until every prisoner of the
+     workers now incarcerated in the capitalistic prisons is released."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The One Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, page 22, declares:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Socialism rears new institutions. It weaves a new fabric for our
+     social life. In Russia it is the Soviets; in America it is the One
+     Big Union. This fabric is proletarian only. Within its limits the
+     Socialist Revolutionist halts. This new organism--this One Big
+     Union--may, or may not seek Democracy. Democracy is merely a method
+     of governing. If that method leads to Socialist goals it will be
+     followed. Otherwise, we will seek further for our avenue. But the
+     great end is proletarianism. It is the social ownership of the
+     means of production. It is the creation of a society where all
+     classes will be melted into one, and where the class war will
+     soften into an all-race proletarianism."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Another I. W. W. publication, "The Evolution of Industrial Democracy,"
+page 40, speaking of government after the "Wobblies" get into power,
+goes still further:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Government, as now understood will disappear--there being no
+     servile class to be held in subjection--but in its place will be an
+     administration of affairs."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Relative to property rights in the future, "The Evolution of Industrial
+Democracy," page 39, informs us:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Rights of inheritance would disappear with the right to hold
+     private property in the lands, tools and machinery of production.
+     Any accumulation by the individual that might be used for
+     exploitation would pass to the collectivity at the death of the
+     holder. Society would be the heir of the individual and, vice
+     versa, the individuals would be the heirs of society. The right to
+     freely function at the machines and enjoy the social value of his
+     toil would guarantee the worker a full competence."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>As regards compensation for work in accordance with the I. W. W. plan,
+we are told on page 39:<a id="page_111"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Compensation in the industries would necessarily be upon the basis
+     of the 'man-day'--the average production of an average man in an
+     average day when working under average conditions--and in those
+     industries not of an actual productive nature, such as 'public
+     service,' etc., the man-day must prevail there also (being based
+     upon the average production of all the industries served) for the
+     reason that no man could be induced to serve for less than that
+     average--to do so being to confess himself an inferior being--and
+     to compel him to serve for less would be to set up a new slavery,
+     which the moral sense of the new community could not endure."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Giovannitti, in "Il Proletario," New York, April 5, 1913, gives a lesson
+in sabotage to the Italian Socialists and members of the I. W. W.:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We are not yet sufficiently strong to restore them [i.e., the
+     instruments of production] to ourselves, it is true, but it is also
+     true that we cannot allow any opportunity to escape of reaping any
+     advantage from them.</p>
+
+<p>     "Thus, if to-morrow we shall be justified in wrenching from
+     capitalism all the industries, why, when it is a question of life
+     or death for us to win or to lose a strike, is it not just to
+     remove a screw, derange a wheel, break a thread, or commit, in any
+     way whatever, an act of sabotage on a machine which otherwise would
+     become the very beginning of our defeat in the hands of the scabs?</p>
+
+<p>     "We cannot understand how it is still possible while we have a
+     right to all the produce of our work, we have not an entire right
+     to a part of it."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Other illustrations of sabotage may be of interest to the reader. The
+following one is taken from the Chicago "Syndicalist," February 15,
+1913:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "A few drops of sulphuric acid placed on top of a pile of woolen or
+     cotton goods never stops going down.</p>
+
+<p>     "Two decks of cards in a grain separator cover the screen and cause
+     the grain to vanish out of the blower.</p>
+
+<p>     "A piece of iron dropped in a crucible full of glass will eat
+     through it. Crucibles are made of graphite and cost $40.</p>
+
+<p>     "A handful of salt in paint will allow a good-looking job for a day
+     or two, but when dry will fall off in sheets.</p>
+
+<p>     "Maclay Hoyne, Chicago's district attorney, is analyzing a
+     spontaneous fire powder that allows the user to be miles away when
+     it breaks forth.<a id="page_112"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "Castor oil capsules dissolved in varnish destroy the ability of
+     the latter to dry. The job must be washed down and started all over
+     again.</p>
+
+<p>     "The suffragettes of England have significantly notified their
+     opponents that a fire in every shire was the way the word was
+     flashed in days gone by."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Pages 40 to 48 of "The New Unionism," by Tridon, furnish us with some
+more barbarous examples of sabotage:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We may distinguish three forms of sabotage:</p>
+
+<p>     "1. Active sabotage which consists in the damaging of goods or
+     machinery.</p>
+
+<p>     "2. Open-mouthed sabotage, beneficial to the ultimate consumer, and
+     which consists in exposing or defeating fraudulent commercial
+     practices.</p>
+
+<p>     "3. Obstructionism or passive sabotage, which consists in carrying
+     out orders literally, regardless of consequences.</p>
+
+<p>     "If you are an engineer you can, with two cents' worth of powdered
+     stone or a pinch of sand, stall your machine, cause a loss of time
+     or make expensive repairs necessary. If you are a joiner or
+     woodworker, what is simpler than to ruin furniture without your
+     boss noticing it, and thereby drive his customers away? A garment
+     worker can easily spoil a suit or a bolt of cloth; if you are
+     working in a department store, a few spots on a fabric cause it to
+     be sold for next to nothing; a grocery clerk, by packing up goods
+     carelessly, brings about a smashup; in the woolen or the
+     haberdashery trade a few drops of acid on the goods you are
+     wrapping will make a customer furious ... an agricultural laborer
+     may sow bad seed in wheat fields," etc.</p>
+
+<p>     "With two cents' worth of a certain stuff, used by one who knows, a
+     locomotive can be made absolutely useless."</p>
+
+<p>     "The first thing to do before going out on strike is to cripple all
+     the machinery. Then the contest is even between employer and
+     worker, for the cessation of work really stops all life in the
+     capitalists' camp. Are bakery workers planning to go on strike? Let
+     them pour in the ovens a few pints of petroleum or of any other
+     greasy or pungent matter. After that, soldiers or scabs may come
+     and bake bread. The smell will not come out of the tiles for three
+     months. Is a strike in sight in steel mills? Pour sand or emery
+     into the oil cups."</p>
+
+<p>     "The electrical industry is one of the most important industries,
+     as an interruption in the current means a lack of light and power
+     in factories; it also means a reduction in the means of
+     transportation and a stoppage of the telegraph and telephone<a id="page_113"></a>
+     systems. How can the power be cut off? By the curtailing in the
+     mine the output of the coal necessary for feeding the machinery or
+     stopping the coal cars on their way to the electrical plants. If
+     the fuel reaches its destination what is simpler than to set the
+     pockets on fire and have the coal burn in the yards instead of the
+     furnaces? It is child's play to put out of work the elevators and
+     other automatic devices which carry coal to the fire room. To put
+     boilers out of order use explosives or silicates or a plain glass
+     bottle which thrown on the glowing coals hinders the combustion and
+     clogs up the smoke exhausts. You can also use acids to corrode
+     boiler tubes; acid fumes will ruin cylinders and piston rods. A
+     small quantity of some corrosive substance, a handful of emery will
+     be the end of oil cups. When it comes to dynamos or transformers,
+     short circuits and inversion of poles can be easily managed.
+     Underground cables can be destroyed by fire, water or explosives,"
+     etc.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The New Unionism," the book from which the above quotations were taken
+and which was purchased by the author of "The Red Conspiracy" at the I.
+W. W. headquarters, 1001 West Madison Street, Chicago, in the latter
+part of the spring of 1919, also informs us on page 123:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "As far as sabotage is concerned, all the I. W. W. speakers and the
+     I. W. W. press countenance it although they steadily warn the
+     workers against the indiscriminate and unsocial use of that weapon
+     of warfare."
+<a id="page_114"></a></p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch09">
+<h2>CHAPTER IX</h2>
+
+<h3>INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD IN ACTION</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Members of the I. W. W. and Socialists who advocate sabotage or get into
+trouble in one way or another, especially in strikes, are often put into
+prison for their revolutionary talk or their violent methods. The One
+Big Industrial Union and, of course, the Socialist Party then proclaim
+their innocence, collect funds for their defense, and urge all the
+working men of our country to strike in behalf of amnesty for "poor,
+persecuted, noble protagonists of the cause of labor jailed because
+freedom of speech and liberty of action are no longer tolerated by the
+government." Thus on page 409 of the February, 1918, edition of the
+"International Socialist Review," which was suppressed by the United
+States Government, we read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Socialists Demand Fair Trial for Indicted I. W. W.--In a
+     declaration adopted by its National Executive Committee the
+     Socialist Party calls for a fair and unprejudiced trial for the
+     indicted members of the Industrial Workers of the World. The demand
+     says:</p>
+
+<p>     "'The Socialist Party repeats its declaration of support of all
+     economic organizations of the working class and declares the
+     lynching, deportation, prosecution and persecution of the
+     Industrial Workers of the World is an attack upon every toiler in
+     America, and we now call attention to the fact that the charges of
+     incendiarism, the burning of crops and forests and of vicious
+     destruction of property, made by the public press against the I. W.
+     W., have been proven pure fabrications when put to legal test. The
+     Socialist Party has always extended its aid, material and moral, to
+     organized labor wherever and whenever it has been attacked by the
+     capitalist class, and this without reference to form of
+     organization or special policies; therefore we pledge our support
+     to the Industrial Workers of the World now facing trial in Chicago
+     and elsewhere, and demand for them a fair and unprejudiced trial
+     and urge our members to use every effort to assist the Industrial
+     Workers of the World by familiarizing the public with the real
+     facts, to overcome the<a id="page_115"></a> falsehoods and misinformation with which
+     the capitalist press has poisoned and prejudiced the public mind
+     and judgment against these workers, who are now singled out for
+     destruction, just as other labor organizations and leaders have
+     been singled out for destruction by the same capitalist forces in
+     the past."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Socialist Party, in pledging its support to the Industrial Workers
+of the World, pledges its support to a revolutionary organization like
+itself. "The One Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, page 4, under the
+caption, "The Red Tidal Wave," says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "With great satisfaction we record the fact that the red
+     revolutionary wave is encircling the globe, sweeping away the last
+     remnants of feudal rubbish from the body social, and some of the
+     capitalistic. The world war acted like a vigorous laxative on the
+     stomach of the nations."</p>
+
+<p>     "The Rebel Worker," an I. W. W. paper of New York City, in its
+     issue of April 15, 1919, after printing the word, "Revolution" in
+     the heaviest type all the way across the paper, publishes an
+     article on the first page entitled "Terrible Days Ahead in the
+     United States."</p>
+
+<p>     "'The United States is in the grip of a bloody revolution!
+     Thousands of workers are slaughtered by machine guns in New York
+     City! Washington is on fire! Industry is at a standstill and
+     thousands of workers are starving! The government is using the most
+     brutal and repressive measures to put down the revolution!
+     Disorganization, crime, chaos, rape, murder and arson are the order
+     of the day--the inevitable results of social revolution!'</p>
+
+<p>     "The above is what we may expect to see on the front pages of what
+     few newspapers survive the upheaval. No one who has the interest of
+     the working class at heart wants to see such a revolution. But
+     whether those interested in the working class want to see such a
+     revolution or not, there are powerful forces in the United States
+     that are making for just such a catastrophe. The Industrial Workers
+     of the World has in the past and is now using all of its energies
+     to avert such a cataclysmic debacle. It is not yet too late to
+     avoid this terrible and sanguinary strife--provided that the I. W. W.
+     is allowed to carry out its program of organizing and educating the
+     workers for the purpose of taking control of, and operating
+     industry and giving to those who work the full social value of the
+     product of their labor."<a id="page_116"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "The New Solidarity," the Chicago organ of the I. W. W., in its
+     edition of April 19, 1919, publishes on the editorial page an
+     article entitled, "When We Are Ready," part of which is hereby
+     quoted:</p>
+
+<p>     "Frequently the question is asked how the proletariat is to know
+     when they are ready for the revolution, how it would be possible to
+     know a sufficient number were class conscious enough for the
+     revolutionary change. This question is asked with the idea that
+     there must be a periodical counting of noses, and that little or
+     nothing may be done except educate until an absolute majority has
+     been obtained....</p>
+
+<p>     "It matters not how many members of the working class do or do not
+     stand up to be counted for or against capitalism, just as soon as
+     the organized workers can overthrow that system of industry they
+     will do it and not wait to be counted....</p>
+
+<p>     "To wait for majorities at all times is to enervate and emasculate
+     the working class movement. To constantly attack, and attack for
+     the purpose of taking and administering industry for the workers by
+     action on the job and in the Union halls, is to strengthen and
+     encourage the workers in their task, and is the plan that must
+     ultimately win the age-long struggle against exploitation."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On September 5, 1917, the I. W. W. headquarters, 1001 West Madison
+street, Chicago, and the Socialist headquarters were raided by the
+United States authorities. On March 10, 1919, Solicitor General Lamar of
+the Post Office Department submitted a memorandum to the Senate
+propaganda committee stating that the I. W. W., anarchists, socialists
+and others were "perfecting an amalgamation with one object--the
+overthrow of the government of the United States by means of a bloody
+revolution and the establishment of a Bolshevik Republic." Mr. Lamar
+said his conclusion was based upon information contained in seized mail
+matter. Accompanying the memorandum were several hundred excerpts from
+the mail matter. The solicitor named the following organs, published in
+the interest of the I. W. W. or Bolshevist movements: "The New
+Solidarity," English, weekly, Chicago; "One Big Union," English,
+monthly, Chicago; "Industrial Unionist," English, weekly, Seattle;
+"California Defense Bulletin," English, weekly, San Francisco; "The
+Rebel Worker," English, bi-monthly, New York; "La Neuva Solidaridad,"
+Spanish, weekly, Chicago; "Golos Truzenta," Russian, weekly, Chicago;
+"Il Nuovo Proletario," Italian, weekly, Chicago; "Nya Varlden,"
+Swedish,<a id="page_117"></a> weekly, Chicago; "Der Industrialer Arbiter," Jewish, weekly,
+Chicago; "Probuda," Bulgarian, weekly, Chicago; "A. Fels Badulas,"
+Hungarian, weekly, Chicago. After referring to the excerpts from the
+seized mail matter, the solicitor general's memorandum said in part:
+"This propaganda is being conducted with such regularity that its
+magnitude can be measured by the bold and outspoken statements contained
+in these publications and the efforts made therein to inaugurate a
+nation-wide reign of terror and overthrow of the government.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In classifying these statements, they are submitted in a major or
+     general class as follows: I. W. W., anarchistic,
+     radical-socialistic and socialist. It will be seen from these
+     excerpts and it is indeed significant that this is the first time
+     in the history of the so-called radical movement in the United
+     States that the radical elements have found a common cause
+     (Bolshevism) in which they can all unite. The I. W. W.,
+     anarchistic, socialists, radical and otherwise, in fact all
+     dissatisfied elements, particularly the foreign element, are
+     perfecting amalgamation with one object, and with one object in
+     view, namely, the overthrow of the government of the United States
+     by the means of a bloody revolution and the establishment of a
+     Bolshevik republic.</p>
+
+<p>     "The I. W. W. is perhaps most actively engaged in spreading this
+     propaganda and has at its command a large field force known as
+     recruiting agents, subscription agents, etc., who work unceasingly
+     in the furtherance of 'the cause!'</p>
+
+<p>     "This organization publishes at least five newspapers in the
+     English language and nine in foreign languages. This list comprises
+     only official papers of the organization and does not take into
+     account the large number of free lance papers published in the
+     interest of the above organization."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the April 19, 1913, edition of "Solidarity," the eastern organ of the
+I. W. W., we are informed that "among other diseases common to all
+nations and particularly prevalent in the United States is respect for
+law and order." The same edition of the paper extends greetings to "all
+Rebels" from its new home in Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>During the 1913 Paterson strike, which was managed by the I. W. W.,
+Quinlan, one of the leaders, declared on May 17th:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Paterson is a dangerous place to live in just at this time, no
+     matter in what direction you are looking. The longer the strike
+     lasts, the stronger and more bitter and the madder the workers are
+     growing. Out of it all we want to build up an<a id="page_118"></a> organization that
+     will be able to fight efficiently, and fight to win--to fight to
+     win, if necessary, by dying.</p>
+
+<p>     "And we are going to win this strike or Paterson will be wiped off
+     the map. If the strike is not won Paterson will be a howling
+     wilderness and a graveyard industrially, because the workers will
+     not stay there. We have had too long and bitter a fight to lay down
+     what we have gained so far. Heaven might fall and hell might break
+     loose, but the strike is going to be won."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Boyd, another speaker, is reported as saying on the same day:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We are going to get what we want whether the courts want it or
+     not. We are going to call a general strike, if it is necessary, to
+     free our fellow-workers. We are going to cut off the lights in
+     Paterson, and tie up the street car system. We shall reduce the
+     city to a condition of absolute helplessness. We are going to
+     paralyze Paterson, and we are going to win in Paterson just as we
+     are going to win in New York City."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Robert Plunkett, said to be a former Cornell student, who was introduced
+as a "fellow-worker," urged the strikers and their sympathizers to use
+every means to free their leaders, even if Paterson had to "starve or go
+naked." He said that the lights would be put out in Paterson, and that
+the street cars would be tied up, so that Paterson would become a dead
+city.</p>
+
+<p>Mohl, who also made his appearance at the silk mills strike in Paterson,
+declared on May 18, 1913:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The American flag is pretty to look at. Its colors are
+     striking--red, white, and blue, with two or three twinkling stars
+     here and there, but it is not good to eat."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The I. W. W. is, of course, an atheistic and anti-religious
+organization. In the March 1, 1919, issue of "The One Big Union
+Monthly," page 40, we read under the caption, "Help Wanted, Male or
+Female:"</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Priest or Minister to show the One Big Union family why our
+     Solidarity Dogma is not superior to the ethical teachings of Jesus,
+     Buddha or Mohammed, also to demonstrate the inside of the religious
+     business, and where it is interwoven with Wall street."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Call," New York, May 3, 1919, in an editorial on "The Bomb Plot,"
+which had just aroused the whole nation, said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The bomb and torch have not the slightest relation to any branch
+     of the organized labor movement in this country, and<a id="page_119"></a> the editors
+     know it. Those who print such unfounded and slanderous insinuations
+     place themselves in the same class as the would-be-assassin."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This editorial was published the day after the following special
+dispatch was sent to "The New York Times:"</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Sioux City, Iowa, May 2.--'We will blow the whole town to hell if
+     you put Mayor Short out of office.' This was the threat on a
+     postcard addressed to E. J. Stanson, who is trying to secure the
+     recall of Mayor Short. The card was received today. It was signed
+     'I. W. W. Alliance for Short.' The police are rounding up all
+     suspicious characters, and those known to have a leaning toward the
+     Bolshevists of the I. W. W. Citizens are seeking to oust Short
+     because he welcomed delegates to a recent 'wobblies' convention
+     here."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the latter part of the spring of 1919 the author of "The Red
+Conspiracy" obtained at the I. W. W. headquarters in Chicago a leaflet
+entitled, "To Colored Workingmen and Women!" Part of it is hereby
+quoted:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "To the black race, who, but recently, with the assistance of the
+     white men of the northern states, broke their chains of bondage and
+     ended chattel slavery, a prospect of further freedom, of Real
+     Freedom, should be most appealing.</p>
+
+<p>     "For it is a fact that the negro worker is no better off under the
+     freedom he has gained than the slavery from which he has escaped.
+     As chattel slaves we were the property of our masters, and as a
+     piece of valuable property our masters were considerate of us and
+     careful of our health and welfare. Today, as wage-workers, the boss
+     may work us to death at the hardest and most hazardous labor, at
+     the longest hours, at the lowest pay; we may quietly starve when
+     out of work and the boss loses nothing by it and has no interest in
+     us. To him the worker is but a machine for producing profits, and
+     when you, as a slave who sells himself to the master on the
+     installment plan, become old, or broken in health or strength or
+     should you be killed while at work, the master merely gets another
+     wage slave on the same terms.</p>
+
+<p>     "We who have worked in the south know that conditions in lumber and
+     turpentine camps, in the fields of cane, cotton and tobacco, in the
+     mills and mines of Dixie, are such that the workers suffer a more
+     miserable existence than ever prevailed among the chattel slaves
+     before the great Civil War....</p>
+
+<p>     "The only problem, then, which the colored worker should consider,
+     as a worker, is the problem of organizing with other<a id="page_120"></a> workingmen in
+     the labor organization that best expresses the interest of the
+     whole working class against the slavery and oppression of the whole
+     capitalist class. Such an organization is the I. W. W., the
+     Industrial Workers of the World."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The One Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, page 6, publishes an article
+entitled, "The Chinese and the I. W. W.":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Chinese workers in this country have discovered the I. W.
+     W....</p>
+
+<p>     "Long enough have workers been divided along colored lines. The
+     old, old misunderstanding created by our masters is fading away as
+     we mutually discover that we are all condemned to slavery if
+     divided, and that freedom is ours if we unite. The accessions of
+     Chinese workers to our ranks fills us with great joy. May they also
+     succeed in soon carrying the gospel of Working Class Solidarity and
+     Industrial Organization to their native country. That hope takes
+     the sadness out of the news of their possible deportation."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"I. W. W. Songs," a Red booklet published at the Chicago headquarters,
+has already met with such popularity among the "Wobblies" that fourteen
+editions have been published. Several songs, showing the spirit of the
+Reds, are given here:</p>
+
+<p>
+         <span class="smallcaps">The Preacher and the Slave</span>
+                       By Joe Hill
+             (Tune: "Sweet Bye and Bye")</p>
+
+<p>    Long-haired preachers come out every night,
+    Try to tell you what's wrong and what's right;
+    But when asked how 'bout something to eat
+    They will answer with voices so sweet:</p>
+
+<p>              <i>Chorus</i></p>
+
+<p>      You will eat, bye and bye,
+      In that glorious land above the sky;
+      Work and pray, live on hay,
+      You'll get pie in the sky when you die.</p>
+
+<p>    And the starvation army they play,
+    And they sing and they clap and they pray.
+    Till they get all your coin on the drum,
+    Then they'll tell you when you're on the bum:</p>
+
+<p>    Holy Rollers and jumpers come out,
+    And they holler, they jump and they shout.
+    "Give your money to Jesus," they say,
+    "He will cure all diseases to-day."<a id="page_121"></a></p>
+
+<p>    If you fight hard for children and wife--
+    Try to get something good in this life--
+    You're a sinner and bad man, they tell,
+    When you die you will sure go to hell.</p>
+
+<p>    Workingmen of all countries, unite,
+    Side by side we for freedom will fight;
+    When the world and its wealth we have gained
+    To the grafters we'll sing this refrain:</p>
+
+<p>             <i>Last Chorus</i></p>
+
+<p>      You will eat, bye and bye,
+      When you've learned how to cook and to fry,
+      Chop some wood, 'twill do you good,
+      And you'll eat in the sweet bye and bye.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>                      <span class="smallcaps">Tie 'Em Up!</span></p>
+
+<p>               (Words and music by G. G. Allen)</p>
+
+<p>    We have no fight with brothers of the old A. F. of L.,
+    But we ask you use your reason with the facts we have to tell.
+    Your craft is but protection for a form of property,
+    The skill that you are losing, don't you see.
+    Improvements on machinery take your tool and skill away,
+    And you'll be among the common slaves upon some fateful day.
+    Now the things of which we're talking we are mighty sure about.--
+    So what's the use to strike the way you can't win out?</p>
+
+<p>              <i>Chorus</i></p>
+
+<p>    Tie 'em up! Tie 'em up! That's the way to win.
+    Don't notify the bosses till hostilities begin.
+    Don't furnish chance for gunmen, scabs and all their like;
+    What you need is One Big Union and the One Big Strike.</p>
+
+<p>    Why do you make agreements that divide you when you fight
+    And let the bosses bluff you with the contract's "sacred right?"
+    Why stay at work when other crafts are battling with the foe,
+    You all must stick together, don't you know.
+    The day when you begin to see the classes waging war
+    You can join the biggest tie-up that was ever known before.
+    When the strikes all o'er the country are united into one,
+    Then the workers' One Big Union all the wheels shall run.<a id="page_122"></a></p>
+
+
+
+
+<p>                          <span class="smallcaps">Walking on the Grass</span></p>
+
+<p>                        (Tune: "The Wearing of the Green")</p>
+
+<p>    In this blessed land of freedom where King Mammon wears the crown,
+    There are many ways illegal now to hold the people down.
+    When the dudes of state militia are slow to come to time,
+    The law upholding Pinkertons are gathered from the slime.
+    There are wisely framed injunctions that you must not leave your job,
+    And a peaceable assemblage is declared to be a mob,
+    And Congress passed a measure framed by some consummate ass,
+    So they are clubbing men and women just for walking on the grass.</p>
+
+<p>    In this year of slow starvation, when a fellow looks for work,
+    The chances are a cop will grab his collar with a jerk;
+    He will run him in for vagrancy, he is branded as a tramp,
+    And all the well-to-do will shout: "It serves him right, the scamp!"
+    So we let the ruling class maintain the dignity of law,
+    When the court decides against us we are filled with wholesome awe,
+    But we cannot stand the outrage without a little sauce
+    When they're clubbing men and women just for walking on the grass.</p>
+
+<p>    The papers said the union men were all but anarchist,
+    So the job trust promised work for all who wouldn't enlist;
+    But the next day when the hungry horde surrounded city hall,
+    He hedged and said he didn't promise anything at all.
+    So the powers that be are acting very queer to say the least--
+    They should go and read their Bible and all about Belshazzar's feast,
+    And when mene tekel at length shall come to pass,
+    They'll stop clubbing men and women just for walking on the grass.
+</p>
+
+<p>Although the I. W. W. does not yet officially constitute a part of the
+Socialist organization, still very many of its members are most active
+Socialists. Indeed, it may be said that the I. W. W. is related to the
+Socialist Party quite as closely as a child is to its mother, for not
+only does the I. W. W. owe its origin<a id="page_123"></a> to the followers of Karl Marx,
+but they are its directors and leaders, and have assisted and encouraged
+it in not a few of its principal strikes, notably at Lawrence, Mass.,
+and Paterson, N. J.</p>
+
+<p>Though we readily concede that quite a number of Socialists are
+individually antagonistic to the I. W. W., still they are opposed to it
+not because the I. W. W. differs in essential principles from the
+Socialist Party or even because this unfriendly minority of Socialists
+would oppose violent methods, if such were considered expedient, but
+because the "Yellow" Socialists prefer political action which is made
+light of by the I. W. W. direct actionists who are looked upon as
+enemies, for they seem to be doing harm to the Socialist political
+propaganda. In verification of this, an excellent proof is furnished by
+no less an authority than John Spargo, then a Socialist, and a most
+prolific writer, whose opposition to the Syndicalists and to the direct
+actionists of the Socialist Party was a well established fact even
+before the publication of his book, "Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism
+and Socialism." On page 172 of this work he writes:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "If the class to which I belong could be set free from exploitation
+     by violation of laws made by the master class, by open rebellion,
+     by seizing the property of the rich, by setting the torch to a few
+     buildings, or by the summary execution of a few members of the
+     possessing class, I hope that the courage to share in the work
+     would be mine."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Spargo, in "Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism and Socialism," admits that
+the Socialists have continually and consistently given aid to the
+Industrial Workers of the World in their strikes. Yet notwithstanding
+this active support, many persons have been led to believe that the
+Socialists have repudiated the I. W. W. This incorrect opinion may be
+due to the fact that the Socialist Party did not endorse the I. W. W. at
+its 1912 National Convention, or else to the fact that William D.
+Haywood was subsequently removed by a referendum from the National
+Executive Committee of the Socialist Party. But the 1912 Indianapolis
+Convention of the Socialist Party did not repudiate the Industrial
+Workers of the World. The representatives of the party only declared for
+a neutrality between this organization and the American Federation of
+Labor, and would in all probability have endorsed the I. W. W. and
+repudiated the American Federation of Labor if the Socialists had not
+nursed a hope of getting control of the latter organization<a id="page_124"></a> and turning
+it into an industrial union similar to that of the Industrial Workers of
+the World.</p>
+
+<p>That the Socialist Party by no means repudiated the I. W. W., but on the
+contrary was still on the most friendly terms with it after the 1912
+Convention, is evident from several facts. "The Call," May 17, 1912,
+affirms that the Convention decided for neutrality in affairs of unions.</p>
+
+<p>In the "Appeal to Reason," May 25, 1912, we read: "So after long weeks
+of discussion in the press, after days of apprehensions and fencing for
+advantage, the labor organization committee brought forth a unanimous
+report, which after a few speeches, all expressing the spirit of
+solidarity, was adopted without a dissenting vote. It was a compromise
+resolution. Each side declares itself completely satisfied with it. Each
+declares that it expresses its sentiments."</p>
+
+<p>William D. Haywood, who perhaps more than any other person had the
+interests of the I. W. W. at heart, declared, according to "The Call,"
+May 17, 1912, that with the adoption of this declaration concerning the
+neutrality of the party towards the two rival labor unions he felt that
+he could go to the 8,000,000 workers of the nation and carry to them the
+message of Socialism. "This," he continues, "is the greatest step that
+has yet been taken by the Socialist Party."</p>
+
+<p>Although Haywood was for the time being removed from the National
+Executive Committee of the party, charged with favoring direct action
+rather than political action, he was never expelled from the
+party--which yet boasted so much of the constitutional clause adopted at
+the 1912 National Convention demanding that any member who opposes
+political action, or advocates crime, sabotage, or other methods of
+violence as a weapon of the working class, to aid in its emancipation,
+shall be expelled from membership in the party.</p>
+
+<p>"The New Unionism," page 119, points out some of the "merits" of the I.
+W. W., in comparison made with the Socialist Party, against which it was
+somewhat offended by the anti-sabotage and anti-direct action plank
+adopted at the 1912 National Convention:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "There are vote-getters and politicians who waste their time coming
+     into a community where ninety per cent. of the men have no vote,
+     where the women are disfranchised 100 per cent., and where the boys
+     and girls under age, of course, are not enfranchised. Still they
+     will speak to these people about the power of the ballot, and they
+     never mention a thing about the<a id="page_125"></a> power of the general strike. They
+     seem to lack the foresight, the penetration to interpret political
+     power. They seem to lack the understanding that the broadest
+     interpretation of political power comes through the industrial
+     organization; that the industrial organization is capable not only
+     of the general strike, but prevents the capitalists from
+     disfranchising the worker; it gives the vote to women, it
+     re-enfranchises the black man and places the ballot in the hands of
+     every boy and girl employed in a shop, makes them eligible to take
+     part in the general strike, makes them eligible to legislate for
+     themselves where they are most interested in changing conditions,
+     namely, in the place where they work."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Again we read, on page 122 of "The New Unionism":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The politicians in the Socialist Party, who want offices in the
+     government, fight the I. W. W. because we have no place in our
+     ranks for them, and if our idea prevails, it will crowd them out
+     and destroy their influence as 'saviors of the working class.'
+     These politicians cater for votes to the middle class--to business
+     men, farm owners and other small labor skinners--while the I. W. W.
+     appeals only to wage-workers, and allows none but actual
+     wage-workers to join our ranks. The Socialists can never get a
+     majority of votes for a working class programme (if they had such a
+     programme) because the majority of voters are middle class, since
+     about ten million male wage-workers are disfranchised (being
+     foreigners or floaters without long enough residence in one place
+     to have votes). But the wage-workers are a big majority of the
+     whole people, and produce nearly all wealth, so when they organize
+     as the I. W. W. proposes, the working class will control the
+     country, and with similar organizations in other countries will
+     control the world. Foreigners, women, children and other non-voters
+     at elections, have equal rights in the union, and take part in its
+     activities, regardless of nationality, age, sex, or any other
+     consideration except that they are wage-workers with common
+     interests in opposition to those of the employers."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It may come as a surprise to the reader to hear that at the 1917 St.
+Louis Convention of the Socialist Party the anti-sabotage and
+anti-direct action plank of the Constitution was dropped. The
+"International Socialist Review," May, 1917, page 669, commenting on the
+removal of the clause, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "It has served its purpose, which was to guillotine and drive out
+     most of the revolutionary workers from the party. The Constitution
+     committee recommended that it be striken out<a id="page_126"></a> by unanimous consent
+     without going on the minutes or records. Ruthenberg opposed. He
+     insisted that it be struck out and the minutes show the record of
+     the action. It was carried almost unanimously."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Further on we read in the same issue of "The International Socialist
+Review":</p>
+
+<p>"An industrial union plank to be inserted in the platform was defeated
+by a vote of 63 to 61. Had it been offered as a resolution it would have
+gone through by a big majority." Though most of the Convention favored
+the I. W. W., evidently a small majority feared to put the Socialist
+Party on record.</p>
+
+<p>In 1918 and 1919 the Socialist Party grew more and more friendly to the
+I. W. W. At present they seem to have fallen in love with each other.
+The American Federation of Labor is held in greatest contempt by the
+Socialist press, while the I. W. W. is lauded to the skies. Its meetings
+are advertised, sympathy and aid are extended to its imprisoned
+officials and everything is being done to help it along.</p>
+
+<p>Eugene V. Debs has all along been the sincere friend of the I. W. W. In
+the February, 1918, issue of the "International Socialist Review," page
+395, he says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Every plutocrat, every profiteering pirate, every food vulture,
+     every exploiter of labor, every robber and oppressor of the poor,
+     every hog under a silk tile, every vampire in human form will tell
+     you that the A. F. of L. under Gompers is a great and patriotic
+     organization and that the I. W. W. under Haywood is a gang of
+     traitors in the pay of the bloody Kaiser.</p>
+
+<p>     "Which of these, think you, Mr. Wage-Slave, is your friend and the
+     friend of your class?....</p>
+
+<p>     "The war within the war and beyond the war in which the I. W. W. is
+     fighting--the war of the workers of all countries against the
+     exploiters of all countries--is our war, the war of humanity
+     against its oppressors and despoilers, the holiest war ever waged
+     since the race began."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Call," New York, April 19, 1919, published at the top of its
+editorial page, "Debs' Daily Message from Moundsville Prison:"</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Though Jailed, He Speaketh.</p>
+
+<p>     "The clear voice of the awakened and dauntless few cannot be
+     silenced. The new unionism is being heard. In trumpet tones it
+     rings out its revolutionary shibboleth to all the workers of the
+     earth: 'Our interests are identical--let us combine industrially
+     and politically, assert our united power, achieve<a id="page_127"></a> our freedom,
+     enjoy the fruit of our labor, rid society of parasitism, abolish
+     poverty and civilize the world!'....</p>
+
+<p>     "There can be no peace until the working class is triumphant in
+     this struggle and the wage system is forever wiped from the earth."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the May Day issue of "The Call," May 1, 1919, there is a very long
+article on Debs' Imprisonment by David Karsner, staff correspondent. He
+tells us that on the afternoon of April 28 he sat talking with Debs in
+his little room in the prison hospital at Moundsville, West Virginia,
+and that the many-times presidential candidate of the Socialist Party
+among other things said, when told of an intended visit by Karsner to
+the Leavenworth Federal prison to see William D. Haywood and the other
+93 I. W. W. prisoners:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "I want you to take my love to Bill Haywood and all the other boys
+     you see out there. We all stand shoulder to shoulder together."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The staff correspondent then goes on to say:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The reference of Debs to Haywood and the I. W. W. brought vividly
+     to my mind the little scene enacted between 'Gene' and 'Big Bill'
+     in the corridor of Judge Landis' courtroom in Chicago last August
+     during the I. W. W. trial.</p>
+
+<p>     "'You and the boys are making a great and noble fight,' said Debs
+     to Haywood at that time, patting the cheek of Big Bill. 'You are a
+     born champion of the underdog.' Haywood clasped Debs' in his own
+     great palm and said affectionately, 'You are the champion of the
+     underdog, Gene, and you always will be.' There was something
+     thrilling and inspiring in witnessing this friendly and comradely
+     felicitation between two noble men, both of whom have never
+     retreated one jot from their ideas of emancipation of the working
+     class.</p>
+
+<p>     "I recalled as I saw him this afternoon that seven years ago, or at
+     the time of the Indianapolis Convention of the Socialist party,
+     Debs pleaded for unity of the movement. He refused to be stampeded
+     into any position that would compromise the noble work that
+     confronted himself and the Socialist Party. Debs has always been
+     for industrial unionism. His speeches and writings are filled with
+     the spirit of organization and solidarity on the industrial field
+     as well as on the political. But above everything else he has
+     warned his fellow Socialists and industrialists that the thing to
+     do is to keep united, to solidify their economic and political
+     strength to the end that when our day comes we shall be ready to
+     enjoy the fruits of our victory."
+<a id="page_128"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The One Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, pages 14, 19 and 21, gives
+us some very interesting information about the I. W. W. attitude toward
+Bolshevism and the two extreme groups of the Socialists:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We have long predicted the revolutionary cyclone that is now
+     sweeping over the world, even though few people cared to believe
+     us. We asked them to prepare for it by building up the framework of
+     the new society within the shell of the old, in other words to see
+     to it that we had the new house ready to move into, before we
+     dynamited the old one....</p>
+
+<p>     "Personally we are convinced that Russia will never again return to
+     the old order. The workers have control and they will not let go of
+     it. As the days go by, they will gradually organize production and
+     distribution on the lines of industrial unionism, as Lenine assures
+     us, and that will be their salvation.</p>
+
+<p>     "The plight of the Russian people is a warning to other peoples to
+     immediately start building the new society, by building industrial
+     unions right now, before the structure of the old society topples
+     over. Industrial unions are the only social apparatus that will
+     make abolishment of wage slavery possible....</p>
+
+<p>     "The Bolshevik Revolution has emphasized this sad fact. Socialism
+     in Russia, facing for the first time in Socialist history, the
+     problem of inaugurating a working class state, found itself
+     paralyzed by the existence of a parliamentary form of Democracy.
+     The Revolution was at stake. In order to destroy capitalism it was
+     necessary to destroy parliamentary Democracy, and Lenine destroyed
+     it. In its place he reared a new form of Democracy--the
+     Dictatorship of the Proletariat, which is Socialism.</p>
+
+<p>     "And yet, so misled is the thinking of our European Socialists that
+     in the very presence of a living, accomplished Socialist
+     commonwealth, they hastened to repudiate it because it was not
+     'Democratic.' Plekhanov betrayed it. Kautsky reviled it. Albert
+     Thomas called upon the capitalists of France to send their soldiers
+     there and crush it. Mr. Walling, Mr. Spargo and Mr. Russell
+     baptized themselves into a 'Socialist' crusade to destroy
+     Socialism. Could idiocy be more abject?</p>
+
+<p>     "The alternative is presented, to choose between Socialism or
+     Democracy. Or perhaps it would be better to put it--between
+     industrial Democracy and parliamentary Democracy. And our pitiable
+     Spargos, duped by a stale phrase, abandon their Socialism because
+     it is not 'Democratic.'<a id="page_129"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "In America, it is this same issue of Democracy which has long been
+     the dividing line between the Socialist Party and the I. W. W. Like
+     the Bolshevists of Russia, the I. W. W. have championed Democracy
+     but we have refused to allow the capitalist thinkers to define it
+     for us. We have practiced Democracy in our organization and we have
+     sublimated it into the most perfect of Democratic organizations.
+     But always, it has been a Democracy only of proletarians. We have
+     built the framework of a new society which says that those shall
+     not vote who do not work. And this, indeed, is Socialism.</p>
+
+<p>     "But the political Socialists have feared to draw this distinction.
+     They have not built themselves upon the proletarian rock. Into
+     their ranks they have admitted, not only the butcher, the baker and
+     the candle-stick maker, but also the lawyer, the doctor, the
+     merchant, the sky pilot, yes, and even the capitalists--known as
+     millionaire Socialists. Out of such a medley, a medley philosophy
+     was sprouted. Democracy, to the political Socialists, could not be
+     rigidly proletarian, because the political Socialists, themselves,
+     were not proletarians. And their ideals paled into evasion and
+     compromise.</p>
+
+<p>     "Again, the I. W. W. being proletarian, spurned a parliamentary
+     action which would have drawn it together with the exploiting
+     class. It realized, before Spargo took that fatal dodge, that, from
+     parliamentary Socialism to parliamentary Democracy it was but a
+     step. Hence we spurned politics and parliamentarism, and
+     substituted a Democracy, grouped around unions, and not around
+     parliaments.</p>
+
+<p>     "But the political Socialists, immersed in parliamentary hack work,
+     stifled the Socialist concept of Democracy by recognizing and
+     participating in the capitalist form of Democracy. Entering the
+     parliaments, they dreamed that they could transform these
+     parliaments into Socialist republics. Only too soon they discovered
+     that the parliaments had transformed them into 'Democratic'
+     apologists. Like a poisoning strain, parliamentarism spread out
+     over Socialism. And so, when Socialism came at last in Russia,
+     without the aid of the foolish parliaments, deluded Socialists
+     cried that Bolshevism was not Socialism."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The year 1919 witnessed a very marked drawing together, in the United
+States and throughout the world, of I. W. W.'ism, or Syndicalism, and
+all the bodies of radical, revolutionary Socialism. The Moscow
+Bolshevists gave a great "boost" to the I. W. W. principle of industrial
+unionism by endorsing it<a id="page_130"></a> and declaring that Russia was being
+reorganized economically along similar lines. Bolshevism in Russia, in
+fact, has had the help and counsel of I. W. W. experts from the United
+States, and I. W. W. leaders in America have naturally been elated. John
+Sandgren wrote in "The New Solidarity," April 12, 1919:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The immortal gains of Bolshevism for humanity lie on the political
+     field. When it comes to economic reconstruction, the Bolsheviks are
+     going to find that it cannot be made from the top through laws and
+     regulations. Any attempt to make the people the real owners of the
+     means of production and distribution must start with the industrial
+     organization of the workers themselves as outlined in the I. W. W.
+     program. In the meantime, let us hope that Bolshevism will sweep
+     victoriously over all such parts of the world where it still has a
+     mission to perform. After that, begins the I. W. W. period in human
+     history."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The April 1, 1919, issue of "The One Big Union Monthly," published the
+Russian Communist Party call and invitation to the Moscow Conference
+[see Chapter III for a copy of this document], remarking that "as to the
+general demand for the overthrow of Capitalism, the dis-establishment of
+private ownership and making the working-class the rulers of the world,
+there is apt to be little if any dissension." However, noting that "the
+I. W. W. of this and other countries" had been invited to the
+conference, it declared that "we have no reason to get excited over the
+invitation," since, "with the exception of the I. W. W., there is hardly
+any of the thirty-nine invited bodies who seriously endorse industrial
+unionism as the basis of a new society.... The proposed communist
+conference would consequently be a congress of radical political
+Socialists to consider the question of discontinuing the use of the
+ballot and adopting the methods used by the Russian communists in the
+past in overthrowing capitalist society." The I. W. W. world-scheme is
+then outlined:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The I. W. W. has given up all thought of using the machinery of
+     the present state for its purposes. It proposes to create an
+     entirely new machinery of administration in which not even a
+     particle of the old shall enter as a constituent part. We propose
+     to re-group all mankind on industrial lines in industrial
+     organizations which we hope will make superfluous and crowd out the
+     political groupings which constitute the state. We propose to make
+     the unit of industry, the place of work, the shop, the mill, the
+     field, the ship, the basis of our new social organi<a id="page_131"></a>zation. These
+     units will combine in two different manners. From a purely
+     industrial standpoint, they will unite with other units into large
+     industrial unions, calculated to embrace the whole world, each and
+     every one of them. For the purpose of local administration, we
+     propose that the local industrial units shall form a district
+     industrial council or local administrative body to take care of
+     local affairs. As we propose to order all branches of human
+     activity along these lines and include them in a world scheme of
+     industrial co-operation, we must conclude that our program,
+     although fundamentally aiming at the same thing as the program of
+     the Communist Party, somewhat differs from the program proposed as
+     a basis of unity."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>An editorial in the same issue on "Soviet Government in the U. S." says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The papers have informed us that the police and the secret service
+     have unearthed a gigantic plot among the Socialists of this country
+     to gather up all the radical elements with a view to establishing a
+     Soviet government in this country.... We do not deny that this
+     agitation is useful, for it stirs people to thought and excites
+     contradiction, ... but when that is said, we have said all the good
+     we can about it....</p>
+
+<p>     "The Russians made their revolution not because they had Soviets,
+     but because the people willed it.... The I. W. W. has at least on
+     paper an institution corresponding to the Soviet, namely, the
+     District Industrial Council, ... a local representative body of the
+     various industrial unions in each locality. So far, it lacks all
+     practical significance because we are not numerous enough, but
+     whenever there is to be a radical change in this country, the
+     change will have to be made through these councils locally. They
+     will take over the functions which were taken over by the Soviets
+     in Russia."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Another editorial in the same issue treats of the overtures of the Left
+Wing Socialists:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Of late we have noticed an ever-increasing tendency to hush us up
+     in the name of unity. We are being told not to show up political
+     Socialism; we are told not to attack Anarchism. We are asked to be
+     more lenient toward the A. F. of L. [American Federation of Labor.]
+     We mustn't touch on church and religion....</p>
+
+<p>     "It appears that political Socialists, anarchists and other labor
+     elements feel that the bottom has fallen out of their programs and
+     they want us to keep quiet about it, and as a reward we will secure
+     their friendly services. The I. W. W. is not willing to enter into
+     any such bargain."
+<a id="page_132"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Another editorial gives further light on the "boring in" process begun
+by theoretical Socialists with an itch for revolution--paper soldiers
+anxious to get a-straddle of the great strike-conducting war-horse of I.
+W. W.'ism and ride into "the dictatorship of the proletariat." This is
+thus dealt with:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "There is a large element in this country who want a radical change
+     if not a revolution. This element would like to see the change made
+     to suit them with the smallest possible cost to themselves.</p>
+
+<p>     "The most insistent agitators belong to the upper-class radicals,
+     and their object seems to be to stir the working masses into some
+     sort of revolutionary activity, not clearly defined. It seems they
+     built great hopes on the participation of the I. W. W. They know we
+     are a compact mass of industrial workers, able to manipulate such
+     great affairs as the general strikes in Seattle and Butte, the
+     strike of the silk workers, the strike on the Mesaba Range, and so
+     on, and we are just what they need for their purpose.</p>
+
+<p>     "For this reason we have met with an unusual amount of courtesy and
+     consideration of late, but we are sorry to say that we do not
+     consider it disinterested. If these revolutionists were sincere in
+     their friendship for us, they would throw everything aside and help
+     us build up industrial unionism, but that is exactly what they are
+     not doing to any considerable extent. Their activities are directed
+     on aims that are strange and foreign to us. Some of their adherents
+     in overalls are getting into our ranks because they work in the
+     industries we have organized or because our recruiting unions are
+     open to them, and their activity is frequently annoying to us, as
+     it has little or nothing to do with the industrial organization of
+     the workers."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The same issue contains an article by a Left Winger, I. E. Ferguson, a
+"Little Corporal" ready to step to the front of I. W. W.'ism and lead it
+to glory. He complains:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The attempt to 'hog the market' of propagandizing the Russian
+     Revolution in the United States for the I. W. W. is leading to
+     excesses which ought to be checked right now, else these excesses
+     will accomplish injury to the American Socialist movement. This
+     does not mean to repudiate the claims of the I. W. W. to any
+     extent, but to controvert the negative proposition that all of the
+     American revolutionary socialist movement is and necessarily must
+     be within the folds of the I. W. W....<a id="page_133"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "The I. W. W. is the livest thing in the American Socialist
+     movement, therefore, truly, the Greatest Thing On Earth for the
+     American working class. But ... when the same organization carries
+     on the business of unionism and the business of revolution at the
+     same time, it is more than likely, when it becomes overburdened, to
+     throw overboard the more remote job in favor of the more immediate
+     one. Revolution is a political proposition, or, if you please,
+     anti-political. Its direct task is the overthrow of the capitalist
+     state, the bulwark of capitalist industrialism. There is no
+     question in the world but that the I. W. W. form of labor
+     organization is the most powerful possible weapon for the overthrow
+     of the capitalist state, because of its adaptability to great mass
+     protests and mass movements of the proletariat. But only an
+     organization with the sole aim of revolution can take the
+     responsibility for leadership in this fight."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Granting some truth in the above argument, it is not probable that a
+great practical organization like the I. W. W., which <i>does</i> things, and
+very rough things, will invite theorists, non-working drones, to come in
+and take charge of it. Nor is it willing to be borrowed, and diverted
+into an engine to run toy revolutions. This is the substance of the
+reply to Ferguson made by Harold Lord Varney in the same magazine. We
+quote its pith:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Like the Left Wingers of the Socialist Party; like the editors and
+     the writers of the Revolutionary Age and the Class Struggle; like
+     the Eastmans, the Nearings and the Frainas of our American
+     movement, my critic is obsessed with Russia. To him, the
+     Bolshevists and their mass action revolutions are like dazzling,
+     fiery suns which blind and obscure all rivals....</p>
+
+<p>     "As proletarians, I. W. W.'s rejoiced at the Lenine triumph. As
+     proletarians, we have unwaveringly supported the Bolshevist regime
+     in all our propaganda. Those of our members who happened to be in
+     Russia when the October Revolution came (and there were thousands
+     of them) were all found in the Bolshevist army. Bill Shatoff,
+     Volodarsky, Martoff, Kornuk and others who have been leaders in the
+     Bolshevist army were all old members of the I. W. W. In brief,
+     then, were we in Russia, all I. W. W.'s would be Bolsheviki. But
+     from this it does not necessarily follow that in America the I. W.
+     W. must turn Bolshevist also....</p>
+
+<p>     "Mr. Ferguson's proposition is that after all these years of
+     struggle we should now discard this One Big Union goal and<a id="page_134"></a> unite
+     with political Socialists to create an American Bolsheviki. And in
+     that proposal he demonstrates the impractical artlessness of the
+     Left Winger. The I. W. W. is a Socialist who is a materialist. The
+     Left Winger is a Socialist who is an ideologist. The I. W. W. seeks
+     for verities and for concrete, ponderable power. The Left Winger
+     follows the intoxicating dreams of his own imagination....</p>
+
+<p>     "Of course, the I. W. W. wants unity. But we will have no unity
+     with any who are not willing to accept the proletarian conception
+     of Socialism. We will have no unity with any who do not belong to
+     our class. And we will have no unity with any who flinch at the
+     'radicalism' of our program....</p>
+
+<p>     "The I. W. W. is not anti-political. Its members are free to be
+     members of the Socialist Party and thousands of us, the writer
+     included, do carry Socialist cards....</p>
+
+<p>     "The social revolution is not a thing of theories. It is merely the
+     final act of working-class organization. It is the historic mission
+     of the working class to mount to supreme power. They do this, not
+     by debating nor by marching in the street; they do this by the slow
+     process of organization. In their union halls, the workers learn
+     class consciousness. In their union halls, the workers learn
+     self-government. In their union halls, the workers are disciplined
+     and solidified for the 'final conflict.' Every strike is a
+     revolution in miniature. Every gain which organized workers make,
+     by a conscious act of their own, weakens capitalism and is
+     revolutionary. In short, the union movement is the schoolhouse of
+     the new society....</p>
+
+<p>     "Mr. Ferguson is not correct in asserting that the I. W. W. does
+     not have 'the sole aim of revolution.' In our Preamble, he will
+     find the boldest revolutionary utterance which has ever been
+     penned.... Even were we silent in revolutionary words, our very
+     form of organization and mode of action stamp us as revolutionists.
+     We are organized against capital. We are an army that is ever
+     battling....</p>
+
+<p>     "The real I. W. W. is not to be read in books of the intellectuals.
+     It does not flash in phrases. It is written in the hearts of strong
+     silent men. It can be read in the ineffable tales of anguish which
+     ring from the prisons of the land. It can be read in the tragic
+     sacrifices of the Littles, the Joe Hills, the Barans, the Looneys,
+     the Jonsons, the Rabinowitzes, the Gerlots, the Jack Whytes whom
+     destiny has claimed from among us. Its chapters have been penned,
+     not with words, but with the living dramas of Spokane and San
+     Diego, Lawrence and Paterson, McKee's Rocks, Everett and Mesaba
+     Range."
+<a id="page_135"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This is indeed the spirit of the most dangerous organization of devoted
+fanatics in the world today, and if our present order of society hopes
+to survive its steady, unrelenting assault, it must take into its hands
+the weapons of truth and justice.</p>
+
+<p>We have given these quotations to show clearly both the difference and
+the bond of union between the I. W. W.'s and the other brands of
+Socialists. A Left Winger sums it up concisely ("The Communist," August
+23, 1919): "The syndicalist and the Socialist have this in common: That
+they both strive for the reduction of the state to zero and the
+'building of a new society within the shell of the old.' The fundamental
+difference between the two is that the syndicalist naively strives to
+build the new society while the capitalist class controls the coercive
+power, and the Socialist aims to destroy that power first and then begin
+the 'building' process."</p>
+
+<p>But I. W. W.'ism is the more logical, and, in conditions like those in
+the United States, much the more dangerous, because it is <i>revolution
+going on</i> every day of the year, holding what it gets, be it much or
+little. Moreover, since I. W. W.'ism will not give up its position,
+Socialism in America has adopted the industrial unionism creed. This now
+is the backbone of all the recent Socialist platforms, including that of
+the Socialist Party of America. Even with the Left Winger's buoyant
+faith in a speedy overturn of the United States, he now sees that the
+One Big Union is the necessary steam-roller to accomplish it, and for
+months he has been at work, "boring from within," to get the forces of
+American labor industrially organized for revolutionary action. In
+short, there has been a general following of the advice which "Truth,"
+Left Wing organ in the Northwest, gave in its issue of May 23, 1919, as
+its answer to the above-quoted challenge of Varney to Ferguson:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Left Wing represents the revolutionary portion of the
+     Socialist Party in opposition to the opportunism of the Right Wing.
+     Therefore we must, in order to make the Socialist Party a
+     revolutionary expression of the working class, join hands with the
+     Left Wing....</p>
+
+<p>     "The I. W. W. represents the revolutionary section of the working
+     class in opposition to the opportunism of Gompers et al. Therefore
+     we must, in order to make working class organizations
+     revolutionary, join hands with the I. W. W.</p>
+
+<p>     "The resolutions and the manifestoes of the Left Wing are
+     revolutionary expressions. But action counts for more than words.
+     If all Left Wingers are sincere they will join in the<a id="page_136"></a> I. W. W. and
+     endeavor to make the I. W. W. the dominant working-class
+     organization throughout the country. The times demand that we must
+     make ready to enforce our demands. No pious resolutions will bring
+     us freedom. Only POWER through organization on the job will bring
+     us freedom. True it is that we have to resort to mass action. But
+     the basis of our mass action must be organization on the job. The
+     I. W. W. represents the highest form of industrial organization and
+     therefore merits our support. So we trust that ALL Left Wingers
+     will join with the I. W. W. This is not the time to indulge in
+     hair-splitting. If you are enraptured by what has taken place in
+     Russia, do your share here in America."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This appeared in May, 1919. Six months later we open the December, 1919,
+"One Big Union Monthly" and read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We need hardly repeat the now well known facts that the workers of
+     western Canada and of Australia have in mass adopted our principles
+     in the course of this year. Close upon these significant events
+     came the news that the three fragments into which the Socialist
+     Party was split endorsed industrial unionism, while two of them
+     rather outspokenly favored the I. W. W.</p>
+
+<p>     "Later we were able to state that the increase in our own
+     membership in the course of the 12 months, September 1, 1918, to
+     September 1, 1919, was about 50,000. Now we are able to inform our
+     readers that the growth of the last three months has been
+     unprecedented. Lumber workers, miners, construction workers, marine
+     transport workers and many other unions report many thousands of
+     new members. We are getting a footing in fields that we have never
+     been able to touch before, such as the printing industry and
+     building construction. Carpenters and painters are joining us by
+     the thousand. On November 9th delegates of eight independent unions
+     in different industries, representing something like 250,000
+     workers, met in New York City and took the first steps for an
+     affiliation with the I. W. W.--in spite of jails and persecution.
+     And let us not forget that the Negro workers of the U. S. are
+     organizing on the basis of our program.</p>
+
+<p>     "But the influence of our principles is not limited to the
+     English-speaking people in America and Australia. Other races and
+     countries are enthusiastically taking up our program and proudly
+     announcing that they are with the I. W. W. Thus in Mexico our
+     movement has taken form and been laid out on a national basis. In
+     South America, where the labor movement<a id="page_137"></a> always has been in
+     sympathy with us, the workers are going one step further and have
+     started organizing as an I. W. W. In Buenos Ayres there is already
+     an organization of 2,800 marine transport workers in such an
+     organization.</p>
+
+<p>     "Furthermore it is to be noted that practically all the old trade
+     unions on this continent prove to be honey-combed with friends of
+     the I. W. W.</p>
+
+<p>     "Over in Europe it is the same story. The rebuilding of production
+     and distribution in Russia is said to be largely based on our
+     principles. At last report there were about 3,500,000 industrial
+     workers organized in industrial unions for the carrying on of
+     production and distribution. The Russian people are taking
+     possession of the industries through their industrial unions.</p>
+
+<p>     "In Italy 'The Italian Syndicalist Union,' 300,000 strong, is
+     forging ahead along the same lines as the I. W. W. In Spain our
+     adherents are to be numbered by the hundreds of thousands. In
+     France the proposition has recently been made in the organ of the
+     Communist Party, 'L'Internationale Communiste,' to start
+     reorganizing the French working class on our program, in opposition
+     to the C. G. T. [Conf&eacute;d&eacute;ration G&eacute;n&eacute;rale du Travail, or French
+     Confederation of Labor]. In England there is a separate
+     organization of the I. W. W. that is advancing rapidly, while the
+     influence on the old trade unions is very noticeable in their
+     changed attitude of late toward 'direct action.' ...</p>
+
+<p>     "But the biggest surprise of the year we received from Germany. At
+     least two separate calls have been issued by the German workers to
+     organize exactly as the I. W. W. The recently formed 'Freie
+     Arbeiter Union' is also a federation of industrial unions that
+     endorse our principles. And, finally, from distant, unknown Greece
+     we are receiving news that the One Big Union is the aim of all the
+     organized workers of that country."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Several very important facts have been proven in this and the preceding
+chapter: first, that the Industrial Workers of the World is a
+revolutionary organization in the strictest sense and has for its object
+the overthrow of the United States Government; secondly, that, like the
+Socialist Party, it is constantly seeking to stir up trouble whenever it
+can do so; thirdly, that it respects neither morality nor the law and
+appeals to the basest passions in man; and, finally, that all sections
+of the Socialist Party are on the strictest terms of friendship with it
+and are giving it full support.<a id="page_138"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch10">
+<h2>CHAPTER X</h2>
+
+<h3>BOLSHEVIST RULE IN RUSSIA</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Shortly after the Lenine-Trotzky government came into power in Russia,
+in the latter part of the year 1917, Bolshevism became very popular in
+America among the radicals, especially the Socialists. Among those who
+helped most to bring it into such high esteem was Albert Rhys Williams,
+who had spent but one year of his life in Russia, hardly spoke the
+Russian language, and while staying in that country was in the pay of
+the Bolsheviki, as he testified before the Senate Committee.</p>
+
+<p>The Bolsheviki came into power by violence and have sustained themselves
+in power by violence and terrorism. Their main support, the so-called
+Red Army, in which the Chinese and Letts have played a prominent part,
+is an army of mercenaries who are well paid and well fed, while
+thousands of civilians are dying from starvation in the cities and towns
+of Russia.</p>
+
+<p>The first success of the Bolsheviki was the dissolution by bayonets of
+the Constituent Assembly, which for forty years had been the goal of all
+Russians--even of the Bolsheviki up to the time when they found it
+overwhelmingly against them. Then they invented a new double name for
+their anti-democratic government: Soviets, or dictatorship of the
+proletariat. Next they dissolved all the democratic Municipal Councils
+and Zemstvos and proceeded to take away the various liberties won in the
+revolution against the regime of the Czar.</p>
+
+<p>The dictatorship of the proletariat led rapidly to an almost complete
+stoppage of industry. Governmental expenditures increased by leaps and
+bounds with the growing pauperization of the people; for the growing
+staffs of Bolshevist officials were utterly incompetent, a large army of
+mercenaries was required in order to keep down the ever-increasing
+number of insurrections and the ceaseless attacks from many foreign
+foes, enormous subsidies had to be paid to Bolshevist workingmen,
+regardless of the fact that the factories were producing sometimes
+little and sometimes nothing, and, finally, the Lenine government spent
+great sums in revolutionary propaganda in the different<a id="page_139"></a> countries of
+the world. Political and economic slavery, moral corruption and the
+starvation of millions of people, are a few of the "blessings" bestowed
+upon Russia by Bolshevism.</p>
+
+<p>Catherine Breshkovsky, the "Grandmother of the Russian Revolution,"
+herself a Socialist, speaking of the Bolsheviki, said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In addition to the crimes in their foreign policy, which
+     culminated in the treacherous Brest-Litovsk 'peace' with German
+     militarists, the Bolsheviki have committed innumerable crimes in
+     their internal policy. They have destroyed all civil liberties in
+     Russia: freedom of speech, of the press, of assemblage and of
+     organization; they have filled prisons through the country with
+     their political adversaries, proclaiming 'enemies of the people'
+     not only the Liberals, the Constitutional-Democratic Party, but
+     also the party of the Socialists-Revolutionists and the
+     Social-Democrats Mensheviki, that is, the parties of the Russian
+     peasantry and proletariat. They have instituted a system of terror
+     unequaled in cruelty, and while hundreds of innocent hostages would
+     pay with their lives for the assassination or for the attempt to
+     assassinate a Bolshevist commissaire, they did not punish the Red
+     Guards who assassinated the two Ministers of the Provisional
+     Government, Kokoshkin and Shingariev, while the latter were under
+     Bolshevist arrest, lying sick in a hospital."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The January, 1919, issue of "The Eye Opener," the official organ of the
+National Office, Socialist Party, publishes the full text of the Russian
+Bolshevist Constitution under the caption, "Here's Constitution of
+World's First Socialist Republic." Some quotations from the document
+will no doubt prove interesting as well as instructive:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "For the purpose of realizing the socialization of land, all
+     private property in land is abolished, and the entire land is
+     declared to be national property and is to be apportioned among
+     husbandmen without any compensation to the former owners, in the
+     measure of each one's ability to till it.</p>
+
+<p>     "All forests, treasures of the earth, and waters of general public
+     utility, all implements whether animate or inanimate, model farms
+     and agricultural enterprises are declared to be national property.</p>
+
+<p>     "As a first step toward complete transfer of ownership to the
+     Soviet Republic of all factories, mills, mines, railways and other
+     means of production or transportation, the Soviet law, for the
+     control by workmen and the establishment of the Supreme<a id="page_140"></a> Soviet of
+     National Economy is hereby confirmed, so as to assure the power of
+     the workers over their exploiters....</p>
+
+<p>     "Universal obligation to work is introduced for the purpose of
+     eliminating the parasitic strata of society and organizing the
+     economic life of the country.</p>
+
+<p>     "For the purpose of securing the working class in the possession of
+     the complete power, and in order to eliminate all possibility of
+     restoring the power of the exploiters, it is decreed that all
+     toilers be armed, and that a Socialist Red Army be organized and
+     the propertied class be disarmed....</p>
+
+<p>     "The Russian Republic is a free Socialist society of all the
+     working people of Russia. The entire power, within the boundaries
+     of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic, belongs to all
+     the working people of Russia, united in urban and rural Soviets....</p>
+
+<p>     "The Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic considers work the
+     duty of every citizen of the Republic, and proclaims as its motto:
+     'He shall not eat who does not work.'</p>
+
+<p>     "The following persons enjoy neither the right to vote nor the
+     right to be voted for, even though they belong to one of the
+     categories enumerated above, namely:</p>
+
+<p>     "Persons who employ hired labor in order to obtain from it an
+     increase in profits.</p>
+
+<p>     "Persons who have an income without doing any work, such as
+     interest from capital, receipts from property, etc.</p>
+
+<p>     "Private merchants, trade and commercial brokers.</p>
+
+<p>     "Monks and clergy of all denominations."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This Bolshevist Constitution shows that the Lenine government has
+decreed the socialization of all the land, factories, mills, mines and
+other means of production, as well as the railways and the various means
+of transportation. This program has been carried out, though as yet
+probably not completely. Conditions in Russia were deplorable under the
+regime of the Czar, but the Socialist government has made them a
+thousand times worse. Industry has been reduced to an almost negligible
+minimum, property has been destroyed on every side and possession made a
+crime. The country has been reduced to chaos, for no one cares to sow
+where others will reap; and unemployment is widespread, for employers
+are outlawed, and the government has not enough satisfactory positions
+to offer. The right to hold property is one of the binding forces that
+holds civilization together and supplies incentive to labor. Some of the
+evil effects of the confiscation and socialization of property in Russia
+are<a id="page_141"></a> shown from the following articles, published by the
+Socialists-Revolutionists, a faction of the Marxians opposed to the
+Bolsheviki. Their paper, "Vlast Naroda," declares:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The village has taken away the land from the landlords, farmers,
+     wealthy peasants and monasteries. It cannot, however, divide it
+     peacefully, as was to be expected.</p>
+
+<p>     "The more land there is, the greater the appetite for it; hence
+     more quarrels, misunderstandings and fights.</p>
+
+<p>     "In Oboyansk County, many villages refused to supply soldiers when
+     the Soviet authorities were mobilizing an army. In their refusal
+     they stated 'in the spring soldiers will be needed at home in the
+     villages,' not to cultivate the land, but to protect it with arms
+     against neighboring peasants.</p>
+
+<p>     "In the Provinces of Kaluga, Kursk and Voronezh peasant meetings
+     adopted the following resolution:</p>
+
+<p>     "'All grown members of the peasant community have to be home in the
+     spring. Whoever will then not return to the village or voluntarily
+     stay away will be forever expelled from the community.</p>
+
+<p>     "'These provisions are made for the purpose of having as great a
+     force as possible in the spring when it comes to dividing the
+     land.' ...</p>
+
+<p>     "Some villages in the Nieshnov district, in the Province of
+     Mohilev, have supplied themselves with machine guns. The village of
+     Little Nieshnov, for instance, has decided to order fifteen machine
+     guns and has organized a Red Army in order to be able better to
+     defend a piece of land taken away from the landlord and, as they
+     say, that 'the neighboring peasants should not come to cut our hay
+     right in front of our windows, like last year.' When the
+     neighboring peasants heard of the decision they also procured
+     machine guns. They have formed an army and intend to go to Little
+     Nieshnov to cut the hay on the meadows 'under the windows' of the
+     disputed owners....</p>
+
+<p>     "Stubborn fights for meadows and forests are always going on. They
+     often result in skirmishes and murder. There are similar happenings
+     in other counties of the Province, for instance, in Petrov,
+     Balashov and Arkhar.</p>
+
+<p>     "In the Province of Simbirsk there is war between the community
+     peasants and shopkeepers. The former have decided to do away with
+     'Stolypin heirs,' as they call the shopkeepers. The latter,
+     however, have organized and are ready for a stubborn resistance.
+     Combats have already taken place. The peasants<a id="page_142"></a> demolish farms, and
+     farmers set fire to towns, villages, thrashing floors, etc."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Indeed, the results of confiscation and socialization were so bad from
+the very beginning that no less a personage than Lenine himself, in "A
+Letter to American Workingmen," published by the Socialist Publication
+Society of Brooklyn, New York, on pages 12 and 13, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Mistakes are being made by our peasants who, at one stroke, in the
+     night from October 25 to October 26 (Russian Calendar), 1917, did
+     away with all private ownership of land, and are now struggling,
+     from month to month, under the greatest difficulties, to correct
+     their own mistakes, trying to solve in practice the most difficult
+     problems of organizing a new social state, fighting, against
+     profiteers to secure the possession of the land, for the workers
+     instead of for the speculator, to carry on agricultural production
+     under a system of communist farming on a large scale.</p>
+
+<p>     "Mistakes are being made by our workmen in their revolutionary
+     activity, who, in a few short months, have placed practically all
+     the large factories and workers under state ownership, and are now
+     learning, from day to day, under the greatest difficulties, to
+     conduct the management of entire industries, to reorganize
+     industries already organized, to overcome the deadly resistance of
+     laziness and middle-class reaction and egotism."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Socialists of the United States and other radical elements in our
+country, after the World War, began to laud to the skies the Russian
+Soviets as the most perfect form of government that the world had ever
+seen. They were held to far surpass parliaments, congress and other
+legislative bodies and to be the supreme accomplishments of a democratic
+form of government. The deputies of the soviets, according to the
+Bolshevist Constitution, were to be elected by the secret, direct and
+equal vote of all the working masses. Theoretically the soviets were
+very attractive, but in reality fall far short of the ideal. "Struggling
+Russia," a well-known weekly magazine published in New York City by one
+of the groups of Russian Socialists, has this to say about the Soviets
+in its issue of April 5, 1919:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In fact, there never was either a secret election in Soviet
+     Russia, or one based on equal suffrage. Elections are usually
+     conducted at a given factory or foundry at open meetings, by the
+     raising of hands and always under the knowing eye of the chairman.
+     The majority of the workers very frequently do not take part in
+     these elections at all. The rights of a minority<a id="page_143"></a> are never
+     recognized, as proportional representation has been rejected.</p>
+
+<p>     "As regards direct elections, it is again a mere phrase. The
+     Central Executive Committee, which is supposed to embody the
+     supreme administrative organ of the country, was actually being
+     elected through a four-grade system. Local Soviets send their
+     representatives to the Provincial Congress, the Provincial Congress
+     is represented by delegates at the All-Russian Congress, and only
+     this last body elects the Central Executive Committee. Often the
+     delegates are not elected by the regular meetings of the Soviets at
+     all, but are sent by the Executive Committees, cleverly handpicked
+     by the Bolsheviki after the system of proportional representation
+     was rejected....</p>
+
+<p>     "The exclusion from the Soviets of all who think differently from
+     the Bolsheviki developed gradually. They 'cleansed' the Soviets in
+     Perm and Ekaterinburg, in January 1918; in Ufa, Saratov, Samara,
+     Kazan and Yaroslavl in December, 1917; in Moscow and Petrograd in
+     February, 1918. They were excluding all Socialists-Revolutionists
+     and the Mensheviki, to say nothing of the People's Socialists and
+     members of the Labor Group. Often, when workers demanded new
+     elections to the Soviet (as happened in Petrograd late in December
+     of 1917, and early in January, 1918), and such elections did take
+     place, the Bolsheviki would not permit the newly elected delegates
+     to enter the building of the Soviet and frequently arrested them.
+     Gradually only Bolsheviki and Socialists-Revolutionists of the Left
+     remained in the Soviets. Soon, however, after the assassination in
+     Moscow of Count Mirbach, the German Ambassador, and the attempt at
+     rebellion in Moscow early in June, 1918, by the
+     Socialists-Revolutionists of the Left, the Bolsheviki began to fill
+     up the prisons with the latter just as they did with the
+     Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right and the Menshiviki.</p>
+
+<p>     "So, practically, there remained only Bolsheviki in the Soviets.
+     And as there was no difference of opinion among them, regular
+     meetings were soon abandoned altogether and the ostensible 'rule of
+     the working masses' thus definitely disappeared. A few persons,
+     often appointed from above (the Bolsheviki often had recourse to
+     bayonets to support the fiction of Soviet rule: in Tumen the
+     Executive Committee of a non-existent Soviet was brought from
+     Ekaterinburg under a convoy of 800 Red Guards), would rule and lord
+     it over the people, tired and weary of the war and a sterile
+     revolution.<a id="page_144"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "Occasional outbursts of popular wrath serve as indications of the
+     depth of dissatisfaction which is engendered by the Soviets and
+     their offshoots, the Military-Revolutionary Committee. Thus, in the
+     Polevsky works, in Ekaterinburg County, a mob of peasants, armed
+     with axes, scythes and sticks, fell upon the Soviets and beast-like
+     tore into fragments fifty Bolsheviki. In the Neviansk works the
+     insurrection of the workers against the Red Army lasted for three
+     days, until reinforcements from Perm finally subdued this
+     'counter-revolutionary' revolt. In Okhansk County 2,000 peasants
+     were shot down for demanding the abolition of the Soviets and the
+     re-establishment of the rule of the people."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the April 19, 1919, issue of "Struggling Russia" we are told that
+"Vlast Naroda," in May, 1918, thus described the uprisings against the
+Soviets:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In Kleen, a crowd entered by force the building occupied by the
+     Soviets with the intention of bringing the deputies before their
+     own court of justice. The latter fled. The Financial Commisary
+     committed suicide by shooting himself, in order to escape the
+     infuriated crowd.</p>
+
+<p>     "In Oriekhovo-Zooyevo, the deputies work in their offices, guarded
+     by a most vigilant military force. Even on the streets they are
+     accompanied by guards armed with rifles and bayonets.</p>
+
+<p>     "In Penza, an attempt has been made on the lives of the Soviet
+     members. One of the presiding officers has been wounded. The Soviet
+     building is now surrounded with cannons and machine-guns.</p>
+
+<p>     "In Svicherka, where the Bolsheviki had ordered a Bartholomew
+     night, the deputies are hunted like wild animals....</p>
+
+<p>     "In Bielo, all members of the Soviets have been murdered.</p>
+
+<p>     "In Soligalich, two of the most prominent members of the Soviets
+     have literally been torn to pieces. Two others have been beaten
+     half-dead.</p>
+
+<p>     "In Atkarsk, several members of the Soviets have been killed."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"Struggling Russia," May 31, 1919, informs us that the Petrograd
+Committee of the Socialists-Revolutionists of the Left, in the middle of
+March, 1919, issued the following proclamation condemning the Petrograd
+Soviet:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Shame to the Bolshevist Violators, Liars and 'Agents
+     Provocateurs!'</p>
+
+<p>     "The Petrograd Soviet does not express the will of the Workmen,
+     Sailors and 'Reds.'<a id="page_145"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "The Soviet was not elected. The elections were either pretenses or
+     held under threats of shooting or starvation. This terrorism
+     completely suffocated freedom of speech, the press and meetings of
+     the laboring classes.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Petrograd Soviet consists of self-appointed Bolsheviki. It is
+     a blind tool in the hands of the 'agents-provacateurs,' hangmen and
+     assassins of the Bolshevist regime....</p>
+
+<p>     "Where is the dictatorship of the proletariat and working
+     peasantry? It has been supplanted by the dictatorship of the
+     Central Committee of the Bolshevist Party, governing with the
+     assistance of a swarm of extraordinary commissions and punitive
+     detachments of imported soldiers."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Though the Russian Socialists overthrew the government of the Czar in
+the hope of securing liberty, liberty, under the Bolshevist regime, is
+farther off than it was before. The British High Commissioner, R. H.
+Bruce-Lockhart, in a telegram sent to the British Foreign Office,
+November 10, 1918, among other things said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Bolsheviki have established a rule of force and oppression
+     unequaled in the history of any autocracy.</p>
+
+<p>     "Themselves the fiercest upholders of the right of free speech,
+     they have suppressed, since coming into power, every newspaper
+     which does not approve their policy.</p>
+
+<p>     "The right of holding public meetings has been abolished. The vote
+     has been taken away from everybody except the workmen in factories
+     and the poorer servants, and even amongst the workmen those who
+     dared to vote against the Bolsheviki are marked down by the
+     Bolshevist police as counter-revolutionaries, and are fortunate if
+     their worst fate is to be thrown into prison, of which in Russia
+     today it may truly be said, 'many go in but few come out.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>V. M. Zenzinov, a member of the Central Committee of the
+Socialists-Revolutionists, in an article published in "Struggling
+Russia," April 12, 1919, speaking of absence of liberty under
+Bolshevism, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "It was during my stay in Petrograd in April, 1918, that a
+     conference of factory and industrial plant employees of Petrograd
+     and vicinity was held, to which 100,000 Petrograd workingmen (out
+     of a total of 132,000) sent delegates. The conference adopted a
+     resolution sharply denouncing the Bolshevist regime. Following this
+     conference an attempt was made, in May, to call together an
+     All-Russian Congress of workmen's deputies in Moscow, but all the
+     delegates were arrested by the<a id="page_146"></a> Bolsheviki, and to this day I am
+     ignorant of the fate that befell my comrades."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Justice, as well as liberty, is a dead letter in the land of Lenine, and
+conscription is rigidly enforced by the Russian Socialist Government. R.
+H. Bruce-Lockhart, to whom reference has been made, in his telegram to
+the British Foreign Office, November 10, 1918, stated:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Bolsheviki have abolished even the most primitive forms of
+     justice. Thousands of men and women have been shot without even the
+     mockery of a trial, and thousands more are left to rot in the
+     prisons under conditions to find a parallel to which one must turn
+     to the darkest annals of Indian or Chinese history....</p>
+
+<p>     "The Bolsheviki who destroyed the Russian army, and who have always
+     been the avowed opponents of militarism, have forcibly mobilized
+     officers who do not share their political views, but whose
+     technical knowledge is indispensable, and by the threat of
+     immediate execution have forced them to fight against their
+     fellow-countrymen in a civil war of unparalleled horror."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Concerning religious conditions in Russia, the Rev. Dr. George S.
+Simons, shortly after his return from that country, testified before the
+Senatorial Committee, which, in February, 1919, was investigating the
+nature of Russian Bolshevism:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Bolshevik is not only an atheist, but he also seeks to make
+     all religions impossible. They assert that all misery is due to the
+     superstition that there is a God. One of their officials told me:</p>
+
+<p>     "'We now propose to enlighten our children, and with this purpose
+     in view, we are issuing a catechism on atheism for use in all the
+     schools.'</p>
+
+<p>     "The man who told me this was the Commissionaire of Enlightenment
+     and Education."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On February 7, 1919, an appeal was sent to Pope Benedict XV, by the
+Orthodox Greek clergy of that part of Russia which had not fallen a prey
+to the Bolsheviki. It was signed by Sylvester, Archbishop of Omsk,
+President of the Supreme Administration of the Orthodox Church, and by
+other members of the same administration. This letter implored the Holy
+Father to deign to take into consideration the conditions existing in
+Russia. It exposed a list of crimes and outrages, cities sacked,
+churches profaned and pillaged, more than twenty bishops and more than
+one hundred priests assassinated, the victims being of every kind. Some
+of them before they were<a id="page_147"></a> put to death had their arms and legs cut off,
+while others were buried alive. Nuns were violated; the socialization of
+women was proclaimed; rein was given to unbridled passions; everywhere
+there was nothing but famine, death and misery. The following message is
+also noteworthy:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "With deep grief, Venerable Father, we expose to you the unhappy
+     conditions in which millions of Russians of true Russia are
+     reduced. Relying on that unity which makes all mankind one, and on
+     the strength of Christian fraternity, we hope, Venerable Father,
+     that we may count on your compassion as representing the Christian
+     Church, and trust that your flock will be informed of what is going
+     on, and that in common with you they will offer fervent prayers to
+     Him, in whose hands are both life and death, for those who in the
+     northeast of Europe are being made, because of their love of
+     Christ, Martyrs of the faith in the twentieth century."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"Dyelo Naroda," an organ of the Socialists-Revolutionists of Russia, in
+April, 1918, stated that the situation of the church and clergy was
+horrible. "Everything pertaining to them is being spit upon and
+profaned. People, with rifles on their shoulders and their hats on,
+often enter the church and right there question the clergymen and arrest
+priests, at the same time mocking the religious feelings of the praying
+crowd. Many churches have been closed as a result of the edict
+concerning the separation of Church and State."</p>
+
+<p>"The New York Times," April 11, 1919, published the following special
+cable despatch concerning the religious persecution:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "London, April 10.--The Chronicle publishes an article by R.
+     Courtier Foster, a British Chaplain at Odessa and Russian ports of
+     the Black Sea, describing the religious persecution practised by
+     the Bolsheviki following upon their former capture of Odessa. He
+     says:</p>
+
+<p>     "'Committees were held on board the ships of the Black Sea Fleet,
+     among the dockers in the port, in the towns and villages on every
+     hand, which passed resolutions reading:</p>
+
+<p>     "'"We abolish God." In Odessa Cathedral, when the Archbishop of
+     Kherson was celebrating the Holy Mysteries, an uproar occurred with
+     cries of "Down with the priests!" "Down with the Church!" At a f&ecirc;te
+     in the town gardens one saw a soldier of the Red Army, amid the
+     guffaws of his fellows, spit on the Russian holy picture of the
+     face of Christ, then tear it into fragments and stamp it into the
+     dust.<a id="page_148"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "'The Bolshevist conception of religious toleration is considerably
+     more elastic and far-reaching than the ideas of any medi&aelig;val
+     inquisition. In this matter the Bolsheviki pride themselves on
+     being far in advance of our effete western thought. They have
+     murdered Vladimir, the Metropolitan of Kiev, twenty bishops, and
+     many hundreds of priests. Before killing them they cut off the
+     limbs of their victims, some of whom they buried alive in the
+     Kremlin. The Cathedrals in Moscow and those in the towns of
+     Yaroslav and Simferopol have been sacked. Many nuns were violated
+     and churches defiled.</p>
+
+<p>     "'The ancient and historical sacristies and famous libraries of
+     Moscow and Petrograd were pillaged and countless sanctuaries
+     profaned. In Cronstadt Cathedral the great figure of the Crucified
+     Christ was torn down and removed, and a monstrous and appalling
+     pagan form placed in its stead, symbolizing "Freedom of Mind."</p>
+
+<p>     "'It is not against any one particular form of religion that the
+     terrors of the new Freedom are hurled. Orthodox, Roman Catholics
+     and Lutherans alike have been tortured, mutilated, and done to
+     death under the aegis of the Holy Revolution which appeals to the
+     proletariat of the whole world to join its forces.</p>
+
+<p>     "'The Revolutionary Government is subjecting the Christian religion
+     to persecutions as great and brutal as anything the world saw
+     during the first three centuries of the Christian era. Moral
+     disintegration and ruin spread their tentacles on every side. Any
+     restraint on sinful impulse or covetous desire is laughed to scorn.
+     The Bolsheviki publicly encourage outrage and looting. The
+     propaganda for freedom of mind is essentially nihilistic. It is
+     based on negation and denial of the existence of God, denial of the
+     authority of any moral law, denial of all rights of conscience,
+     denial of all religious liberty, denial of all freedom of the
+     press, denial of any liberty of speech.</p>
+
+<p>     "'One officer remarked despairingly to me: "In Russia now there is
+     no God, no Czar, no law, no property, no money, no food--only
+     freedom." And in that travesty of liberty, which the whole
+     civilized world may well shudder at, all mercy, pity and toleration
+     are alike scorned. And it is this new and wonderful equality of man
+     which by means of torture, outrage and assassinations proclaims the
+     "freedom of mind and body" to the devastated Russian nation.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In an Associated Press despatch, from London, that appeared in "The New
+York Times" on April 19, 1919, we are informed<a id="page_149"></a> that of the 300 priests
+in the Perm diocese, 46 have been killed; moreover, that two monasteries
+were pillaged.</p>
+
+<p>A very interesting and enlightening article on religion in Russia and
+the attitude of the Bolsheviki towards it appears in "The Proletarian,"
+Detroit, April, 1919. The author is Ernest Greenburg and we shall quote
+the greater part of his article:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The resolution adopted by the Socialist Party of Michigan at its
+     recent State Convention that, 'It shall be the duty of all
+     agitators and organizers upon all occasions to avail themselves of
+     the opportunity of explaining religion,' caused a storm of
+     indignation to arise among certain 'Socialists.' Clinging to the
+     old fallacy that religion should be left alone, they point to the
+     Russian Constitution and the works of the Bolshevik leaders who say
+     'Religion is a private matter.' But they fail to understand that
+     the interpretation of the term 'Religion is a private matter,' has
+     a different meaning here than it has in Russia.</p>
+
+<p>     "The slogan, 'Religion is a private matter,' is not of Russian
+     origin. It has been and is one of the battle cries of the
+     Revolutionary working class in all countries in which the Church
+     and the State are combined. Different conditions account for
+     different understandings of the terms 'Private Matter' here and in
+     Russia.</p>
+
+<p>     "Probably in no other country have religion and the church played
+     such an important role in the affairs of the state as in Russia up
+     to the very present time. Truly, it was not so much the force of
+     arms as that of ignorance which kept up the Czardom for hundreds of
+     years. The Feudal aristocracy realized the advantages to be derived
+     from keeping the minds of its slaves in darkness and superstition.
+     One of the most powerful weapons in the hands of aristocracy was
+     the Church, whose noble duty it was to sow and to propagate
+     ignorance. The Church was officially a part of the state. People
+     were forced to go to church; school children<sup><a href="#fn_10" id="fna_10">10</a></sup> were taught the
+     'Holy Law of God,' attacks against the church were punished as
+     attacks against the Czar.</p>
+
+<p>     "Religious ignorance of the masses was the greatest enemy of the
+     Socialists in their propaganda work; at every step they had to meet
+     and to combat the authority of God, in whose name the church
+     servants consecrated the yoke of the Czar and the landlords. It was
+     necessary to pull this poisonous tooth out of the jaws of the
+     state. Hence came the demand: 'Religion is a private
+     matter,'--private as opposed to state. It meant that the Church
+     should be separated from the state and be<a id="page_150"></a> deprived from its
+     protection. It was a demand which, put to the Czarist government,
+     if granted would only facilitate the struggle against this very
+     religion.</p>
+
+<p>     "Similar demands have been put in the Socialist platforms of
+     Germany, Austria, and other countries which were confronted with
+     conditions like those in Russia. One of the immediate demands of
+     the French revolutionists of the nineteenth century was of this
+     nature.</p>
+
+<p>     "The November Revolution put the Russian workers in possession of
+     the machinery of the church. As a weapon of ignorance, it could not
+     be used against the exploiters; nor could it be destroyed by force.
+     Then the Russian workers declared religion a private matter,
+     thereby depriving it of State protection and forcing it under the
+     blows of scientific criticism, which will rapidly do away with the
+     reminders of the decrepit superstitions.</p>
+
+<p>     "In America religion always was 'a private matter.' It had never
+     been officially related to the state, but just the same it is now
+     being employed by the ruling class against the workers. If it is
+     not yet as influential here as it was in Russia during the reign of
+     the Czars--it is becoming so. Its destructive work cannot be
+     neglected any longer. It must be fought....</p>
+
+<p>     "German Socialists understand that by destroying the holy alliance
+     between the Church and the State their task would not be completed.
+     After that 'We must wage unrelenting war against the Church,' says
+     Bebel, 'because she foments civil war among the workers--because it
+     is the only reactionary force which has any strength and which
+     keeps us in voluntary slavery.'</p>
+
+<p>     "By separating the Church from the State and thereby enforcing
+     their demand, 'Religion is a private matter,' the French Socialists
+     were not yet satisfied. They went on fighting religion, and their
+     Belgian comrades worked in accord with them. Says E. Vandervelde,
+     'We are bound to admit that both in philosophy and in politics
+     there must be war between Socialism and the Church.'</p>
+
+<p>     "This attitude of the French and Belgian Socialists was approved by
+     the international Congress at Amsterdam, 1904.</p>
+
+<p>     "The position of the Russian Socialists is very clear. They fully
+     understand that 'Religion is a private matter' signifies only the
+     first stage in the war against mental slavery. 'Religion is a
+     private matter,' says N. Boucharin (The Church and the School),
+     'but it does not mean that we must not fight it by persuasion.'
+     Further on he emphasizes that it is a 'private<a id="page_151"></a> matter' only as
+     much as forceful protection or forceful destruction is concerned.
+     Beyond the gates of the State's protection, religion is not
+     considered to be a private matter in Russia. It is fought there in
+     schools and educational institutions by 'Propaganda, explanation
+     and education.'</p>
+
+<p>     "In this question American Socialists must not be misled by the
+     seeming contradiction in terms."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the April 19, 1919, number of "Struggling Russia," Dioneo gives some
+interesting information relative to the destruction of education under
+the Bolshevist regime:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The lower and secondary schools are ruined. The villages have
+     their Soviets, their premises for meetings, but no lower schools.
+     As regards secondary schools, the Bolshevist reformers are of the
+     opinion that, in general, such institutions are not wanted and are
+     just as unnecessary as the intermediate stage between nascent
+     capitalism and the extreme form of communism.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Bolsheviki have only acknowledged the universities. At first,
+     the reformers made such experiments on the latter as, for instance,
+     the appointment of a porter to the post of inspector of the
+     Technological institute, or of a cook as head-mistress of the
+     Higher Courses for Girls. Then the Bolsheviki decided that no
+     certificates were necessary for matriculation at the university.
+     Any half-educated person might become a student of any faculty. The
+     professors were at a loss to know how to lecture on higher
+     mathematics to students ignorant of the multiplication table, or
+     how to explain spectral analysis to persons hardly able to read.
+     Then the Bolsheviki decided that there was no necessity for the
+     professor to have a diploma either. It was only necessary that he
+     should be a supporter of the Bolshevist platform. That is all! And
+     celebrated Professors were obliged to leave the universities which
+     they had made famous....</p>
+
+<p>     "National education--elementary, secondary, and higher--has been
+     completely ruined by the Bolsheviki. Lately, they have apparently
+     decided that Bolshevism ought to give the world a new type of
+     university, quite different from that of the bourgeoisie. And with
+     that in mind, the Municipal Council of Voronezh has thought of a
+     'Street University.' This is how the 'Izvestia' describes this
+     curious institution of higher education: 'Each of the principal
+     thoroughfares of Voronezh is now a faculty--of law, economics,
+     history, literature, science, etc. The walls of the houses are
+     placarded with posters, containing portraits and brief biographies
+     of men distinguished in one or another branch of knowledge and
+     brief items of<a id="page_152"></a> information concerning the respective subject.'
+     Thus comments the organ of the Bolshevist Government: 'Every
+     citizen, instead of spending years at a university, can pick up a
+     general knowledge of the principal educational subjects as he goes
+     along.' ...</p>
+
+<p>     "Russia's school system is ruined. Education reforms exist only on
+     paper. And at the same time the Bolsheviki, wishing to show that
+     they value knowledge very highly, have announced that a
+     geographical university such as the world has 'never yet seen' is
+     going to be opened in Petrograd. It is interesting to know what
+     professors will lecture in this new university, and who will form
+     their audience?"
+<a id="page_153"></a></p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch11">
+<h2>CHAPTER XI</h2>
+
+<h3>RUSSIA RED WITH BLOOD AND BLACK WITH CRIME</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Socialists have for many years boasted of the perfect peace and harmony
+which would prevail when once they had established their state.
+Bloodshed, civil discord and strife of every kind would cease when the
+Marxian workers ruled the land, for, as they said, privately owned
+property, and exploitation of workers are the source of wars and the
+fundamental cause of the oppression of the people. Bolshevist Russia,
+however, the first Socialist country, appears to be an exception.
+Perhaps no nation has ever witnessed such scenes of violence, bloodshed,
+murder and cruelty, perpetrated by a government, not against a foreign
+foe, but against its own people, and this not after an existence of a
+hundred or several hundred years, but constantly from its very birth. So
+far only a few pages, comparatively speaking, of the history of the
+terrible outrages are opened to us, but from these we can form some
+slight idea of the dreadful condition of the land that is truly red, but
+red principally from the rivers of blood that flow in abundance over
+every section of the country.</p>
+
+<p>The "Izvestia," an official Bolshevist publication, on October 19, 1918,
+published the following news item under the heading, "The Conference of
+the Extraordinary Commission:"</p>
+
+<p>"Comrade Baky threw light on the work of the District Commission of
+Petrograd after the departure of the All-Russian Extraordinary
+Commission for Moscow. The total number of people arrested by the
+Extraordinary Commission amounted to 6,220. Eight hundred people were
+shot."</p>
+
+<p>The "Northern Commune," another official Bolshevist publication, in its
+issue of September 10, 1918, stated:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In the whole of the Jaroslavl Government a strict registration of
+     the bourgeoisie and its partisans has been organized. Manifestly
+     anti-Soviet elements are being shot; suspected persons are being
+     interned in concentration camps; non-working sections of the
+     population are being subjected to compulsory labor."
+<a id="page_154"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The same edition of the "Northern Commune" publishes the following
+despatch:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Tver, Sept. 9.--The Extraordinary Commission has arrested and sent
+     to concentration camps over 130 hostages from among the
+     bourgeoisie. The prisoners include members of the Cadet Party,
+     Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right, former officers, well known
+     members of the propertied class and policemen."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>From the September 18, 1918, edition of the "Northern Commune" we learn
+that in Perm, in retaliation for the assassination of Uritzky and for
+the attempt on Lenine, fifty hostages from among the bourgeois classes
+and the White Guards were shot.</p>
+
+<p>"Struggling Russia," March 22, 1919, supplies us with other details of
+Bolshevist rifle rule:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We know a great deal about the terror in Petrograd, and
+     considerably less about Moscow. The reason is plain. We find the
+     curtain dropped on the activities of the All-Russian Extraordinary
+     Commission which had its seat in Moscow. In a report of the meeting
+     of the Executive Committee of the Moscow Soviet, which took place
+     on October 16, we read:</p>
+
+<p>     "'The report of the work of the All-Russian Extraordinary
+     Commission was read at a secret session of the Executive Committee.
+     But the report and the discussion of it were held behind closed
+     doors and will not be published.' ['Izvestia,' October 17, 1918.]</p>
+
+<p>     "The kind of decisions adopted by the Moscow Bolsheviki behind
+     closed doors and the mass terror practised in Moscow and all over
+     Russia under the direction of the All-Russian Extraordinary
+     Commission are well illustrated by Eugene Trupp, a prominent
+     Socialist-Revolutionist and a member of the All-Russian Constituent
+     Assembly, who wrote the following in the Socialist-Revolutionary
+     daily, 'Zemlia i Volia' (Land and Freedom) of October 3, 1918:</p>
+
+<p>     "'After the murder of Uritzky in Petrograd, 1,500 people were
+     arrested; 512, including 10 Socialists-Revolutionists, were shot.
+     At the same time 800 people were arrested in Moscow. It is unknown,
+     however, how many of these were shot. In Nizhni-Novgorod, 41 were
+     shot; in Yaroslavl, 13; in Astrakhan, 12 Socialists-Revolutionists;
+     in Sarapool, a member of the Central Committee of the Party of
+     Socialists-Revolutionists, I. I. Teterkin; in Penza, about 40
+     officers; in Kooznetzk people are daily shot in masses; all this is
+     only a drop in the ocean. I<a id="page_155"></a> have no exact information as to the
+     number of people shot in other cities.' ...</p>
+
+<p>     "'Despite all these and other outrages, a demonstration of Red
+     Guards took place in Moscow on September 6. Their main demands were
+     "deeds for words" and "relentless red terror in the fight against
+     the bourgeoisie." ...</p>
+
+<p>     "'The last days of my stay Moscow and Soviet-Russia in general were
+     filled with red terror. A gray, silent and dejected crowd, with
+     pale, terrified faces and eyes full of excitement, was moving along
+     the streets. "Such or such people have been arrested today." "This
+     or that number has been shot." "Do not sleep at home, they are
+     looking for you." "You are still alive?" "Why do you not go away
+     from here?" were expressions hastily exchanged.</p>
+
+<p>     "'No conversations were heard; only silent whispering in corners.
+     All were trembling. All were filled with horror of the wild terror.
+     Spies were all over. At the proper places you could see their
+     familiar figures.</p>
+
+<p>     "'These spies sneak about the stations, mingling with the crowds of
+     Red Guards, in the trains, and in all dirty, warm corners always
+     pushing forward. While traveling you feel that if your face or
+     perhaps your attire, or your opinion, carelessly uttered, will not
+     please them, you may be held up at any moment. You feel that every
+     passenger is hiding something in himself. Keep silent; we will
+     talk later when we have passed the spying cordons.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the September 18, 1918, evening issue of the "Northern Commune,"
+there is a report of a meeting of the Soviet of the First District of
+Petrograd. After a report made by Kharitonoff, who emphasized the
+necessity of suppressing the bourgeois press, and after speeches by
+other members, the following resolution was passed:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The meeting welcomes the fact that mass terror is being used
+     against the White Guards and higher bourgeois classes, and declares
+     that every attempt on the life of our leaders will be answered by
+     the proletariat by the shooting down not only of hundreds, as the
+     case is now, but of thousands of White Guards, bankers,
+     manufacturers, Cadets (Constitutional Democrats) and
+     Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>We are indebted to "Struggling Russia," March 29, 1919, for the
+following information as regards the Red rule of Lenine and the shooting
+of children:<a id="page_156"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The following quotation from a speech of one of the most active
+     Bolshevist leaders, Zinoviev, printed in the 'Northern Commune' of
+     September 19, 1918, fully expresses the spirit of the Bolshevist
+     terrorism:</p>
+
+<p>     "'To overcome our enemies we must have our own Socialist
+     Militarism. We must win over to our side 90 millions out of the 100
+     millions of population of Russia under the Soviets. As for the
+     rest, we have nothing to say to them; they must be annihilated.'</p>
+
+<p>     "The program of annihilating ten million of the opponents of
+     Bolshevism in Russia (Mr. Zinoviev has considerably underestimated
+     their number) began to be executed by the Bolsheviki from the first
+     moment of their coming into power. In the beginning of March, 1918,
+     they held mass executions in Rostov-on-the-Don, killing, among
+     others, many youths. The Moscow 'Russkiya Viedomosti' (Russian
+     News) in its issue of March 23, 1918, reported that the president
+     of the Rostov Municipal Council and the Chairman of the Don
+     Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Party, B. C. Vasiliev,
+     the mayor of the city, P. Petrenko, the former Chairman of the
+     Rostov-Nakhichevan Council of Workingmen's and Soldiers' Delegates,
+     P. Melnikov, and even M. Smirnov, at that time Chairman of the
+     Council, have handed in a petition to the Bolshevist
+     War-Revolutionary Council asking them to shoot them 'instead of the
+     innocent children who are executed without law and justice.' A
+     group of women, horrified by what was going on, also asked that
+     they be shot instead of the children. In their petition they wrote
+     as follows:</p>
+
+<p>     "'If, according to you, there is need of sacrifices in blood and
+     life in order to establish a Socialistic state and to create new
+     ways of life, take our lives, kill us, grown mothers and fathers,
+     but let our children live. They have not yet had a chance to live;
+     they are only growing and developing. Do not destroy young lives.
+     Take our lives and our blood as ransom....</p>
+
+<p>     "'We, mothers, have served the country by giving our sons, husbands
+     and brothers. Pray, take our last possession, our lives, but spare
+     our children. Call us, one after the other, for execution, when our
+     children are to be shot! Every one of us would gladly die in order
+     to save the life of her children or that of other children.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Citizens, members of the War Revolutionary Council, listen to the
+     cries of the mothers. We cannot be kept silent!'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Charles Dumas, a French Socialist, on his return to France<a id="page_157"></a> from Russia,
+wrote a book in which he warns his fellow-comrades on the dangers of
+Bolshevism, and among other things he says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Upon my arrival in Petrograd I wanted, first of all, to meet three
+     of my old Russian friends, but soon learned that my searches were
+     in vain. Two of the poor fellows had lost their minds and the third
+     had cut his own throat with a razor....</p>
+
+<p>     "The Sebastopol horrors of March, 1918, when the sailors of the
+     port, inflamed to a high pitch of bestiality by the Bolshevist
+     press decided to kill all the inhabitants of the principal streets,
+     not sparing even children above the age of five, are still so fresh
+     in your minds that I need not remind you of them....</p>
+
+<p>     "On March 18, 1918, the peasants of an adjoining village organized,
+     in collusion with the Bolsheviki, a veritable St. Bartholomew night
+     in the city of Kuklovo. About 500 bodies of the victims were found
+     afterwards, most of them 'intellectuals.' All residences and stores
+     were plundered and destroyed, the Jews being among the worst
+     sufferers. Entire families were wiped out, and for three days the
+     Bolsheviki would not permit the burial of the dead.</p>
+
+<p>     "In May, 1918, the city of Korocha was the scene of a horrible
+     massacre. Thirty officers, four priests, and 300 citizens were
+     killed. The Peoples' Commissaries and the Soviets have, upon more
+     than one occasion, made admissions that these horrors were part of
+     their program. At the Congress of the Soviets the chairman of the
+     Central Committee of the Soviets, Sverdlov, said: 'We invoke the
+     Soviets not to relent, but to fortify the Terror, no matter how
+     terrible it may be and what dimensions it may assume.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>An Associated Press despatch, dated Omsk, April 5, 1919, stated that the
+Bolsheviki had murdered 2,000 at or near Osa:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Indisputable evidence of the massacre by the Bolsheviki of more
+     than 2,000 civilians in and near the town of Osa has been obtained
+     by Messrs. Simmonds and Emerson and Dr. Rudolph Teusler of the
+     American Red Cross, who have just returned from reoccupied Russian
+     territory. Approximately 500 persons were killed at Osa and 1,500
+     in the surrounding districts."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The same despatch shows the excessive cruelty of Lenine's gang of
+blood-thirsty Reds:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "A blacksmith was shot because he could not pay 5,000 rubles. A man
+     was shot because he lived in a brick house.<a id="page_158"></a> All attorneys and
+     jurists and doctors whose services were not required were killed. A
+     woman was compelled to fetch a lamp and gaze upon her murdered sons
+     for the amusement of the slayers.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Soviet called a meeting and prepared lists of those to die.
+     The houses prescribed were visited by squads, the doors were
+     smashed in, the victims dragged to the edge of the town and forced
+     to dig their own graves. A survivor testified that he had seen men
+     thrown into a pit and buried alive. Priests were hunted
+     unmercifully. The evidence showed that men were slain whose only
+     offense was that they worked as sextons or caretakers of churches.
+     In the Perm district everything of value was stolen from the
+     churches, the monastery was looted and several priests were
+     murdered."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>According to two more Associated Press despatches, even women and
+children were not excepted by the Bolsheviki who have been so much
+extolled by our American Socialists and recognized as their brethren:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Stockholm, April 17, 1919.--The Bolsheviki are carrying out a
+     rapid and systematic annihilation of all the bourgeois elements in
+     Riga, according to reports from Libau to 'Svenska Dagblast.' The
+     victims of the Bolsheviki terror are taken to the Island of Hasen,
+     in the Dvina river, and are said to number 70,000, including women
+     and children. No one is permitted to take food or money to the
+     island."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "London, April 17, 1919.--Eighteen hundred persons, including 400
+     women, were murdered by the Bolsheviki at Ufa, according to a
+     dispatch from Omsk, received in official quarters here."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The "Northern Commune" published the following report in which the
+horrors of the Bolsheviki prisons were described by the Bolsheviki
+themselves:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The presiding officers of the Soviet of the Viborg district
+     decided to send a delegation to the prisons of that district when
+     they heard that terrible scenes were occurring there. The prisoners
+     were starving. Many of them who had been held eight months had not
+     yet been tried, for the Commission entrusted with the investigation
+     of their cases had not yet been in session.</p>
+
+<p>     "The delegation consisted of Dr. Petropavlovsky, the Military
+     Commissionary, Vasilyevsky, and the President of the Soviet,
+     Frilisser. The latter handed in the following report: 'Comrades,
+     what we saw and heard in visiting the prisons of the Viborg
+     district cannot be described....<a id="page_159"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "'The cells are repulsively dirty. There is neither clean linen nor
+     pillows. The prisoners are being punished for the least offence.</p>
+
+<p>     "'But what is most terrible is the scene we witnessed in the prison
+     hospital.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Comrades! We found there no people! We found there living ghosts
+     who had no strength to talk, for they were starving.</p>
+
+<p>     "'When somebody dies, the corpse remains for several hours with its
+     living neighbors, who say: "That is nothing. We shall all soon die
+     of hunger."'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"Dyelo Naroda," in its issue of April 26, 1918, thus describes the
+cruelties of the barbarous Bolshevists:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In Kirensk County the people's tribunal ordered a woman found
+     guilty of extracting brandy, to be enclosed in a bag and repeatedly
+     knocked against the ground until dead.</p>
+
+<p>     "In the Province of Tver the people's tribunal had sentenced a
+     young fellow to freeze to death for theft. In a rigid frost he was
+     led out, clad only in a shirt, and water was poured on him until he
+     turned into a piece of ice. Out of pity somebody cut his tortures
+     short by shooting him."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The British High Commissioner, R. H. Bruce-Lockhart, in his telegram to
+the British Foreign Office, November 10, 1918, thus describes one of the
+methods of torture and the taking of hostages as practiced by the
+followers of the "gentle" Lenine:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Bolsheviki have restored the barbarous methods of torture. The
+     examination of prisoners frequently takes place with a revolver at
+     the unfortunate prisoner's head.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Bolsheviki have established the odious practice of taking
+     hostages. Still worse, they have struck at their political
+     opponents through their woman folk. When recently a long list of
+     hostages was published in Petrograd, the Bolsheviki seized the
+     wives of those men whom they could not find and threw them into
+     prison until their husbands should give themselves up."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>When the Bolsheviki were forced to evacuate Riga, in May, 1919, they
+left behind them in the [**] prisons 1,600 hostages who were found to be
+in a state of unspeakable misery and starvation.</p>
+
+<p>An Associated Press despatch of March 22, 1919, states that "a Russian
+girl of 19 years, who, in December, 1918, had been charged with
+espionage, was tortured by being pierced thirteen times in the same
+wound with a bayonet. She lived, however, and made an affidavit to these
+details."<a id="page_160"></a></p>
+
+<p>The same dispatch states that "an examination of dead bodies of persons
+alleged to have been killed by the Bolsheviki in the Perm district,
+shows a preponderance of bayonet wounds in the back, but in other
+instances mouths were slit, fingers and hands cut off, and the heads of
+the victims smashed."</p>
+
+<p>"Struggling Russia," in its issue of April 5, 1919, informs us that
+"officers have come out of Petrograd prisons with their nails torn off,
+and that prisoners after having been fed on herrings were given nothing
+to drink for two or three days."</p>
+
+<p>A dispatch from Warsaw, dated April 10, 1919, stated that fugitives from
+Russia were pouring into that city, each of them bringing fresh tales of
+Bolsheviki horrors. The people in Russia, it was said, were being shot
+on the least provocation. For instance, men who remained in bed during
+the cold weather to keep warm because they had no fuel were accused of
+"discontent" and dragged into the streets and shot. Dead bodies, it was
+claimed, were left lying in the streets in heaps.</p>
+
+<p>In order to maintain their popularity with the workingmen and with their
+hired mercenaries, the Bolsheviki paid their supporters enormous wages
+by means of an unchecked paper issue. In fact they have turned out so
+many tons of paper money, without financial guarantees of any sort, that
+today in Russia money has lost practically all its value.</p>
+
+<p>"Struggling Russia," March 22, 1919, publishes an appeal issued in
+Petrograd and signed by the following organizations: Committee for the
+Defence of Freedom of the Press; Central Committee of the Russian Social
+Democratic Labor Party; Central Committee of the Party of
+Socialists-Revolutionists; Central Committee of the Councils of Peasant
+Deputies and the Union of Workmen-Printers. Among other things the
+appeal says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Civil war has inflamed the whole country. Cities are being
+     destroyed. The war of brother against brother is consuming the
+     strength of our revolutionary democracy. The cannons, secured to
+     guard the conquests of our revolution, shatter monuments, homes,
+     and shrines of art. The cities of Russia fall at the hands of her
+     own citizens....</p>
+
+<p>     "The nation is being driven towards ruin. The people are deprived
+     of all liberties won by the revolution."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The April 26, 1919, issue of "Struggling Russia," under the caption,
+"City of the Dead," describes the deplorable condition of Petrograd as
+follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Vladimir Bourtzev published in his paper, 'Obscherye Dyelo,' (The
+     Common Cause), appearing in Paris, an inter<a id="page_161"></a>view with a well known
+     pedagogist and journalist, C. L. Avaliani, who recently arrived
+     from Petrograd. Mr. Avaliani lived in Petrograd during the bright,
+     early days of the revolution and has also witnessed the tragic
+     period of the Bolshevist rule:</p>
+
+<p>     "'That Petrograd that used to draw to itself the leading social and
+     scientific forces is no more. That living spring that sent upward a
+     spray of rainbow hues and colors has gradually died out and is now
+     finally extinct.</p>
+
+<p>     "'There is no scientific activity, no research work, no literary or
+     artistic life. All is leveled down and compressed under one
+     Bolshevist lid. The only burning question is the problem of food.
+     The only blessed object of Bolshevist providence is the remaining
+     bourgeois element, the only axis around which all their creative
+     experiments revolve. On the one hand, those who toil,--and on the
+     other the "parasites," and to the latter class all the members of
+     the liberal professions, all the literateurs, the lawyers and the
+     clergy were assigned. The sympathizers and upholders of the "rule
+     of the Soviets" get a food ticket; all the others are sentenced to
+     starvation.</p>
+
+<p>     "'It is a rule that rests solely on bayonets! There is no popular
+     confidence, no social support. It is all regarded as superfluous
+     and a "burgeois" prejudice. The sole means of enlightenment and
+     conviction are the bayonet and machine gun....</p>
+
+<p>     "'A real Kingdom of the Dead! Petrograd is empty. Many have been
+     summarily shot, but still more have died from exhaustion and
+     disease, and some have fled. From a population of three million
+     only 976,000 remain.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"Struggling Russia," on April 5, 1919, published a detailed list of 76
+places or districts in which there were uprisings against the Bolsheviki
+in the year 1918. In the year 1919 the revolutionary outbreaks seem to
+have become far more numerous.</p>
+
+<p>Evidence as to the criminal nature of Russian Bolshevism was supplied by
+the Rev. Dr. George S. Simons, who, in February, 1919, testified before
+the Senatorial Committee as to his personal knowledge of the matter:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "There is a large criminal element in the Bolshevist regime. The
+     fact that the criminal has a big part in the movement is proven by
+     the destruction in a public bonfire of court records, the
+     destruction of prisons and the liberation of all criminals who are
+     sympathetic with the cause. We know it to be a fact that some of
+     the worst criminal characters in all Russia hold positions under
+     the Bolshevist Government, while others are helping as agitators."
+<a id="page_162"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>A press dispatch dated Warsaw, April 10, 1919, states that it has been
+decided by the Bolsheviki regime that control of desire of impulse, even
+when self-imposed, is against the freedom of man, that as a consequence
+unbelievable orgies and indecencies take place, and that all restraint
+is at an end. The despatch states, futhermore<sup><a href="#fn_11" id="fna_11">11</a></sup>, that the aristocrats
+remaining in Russia have lost all will and energy. They accept
+degradation or death with complete fatalism and do not even try to save
+their wives and daughters.</p>
+
+<p>The deplorable condition of that part of Russia under Bolshevist rule
+was described in the Declaration adopted by the Socialist groups in Omsk
+on February 23, 1919. The Declaration says in part:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The main prop of an agricultural country such as Russia
+     principally is, the peasant population, is pauperized, starving and
+     is being driven under the banners of the Red Armies by lash and
+     rifle. The numerically small class of intellectuals is being shot
+     down and exterminated. The cities have been handed over to the
+     pillage and rule of Red Army troops. The prisons are overcrowded.
+     The enemies of the people have carried out their destructive
+     program to the very end, and given the people, in place of bread,
+     peace and freedom--a new inter-Russian war, the complete exhaustion
+     of all the productive forces of the land, economic, industrial and
+     railroad desolation, unemployment, a terrorizing reign of disorder
+     and a lapse into barbarity."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Council of the All-Siberian Co-operative Assemblies, in a
+Declaration brought to this country by C. A. Kovalsky, a prominent
+Russian writer and a member of the Party of Socialists-Revolutionists,
+says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The All-Siberian Co-operative Movement--as the expression of the
+     unity of the creative democratic elements--strives for the
+     rehabilitation of the destroyed statehood of Russia....</p>
+
+<p>     "The immediate aims of our political activities must be--the
+     support of the existing Omsk Government, which has proclaimed
+     itself a democratic rule; the steering of its political course into
+     democratic channels; the struggle with anti-democratic influences
+     from the Right as well as with the destructive forces from the
+     left; the strengthening of the ties between the rear and the
+     fighting front, and the support of the army as the cultural force
+     which is reconquering the violated rights of the people to the
+     formation of a democratic state."
+<a id="page_163"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Russian Co-operative Unions, having a membership of over 20,000,000,
+and representing the strongest economic organization in Russia, reaching
+every little town and village, announced through its representatives in
+New York, on May 20, 1919, its opposition to the Lenine regime and its
+support of the Provisional Russian Government at Omsk, Siberia, headed
+by Admiral Kolchak:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "When Russia fell under the Bolshevist Soviet rule, the
+     representatives of the Co-operative Organizations, at the
+     All-Russian Co-operative Congress in Moscow, April 18 to 24, 1918,
+     rejected the principles and the methods of the Bolsheviki and
+     declared the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, concluded by the Soviet
+     authorities with the Austro-German, dishonorable and ruinous for
+     Russia. In these terrible and trying times of bloody rule that our
+     suffering and worn-out country is passing through, the Co-operative
+     Organizations of Siberia and North Russia serve as a unifying link
+     for all the honest, healthy and State-preserving elements of the
+     Russian democracy.</p>
+
+<p>     "The All-Siberian United Co-operatives are fully cognizant of the
+     abnormal conditions in which the territories liberated from the
+     Bolsheviki--the Ural, Siberia and the North Russian Provinces--find
+     themselves, where in pain and anguish a new Russian Statehood is
+     arising. Nevertheless, considering the unusual difficulties
+     connected with the work of rebuilding and re-establishing legality
+     and order in a land overburdened financially and economically,
+     ravaged by civil war and hunger, and with a popular psychology
+     corrupted by Bolshevism, the United Co-operatives recognize and
+     support, until the formation of a new, ultimate government through
+     the Constituent Assembly, the Provisional Russian Government formed
+     on Siberian territory and headed by Admiral Kolchak....</p>
+
+<p>     "We have, on our side, State wisdom, equity and justice. Our
+     adversaries oppose us with terror, violence and complete social and
+     economic ruin."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the early part of the year 1919, the report reached America that the
+Bolshevist authorities were nationalizing women. The Socialists of our
+own country, who are far from being noted for their reliability and
+truthfulness, have, of course, denied the charge, in order that the
+Lenine regime, which they support and wish to see extended to our own
+land, might not have its already terribly sullied name dishonored still
+more. The Bolshevists are far from being saints, and a "few" of their
+"shortcomings" have been pointed out in this chapter.<a id="page_164"></a></p>
+
+<p>Certainly the Lenine Government is absolutely lax in matters
+appertaining to sex relations. It has fully legalized free love, as we
+learn from the No. 2 issue of the radical Los Angeles magazine, "More
+Truth About Russia." This magazine, of course, defends the Bolshevists,
+and on page 6 of the above-mentioned issue quotes several of the decrees
+of the Lenine Government on the matter of marriage and divorce. Among
+the decrees we read:</p>
+
+<p>"Marriage is annulled by the petition of both parties or even one of
+them." All that is necessary to annul a marriage is the expressed desire
+of either party. The party is, of course, then free to marry again and
+remain married till another partner is desired. Hence free love is
+legalized. A government that legalizes free love may be expected to
+nationalize those women who do not wish to marry or who are unable to
+secure partners by the time they have reached a certain age.</p>
+
+<p>"The Call," New York, April 2, 1919, on its editorial page reprinted an
+apology of the English publication, "New Europe," which in a previous
+issue had given as the authority for its charge of the nationalization
+of women in Russia an article in the Soviet paper "Izvestija:"</p>
+
+<p>"I have made particular inquiries among friends recently arrived from
+Russia," says Dr. Harold Williams, "New Europe's" collaborator, "as to
+the alleged nationalization of women, and they have all assured me
+positively that they have never heard or read of such a decree."</p>
+
+<p>Those "friends," whoever they were, were possibly Bolsheviki themselves,
+and are not said to have denied that the women were nationalized, but
+merely that they had never heard or read of the "decree." Lots of things
+are enforced by authorities without decrees. The Bolshevist authorities
+may have had no decrees for the murder of the many thousands of innocent
+citizens whom they tortured and put to death.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Harold Williams states, moreover, that it is certain that "the
+Central Bolshevist Government has issued no order of the kind" (i.e., of
+nationalization), but he does not deny that in different places the
+local Bolshevist authorities may have nationalized women.</p>
+
+<p>Further on it is admitted that not the official national Soviet organ,
+but the local Vladimir Soviet organ, "Izvestija," was the Bolshevist
+paper which stated that the Bolshevists of Vladimir had nationalized
+women.</p>
+
+<p>The article in "New Europe," republished in "The Call," concludes with
+these words:<a id="page_165"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "As this puts an entirely different complexion on the matter, and
+     as the Central Moscow Government cannot be held responsible for the
+     lucubrations of every local committee, we desire to withdraw
+     unreservedly the imputation and to express our regret for the
+     mistake."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This article in the March 13, 1919, issue of "New Europe," which thus
+apologizes for the "mistake" that it claims it made in a previous issue,
+has been quoted far and wide by American Socialists and other radicals
+of our country. Yet witnesses who were questioned at the Senatorial
+investigation at Washington, in February, 1919, attested to the
+nationalization by the Bolshevists.</p>
+
+<p>On February 7, 1919, the Orthodox Greek Archbishop of Omsk and other
+clergy of the Russian Church sent a letter to Pope Benedict XV,
+mentioning, with other crimes and abuses of the Bolshevists, the
+socialization of women.</p>
+
+<p>A press despatch dated Warsaw, April 10, 1919, stated the following
+concerning the condition of women in Russia:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The nationalization of women is becoming quite general. The
+     Bolsheviki have declared war on family life and consideration for
+     one another's mother or sister is forbidden. All must be treated
+     alike. The most terrible thing is that the women themselves have
+     accepted this nationalization and very little protest is made. This
+     applies to every class. In certain cases, however, a hitch has
+     occurred. Even Bolshevism cannot master human nature, and it has
+     been found that a masculine jealousy occasionally stands in a way.
+     Certain men have refused to nationalize a particular woman and as a
+     result Bolshevik has fought Bolshevik with considerable force."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>An Associated Press despatch from London, April 15, 1919, gives lengthy
+details regarding the nationalization of women, and even the opposition
+offered to it:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The law providing for the nationalization of women in Northeast
+     Russia has been suspended in one province as a result of popular
+     outcry, according to information reaching London today, from
+     Stockholm.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Commissary of Vladimir has, by decree, appointed a committee
+     of women, who are to inquire into operations of the law and make a
+     report with the least possible delay. His action has been approved
+     by the local Soviet.</p>
+
+<p>     "'The Krasnaya Gazeta' publishes an account of the results of
+     nationalization. The system provides that every girl on reaching
+     the age of eighteen must register her name in the<a id="page_166"></a> Bureau of Free
+     Love, after which she is compelled to select a partner from among
+     men between the ages of 19 and 50 years old. The law led to
+     lamentable confusion, says the 'Gazeta,' in judicial notions as to
+     personal inviolability.</p>
+
+<p>     "A few days after the Soviet's decree, which women very generally
+     ignored, two men known to nobody, arrived in the town and seized
+     the two daughters of a well-known non-bourgeois comrade, declaring
+     they had chosen them as wives and that the girls without further
+     ceremony must submit, as they had not observed the registration
+     rule.</p>
+
+<p>     "Comrades Yablonovski and Guriakin, who sat as judges on the claim,
+     decided that the men were right, and the girls were carried off.
+     They have not been heard of since by the village folk.</p>
+
+<p>     "This, says the Gazeta, was done in the name of the nationalization
+     of women.</p>
+
+<p>     "Many other instances of the fantastic operation of the law, not to
+     speak of its inhumanities, are cited by the Gazeta. Enthusiasts for
+     nationalization, naturally all males, raid whole villages, seize
+     young girls, and demand proof that they are not over 18. As this
+     proof is difficult to give, many of the girls are carried off, and
+     there have been suicides and murders as a result.</p>
+
+<p>     "In the town of Kovrov, a campaign without parallel since the
+     Trojan war was waged between the vengeful relatives of an abducted
+     nationalized girl and her persecutors.</p>
+
+<p>     "In this town the 'register of nationalized women' was opened on
+     December 1, but up to February 1 last only two women, both over 40,
+     and neither of whom had ever been married, registered themselves as
+     willing to accept the first husband the state sent along.</p>
+
+<p>     "On the committee which is now to revise the nationalization decree
+     or to recommend its complete abrogation sits Mme. Vera Arkadieff, a
+     Bolshevist enthusiast, who commanded a detachment of women soldiers
+     during the recent operations against Admiral Kolchak's army at
+     Perm. She has been twice wounded."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Krasnaya Gazeta," translated, means the Red Gazette. It is a
+Bolshevist newspaper published in Petrograd. The following "Special
+Cable" to "The New York Times," dated Milan, April 24, 1919, published
+April 26, 1919, gives a Bolshevist's explanation of the Russian sex
+legislation:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "A Bolshevist statesman, from whom the 'Journal Epoca'<a id="page_167"></a> obtained a
+     special interview respecting the Leninist legislation on the sex
+     problem, complains that a vast amount of grotesque
+     misrepresentation has appeared on the subject in the hostile or
+     unsympathetic press.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Abolition of celibacy has been adopted,' he stated, 'simply as a
+     means toward class equality. Every woman, on attaining her
+     eighteenth and every man on his twentieth year, is bound to
+     inscribe his or her name in a special register kept at the
+     Commissariat of Unions, and must then contract a union within the
+     period of six months. Should they fail to do so, they are served
+     with three warning notices at successive intervals of two months,
+     before any step is taken in the way of coercive measures. Every
+     bachelor and every spinster is bound to furnish a written
+     explanation of their irregular condition, and the only reasons
+     admitted as valid are serious ill-health or organic defects.</p>
+
+<p>     "'When two lovers wish to marry they present themselves to the
+     People's Commissary, who witnesses their marriage. The same course
+     is followed as regards separating, only that the Commissary, after
+     freeing the unhappy pair, inscribes the man afresh on the celibate
+     list and the woman on the register of marriageable persons,
+     notifying each of the obligation to find another partner within six
+     months. In case children have been born from their union, they are
+     either delivered to the custody of the particular parent desiring
+     them or else divided between them. The Commissariat of Unions aids
+     the youth of either sex in their quest of a mate by promoting all
+     healthy forms of social intercourse and facilitating introductions
+     among families of every type.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The above despatch was published in the April 26, 1919, issue of "The
+New York Times."</p>
+
+<p>On April 28, 1919, the following very apt comment was made on it and
+appeared on the editorial page of the "New York Times":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "As explained by somebody whom a Milan paper calls a 'Bolshevist
+     statesman,' marriage as regulated by the great and good Lenine is
+     not at all the dreadful thing described recently by the mendacious
+     enemies of his Socialistic paradise. As pictured by his friends,
+     nothing worse has been done than to exert a gentle pressure on the
+     marriageable unmarried to the end that they may do their duty to
+     the Bolshevist State and provide it as soon as may be with new sons
+     and daughters to take the place of those recently 'removed' by a
+     benevolent terrorism.<a id="page_168"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "Bachelorhood and spinsterhood are to be regarded as
+     'irregular'--conditions that must be explained in writing to the
+     proper authorities. For the well disposed a simple civil marriage
+     ceremony is provided; also a simple divorce ceremony in case the
+     union proves wearisome. And that is all there is to the Bolshevist
+     marriage system, the statesman says.</p>
+
+<p>     "But one notices that he does not disclose what is done to those
+     who fail to find pleasing mates in the six months allowed after
+     notification for the making of a choice. Apparently it is then that
+     the so-called nationalization of women comes in, and the statesman
+     forgot to say a word about the only peculiarity of the system that
+     has evolved any serious criticism."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Commenting on Bolshevism, Mr. Eber Cole Byam, in the April 26, 1919,
+issue of "America," very aptly says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "As the Roman world was reduced to barbarism by the barbarians so
+     now the modern world is threatened with reduction to Bolshevism by
+     the Bolsheviki. Whatever the word Bolshevism may have meant
+     originally it has come to mean fiendish treatment of women, the
+     savage murder and mutilation of men and the wanton destruction of
+     the accumulated labors of generations. The Bolshevik is a
+     Socialist, not the armchair theorist dreaming fantastic fancies.
+     The Bolshevik is the real Socialist, the Socialist of practice."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The following encomium on Bolshevism appeared in "The Call," New York,
+April 26, 1919, and shows what strange inclinations the Socialists have
+towards barbarism:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "For the first time in Russia's history law has been established
+     based on the direct will of the population, established through the
+     most democratic franchise in the world. Under Czarism, law was
+     merely the promulgation of autocratic tyranny....</p>
+
+<p>     "For the first time in Russia's history, perfect freedom of
+     religion is guaranteed to Christian, Moslem and Jew alike. After
+     the American pattern, no church may control the state....</p>
+
+<p>     "For the first time, millions of Russian workers and peasants find
+     themselves with decent homes. For the first time, women have equal
+     social rights with men. For the first time, a real educational
+     system has been inaugurated for the children....</p>
+
+<p>     "The recent official American investigators sent to Russia found a
+     great change in the life of the cities from of old. They described
+     the life as puritanical. Russians explained the change<a id="page_169"></a> to them by
+     the fact that vice and debauchery had been confined mostly to the
+     idle ruling class, the old aristocracy, and these things had passed
+     with the passing of that class."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Listen now to the words of the Russian Socialist author, Leonoid
+Andr&eacute;iev, who has seen quite enough of the "blessings" of Bolshevism.
+They appear in the April 26, 1919, issue of "Struggling Russia," under
+the caption, "S. O. S., An Appeal to Humanity":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "One must, indeed, be insane not to understand the palpable and
+     simple acts of Bolshevism! One must be sightless, stark-blind or
+     have eyes that see not, to fail to observe on the face of the great
+     mutilated Russia murder without end, ruins, miles of cemeteries,
+     dungeons and insane asylums; not to perceive what hunger and terror
+     have done to Petrograd, and, alas, to many other cities!</p>
+
+<p>     "One must be earless, stone-deaf, or have ears that hear not, to
+     remain callous to the sobs, the sighs and the wailing of women, the
+     heart-rending cries of the children, the death-rattle of strangled
+     men, the cracking of the assassins' rifles, the only music that has
+     filled the air of Russia for the last eighteen months!...</p>
+
+<p>     "As the wireless operator on a sinking vessel, in the thick
+     blackness of the night, sends out his last appeal, 'Help, quick, we
+     are sinking, save us!' so I, moved by my faith in the goodness of
+     man, am sending out into distance and darkness my prayer for my
+     people who are sinking.</p>
+
+<p>     "If you only knew how dark is the night around us, if my words
+     could only convey its density and depth! Whom am I calling? I know
+     not. Does the wireless operator know who may intercept his call?
+     For thousands of miles around the ocean may be deserted and not a
+     living soul may overhear his appeal.</p>
+
+<p>     "The night is dark. The sea is frightful. But the operator has not
+     lost his faith, and he calls persistently, to the very last minute,
+     until the last light is gone and his apparatus is silenced forever.</p>
+
+<p>     "What does he trust in? He trusts in humanity, and so do I. He
+     trusts in the law of human love and life. It is impossible that one
+     human being will deny help to another in his hour of perdition. It
+     is impossible that one human being will abandon another to perish
+     without attempting to help. It is impossible that such an appeal
+     for help will not receive any response!...<a id="page_170"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "Friend! I do not even attempt to tell you how frightful life is in
+     Russia at present, in our tormented Petrograd. Others have told
+     enough, and new words cannot be coined by the human tongue.</p>
+
+<p>     "It is frightful when children starve and perish, and assassins are
+     well-fed and Trotzky is pouring down his throat the last bottle of
+     milk. It is frightful when the cemeteries of Petrograd have no more
+     room for the dead, and the murderers have a free road not only to
+     the Princess Islands, but to all the ends of the world, and the
+     wealth they have stolen will enable them to live in balmy lands and
+     in the most attractive corners of our mercenary globe."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Catherine Breshkovsky, the Socialist "Grandmother of the Russian
+Revolution," though now an aged woman, lived long enough to bewail the
+fate of her country. Speaking of her native land, now reaping the
+harvest from the Marxian seed first sown many years ago, she says in her
+"Message to the American People":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Flooded with tears and blood, Russia moans and cries out to the
+     world. She is a living body, and her tortures cannot be looked upon
+     cold-bloodedly as an extraordinary, never-before-witnessed
+     experiments in social evolution. She is alive and every pore of her
+     body is shedding blood."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Let the "scientific" American Socialists continue to take their
+information from "The Call." They are far too learned to be deceived by
+Russians such as Andr&eacute;iev or the "Grandmother of the Russian
+Revolution." "The capitalist press is lying about the conditions in
+Russia." "The Call" alone speaks the truth, for it is a proletarian
+sheet.</p>
+
+<p>Not satisfied with ruining his own country, Lenine would have Bolshevism
+spread to all other nations. He longs for their workingmen to rise in
+revolt against their present systems of government. Listen to his words
+in his "Letter to American Workingmen," published by the Socialist
+Publication Society, 431 Pulaski street, Brooklyn, New York:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We know that it may take a long time before help can come from
+     you, Comrades, American Workingmen, for the development of the
+     revolution in the different countries proceeds along various paths,
+     with various rapidity (how could it be otherwise!) We know full
+     well that the outbreak of the European proletarian revolution may
+     take many weeks to come, quickly as it is ripening in these days.
+     We are counting on the inevitability of the international
+     revolution. But that does not mean<a id="page_171"></a> that we count on its coming at
+     some definite date. We have experienced two great revolutions in
+     our own country, that of 1905 and that of 1917, and we know that
+     revolutions cannot come either at word of command nor according to
+     prearranged plans. We know that circumstances alone have pushed us,
+     the proletariat of Russia, forward, that we have reached this new
+     stage in the social life of the world not because of our
+     superiority but because of the peculiarly reactionary character of
+     Russia. But until the outbreak of the international revolution,
+     revolutions in individual countries may still meet with a number of
+     setbacks and serious overthrows....</p>
+
+<p>     "We are in a beleaguered fortress, so long as no other
+     international Socialist revolution comes to our assistance with its
+     armies. But these armies exist, they are stronger than ours, they
+     grow, they strive, they become more invincible the longer
+     imperialism, with its brutalities, continues. Workingmen the world
+     over are breaking with their betrayers, with their Gompers and
+     their Scheidemanns. Inevitably labor is approaching communistic
+     Bolshevistic tactics, is preparing for the proletarian revolution
+     that alone is capable of preserving culture and humanity from
+     destruction. We are invincible, for invincible is the Proletarian
+     Revolution."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The above words of the dictator Lenine may throw some light on the
+Socialists' demand for "justice" to Russia, and their campaign in behalf
+of the recognition of the Soviet Government of that country.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialist Publication Society of Brooklyn at the end of the World
+War issued a large pamphlet entitled, "One Year of Revolution,"
+celebrating the first anniversary of the founding of the Russian Soviet
+Republic. On the cover page, under the caption, "The Spirit of
+Revolutionary Russia," and the subtitle, "To the Oppressed of All
+Countries," we read the summons to a Socialist world-wide revolution:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "And this life and death struggle with our own oppressors gives us
+     the right to appeal to you, proletarians of all countries, with a
+     strong voice, with the voice of those who look into the eyes of
+     death in the revolt against the exploiters.</p>
+
+<p>     "Break the chains, you who are oppressed! Rise in revolt!</p>
+
+<p>     "We have nothing to lose but our chains!</p>
+
+<p>     "We believe in the victory of the revolution, we are full of this
+     belief.</p>
+
+<p>     "We know that our Comrades in the Revolution will fulfill their
+     duty on the barricades to the bitter end.<a id="page_172"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "We know that decisive moments are coming.</p>
+
+<p>     "A gigantic struggle will set the world afire. On the horizon the
+     fires of the revolt of all oppressed peoples are already glowing
+     and taking definite shape.</p>
+
+<p>     "At the moment that the waters of the Baltic will become red with
+     the blood of our Comrades, will close forever over their bodies, at
+     this moment we call upon you.</p>
+
+<p>     "Already in the clutch of death, we send our warm greetings and
+     appeal to you.</p>
+
+<p>     "Proletarians of the world, all, unite!</p>
+
+<p>     "Rise in revolt, you who are oppressed.</p>
+
+<p>     "All hail, the International Revolution!</p>
+
+<p>     "Long live Socialism!"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1919 reports reached the United States that the
+Bolsheviki had been inciting our troops in the Archangel District of
+Russia to disloyalty against our government. An Associated Press
+dispatch, dated Vienna, April 24, 1919, shows how the Bolshevists
+carried on their campaign in the Ukraine:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Bolsheviki penetrated the country in four sections. First came
+     agitators and next marauding bands to strike terror. These were
+     followed by larger bodies of troops, made up of foreign elements.
+     Last came Soviet troops, headed by Bolshevist commissioners. Iron
+     discipline was maintained by Chinese assassins, who executed all
+     soldiers who revolted against orders."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On May 26, 1919, the "New York Times" announced that a Bolshevist weekly
+paper would be issued in that city:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Nicholai Lenine, the Premier, and Leon Trotzky, the Minister of
+     War, together with other officials of the Russian Bolshevist
+     Government, will begin next Monday the publication in this city of
+     a sixteen page weekly newspaper, the purpose of which will be to
+     spread propaganda favorable to the Bolsheviki. This announcement is
+     made in today's issue of the propaganda sheet issued weekly from
+     the headquarters of Ludwig C. A. K. Martens, the unrecognized
+     'Bolshevist Ambassador' to the United States. The paper is to be
+     known as 'Soviet Russia.'"</p>
+
+<p>     "'Every friend of Russia, as well as every person interested in
+     international affairs,' says the announcement, 'will subscribe to
+     this weekly.' 'Soviet Russia' will contain news items, editorials,
+     original articles, and unpublished documents."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The American Socialist Party acknowledges the Bolshevist regime of
+murder and starvation to be a Socialist regime and states that it
+upholds the lofty, international proletarian ideals.<a id="page_173"></a> Debs and the
+American Socialist press, at the present writing, acknowledge the
+Bolsheviki to be real Socialists, not reactionaries or Socialists merely
+in name, like the Ebert-Scheidemann group in Germany. They want
+Bolshevism in America. They welcome it, laud it, love it. At least this
+is the case just now. Will they presently be offering arguments to prove
+that the Bolshevists were not Socialists at all, but traitors to the
+whole Marxian movement? Meantime the American Socialists spread all
+kinds of lies about the "wonders" of the Soviet Government while
+claiming that "the press" is lying about the Lenine system to save the
+capitalists from the demands of the laboring class.</p>
+
+<p>Let us sincerely hope that no more Bolshevists from Russia will land on
+our shores. We have enough rebellious, hypocritical Reds here already,
+and need no more of them to teach us how to run our government. Congress
+should pass strict laws allowing no immigrants to land here who are
+Bolshevists.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be hoped, too, that the leaders of the Illinois Labor Party who
+secured the adoption in their platform of a pro-Soviet plank in the
+spring of 1919 will take a few hours off and learn something about the
+Russian system before trying to "work it off" on our country.</p>
+
+<p>There has been a great deal of "pussy-footing" talk in the American
+press about Bolshevism and Socialism, implying that there is no
+connection between the two. Yet Bolshevism is nothing but a form of
+Socialism. It is Socialism applied, though not yet as completely applied
+as the teachings of Karl Marx require. If an incomplete application of
+the principles of Socialism reduces a country to such an awful condition
+as Russia reveals, what may be expected from the full dose of Socialism?</p>
+
+<p>At the last moment, with this book in type, a cry from the Bolshevik
+dictatorship comes out of Russia through interviews given by Lenine and
+Trotzky to the "New York World's" European correspondent, Lincoln Eyre.
+"I had an hour's talk with Lenine in the Kremlin at Moscow," Eyre writes
+in a dispatch headed, "Riga (by courier to Berlin), Feb. 20, 1920," and
+printed in the "World" of February 21, 1920. Lenine turned the interview
+into an argument for the lifting of the Allied blockade of Russia, and
+gave more than a hint that Russia's economic condition is desperate.
+According to Mr.<a id="page_174"></a> Eyre's cable to the "New York World" of February 21,
+1920, Lenine said, speaking in English:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Russia's present economic distress is simply a part of the world's
+     economic distress. Until the economic problem is faced from a world
+     standpoint and not merely from the standpoint of certain nations or
+     groups of nations, a solution is impossible.... Not only Russia but
+     all Europe is going to pieces, and the [Allied] Supreme Council
+     still indulges in tergiversation. Russia can be saved from utter
+     ruin and Europe, too, but it must be done soon and quickly."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>By insinuating that "all Europe is going to pieces" with Russia, and
+faces the same "utter ruin," Lenine covers his plea for Russia under an
+appeal to the self-interest of other nations. Yet his confession that
+Russia is "going to pieces" and trembles on the brink of "utter ruin" is
+plain enough, making his whole argument a cry to the "capitalistic"
+nations to help Socialistic Russia. Indeed, in other parts of the same
+interview, as reported by Mr. Eyre in the "World" of February 21, 1920,
+Lenine appeals to "foreign capital" and the "capitalistic countries" in
+the baldest terms, as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We have reiterated and reiterated our desire for peace, our need
+     for peace and our readiness to give foreign capital the most
+     generous concessions and guarantees.... I know of no reason why a
+     Socialistic commonwealth like ours cannot do business indefinitely
+     with capitalistic countries. We don't mind taking their
+     capitalistic locomotives and farming machinery, so why should they
+     mind taking our Socialistic wheat, flax and platinum?"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Having waded through blood and violence to exterminate "capitalism" and
+cancel all "concessions" and "guarantees" in Russia, has "the
+dictatorship of the proletariat" emerged out of its nightmare of
+destruction simply to coax "foreign capital" back into Socialistic
+Russia by bribing offers of "the most generous concessions and
+guarantees?" After two years of a reign of terror to make an earthly
+paradise by destroying "capitalism" and the whole machinery of
+"capitalistic countries," this hungry reaching out by Lenine after
+"capital" and "capitalistic" things is almost too ludicrous for belief!</p>
+
+<p>Eyre's interview with Trotzky, sent from "Riga (by courier to Berlin,
+Feb. 23)" and printed in the "New York World" of February 25, 1920,
+simply reenforces Lenine's appeal to "foreign capital" and the wicked
+"capitalistic countries." According to Eyre in the "World" of February
+25, Trotzky<a id="page_175"></a> spoke of "Russia, bankrupt, bleeding and starved," and said
+in part:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Our military successes have not blinded us to our need of peace.
+     We require peace for the re-establishment of economic
+     stabilization.... We have had to sacrifice the welfare of our
+     people and the health of future generations to the desperate needs
+     of the hour."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>And for what? Apparently only to substitute the autocracy of a new
+proletarian aristocracy for the autocracy of the old regime, and the
+czardom of Lenine and Trotzky for that of the Romanoffs. And the new
+tyranny not only re-establishes the old partnership between "capital"
+and labor, but puts the burden of militarism on labor more exclusively
+than before. This seems to be the program of Trotzky, "the People's
+Commissary for Military Affairs," according to Eyre's report of
+Trotzky's words in the "New York World" of February 25, 1920. His words
+are as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We recognize our need for outside aid in setting this country on
+     its feet industrially and economically. It is a tremendous
+     enterprise, one that will take two, five, perhaps ten years to
+     carry out, but through the indomitable spirit of our proletariat it
+     will be accomplished with a speed and competency that will amaze
+     our foemen.... And once again I say that the people who help us
+     gain peace will share in the profits, the very considerable
+     profits, resultant from the aid they will have extended to us....</p>
+
+<p>     "Foreign capitalists who invest their money in Russian enterprises
+     or who supply us with merchandise we require will receive material
+     guarantees of amply adequate character. They need have no fears on
+     that score.... It is obvious that we must look to the victorious
+     nations, to Great Britain or, still better, to America for
+     machinery, agricultural tools and other imports which Russia's
+     economic renaissance demands."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Thus the old partnership of capital and labor is to be resumed. But what
+of the Russian workers? Having fought and toiled to put Lenine and
+Trotzky on the proletarian throne they must keep up military training to
+keep them there, and must toil hard to produce "the very considerable
+profits" which Lenine and Trotzky are going to share with the "foreign
+capitalists" who help them. But let Trotzky explain the destiny of the
+Russian workers in his own words, as reported by Eyre in the "World" of
+February 25, 1920:<a id="page_176"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The workers and peasants will insist, once the revolution is no
+     longer in peril, on returning to their factories and farms and
+     making Russia a fit land to live in. Frontier guards will be
+     maintained, of course. The framework of our (military) organization
+     must also be preserved in order that with the experience they have
+     received in the past eighteen months our proletarian fighting men
+     can be remodelled in two or three months if the need arises. There
+     will also be some form of military training for the working class,
+     that it may always be ready to defend itself against the
+     bourgeoisie."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Will not this be "militarism?" Of course not; for, in Trotzky's words in
+the same interview, "Militarism, striking as it does at the very roots
+of Communism, cannot possibly exist in Soviet Russia, the only truly
+pacific country in the world!" Thus facts disappear behind words.
+Conscription was militaristic under the Czar, but it cannot be under a
+Trotzky, for he has labeled his system a Soviet Republic and since
+Soviets are never military their military arrangements, though
+apparently more severe than the other kind, are really only a form of
+pacifism! Thus the happy Russian workers must serve as "frontier
+guards," keep up the framework of their military organization, and
+submit to "some form of military training," but may whistle as they
+groan, knowing that the yoke they bear "cannot exist."</p>
+
+<p>Other contradictions in these interviews will be discussed later in this
+book. For example, we shall find, in Chapter XVI, that the Soviet
+Republic at Moscow can make peace with "capitalistic countries" and form
+partnerships with "foreign capital" while at the same time the Third
+International at Moscow carries on a world-wide conspiracy to destroy
+"capitalism" and overthrow the governments and institutions of
+"capitalistic countries."<a id="page_177"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch12">
+<h2>CHAPTER XII</h2>
+
+<h3>EUROPEAN SPARTACIDES AND COMMUNISTS</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>In Berlin, shortly after the Revolution against the Imperial Government,
+Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg and their group of Socialists of the
+extreme Left were raising a merry riot almost every day in the hope of
+overcoming the ultra-conservative Socialist government and introducing
+the radical Bolshevist program. The constant disorder occasioned by
+these Spartacans or Spartacides of the Left provoked the opposition
+parties very much, annoying them to such an extent that many Germans
+wished to remove the capital of the country from Berlin to some more
+orderly city.</p>
+
+<p>The name "Spartacides" or "Spartacans" came from the fact that early in
+the World War Karl Liebknecht, their leader, issued a number of anti-war
+pamphlets bearing the pseudonym, "Spartacus."</p>
+
+<p>The Spartacides are the reddest of the Reds, the real Socialists of
+Germany. They differ very much from the Ebert-Scheidemann group, for the
+Spartacans want the principles of Socialism applied immediately, whereas
+Ebert and other members of his government warned their followers that
+though they held Socialist theories, the application of Socialism must
+be postponed to the distant future. The Ebert-Scheidemann Majority
+Socialists are regarded by the others as Socialists only in name, being
+really social reformers, or, at the most, weak-kneed Socialists who
+sought power, but fully realized that the application of the Marxian
+principles would be doomed to absolute failure. The Spartacans, however,
+still have confidence in Socialism; they agree heart and soul with the
+Russian Bolsheviki; they are the rowdies and ruffians of Germany, always
+looking for trouble. Strikes, riots and civil discord are their weapons,
+and the American Socialists are among their particular friends. Indeed,
+the Socialist Party of Eugene V. Debs has no use whatever for the
+Ebert-Scheidemann group, who are looked upon as reactionaries,
+hypocrites, murderers and traitors to Socialism.<a id="page_178"></a></p>
+
+<p>In the latter part of 1918, the Berlin correspondent of the "K&ouml;lnische
+Zeitung" drew a graphic picture of the terrorism exercised in Berlin by
+the Spartacan gangs:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Dr. Liebknecht himself, whose imprisonment has obviously clouded
+     his formerly keen intelligence and probably turned his brain,
+     spends his time in visiting barracks in Berlin, Spandau and
+     elsewhere, and inciting the men to refuse to allow any distinctions
+     even of non-commissioned rank or to accept anything resembling
+     orders from officers or to admit them to the local councils. His
+     chief of staff, Dr. Levy, who before the war was his business
+     partner in his law office, is preaching fanaticism in Berlin to all
+     and sundry.</p>
+
+<p>     "The word Spartacus goes through the city like a bogy. Civilians,
+     soldiers, employees, capitalists, all feel themselves equally
+     threatened. A sitting of the Prussian Lower House had to be
+     adjourned because it was feared that the Spartacus gang was going
+     to seize the building.</p>
+
+<p>     "'The Lokal Anzeiger' has several times failed to appear, as the
+     result of repeated efforts of the Spartacus gang to seize it.
+     Careful burghers chain up the house doors, and it would be well if
+     the steadier elements of our workmen and soldiers would chain up
+     the door of their hearts against the murderous and suicidal ideas
+     of the Spartacus gang."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Spartacides made a practice of terrorizing German newspapers into
+supporting them. In the early part of 1919, they tried to prevent the
+Constituent Assembly from coming together, and later on engineered many
+a revolt in the various cities of Germany. Since their leaders, the
+fiery Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, were assassinated, the orderly
+elements of the German people have succeeded more and more in weakening
+the power and influence of the Spartacans.</p>
+
+<p>Kurt Eisner, of Bavaria, after the overthrow of the German Imperial
+Government, sought to establish a federation of German republics under
+the head of Bavaria. It was not very long before the first step was
+taken, Bavaria declaring itself a republic independent of the Berlin
+Government. After the assassination of Eisner, Bavaria, and especially
+its capital, Munich, came more and more under the control of the extreme
+radical group of Socialists known as the Communists. About the end of
+March, 1919, Bela Kun, the Foreign Minister of the newly established
+Communist Government of Hungary and one of the most active propagandists
+of Russian Bolshevism, arrived at Munich to confer with the leaders of
+the Bavarian<a id="page_179"></a> Government. Shortly afterwards, in the early part of
+April, a Soviet Republic was proclaimed at Munich.</p>
+
+<p>The socialization of industry began. That part of the press that favored
+the new regime was upheld by the Government, which suppressed unfriendly
+organs. Members of the Christian Textile Workers' Association were
+forced, on pain of being deprived of work, to join the Social-Democratic
+Union. Various other measures of "freedom, equality, and justice" were
+also bestowed upon the people, and the hope was expressed by the Red
+Socialists of Munich that the proclamation of a Bavarian Soviet would
+have its effect throughout Germany and result in a world revolution.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the middle of April, 1919, press dispatches stated that the
+Munich Communists had elected a council, consisting of five workmen and
+five soldiers, with Herr Klatz, a bricklayer, as president; that the
+police was disarmed; that eleven hostages were taken from the ranks of
+the trade-union leaders; that revolutionary tribunals were established
+at Munich, where twenty-eight judges continued, in relays of seven, to
+pass sentences day and night, and, finally, that a decree was issued by
+the Communist government confiscating all dwellings.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after these reports reached America, the peasants of Bavaria
+rose up against the revolutionary government in Munich and declared an
+effective ban on the shipment of food to that city. No attacks were made
+upon Munich by the troops of the moderate Hoffman government of Bavaria
+which had been ousted by the Communists, for it was feared that the
+whole country might thus be plunged into civil war. The only strategic
+movement of these troops was to cut off the supplies of food.</p>
+
+<p>Discord soon sprang up among the Soviet leaders themselves, who engaged
+in open street fights against each other. Before the end of April, 1919,
+the Central Council had been dissolved and the Communist mob had turned
+to plundering. Food ration cards were taken away from the bourgeoisie,
+and barricades were erected around the city to defend it from Noske's
+army, sent to attack it by the Ebert-Scheidemann moderate Socialist
+Government of Berlin. In the early part of May, 1919, the Communist
+rabble of the Bavarian capital was finally overcome by the artillery
+fire of Noske's troops, and Hoffman was once more put in control.</p>
+
+<p>The American Socialists look upon the ousted Communists of Bavaria as
+the upholders of the Marxian doctrine, and con<a id="page_180"></a>sider them, along with
+the Russian Bolsheviki and the Hungarian Communists, as Socialist
+brethren worthy of their respect and imitation.</p>
+
+<p>In Hungary the "100 per cent" Socialists, the Communists, under the
+leadership of Bela Kun, came into power in the early part of the year
+1919. Press despatches, at the end of March, stated that all villas,
+industries and building had been declared the property of the state;
+that each factory was controlled by a Council of Laborers; that
+free-love was legalized as in Russia; that all clergymen and nuns were
+removed from the hospitals, excepting those who acted in the capacity of
+nurses, and the religious, tuition schools were abolished.</p>
+
+<p>A press dispatch dated Buda-Pest, April 4, 1919, said that "in
+Transylvania, following the practice in Moscow, the churches have been
+converted into music halls, the best seats being reserved for the
+proletariat. The government officials do not pay house rent and have
+priority on foodstuffs and clothing."</p>
+
+<p>The American Socialists boasted about the absence of bloodshed in
+Hungary during the early part of Bela Kun's regime. Whether or not he
+had been cautioned by Lenine not to wear out too many rifles in the
+beginning, lest there be a dearth later on, we do not know. At any rate,
+by the latter part of May, 1919, the Hungarian Communists also began to
+manifest their true color. They were not satisfied with "painting
+everything red" in Buda-Pest, but also wanted to see red blood flowing
+in the gutters. In confirmation of this we have the following Associated
+Press report, dated Vienna, May 20, but not appearing in the "New York
+Times" till May 23:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Many persons accused of being counter-revolutionists are being
+     executed by the Hungarian Communists, according to despatches
+     received here. The victims are usually shot in front of the
+     Hungarian Parliament House in the daytime or in the school-yard in
+     the Markostrasse at night.</p>
+
+<p>     "Among those who are said to have been executed are Herr Holan,
+     manager of the Kaschau-Oderberg Railway; Bishop Balthasar, a
+     hostage from Debreczen, and Colonel Dormany of the General Staff,
+     who was taken from a hospital. Several girls, who were accused of
+     making tri-color rosettes for the counter-revolutionists, also were
+     executed. The presiding Judge of the Revolutionary tribunal, which
+     orders the executions, it is said, is a former locksmith, 22 years
+     of age.</p>
+
+<p>     "Many bodies of men and women and girls of the better classes have
+     been found on the shores of islands in the Danube<a id="page_181"></a> below the city.
+     It is reported that they were arrested in the residential quarter
+     of Buda and thrown into the Danube by guards who were taking them
+     to prisons in Pest."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1919 the Hungarian Communists lost control of the
+country. Not only had internal dissensions broken out at home, but they
+had been attacked for a long time by the Rumanians, who had caused them
+endless trouble. If they had succeeded in remaining in power long
+enough, they would, no doubt, in time have shown themselves proficient
+in murdering their fellow-countrymen and as skilled in the use of the
+rifle as the Bolsheviki in Russia, the Spartacides in Germany and the
+Communists in Bavaria. These four groups of European Socialists of the
+extreme Left--ruffians, brutes, murderous thugs, half barbarous savages,
+slayers even of their own Socialist brethren--have long been in a
+"position" to teach the "gentle art" of plunder and murder to their
+admiring comrades on this side of the Atlantic, that "poor,"
+"persecuted," "workingman," Eugene V. Debs, and his crowd of "honest,"
+"scientific," "evolutionists."</p>
+
+<p>With these European thugs Berger and Hillquit deliberately "lined up"
+the Socialist Party of America in the words of their Chicago manifesto
+of September 4, 1919:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Socialist Party of the United States at its first national
+     convention after the war, squarely takes its position with the
+     uncompromising section of the international Socialist Movement. We
+     unreservedly reject the policy of those Socialists who supported
+     their belligerent capitalist governments on the plea of 'national
+     defense,'" etc.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>There is no breath of patriotism in these dogs.</p>
+
+<p>The above "line up" was confirmed by the rank and file of the Socialist
+Party of America in their referendum vote identifying their party with
+the Revolutionary Third (Moscow) International. (See Chapters V and
+XVI.)<a id="page_182"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch13">
+<h2>CHAPTER XIII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE BOLSHEVISM OF AMERICAN SOCIALISTS</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>To accuse American Socialists of conspiring against our fair land may at
+first startle the reader. Brand as traitors to the common welfare men
+who boast so loudly of being the only friends of the oppressed laborer!
+Call the followers of Karl Marx the enemies of our country after they
+have lavished so much precious time on exposures of those who defraud
+American workingmen of an honest wage! Yet, as our investigation moves
+along, telling evidence uncovers the existence of an alarmingly
+widespread conspiracy.</p>
+
+<p>Our Chapters VIII and IX have clearly revealed the I. W. W. as a purely
+revolutionary organization, enrolling under its red flag discontented
+workingmen, even negroes and Chinese, pledged to overthrow our
+Government, while meanwhile, with anarchistic contempt for law and
+morality, they do what damage they can through strikes and sabotage.</p>
+
+<p>The same chapters proved that the Socialists are co-operating heart and
+soul with the Industrial Workers of the World.</p>
+
+<p>Chapters X, XI and XII gave the reader evidence of some of the terrible
+results of Bolshevism in Russia, Communism in Hungary and Bavaria, and
+Spartacism in Germany. Yet far from being dismayed by these horrors, the
+Socialists of the United States proclaim themselves of the same breed as
+the Bolshevists, Communists and Spartacans abroad, whose torch of
+incendiarism they would apply to the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialist Party of Buffalo, New York, published a pink booklet
+entitled, "The Truth About Russia," in which reference is made to the
+Russian call to a world-wide Socialist revolution. On page 41, at the
+conclusion of the articles of the Bolshevik Constitution concerning
+rights and duties, we read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In proclaiming these rights and duties the Russian Socialist
+     Republic of the Soviets calls upon the working classes of the
+     entire world to accomplish their task to the very end, and in the
+     faith that the Socialist ideal will soon be achieved to write upon
+     their flags the old battle cry of the working people:</p>
+
+<p>     "'Proletarians of all lands, unite!<a id="page_183"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "'Long live the Socialistic world revolution!'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The plan is for Socialists in countries outside of Russia to be helped
+in their revolts against their governments by their Bolshevist comrades.
+In the "Labor Scrap Book," published by Chas. H. Kerr and Co., there is
+a long article by Nicholas Lenine, the Russian dictator. Several
+quotations are here given:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Russia's revolution is not a domestic revolution, but essentially
+     a world revolution....</p>
+
+<p>     "The Bolsheviki follow a consistent policy. They realized long ago
+     that the revolution, though primarily political, must become
+     economic and socialist. They know that economy and socialism have
+     nothing to do with racial or political boundaries and that the
+     future of our revolution must, therefore, be international. The
+     revolution must pass over all political and racial frontiers and
+     crush opposing economic ideas. They know that a state organized on
+     Socialist and pacifist lines cannot exist if hemmed in by
+     capitalistic and militarist states. Russia's revolution must follow
+     the law of all healthy organisms. It must increase. If it does not
+     increase it will decline....</p>
+
+<p>     "Russia will continue to propagandize unshrinkingly in all
+     countries.</p>
+
+<p>     "We may be left temporarily in peace to enjoy our revolutionary
+     social and economic system while the rest of Europe continues to
+     groan under a capitalism and monarchism which, perhaps, for the
+     time being, will be purged of a too dangerous imperialism.</p>
+
+<p>     "What will Russia do if this be so?</p>
+
+<p>     "Short-sighted men reply: 'Cherish your own revolution; thank
+     Heaven that you are better off than the rest of the world; and let
+     the rest of the world do what it likes.'</p>
+
+<p>     "But we Bolsheviki are against such a policy. Short of armed
+     pressure against any European country, we shall not shrink from
+     measures necessary for spreading our revolution in the world.</p>
+
+<p>     "The motives why every Bolshevik must approve of this policy are
+     overwhelming. The first is that a peace between the ideas of
+     revolutionary Russia and the ideas of non-revolutionary Europe
+     could at best be a truce....</p>
+
+<p>     "Each side would foster its ideas and prepare for a future
+     struggle, and since non-revolutionary Europe will always be better
+     armed than pacifist Russia, the European despots (as soon as they
+     have recovered from their present bitter lesson of the<a id="page_184"></a> meaning of
+     war) undoubtedly would hurl themselves upon Russia in order to wipe
+     away the one revolutionary plague-spot.</p>
+
+<p>     "For that reason our revolution cannot rest until it has
+     established full revolution in all neighbor lands.</p>
+
+<p>     "The second reason why Russia must incite Europe to revolt is that
+     by its very nature, the revolution cannot live in isolation. Europe
+     must be organized, either on a capitalistic basis or a proletarian,
+     anti-capitalistic basis. The dual system is inconceivable. It is
+     impossible for Russia to exist without capitalistic banks and
+     industries, if she has to trade with countries which have
+     capitalistic banks and industries....</p>
+
+<p>     "In its own defense the revolution must propagandize and convert.
+     It must incite and urge on the masses against their present rulers
+     in all countries, and it must do this unshrinkingly, without fear
+     of consequences, or consideration for the feelings and interests of
+     the foreign affected parties."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The question may now be asked, What means is the Russian Bolshevist
+government using to incite revolution in America? We have not, of
+course, much definite information as yet; but we know that Lenine's
+government has lots of money which it can use for foreign revolutionary
+propaganda, and that a certain Ludwig C. A. K. Martens has been in our
+country for some time claiming to represent the Soviet government and
+boasting that he is able to deposit in our banks for commercial purposes
+hundreds of millions of Russian gold. He is very active, has been
+assisted by Morris Hillquit of "The Call," the Socialist daily of New
+York City, goes about visiting different Socialist organizations, and in
+return is entertained by them. During the months of April and May, 1919,
+many notices of such receptions were published in "The Call." One
+example will suffice. Under the caption, "Official Socialist News," in
+the issue of March 31, 1919, we read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The central committee of Local New York, Socialist Party, greets
+     Comrade L. C. A. K. Martens, recently appointed the representative
+     of the Russian Soviet government in the United States and in his
+     name the victorious Russian proletariat.</p>
+
+<p>     "We sincerely hope that his work in behalf of the Socialist
+     government of Russia will be crowned with success. We pledge him
+     our aid, and promise that we shall not rest until the government of
+     the United States has ceased to be a party to the economic and
+     political isolation of Russia and the military occupation of
+     territory of the Soviet republic."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the latter part of March, 1919, Martens shared offices with<a id="page_185"></a> Santeri
+Nuorteva, also a great friend of the American Socialists. Nuorteva was
+head of the Bolshevist propaganda in this country and from his office
+mailed the "Weekly Bulletin of the Bureau of Information on Soviet
+Russia." Nuorteva denied that these large sheets, which are about the
+same size as the propaganda sheets issued in the first months of the war
+by the German Information Service, constitute propaganda. Like the
+German Information Service sheets, each contains from six to ten
+articles. All paint conditions in Russia under Trotzky and Lenine as
+steadily improving and show those men and their aids as gentle,
+kind-hearted individuals whose only sin is the betterment of mankind.</p>
+
+<p>Among labor unions Bolshevism has made great headway. The New Labor
+Party of Illinois in 1919 not only supported Soviet Russia but favored
+the Soviet system in our own country. Sensible workingmen in the
+American Federation of Labor and conservative members of the new Labor
+Party had good reason for being alarmed and for suspecting that American
+propagators of Bolshevism received Russian gold from some one, possibly
+from Martens.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialist papers of the United States approve of Bolshevism,
+Spartacism and Communism, and would gladly welcome it to our country.
+"The Call," New York, March 31, 1919, on its editorial page says: "The
+red in the East is the dawning of a new day." On April 1, 1919, the same
+paper contained a long article on the first page, entitled, "Forces of
+Darkness Open Their Campaign to End Bolshevism." On April 11, 1919, in
+an editorial on the impending capture of Odessa by the Bolsheviki, it
+says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The evacuation of the Black Sea port of Odessa by foreign troops
+     that have been holding it for many months is news of great
+     significance....</p>
+
+<p>     "Like the German forces hurled against Soviet Russia by the mailed
+     fist of the Kaiser, the French, Greek and Rumanian soldiers go out
+     in a different mind and temper than they had going in. Wherever
+     they go, they will spread the ideas of human liberty and
+     co-operative development that they were sent to crush."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On April 13, 1919, "The Call" printed a poem on the assassinated
+Spartacan leader, Karl Liebknecht:</p>
+
+<p>/P
+                "<span class="smallcaps">Liebknecht</span></p>
+
+<p>    "Liebknecht, your lonely, bitter course is run!
+    While we, with cautious feet, pursue the goal--<a id="page_186"></a>
+    'Tis not in pity's name that we make moan--
+    Nay! 'tis in envy of your martyrdom!
+    The mirror of your flaming soul
+    Has caught our poverty and gloom,
+    In that fierce light our virtues shown
+    Petty, distorted, wan!
+    Then, hail! O martyr, in our day of doom!
+    Hail, fiery heart, receive the victor's crown!
+    Our heart a charnel house has grown
+    For our vast dead! Yet we make room
+    For freedom's slain. Shall not the tomb
+    Yield heavy harvest where such seed is sown?"
+P/</p>
+
+<p>"The Call," April 15, 1919, published the following endorsement of
+Hungarian Communism by the New York State Committee of the Socialist
+Party:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Whereas, the working class of Hungary have seized political power
+     and are using the same for the purpose of socializing industry and
+     as an instrument for the complete emancipation of labor, therefore
+     be it</p>
+
+<p>     "Resolved, that we, the State Committee of the Socialist Party of
+     the State of New York, in meeting assembled congratulate the
+     Socialist movement and the working class of Hungary on the success
+     of the revolution and on the position that the Hungarian Socialist
+     Republic has taken in defiance of the capitalist imperialists of
+     all lands."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the April 24, 1919, edition of "The Call" we read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "A new period in the evolution of the social and economic structure
+     of the world is at hand. A new day for those who toil. A new day
+     which will mean economic and political liberty based on justice for
+     those who toil. Some call it revolution. Well, if that be the word,
+     so be it. And woe be to those who in their blind folly throw
+     themselves in the way to stop its onward sweep throughout the
+     civilized world, for they shall be as grass before the sickle!
+     Hail, all hail, the new day!"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Again, in its issue of April 30, 1919, "The Call" favors the Hungarian
+Communist regime of Bela Kun:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "'There is reason to believe,' says a dispatch from Budapest, 'that
+     the present Hungarian government has been unofficially approached
+     by the Entente with the suggestion that military invasion might be
+     arrested if the extremist members were replaced by more moderate
+     Socialists.' Making all allowance for the unreliability of the
+     dispatch, it is hard to say which<a id="page_187"></a> cuts the more contemptible
+     figure, the Entente or the 'Moderate Socialists.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In its 1919 May Day edition, "The Call," under the caption, "All Attacks
+on Russian Revolution Have Recoiled," shows its sympathy for Bolshevism
+and Spartacism:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Every attack of world reaction upon Soviet Russia, the center of
+     the world revolution, has remained fruitless. The internal strength
+     and the external power of the Russian Workers' and Peasants'
+     Republic is growing daily into a power that will successfully
+     withstand the onslaughts of capitalism. The possibilities of
+     subduing the Russian revolution by force from without decrease
+     constantly as the governments of the different countries are ever
+     more forcibly threatened by the fermentation among their own
+     peoples which they must combat.</p>
+
+<p>     "At present the second, the Socialist revolution, has come upon the
+     scene in Germany, which, driven to the edge of starvation, bleeding
+     and drained to the marrow by Kaiserism and militarism, is now being
+     held in the grip of Entente capitalism. There at this moment the
+     courageous and steadfast Socialists stand under the flag of
+     Spartacus, first on the barricades under the sign of the general
+     strike and street battles....</p>
+
+<p>     "The German Socialists of the Right have soiled the name of
+     Socialism by being inimical to the Russian revolution; by failing
+     to communicate with the radical English elements in the English
+     strike movements, which are also spontaneous expressions of
+     proletarian unrest; by acting as the lackeys of Kaiserism and
+     capitalism in opposing the November revolution to the last hour
+     before its outbreak; and, finally, by their unspeakable mass
+     murders of starving, demonstrating and striking proletarians.</p>
+
+<p>     "In this struggle between the revolution and the social-patriotic
+     bourgeois reaction which now enters into a decisive phase, two of
+     the noblest pioneers of the international, Dr. Karl Liebknecht and
+     Rosa Luxemburg, were murdered by the hate-filled bourgeois mob and
+     the degenerate Scheidemann-Noske henchmen. Another victim of the
+     treacherous reaction was Kurt Eisner, Socialist premier of Bavaria.
+     One need but be an honest, fearless Socialist to be in danger of
+     one's life under the hypocritical, false, brutal and murderous
+     regime of Ebert-Scheidemann-Noske. This regime revives the worst
+     methods of Kaiserism and holds its protecting hand over the
+     bourgeois and capitalists of Germany. But this blood and the blood
+     of our martyrs will only urge the masses to continuous
+     uncon<a id="page_188"></a>querable struggle, till the criminal Ebert-Scheidemann-Noske
+     reaction, together with the criminals and conspirators of the old
+     empire, yield to the power of the revolutionary justice of the
+     masses."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the May 1, 1919, issue of "The Call," the May Day Manifesto is made
+public by Morris Hillquit, International Secretary of the Socialist
+Party of the United States. Only part of it is hereby quoted:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We send fraternal greetings and vows of whole-hearted sympathy to
+     the Socialist Soviet Republic of Russia, which is so valiantly
+     upholding the lofty international proletarian ideals in the face of
+     the combining military economic and political attacks of
+     reactionary powers, and in spite of the systematic campaign of
+     libelous misrepresentation on the part of the lying capitalist
+     press of the world. We send congratulations and fraternal good
+     wishes to the workers of Hungary on the establishment of a free
+     Communistic Workers' Republic, upon the ruins of the predatory
+     monarchy of their exploiting and land-monopolizing rulers. We
+     extend the hand of comradeship and solidarity to the revolutionary
+     Socialists of Germany and Russia, now engaged in a life-and-death
+     struggle to secure for the working masses of their countries the
+     full fruit of their victorious revolutions; to the workers of
+     England in their efforts to wrest the control of the industries
+     from the parasites in their country, and to the Socialists of
+     France, Italy and all other countries of Europe in their fights
+     against their revolutionary governments."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The New Age," the Socialist paper of Buffalo, April 10, 1919, published
+a "Greeting to the Soviet Republic of Hungary":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The proletariat of Hungary has taken all power in its own hands.
+     Like a bolt from the blue the workers, soldiers and peasants of
+     'conquered' Hungary proclaim their intervention in the arena of
+     world politics--and the diplomats of capitalism are thrown into a
+     flurry of mingled rage and fear.</p>
+
+<p>     "While the wires were still hot with the news of the resignation of
+     Count Karolyi, president of the provisional government of Hungary,
+     as a protest against the peace terms of the Paris Conference, came
+     word of the complete triumph of revolutionary Socialism and the
+     establishment of the second Soviet Republic in the world.</p>
+
+<p>     "With little or no resistance, with no intervening period of
+     Socialist compromise, the Hungarian Soviet Republic rises to<a id="page_189"></a> power
+     and in its initial proclamation ushers in the dictatorship of the
+     proletariat, decrees the socialization of the large estates, mines,
+     big industries, banks and lines of transportation, declares its
+     oneness of purpose with the revolutionary proletariat of Russia and
+     its readiness to form an armed alliance with the federated Soviet
+     Republic. All over the country Workmen's, Soldiers' and Peasants'
+     Councils are in action and take over the functions of government."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Revolutionary Age," then a Socialist paper of Boston, on March 29,
+1919, showed its complete sympathy for the Bolshevists, Communists and
+Spartacans:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "So the Hungarian workers set about their task and the eastern sky
+     is brightening.</p>
+
+<p>     "Already the two Soviet governments have issued an appeal to the
+     workers of all countries to sweep away the old system. The
+     bourgeois press tells of the spread of Bolshevism throughout
+     central Europe and the diplomats of Capitalism are turning this way
+     and that to avert fresh outbreaks. But they are powerless. Every
+     new move brings new complications, every award of territory here
+     brings discontent and adds to the 'menace' there.</p>
+
+
+<p>     "<span class="smallcaps">Next</span>!</p>
+
+<p>     "The fear that weighs upon the world of Capitalism and the
+     diplomats in Paris is: Who next? The proclamation of a Soviet
+     Republic in Hungary is to them not a fact, but a symbol--a symbol
+     of the onward sweep of the proletarian revolution, which may break
+     loose in other nations.</p>
+
+<p>     "Through this symbol looms Soviet Russia--gigantic, mysterious and
+     implacable. Despised by the world of Capitalism, intrigued against
+     and vilified, isolated in the spaces of its own territory, attacked
+     by the soldiers of the Allies--Soviet Russia, through the flaming
+     energy of its proletariat and Socialism has conquered in spite of
+     all. The Allies, their Capitalism and Imperialism, are no longer a
+     menace to Soviet Russia; it is now Soviet Russia that menaces the
+     Allies through its own gigantic strength and the threat of the
+     international proletarian revolution....</p>
+
+<p>     "And this revolutionary army of Soviet Russia, massed at the
+     frontier, is prepared to march into Hungary or Poland or Germany to
+     co-operate with the revolutionary masses in any war that may be
+     necessary against international Imperialism and for the proletarian
+     revolution.<a id="page_190"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "The situation in Germany is critical and crucial. The conquest of
+     power by the revolutionary proletariat in Germany will assure the
+     world revolution. The recent butchery of the Spartacans by the
+     Government of 'Socialist' assassins has not crushed the
+     revolutionary masses; on the contrary, the masses have been
+     aroused, the Ebert-Scheidemann government depending more and more
+     upon the worst elements of the old regime; it is being isolated,
+     and the workers are rallying to the Soviets."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Ohio Socialist," published in Cleveland, and claiming to be the
+"Official Organ of the Socialist Parties of Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia,
+West Virginia and New Mexico," in the spring of 1919 gave its unlimited
+support to Bolshevism. "The Proletarian," then a Socialist paper of
+Detroit, was in thorough accord with Bolshevists, Spartacists and
+Communists, of Russia, Germany and Hungary respectively. The following
+quotations are taken from the April, 1919, edition:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In order to be a good American, according to the view of the
+     powers that be, it is necessary to repeat and believe the stories
+     written in the capitalist press about the Bolsheviki. But we, who
+     know what is going on, and do not believe them, maintain that a
+     person can be truthful, and still be an American. That he can be a
+     good, pure, unadulterated American, and still lend his sympathies
+     to the Bolsheviki.</p>
+
+<p>     "In revolutionary Germany the struggle between the defenders of
+     capitalism and the champions of working class emanicipation--the
+     Spartacides and their adherents--continues almost unceasingly. The
+     'democratic' government has taken desperate steps to crush the
+     revolution; there have been wholesale executions and other
+     repressive acts....</p>
+
+<p>     "The final conflict is now on. 'Ruthless slaughter' is the
+     governmental decree with Gustav Noske, 'minister of defense,' in
+     charge of the butchering. And what is it that Noske and his
+     'Socialist' colleagues are defending? The interests of the German
+     capitalists. Sacred private property rights are in danger; the
+     stronghold of capitalism is being assailed. The expropriation of
+     the capitalists is the aim of the proletarian revolutionists....</p>
+
+<p>     "All the old friends of Kaiserism--Hoffman, Hindenberg and the
+     rest--are lined up against the Spartacans. Although these elements
+     of reaction have gained temporary victory, the workers are
+     undismayed."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Proletarian," in this same issue, referring to the Bela Kun
+dictatorship of Hungary, says:<a id="page_191"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "On Sunday, March 23d, the news was flashed across America that
+     Hungary had swung into the ranks of the revolutionary proletarian
+     dictatorships....</p>
+
+<p>     "A note from the Paris Conference seems to have been the last straw
+     that 'broke the camel's back' of the middle course government,
+     causing President, Cabinet and all, to resign. This allowed the
+     political power to fall into the hands of those who are alone
+     capable of handling the situation--the revolutionary proletariat."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Chicago Socialist" is also pro-Bolshevist. In the April 1, 1919,
+edition each of the three following lines extends across the top of the
+front page of the paper:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "How Many Bolshevists in Chicago?</p>
+
+<p>     "The Vote Today Will Tell.</p>
+
+<p>     "Vote The Socialist Ticket."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>At the bottom of the first page of this April election day issue of "The
+Chicago Socialist," the following notice is given to voters:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Vote for the great change, TODAY, by casting a Socialist ballot.
+     Stand up and be counted for a Soviet Republic, not only in Russia,
+     or in Hungary, not only in the United States or in some other land;
+     but stand up and be counted for the Soviet Republic of the world."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Socialist paper of Duluth, like the other Marxian papers of the
+United States, also favored Spartacism and Bolshevism, for in the March
+7, 1919, issue of "The Truth" we read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We can honestly say that the position in Germany is very
+     promising. The Spartacides are now coming into their own and ere
+     long we shall see Bolshevism firmly established in Germany."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The pink booklet published by the Socialist Party, Buffalo, New York,
+entitled, "The Truth About Russia," contains the text of the Bolshevik
+Constitution, and on page 2 appears the following introduction:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "This little booklet is published by Local Buffalo, Socialist
+     Party, Erie County, with the object in view of giving information
+     to those who desire to grasp the true situation and understand the
+     struggle now going on in Eastern Europe between the reactionary
+     elements allied with German imperialism and other imperialists
+     against the Workers' Republic of Russia in their struggle for true
+     democracy."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On the back cover sheet of "The Crisis in the German Social Democracy,"
+written by Karl Leibknecht, Rosa Luxemburg and Franz Mehring, and
+published by the Socialist Publication<a id="page_192"></a> Society of Brooklyn, New York,
+there is an advertisement of "The Class Struggle," "a bi-monthly
+magazine devoted to International Socialism." This bi-monthly "does not
+exploit the ephemeral, but gives serious studies of the international
+movement from the pens of comrades in all parts of the world. Among the
+recent contributors are: Lenine, Trotzky, Lunacharsky, Franz Mehring,
+Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, Friedrich Adler, Santeri Nuorteva" So the
+advertisement reads.</p>
+
+<p>"The Bulletin," issued March 24, 1919, by the National Office, Socialist
+Party, page 11, volunteers information which shows one phase of
+Bolshevist propaganda carried on by that Party in the United States:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The striking effective leaflet, 'The Great and Growing Fear--No
+     Work,' is accomplishing a double purpose and is being snapped up
+     eagerly and distributed by the hundreds of thousands by state and
+     local organizations and by individual hustlers. Two hundred
+     thousand copies have been sold and it will shortly go to its third
+     printing. Orders indicate a million edition of this powerful
+     leaflet. The Russian Constitution, an article and
+     thought-compelling cartoons on unemployment, that this leaflet
+     carries, make it the Socialist literature triumph of the month.
+     Send for sample copy and order early.</p>
+
+<p>     "From the hustling 'Red' town of Hamilton, Ohio, comes an order for
+     8,000 'Great Fear' leaflets to put the truth about the Russian
+     Soviet Constitution in the homes of the workers of that community."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Eye Opener," the official national organ of the Socialist Party of
+America, in its issue of January, 1919, shows its sympathy for the
+Spartacans by the following article:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "'<span class="smallcaps">You Did Not Die In Vain</span>!'</p>
+
+<p>     "American Socialist Party to</p>
+
+<p>     "<i>Liebknecht and Luxembourg</i>.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Socialist Party executive committee has adopted a resolution
+     on the death of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg, Germany's two
+     most uncompromising foes of Kaiserism and imperialism. It is as
+     follows:</p>
+
+<p>     "'The National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of the
+     United States of America, has learned of the deaths of our beloved
+     comrades, Dr. Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg, who are reported
+     assassinated by the agents of the reactionary forces of Germany,
+     who are now conspiring to deprive the workers of that country of
+     the opportunity to establish a free government there.<a id="page_193"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "'These comrades, always true to the principles of revolutionary
+     Socialism, in the face of unqualified opposition before, during and
+     after the great war, commanded the love and admiration of all the
+     lovers of international liberty, and have, by their incomparable
+     devotion to this great cause, made their names immortal in the
+     history of working class liberation.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>From the "New York Times," November 18, 1918, we learn that the Chicago
+Socialists endorsed Bolshevism.</p>
+
+<p>A despatch by the International News Service from Cleveland, Ohio, March
+31, 1919, informs us that C.E. Ruthenberg, leading Socialist of that
+city, after a meeting of the Cleveland Socialists on March 30, announced
+that the members of the party had just voted in favor of the adoption of
+the Bolshevik doctrine of Lenine and Trotzky for the further direction
+of the Cleveland party and that the action of the members was
+practically unanimous.</p>
+
+<p>"The Call," New York, April 3, 1919, gave notice of a pro-Bolshevist
+meeting to be held by the Socialists on the following Saturday afternoon
+at Park Circle, New York City:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "This is the first of a series that the Socialist Party of Harlem
+     proposes to hold, inspired by the success of the Debs meeting two
+     weeks ago at the same place, when 15,000 people attended.</p>
+
+<p>     "The assemblage on Saturday, besides demanding that the United
+     States recognize Soviet Russia, will also give a welcome to the
+     Soviet Republic of Hungary."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In its issue of April 10, 1919, "The Call" recorded the approval by the
+Queen's County, New York, Socialists of the Bolsheviki and Spartacans:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We desire to clearly place ourselves on record for, and openly and
+     actively sign ourselves with the revolutionary proletariat the
+     world over, as at present expressed by the policies and tactics of
+     the Communist Party of Russia (Bolsheviki), the Communist Labor
+     Party in Germany (Spartacans) and other parties in harmony with
+     them."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On May 31, 1919, "The Call" published the declaration of the National
+Executive Committee of the party in favor of Bolshevism, Communism and
+Spartacism: The Socialist Party of the United States "supports
+whole-heartedly the Soviet Republic of Russia and the Communist
+government of Hungary.... In Germany, Austria and countries similarly
+situated, its sympathies are with the more advanced Socialist groups."<a id="page_194"></a></p>
+
+<p>In "The Call," May 17, 1919, Martens, the representative in the United
+States of the Russian Soviet Government, is quoted as saying:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Russian workers, whom I represent, acknowledge with gratitude the
+     sympathy toward the struggles of Soviet Russia evinced by the
+     Socialist Party of America, as well as by the Socialist Labor
+     Party, the I. W. W. and other organizations of the working class,
+     and they return the sympathy without discrimination."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Call," March 30, 1919, informs its readers that Cleveland
+Socialists were organizing a Workers' and Soldiers' Soviet, and again,
+on April 1, 1919, that soviets had been established in Seattle, Portland
+and San Francisco. Eugene V. Debs, in an article written by him in "The
+Class Struggle," said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "From the crown of my head to the soles of my feet I am Bolshevik
+     and proud of it."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Call," April 14, 1919, published Debs' "Last Minute Message to All
+New York Socialists":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "As I am about to enter the prison doors, I wish to send to the
+     Socialists of New York who have loyally stood by me since my first
+     arrest, this little message of love and cheer. These are pregnant
+     and promising days. We are all on the threshold of tremendous
+     changes. The workers of the world are awakening and bestirring
+     themselves as never before. All the forces that are playing upon
+     the modern world are making for the overthrow of despotism in all
+     its forms and for the emancipation of the masses of mankind. I
+     shall be in prison in the days to come, but my revolutionary spirit
+     will be abroad, and I shall not be inactive. Let us all, in the
+     supreme hour, measure up to our full stature and work together as
+     one for the great cause that means emancipation for us all. Love to
+     all my Comrades, and all hail to the Revolution.--<span class="smallcaps">Eugene Victor
+     Debs</span>."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>From the same issue of "The Call" we learn that Debs, on leaving
+Wheeling, West Virginia, for the Moundsville prison, gave the following
+statement to David Karsner, staff correspondent: "I enter the prison
+doors a flaming revolutionist--my head erect, my spirit untamed, and my
+soul unconquered."</p>
+
+<p>A press despatch from Toledo, Ohio, March 31, 1919, describes the
+serious socialist riot which took place that afternoon as a protest
+against the then impending imprisonment of Debs, the self-styled
+"flaming revolutionist":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Toledo, Ohio, March 31.--When they were refused admis<a id="page_195"></a>sion by city
+     officials to Memorial Hall, a city building where Eugene V. Debs
+     was scheduled to speak, 5,000 persons stormed the place, broke
+     windows and doors, and then paraded the streets crying, 'To hell
+     with the mayor.' ...</p>
+
+<p>     "Announcement that Debs would not be permitted to speak was made
+     late Saturday night, after the Socialists here had prepared to
+     handle an overflow crowd. The announcement appeared in the morning
+     papers, and was the first notice the Socialists had that their
+     meeting could not be held.</p>
+
+<p>     "When the hour for Debs to speak arrived there were at least 6,000
+     men and women congregated about the William McKinley monument in
+     Courthouse Park, across the street from Memorial hall.</p>
+
+<p>     "A man mounted the base of the monument. 'We'll use Memorial Hall
+     this afternoon if we have to wade through blood to do it!' he
+     shouted. A policeman grabbed him and he was thrown unceremoniously
+     into a patrol wagon. The man who essayed to speak next also was
+     arrested.</p>
+
+<p>     "As the crowd sensed what was occurring the radicals began to hoot
+     and boo the officers. Clubs were drawn and the crowd was made to
+     move. Then came the parade through the streets and cries of 'Down
+     with the mayor!' 'Hang him!' 'To hell with the police!' and others
+     of a similar nature.</p>
+
+<p>     "It was after five o'clock before the police were able to disperse
+     the crowd. Fist fights by the dozens occurred on corners. Hotel
+     lobbies were invaded by the malcontents. Street cars were held up
+     and threats of serious outbreaks were to be heard on every hand....</p>
+
+<p>     "More than seventy-five men were arrested, including Thomas Devine,
+     Socialist member of the city council."
+<a id="page_196"></a></p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch14">
+<h2>CHAPTER XIV</h2>
+
+<h3>VIOLENCE, BLOODSHED AND ARMED REBELLION</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Every year on May Day the Socialists are in the habit of publishing
+articles and making speeches of a more than usual revolutionary
+character. They are also fond of parading on that day to incite riot,
+and of holding meetings to stir up discontent and to foment rebellion
+among the laboring classes. May Day, 1919, was an especially serious one
+in several cities of the United States and will long be remembered,
+because the Socialist riots occurred while the whole country was excited
+over the unsuccessful mailing of bombs to a score or so of eminent
+citizens. The most serious Marxian riots took place in Cleveland, Ohio,
+and were described in part in the "Chicago Tribune" as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Cleveland, Ohio, May 1.--An unidentified man was killed by a
+     detective's bullet, eleven policemen were shot or badly beaten, and
+     about 100 persons wounded, many seriously, in general rioting which
+     brought a dramatic finale this afternoon to a Socialist May Day
+     demonstration here.</p>
+
+<p>     "About thirty persons, seriously injured, are in hospitals
+     to-night, while scores of others, including women, were trampled by
+     rioters or clubbed by police.</p>
+
+<p>     "Socialist headquarters was totally wrecked by angry civilians bent
+     on putting an end to the demonstration....</p>
+
+<p>     "A mob of several hundred threatened police headquarters when C. E.
+     Ruthenberg, Socialist leader and former Socialist candidate for
+     mayor, was arrested and for more than an hour the entire downtown
+     section of the city was a warring mass of Socialists, police,
+     civilians and soldiers, the latter riding down the rioters in army
+     trucks and tanks.</p>
+
+<p>     "Dozens of shots were fired in Public square, where more than
+     20,000 Socialists and sympathizers assembled for a May Day rally
+     and to protest against the convictions of Eugene V. Debs and Thomas
+     J. Mooney.<a id="page_197"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "The trouble started in Superior Avenue, near East Ninth Street,
+     when the head of one of the five Socialist parades, scheduled to
+     meet in a mass meeting at Public square, was stopped, and Liberty
+     Loan workers and an army lieutenant tore a red flag from a man at
+     the head of the marchers, practically every one of whom were
+     carrying red flags.</p>
+
+<p>     "In less than ten minutes riots had developed at several other
+     points, mounted and foot policemen being switched from one location
+     to another to quell the fighting.</p>
+
+<p>     "The trouble in the public square started when Lieut. H. S. Bergen,
+     who served with the 80th Division overseas, demanded that several
+     soldiers among the Socialists on the platform remove their uniforms
+     or the red flags they wore on their breasts.</p>
+
+<p>     "The soldiers refused, and C. E. Ruthenberg, scheduled as the
+     principal Socialist speaker, interceded for the Socialists.</p>
+
+<p>     "Lieut. Bergen, followed by Lieut. John Hardy of Detroit, thereupon
+     mounted the platform and tore the red insignia from the khaki
+     uniforms. The act was the signal for a grand rush by thousands of
+     Socialist sympathizers."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On Sunday, May 4, 1919, serious trouble with the Socialist-Bolshevist
+element of Gary, Indiana, was narrowly averted. The account, as
+published in the "Chicago Tribune" on the next day, reads in part as
+follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "There was no 'Red' parade in Gary yesterday....</p>
+
+<p>     "Fifty policemen, wearing revolvers on their belts and reinforced
+     by a special shotgun squad of sixteen, a company of state militia,
+     thirty deputy sheriffs, a group of secret service men from Chicago
+     and hundreds of citizen volunteers, prevented the parade after the
+     Russian Socialists flouted an order of Mayor W.H. Hodges
+     prohibiting the march and declared they would proceed despite the
+     authorities....</p>
+
+<p>     "Yesterday's demonstration was the result of a carefully planned
+     plot matured for nearly a month by the foreign radical element of
+     Lake County, Indiana. Its stated purpose was to protest against the
+     conviction of Eugene V. Debs and Kate Richards O'Hare. An
+     undercurrent of rumor among the radicals gave it a more significant
+     meaning, however.</p>
+
+<p>     "On Thursday secret service men obtained copies of pamphlets
+     printed in Russian, containing a formula for the manufacture of
+     explosives. More literature calling for the overthrow of the
+     government was circulated. A third series of pamphlets contained
+     the Constitution of the Russian Soviet Republic.<a id="page_198"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "Friday Morris Lieberman, head of the Socialists, called on Mayor
+     Hodges for a permit to parade. It was refused with the explanation
+     that riots such as caused two deaths in Cleveland were feared....</p>
+
+<p>     "Early yesterday morning radicals began to arrive in Gary. Cars
+     from Indiana Harbor, Whiting, Hammond, Crown Point, and trains from
+     Chicago brought them by the dozens.</p>
+
+<p>     "By noon several thousand had gathered in and near the Socialist
+     headquarters, a mile south of the business district of Gary. Under
+     portraits of Trotzky and Lenine they sang Russian songs and
+     gathered about in knots waiting for 'zero hour'--one o'clock.</p>
+
+<p>     "Lieberman, fearing bloodshed, decided to counsel his followers
+     against a parade. They howled him down, however, and hotter heads
+     took charge of the meeting. A dozen girls, with rolls of red
+     ribbon, pinned a scarlet strip on the lapel of each man's coat as
+     he entered the meeting hall. Red neckties were abundant. Red hat
+     bands made their appearance. Many wore scarlet carnations."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Judge Haas of the Municipal Court of Gary thus commented on those
+arrested in the demonstration:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "All except Capolitto have failed to become citizens. All except
+     him and one other tried to evade war service in our army,
+     endeavoring to sneak out on the ground of not being citizens of
+     this country. All they seem to want is to come over here and make
+     trouble--out of twenty-one gun-toters who have been brought before
+     me, nineteen have been foreigners and not even citizens."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The leaders of the Marxian movement, both in the United States and
+abroad, testify that to be a Socialist is to be a plotter against all
+existing forms of government. Marx and Engels, for instance, confess the
+truth of this in their celebrated "Communist Manifesto," which they
+addressed to their followers over half a century ago, and which is
+looked upon even today by the rank and file of the party as embodying
+the fundamental principles of International Socialism. "The Communists,"
+we are told, "everywhere support every revolutionary movement against
+the existing social and political order of things" and "disdain to
+conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be
+obtained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social
+conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a communistic
+revolution."<a id="page_199"></a></p>
+
+<p>We are indebted to the late August Bebel, the leader of the Socialists
+of Germany, for the confession that "along with the state die out its
+representatives--cabinet ministers, parliaments, standing armies, police
+and constables, courts, attorneys, prison officials, tariff and tax
+collectors, in short the whole political apparatus. Barracks and other
+such military structures, palaces of law and of administration,
+prisons--all will now await better use. Ten thousand laws, decrees and
+regulations become so much rubbish; they have only historic value."
+["Women Under Socialism," by Bebel, page 319, of the 1904 edition in
+English.]</p>
+
+<p>"The People," New York, May 13, 1900, in speaking of the relation of
+Socialism to existing forms of government, including our own, affirms
+that "while there is a very general idea that Socialism means an
+extension of the powers and functions of government, still this is a
+very natural and dangerous misconception, and one that ought to be
+guarded against." "Socialism," it adds, "does not mean the extension of
+government, but on the contrary it means the end, the elimination of
+government."</p>
+
+<p>The "International Socialist Review," Chicago, February, 1912, together
+with many other magazines and papers current at the time, called
+attention to the fact that William D. Haywood, who for a long time had
+been before the eyes of the public on account of his revolutionary
+utterances and writings, declared in a speech at Cooper Union, in New
+York City, that the Socialists were conspirators against the United
+States Government.</p>
+
+<p>"The Call," April 1, 1919, in an editorial note says that "the whole
+system of government in the United States, Federal, State and Municipal,
+seems to be out of date."</p>
+
+<p>Though the men who march behind the red flag, singing the Marseillaise
+of the French Revolution, usually deny to the general public, for
+reasons of political expediency, that the Socialist movement is a
+violent and revolutionary one, it is evident to those who have read
+their books, magazines, and papers, that the use of the ballot and
+education are not the means on which they rely finally for the
+establishment of their visionary commonwealth. Violence is advocated and
+habitually practised by the Socialists who constitute the Industrial
+Workers of the World, whose banner with the inscription, "No God, No
+Master," has brought them into disrepute all over the country. Jack
+London, a Socialist widely known in the United<a id="page_200"></a> States and England as a
+novelist, furnishes us with excellent reasons for believing that the
+International Socialist Party approves of violence and assassination,
+and thereby reaffirms its allegiance to the base principles of the
+French Commune. Writing in the "International Socialist Review" of
+August, 1909, Jack London made the following comment on the progress of
+Socialism in Russia:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Our comrades in Russia have formed what they call 'THE FIGHTING
+     ORGANIZATION.' This FIGHTING ORGANIZATION accused, tried, found
+     guilty and condemned to death one Sipiaguin, Minister of the
+     Interior. On April 2, he was shot and killed in the Maryinsky
+     Palace. Two years later the FIGHTING ORGANIZATION condemned to
+     death and executed another Minister of the Interior, Von Plehve.
+     Having done so it issued a document, dated July 29, 1904, setting
+     forth the counts of its indictment of Von Plehve and its
+     responsibility for the assassination. Now, and to the point, this
+     document was sent out to the Socialists of the world, and by them
+     was published everywhere in the magazines and newspapers. The point
+     is, not that the Socialists of the world were unafraid to do it,
+     but that they did it as a matter of routine, giving publication to
+     what might be called an official document of International
+     Revolutionary Movement."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>August Bebel in "Unsere Ziele," page 44, expresses his sentiments on the
+subject of violence quite as frankly as Jack London. "We must not
+shudder," he tells us, "at the thought of the possible employment of
+violence; we must not raise an alarm cry at the suppression of existing
+rights, at violent expropriation, etc. History teaches that at all times
+new ideas, as a rule, were realized by a violent conflict with the
+defenders of the past, and that the combatants for new ideas struck
+blows as deadly as possible at the defenders of antiquity. Not without
+reason does Karl Marx, in his work on 'Capital' exclaim: 'Violence is
+the obstetrician that waits on every ancient society which is about to
+give birth to a new one; violence is in itself a social factor.'"</p>
+
+<p>As reference has just been made to Karl Marx, it will be well to call
+attention to the fact that the Father of modern Socialism, in "The Civil
+War in France," page 78, claims that "the workingmen's Paris, with its
+Commune, will forever be celebrated as the glorious harbinger of a new
+society." The Commune, then, whose anniversary is celebrated on the 18th
+of March, every year, by the Socialists all over the world, has<a id="page_201"></a> been,
+and still is considered the precursor of their contemplated state. The
+reign of terror and rebellion in which tens of thousands of Frenchmen
+met their death, while public buildings and priceless works of art were
+being burned or destroyed and many beautiful churches pillaged, is the
+boast of the Socialistic champions of universal peace. The Parisian mob
+of criminals and revolutionists, which was finally subdued by 150,000
+French troops, after men and women had run about the streets with
+petroleum cans, firing public buildings and private houses and seizing
+many victims whom they hurried off to death, is, therefore, considered
+by the Socialists as one of the most illustrious gatherings of persons
+recorded in history, and one worthy of special memory, honor and
+respect.</p>
+
+<p>Victor Berger of Wisconsin, speaking in the 1908 National Convention of
+the Socialist Party in favor of an amendment to the party constitution,
+proposed by Delegate Hazlett, to the effect that any person opposing
+political action should be expelled from the party, shows how little
+difference there is between the advocates of "political action," who are
+supposed to favor the use of the ballot, and the "direct actionists,"
+who admit their preference for violence.</p>
+
+<p>"I have heard it pleaded," said Berger, "many a time right in our own
+meetings by speakers that come to our meetings, that the only salvation
+for the proletariat of America is direct action, that the ballot box is
+simply a humbug. Now I don't know how this question is going to be
+solved. I have no doubt that in the last analysis we must shoot, and
+when it comes to shooting, Wisconsin will be there. We always make
+good.... In order to be able to shoot even some day we must have the
+powers of political government in our hands, at least to a great extent.
+I want that understood. So everybody who is talking to you about direct
+action and so on, and about political action being a humbug, is your
+enemy today, because he keeps you from getting the powers of political
+government." ["Proceedings of the 1908 National Convention of the
+Socialist Party," page 241.]</p>
+
+<p>On July 31, 1909, we find Victor Berger, who posed as the special
+exponent of "political action," against the "anarchistic" element in his
+party, writing as follows in the "Social Democratic Herald" of
+Milwaukee:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "No one will claim that I am given to the reciting of revolutionary
+     phrases. On the contrary I am known to be a constructive Socialist.
+     However, in view of the plutocratic law<a id="page_202"></a> making of the present day,
+     it is easy to predict that the safety and hope of this country will
+     finally lie in one direction only, that of a violent and bloody
+     revolution. Therefore, I say, each of the 500,000 Socialist voters
+     and of the 2,000,000 workingmen who instinctively incline our way,
+     should, besides doing much reading and still more thinking, also
+     have a good rifle and the necessary rounds of ammunition in his
+     home, and be prepared to back up his ballot with his bullets if
+     necessary. This may look like a startling statement. Yet I can see
+     nothing else for the American masses today."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the "Social Democratic Herald," August 14, 1909, Victor Berger drops
+a few more words on the same subject in an article entitled: "IF THIS BE
+TREASON, MAKE THE BEST OF IT." "There are two ways," says he, "of
+effecting great social changes in a republic--the ballot and the bullet.
+If our people are not wise--if they are otherwise--then we may have use
+for both of them."</p>
+
+<p>Now, if Berger is a specimen of the extreme "political actionist," a
+conservative, the enemy of "direct action," who can imagine the
+treasonable intentions and bloody thoughts of the immense number of
+"direct actionists" who throng the ranks of these national conspirators?</p>
+
+<p>It is not flattering to the State of Wisconsin to realize that Berger
+has several times been chosen to represent one of its Congressional
+districts in the United States House of Representatives. Yet Berger has
+apt pupils. On January 12, 1919, Mayor Hoan of Milwaukee presided at a
+Milwaukee meeting of 8,000 "Reds" to protest against the conviction,
+under the Espionage Law, of Victor L. Berger and four co-conspirators,
+and prolonged cheering and waving of "Red" insignia answered the
+following words spoken by William Bross Lloyd (<i>Testimony, Socialist
+Trial, Albany, page 1623</i>):</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "What we want is revolutionary preparedness. We want to
+     organize.... We want a mobilization plan and an organization for
+     the revolution. We want to get rifles, machine guns, field
+     artillery, and the ammunition for it. You want to get dynamite. You
+     want to tell off the men for the revolution when it starts here.
+     You want to tell off the men who are to take the dynamite to the
+     armory doors and blow them in and capture the guns and ammunition
+     there so that the capitalists won't have any. You want to tell off
+     the men to dynamite the doors of the banks to get the money to
+     finance the revolution."
+<a id="page_203"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>William D. Haywood and Frank Bohn are the joint authors of a pamphlet
+entitled, "Industrial Socialism," the revolutionary tenor of which may
+be gathered from the following lines:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "When the worker, either through experience or a study of
+     Socialism, comes to know this truth [i.e., economic determinism],
+     he acts accordingly. He retains absolutely no respect for the
+     property rights of the profit takers. He will use any weapon which
+     will win his fight. He knows that the present laws of property are
+     made by and for the capitalists. Therefore he does not hesitate to
+     break them."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Since Haywood and Bohn evidently had no intention of using paper-cap
+pistols and pop-guns as their weapons, and since they certainly did not
+mean to shoot at stone walls and forest trees, it seems strange that the
+Socialist Party, if it does not advocate such doctrines of violence,
+should sell these pamphlets at $6 per 100, according to a price list of
+its national office in Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>To make matters still worse for the apologists of the Socialist Party of
+America, no less a personage than Eugene V. Debs commented as follows,
+in the "International Socialist Review," February, 1912, on the
+doctrines of Haywood and Bohn just referred to:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We have here a matter of tactics upon which a number of comrades
+     of ability and prominence have sharply disagreed. For my part, I
+     believe the paragraph to be entirely sound. Certainly all
+     Socialists knowing how and to what end capitalist property rights
+     are established, must hold such rights in contempt.... As a
+     revolutionist I can have no respect for capitalist property laws,
+     nor the least scruple about violating them. I hold all such laws to
+     have been enacted through chicanery, fraud and corruption, with the
+     sole end in view of dispossessing, robbing and enslaving the
+     working class. But this does not imply that I propose making an
+     individual law breaker of myself, and butting my head against the
+     stone wall of existing property laws. That might be called force,
+     but it would not be that. It would be mere weakness and folly. If I
+     had the force to overthrow these despotic laws, I would use it
+     without an instant's hesitation or delay, but I haven't got it, so
+     I am law abiding under protest--not from scruple--and bide my
+     time."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the "Appeal to Reason," Girard, Kansas, September 2, 1911, there is
+an excellent specimen of one of Debs' revolutionary articles, which
+reads in part as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Let us arouse the working class and invoke their power to smite
+     the conspirators and set our brothers [the McNamaras]<a id="page_204"></a> free. They
+     can be saved in no other way. The lawyers will plead for them to
+     deaf ears; organized labor will protest against their taking off in
+     vain. We are confronted by a heartless, soulless plutocracy. Let us
+     buckle on our armor and fight!... Let us marshal our forces and
+     develop our power for the revolt! Let us develop without delay all
+     the power we have, and prepare to strike in every way we know how.
+     With a general strike we can paralyze the plutocracy from coast to
+     coast. Hundreds of thousands will join eagerly and serve loyally in
+     the fight. We can stop the wheels, cut off the food supply, and
+     compel the plutocrats in sheer terror to sue for peace.... A few
+     men may be needed who are not afraid to die. Be ye also ready....
+     Let us swear that we will fight to the last ditch, that we will
+     strike blow for blow, that we will use every weapon at our command,
+     and that we will never surrender! Roll up a united Socialist vote
+     in California that will shake the Pacific Coast like an earthquake,
+     and back it up with a general strike that will paralyze the
+     continent.... Let the sturdy toilers of the Pacific Coast raise the
+     Red standard of revolt."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It was no other than this same Eugene V. Debs, the advocate of violence
+and revolution, who on May 17, 1912, was nominated as the presidential
+standard bearer of the Socialist Party. If ever elected, what a fine
+president he would make, this "poor," "persecuted," self-styled
+"flaming-revolutionist," now in jail! What an honorable party it must be
+that nominated such a man for the fourth successive time to fill the
+office of the presidency of our country! Indeed it was on the very same
+day that the followers of Karl Marx chose Debs as their candidate to
+rule the United States that they also declared, in the constitution of
+their party, that any member who should advocate crime, sabotage or
+other methods of violence, as a weapon of the working class to aid it in
+its emancipation, should be expelled from membership in the party!</p>
+
+<p>Never can political Socialists convince the American people of their
+sincerity and honesty while they nominate for office men like Debs, send
+to Congress representatives like Victor Berger, and choose as members of
+their national executive committee persons of the stamp of William D.
+Haywood. There was no better way for Socialists to convict themselves of
+hypocrisy than by retaining in their constitution the clause against
+sabotage, referred to above, while at the same time selling at their
+National Office books like "Industrial Social<a id="page_205"></a>ism" and publishing in
+their papers and magazines articles advocating and approving "direct
+action." By their deeds we judge them, and not by their hypocritical
+words.</p>
+
+<p>"The Call," on April 28, 1919, introduces with the following headlines
+the long comment that it makes on the Hart-Nearing debate of April 27th
+in New York City: "Revolution Is Only Solution of World-Wide Unrest,
+Says Nearing." In the course of the article Scott Nearing's suggestion
+of revolt is mentioned: "As against Professor Hart's proposal of a
+League of Nations, I suggest revolution." The "New York Times," April
+28, 1919, commented in part on the debate as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "'Who wants war?' asked Professor Hart. 'Scott Nearing wants war
+     and the people who think as he does, want war. Revolution is
+     nothing but civil war and we see its result in the Russian
+     revolution. Russia passed through three revolutions and is that the
+     kind of result we want in order to overthrow what he calls this
+     robber nation?'</p>
+
+<p>     "A whirlwind of applause marked this and through the applause was
+     heard a chorus of voices shouting 'yes.' The meeting cheered
+     Nearing's frequent references to 'revolution,' to the Russian
+     Soviet Republic and applauded his radical utterances, although he
+     had requested that he be permitted to speak without interruption.
+     The theatre contained about 3,000 persons who filled all the seats,
+     the stage and stood in the aisles, after paying from 25 cents to
+     $1.50 admission.</p>
+
+<p>     "Judging from the manifestations of approval of Nearing's remarks,
+     the large audience appeared to be overwhelmingly composed of
+     revolutionary Socialists, and when the speaker declared he believed
+     in a League of Socialist Nations the crowd vigorously applauded in
+     a way that left no doubt of its sentiment."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Call" in its May Day issue, 1919, published an article on
+present-day revolutionary tactics of the Socialists:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The world revolution, dreamed of as a thing of the distant future,
+     has become a live reality, rising from the graves of the murdered
+     millions and the misery and suffering of the surviving millions. It
+     has taken form, it strikes forward, borne on by the despair of the
+     masses and the shining example of the martyrs. Its spread is
+     irrepressible. The bridges are burnt behind the old capitalist
+     society and its path is forever cut off. Capitalist society is
+     bankrupt and the only salvation of humanity lies in the uprising of
+     the masses, in the victory of the Socialist revolution, in the
+     renovating forces of Socialism.<a id="page_206"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "The world war which is now about to be officially closed has slid
+     into a condition neither war nor peace. However, the war of the
+     nations has been followed by the war of the classes. The class
+     struggle is no longer fought by resolutions and demonstrations.
+     Threateningly it marches through the streets of the great cities
+     for life or death."
+<a id="page_207"></a></p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch15">
+<h2>CHAPTER XV</h2>
+
+<h3>PATRIOTISM RIDICULED AND DESPISED</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Though it is evident that there can be no patriotism in men who are
+doing their utmost to overthrow our government by stirring up
+class-hatred and inciting rebellion, still most of the citizens of our
+country have never realized the extent to which Socialists ridicule and
+despise patriotism and abhor its very name.</p>
+
+<p>"The Call," September 25, 1912, in answering the charge that Socialism
+undermines patriotism, says: "So it does, and is proud of it, if by
+patriotism is meant that mawkish sentiment which causes a man, for the
+sum of $15 a month, to go out and get himself killed in defense of a
+country of which he owns not a single foot and can never hope to own
+any. If a wage slave is paid only enough to live on, anyhow, what
+difference to him does it make whether his boss is a Britisher or a
+Chinaman?"</p>
+
+<p>The Socialists often succeed in stirring up violence during strikes to
+develop the spirit of revolt; then, when it becomes necessary for the
+state to protect the lives and property of its citizens, the lovers of
+rebellion and disorder do their utmost to incite hatred and contempt
+against the soldiers who are sent to preserve order.</p>
+
+<p>On February 10, 1912, there appeared in "The Call" an article which
+reads as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The capitalist class, alarmed at the amazingly rapid growth of
+     anti-militarism in this country, is endeavoring, through church and
+     government, to combat this just sentiment, and by law and precept
+     to create an artificial respect and love for the soldiers' uniform
+     and the American flag.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Respect the uniform, honor the flag,' is their cry, and they are
+     foolish enough to believe that if they raise their voices loud
+     enough, we, the workers, will become infected by their fictitious
+     enthusiasm, and shout with them.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Honor the uniform!' Oh, surely! Honor the trappings and gold lace
+     with which they are dressing up their weak-minded scabs! Honor the
+     uniform which has the power to transform a decent but ignorant boy
+     of the working class into<a id="page_208"></a> an unthinking savage, who would, if
+     ordered to do so by a superior in rank, shoot down his aged father
+     or kill his sister's unborn child with a bayonet thrust, should
+     they happen to be on strike and crying aloud for a little more
+     bread, warmer clothing and better shelter. Honor the uniform? No,
+     spit on it! Make it a shame and a reproach until a worker who wears
+     it will not dare to show his face among decent working people.
+     Honor the uniform! Honor that which gives a free license to kill,
+     if the victim happens to be a worker? Honor that which stands for
+     oppression, for the loafer against the worker, for the master
+     against the slave? Honor that which causes a worker to become a
+     traitor to his class, to forget his ties of blood, and for pay to
+     deliver himself over body and soul to his natural enemy, the
+     capitalist class? Honor the Judases, the Benedict Arnolds of the
+     working class? Our masters insult us by even asking such a thing.</p>
+
+<p>     "Shall we honor the Massachusetts militiamen who, without the
+     slightest provocation, murdered a young worker? Is that what you
+     want us to do, you capitalists, you cardinals and presidents? You
+     ask too late, for we already despise and loathe your decorated
+     hirelings, and are, as time passes, making it more difficult for
+     you to recruit our decent boys and transform them into loathsome
+     parasites."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On May 6, 1919, millions of New Yorkers enthusiastically welcomed the
+77th Division of our soldier boys on their return home from the
+battle-fields of Europe. Glowing descriptions of the celebration
+appeared in nearly all the papers of the Metropolis. A contemptible
+account, however, was published the next day in "The Call," showing the
+scornful spirit of the Socialists toward the millions of American troops
+who made so many sacrifices for their country in the late war. The
+article in "The Call" runs as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "<span class="smallcaps">Rows and Rows and Rows and Rows and Rows of 'Em March</span></p>
+
+<p>     "<i>Folks Cheered 77th Division which Finally Changed From Toys Into
+     Folks, Too.</i></p>
+
+<p>     "A row of mounted police rode up Fifth avenue yesterday.</p>
+
+<p>     "A man carrying a banner on which were the words and figures, '77th
+     Division,' marched up Fifth avenue yesterday.</p>
+
+<p>     "A band played all the way up Fifth avenue yesterday.<a id="page_209"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "A line of soldiers walked up Fifth avenue yesterday.</p>
+
+<p>     "A second line of soldiers walked up Fifth avenue yesterday.</p>
+
+<p>     "A third line of soldiers walked up Fifth avenue yesterday.</p>
+
+<p>     "A fourth line of soldiers walked up Fifth avenue yesterday.</p>
+
+<hr width="75%" size="1" />
+
+<p>     "A soldier carrying a service flag walked up Fifth avenue
+     yesterday.</p>
+
+<hr width="75%" size="1" />
+
+<p>     "One soldier wore khaki and carried a steel helmet on his shoulder.</p>
+
+<p>     "A second soldier wore khaki and carried a steel helmet on his
+     shoulder.</p>
+
+<p>     "A third soldier wore khaki and carried a steel helmet on his
+     shoulder.</p>
+
+<p>     "A fourth soldier wore khaki and carried a steel helmet on his
+     shoulder.</p>
+
+<hr width="75%" size="1" />
+
+<p>     "They marched precisely.</p>
+
+<p>     "They marched steadily.</p>
+
+<p>     "They marched firmly.</p>
+
+<p>     "They marched in silence.</p>
+
+<hr width="75%" size="1" />
+
+<p>     "The crowds cheered.</p>
+
+<p>     "The crowds waved flags.</p>
+
+<p>     "The crowds did not fill the stands.</p>
+
+<p>     "The crowds applauded.</p>
+
+<hr width="75%" size="1" />
+
+<p>     "The police kept the waves of humanity back.</p>
+
+<p>     "The police did not have much trouble.</p>
+
+<p>     "The police permitted the crowd to cheer.</p>
+
+<p>     "The police permitted the crowds to wave flags.</p>
+
+<hr width="75%" size="1" />
+
+<p>     "Soldiers of the 77th Division marched up Fifth avenue yesterday,
+     and when they had done marching they broke ranks and greeted their
+     friends and relatives who had not seen them since they went to war.</p>
+
+<hr width="75%" size="1" />
+
+<p>     "A mother greeted her son with kisses and tears.</p>
+
+<p>     "A mother greeted her son with kisses and tears.</p>
+
+<p>     "A mother greeted her son with kisses and tears.</p>
+
+<p>     "Change the word 'mother' to sweetheart, brother, sister, and keep
+     on repeating until 'father' is reached and then change 'kisses and
+     tears' to 'smiles and cheers.'"
+<a id="page_210"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The hypocritical Socialists at one moment plead for universal peace, the
+desire of nations, and at the next for class hatred. They are trying to
+ruin our domestic peace and to expose us to the ravages of lawlessness
+and crime. By fostering contempt for soldiers and other guardians of the
+peace, they not only make it harder for them to fulfil their duties, but
+prevent many from joining the army and navy for the defense of our
+country against foreign and domestic foes.</p>
+
+<p>Our country at present is well able to defend itself against foreign
+attacks, but if our domestic enemies continue to sow the seeds of
+discord and class hatred among our fellow citizens, it will surely fall,
+for no nation that is divided against itself can stand.</p>
+
+<p>From the very fact that "The Call" of February 10, 1912, dared to
+publish the following article, showing the intense hatred of its author
+for the Stars and Stripes, our national emblem, the reader can judge for
+himself whether the thousands of unoffended subscribers have the
+faintest spark of patriotism in their hearts:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "'At least honor the flag!' they cry in desperation. 'Honor the
+     flag which stands for freedom, equality and fraternity!'</p>
+
+<p>     "What flag? The American flag? The Stars and Stripes? The flag
+     which floats over every hellhole of mine and mill and prison? The
+     flag which floats over station house and barracks whence issue
+     police and soldiers to batter down and murder workers exercising
+     their constitutional rights of free speech and free assemblage?
+     Honor the flag which you, our masters, have changed from a flag of
+     liberty into a symbol of the cruelest exploitation and vilest
+     oppression of the new civilization?</p>
+
+<p>     "If I had been Samuel Gompers when he was reproached by the
+     capitalists for placing his foot on the American flag, I should
+     have answered: 'Yes, I trampled on it, and, more than that, I spit
+     upon your flag, not mine; I loathe the Stars and Stripes, once the
+     symbol of liberty for all, but now the stripes represent the bloody
+     stripes left by your lash on the back of the worker, and the stars,
+     the bullet and bayonet wounds in his breast. To hell with your
+     flag!...</p>
+
+<p>     "Down with the Stars and Stripes! Run up the red flag of humanity."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Not alone do the members of the rank and file of the Socialist Party
+attack the Star Spangled Banner, but even its foremost leaders are
+guilty of the same offense. "The Comrade," July,<a id="page_211"></a> 1904, furnishes us
+with an attack made upon our country's flag by no less a personage than
+Eugene V. Debs:</p>
+
+<p>"Have you a drop of blood in your veins? Has your manhood rotted into
+cowardice? Wake up and take your place in the class struggle. For the
+desecration of the flag your leader is in jail. What flag? The flag of
+the capitalist class--the flag that floats over the bull pens of
+Colorado. The wholesome truths he stamped upon its stripes are your
+shame and your masters' crime. Rally to the red flag of international
+Socialism, the symbol of the proletarian revolt."<a id="page_212"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch16">
+<h2>CHAPTER XVI</h2>
+
+<h3>THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST OUR COUNTRY</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>This chapter is the center of our book, the hub where all the spokes of
+evidence focus and unite, clearly revealing the unity, power and purpose
+of the Wheel of Revolution which now is rolling through the minds and
+wills of American radicals. To make this complex plot simple, it has
+been analyzed into its parts in the other chapters of "The Red
+Conspiracy," so that each element may be weighed by itself. In the
+present chapter the results of this analysis are gathered up again, to
+show how all the parts fit into one mechanism; and, with the whole thus
+seen as one contrivance, the working of each part being understood, the
+plan and purpose of the entire invention stands out as clear as day.</p>
+
+<p>But if this chapter is the center of our explanation of "The Red
+Conspiracy," the center of the thing itself lies elsewhere. The Great
+Red Wheel of Proletarian Revolution is an International Wheel, and both
+the hub which unites it and the turning power which moves it are
+centered in the old Russian town of Moscow.</p>
+
+<p>Frequently in preceding chapters the reader has been impressed by the
+fact that the "Reds" are guilty of conspiracy against all governments,
+including that of the United States of America. In the present chapter
+we shall discuss this matter of conspiracy much more in detail and
+assemble the proofs in such order and strength that no reasonable man
+can deny the existence of the widespread plot now fast undermining the
+pillars of our country.</p>
+
+<p>The "Reds" under one name or another have in the long run proven to be
+far more than evolutionists in the various countries of Europe. Actual
+rebellions have shown them to be revolutionists by violence in the
+strictest sense of the word in Russia, Germany, Bavaria, Hungary and
+even on one of the islands of far distant Japan. Their activities in
+England, France, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Holland, Bulgaria and many
+another foreign land bid fair to give us still further proofs in the
+near future that the "Reds" do not intend to wait for suc<a id="page_213"></a>cess by the
+ballot, but that, as soon as they consider themselves a sufficiently
+strong and united minority, they will throw off their masks, use rifles
+in place of hypocritical words, and work behind barricades instead of
+behind closed meeting doors. The Italian Socialists were about to begin
+their rebellion when, quite recently, the word came from the Moscow
+headquarters of the International conspirators to wait for a more
+opportune moment.</p>
+
+<p>It seems quite incredible that the "Reds" of our own country, whether
+they be I. W. W.'s, Communists, members of the Communist Labor Party, or
+Socialists, should be merely evolutionists, harmless parliamentarians,
+when their brethren abroad, with whom they so much sympathize, and upon
+whom they look as the saviors of the world and the highest types of
+advanced civilization, are either avowedly attempting to overthrow their
+governments or else have already done so, and in not a single instance
+by means of the ballot. There is an old saying to the effect that we are
+known by the company we keep. Since the American "Reds" keep company
+with foreign rebels, it is not to be presumed that the latter are demons
+and the former saints.</p>
+
+<p>Few specific proofs need be given in this chapter to show that the I. W.
+W.'s are guilty of conspiracy against the United States Government, for
+a great part of them, especially those most active, belong either to the
+Communist, Communist Labor or the Socialist Party, and an abundance of
+proofs will be given that these latter organizations are far from being
+harmless and innocent political parties.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, the I. W. W.'s, in their revolutionary "Preamble" and by the
+many utterances of their leaders, are openly committed to a conspiracy
+of violence against our Government. Relative to the I. W. W. and its
+underhand activities, the reader will remember the words of Arturo
+Giovannitti, quoted in a previous chapter, from the Socialist Labor
+Party paper, "Weekly People," New York, February 10, 1912. That writer,
+with all his experience as a leader of the "Wobblies," certainly knew
+their plans, and makes this astounding admission relative to the part
+that the I. W. W. is expected to take in bringing about the Marxian
+rebellion:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The future of Socialism lies only in the general strike, not
+     merely a quiet political strike, but one that once started should
+     go fatally to its end, i.e., armed insurrection, and the forcible
+     overthrow of all existing social conditions.... The task<a id="page_214"></a> of
+     revolution is not to construct the new society, but to demolish the
+     old one, therefore, its first aim should be at the complete
+     destruction of the existing state, so as to render it absolutely
+     powerless to react and re-establish itself.... The I. W. W. must
+     develop itself as the new legislature and the new executive body of
+     the land, undermine the existing one, and gradually absorb the
+     functions of the state until it can entirely substantiate it
+     through the only means it has, the revolution."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>During the year 1919 a very excellent example of how the One Big Union
+tried to develop a strike into a rebellion was given in Winnipeg,
+Canada. Some time previously we had in our own country an example in the
+great strike at Seattle, Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Cases of sabotage, murder and arson are but minor activities of the I.
+W. W., and mere circumstances to aid in bringing about the contemplated
+rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>Government raids in recent years, and the seizure of hundreds of tons of
+inflammatory literature, from which extensive quotations were made in
+the daily press, have furnished us with ample proofs that the I. W. W.'s
+are national conspirators.</p>
+
+<p>The reader will remember the vivid picture of the contemplated rebellion
+in the mind of the "Wobbly" who wrote in "The Rebel Worker," April 15,
+1919:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The United States is in the grip of a bloody revolution! Thousands
+     of workers are slaughtered by machine guns in New York City!
+     Washington is on fire! Industry is at a standstill and thousands of
+     workers are starving! The government is using the most brutal and
+     repressive measures to put down the revolution! Disorganization,
+     crime, chaos, rape, murder and arson are the order of the day--the
+     inevitable results of social revolution!"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The I. W. W.'s are certainly conspirators, and seek the overthrow of our
+Government by industrial violence, and we were told by "The Evolution of
+Industrial Democracy," page 40, that "Government, as now understood,
+will disappear--there being no servile class to be held in
+subjection--but in its place will be an administration of affairs."</p>
+
+<p>The spirit of armed rebellion against our Government was foremost in the
+minds of the Left Wing members of the Socialist Party who afterwards
+formed the Communist and the Communist Labor Parties. We shall recall
+some of the words of Louis C. Fraina during the great struggle between
+the Rights and Lefts:<a id="page_215"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "All propaganda, all electoral and parliamentary activity are
+     insufficient for the overthrow of Capitalism, impotent when the
+     ultimate test of the class struggle turns into a test of power. The
+     power for the social revolution issues out of the actual struggles
+     of the proletariat, out of its strikes, its industrial unions and
+     mass action."--"The Revolutionary Age," July 12, 1919.</p>
+
+<p>     "Socialism will come not through the peaceful, democratic
+     parliamentary conquest of the state, but through the determined and
+     revolutionary mass action of a proletarian minority."--"The
+     Revolutionary Age," July 12, 1919.</p>
+
+<p>     "Revolutionary Socialists hold, with the founders of Scientific
+     Socialism, that there are two dominant classes in society--the
+     bourgeoisie and the proletariat; that between these two classes a
+     struggle must go on until the working class, through the seizure of
+     the instruments of production and distribution, the abolition of
+     the capitalist state, and the establishment of the dictatorship of
+     the proletariat, creates a Socialistic system. Revolutionary
+     Socialists do not believe that they can be voted into power. They
+     struggle for the conquest of power by the revolutionary
+     proletariat."--"The Revolutionary Age," March 22, 1919.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Communist," of Chicago, April 1, 1919, it will be remembered, in
+speaking of November 7, 1919, the day on which the armistice was signed,
+said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "On that day the seething proletariat ruled Chicago by sheer force
+     of numbers. One thing alone was needed to give this mass expression
+     identity with the proletarian uprisings in Europe--one thing, the
+     revolutionary idea."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>After the formation of the Communist and Communist Labor parties, in
+September, 1919, both made great progress in winning recruits to the
+cause of armed rebellion. On January 2, 1920, government agents all over
+the country suddenly descended upon the conspirators and took thousands
+of them prisoners. Bombs, rifles and other weapons were captured by the
+department agents. In Newark 25 rifles and a large number of bombs were
+taken, many tons of violent literature were seized and innumerable
+quotations from it appeared in the daily press, showing beyond the
+shadow of a doubt the evil intentions of these "Reds" against the land
+that we love.</p>
+
+<p>The Communist Party of America and the Communist Labor Party have the
+same purposes and aims as the Communist Party of Russia. They are joined
+with the latter in advocat<a id="page_216"></a>ing and supporting the manifesto of the Third
+International, which openly urges an armed revolution to bring about the
+overthrow of the Government of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Both parties have conducted effective propaganda work through
+newspapers, books, pamphlets and other means. The Communist Party alone
+had twenty-five newspapers printed in several languages, actively
+supporting its cause. This number was being increased weekly, papers
+which were formerly Socialist Party organs going over to its support.
+The alien editors of most of these papers were taken by the Department
+of Justice agents in the raids.</p>
+
+<p>The Department of Justice naturally was most vitally interested in the
+promises of violence against the United States Government contained in
+the manifesto of the Communists of the Third International, which was
+held at Moscow, March 2 to 6, 1919. Among the passages in the Moscow
+manifesto which most interested the Department of Justice were the
+following:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Socialist criticism has sufficiently stigmatized the bourgeois
+     world order. The task of the International Communist Party is now
+     to overthrow this order and to erect in its place the structure of
+     the Socialist world order. We urge the workingmen and women of all
+     countries to unite under the Communist banner, the emblem under
+     which the first victories have already been won.</p>
+
+<p>     "Proletarians of all lands! In the war against imperialistic
+     barbarity, against monarchy, against the privileged classes,
+     against the bourgeois state and bourgeois property, against all
+     forms and varieties of social and national oppression--unite!</p>
+
+<p>     "Under the standard of the Workingmen's Councils under the banner
+     of the Third International, in the revolutionary struggle for power
+     and the dictatorship of the proletariat, proletarians of all
+     countries--unite!"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The manifesto is signed by Lenine, Trotzky and other revolutionaries.
+Several references are made to the United States, indicating this
+country as one of the objectives of the revolutionaries. Describing the
+methods to be used, the manifesto says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Civil war is forced upon the laboring classes by their arch
+     enemies. The working class must answer blow for blow, if it will
+     not renounce its own object and its own future, which is at the
+     same time the future of all humanity.<a id="page_217"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "The Communist parties, far from conjuring up civil war,
+     artificially, rather strive to shorten its duration as much as
+     possible--in case it has become an iron necessity--to minimize the
+     number of its victims, and above all to secure victory for the
+     proletariat."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Under the caption, "The Way to Victory," the manifesto says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The revolutionary era compels the proletariat to make use of the
+     means of battle which will concentrate its entire energies, namely,
+     mass action, with its logical resultant, direct conflict with the
+     governmental machinery in open combat. All other methods, such as
+     revolutionary use of bourgeoisie parliamentarism, will be of only
+     secondary significance."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The principles of the American Communist Party set forth in their seized
+records and made public by the Department of Justice, are:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Communist Party of America is the party of the working class.
+     The Communists of America propose to end capitalism and organize a
+     workers' industrial republic. The workers must control industry and
+     dispose of the products of industry.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Communist Party is a party realizing the limitations of all
+     existing workers' organizations and purposes to develop the
+     revolutionary movement necessary to free the workers from the
+     oppression of capitalism. The Communist Party insists that the
+     problems of the American worker are identical with the problems of
+     the workers of the world.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Communist Party is the conscious expression of the class
+     struggle of the workers against capitalism. Its aim is to direct
+     this struggle to the conquest of political power, the overthrow of
+     capitalism and the destruction of the bourgeois state.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Communist Party prepares itself for the revolution in the
+     measure that it develops a program of immediate action expressing
+     the mass struggles of the proletariat. These struggles must be
+     inspired with revolutionary spirit and purposes.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Communist Party is fundamentally a party of action. It brings
+     to the workers a consciousness of their oppression, of the
+     impossibility of improving their condition under capitalism. The
+     Communist Party directs the workers' struggle against capitalism,
+     developing fuller forms and purposes in this struggle, culminating
+     in the mass action of the revolution.</p>
+
+<p>     "The negro problem is a political and economic problem. The racial
+     oppression of the negro is simply the expression of his economic
+     bondage and oppression, each intensifying the<a id="page_218"></a> other. This
+     complicates the negro problem, but does not alter its proletarian
+     character. The Communist Party will carry on agitation among the
+     negro workers to unite them with all class conscious workers."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Little need be added concerning the Communist Labor Party. As its
+manifesto and program are practically identical with those of the
+Communist Party of America, while all its members are likewise
+affiliated with the Third or Moscow International, the foregoing
+characterization of the Communist Party applies without essential
+modification to the Communist Labor Party. The identical character of
+these two parties was asserted by A. Mitchell Palmer, Attorney-General
+of the United States, in a statement given out January 23, 1920, and
+printed in the "New York Times" of the next day, as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "These two organizations are identical in aim and tactics, the
+     cause for their separate existence being due to the desire of
+     certain individuals connected with the so-called Left Wing elements
+     of the Socialist Party to be leaders. For the sake of convenience I
+     shall refer to members of the Communist Party of America and the
+     Communist Labor Party as 'Communists.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Attorney-General Palmer then quotes from the manifesto of the Third
+International, adopted March 6, 1919, at Moscow, to show, as he says,
+"that their sole and intimate aim was to accomplish not only the
+conquest but the destruction of the idea of the 'State,' as understood
+by loyal American citizens," and that "this destruction was not to be
+accomplished by parliamentary action, for it is specifically stated that
+it is to be by armed conflict with governmental authority." The
+Attorney-General's statement then continues:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "It is this manifesto which was adopted by the Communist parties in
+     the United States as their program of action....</p>
+
+<p>     "In the program of the Communists in the United States we find such
+     statements as the following:</p>
+
+<p>     "'Communism rejects the conception of the State; it rejects the
+     idea of class reconstruction and the parliamentary conquest of
+     capitalism....</p>
+
+<p>     "'The objective is the conquest by the proletariat of the power of
+     the State. Communism does not propose to capture the bourgeois
+     parliament of any State, but to conquer and destroy it.'</p>
+
+<p>     "We thus find stated in very clear and plain language the fact that
+     the aim of the Communists of America is for the<a id="page_219"></a> destruction of the
+     government. This shows clearly that the organizations of Communists
+     in this country aim, not at the change of government of the United
+     States by parliamentary or political methods, but in the overthrow
+     and the destruction of the same by mass and direct action, by force
+     and violence.</p>
+
+<p>     "Another point of particular significance to which I feel I should
+     call your attention, is the fact that the organizations of
+     Communists in the United States are pledged to destroy the great
+     and loyal labor organization of America, namely, the American
+     Federation of Labor, which, according to the Communist Party of
+     America is considered to be reactionary and a bulwark of
+     capitalism. Another particularly significant pledge of the
+     Communists of America is to carry on agitation of the negro workers
+     of America."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The I. W. W.'s and the members of the Communist and Communist Labor
+parties are all openly confessed conspirators against the United States
+Government. The members of the Socialist Party are just as bad, and
+worse, for they are hypocrites, besides being conspirators.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialists, as we have seen in a former chapter, have for many years
+given unlimited support to the I. W. W., knowing full well that it was
+an organization pledged to revolution by violence.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialists, moreover, are heart and soul in favor of the Bolsheviki
+of Russia, who have issued the manifesto of their International
+expressly to stir up revolutions by violence in all countries, including
+our own. The Socialists of the United States call themselves Bolsheviki,
+are spreading the doctrines of the Bolshevists of Russia and openly
+admit that Bolshevism and Socialism are identical.</p>
+
+<p>Until very recently the Socialist Party nursed within its bosom about
+70,000 dues-paying members, out of 109,586, who went over to the
+Communist and Communist Labor parties. Hence, at least till lately,
+nearly two-thirds of its membership consisted of avowed rebels. Has it
+changed since the break with the Communists? No, not at all. It is just
+as bad as ever, only more hypocritical, more prudent and biding its time
+so as not to start a premature revolt. After the wholesale arrests of
+the members of the Communist and the Communist Labor parties on January
+2, 1920, the Publicity Department of the Socialist Party, 220 South
+Ashland Boulevard, Chicago, said: "The Socialist Party herewith raises
+its voice in emphatic and solemn protest against these activities on the
+part<a id="page_220"></a> of the hot-headed and overzealous guardians of the safety of the
+United States."</p>
+
+<p>Now listen once more to the words of Morris Hillquit, who poses before
+the public as in a different class from the American Communists and
+Communist Laborites. In "The Call," May 21, 1919, in a long article in
+large type covering half the editorial page, Morris Hillquit said of the
+"Left Wing" movement: "I am one of the last men in the party to ignore
+or misunderstand <i>the sound revolutionary impulse</i> which animates the
+rank and file of this new movement, but the specific form and direction
+which it has assumed, its program and tactics, spell disaster to our
+movement. I am opposed to it, <i>not because it is too radical</i>, but
+because it is <i>essentially reactionary</i> and non-Socialistic; <i>not
+because it would lead us too far</i>, but because it would lead us nowhere.
+To prate about the dictatorship of the proletariat and of workers'
+Soviets in the United States <i>at this time</i> is to deflect the
+Socialistic propaganda from its realistic basis, and to advocate the
+abolition of all social reform planks in the party platform means to
+abandon <i>the concrete class struggle</i> as it presents itself from day to
+day." (Italics mine.)</p>
+
+<p>The wisdom of this crafty, go-slow policy is now apparent, with the
+"Left Wing" leaders in jail, and Hillquit's chameleons now posing as
+angels of light, the saviors of "representative government" in America.
+The fact that the Socialist Party of America "goes into politics" does
+not make it less dangerous than the other revolutionary bodies, but more
+dangerous, for it thus expects to have men in political positions to
+seize the reins of government when the hour of blood and violence
+arrives. That this is its definite policy, the meaning of its political
+activity, was apparent as far back as its National Convention of 1908,
+when, in opposing those who would dismiss the use of the ballot in favor
+of "direct action"--violence--exclusively, Victor L. Berger said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "I have no doubt that in the last analysis we must shoot, and when
+     it comes to shooting, Wisconsin will be there.... In order to be
+     able to shoot even some day we must have the powers of political
+     government in our hands, at least to a great extent. I want that
+     understood. So everybody who is talking to you about direct action
+     and so on, and about political action being a humbug, is your enemy
+     today, because he keeps you from getting the powers of political
+     government." ("Proceedings of the 1908 National Convention of the
+     Socialist Party," page 241.)
+<a id="page_221"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the "Social Democratic Herald" of Milwaukee, July 31, 1909, Berger
+wrote: "It is easy to predict that the safety and hope of this country
+will finally lie in one direction only, that of a violent and bloody
+revolution. Therefore, I say, each of the 500,000 Socialist voters and
+of the 2,000,000 workingmen who instinctively incline our way, should,
+besides doing much reading and still more thinking, also have a good
+rifle and the necessary rounds of ammunition in his home, and be
+prepared to back up his ballot with his bullets if necessary. This may
+look like a startling statement. Yet I can see nothing else for the
+American masses today." In the same paper, August 14, 1909, he wrote:
+"We should be grateful if the social revolution, if the freeing of
+75,000,000 whites, would not cost more blood than the freeing of
+4,000,000 negroes in 1861."</p>
+
+<p>Thus the Socialist Party of America, under the tutelage and control of
+far-seeing and deep-witted leaders like Hillquit and Berger, is by far
+the most dangerous band of conspirators in the United States. No
+"revolutionary impulse" is too extreme for Hillquit, no movement is "too
+radical;" but its "program and tactics" must be deep-laid, deceptive,
+seizing every present political advantage so that the central power can
+be grasped by astute leadership in one lurch when the hour of "shooting"
+arrives.</p>
+
+<p>The dramatic violence of Lenine and Trotzky passed through all the
+radical bodies in America like an electric shock, and the enthusiasts
+wished to start a ruction right away. But Morris Hillquit was not
+carried off his feet. If the boys were so senseless as to try to seize
+the reins of party government, Hillquit would dismiss them with a
+friendly wave, as in his article, quoted above, in which he also says:
+"There is, as far as I can see, but one remedy. It would be futile to
+preach reconciliation and union where antagonism runs so high. Let the
+Comrades on both sides do the next best thing. Let them separate,
+honestly, freely, and without rancor. Let each side organize and work in
+its own way, and make such contribution to the Socialist movement in
+America as it can." If the "contribution" of the boys should really turn
+out to be a successful general strike and overturn, who would be better
+able to grasp the power than an astute leader like Hillquit?</p>
+
+<p>This book was written before the Judiciary Committee of the New York
+Assembly began its inquiry, in January, 1920, into the fitness of five
+Socialist Assemblymen to act as law-makers, and since then has only
+received the addition of some important<a id="page_222"></a> facts and testimony. It is
+remarkable, therefore, that all the evidence independently sifted in
+that investigation overwhelmingly points to the same conclusions arrived
+at in this volume.</p>
+
+<p>On January 21, 1920, at the second day's hearing at Albany, as reported
+in the "New York Times" of January 22, John B. Stanchfield and Martin W.
+Littleton, of counsel for the Judiciary Committee, stated the
+fundamental nature of the charges brought against the five suspended
+Socialists--charges based, as is well known, on the results of raids and
+investigations of radicalism by the New York State Legislative
+Committee, Senator Lusk, Chairman. Said Mr. Stanchfield:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "When the Chairman read from the statement yesterday that the
+     charge against these men was disloyalty, and that they had
+     affiliated themselves with a party whose platform and program call
+     for an overthrow of this Government by violence, he added that we
+     will prove this beyond the shadow of a doubt.</p>
+
+<p>     "We are not upon this investigation engaged in a discussion of the
+     philosophy of Socialism or its economics. We are engaged in an
+     investigation of its tactics, its methods, its practical program,
+     and these tactics, these methods, and that program called for the
+     overturn of the power of this State and its annihilation, its utter
+     and complete annihilation."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Mr. Littleton said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The representation with reference to what these five men did and
+     what they profess and what they engaged to do stands out as plainly
+     as any thing can stand out--that they gave their allegiance wholly
+     and solely to an alien and invisible empire known as the
+     Internationale. It stands out that they are the citizens, not in
+     reality of the country which sustains and maintains them, but they
+     are citizens of this invisible empire which projects itself as a
+     revolutionary force into every country, menacing its institutions
+     and threatening its overthrow. Their allegiance before they ever
+     entered upon the threshold of this chamber was given to this
+     empire, which masquerades at one time with the softness of
+     parliamentary reform and which declares itself in favor of
+     revolution with force, according to the place and time where it may
+     so declare.</p>
+
+<p>     "It is that alien state, people of alien races--pledged to the
+     destruction of this Government and its institutions--that the
+     charges say that these men belong to and act with....</p>
+
+<p>     "Perhaps at a later day in this proceeding we will ascertain the
+     specific program to which they pledged themselves, the program of
+     Mr. Lenine and Mr. Trotzky, not to reform Russia--<a id="page_223"></a>that is a
+     misconception and a misdirection; it is not that Lenine and Trotzky
+     are trying to reform Russia or change Russia, it is that Lenine and
+     Trotzky, acting through these agencies, are proposing the
+     installation of the same kind of government in constitutional
+     America that they have inaugurated in Russia, and these are the
+     agents and the instructors, according to the charge, to carry out
+     that program.</p>
+
+<p>     "It is quite a different thing from expressing your sympathy in a
+     convention for downtrodden Russia. It is a little different
+     program, Mr. Chairman, and the evidence in this case will disclose
+     that these members, in conjunction with that party, have tied
+     themselves irrevocably to the program.</p>
+
+<p>     "So that charge involves, I should say, a grave question as to
+     whether these men, pledged to an alien empire to carry out an alien
+     policy and to do it masquerading as a political party, shall be
+     members of that Assembly and can take the oath of office.</p>
+
+<p>     "Our ideals are the embodiment of the Constitution which these men
+     ought to have been able to take the oath to and support. No alien,
+     invisible empire, having one corner of it resting in the heart of
+     Soviet Russia, another corner of it resting upon the shoulders of
+     the Spartacides in Germany, and another resting somewhere else, you
+     swore allegiance to, but to this country and this standard and no
+     other country or standard--that is the ideal which we take the oath
+     for and undertake to support.</p>
+
+<p>     "Now, with that situation, here is an Assembly organized under the
+     ideals of that country and under its Constitution, and the question
+     here is, Can that Assembly inquire into whether or not five of its
+     members are disloyal to the country have foresworn themselves and
+     given their allegiance to an alien and an invisible empire, and
+     placed themselves in the hands of a master who can withdraw them
+     from this Assembly when he chooses? Can such a deliberative body as
+     this make that inquiry, and, finding the fact out, can it expel
+     that agency from this body before the poison has contaminated the
+     system?"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Mr. Littleton here took up the charge that the five Socialist
+Assemblymen, before taking office, had placed their resignations in the
+hands of their party leaders, or their local organizations, to be used
+to withdraw them from office should they fail to carry out their party's
+behest. He continued:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "What is the charge here? That these men, belonging to the
+     invisible empire of the Internationale, whose agents may be violent
+     or peaceable, according as the law allows, and according<a id="page_224"></a> as they
+     may escape, are here acting as agents of Lenine and Trotzky, not to
+     establish a Soviet Republic under the rotten ruins of an infamous
+     democracy, but to establish a Soviet Republic on the ruins of a
+     Constitution to which every man is pledged by every ounce of his
+     blood and by that solemn vow which he registered in heaven when he
+     entered on the duties of his office.</p>
+
+<p>     "Mr. Chairman, before this investigation is over and before the
+     waves which have been stirred, the waves of public opinion, have
+     subsided, I make no threat, but I make a prediction, that this
+     country will understand that this so-called political party,
+     masquerading as a political party, is the agent and the
+     co-conspirator with the dark forces of this invisible empire whose
+     object is the forcible destruction of constitutional government in
+     America.</p>
+
+<p>     "I say this question, before it is over, will arouse this country.
+     It will not be a tempest in the teapot. It will be a question as to
+     whether they can hypocritically masquerade as a political party,
+     and strike hands with every agency of force and revolution, and
+     still make simple American people understand they are not sworn
+     enemies of their country and ready to overthrow it."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The power of the "invisible empire" established by Lenine and Trotzky
+can be traced in the quotations in this book as a great dramatic energy
+which has seized and dragged into its vortex one after another of the
+radical organizations in the United States until none are now left out,
+and some even of the comparatively conservative trades union bodies
+appear to be trembling on the verge of peril. The evil fascination of
+the blood-reign of Lenine and Trotzky has been most remarkably evident
+in the Socialist Party of America, and precisely so because an element
+in this organization developed a strong power of resistance--only to
+succumb at last.</p>
+
+<p>The story of this struggle is told in Chapters III to V of this work,
+where we see the Moscow Magnet dragging one section so much more rapidly
+than the rest moved that the Socialist Party at first stretched out into
+two wings, the Left and the Right, and then exploded into three parts,
+the Communist Labor Party, the Communist Party of America and that which
+still calls itself the Socialist Party of America.</p>
+
+<p>We cannot forget the significant statement by Morris Hillquit in the
+"New York Call" after the Chicago Emergency Convention of September,
+1919. This was put in evidence<a id="page_225"></a> against the Socialist Party of America
+during the trial before the New York Assembly's Judiciary Committee and
+appeared in the "New York Herald" of January 29, 1920. Hillquit's letter
+in the "Call" raised the question, "What shall be the attitude of the
+Socialist Party toward the newly formed Communist organization?" In
+answering this question Hillquit used the following remarkable
+expressions:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The division <i>was not brought about by differences on vital
+     questions of principles</i>. It arose over disputes on methods and
+     policy. The separation of the Socialist Party into three
+     organizations <i>need not necessarily mean a weakening of the
+     Socialists</i>.... Our quarrel is a <i>family</i> quarrel, and has no room
+     in the columns of the capitalistic papers.... We have had our
+     split.... Now we are through with it. Legitimate constructive work
+     of the Socialist movement is before us. Let us give it all of our
+     time, energies and resources. Let us center our whole fight upon
+     capitalism, and let us hope <i>our Communist brethren</i> will go and do
+     likewise." (Italics mine.)
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The difference, then, is not at all one of "principles," but only one of
+"methods and policy," that is, of cunning in putting on disguises; and
+in this we concede that the Socialist Party of America is greatly
+superior to its "Communist brethren."</p>
+
+<p>Another evidence of this cunning, brought out at the trial of the
+Socialist Assemblymen in January, 1920, bears directly upon the
+conspiratory character of the Socialist Party's policy of "political
+action." According to the "New York Evening Sun," January 22, 1920, the
+following from the Socialist Party's New York State Constitution was put
+in evidence:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "All candidates or appointees to public office selected by the
+     dues-paying membership of the Socialist Party of the State of New
+     York, or any of its subdivisions, shall sign the final resignation
+     blank before nomination is made official or appointment is made
+     final."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The form of resignation, also put in evidence, is here reproduced from
+the same issue of the "Evening Sun":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "To the end that my official acts may at all times be under the
+     direction and control of the party membership, I hereby sign and
+     place in the hands of Local (........) my resignation to any office
+     to which I may be elected (or appointed), such resignation to
+     become effective whenever a majority of the local shall so vote. I
+     sign this resignation voluntarily as a condition of receiving said
+     nomination, and pledge my honor as a man and Socialist to abide by
+     it."
+<a id="page_226"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>One of the by-laws of the New York County organization put in evidence
+also reads:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "On accepting a nomination of the party for public office, the
+     candidate shall at once give to the executive committee a signed
+     resignation of the office for which he is nominated, and shall
+     assent in writing to its being filed with the proper authority, if,
+     in case of election, he proves disloyal to the party."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>A protest had been made to the New York Assembly claiming that "the
+fundamental principles of representative government" would be violated
+in refusing to seat the five suspended Socialist Assemblymen. But it is
+plain that men controlled in office by such a secret device would not
+really represent their districts, nor those who voted for them, but only
+the members of the dues-paying locals or the executive committee holding
+their resignations; and in cases of some of the suspended Socialists it
+was said that of the votes they received not one in ten nor even one in
+twenty had been cast by a dues-paying Socialist. At the trial Morris
+Hillquit, of counsel for the defense, tried to break the force of this
+damaging evidence by getting in testimony "that this provision of the
+State Constitution has been a dead letter since its inception." (New
+York "Evening Sun," January 22, 1920.) But this hypocrisy was thoroughly
+exposed by the testimony given on January 28, 1920, by George R. Lunn,
+Democratic Mayor of Schenectady, who had been a candidate for that
+office three times as a Socialist. The following summary of his
+testimony is from the "New York Sun" of January 29, 1920:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The outstanding features of Mayor's Lunn's testimony were his
+     statements that on the night before election in 1911, when he was
+     running for Mayor on the Socialist ticket, two members of the party
+     went to his home and presented a blank resignation for his
+     signature. This, he said, he signed in order to 'avoid a squabble,'
+     although he considered it 'child's play and illegal.' He refused,
+     he said, in 1913 to sign the required resignation before the
+     election. This time he was defeated. In 1915, he testified, he was
+     again nominated and elected, after repudiating that part of the
+     Socialist Constitution which bound him to follow the dictates of
+     his party leaders. The result, he said, was that the State
+     organization revoked the charter of the entire Schenectady local in
+     order to discipline him."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In a ninety-page brief, submitted to members of the New York Assembly on
+February 12, 1920, by counsel of the Judiciary Committee, after five
+weeks of investigating the qualifica<a id="page_227"></a>tions of the suspended Socialist
+Assemblymen, Attorney-General Charles D. Newton and the other signers
+said that the five Socialists by "their promise ... to place their
+resignations in the hands of the dues-paying members ... abdicated their
+functions as Assemblymen and disqualified themselves from taking the
+oath of office and rendered their oath false." ("New York Times,"
+February 13, 1920.)</p>
+
+<p>The same brief, according to the "Times" of above date, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "A decent regard for the Assembly as the popular representative
+     house of the State requires that these five Assemblymen be excluded
+     from their seats. They have taken a false oath to secure seats
+     which they cannot occupy as gentlemen, patriots, loyal citizens or
+     Assemblymen. They come here under the false pretense of being loyal
+     to their Government, when in fact they are really citizens of the
+     Internationale, and desire above all things the destruction of this
+     Government."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Socialist Party of America is also denounced by the same brief on
+three other counts, which the "New York Times" of February 13, 1920,
+thus summarizes:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Socialist Party is a revolutionary party, having the single
+     purpose of destroying our institutions and Government, which they
+     abhor, and substituting the Russian Soviet Government or the
+     proletariat Government instead to be controlled by themselves. This
+     appears from their platforms and propaganda.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Socialist Party is not a national party, like the Democratic
+     Party or the Republican Party, whose aim is to conserve and
+     preserve the nation. The Socialist Party is an anti-national party
+     whose allegiance is given to the Internationale and not to the
+     United States, whose Government and institutions it would destroy.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Mass action' and the 'general strike' are advocated and urged by
+     the Socialist Party as a part of the plan to bring about conditions
+     favorable to revolution, and as instruments of revolution, and not
+     to remedy industrial evils. The revolutionary purpose and
+     non-political character of such acts make them treasonable, and,
+     whether criminal or not in the absence of such purpose, treasonable
+     with it."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This last point, the attitude of the Socialist Party of America toward
+"mass action" and the "general strike," is of the utmost importance as
+evidence that the Socialist Party stands for seizure of the Government
+of the United States by revolu<a id="page_228"></a>tionary violence; for the reader will
+recall abundant proof in this book that it is precisely by means of
+"mass action" and the "general strike" that both of the Communist
+parties in this country expect to destroy our existing Government, these
+"instruments of revolution" being also the very ones recommended by the
+Communist manifesto of the Third (Moscow) International, and the ones
+employed by the I. W. W. in its industrial battles.</p>
+
+<p>The Moscow Manifesto, as cited from the copy of it in the "New York
+Call" of July 24, 1919, gives the Third International's plan of action
+for world revolution in a nutshell:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The revolutionary epoch demands that the proletariat should employ
+     such fighting methods as will concentrate its entire energy, viz.,
+     the method of mass action, and lead to its logical consequence--the
+     direct collision with the capitalist state machine in an open
+     combat. All other methods, e.g., revolutionary use of bourgeois
+     parliamentarism will in the revolution have only a subordinate
+     value."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It is very significant, therefore, that the Socialist Party of America
+definitely committed itself to these tactics in the manifesto it adopted
+at the Chicago Emergency Convention on September 4, 1919. As given in
+the "Call" of September 5, 1919, the manifesto of the Socialist Party of
+the United States says on this point:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The great purpose of the Socialist Party is to wrest the
+     industries and the control of the Government of the United States
+     from the capitalists and their retainers. It is our purpose to
+     place industry and government in the control of the workers with
+     hand and brain, to be administered for the benefit of the whole
+     community.</p>
+
+<p>     "To insure the triumph of Socialism in the United States the bulk
+     of the American workers must be strongly organized politically as
+     Socialists, in constant, clear-cut and aggressive opposition to all
+     parties of the possessing class. They must be strongly organized in
+     the economic field on broad industrial lines, as one powerful and
+     harmonious class organization, co-operating with the Socialist
+     Party, and ready in cases of emergency to reinforce the political
+     demands of the working class by industrial action.</p>
+
+<p>     "To win the American workers from their ineffective and
+     demoralizing leadership, to educate them to an enlightened
+     understanding of their own class interests, and to train and assist
+     them to organize politically and industrially on class lines,<a id="page_229"></a> in
+     order to effect their emancipation, that is the supreme task
+     confronting the Socialist Party in America.</p>
+
+<p>     "To this great task, without deviation or compromise, we pledge all
+     our energies and resources. For its accomplishment we call for the
+     support and co-operation of the workers of America and of all other
+     persons desirous of ending the insane rule of capitalism before it
+     has had the opportunity to precipitate humanity into another
+     cataclysm of blood and ruin.</p>
+
+<p>     "Long live the International Socialist Revolution, the only hope of
+     the suffering world!"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>So culminates and ends this 1919 national convention manifesto of the
+Socialist Party of America. This dedication of that party to the
+"supreme task" of "strongly organizing" the "bulk of the American
+workers" into "one powerful and harmonious class organization" in order
+that "industrial action" may "reinforce the political demands of the
+working class," adds greatly to the significance of some testimony by
+leading Socialists in the inquiry of the New York Assembly's Judiciary
+Committee at Albany. On January 30, 1920, Algernon Lee, educational
+director of the Rand School and secretary of the New York County
+Committee of the Socialist Party, was sworn and testified as follows,
+according to the "New York Herald" of January 31, 1920:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Mr. Lee ... described at length what Socialists mean by direct
+     mass action and the general strike. He said the general strike had
+     been used with some degree of success in Russia and Belgium....
+     'The general strike is often used to back up political action,' the
+     witness said. He justified combining economic strikes as a
+     political weapon....</p>
+
+<p>     "'Let us assume for the moment,' said Mr. Conboy, 'that these five
+     gentlemen whose seats are in question ... should present a
+     political program here in the shape of proposed legislation, and
+     they were reinforced by the combination in industrial action,
+     including within its weapons the general strike. It would be
+     possible for them, would it not, in the event that the Legislature
+     of this State refused to adopt the movement which they presented
+     for adoption by the Legislature, to cripple the industries of the
+     State and to starve the people thereof?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'I think you are assuming, I may almost say, an impossible
+     condition,' replied Mr. Lee, 'that the people should elect an
+     overwhelming majority upon one side and then be so overwhelmingly
+     organized as to be able to use industrial action on the other
+     side.'"
+<a id="page_230"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>But here Mr. Lee simply concealed the truth behind hypocritical
+camouflage by using the term, "the people," ambiguously. For our people
+might go on as now, conducting constitutional government by
+representatives in all their legislatures elected by "an overwhelming
+majority upon one side," while at the same time the underground work
+might go on of "strongly organizing" "the bulk of the American workers"
+into "one powerful and harmonious class organization" ready for
+"industrial action." In that case, a "general strike" would absolutely
+paralyze the whole country, and "the people" and all their legislatures
+alike would have to surrender absolutely to any demands made upon them,
+or would have to engage instantly in such a civil war as the world has
+not yet seen, carried on under conditions of indescribable chaos.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover the underground work of revolutionary "industrial organization"
+need be only partial, need, in fact, be carried on only a little beyond
+conditions already actually existing, in order to establish a
+"dictatorship of the proletariat," or else terrible civil war, in many
+of our American cities by the simple process of calling general strikes.
+The reader who questions this should learn the facts about the Winnipeg
+general strike of May 1-June 15, 1919, "the culmination of the
+development of the One Big Union movement in Canada" (page 333 of "The
+American Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, edited by Alexander Trachtenberg,
+Director, Department of Labor Research, Rand School of Social Science"),
+which held a city of 200,000 terrorized for six weeks under the absolute
+dictatorship of a Strike Committee elected by the strikers, while "many
+cities, including Calgary, Edmonton and Toronto, meanwhile joined the
+general strike in sympathy with Winnipeg." (Ibid., page 334.)</p>
+
+<p>The strikers included the employees of the fire, water supply, health,
+street cleaning, light and power, transportation, telegraph, telephone
+and postal departments of the city, together with the janitors of
+buildings, elevator men, wholesale and retail clerks and the carters and
+deliverers of the stores, railways and express companies, thus cutting
+off the city from the rest of the world and even from the supplies and
+facilities within its own bounds except only as the Strike Committee
+made concessions. "I could have a glass of milk or lunch if I had a
+ticket from the Strike Committee. Otherwise I couldn't." This was the
+testimony of Mr. Robert McKay, of Winnipeg, February 10, 1920, and
+printed in the Albany "Knickerbocker Press" of February 11, 1920, from
+which we take the facts.<a id="page_231"></a> Even the Winnipeg newspapers failed to appear
+after the first three days of the strike, while the city police also
+voted to strike, but continued on duty under command of the Strike
+Committee.</p>
+
+<p>At length a Citizens' Committee was organized, 100 men at first, which
+grew to 1,000, and even 10,000, Mr. McKay says. "The regular police was
+replaced by 1,500 special police, assisted by mounted police and
+militia," and "during the last two weeks there were two riots, in which
+two persons were shot by the mounted police." (Account in Trachtenberg's
+"Year Book," above quoted, page 334.) In other words, Winnipeg was only
+delivered by means of rescue from outside and by incipient civil war,
+the ringleaders of the dictatorship being arrested and indicted for
+trial.</p>
+
+<p>Yet are there some Americans still so blinded by foolish optimism as to
+think we are in no danger--even at a time when all the "Reds" of
+America, inflamed by the Third International, are uniting in feverish
+haste to carry "industrial organization" to a sufficient state to make
+it an instrument for holding up the whole American people? If the false
+prophets of optimism pooh-pooh the peril and label intelligent warnings
+as "hysteria," will it be the first time in history that this was done
+by men of weight and influence in the very shadow of a great, impending
+rebellion and down to the very hour of its outbreak?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lee's testimony on January 30, 1920, as quoted above, was
+voluntarily supplemented by a statement by Seymour Stedman, of counsel
+for the five Socialist Assemblymen and a prominent Socialist himself,
+one of the National Executive Committeemen who fought the Left Wing to
+keep the control of the party in 1919. We quote from the report of the
+trial in the "New York Times" of January 31, 1920:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Mr. Lee was next asked to explain what was meant by the pledge of
+     the Socialist anti-war faction to support 'mass action' against
+     conscription. He answered that the general strike was included in
+     the term 'mass action,' but that the word contemplated other
+     methods as well.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Is it part of the Socialist Party plans to use the general strike
+     to back up political action?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'If the circumstances should exist which made that necessary, I
+     take it that it would be construed so,' said the witness.</p>
+
+<p>     "Mr. Conboy was unable to pin the witness down to a definition of
+     what circumstances would make the Socialists resort to direct
+     action. Mr. Stedman interrupted:<a id="page_232"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "'There was a bill to nationalize the railroads,' he said. 'The men
+     went on strike to reinforce their demands. I can see the miners and
+     the whole working class going on a strike protesting against the
+     Government paralyzing them rather than taking the mine owners by
+     the collar. That will be general. If the working class made such a
+     demand to reinforce a general political demand for the relaxation
+     of such an injunction, the Socialists would stand side by side with
+     them everywhere. Personally, I think the mining situation was an
+     instance where there should have been a general strike.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It is important to emphasize the proofs that the Socialist Party of
+America has openly committed itself to the sanction and advocacy of
+"industrial" violence in furtherance of its avowed intention "to wrest
+industry and the control of the government of the United States" from
+the whole American people and place them in the hands of a special
+class. For since the wholesale arrests of "Reds" by the Department of
+Justice were made, followed by the institution of the inquiry into the
+qualifications of the five Socialist Assemblymen at Albany, a new,
+general movement became discernible among the radicals, a movement to
+disguise their real principles, camouflage their plan of action and
+carry their propaganda "under ground."</p>
+
+<p>Hillquit, Victor L. Berger and the other shrewd leaders of the Socialist
+Party realized early in 1919 that the programs of violence against this
+country, flaunted openly by the Left Wing leaders, would bring down the
+hand of the Government upon the conspirators. As early as April 19,
+1919, Julius Gerber, Executive Secretary of the New York Local of the
+Socialist Party, in a private letter which we quote from the Left Wing
+"New York Communist." May 1, 1919, stated that "the control of the party
+by these irresponsible people will make the party an outlaw
+organization, and break up the organization."</p>
+
+<p>Yet the call for the Third (Moscow) International had cunningly
+classified the Socialists of the world into three groups, a Right, a
+Center and "the Revolutionary Left Wing." This last group included the
+friends of Moscow, the elements of the Third International; and those
+credited to it in America, who received invitations to the Moscow
+Conference of March 2-6, were the Socialist Labor Party, the I. W. W.,
+the Workers' International Industrial Union and "the elements of the
+Left Wings of American Socialist Propaganda (tendency represented by E.
+V. Debs and the Socialist Propaganda League)." The group of the Right,
+the other extreme, was completely condemned by the<a id="page_233"></a> Moscow call as
+"avowed social-patriots who, during the entire duration of the
+imperialistic war between the years 1914 and 1918 have supported their
+own bourgeoisie."</p>
+
+<p>But the "Center" was described as "represented by leaders of the type of
+Karl Kautsky, and who constitute a group composed of ever-hesitating
+elements, unable to settle on any determined direction and who up to
+date have always acted as traitors." "In regard to the 'Center,'" the
+call continues, "the tactics consist in separating from it the
+revolutionary elements, in criticizing pitilessly its leaders and in
+dividing systematically among them the number of their followers." The
+Left Wing leaders in America, however, ignoring the recognition of a
+"Center" in this country, lumped together and designated as the "Right"
+all their Socialist opponents, the special followers of Hillquit, Victor
+L. Berger and the other "bosses" of the Socialist Party; but they
+certainly followed the tactics of "criticizing pitilessly its leaders."
+(See the Moscow call in Chapter III and the details of the Left Wing
+fight in Chapters III, IV and V.)</p>
+
+<p>These facts explain the course pursued by Hillquit and his
+fellow-leaders. In the first place they had to get rid of the Left Wing
+leaders whose "control of the party" would make it "an outlaw
+organization and break up the organization." This they accomplished by
+wholesale expulsions and suspensions, as we have seen in earlier
+chapters. But in the second place they had to prepare a sufficiently
+strong public declaration of the real revolutionary principles of their
+party and a sufficiently explicit identification of the party with the
+Moscow International to satisfy both the rank and file of their
+followers and Lenine and Trotzky in Russia, while yet not going far
+enough to incriminate themselves with the awakening suspicions of our
+National and State Governments. As a result we have the utterances of
+the Emergency Convention of August-September, 1919, where every
+compromising word was still only a hint of the principles and plan of
+action carefully concealed behind it.</p>
+
+<p>Even so, the leaders soon realized that they had revealed too much of
+the truth for their safety; while the wholesale arrests, indictments and
+deportations of radicals evidently convinced these cunning plotters that
+the old-time disguises and hypocrisies of Hillquit, Victor Berger and
+the other foxes of the party were the only safe tactics for
+revolutionists in America. Thus Ludwig C. A. K. Martens, the Bolshevist
+"ambassador,"<a id="page_234"></a> himself led the retreat in his smooth lies to the United
+States Senate Foreign Sub-Committee, to the effect that the dictatorship
+in Russia no longer regarded it as necessary to urge those affiliated
+with it in other countries to overthrow the existing governments.
+Undoubtedly he had made the American situation perfectly clear to Lenine
+and Trotzky.</p>
+
+<p>The reappearance of Morris Hillquit in the Assembly case at Albany, on
+February 17, 1920, and his appearance on the witness-stand as "an expert
+on Socialism," was a similar attempt to repair the breaches with
+camouflage. It was his part with an amused smile to show that
+"industrial organization," "industrial action," "mass action" and
+"general strikes" really mean nothing in the Socialist Party's
+manifestoes, platforms and programs, and that his party's affiliation
+with the Third (Moscow) International was a mere meaningless, friendly
+gesture. But these party utterances and acts meant all and even more
+than they said to the party's rank and file and confederates.</p>
+
+<p>It was brought out in the testimony at Albany on February 10, 1920, that
+the minority report of the Emergency Convention, decreeing affiliation
+with the Moscow International, had been adopted by a referendum vote of
+the party's rank and file, 3,495 votes for to 1,449 against. The wording
+of this report, here given in part from Trachtenberg's 1919-20 Labor
+Year Book, page 411, is another of those brilliant attempts at
+camouflage for which the "Yellow" Socialists are famous:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Any International, to be effective in this crisis, must contain
+     only those elements who take their stand unreservedly upon the
+     basis of the class struggle, and their adherence to this principle
+     is not mere lip loyalty....</p>
+
+<p>     "The Socialist Party of the United States, in principle and in its
+     past history, has always stood with those elements of other
+     countries that remained true to their principles. The manifestoes
+     adopted in national convention at St. Louis (1917) and Chicago
+     (1919), as well as Referendum 'D,' 1919, unequivocally affirm this
+     stand.<sup><a href="#fn_K" id="fna_K">K</a></sup> These parties, the majority parties of Russia, Italy,
+     Switzerland, Norway, Bulgaria and Greece, and growing minorities in
+     every land, are uniting on the basis <a id="page_235"></a>of the preliminary
+     convocation, at Moscow, of the Third International. As in the past,
+     so in this extreme crisis, we must take our stand with them.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Socialist Party of the United States, therefore, declares
+     itself in support of the Third (Moscow) International, not so much
+     because it supports the 'Moscow' programs and methods, but because:</p>
+
+<p>     "(a) 'Moscow' is doing something which is already challenging world
+     imperialism.</p>
+
+<p>     "(b) 'Moscow' is threatened by the combined capitalist forces of
+     the world simply because it is proletarian.</p>
+
+<p>     "(c) Under these circumstances, whatever we may have to say to
+     'Moscow' afterwards, it is the duty of Socialists to stand by it
+     now because its fall will mean the fall of Socialist republics in
+     Europe, and also the disappearance of Socialist hopes for many
+     years to come."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>If Moscow's "programs and methods" are only the minor reason for
+supporting Moscow, what is the major reason for this "support?" What is
+the Third (Moscow) International "doing" which "is really challenging"
+the "world," arraying the "forces of the world" against it and thus
+making its own "fall" a serious possibility? We examine (see Chapters
+III and IV and the present chapter) the Third (Moscow) International's
+call to the March, 1919, Conference and the manifesto sent out from it,
+and we see what it has done in challenge of the rest of the world. It
+has declared war against the rest of the world and its existing
+governments, the "Entente Powers," "The White Terror of the
+bourgeoisie," as it calls them in the "Manifesto of the Moscow
+International" published in the "New York Call" of July 24, 1919, from
+which we here quote; and against these "Entente Powers," "The White
+Terror," the manifesto continues, "Against this the proletariat must
+defend itself--defend itself at all costs! The Communist International
+calls the whole world-proletariat to this, the final struggle! Down with
+the imperialist conspiracy of capital! Long live the International
+Republic of Proletarian Soviet!" (Ibid.)</p>
+
+<p>Thus complete identification with this proletarian declaration of war
+against the "Entente Powers" was the major aim of the Socialist Party of
+the United States in voting for affiliation with Moscow. This is the
+principal ground on which it "declares itself in support of the Third
+(Moscow) International" and proclaims it to be "the duty of Socialists
+to stand<a id="page_236"></a> by it now." Just as Hillquit differed from the Left Wingers,
+now his "communist brethren," not "on vital questions of principles,"
+but only "on methods and policy," opposing their "movement" "not
+because" it was "too radical" or "would lead us too far," but simply
+because its "specific form and direction, ... its program and tactics,"
+would "spell disaster," so Hillquit's Party supported the Third (Moscow)
+International "not so much because" of its "programs and methods" as
+because what it was "doing," its war-declaration and marshaling of the
+world's proletarian forces against the "Entente Powers," was "really
+challenging world imperialism."</p>
+
+<p>Is not one mind, one aim, one intent, one purpose and hatred
+consistently evident in all these utterances? And thus we understand the
+vehemence of the Chicago Manifesto of September 4, 1919, "largely based
+upon one suggested by Morris Hillquit," as the "Call," New York, of
+September 5, 1919, says. The following quotation from the Chicago
+Manifesto, as printed in the "New York Call" of September 5, 1919, and
+also in Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, pages 413-14, shows
+that the Socialist Party of America completely repudiates the so-called
+"Moderate" Socialists, and supports the Bolshevist and Communist violent
+revolutionists:</p>
+
+<p>"The Socialist Party of the United States at its first national
+convention after the war, squarely takes its position with the
+uncompromising section of the international Socialist movement. We
+unreservedly reject the policy of those Socialists who supported their
+belligerent capitalist governments on the plea of 'national defense,'
+and who entered into demoralizing compacts for so-called civil peace
+with the exploiters of labor during the war and continued a political
+alliance with them after the war. We, the organized Socialists of
+America, pledge our support to the revolutionary workers of Russia in
+the maintenance of their Soviet Government, to the radical Socialists of
+Germany, Austria and Hungary in their efforts to establish working-class
+rule in their countries, and to those Socialist organizations in
+England, Italy and other countries who during the war, as after the war,
+have remained true to the principles of uncompromising international
+Socialism."</p>
+
+<p>Just as the Moscow Manifesto cries out, "Long live the International
+Republic of Proletarian Soviet!" so does Hillquit's manifesto, adopted
+September 4, 1919, by the Socialist Party, "hold out to the world the
+ideal of a federation of free and equal Socialist nations." A common
+zeal for the violent<a id="page_237"></a> overthrow of the world's existing non-Socialist
+governments, in order to set up a world-empire of Socialism, is the
+major feature of the Socialist Party's unity with the Moscow plotters
+and incendiaries.</p>
+
+<p>But while Moscow's "programs and methods" are "not so much" the concern
+of the American Socialist Party as the "federation of ... Socialist
+nations," yet these Moscow "programs and methods" are themselves also
+distinctly adopted and enthusiastically followed by the American
+Socialists.</p>
+
+<p>The Moscow Manifesto ("New York Call," July 24, 1919) lays down two
+great principles of action, one of <i>method</i>, the other of <i>means</i>. Here
+is the method: "The revolutionary epoch demands that the proletariat
+should employ such fighting methods as will concentrate its entire
+energy, viz., the method of mass action, and lead to its logical
+consequence--the direct collision with the capitalist state machine in
+an open combat. All other methods, e.g., revolutionary use of bourgeois
+parliamentarism, will in the revolution have only a subordinate value."</p>
+
+<p>Here is the means: "A coalition is necessary with those elements of the
+revolutionary workers' movement who, though they did not previously
+belong to the Socialist Party, now, on the whole, take up the standpoint
+of the proletarian dictatorship in the form of the power of Soviets,
+e.g., <i>some of the sections among the Syndicalists</i>." (Ibid.)</p>
+
+<p>The American "Syndicalists" are the I. W. W.'s, and their methods are
+those of "industrial action" by means of industrial unionism. In other
+words, they are seeking to organize "One Big Union" in order, as the
+"Preamble" to their Constitution asserts, to "take possession of the
+earth and the machinery of production." These are the methods and means
+recommended by the Moscow International to the rabid Socialists
+affiliated with it all over the world.</p>
+
+<p>These methods and means, urged by the Moscow Manifesto, were evidently
+adopted in Hillquit's manifesto, which led, by the party's adoption of
+it, to the American Socialist Party's strong commitment of itself at
+Chicago to "strongly organize" on "industrial lines" the "bulk of the
+American workers" into "one powerful and harmonious class organization"
+ready for "industrial action." The preamble to the Constitution, also
+adopted at the Emergency Convention of 1919, according to Trachtenberg's
+Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, page 410, stresses the same thing:<a id="page_238"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Socialist Party seeks to organize the working-class for
+     independent <i>action</i> on the political field, not merely for the
+     betterment of their conditions, <i>but also and above all with the
+     revolutionary aim</i> of putting an end to exploitation and class
+     rule." And it adds: "To accomplish this aim, it is necessary that
+     the working-class be powerfully and solidly organized also on the
+     economic field <i>to struggle for the same revolutionary goal</i>."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Trachtenberg's 1919-1920 Year Book, page 409, tells us, too, that the
+party at its Emergency Convention "adopted a series of resolutions,"
+including two described as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "<i>Co-operatives.</i>--Favoring the establishment of co-operatives and
+     recommending that literature be distributed on the subject."</p>
+
+<p>     "<i>Economic Organization.</i>--Favoring industrial unionism and
+     establishing a labor department in the party for the preparation of
+     literature and more active work among the labor unions."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>We know what the last-mentioned resolution means; and the meaning of the
+propaganda for "co-operatives" becomes plain when we read in
+Trachtenberg's same Year Book, page 393, that this co-operative movement
+has been defined as "The state within a state."</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, these two resolutions, favoring propaganda for "co-operatives"
+and "industrial unionism," seem to be explained in the "Preamble to the
+Constitution of the Socialist Party," adopted at Chicago on September 6,
+1919. A single sentence in this Preamble, which we quote from
+Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, page 410, tells us what the
+Socialist Party wants and the means by which it hopes to get it. Here is
+the sentence: "The workers must wrest the control of the government from
+the hands of the masters and use its powers in this upbuilding of the
+new social order, the Co-operative Commonwealth."</p>
+
+<p>Naturally "co-operatives" are favored as a step toward the "Co-operative
+Commonwealth," which is what the Socialist dreamers want. But in order
+to set up this new state, the Socialists want "the workers" to do a big
+job for them, namely, to "wrest the control of" the present Government
+of the United States and get it out of the way. Thus "the workers" are
+the means, the tool, which the hair-brained Socialists hope to use,
+while the proposed method of using these "workers" is to make Socialists
+of them and line them up in one big "industrial union" ready for
+"industrial action" when the Socialists crack the whip. We do not think
+America's "workers" intend<a id="page_239"></a> to burn their fingers in pulling Hillquit's
+chestnuts out of the fire; but the lazy drones, the Socialist
+"intellectuals," as the Hillquitites love to style themselves, certainly
+hope to ride into power on the back of American labor just as the
+Bolshevist "dictators," Lenine and Trotzky, rode into power and are
+still riding on the galled back of the labor slaves of Russia.</p>
+
+<p>It appears, then, that the Socialist Party of America is not merely
+affiliated with Moscow's "programs and methods" by a referendum vote,
+but has adopted a similar program and method for its own "supreme task."
+The only difference is that the Bolsheviks have made their revolution,
+while the American Socialists are forging the weapon for theirs. Debs'
+motto is their motto: "I am law abiding under protest--not from
+scruple--and bide my time."</p>
+
+<p>Perceiving the peril of his party, Hillquit, on the witness stand in the
+Judiciary Committee's inquiry at Albany, sought in every way to belittle
+the significance of his and his party's Chicago Manifesto, the Moscow
+Manifesto, and the evident connection between the two, belittling, also,
+his party's affiliation with the Third (Moscow) International. How
+unscrupulous and hypocritical his testimony seems in the light of all
+the facts!</p>
+
+<p>In his testimony at Albany on February 19, 1920, Hillquit acknowledged
+the Chicago Manifesto, adopted September 4, 1919, as his own child. "At
+least ninety per cent of it is my authorship," he proudly said. Having
+himself imprudently led his party to make open confession, by manifesto,
+of its plot "to wrest the industries and the control of the government
+of the United States" out of their present keeping and so completely
+into the hands of the Socialist Party that it would be able "to place"
+them "in the control of" a special class, did Hillquit feel that he
+would be justified on the witness stand in using any extreme of craft
+which might help to bury the plot out of sight again?</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the fact that the Party Manifesto Hillquit wrote sounds
+astonishingly like the echo of the Moscow Manifesto, Hillquit, on
+February 19, 1920, swore that he had never read the Moscow Manifesto
+when he wrote his ninety per cent or more of the Chicago Manifesto. To
+this he held even when reminded by Mr. Conboy that all of the Moscow
+Manifesto but the preamble had appeared in the "New York Call" of July
+24, 1919. And he still sought to convey the notion that the Moscow
+Manifesto had not made any particular impression upon<a id="page_240"></a> the members of
+his party prior to the Emergency Convention of September, 1919, in spite
+of the letter read to him by Mr. Conboy, of which the following is an
+extract:</p>
+
+
+<p>
+                        "SOCIALIST PARTY
+                       "<span class="smallcaps">National Office</span>
+                "Executive Secretary: Adolph Germer
+                    "803 West Madison Street
+                "<span class="smallcaps">Chicago, Ill.</span>, 5/12/1919.
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="smallcaps">
+     "Local Rochester, C. M. O'Brien,</p>
+
+<p class="smallcaps">     "580 St. Paul St., Rochester, N. Y.:</p>
+
+<p>     "<span class="smallcaps">Dear Comrade.</span>--I am pleased to announce the publication of two
+     vital documents in pamphlet form, namely, 'The Manifesto Communist
+     International,' issued 1919 by the Soviets of Russia at Moscow to
+     the toiling masses of the world. This is undoubtedly the greatest
+     declaration ever issued from any working class tribunal since the
+     Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels ... the second is 'The
+     Constitution World's First Socialist Republic....</p>
+
+<p>     [Signed] "<span class="smallcaps">Edwin Firth</span>,</p>
+
+<p>     "Literature Dept."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>But Hillquit, the great "expert on Socialism," missed reading this
+"vital" manifesto all the summer of 1919, when the Socialist papers were
+full of it; and yet, by some wild chance, himself composed a close echo
+of it!</p>
+
+<p>The cowardly "Reds," as we have seen, want a violent revolution and
+constantly preach it to the discontented as boldly and openly as they
+dare. But they want America's workingmen to take all the risk and do all
+the work, and they go on with their frantic agitation in the hope that
+American labor will some day organize a great "general strike" and try
+to turn it into a revolution to overthrow the United States Government.
+Naturally, therefore, the Socialists get excited whenever any great
+labor strike is on, and they stand as tempters whispering the word
+"revolution" into the ears of the strikers. Sometimes they get their
+suggestion that the strike be turned into a revolution before the
+strikers' minds by a hypocritical pretense that they are afraid that
+what they so much long for is likely to happen. Debs, the Socialist
+Party's presidential standard-bearer, is a past master in this art of
+suggestion through a pretense of feeling concern, and during the steel
+strike of 1919 he even tried to "start something" of this kind from
+behind the bars of his jail. Thus in the form of an interview, sent<a id="page_241"></a> as
+a "special to the 'New York Times,'" which published it September 24,
+1919, he got off the following hypocritically inflammatory comment on
+the steel strike from his place in the Atlanta Federal Prison:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "'I fear that much violence will result from the strike. Then we
+     have the potentiality of other unions to consider, for many of
+     them, including the miners, who have a crisis coming within a short
+     time themselves, as well as the railroad men of the country, who
+     have already made demands--these workers and others may be drawn
+     into the great steel struggle before it is over, and while I do not
+     believe that a prearranged general strike will be called, yet I
+     fear the results of great excitement over possible killings like
+     those we read about in the papers of today, and it is possible that
+     in the heat of passion men may lay down their work and be swept
+     into a revolution with cyclonic fury.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Anything is possible as an outcome of the present situation,'
+     continued the prisoner, 'and should a general strike or revolution
+     occur it would be the outcome of too great pressure being brought
+     to bear upon the men who, in a state of unrest and industrial
+     uncertainty, have reached a highly inflammable condition that might
+     burst out spontaneously.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"Honest" Bill Haywood, one of the foremost Socialists of the time,
+admitted as far back as the early part of 1912, in a speech at Cooper
+Union, New York City, that the Socialists were conspirators against the
+United States Government.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialist Party of America, ever since its birth, has been reviling
+and attacking the Government of the United States with a view to
+overthrowing and destroying it. Is it possible that such an organization
+is not engaged in a conspiracy against our country?</p>
+
+<p>The American Socialists have been thoroughly unpatriotic. "To hell with
+the American flag!" "Down with the Stars and Stripes!" "I would spit
+upon your flag!" These are a few of their expressions of contempt. The
+United States uniform and the soldiers alike are scorned and ridiculed.
+The article in "The Call," "Rows and Rows and Rows of 'em march," which
+has been quoted in a previous chapter, shows the reader the real spirit
+and intention of Debs' gang, who have been so zealous in stirring up
+strikes with a view to the final ruin of our present form of government.</p>
+
+<p>Debs, four times the standard-bearer of the Socialists in presi<a id="page_242"></a>dential
+campaigns, has revealed himself, as we have shown, in such utterances as
+these:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "As a revolutionist, I have no respect for capitalist property
+     laws, nor the least scruple about violating them.... I am law
+     abiding under protest--not from scruple--and bide my time."</p>
+
+<p>     "Let the sturdy toilers of the Pacific Coast raise the Red standard
+     of revolt."</p>
+
+<p>     "All hail to the revolution."</p>
+
+<p>     "I enter the prison doors a flaming revolutionist, my head erect,
+     my spirit untamed, and my soul unconquered."</p>
+
+<p>     "In Russia and Germany our valiant comrades are leading the
+     proletarian revolution.... They are setting the heroic example for
+     world-wide emulation. Let us, like them, scorn and repudiate the
+     cowardly compromisers within our ranks, challenge and defy the
+     robber-class power, and fight it out on that line to victory or
+     death."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This favorite leader of the radicals of America was convicted by jury of
+violation of the Espionage Law on September 12, 1918, and two days later
+sentenced to serve ten years in the penitentiary. The case was appealed
+on the ground that the Espionage Act was an unconstitutional abridgment
+of the right of free speech. The decision of the United States Supreme
+Court was handed down on March 10, 1919. In the words of a Socialist
+work, Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, page 102, "The Court
+held that the law was not contrary to the Constitution and affirmed the
+sentence imposed upon Debs by the lower court. The decision was
+unanimous that the nature and intended effect of his speech was to
+obstruct recruiting and enlistment in the army."</p>
+
+<p>Yet this same Year Book, in its account of "The Emergency Convention of
+the Socialist Party" at Chicago in August-September, 1919, says, page
+409: "The Convention went on record offering the presidential nomination
+of the party to Eugene V. Debs, the nomination to be ratified at the
+1920 Convention."</p>
+
+<p>On March 5, 1920, at Albany, in the final argument for the five
+suspended Socialist Assemblymen, according to the "New York Times" of
+March 6, 1920, Seymour Stedman said of Debs: "He represents in a sense
+the Socialist movement. Perhaps he represents it more completely than
+any other man in this country."</p>
+
+<p>In order that the reader may understand the extreme way<a id="page_243"></a> in which
+lawbreakers like Debs and Victor L. Berger were justified by those
+defending the five suspended Socialists at Albany, we give an extract
+from the testimony of Morris Hillquit on February 19, 1920, as reported
+in the "New York Times" of the next day:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The testimony leading up to Mr. Hillquit's admissions was given
+     after Martin Conboy of counsel for the Judiciary Committee had read
+     into the record a speech and a signed article by Victor L. Berger.
+     In the speech, delivered at the Socialist National Convention in
+     1908, Mr. Berger said:</p>
+
+<p>     "'I have no doubt that in the last analysis we must shoot, and when
+     it comes to shooting, Wisconsin will be there.'</p>
+
+<p>     "In the signed article which appeared in a Socialist newspaper
+     published in Milwaukee the following year, he wrote:</p>
+
+<p>     "'Socialists and workingmen should ... have rifles and the
+     necessary rounds of ammunition ... and be prepared to back up their
+     ballots with their bullets.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In reply, according to the "New York Times" of February 20, 1920,
+putting his own far-fetched construction on Victor L. Berger's words,
+Morris Hillquit himself advanced the doctrine of "a little shooting" in
+the following statement:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "'History ... has shown that when the privileged minority is about
+     to lose its privileges ... it tries to destroy reform or lawful
+     revolutionary movements by force, ... and in a case of this kind it
+     may come to shooting.</p>
+
+<p>     "'It is not at all impossible that, even in this country, when the
+     majority of the people will be ready to introduce substantial
+     reform and take away the privileges of the profiteering class by
+     constitutional, legal methods, these self-same profiteering
+     interests will take offense and try to play some trick upon the
+     people, and in that case it is possible--as a matter of prophecy,
+     not as a matter of program, so far as we are concerned--that the
+     people of this country will be compelled to supplement their
+     political action by a little shooting.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Testifying the same day, Hillquit endorsed Debs as follows, according to
+the "New York Times" of February 20, 1920:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "When asked if Debs is a candidate of the Socialist Party for
+     President, Mr. Hillquit replied:</p>
+
+<p>     "'If any voice or influence of mine could accomplish anything, he
+     certainly will be nominated at the next convention.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'The Supreme Court has passed upon the conviction of Debs and
+     affirmed it,' said ex-Judge Sutherland, of counsel.
+     'Notwithstanding this judgment, you still declare that Mr.<a id="page_244"></a> Debs
+     represents and personifies the attitude of the Socialist Party on
+     the subject of loyalty to the United States Government?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'I do not say that he represents the attitude of the Socialist
+     Party. I think I said that he represents the highest and noblest
+     sentiments of United States citizenship and American loyalty....
+     Debs was convicted only for saying things, not for doing things. I
+     do not for a moment doubt he said the things he is charged with
+     having said.' ...</p>
+
+<p>     "'Do you uphold and approve of, as a leader of the Socialist Party,
+     the words that Mr. Debs pronounced, and for which he was
+     convicted?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'I haven't got his complete speech before me. I do not want to
+     commit the Party in this general way to every statement. I will
+     say, as a whole, I read his speech at the time and my impression
+     was that it was a perfectly innocent, honest expression of
+     opposition to war for very good and patriotic motives.' ...</p>
+
+<p>     "'Have you any respect at all for the decision of the tribunal to
+     the contrary?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'I have respect to this effect: that I know that it is final and
+     binding and in practice will go. I do not have respect in the sense
+     of believing that it is just, impartial, and well-reasoned out.'
+     ...</p>
+
+<p>     "'Mr. Hillquit, do you wish to be understood as saying that you
+     approve of the words spoken by Mr. Debs for which he was
+     convicted?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Are you trying to get me a little conviction, also, Judge?' asked
+     the witness.</p>
+
+<p>     "'I am not in a position to indorse every word and every phrase
+     because I have not the speech before me,' he continued. 'As a rule,
+     I fully indorsed his statements on the subject of the war,
+     expressed, I suppose, in that speech and in other speeches.... I
+     share with all my comrades the greatest respect for Debs, and
+     cannot think any compliment too high for him.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'And you think it was that largeness of view, do you, that led Mr.
+     Debs to say the things which brought him into conflict with the law
+     of the United States?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Absolutely, just in the same way as it once happened to one Jesus
+     of Nazareth.'"</p>
+
+<p>     "'And you say that notwithstanding the highest judicial authority
+     known under the Constitution has declared him guilty<a id="page_245"></a> of doing
+     that, and in contempt of that authority, notwithstanding that
+     authority, you say that he is the man that should be placed in the
+     President's chair by the votes of the Socialist Party?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'I do.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'If Mr. Debs were elected in 1920, how would you proceed to
+     inaugurate<sup><a href="#fn_12" id="fna_12">12</a></sup> him, as he is serving a twenty-year sentence?' asked
+     Assemblyman Jenks.</p>
+
+<p>     "'The chances are that prior to the time he would be called upon to
+     occupy the chair the powers that be would sober up enough to know
+     that the present conviction is an improper and inhuman act and
+     liberate him.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On several occasions at the trial, in spite of Hillquit's studied effort
+to cast an air of innocency over his party, menacing words escaped from
+this crafty leader. He could not restrain them even at the end, on March
+3, 1920, when summing up the case for the Socialist defendants at
+Albany, according to the following account in the "Sun and New York
+Herald" of March 4, 1920:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Justifying the general strike as an emergency weapon, Mr. Hillquit
+     made this startling statement interpreted in some quarters as an
+     open threat:</p>
+
+<p>     "'The workers of this country have the right "to call a general
+     strike" and it is well that they should at least hold it in
+     abeyance as a possible instrument in some cases, in very
+     exceptional emergencies. I will say that the general strike has
+     been used abroad for the purpose of enforcing political action.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'A labor party is being formed,' Mr. Hillquit said, 'in some parts
+     of the country. Suppose it should elect representatives to the
+     Legislature and a capitalist in that Legislature should get up and
+     say "I don't approve of your programme; get out of my Legislature."</p>
+
+<p>     "'I say this would be eminently a case where the workers would be
+     justified in declaring a general strike until such time as their
+     constitutional rights are actually accorded to them.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>To this "veiled threat" Martin Conboy, counsel for the Judiciary
+Committee, replied the next day in summing up for the prosecution. We
+quote his words from the "Sun and New York Herald" of March 5, 1920:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "'Under the veil of a simile a threat was employed that if you
+     gentlemen concluded that these five Socialist Assemblymen should
+     not sit in this chamber as members of this Assembly a<a id="page_246"></a> general
+     strike might be called. In the whole history devoted to the
+     development of this idea there has been no more frank exposition of
+     the doctrine than that. It is proof, sufficient and satisfactory to
+     the point of a demonstration of the charge that has been made in
+     this case.</p>
+
+<p>     "'The threat carries itself further. You must not only admit them,
+     but you must take their legislative programme and exact it into
+     law; otherwise the general strike will again be employed.</p>
+
+<p>     "'No opportunity is lost by the leaders of the Socialist Party to
+     impress upon the rank and file that it is impossible to achieve
+     ultimate triumph by political action. For this reason the American
+     Federation of Labor is subjected to continuous attacks and
+     misrepresentation. For this reason Debs, originally an ardent trade
+     unionist, abandoned and repudiated his former associates after
+     joining the Socialist Party.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The hypocritical defense made by the Socialists at Albany, through which
+the unchanged character of the unrepentant plotters has constantly
+revealed itself, should put us on our guard. Brought into the light by
+wholesale arrests and deportations, all branches of radicalism, in this
+country and at Moscow, have adopted new tactics of deception. They
+profess peace and a return to peaceful methods, claim the liberties
+which belong only to the law-abiding, and hide behind the sympathies of
+those who are easily taken in. Yet they justify all their misdeeds, and
+withdraw none of their evil principles, but rather reaffirm them, with
+subtlety. What does this mean? It means that the old conspirators, whose
+overt acts have lately crowded our law-courts, hope to fool the American
+people into letting them continue their propaganda unto lawlessness
+under a thin mask of conformity to the very laws they seek to destroy.</p>
+
+<p>Although the "Red" conspiracy, as a result of government prosecution,
+has taken on disguises and gone under ground, it is not, thus, less
+virulent and dangerous, but more so. Evidence of deceit appeared in the
+"One Big Union Monthly" for February, 1920, to which lack of space
+prevents more than a mere allusion. That issue contained articles
+showing even the I. W. W. preparing an alibi and a disguise. They argued
+that their organization was not "illegal," and that its famous Preamble
+meant "evolution" and not "revolution." Another article urged the I. W.
+W. to give up its name and amalgamate with other industrial unions in a
+new organization to be known as The One Big Union.<a id="page_247"></a></p>
+
+<p>Still more significant, the same magazine for February, 1920, published
+a new incitement to revolution by Leon Trotzky, together with a "Call
+for Proletarian International" signed by "The Bureau of the Central
+All-Russian Council of Industrial Unions" and an "Appeal of the Russian
+Industrial Unions to the Workers of the Allied Countries" signed by "The
+Bureau of the All-Russian Council of Industrial Union." The "call"
+reads:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Central All-Russian Council of Industrial Unions invites all
+     economic organizations based on the real and revolutionary class
+     struggle for the liberation of labor through the proletarian
+     dictatorship to solidify anew their ranks against the international
+     league of brigands, to break with the international of
+     conciliators, and to proceed in unison with the Central All-Russian
+     Council of Industrial Unions toward the organization of a truly
+     international conference of all Socialistic labor unions and
+     veritable revolutionary workers' syndicates.</p>
+
+<p>     "We beg all economic labor organizations that accept the program of
+     the revolutionary class struggle to respond to our call and enter
+     in a direct touch with us."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The accompanying I. W. W. comment was, "We are sure that our
+organization will be there." Thus, if it be under ground, the mole still
+works. Moscow still inflames, unifies and directs the great
+world-conspiracy against the "Entente Powers" and all the nations that
+have been looking toward peace. The "Appeal," accompanying the "call,"
+says in part:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Can it be true, that you, the workers of England, France, Italy
+     and the United States, will much longer support your governments
+     and permit your blood to quench the spreading conflagration of the
+     social revolution? Can it be that the international bandits of the
+     League of Nations and the thrice-branded Versailles shall be
+     allowed unhampered to weave their nets for the strangling of the
+     world proletarian revolution?...</p>
+
+<p>     "Down with the bandits of imperialism!</p>
+
+<p>     "Long live the World Proletarian Revolution!</p>
+
+<p>     "Long live the International Soviet Republic!"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Near the end of his article Trotzky says, according to "The One Big
+Union Monthly," for February, 1920, page 21, "By thrusting the
+bourgeoisie away from the helm of state, by taking power into its own
+hands, the working class is preparing for the creation of Federation of
+Soviet Republics of Europe and the whole world.... War was and will
+remain a form of armed exploitation or armed struggle against
+exploitation."<a id="page_248"></a></p>
+
+<p>An editorial note on the same page, immediately below the article of
+Trotzky, says: "The above article and the APPEAL OF THE RUSSIAN
+INDUSTRIAL UNIONS TO THE WORKERS OF THE ALLIED COUNTRIES are taken from
+documents on Russia of the working class, written by members of the
+Soviet Government.... These materials were sent to Fellow Worker Wm. D.
+Haywood by Comrade Leon Trotzky, the valiant Commissary for War of the
+victorious Workers' Commonwealth. We are happy to announce that the I.
+W. W. will be the first to publish these latest documents on peasant and
+industrial life in Bolshevikland."</p>
+
+<p>Did Martens and Hillquit advise Lenine and Trotzky to disguise their
+American propaganda by using the Industrial Unions of Russia as their
+cat's-paw? We ask this because Hillquit has long been "Councillor" in
+America to the Russian Soviet Republic,<sup><a href="#fn_L" id="fna_L">L</a></sup> while the above method of
+inflaming American labor unions has been the secret method of the
+Socialist Party's Rand School of Science for some years--since 1916, at
+least. These are facts established by documents obtained in the summer
+of 1919 by raids of the Rand School, put in evidence before the New York
+State Legislative Committee, Senator Clayton R. Lusk, Chairman, and
+referred to in the July 30, 1919, issue of "The National Civic
+Federation Review," from which we quote the following:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "One David P. Berenberg is director of the correspondence
+     department of the Rand School. From the letter-files seized there,
+     evidence was produced showing the kind of propaganda conducted
+     through Berenberg's department. In a carbon copy of a letter to
+     Harry L. Perkins, of San Diego, Cal., dated June 7, 1916, the
+     statement was made:<a id="page_249"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "'When we read of 'preparedness' that is in full force in the camps
+     of the capitalists, we realize that unless we organize and fit
+     ourselves to resist, and to take over the government, we will one
+     day find ourselves where our French and German brothers are today,
+     dead or maimed in the fray.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'In other words,' commented Chairman Lusk, 'for over two years
+     this Rand School has been advocating armed preparedness to take
+     over the government.'</p>
+
+<p>     "A letter--obviously after a form letter sent to correspondents
+     generally--dated October 3, 1916, addressed to M. E. Rabb, Xenia,
+     Ohio, offered as evidence, contained the following:</p>
+
+<p>     "'What are you doing when the State robs you and your union and so
+     makes you helpless to strike? There is only one thing to do: take
+     over the State.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Are the members of your local prepared to take over and conduct
+     wisely and well the affairs of your town and county? Are you
+     prepared to meet the militia when the powers of the State and
+     courts are against you? Are you arming yourself with the knowledge
+     of the foundations of our society so that when these crises come to
+     you, you will have an organization strong enough to have foreseen
+     and forestalled them? Are you training your members in scientific
+     Socialism?'</p>
+
+<p>     "This same adroitly phrased incitement was found in other
+     correspondence."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This pest-house of treason and lawlessness, the Rand School, Hillquit's
+pet university of Socialism, ought to be dug up by the roots. And what
+shall we say of such evidence? Why should the Socialist Party of America
+hesitate to affiliate with the Third (Moscow) International and approve
+its "programs and methods" when Hillquit's illegitimate offspring, the
+Rand School, was teaching such "methods" a year before the Bolsheviki
+seized Petrograd and the dictatorship? Is Hillquit Lenine's pupil or
+Lenine's teacher? Is Hillquit, backer of the Rand School propaganda, the
+same gentle Morris Hillquit who as an "expert on Socialism" testified
+before the Assembly Judiciary Committee on February 17, 1920:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The word 'revolution' does not have for us the romantic
+     significance of barricade fights or other acts of violence that it
+     has for most of our newspaper writers and school boys." ("Sun and
+     New York Herald," February 18, 1920.)
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Can this be the same Hillquit who earlier in the trial broke out in the
+angry threat: "What we say to you, gentlemen: the contemplated act of
+this Assembly, if consummated, <i>will<a id="page_250"></a> ... loosen the violent
+revolution</i>." ("New York Evening Sun," January 21, 1920.) Did he allude
+to some pink tea party?</p>
+
+<p>And perhaps the "school boys" Hillquit referred to are those by his pet
+institution poisoned and turned into degenerates in the bud of manhood,
+like poor Oscar Edelman, whose valedictory speech on graduating from a
+course in the Rand School of Social Science ran thus:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "For us as students, Socialists and Labor Unionists, our work is
+     laid out. We must help educate the workers of America so that their
+     slogan, 'a fair day's wage for a fair day's work' be replaced by
+     the revolutionary slogan, 'abolition of the wage system.' ... In
+     the great world-struggle which is taking place today, we must take
+     active part.... The ideals which today inspire Debs and Lenine are
+     the ideals which inspire us." (Lusk Committee evidence, quoted from
+     "The National Civic Federation Review," July 30, 1919.)
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>But of all the sublime performances of Hillquit, that which lays the
+brightest crown on his veracity was the answer he gave at Albany on
+February 17, 1920, to the long hypothetical question concerning the
+attitude of the Socialists should their friends of the Third
+International, the Bolsheviki, invade the United States.</p>
+
+<p>At this question the redoubtable Mr. Hillquit, according to the "New
+York Times" of February 18, 1920, "settled back in his chair and smiled"
+and said: "I should say that the Socialists of the United States would
+have no hesitancy whatsoever in joining forces with the rest of their
+countrymen to repel the Bolsheviki who would try to invade our country
+<i>and force a form of government upon our people which our people were
+not ready for and did not desire</i>." (Italics mine.)</p>
+
+<p>Had Hillquit stopped where the italics began he would have stretched our
+credulity to the utmost. But if "our people" meant to him American
+Socialists, we readily believe that invading Bolsheviki, coming to wrest
+the American dictatorship from our native talent, would find themselves
+and their undesirable "form of government" pitched into the sea by
+Hillquit and his crowd. Majority Socialist against Spartacide and
+Bolshevik against Menshivik--we have seen how one Socialist group repels
+the "form of government" forced by another.</p>
+
+<p>When we think of the heroic exploits of Hillquit in repelling foreign
+invaders from America about 1917-18, can we not imagine him hurling one
+of his deadly manifestoes at his Bol<a id="page_251"></a>sheviki friends? No doubt when
+Comrade Martens, the vanguard of the invading Bolsheviki, stormed
+Hillquit's castle on Riverside Drive with a fee and a commission as
+"Councillor," the outraged patriot crashed a receipt in full against the
+invader's outstretched paw.</p>
+
+<p>As we think of Hillquit's love for peaceful "political action"--on the
+witness stand--those words from his foundling, the "New York Call" of
+May 1, 1919, return to our minds:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The world revolution, dreamed of as a thing of the distant future,
+     has become a live reality, rising from the graves of the murdered
+     millions and the misery and suffering of the surviving millions. It
+     has taken form, it strikes forward, borne on by the despair of the
+     masses and the shining example of the martyrs: its spread is
+     irrepressible....</p>
+
+<p>     "The war of the nations has been followed by the war of the
+     classes. The class struggle is no longer fought by resolutions and
+     demonstrations. Threateningly it marches through the streets of the
+     great cities for life or death."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Mr. William English Walling, in an article published in the "New York
+Times," January 20, 1920, asks a pertinent question about the
+revolutionary activities of the American Socialist Party:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The 'American Socialist Party,' finds itself compelled, precisely
+     like Lenine, to pretend to be a peace-loving organization, loyally
+     accepting constitutional democracy and opposed to violence. Are we
+     to take it at its own word? Is it possible that a few pious phrases
+     offered on occasion can deceive the American people as to the
+     nature of a propaganda organization that is shouting from the
+     housetops in every corner of the country and every day of the year?</p>
+
+<p>     "The only imaginable reason why the public has paid any attention
+     is that there are two or three organizations more wholly given over
+     to violence, whereas the Socialist organization gives a share of
+     its attention to party politics. It was said until recently, 'Oh,
+     the anarchists are for violence, but the Socialists are for law and
+     order.' Last August it was found that a large part of the
+     Socialists were for immediate revolution. Then it was said that the
+     Communists are revolutionary, but the Socialists are for law and
+     order. The reasoning was that if the Left Wing was for immediate
+     revolution, then the Right Wing must be for law and order!"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Mr. Walling expresses an expert opinion, having been a prominent member
+of Hillquit's party until this organization,<a id="page_252"></a> at St. Louis in 1917,
+began the openly lawless course which led to the conviction of a large
+number of its leaders under the Espionage Law. Moreover, since January,
+1920, when Mr. Walling recorded the above opinion, evidence has come to
+light which shows he was exactly right in saying that the American
+Socialist Party acted "precisely like Lenine" in pretending "to be a
+peace-loving organization" because it found "itself compelled" to do so.</p>
+
+<p>The tactics of Lenine, Trotzky and Zinovieff, the Bolshevist
+"triumvirate" of Russia, and of Ludwig C. A. K. Martens and Morris
+Hillquit in America, are so similar that the evidence brought by Lincoln
+Eyre out of Russia perfectly interprets the "weasel words" of Martens
+and Hillquit on the witness stand at Washington and Albany,
+respectively. Hillquit, the connecting link, according to his testimony
+at Albany, February 19, 1920, was born at Riga, Russia; came to America
+a boy, like so many Russian immigrants; attended New York's public
+schools; and under the protection of the Stars and Stripes, which he
+would drag down, has made himself so emphatically one of the
+"capitalists," whom he hates, that he resides on New York's famous
+"Riverside Drive," and was able to testify with a smirk, "I flatter
+myself that I am not a failure." (See printed "Testimony" of the trial
+of the five Assemblymen for the details.)</p>
+
+<p>A moral failure, without extenuation, most Americans will regard Morris
+Hillquit. For out of thirty-five years, spent by him on our hospitable
+shores in getting rich under the protection of our Government,
+institutions and people, he has used at least twenty in trying to
+destroy the benefactor that nursed him. See the "New York Evening
+Telegram" of February 17, 1920, as follows: "Mr. Hillquit was called to
+the stand as the first witness for the five Assemblymen. He gave his
+residence as No. 214 Riverside Drive, New York City. Mr. Hillquit said
+he had lived in this country thirty-five years, and had been a Socialist
+since the party was organized, in 1900."</p>
+
+<p>This is the man who in 1917 and 1918 backed his organization, so far as
+he dared, to cripple the people of the United States while they were
+engaged in a desperate war; and who since has been Lenine's brain in
+America in trying to set fire to the house of government in which the
+American people live. Notice his intelligence in the hypocritical
+Bolshevist refinement of separating the Moscow Soviet Government from
+the Moscow International, so that one of these may offer our people
+peace<a id="page_253"></a> while the other continues to plot our destruction. This
+distinction was made, with its significance concealed, in Hillquit's
+testimony at Albany on February 18, 1920, which the Albany
+"Knickerbocker Press" of the next day, February 19, thus summarized:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Mr. Hillquit testified at length concerning Soviet Russia.... Mr.
+     Hillquit also testified that there were differences between Soviet
+     Government, Bolshevists and the Moscow International. <i>The latter</i>,
+     he said, <i>did not represent Soviet Russia</i>, and the Bolshevists, he
+     said, were merely a national party of Russia." (Italics mine.)
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In a cabled account of an interview with Zinovieff, sent by Lincoln Eyre
+from Russia to the "World," headed, "Riga (by courier via Berlin), Feb.
+24," and printed in the "New York World" of February 26, 1920, we have a
+flood of light showing that the central plot of the Socialist
+international conspiracy hinges precisely on the distinction which
+Hillquit had made at Albany a few days before, namely, that the Moscow
+International does "not represent Soviet Russia." Through the courtesy
+of the "New York World" we quote from its issue of February 26, 1920,
+the essential parts of Eyre's statement as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Bolshevik propaganda abroad, though still as active and insidious
+     as it has ever been has undergone a radical change of late. That
+     conclusion was arrived at by a close study of the subject, which I
+     pursued in Moscow and Petrograd, reinforced by an interview with C.
+     S. Zinovieff, ruler of the latter city, also President of the
+     Executive Committee of the Third Internationale and firebrand of
+     the revolution.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Russian Communist Party, which is the Bolsheviki's official
+     political title, no longer exports agitators chosen from among
+     members to kindle the flames of revolt in foreign lands. They are
+     too wise for that antiquated process nowadays. What they do in
+     these scientific times is to import from the country of his birth
+     the crudely fashioned product of his own domestic Bolshevism,
+     subject him to certain finishing processes (including perhaps a
+     gold lining) and ship him back home again complete in every detail,
+     smooth running and highly inflammable. That is one of the reasons
+     why the Soviet Government is prepared to promise and to keep its
+     promise to refrain from sending forth agents charged with spreading
+     the gospel of capitalistic annihilation....<a id="page_254"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "Another reason for the Soviet's willingness to quit propagandizing
+     abroad is that it has already turned over to the Third
+     Internationale all business of that kind.... Now, the Third
+     Internationale has no official connection with the Soviet
+     Government. It is supposed to be a separate institution. Yet all
+     its leaders hold office under the Soviets and its funds, which are
+     considerable, must be derived from Soviet sources. Nevertheless it
+     is technically, indeed legally, non-governmental, wherefore the
+     Moscow Cabinet is justified in pledging itself to leave propaganda
+     to 'friendly' foreign states alone.</p>
+
+<p>     "The moving spirit of the Third Internationale is Zinovieff, who,
+     with Lenine and Trotzky, forms the triumvirate on which Bolshevism
+     today rests, although he is by no means as big a man as the other
+     two. Zinovieff is not a member of the Council of Peoples'
+     Commissaries (the Cabinet), but merely of the All-Russian Central
+     Executive Committee, from which the former body derives its powers,
+     and which itself is subordinate to the supreme executive
+     legislative judicial organ, the All-Russian Convention of Soviets.
+     Thus, while the role allotted to him on the administrative stage is
+     really as prominent as that of any of his fellows, short of Lenine
+     and Trotzky, Zinovieff can legitimately claim to be without voice
+     in the actual administration of the Soviet Republic....</p>
+
+<p>     "The first point that Zinovieff made clear to me in our talk was
+     that the Third Internationale is not comparable to the League of
+     Nations.... The Overlord of Petrograd affirmed, ... 'The Third
+     Internationale ... is a purely political group. It is a
+     confederation of the world's Communists, an international coalition
+     of the Communist Parties already existing in their respective
+     countries.... The Third Internationale is a going concern, with
+     some 8,000,000 members.' ...</p>
+
+<p>     "'But,' I asked, 'how is your aim of a European world republic of
+     Soviets to be realized unless there is some international
+     governmental machine?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'There will be some such machine,' Zinovieff replied, 'but
+     probably it will take the form of a new organization along Soviet
+     lines. In my view, the revolution will follow the same general
+     channels it has taken in Russia, with alterations of detail, of
+     course. Should France overthrow capitalism, for instance, she will
+     at first establish Sovietism, and subsequently combine with us. To
+     foresee the mechanical angles of such combination, however, is too
+     early.'<a id="page_255"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "'And your propaganda programme,' I ventured, 'is as strong and
+     far-reaching as ever?'</p>
+
+<p>     "The prompt reply was: 'The Third Internationale is primarily an
+     instrument of revolution. It reunites at Moscow the intelligence
+     and energy of all the Communist groups the world over. Delegates
+     from the various national organizations come to us and give and
+     take knowledge about the cause and return to their respective home
+     countries refreshed and invigorated. This work will be continued,
+     no matter what happens, legally or illegally. The Soviet Government
+     may pledge itself to refrain from propaganda abroad, but the Third
+     Internationale--never!'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Let us ponder this description of the Third International by its manager
+and greatest living expert: its scope, a confederation of the world's
+Communists, a coalition of the Communist parties of all countries; its
+size, 8,000,000 members, perhaps greatly exaggerated; its nature, "an
+instrument of revolution;" and its determination, to carry on
+propaganda, for the violent seizure of every land by a dictatorship, "no
+matter what happens, legally or illegally." Let us reflect that it is
+with this Third International, and not the Russian Soviet Government,
+that Hillquit's Party in America is affiliated, according to the
+testimony of the Socialists themselves at Albany. Finally, with these
+facts for a plummet, let us try to find the bottom of Hillquit's
+hypocrisy in pretending at Albany that he and his disciples do not
+believe in "revolution" but only in "evolution."</p>
+
+<p>Before passing from Lincoln Eyre's testimony, we further quote from his
+cable in the "World" of February 26, 1920, what we may call his
+description of "the Third International at work," as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Zinovieff ... is that combination of idealistic Hotspur and
+     practical executive which is characteristic of many Bolshevist
+     leaders. Despite his long years in exile with Lenine, to whose
+     Doctor Johnson he played Boswell ably and loyally, this
+     shock-haired enthusiastic young Jew--he is to-day scarcely
+     forty--was able to run Petrograd.... Petrograd is still underfed,
+     underheated, dirty and desolate, but it continues to live.... For
+     this Zinovieff, as all-mighty controller of the city's destinies,
+     ... deserves credit....</p>
+
+<p>     "Besides having a hand in everything that concerns local
+     administration, and most things which have to do with national
+     government, he personally edits and writes many pages of the Third
+     Internationale's organ, 'The Internationale Communist,'<a id="page_256"></a> a monthly
+     magazine of some 250 pages printed simultaneously in Russian,
+     English, French and German. Moreover, he passes upon all important
+     printed matter emanating from the Internationale's press. Every
+     foreign Communist coming to Moscow or Petrograd sees Zinovieff and
+     gets pointers from him how to propagate Bolshevism.</p>
+
+<p>     "In the seven weeks I spent in Moscow, three delegates arrived from
+     the United States and literally scores from Germany, Hungary,
+     Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Roumania, Bulgaria, Italy,
+     China, Japan, Corea, India, Afghanistan and Asia Minor countries.
+     The only important states from which few Communistic envoys come
+     are Britain and France. Practically all these missionaries are
+     obliged to travel illegally, that is, with false passports or
+     without any. They slip across the fighting fronts that encircle the
+     Soviet Republic in astonishing ways, risking death and all forms of
+     hardship to reach Moscow. The one-time seat of Moscow's Emperors
+     has become to Communists the world over what Mecca is to the
+     Mohammedan pilgrims.</p>
+
+<p>     "A youthful emissary of the I. W. W. said to me: 'We come here to
+     drink of the fountain of revolutionary youth.' I asked him what he
+     thought would happen when Russia's frontiers were opened. 'We shall
+     come as we come now, but in greater numbers and with greater ease,'
+     he replied.</p>
+
+<p>     "'But won't the Third Internationale send its Russian agitators
+     abroad then, thus making it unnecessary for you to come here?'
+     'What for?' he retorted. 'There is no use sending Russians to talk
+     to American workmen. Americans will close their ears to a foreigner
+     where they will open them wide to one of their own countrymen. The
+     Third Internationale is a realistic organization. It has learned
+     long ago that racial and national prejudices, however misguided
+     they may be, are deep seated and cannot be overcome in a day. It
+     aims to get results, and so it lets Americans talk to Americans.'
+     ...</p>
+
+<p>     "The Bolsheviki are as eager to precipitate a world revolution as
+     ever. But at the moment they are even more eager to establish
+     relations with the markets of the world, so that Russia may be
+     saved from economic catastrophe.... The Kremlin realizes full well
+     that it cannot hope to spread Bolshevism by means of its own
+     people. And with the Third Internationale headed by Zinovieff,
+     operating in close contact with the National Communist groups, it
+     knows it does not have to."
+<a id="page_257"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Thus the overtures of peace and promises of good behavior made by the
+Russian Soviet Government to the other Powers are pure humbug; and
+equally false are the professions of peace in America which Hillquit's
+branch of the Third International has made to lull the fears of the
+American people. To get the full force of this parallelism we have only
+to place the law-breaking Socialist Party of America since 1917 in juxta
+position with the hypocritical Socialist professions and principles
+brought out in 1920 during the trial of the Assemblymen at Albany.</p>
+
+<p>As the long record of jury convictions of officials and members of the
+Socialist Party of America is the real foundation of the case against
+the five New York Assemblymen, exposing the character of the
+organization they serve, we quote for the reader's information a press
+summary of the facts, submitted by a citizens' "Committee on Publicity,"
+March 2, 1920, "for the approval of the People of the State of New
+York." According to the Albany "Knickerbocker<sup><a href="#fn_13" id="fna_13">13</a></sup> Press" of March 3,
+1920, this Committee's statement, after referring to "the procedure of
+the New York Assembly in January, 1920," in "temporarily suspending the
+five Socialist Assemblymen while instituting a judicial inquiry into
+their qualifications to serve as law-makers," continues as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We believe the Assembly was misjudged in the minds of many who
+     reasoned: 'Socialists elected to previous Assemblies were seated
+     without objection, why then suspend the five Socialist Assemblymen
+     this year and investigate them?'</p>
+
+<p>     "We offer what we believe to be a complete answer to the question.
+     We believe the Assembly had a compelling warrant for its procedure
+     in serious facts and charges not known to previous Legislatures.
+     These include:</p>
+
+<p>     "First--Court records showing that most of the principal leaders of
+     the Socialist 'Party' were convicted lawbreakers.</p>
+
+<p>     "Second--the revelations of the Lusk Committee.</p>
+
+<p>     "Under the first head may be mentioned the conviction and
+     twenty-year sentence, on January 8, 1919, of Victor L. Berger,
+     National Executive Committeeman of the so-called Socialist Party;
+     the conviction of Eugene V. Debs, four times Presidential candidate
+     of the party, whose ten-year sentence was affirmed by the United
+     States Supreme Court March 10, 1919; and other convictions in 1919,
+     including, Adolph Germer, National Executive Secretary; J. Louis
+     Engdahl, editor of the Socialist Party's official publications;
+     Irwin St. John Tucker,<a id="page_258"></a> head of its literature department, and
+     William F. Kruse, Secretary of the Young People's Socialist
+     organization. In addition, twenty of the Socialist Party's lesser
+     leaders and scores of its rank and file had been convicted of
+     disloyal acts and utterances, while nineteen of the chief Socialist
+     organs had their second-class mail privileges canceled for
+     disloyalty.</p>
+
+<p>     "Under the second head may be mentioned the fact that the
+     investigations of the Lusk Committee showed that the Socialist
+     incitement to lawlessness prevalent throughout the country was
+     largely due to the propaganda of the Rand School of Socialism, a
+     New York Corporation of which two of the Socialist Assemblymen were
+     members. Furthermore, the American Socialist Society, the
+     corporation that owns and conducts the Rand School, had been
+     convicted under the Espionage Act before the United States District
+     Court and heavily fined by Judge Julius M. Mayer.</p>
+
+<p>     "These were some of the facts and charges which were matters of
+     public record and public knowledge when the Assembly of 1920
+     convened. We submit, therefore, that if the Assembly had not taken
+     action as it did, it would have been derelict in its duty.</p>
+
+<p>     "We therefore recommend:</p>
+
+<p>     "1. That all loyal organizations pass, publish and file with this
+     Committee resolutions in acknowledgment of the service rendered by
+     the New York Assembly and in encouragement of similar action by the
+     Legislatures of other states.</p>
+
+<p>     "2. That individuals affirm this judgment in suitable ways, and
+     particularly by letters to the press in their localities.</p>
+
+<p>     "3. That all loyal individuals and organizations co-operate to give
+     the whole American people the exact facts concerning the conspiracy
+     of radicals against our Government and institutions.</p>
+
+<p>     "To this end we propose to continue the work of education by
+     permanent organization under the name of 'Publicity Committee
+     Against Socialism.'"<sup><a href="#fn_M" id="fna_M">M</a></sup>
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The above list of Socialist convictions for lawbreaking will be found
+completely confirmed, on Socialist authority, in Trachtenberg's Labor
+Year Book, 1919-1920, pages 92-103.</p>
+
+<p>Was this record questioned by the Socialist defense at <a id="page_259"></a>Albany? In no
+wise; it could not be. Was the record faced, the guilt of the
+lawbreakers confessed, and their transgressions deplored as acts of
+disloyalty which the Socialist Party now condemns and repudiates? Not at
+all. These acts were freshly confirmed, and taken anew upon the
+Socialist Party, by brazen justification of them at Albany and
+condemnation of the laws, juries and courts of the American people.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen how Hillquit on the witness stand justified the disloyal
+and violently revolutionary utterances of two of the chief offenders,
+Debs and Victor L. Berger, identifying himself with their sentiments and
+proclaiming Debs as the highest type of American citizen, the man most
+fit for President of the United States. We have also seen that the whole
+Socialist Party was in 1919 committed to the nomination of Debs as its
+Presidential candidate in 1920; while it is a well known fact that when
+Congress excluded Victor L. Berger from that body because of his
+conviction as a lawbreaker, the lawless Socialist Party at once
+re-elected him to show its contempt for law and order under our
+institutions.</p>
+
+<p>The testimony piled up by the prosecution at Albany showed that, instead
+of judging the wholesale lawbreaking by its leaders and members in 1917
+and 1918, the Socialist Party had in 1919 and 1920 involved itself in a
+still deeper guilt, adding treason to disloyalty by affiliating itself
+with the open enemies of our Government in Russia and other foreign
+lands. Was this denied by the Socialist defense at Albany? No, the fact
+of affiliation with the Third (Moscow) Internationale was admitted,
+reducing the defense to the false principle that the five Socialist
+Assemblymen should not be excluded on account of their signed pledge of
+obedience to a lawless organization, no matter how lawless it might be.
+Thus in summing up for the defense, on March 3, 1920, Morris Hillquit,
+according to the "New York Times" of March 4, 1920, made the following
+excellent summary of the evidence against his party:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "First--That the Socialist Party is a revolutionary organization.</p>
+
+<p>     "Second--That it seeks to attain its ends by means of violence.</p>
+
+<p>     "Third--That it does not sincerely believe in political action, and
+     that its politics is only a blind or camouflage.</p>
+
+<p>     "Fourth--That it is unpatriotic and disloyal.</p>
+
+<p>     "Fifth--That it is unduly controlled--or that it unduly controls
+     public officials elected on its ticket.<a id="page_260"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "Sixth--That it owes allegiance to a foreign power known as the
+     Internationale.</p>
+
+<p>     "Seventh--That it approves of the Soviet Government of Russia, and
+     seeks to introduce a similar regime in the United States; and,
+     finally,</p>
+
+<p>     "Eighth--That the Assemblymen personally opposed prosecution of the
+     war and gave aid and comfort to the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>     "'All of these charges,' Mr. Hillquit said, 'are distinctly charges
+     against the Socialist Party as such. In other words, it is the
+     Socialist Party of the United States that is on trial before you.'
+     ...</p>
+
+<p>     "'I think, perhaps, the most telling point is the charge that the
+     Socialist Party is unpatriotic and disloyal--at least it has been
+     emphasized more than any other,' said the lawyer. 'We opposed the
+     war.... If similar conditions again arise I am sure we will take
+     the same position.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Similarly, Seymour Stedman, summing up for the Socialists on March 5,
+1920, not being able to deny the many convictions of leaders and members
+of the Socialist Party under the Espionage Law, openly attacked the law
+itself, according to the following account in the "New York Evening Sun"
+of March 5, 1920:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Albany, March 5.--A bitter attack on the Espionage Act was made by
+     Seymour Stedman in his final summing up for the five suspended
+     Socialists before the Judiciary Committee of the Assembly today.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Because of that act, you don't know the truth about this war; you
+     cannot know the truth about this war until the Espionage Act is
+     dead,' he asserted....</p>
+
+<p>     "Mr. Stedman admitted that the St. Louis war platform of the
+     Socialist Party was drawn 'in lurid language to meet a situation in
+     high flame,' but said no meeting could be called to consider
+     amending it because those who favored it might have been convicted
+     under the Espionage Act....</p>
+
+<p>     "Mr. Stedman contended that, of course, the Socialists took their
+     oath to uphold the Constitution of New York State and the United
+     States with the idea that they could interpret for themselves what
+     the Constitution means.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Each public officer who takes an oath to support the Constitution
+     swears that he will support it as he understands it, and not as it
+     is understood by others.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>According to the "New York World" of March 6, 1920, Stedman, in his
+speech of the preceding day, justified Eugene<a id="page_261"></a> V. Debs' lawbreaking with
+the disgusting remark, "He had no conception of Jesus with a dagger in
+his teeth;" and justified the lawbreaking for which Rose Pastor Stokes
+was convicted with the sentence, "She had a right to disagree with the
+war aims." She, of course, was not convicted for "disagreement" but for
+wilfully interfering with the "recruiting service" of the United States
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>The "New York World" of March 6, 1920, also gives the following specimen
+of Stedman's reasoning:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Answering the charge that Socialists generally were guilty of law
+     violations, he exclaimed: 'Go down to the penitentiaries and get
+     the histories of the birds there and you won't find any Socialists.</p>
+
+<p>     "'We are quite willing to say that if 2,000 Socialists had been
+     arrested during the war, we are guilty.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It is difficult to follow this logic. After telling us that we wouldn't
+"find any Socialists" in the penitentiaries, did Stedman suddenly
+bethink himself of the scores convicted, and then, on the spur of the
+moment, fix 2,000 as the number of "arrests" necessary to wring from
+Socialists the confession, "We are guilty"? From a Socialist work,
+Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, page 92, we quote the
+following figures for Stedman's edification:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The total number of prosecutions for violation of the Espionage
+     Act from June 15, 1917, to July 1, 1918, were 988. Of these, 197
+     pleaded guilty and were sent to prison, 166 others were convicted
+     (a large number appealing), and 497 cases were pending for trial
+     July 1st, while 128 had been acquitted or dismissed up to that
+     time. The act has been enforced <i>with increasing vigor since that
+     date</i>, but no official figures subsequent thereto are available."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>According to Trachtenberg, pages 93 and 94, the above cases do not
+include about 450 cases of "conspiracy to obstruct draft" under the
+Penal Code and Draft Act, 30 prosecutions for threats against the
+President, others under the treason statutes, and prosecutions under
+state statutes and city ordinances, in "number," says Trachtenberg,
+"doubtless <i>greatly in excess</i> of the federal prosecutions," including
+"in New York City alone scores of cases." A flock of 27 Socialists was
+convicted at Sioux Falls, S.D. (Trachtenberg, page 92), and at Chicago a
+herd of 166 I. W. W.'s, first cousins to the Socialists; while these
+first cousins were also indicted in various places in batches of 47, 38,
+27, 28, etc. (Ibid.) Nor do any of the foregoing figures<a id="page_262"></a> include the
+"arrests" of <i>two or three thousand "Communists" who were members of
+Stedman's party prior to September, 1919</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In short, even accepting Stedman's extraordinary dictum that "2,000
+Socialists ... arrested" is the minimum necessary to force Socialists to
+confess themselves "guilty," that test is more than met by the arrests
+already known.</p>
+
+<p>Martin Conboy, in summing up for the State in the proceedings before the
+New York Assembly Judiciary Committee, on March 4, 1920, according to
+the "New York Times" of March 5, 1920, accused the Socialist counsel and
+witnesses of "evasive and hypocritical sentiments, expressed on the
+witness stand, to throw the dust of political, parliamentary and
+inoffensive acts into the eyes of this Committee and the correspondents
+of the newspapers." On the other hand, he said, "the leaders of the
+Socialist Party" lost "no opportunity" to "impress upon the rank and
+file of that organization that it is impossible to achieve the ultimate
+triumph of their cause by political action," in support of which he
+cited the testimony in evidence as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Every manifesto, every platform, almost every utterance of the
+     Socialist orator carries with it the party mandate that the workers
+     of America should be organized industrially so as to be submissive
+     to the command of a revolutionary leadership.</p>
+
+<p>     "In adopting a programme of industrial action, involving the use of
+     the general strike, the Socialist Party has stripped itself of the
+     mask of political action and stands revealed as a radical
+     revolutionary propaganda organization.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Another part of Mr. Conboy's address we cite from the "Sun and New York
+Herald" of March 5, 1920:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The danger of revolution is more real than the nation realizes,
+     Mr. Conboy charged, saying that the Socialist Party seeks to set up
+     its rule here by the following 'unlawful methods':</p>
+
+<p>     "'Obstruction of the Federal and State governments in all measures
+     relating to defense, thereby rendering the nation defenseless
+     against the attack of enemies from without and within.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Destruction of government by mass action and insisting in all
+     teachings that political action must be backed by force.</p>
+
+<p>     "'By making its members and those elected to office responsible
+     only to its dues-paying members, thereby relieving its agents of
+     obligation to established government.</p>
+
+<p>     "'We are confronted with the necessity of determining how we shall
+     treat this group of persons who are in the United<a id="page_263"></a> States but not
+     of it; who, while accepting the benefits of our laws and
+     constitutions and the sacrifices of blood and treasure given to
+     support them, refuse their support to them; who take all they can
+     get but will not give a life or a dollar to preserve, defend and
+     perpetuate the Government that is their sole and only guaranty of
+     life, liberty, property and the pursuit of happiness,' said Mr.
+     Conboy.</p>
+
+<p>     "'It is the first time since the rebellion of 1861 that notice has
+     been plainly and explicitly served upon the Government of the
+     United States by a group of men residing within its borders that
+     they will not support or defend it, but that they will by all means
+     obstruct and resist its effort to maintain in time of stress its
+     national honor and existence.</p>
+
+<p>     "'The Socialist Party of America is not a loyal organization
+     disgraced occasionally by the traitorous act of a member, but a
+     disloyal party composed of perpetual traitors.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Again, in a part of his address reported in the "New York Evening Sun"
+of March 4, 1920, Mr. Conboy mentioned the fact that "at the National
+Convention of the Socialist Party of America held in St. Louis," in
+April, 1917, "its members were directed to deny and repudiate allegiance
+to this Government," and added:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The explanation of the anti-American attitude of the Socialist
+     Party of America during the war lies in the anti-national and
+     pro-international character of its programme. Its members are not
+     occasional but perpetual traitors, in constant conflict not merely
+     with the purposes of any temporary administration of the affairs of
+     this Government, but with the very institutions and fundamental
+     laws. They are citizens not of the United States, but subjects of
+     the Internationale, whose pronouncements are to be given their
+     moral support, a support which they not only withhold from but deny
+     to the Government of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>     "The principal exponent of this party, who appears here in the dual
+     capacity of witness in chief and counsel in chief, is the
+     international secretary for America of the International Socialist
+     Bureau."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>To complete our information concerning the Moscow International, we add
+here some details concerning its Executive Committee, and the right of
+representation on it enjoyed by the affiliated "Parties" in other lands
+than Russia, including, no doubt, the Socialist Party of America.
+Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, in its article, "The Moscow
+Interna<a id="page_264"></a>tional Communist Conference" (held at Moscow, March 2-6, 1919),
+says, page 312:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Conference ... perfected the organization of the new
+     International and entrusted the direction of the work to an
+     Executive Committee consisting of one representative from the
+     Communist parties of the more important countries. The parties in
+     Russia, Germany, German-Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Sweden and
+     the Balkan Federation, were directed to send members to the
+     Executive Committee. Parties which have declared their adherence to
+     the new International will be given seats in the Executive
+     Committee, pending the arrival of delegates from other countries.
+     The members of the Committee from the country in which the
+     Executive Committee has its seat [Russia] were empowered to plan
+     the work of the new organization. The Executive Committee was
+     authorized to elect a bureau consisting of five members to do the
+     actual work of the Committee."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Has the Socialist Party of America contributed its Executive
+Committeeman to this revolutionary machine? Even so, the orders, or
+"suggestions," evidently come from the Bolshevist Bureau of Five who "do
+the actual work of the Committee." Are these the Russian power that,
+according to correspondence found in a raid of the Lusk Committee, has
+already appointed Eugene V. Debs to reign over us "as 'Proletarian
+Dictator' of the United States" as soon as the plotted revolution is
+pulled off in this country? (See "The National Civic Federation Review"
+for July 30, 1919.) Are these the power, too, according to report, that
+induced the Italian Socialists and Syndicalists to postpone their
+proposed revolution to a more convenient season? And was this to give
+Soviet Russia a chance to put through a temporary peace or truce with
+Europe to stave off "economic catastrophe?" If so, the twitching
+revolutionaries in other lands must evidently train their toes to dance
+at Moscow's convenience.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, under the International, the diabolical work of getting the
+immoral elements ready for violence goes on in every land, including the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>Let Hillquit excuse, extenuate, deny and palaver as he may, it remains
+true that the Socialist Party of America teaches the same treasonable
+doctrines of violence and insurrection as the Russian Bolshevists, but
+in a more covert way. We have a sample in the pamphlet, "The
+Dictatorship of the Proletariat," put in evidence on January 27, 1920,
+in the inquiry of the<a id="page_265"></a> Judiciary Committee at Albany. It is published by
+the Jewish Socialist Federation of America, New York City, a part of the
+Socialist Party of America. It says in part:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Socialism does not believe in the State, wants to annihilate it
+     entirely. It holds that the task of the State has always been to
+     oppress the country in the interests of one class. So long as there
+     are classes in society which seek supremacy, the mastery, there
+     must be a State. But as soon as classes are eliminated the State
+     will have no justification for existence, and it will disappear of
+     itself.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Socialist movement rouses the workingmen to revolution. It
+     preaches to them the class struggle, awakens within them
+     class-consciousness, makes all necessary preparations for
+     Socialistic order. When society is ready for the overturn, when the
+     Socialistic organization feels that the moment has come, it will
+     make the revolution.</p>
+
+<p>     "The dictatorship will be employed for the one thing, to eliminate
+     capitalism by force, take away by force the capital from private
+     owners and transfer it to the ownership of the community. The
+     industries will be managed by the workingmen through their soviets.</p>
+
+<p>     "Let the true Socialists stand as sentinels; let them see that the
+     Socialist programs strike with hot, revolutionary blood. The great
+     task of the Socialist movement is to create an army in this country
+     which should be ready to make the Socialist revolution when the
+     suitable moment arrives. This army must know its aims and the
+     method of attaining these aims, must be an intelligent army. Every
+     soldier in it must himself know the way, the plans, the strategy."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the "Outline of the Evidence Taken Before the Judiciary Committee to
+and Including February 5, 1920," issued by counsel for the State, they
+quote from the Yiddish book, cited above, referring to the printed
+"Testimony," pages 199, 204 and 207, in proof that the Jewish Socialist
+Federation, which published the book, is "part of the Socialist Party,"
+and introducing their citations from the book with the very significant
+remark, "Published in Yiddish the principles of Socialism were not
+camouflaged as they frequently are in English." Bearing this in mind,
+let us note how this plain-spoken book, which we cite from the State
+counsel's "Outline," pages 31-34, gives the lie to Hillquit's camouflage
+about "revolution" being "evolution." The book says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "History teaches us that through evolution, through natural
+     developments alone, no ruling class in society has ever been<a id="page_266"></a>
+     deposed from its power.... Workingmen cannot depend on '<i>peaceful</i>
+     evolution'; they must prepare for a revolution, and
+     class-dictatorship....</p>
+
+<p>     "To the Socialist at present, the meaning of class struggle,
+     Internationale and Dictatorship of the Proletariat, must be clear.
+     He must understand that Socialism is not a reform movement. He must
+     know that Socialism is a Revolutionary world-perspective, and that
+     the Socialist movement is a Revolutionary movement.... He must
+     cease to be a moral preacher and become a fighter. He must know
+     that the Socialist movement is a red movement, a movement with
+     blood in the veins, which knows that nothing in life can be won
+     without a struggle."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This is the real stuff, hid in a foreign tongue, with which Hillquit's
+gang poisons the East Side of New York City, while the gang's leaders
+lie to the American people.</p>
+
+<p>Yet if the real plan is not to give us Socialism by "peaceful evolution"
+but to impose it on us by "a revolution, and class-dictatorship," what
+is the real object of the "political action" carried on meantime by
+these hypocrites? Again the Yiddish book gives us the real thing:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "So long as the State is ... a tool in the hands of the bourgeoisie
+     in the fight against the proletariat, ... why do the Socialists
+     seek to send their representatives there? Where do Socialists fit
+     into the State? What can they do there?</p>
+
+<p>     "Socialists seek to enter into the government for two reasons,
+     first, to be nearer to the doors of the chambers, where
+     dictatorship sits, and second to hinder the dictatorial work in any
+     way possible. The first reason is the most important. Sitting in
+     Parliament or in Congress, being inside of the government ranks,
+     affords Socialists an opportunity to find out the plans, the
+     strategy of the State. And knowing this, they can carry out the
+     propaganda the better."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>If this is not treason--wickedness using "political party" methods both
+as a mask and a blackjack to destroy the State--what is it?</p>
+
+<p>To be forewarned is to be forearmed. Ample proof has been given in this
+chapter to show that there is a nation-wide conspiracy to destroy our
+government and institutions and replace the Stars and Stripes by the red
+flag. I. W. W.'s, Communists, Communist Laborites, Socialists and
+Socialist Laborites have united under the leadership of the Bolshevist
+Government of Russia. Their agents are everywhere, everywhere
+hypocritically<a id="page_267"></a> protesting that in our land freedom, of speech and
+freedom of assemblage are no longer tolerated. Unless our loyal citizens
+promptly rally to the defense of America, disorder, strife and rebellion
+will be seething everywhere, the foundations of the glorious nation that
+sprang from the blood of the brave soldiers of '76 will be completely
+undermined, our country will be afflicted with evils far more grave than
+those averted by the heroes who fought and died in 1812, and the land
+that we love will fall a prey to the terrible ravages of crime,
+lawlessness and anarchy.</p>
+
+<p>We must save our country, and save it now. Now is the time to act--now,
+before it is too late; and we must act so effectively and so vigorously
+that the Socialists and all their allied, criminal, revolutionary crews
+will wish that they never had seen a red flag or left their homes
+abroad. They are conspiring enemies of our country. They are traitors to
+the flag under which Washington and his soldiers fought for the
+independence of America; traitors to the flag to whose defense the brave
+men of 1812 rallied; traitors to the flag for which a million soldiers
+suffered or died in our great Civil War. They are traitors to the flag
+that symbolizes the union of countless happy homes under a democratic
+government held in honor, respect and veneration. Traitors they are to
+the flag that stands for freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom
+of the press, and for the protection of individual as well as of family
+rights. They are traitors to the flag of a much slandered and
+calumniated government, which, though imperfect, like all things on this
+earth, extends its blessings to all, not even excepting ungrateful
+Socialists and other radicals.</p>
+
+<p>Fellow citizens and fellow countrymen, rally to the defense of the flag
+that you love! Denounce, to the north, south, east and west, the evil
+teachings and deceptions of the Red conspirators; for there is nothing
+that will more quickly ruin the parties of Reds than to reveal to the
+world their professed and secret teachings.</p>
+
+<p>/P
+    "Immortal patriots, rise once more!
+    Defend your rights, defend your shore!
+    Let no rude foe with impious hand,
+    Invade the shrine where sacred lies
+    Of toil and blood the well earned prize.
+    While off'ring peace, sincere and just,
+    In heav'n we place a manly trust,
+    That truth and justice shall prevail,
+    And every scheme of bondage fail."
+P/<a id="page_268"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch17">
+<h2>CHAPTER XVII</h2>
+
+<h3>SOCIALISM A PERIL TO WORKINGMEN</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>In glowing colors the imaginations of Socialists have beautifully
+pictured their utopian state for the benefit of the credulous and
+oppressed. Unfortunately, however, for the followers of Karl Marx, a
+little reasoning and common sense show that their visionary state,
+instead of being a heavenly paradise, would in reality be a descent into
+chaos and anarchy. Domestic peace would be a blessing of the past.
+Discontent, wrangles, fights, riots, civil discord and sabotage would be
+the order of the day till irrepressible rebellion had sounded the
+death-knell of Socialism.</p>
+
+<p>There is every indication that the Revolutionists would not destroy our
+present system of government without having recourse to arms. Besides
+the many convincing proofs given in the preceding chapter, we learn from
+"The Call," New York, January 28, 1912, that the celebrated Socialist
+novelist, Jack London, scouted the idea that the social revolution would
+be realized without force. Then, again, Victor Berger--who was Socialist
+Congressman from Wisconsin, and who, like Debs, was one of the
+"innocents" whom the "poor," "persecuted" Reds have been trying to save
+from a long imprisonment by a nationwide agitation for amnesty--writing
+in the "Social Democratic Herald" of Milwaukee, on August 14, 1909,
+said: "We should be grateful if the social revolution, if the freeing of
+75,000,000 whites would not cost more blood than the freeing of
+4,000,000 negroes in 1861."</p>
+
+<p>Roland Sawyer, the Socialist candidate for governor of Massachusetts in
+1912, writing in "The Call," New York, October 1, 1911, dares to confess
+that "the conceptions of modern Socialism are all found in a cruder form
+on the streets of Paris during the Revolution." Finally, as we have
+seen, Eugene V. Debs, who on four different occasions was the Socialist
+candidate for the presidency of the United States, in the "Appeal to
+Reason," Girard, Kansas, September 2, 1911, said: "Let us marshal our
+forces and develop our power for the revolt.... A few men may be needed
+who are not afraid to die. Be ye<a id="page_269"></a> also ready.... Let us swear that we
+will fight to the last ditch, that we will strike blow for blow, that we
+will use every weapon at our command, that we will never surrender."</p>
+
+<p>It is evident that if, after a bloody rebellion, the Socialists should
+overthrow the United States Government, the many millions of defeated
+patriotic Americans would continue to be the enemies of the new regime.
+But even if no rebellion took place, and the present system of
+government were overthrown merely by the ballot, the new state would
+begin life with millions of enemies, those, namely, who for one reason
+or another had been radically opposed to Socialism.</p>
+
+<p>When the Marxians come into power, several large factions of them
+usually rebel against the government of the Socialists, as in Russia,
+Germany and Bavaria.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialists, in most cases, gain control of a country after a foreign
+war, at a time when it is most difficult for even the wisest and most
+experienced statesmen to solve the serious problems of the hour. Great
+discontent should, therefore, be expected from the failure of
+inexperienced agitators after coming into power, because of their
+inability to solve an almost endless number of serious difficulties.
+Foremost among these would probably be food difficulties, which, as in
+Russia, Germany, and Hungary, have resulted in widespread opposition to
+the newly established regimes.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialists have never yet made known to the people of America the
+detailed working plan of their proposed state. They have, of course,
+made lots of very general statements, which do not stand the test of
+accurate criticism, but they have utterly failed to offer solutions of
+the grave difficulties that they know would confront them. They prefer
+to let the future work out the solution, and, in the meantime, invite us
+to ruin our present form of government and industry, imagining that we
+Americans are a lot of ignorant children who will entrust our destinies
+to a pack of wild theorists with nothing but a vague hope of a
+propitious future.</p>
+
+<p>Think of the discontent which would result if our people tore down the
+old structure, to find no structure whatever into which to move. They
+would be in the same predicament as the people of San Francisco in the
+days after the earthquake and fire, when they had to camp out in the
+open with an insufficient food supply, exposed to the inclemency of the
+weather. In fact, they would be far worse off. A big-hearted world
+rushed supplies to the San Franciscans and soon helped them to surmount
+their<a id="page_270"></a> difficulties. But the new Socialist state would be attacked from
+within and without, by citizens hoping to destroy the hated form of
+government, and by foreign nations dreading the spread of anarchy, just
+as the United States, England and France blockaded Socialist Russia,
+causing untold trouble to the Bolshevist government.</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of embarrassments like these the inexperienced Marxian
+agitators must attempt to solve ten thousand times ten thousand problems
+which require skill in the extreme and years of careful thought. Would
+not this result in widespread discontent? Or would the citizens of the
+United States, who just before the dawn of Socialism had been taught by
+Debs and his crew to find fault with everything under the sun, suddenly
+learn patience and remain as meek as lambs merely because the Socialists
+had raised the Red flag in place of the Star Spangled Banner?</p>
+
+<p>No sooner would the all-perfect Socialists take control at Washington
+than the endeavors of the new state to settle the serious difficulties
+confronting it would occasion so much discontent and strife as seriously
+to threaten, if not actually bring to an end, the very existence of the
+new government. For, first of all, the people would have to determine
+whether the immense number of property owners, whose goods must be taken
+over by the state, should receive full payment, partial payment, or no
+payment at all.</p>
+
+<p>The famous Belgian Socialist, Vandervelde, informs us that we may group
+into three categories the plans of socialization proposed by different
+schools, according to their aiming at the expropriation of the means of
+production without indemnity, with complete indemnity, or with limited
+indemnity. ["Collectivism and Industrial Evolution," by Vandervelde,
+page 152 of the 1904 translation into English.--Chas. H. Kerr and
+Company.]</p>
+
+<p>If full compensation were granted, millions of Socialists would become
+exceedingly disgusted and discontented, for not only would the new state
+from the very beginning of its existence be burdened with a tremendous
+debt through having to borrow many billions of dollars, if such a thing
+were possible, in order to make the purchases, but--which would make
+matters much worse--many of the property owners, who even now are hated
+and detested by the Socialists, could, after receiving payment, either
+sit down for the rest of their lives and watch the Revolutionists labor
+and toil, or else, while doing<a id="page_271"></a> some work themselves, could use their
+wealth in bribing the Socialist officials to bestow on them all kinds of
+privileges and favors.</p>
+
+<p>If no compensation whatever were granted, then, in addition to the
+hatred and disgust for the new system, which would prevail among the
+millions who would be dispossessed of their property, after long years
+of work and careful saving in order to purchase it, there would also be
+boundless dissatisfaction on the part of persons who, still respecting
+God's Commandments and the sense of right in natural conscience, would
+want to see justice and honesty reign throughout America.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, if partial payment were made, both those opposed to full
+compensation and those in favor of it would be displeased because of the
+reasons given, which would still influence them very decidedly. If the
+indemnity paid were very small, the former property owners and all
+honest citizens would be those especially offended. If the amount paid
+were large, dishonest Socialists would take offense. Therefore, no
+matter which plan of expropriation were adopted, the state would make a
+great number of new enemies.</p>
+
+<p>Though we learn from page 186 of the "Proceedings of the 1908 National
+Convention of the Socialist Party" that the delegates to the convention,
+after a factional dispute on party principles, declared by a vote of 102
+to 33 for the collective ownership of <i>all</i> the land, and thus
+determined that the state should take over all the farms of the country,
+still it cannot be denied that a great number of Revolutionists have
+claimed, especially of late years, that the government should not
+dispossess the small farmers of their properties. On account of the
+rival theories of the two contending factions, the Socialist state might
+have to pass through a serious ordeal before either plan was adopted.
+Should the new government finally determine to take possession of such
+property, millions of farmers and their families would become
+exceedingly hostile to the government. Should the state allow former
+owners to cultivate the fields about their old homesteads, the
+discontent would be but partially lessened, for strict obedience to the
+commands of government bosses would replace the freedom of action once
+enjoyed by the farmer's family.</p>
+
+<p>Pages 167 to 190 of the "Proceedings of the 1908 National Convention of
+the Socialist Party," and pages 220 to 235 of the "Proceedings of the
+1910 National Congress of the Socialist Party," convinced us that very
+many of the Revolu<a id="page_272"></a>tionists who oppose government ownership of <i>all</i>
+land do so in order to gain votes. It seems highly probable, therefore,
+that if Socialism became the law of America many of the apparently
+moderate Revolutionists would throw off their masks and unhesitatingly
+declare for the most radical plan of government ownership.</p>
+
+<p>Yet even if the contemplated state should permit the private ownership
+of small farms, their owners would be displeased because they would no
+longer be allowed to hire laborers for working the fields. Some
+conservative Socialists, indeed, profess willingness to tolerate the
+employment of one or two farm hands. But not alone do the 1908 National
+Platform and the amendment adopted by party referendum on September 7,
+1909, oppose exploitation, or the employment of hired labor in the
+production of goods, but innumerable articles in Socialist papers, books
+and reviews denounce exploitation most emphatically. Hence, if the
+Socialist state allowed farmers in good standing with the government to
+own little farms, they could not hire labor to operate them. If the
+farmer should fall sick, his crops would go to ruin. Advantage could not
+be taken of some of the great inventions helpful to agriculture, nor
+scientific methods of work and management. The individual farmer, thus
+handicapped, might feed himself, his wife, his children, his horse, his
+cow, his pig, but very little more.</p>
+
+<p>In the Socialist state great discontent would arise from either the
+toleration or prohibition of small business enterprises. If permitted,
+without power to hire labor, they must compete with the government. If
+forbidden, large numbers of persons would be obliged to work for the
+government, after losing little stores or shops in which for years they
+had been interested.</p>
+
+<p>In its issue of March 30, 1912, the "Appeal to Reason," then the leading
+Socialist weekly of the United States, declared that under Socialism
+John D. Rockefeller would be allowed to retain his money and decide what
+to do with it. Were this the case, and every person of wealth allowed to
+retain his money, it is difficult to see how Socialists who hate and
+detest the rich could endure such a condition, any more than they could
+tolerate the granting of full or partial indemnity to property owners.
+The attempt to leave the rich in possession of their wealth would
+probably incite Socialists to rise in arms against the state they had
+founded.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, if wealth were confiscated, the wealthy and the
+honest poor alike would be discontented with a dis<a id="page_273"></a>honest government.
+Moreover, where would the Socialists draw the line of lawful possession?
+At $1,000,000, $10,000, $1,000, or $100? Would the decision be reached
+peaceably? Would the use and possession of government bonds be allowed?
+As the desire to acquire is one of the strongest passions, bitter hatred
+would assail the Socialist state, which, Debs tells us, would prohibit
+business profits, rent and interest. ["Socialism and Unionism," by
+Eugene V. Debs.] How could insurance companies, in which the American
+people have invested so much, and which depend on interest, exist under
+Socialism? Socialism having ruined the insurance companies, would the
+millions of policyholders just sit down and have a good, hearty laugh
+over their losses?</p>
+
+<p>The real crux of Socialism is the inability of the Marxians to determine
+upon a system of employment and a scale of wages or remuneration
+satisfactory both to the government and the working classes.</p>
+
+<p>Remuneration must either be in the form of money, or of goods or labor
+certificates entitling the holder to receive goods from the government
+stores. As labor certificates would be like money, we shall class them
+as "money" when speaking of wages.</p>
+
+<p>Different schemes of employment have been proposed by Socialists. One of
+the oldest allows each individual to select the occupation he desires,
+provided he can do the work. All citizens, under this system, receive
+equal pay or equal supplies for their services.</p>
+
+<p>Such a system is absurd. The more repugnant occupations, no matter how
+important for the welfare of the nation, would be neglected. All would
+want easy, clean jobs. Bootblacks might prefer to become artistic
+decorators; street-cleaners would ask to be put in charge of big
+factories; night-workers would prefer day-work. The result would be
+endless discontent, jealousy and disorder. As everybody would receive
+equal recompense, the system would set a premium on sloth and
+inefficiency, and entail state bankruptcy. One of the most serious
+objections would be the discontent among skilled workingmen, who would
+want skill to be a determining factor in the wage scale. Yet should
+their system of equal remuneration not prevail, unskilled laborers, led
+by agitators to believe that equal wages would be paid to all, would
+become the sworn enemies of the government. A second system, favored by
+many Socialists would permit all citizens to choose their occupations
+and allow each individual<a id="page_274"></a> to draw upon the national storehouses
+<i>according to his needs</i>. [Gotha Programme of the Socialists of
+Germany.]</p>
+
+<p>This scheme, like the first, is absolutely absurd. It would permit all
+to demand more than they needed, would encourage sloth, would bankrupt
+the state, and would occasion discontent among skilled workingmen. Under
+this system, too, the entire population would neglect the more
+distasteful occupations, and ill-feeling and jealousy would arise in the
+hearts of those failing to obtain congenial positions.</p>
+
+<p>As diligence should be a determining factor in the arrangement of the
+wage scale, in considering the remaining systems we shall assume that
+the wages are those for men whose diligence may be termed first class.</p>
+
+<p>Many Socialists, foreseeing the evils of a mad rush to obtain the
+attractive positions, yet realizing how intolerable it would be for the
+state to drive its citizens into uncongenial occupations, have
+endeavored to find a way out. Several solutions have been proposed,
+among which is the one we shall call the third system.</p>
+
+<p>In the third system, occupations may be chosen by those qualified to do
+the work. The recompense would be the same for all, but with the hours
+of toil lessened in proportion to the disagreeableness of the work.
+["Looking Backward," by Bellamy, Chapter 7, Social Democratic Publishing
+Company of Milwaukee.] But such a system would give more reason than
+ever for jealousy and discontent on the part of skilled workingmen, who
+would be terribly incensed at seeing street cleaners and garbage
+collectors for example receive salaries equal to their own and at the
+same time enjoy shorter hours. This system would put a premium on such
+occupations as sewer-cleaning and dish-washing, and would discourage
+persons from pursuing occupations of the highest importance to the
+country.</p>
+
+<p>Morris Hillquit, writing in "Everybody's," December, 1913, page 826,
+tells us that "the national government might well own and operate all
+means of interstate transportations and communication, such as railroad
+systems, telegraph and telephone lines; all sources of general and
+national wealth, such as mines, forests, oil-wells; and all monopolized
+or trustified industries already organized on a basis of national
+operation.</p>
+
+<p>"Similarly the state government might assume the few industries confined
+within state limits; while the municipal government would logically
+undertake the management of the much<a id="page_275"></a> wider range of peculiarly local
+business, such as street transportation and the supply of water, light,
+heat and power.</p>
+
+<p>"Still other local industries, too insignificant or unorganized even for
+municipal operation, might be left to voluntary co-operative
+enterprises."</p>
+
+<p>On page 829 of the same issue of "Everybody's," Hillquit adds that
+"under a system of Socialism each worker will be a partner in the
+industrial enterprise in which he will be employed, sharing in its
+prosperity and losses alike."</p>
+
+<p>At first sight this fourth plan seems attractive, but upon examination
+we notice that nothing is said as to how the millions of persons to be
+employed by the national, state or municipal governments will be
+assigned to the different enterprises. Will the people be forced to
+labor at repugnant tasks? That will make endless turmoil and trouble in
+the Marxian state. But if all persons enjoy equal rights under the
+Socialist government there would be a grand rush for the most congenial
+occupations, and especially for the most lucrative. The result would be
+an immense amount of discontent and jealousy in those who failed to
+secure the positions they desired. True, these objections might not hold
+for well-to-do persons like Hillquit, founder of the "New York Call,"
+for he and other Socialist politicians who have become wealthy by always
+remaining leaders of their dues-paying comrades might, perhaps, invest
+their money in co-operative enterprises. But such persons constitute
+only a small part of the population of the country.</p>
+
+<p>The many objections brought against these four systems could not be
+obviated by the adoption of a fifth, in which all would be free to
+choose their occupations, and would for the same number of hours of work
+receive as recompense an amount determined by all the factors which
+should be taken into consideration, such as skill, the physical
+difficulty of the labor, danger, disagreeableness of the work and the
+increased value added to the raw material.</p>
+
+<p>In trying to arrange the details of such a system, innumerable
+difficulties would arise. Unskilled laborers would want physical labor
+rather than skill or talent made the principal factor in determining the
+scale; for they would recall the promises of Socialist orators that in
+the new state all should enjoy equal rights, and they would consider it
+a grave injustice to work as hard or even harder than skilled laborers
+and yet receive lower wages through want of skill and talent due to no
+fault of theirs. Should the plea of these millions of unskilled<a id="page_276"></a>
+laborers go unheeded, the new state could count them among its most
+bitter enemies.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, skilled laborers would want skill and talent to be
+the main factors in determining wages, arguing that they had worked hard
+to become proficient and that their talent and skill made the work more
+valuable to the state. They would protest that they should not suffer
+simply because unskilled laborers lacked their skill and talent. Should
+the skilled workingmen not be heard, the new state would have another
+throng of enemies.</p>
+
+<p>Compromises might be attempted by different adjustments of talent and
+skill to physical labor in determining the wage schedule; but in each
+case the new regime would only be at the beginning of troubles. What
+bitter disputes among the skilled workingmen in different trades! There
+would be conflicting views of every sort regarding the exact amount of
+skill and of physical labor required in the different trades, and
+regarding the difficulties, disagreeableness of work, dangers to health
+and life, and increased value added to the raw material in each line.</p>
+
+<p>But what would happen even if the ship of state under the red flag and
+its mast could weather the wage-storm and come safely into port with
+some working system?</p>
+
+<p>The people, we are told, would enjoy equal rights. The government could
+not refuse to grant work to any qualified person applying for it.
+Suppose the members of some trade, the carpenters, for example,
+displeased with the wages they were getting, should apply for other work
+and stick to it until the government was forced to grant their demands.
+Other craftsmen, seeing how easily the carpenters had won their strike,
+would imitate their example. Thus would occur derangements of the
+intricate wage scale--which had occupied the attention of the country
+for so long a time and been adopted only after the greatest
+difficulty--causing great discontent and jealousy, while the economic
+losses through successful strikes would raise the prices of commodities,
+bringing on a general fever of discontent.</p>
+
+<p>A further source of trouble would be the problem of determining what
+wages should be paid to shirkers and those incapable of working with
+efficiency. Would wage courts decide the value of their services? If so,
+how many thousands of such courts would be required? If not, would state
+officials or poli<a id="page_277"></a>ticians decide the cases? The wages of such persons,
+no matter how determined, would cause discontent.</p>
+
+<p>It would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to determine justly
+and accurately the wages of eminent specialists, physicians and persons
+whose important services the state could not afford to lose. If very
+high wages were awarded them, the poorer classes would take offence at
+the prospect of a rich class once more rising with power to suppress
+them, as many do at the present time. If low wages were paid to eminent
+specialists, they would neglect important pursuits and vocations to the
+detriment of the nation's welfare. Even if they received moderately high
+wages, other persons of the same profession would become offended at the
+government's refusal to grant them like salaries and would line up with
+the enemies of the Socialist state.</p>
+
+<p>Even under the most favorable circumstances, the fifth wage-system would
+produce two classes, the comparatively rich, and the comparatively poor,
+a condition repugnant to Socialists.</p>
+
+<p>The forcing of women to work, in accordance with Socialistic doctrines,
+would arouse opposition to the new government. The husbands, fathers and
+sons of the women would be displeased with the wretched way in which
+their homes would be kept and their meals prepared.</p>
+
+<p>A further source of tremendous discontent in the Socialist state would
+be the prevalence<sup><a href="#fn_14" id="fna_14">14</a></sup> of political corruption to a far greater extent
+than under the present system. For there would be a far greater throng
+of state employes than now, and there would be an immense number of
+people trying to get permissions, privileges and exemptions of every
+description. With human nature unchanged, but with the opportunities for
+deals and bribery greatly multiplied, political corruption would greatly
+increase.</p>
+
+<p>Another important cause would be in operation. Socialism is spreading
+anti-religious and atheistic doctrines, loosing men and women from their
+moral restraints. With dishonesty thus increasing, acceptors of bribes
+would not only be more common in the Marxian state, but the average
+number of their offences would increase; for since opportunities of
+collecting large single sums would be rarer than at present, owing to
+abolition of the capitalist system and the small amount of wealth
+possessed by individuals, dishonest politicians would naturally endeavor
+to enrich themselves by granting corrupt favors to a larger number of
+people. The reader himself can picture the condition of<a id="page_278"></a> affairs in the
+Socialist state when large numbers of its citizens were its declared
+enemies because of a vast and hopeless system of political corruption.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialist state would contain many persons who by soapbox orators
+and revolutionary authors were led to believe that police, soldiers and
+courts would disappear. These persons would be greatly discontented when
+the Socialist government still hedged them in by retaining the old
+system for the preservation of law and order, or, as in Russia, greatly
+increased the restraint on their liberty by means of immense numbers of
+Red Guards, heavily armed and noted for cruelty. Or if these were taken
+away, the state would feel the enmity of all its better citizens who
+realized the need for guardians, police, soldiers and courts, to protect
+them from the crimes of the lawless.</p>
+
+<p>Under the Socialist regime there would be atheists, fighting as in
+Russia, Mexico, France, Italy and Portugal for the propagation of their
+doctrines, while in opposition to them would be millions of believers,
+defending themselves from the attacks of the enemies of God. Any
+concession granted by the state to one of these parties would arouse the
+enmity of the other.</p>
+
+<p>So, too, there would be a rapidly growing faction in favor of free-love,
+as well as one opposed to it, and as each party would be extremely
+powerful, and use every effort to defeat its opponents, there would be
+great strife and discontent.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialists in power in Europe, whether "moderate" or extremely
+radical, have made millions of enemies by imprisonments, executions,
+suppression of free speech, the gagging of the press, the withholding
+food, etc. Would these things happen in our country if the Reds gained
+control?</p>
+
+<p>There is every reason to believe that the Socialist Government would
+become exceedingly unpopular here as in Russia, owing to a great
+increase in crime; for to say nothing of the criminal offences
+occasioned by the prevalent discontent of the citizens, the atheistical
+and anti-religious doctrines of the Revolutionists, by continuing to
+undermine the faith of the people in the existence of God and by leading
+them to disbelieve in the rewards of heaven and the punishments of hell,
+would very seriously interfere with the beneficent effects of several of
+the most excellent preventives of crime.</p>
+
+<p>With discontent, jealousy and crime reigning supreme in the state from
+its very birth, many who had hoped for the success of Socialism would
+become utterly disgusted with its absolute failure and would long for
+the re-establishment of the old order.<a id="page_279"></a> As the leaders of the Marxian
+movement now make the most extravagant promises concerning perfections
+of their prospective state, their government, should it come, would
+suffer the hatred of all who discovered that they had been cruelly
+deceived.</p>
+
+<p>We must remember, too, that the very persons who would discover that
+they had been deceived by their Socialist teachers would be the very
+same people who are now taught by the same teachers to find fault with
+everything under the sun. It would, therefore, be a terrible day for the
+new state when the embittered rank and file of the Revolutionary Party
+fully realized the total failure of Socialism. The Socialist state would
+then have millions of enemies, recruited from the Socialist Party
+itself, as well as from the ranks of those who had always opposed
+Socialism.</p>
+
+<p>Not alone would these enemies be far more numerous than those who oppose
+our present form of government, but their wrath and anger, wrought to
+fever heat by the many causes we have enumerated, as well as by the
+mistakes of the Marxian rulers, would urge them to commit deeds of
+violence that have never yet been conceived even by the "bomb squad" of
+the revolutionary I. W. W. Rebellion against the new government would be
+the order of the day, and the Socialist state would not long endure. It
+would crumble to pieces, and the poor workingman, in the midst of
+anarchy and the total destruction of industry, would deeply regret
+having listened to the crazed imaginations of silver-tongued fanatics.</p>
+
+<hr width="75%" size="1" />
+
+<p>Lincoln Eyre's cables from Russia, received by the "New York World" when
+this book was in type, more than corroborate the picture drawn in this
+chapter of the "perils to workingmen" from any attempt to put the
+economic fallacies of Socialism into practice. In the first place,
+according to Eyre's cable of February 26, 1920, printed in the "World"
+of February 28, 1920, all the blood and violence inflicted on Russia
+have failed to establish real Communism there. Through courtesy of the
+"World" we give, in part, Eyre's statement as to this, from the cable
+just mentioned:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In wartime France, England or Germany no man could obtain for love
+     or money more than a specified maximum of food, fuel or the
+     household requirements. In wartime revolutionary Russia, ruled by a
+     communist dictatorship, any man with enough thousand ruble notes
+     can buy all the food and warmth he desires. Throughout the war
+     dwellers in London,<a id="page_280"></a> Paris or Berlin affected by war conditions
+     (and that meant practically everybody) were freed of paying rent by
+     a moratorium. Residents of Moscow and Petrograd are still obliged
+     to pay rent and at a higher figure than in pre-war days. These two
+     incontrovertible facts are evidence that an all-powerful Bolshevik
+     in the Communist Government has in two years installed a lesser
+     measure of Communism in actual practice than existed in the
+     belligerent European countries during the war years. To my mind
+     this is one of the severest, albeit the most rarely mentioned,
+     indictments of the Bolsheviks' vast communistic programme, since it
+     reveals their impotency to attain their initial aim--the abolition
+     of classes."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the second place, not alone has there been failure to destroy
+capitalism and equalize possessions, but new class distinctions and "new
+aristocracies" have arisen. We quote Eyre on this point from the same
+issue of the "World," February 28, 1920:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "While capitalism in the larger sense of the term has been
+     destroyed, together with private ownership on a large scale,
+     capital continues to be accumulated and to make its influence felt.
+     One man may still possess more than another in worldly goods and
+     receive higher pay for his work. Equality of material possessions
+     is as non-existent in the Russian social republic as it is in the
+     American 'bourgeois' republic. Hence there are coming into
+     existence new groupings of Russian population, new lines of
+     economic demarcation, new forms of social standing and of wealth.
+     The beginning of two new aristocracies are detectable. One is found
+     in the governmental hierarchy, the other in the ever-increasing
+     speculator class.... The Soviets ... cannot do without the
+     speculators (which means all persons engaged in private trading)."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Thirdly, "Communist" Russia already has her "ruling class," as
+privileged and as distinctly marked off from the ordinary day-laborer as
+in any "bourgeois" republic. We quote Eyre as to this from the same
+article:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Governmental aristocracy has its boots imbedded in the Kremlin,
+     that ancient Moscow citadel.... In Soviet Russia today one speaks
+     of the Kremlin as one spoke of Versailles in the magnificent days
+     of Louis XIV.... Only the most eminent commissaries of the people
+     and a few other Soviet stars of the first magnitude are domiciled
+     there in the grandiose palaces that once housed the most famous
+     figures of Muscovite history.<a id="page_281"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "Protected behind numerous barriers of bayonets and machine guns,
+     the Bolshevik chieftains have made this barbarically gorgeous
+     nesting place of Oriental autocracy the throbbing nerve centre of
+     world revolution.... And from its frowning gates they sally forth
+     in their high power limousines on affairs of state even as the
+     Czars in their day went forth to superintend the administration of
+     their colossal heritage.</p>
+
+<p>     "Bolshevism's upper ten are in the Kremlin. The lesser lights of
+     the Bolshevik aristocracy must content themselves with quarters in
+     the 'Soviet houses,' which were the city's leading hotels, and are
+     now nationalized habitations reserved for prominent Soviet
+     officials. These buildings, like the Kremlin, are better heated and
+     generally cared for than most other domiciles and the food served
+     in them is slightly more abundant. Sentries guard the doors to
+     prevent unauthorized visitors from gaining admission....</p>
+
+<p>     "The fact that some individuals ride to the opera in limousines
+     while the rest walk is necessarily productive of class division.
+     Already there is a slang term for the former--the proletarian
+     bourgeoisie, they are called."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The observant reader will also have gathered from the extract just given
+that, fourthly, the "ruling class" of Communist Russia is much more
+distrustful of the "common people" than any class in the United States,
+Great Britain or France would think of being. Thus the lords and
+lordlings of the "proletarian dictatorship" barricade themselves in
+"citadels," behind "barriers of bayonets and machine guns," while
+"sentries guard the doors" to keep out "visitors." What would we poor
+"bourgeois" Americans think if our wealthier inhabitants and public
+officials kept "common citizens" out of range by such a display of
+infantry and artillery?</p>
+
+<p>Fifthly, despite all the gush about a "workingmen's" republic in Russia,
+that country is now absolutely helpless under the yoke of the most
+absolute autocracy the world has seen in a long while. As to this we
+quote Lincoln Eyre's cable, dated February 25, 1920, and published in
+the "New York World" of February 27, 1920. Eyre says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Lenine ... and Trotzky ... wield a more absolute power than any
+     Czar.... They are the only really strong men detectable among the
+     Bolsheviki or anywhere else in Russia. That their strength is
+     greater than ever is demonstrated by the amazing program for the
+     militarization of labor that they have just entered upon; a
+     programme which when first proposed<a id="page_282"></a> aroused the Communist Party's
+     instant antagonism, but which in a few days the dictators easily
+     persuaded their disciples to support."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>We shall return to this astounding conscription of labor a little
+further on. It is referred to here merely to show who actually does the
+"ruling" in the widely advertised "labor" government of Russia. Eyre
+continues:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "There is iron law and order all over Russia, neither anarchy nor
+     chaos being visible.... With the recent abolition of the death
+     penalty the Red terror, long since bleached to pale pink, came to a
+     definite end. Such is the omnipotence of the Soviets that it is no
+     longer necessary for them to terrorize their opponents into
+     obedience."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Thus horrible butcheries are no longer necessary because no one longer
+dares to resist. All liberty, all self-government, all self-initiative
+have been crushed in the iron vise of dictated policy. This is the case,
+as Eyre says, "twenty-seven months after the social revolution gripped
+the nation in a clutch of steel that never has been relaxed since." Is
+not such mental, moral and spiritual death a greater calamity than
+physical death?</p>
+
+<p>Sixthly, the common people, crushed under this experimental Socialist
+Juggernaut, are starving to death. In the article last cited, in the
+"World" of February 27, 1920, Eyre says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The food problem is hideously acute, yet not quite so critical as
+     at the outset of the winter. In Moscow, Petrograd and other
+     industrial centres some 8,000,000 human beings, of whom only a tiny
+     fraction are Bolsheviki, are slowly but surely starving to death.
+     There are abundant food stocks in the south and east, but they
+     cannot be carried in sufficient quantity over the semi-paralyzed
+     railroads....</p>
+
+<p>     "Trotzky himself defined the industrial situation as a race between
+     economic reconstruction and reversion to savagery."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Seventhly, craving for food is one of the things which make it
+impossible to shut out the food speculator, whose extortion at least
+helps to prolong life. As Eyre says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "City and country food speculation, which the dictatorship thus far
+     confesses its inability to suppress or even control, is fast
+     developing a new capitalist class right under the Communists'
+     noses. One of the most painful sights in Russia is some pale, thin,
+     tottering old woman paying out more than she earns in a week for a
+     few lumps of sugar bought from a<a id="page_283"></a> well-fed trader from the country
+     in the Sukfarevka, Moscow's open air market place."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Eighthly, the common people are nearly as cold as they are hungry. In
+the cable printed in the "World" of February 27, 1920, Eyre says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Fuel is slightly less scarce than it was two months ago. The lack
+     of heat, however, is helping the food shortage to increase the
+     mortality rate, which is likely to attain 30 per cent in Moscow
+     before spring."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the ninth place, disease stalks through the land, hand in hand with
+cold and famine. The article just cited contains the following by Eyre:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Disease is rampant, and the typhus epidemic in Siberia, where
+     Kolchak left many tens of thousands of victims behind him in his
+     retreat, is spreading swiftly westward. Owing to the absence of
+     medical supplies, the epidemic can be combated only by quarantine."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the tenth place, "labor" in Russia, the real "working class," is
+conscripted, enslaved under military discipline, and "exploited" under
+an incredible system of military court martial--a degradation of
+workingmen by the Socialist tyrants of Russia which no form of modern
+"capitalism" has dreamed of since human slavery was abolished. On this
+subject Eyre says, in the "World" of February 27, 1920:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Four of Trotzky's sixteen armies have been turned into 'labor
+     armies,' which means that soldiers fresh from victories on military
+     fronts are being obliged to work, still under military command and
+     discipline, on the 'economic front.' They are used chiefly for
+     building up the transport system and assuring shipment of food and
+     fuel from the country to the city....</p>
+
+<p>     "Labor generally is being militarized to an amazing extent.
+     Discipline is being imposed upon factory workers by the
+     establishment of special tribunals with powers of courts martial.
+     Communist commissaries, no longer required at the front, are being
+     detached from their regiments and sent to stimulate production
+     endeavor in industries and railroads."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Is this the kind of thing which Hillquit's Socialist gang of would-be
+labor "exploiters" would lure America's liberty-loving workingmen into
+by calling them "slaves" in their present dignified situation as
+self-governed and self-reliant freemen? On December 13, 1919, the
+presidents and secretaries of the 113 national and international unions
+affiliated with the American Federation of Labor met at Washington, D.
+C., with the<a id="page_284"></a> heads of the four railway brotherhoods and several
+farmers' organizations, and are to be congratulated for having passed
+the following resolution, which the late information from Russia
+overwhelmingly vindicates:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Whereas, the American Federation of Labor is an American
+     institution, believing in American principles and ideas, and</p>
+
+<p>     "Whereas, an attempt is being made to inject the spirit of
+     Bolshevism and I. W. W.'ism into the affairs of the American
+     Federation of Labor, and</p>
+
+<p>     "Whereas, the American Federation of Labor is opposed to
+     Bolshevism, I. W. W.'ism and the irresponsible leadership which
+     encouraged such a policy, therefore be it</p>
+
+<p>     "Resolved, that the conference of representatives of trades unions
+     affiliated with the A. F. of L., and other organizations associated
+     in this conference, repudiate and condemn the policy of Bolshevism
+     and I. W. W.'ism as being destructive of American ideals and
+     impracticable in application; be it further</p>
+
+<p>     "Resolved, that this conference reiterate the action of the
+     conventions of the American Federation of Labor, and the advocacy
+     of the principles of conciliation and voluntary arbitration and
+     collective bargaining."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>We cite this here to put the freedom of self-determination, practiced by
+the great progressive body of American labor, in vivid contrast with the
+abject slavery which the Socialists of Russia are now imposing upon the
+labor of that country. Lincoln Eyre's statement of the labor situation
+in Russia is confirmed by Trotzky himself, as we learn from the "New
+York World" of February 28, 1920, as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "London, February 27.--Leon Trotzky, Minister of War of Soviet
+     Russia, addressing the third Russian Congress, held in Moscow
+     January 25 last, outlined the Bolshevist plan for converting the
+     Red Army into an army of labor. According to reports of his speech
+     reaching here he said:</p>
+
+<p>     "'There is still one way open to the reorganization of national
+     economy--the way of uniting the army and labor and changing the
+     military detachments of the army into detachments of a labor army.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Many in the army have already accomplished their military task
+     but they cannot be demobilized as yet. Now that they have been
+     released from their military duties, they must fight against
+     economic ruin and against hunger; they must work to obtain fuel,
+     peat and other heat-producing products; they must<a id="page_285"></a> take part in
+     building, in clearing the lines of snow, in repairing roads,
+     building sheds, grinding flour, etc.</p>
+
+<p>     "'We have already organized several of these armies and they have
+     been allotted their tasks. One army must obtain foodstuffs for the
+     workmen of the districts in which it was formerly stationed and it
+     also will cut wood, cart it to the railways and repair engines.
+     Another army will help in the laying down of railway lines for the
+     transport of crude oil. A third labor army will be used in
+     repairing agricultural implements and machines, and, in the spring,
+     will take part in the working of the land....</p>
+
+<p>     "'Trade unions must register qualified workmen in the villages.
+     Only in those localities where trade union methods are inadequate
+     other methods must be introduced, in particular that of compulsion,
+     because labor conscription gives the state the right to tell the
+     qualified workmen who is employed on some unimportant work in his
+     village, "You are obliged to leave your present employment and go
+     to Sormovo or Kolomna, because there your work is required."</p>
+
+<p>     "'Labor conscription means that the qualified workmen who leave the
+     army must proceed to places where they are required, where their
+     presence is necessary to the economic system of the country. We
+     must feed these workmen and guarantee them the minimum food
+     ration.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>No doubt these "qualified workmen" are what we call "skilled workmen."
+Here we have, in its naked reality, the "deliverance" from
+"wage-slavery" which the crazy Socialists of all schools have so long
+been preaching to the laboring freemen of America. How would the
+millions of labor's noblemen in the American Federation of Labor like to
+see Debs, Hillquit and Victor L. Berger cracking the whip over them
+after the fashion of Lenine, Trotzky and Zinovieff in Russia?</p>
+
+<p>Notice the "capitalistic" language of Trotzky: "<i>We</i>"--the tyrannical,
+exploiting drones in the Kremlin--"must feed these workmen and guarantee
+them the <i>minimum</i> food ration." Do not the "workmen" produce the food?
+Then why do they not take it and cut the throats of these drones? Is not
+this the Socialist doctrine we are taught by our American theorists, who
+froth at the mouth over the alleged "wage-slavery" of American workmen
+who rear intelligent families in comfortable homes and maintain the
+independence and self-initiative of American freemen?<a id="page_286"></a></p>
+
+<p>In the eleventh place, we notice that the workmen of Russia, as a reward
+for complete slavery under military conscription and courts martial
+tribunals, are guaranteed nothing but this "minimum food ration" and a
+possibility of being able to buy enough additional food out of their
+wages to postpone starvation. The last-mentioned possibility is
+described for us by Lincoln Eyre in his cable in the "New York World" of
+February 27, 1920, where, it must be remembered, he is speaking of the
+most-favored workmen, in the big cities. He says:</p>
+
+<p>"Nobody in Russia relying wholly upon 'Sovietsky' food--food handed out
+through official agencies--gets enough to eat except soldiers, a small
+percentage of heavy workers and high Soviet officials. Ordinary factory
+workers seldom receive as much as 60 per cent of their alimentary
+requirements through the Government. The remainder they must buy at
+fantastically high prices from speculators. And though they themselves,
+in collaboration with central dictatorship, fix their own wages, they
+never earn enough to cover the swift-climbing cost of living. If this is
+the plight of the workers, that is, of the ruling class, the ghastliness
+of the situation confronting the less favored elements of the population
+may well be imagined."</p>
+
+<p>Is it in irony that Eyre speaks of these "workers" as "the ruling
+class"? What are the real workmen in Russia but victims of this cruel
+experiment of tyrannizing Socialist "intellectuals"?</p>
+
+<p>We remark next, in the twelfth place, that the Soviet system of food
+distribution, wholly unequal and thus anti-communistic, has resulted in
+dividing the Russians into eight classes, each category having a special
+card defining its special ration. The account of this is given by
+Lincoln Eyre in a cable dated March 9, 1920, and published in the "New
+York World" of March 10, 1920, from which we take two sentences:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The commissariat of food control has gradually built up no less
+     than eight distinct classes.... Special cards also are provided for
+     children from one, two to five and from five to sixteen. It will be
+     seen that this totals eight distinct varieties of card."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The affect of these distinctions may be gathered from the following
+instance given in the article just cited:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In the month of November there was distributed by the Petrograd
+     Soviet altogether 13,631,480 pounds of bread.... Had all the bread
+     been divided evenly among the whole population, each person would
+     have had about one-half a pound a<a id="page_287"></a> a day, whereas, in fact, one
+     category got much less than that amount daily and the third
+     category none at all."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the thirteenth place, we note that the Russian Socialist tyrants give
+the workmen, in exchange for their labor, pieces of paper run off from
+printing presses which seem almost to have solved the problem of
+perpetual motion. The workmen are wise if they spend this fiat money
+daily for whatever it will bring in food, for its value will collapse
+utterly when the dictatorship bursts, leaving the country financially
+prostrate, without credit or means of exchange. This is one of the
+greatest bunco games ever practiced upon workingmen. Eyre describes it
+in a cable dated March 3, 1920, and published in the "New York World" of
+March 4, 1920, from which we quote:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In 'the Socialist Federative Republic of Soviets of Russia,' to
+     give the Bolshevik land its official title, no mention has been
+     made of finance. The reason for this is simple. There is no
+     finance, in the European or American sense of the word, in present
+     Russia. The Soviet Government pays its own people what it has to
+     pay in paper money, of which it prints unlimited quantities. Being
+     determined eventually to abolish money altogether in favor of
+     Communistic exchange of products, it is not worried about
+     depreciation in the value of its currency. It possesses about
+     1,000,000,000 rubles--the exact amount is kept very secret--in
+     gold, with which it intends to pay for goods purchased abroad until
+     it can establish a system of barter with foreign commercial
+     interests. From the capitalistic viewpoint its budgetary
+     expenditures are chaotic, but in Communistic eyes they are both
+     sane and logical."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Only to minds financially insane or criminally degenerate could such a
+system seem "sane and logical." Their carefully kept store of gold shows
+that the Bolshevist dictators are not insane but criminal. They
+understand their game, which is that of bunco-steering to "exploit"
+labor on the largest scale the world has ever seen. Honest paper money
+is a promise to pay, for value received, in gold, silver or good
+merchandise. If this form is used by these frauds, it is with the
+deliberate intention of repudiation, the possibility of payment being
+also destroyed by the floods of the stuff turned out. If the paper given
+is not a promise to pay, it is circulated simply through the tyranny of
+men who by threat of punishment or starvation force workingmen to
+exchange a day's labor for a bit of food and a piece of paper. In either
+case the labor exploiters in the Kremlin exact from Russia's workingmen,
+in<a id="page_288"></a> exchange for a little food and a wad of paper, a genuine value, the
+product of hard labor, which these get-rich-quick Wallingfords can turn
+into gold, or exchange with the world for anything they want. All that
+Russian workingmen get is semi-starvation and the temporary delusion,
+conveyed to them in fine speeches, that they are "in the game," whereas
+they are only its dupes.</p>
+
+<p>The worthless character of the paper money, which the workmen
+nevertheless have to take and spend to keep soul and body together, is
+shown by the fact that the peasants refuse it. In his cable printed in
+the "New York World" of February 27, 1920, Eyre says that "the peasant
+twenty miles outside of Moscow ... has more food than he can eat, more
+clothes than he can wear," yet "refuses to sell his products for money
+except that proportion of them that he is compelled to turn over to the
+Soviets at a fixed price. In private trading," Eyre continues, "he will
+take in exchange for his foodstuffs only manufactured articles, clothing
+and other things he needs." Thus the peasant is fortunate in that he
+lives on land where he can at least raise enough to eat; whereas the
+"proletarian," in whose behalf the Socialists pretend to have made the
+Russian revolution, is most of all victimized by it.</p>
+
+<p>The reason why the Bolshevist dictators are now conscripting Russian
+labor seems evident. These pick-pockets have finished exploiting the
+Russian aristocracy and "bourgeoisie," squeezed them dry, and squandered
+what they stole. The only game left to them now is to exploit labor to
+the limit and appropriate the profits.</p>
+
+<p>Two other features of this thimble-rigging arrangement complete the
+exposure of the most inhuman scheme to exploit labor which the world has
+seen for centuries. One of these shows us, in the fourteenth place, that
+the rascals Lenine and Trotzky, are actually inviting "foreign capital"
+to form a partnership with them in their exploitation of Russian labor,
+under promise to turn over to this outside "capital" a good share of the
+"profits" to be wrung by labor conscription out of the sweat of Russia's
+brow.</p>
+
+<p>The invitation to "foreign capital" to join hands with the Bolshevist
+dictatorship, under promise of good profits and guarantees of security
+was made by both Lenine and Trotzky through interviews granted to
+Lincoln Eyre. Through courtesy of the "New York World" we have quoted
+the propositions of these "friends" of Russian labor near the close of
+Chapter XV of<a id="page_289"></a> this book, as the reader doubtless remembers, and we
+merely recall the facts here to put them in line with the other features
+of Bolshevist labor oppression which we have just been considering. Who
+could have imagined that within a little more than two years after
+beginning their barbarous Socialist experiment with Russian industries
+the brazen dictatorship would be urging "foreign capital" to join in a
+scheme to squeeze both a domestic and a foreign profit out of the toil
+of Russian workingmen conscripted by Socialist task-masters and held in
+wage-slavery under fear of death by court martial?</p>
+
+<p>In the fifteenth place, we have the dreadful fact that Russian labor is
+enslaved by a Socialist autocracy not for the sake of promoting peace
+but for the sake of promoting war. In our last chapter we quoted the
+statements of Zinovieff to Lincoln Eyre that the Third Internationale
+would never give up its purpose to make the whole world Bolshevist. Eyre
+also found the belief general in Russia that so long as the Socialists
+retain power, any peace made by them with the outside world will only be
+a short truce in which to prepare for another war. He says, in his cable
+printed in the "New York World" of February 27, 1920:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "All, Bolsheviki included, feel that as long as the Soviets remain
+     in power in Russia and Bolshevism does not spread to other lands,
+     peace cannot be more than a truce in the international class
+     warfare."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Again, in his cable printed in the "New York World" of March 4, 1920,
+Lincoln Eyre says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Red Army's victories against Kolchak, Yudenitch and Denikine
+     are in themselves paradoxical, in that they serve to increase the
+     Russian need for peace.... Every advance recorded in Siberia or the
+     Crimea brings the front line further from the base and complicates
+     the task of supplying munitions, food and equipment. Thus it
+     becomes increasingly evident to all Russians, whatever their
+     political leanings may be, that Russia must have peace in order to
+     survive economically. And yet--another paradox--all feel that any
+     peace established now between Soviet authority and Governments of
+     the bourgeois and democratics cannot be more than a brief truce
+     because Socialism and capitalism cannot abide side by side, and
+     because neither can be suppressed without warfare. The Bolshevik
+     faith in the ultimate appearance of a world revolution has not
+     waned, but their hope of its speedy coming has lessened
+     considerably."
+<a id="page_290"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Who but the long-suffering Russians would endure the hopeless fate
+imposed by Socialism on Russian labor? The workingmen were conscripted
+by Trotzky's armies. They won victories, but these have not freed them.
+Returning from the front they are conscripted for labor armies, to work
+as they fought, under military discipline, subject to court martial and
+death if they rebel. Yet this military toil will not free them. They
+slave under the pistols of the commissaries only to get themselves
+economically equipped for a new war against their "capitalistic"
+neighbors, and in this war the workingman, if he can still walk, will be
+conscripted to go to the front again. Should he survive this, must he
+begin the same round over again?</p>
+
+<p>But why not strike against this slavery? Russian labor does not dare to
+strike. Tender-hearted Socialism has made the labor strike a crime in
+Russia. Says Lincoln Eyre, in a cable dated March 11, 1920, and printed
+in the "New York World" of March 13, 1920:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The unions, of course, lost their former principal weapon--the
+     strike. Today any body of workers that would venture out on strike
+     would be considered, to quote President Melnitchansky of the Moscow
+     unions, as traitors to their Socialist fatherland and as such would
+     doubtless be shot."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>With this utter collapse of Socialist theories and professions in
+Bolshevikiland, we need not wonder that, according to a cable in the
+"New York Times" of March 2, 1920, the French National Socialist
+Congress adjourned at Strasbourg, March 1, 1920, "after voting down by
+more than 2 to 1 a motion to ally the Socialists of France with Lenine
+and Trotzky." According to the same cable, "The pleaders for the Third
+Internationale, formed at Moscow, were answered by the reply that the
+beautiful doctrines enunciated there had been thrown aside by Lenine and
+Trotzky and that any one who believed in real Socialism would be a fool
+to get behind the leaders of Soviet Russia."</p>
+
+<p>Is it now in order for our American Bolshevists, Gene Debs, Morris
+Hillquit (<i>alias</i> Hilkovitz) and Vic Berger, solemnly to inform us that
+Russian Bolshevism never was Socialism, nor anything like it, but only a
+base counterfeit? And will they also inform us that Lenine and Trotzky
+are unprincipled adventurers and cold-blooded blackguards who have
+hidden behind the mask of Socialism to blackjack a great people and
+filch a wealth they never did a day's work to accumulate?<a id="page_291"></a></p>
+
+<p>When our American wavers of the Red Flag try to hide their shipwrecked
+theories behind a repudiation of Bolshevikiland, we shall have to remind
+them of their many, many utterances jubilantly assuring us that
+"Bolshevism is Socialism in practice." A specimen will do, taken from
+one of the books published by the Jewish Socialist Federation of
+America, a "part of the Socialist Party" of the United States piloted by
+Debs, Hilkovitz and Berger, which we quote as cited on page 34 of the
+"Outline of the Evidence Taken Before the Judiciary Committee" of the
+New York Assembly:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Bolshevism is not a new Socialist theory, but the practical
+     carrying out in life of the old Socialist theory.</p>
+
+<p>     "Bolshevism especially is not a theory. Bolshevism is a method of
+     how to establish Socialism in life.</p>
+
+<p>     "Bolshevism is practical Socialism, the Socialism of today, and not
+     of the remote future day."
+<a id="page_292"></a></p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch18">
+<h2>CHAPTER XVIII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST RELIGION ABROAD</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>It is but proper to begin this chapter by conceding that there are many
+church-going members among those who vote the Marxian ticket--not as an
+indorsement of the teachings of international Socialism, but merely as a
+protest against political corruption and the abuses of capitalism.
+Justice, moreover, demands that we acknowledge the existence of a small
+minority of dues-paying members of the Socialist Party who neither
+attack religion nor tacitly approve of the atheistic propaganda carried
+on in the official Marxian press, as well as in the books, pamphlets and
+magazines on sale not only in the leading Socialist book-stores of
+America, but even at the National Office of the party in Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>In most countries of Europe, where the war against religion is much more
+open and widespread than in America, the Socialists are frank in
+confessing that their movement is atheistic and anti-religious.</p>
+
+<p>In our own country some of the more violent Socialistic enemies of the
+church admit both in their speeches and in their writings that they
+would be extremely happy to see the very idea of God become a matter of
+ancient history. Christian Socialists of the old Carr faction, who
+constitute a minority of far less than one per cent of the Socialist
+Party of the United States, have not only conceded the existence of an
+atheistic propaganda within the ranks, but have attacked it and utterly
+failed to suppress it.</p>
+
+<p>Apart from these two classes of American Socialists, who admit the
+existence of a campaign in favor of atheism, most Socialists in our
+country, because they fear that votes will be lost if our people are
+convinced of the anti-religious character of the party, steadfastly deny
+that they are conspiring against religion. Indeed they are quite cunning
+and crafty in their effort to beguile the unwary. If the person
+hesitates joining the party, owing to his conviction that nearly all the
+Socialist leaders have been the enemies of religion, he is informed that
+it would be just as foolish for him not to be a Revolutionist<a id="page_293"></a> for this
+reason, as it would be for one not to become a Republican because Robert
+Ingersoll did not believe in God and even propagated atheism.</p>
+
+<p>As the conspirators against religion have, by this plausible argument,
+involving the name of Ingersoll, removed the prejudices that many
+persons formerly had against Socialism on account of the atheistic
+teachings of its leaders, it seems but fitting to give a short
+refutation of the deceptive argument and to point out the absurdity of
+the comparison just mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, although Robert Ingersoll was an atheist, he never
+stated that Republicanism was anti-religious. On the other hand, very
+many of the highest authorities in the Marxian Party, whose extensive
+knowledge of Socialism justifies our belief that they know but too well
+the policy of the revolutionary movement, admit that Socialism
+postulates atheism and war against religious beliefs. Ingersoll,
+moreover, never attacked religion nor taught atheism with a view to
+furthering the cause of Republicanism. But a very large number of the
+Socialists, whether Europeans or Americans, in their endeavor to promote
+what they consider to be the best interests of their party, have in
+their books, magazines, pamphlets and papers been waging a relentless
+war against religion. The atheistical works of Robert Ingersoll were not
+purchased by the rank and file of the Republican Party for purposes of
+party propaganda, but the rank and file of the Revolutionary Party spend
+large sums of money on publications in which their avowed leaders teach
+atheism as part of the Socialist program. Not content even with this,
+the members do their utmost to increase the circulation of
+anti-religious Socialist books, magazines, pamphlets and papers.</p>
+
+<p>Before producing the evidence that will convict the Socialist leaders
+and the rank and file of the party of openly advocating atheism and
+hostility to religion, or at least of tacitly approving of such a
+propaganda, a few words must be said relative to the materialistic
+conception of history, or of economic determinism, as it is often
+called. According to this doctrine, which is one of the fundamental
+teachings of the Socialists, the whole history of mankind, including its
+political, intellectual and religious development, is nothing more than
+a process of evolution, the guiding principle of which is the prevailing
+economic conditions and their resultant class struggles. Consequently,
+the Socialists who believe this doctrine deny the intervention of God in
+the development and spread of the Christian religion; for economic
+determinism teaches that the development of the church is not<a id="page_294"></a> the work
+of Divine Providence, but of the economic conditions and class struggles
+of society.</p>
+
+<p>W. D. P. Bliss, the Socialist editor of the "New Encyclopedia of Social
+Reform," in an article on page 1135 of his work, admits that it is
+perfectly true that the large majority of avowed Socialists are divorced
+from recognized religion and the church, and that this leads many of
+them to extreme radicalism on all questions of ethics, money and the
+family.</p>
+
+<p>Frederick Engels, one of the renowned founders of modern Socialism,
+taught that "nowadays in our evolutionary conception of the universe,
+there is absolutely no room for either a Creator or a ruler."
+("Socialism, Utopian and Scientific," by Frederick Engels, page 17 of
+the Introduction to the 1901 edition in English--New York Labor News
+Co.)</p>
+
+<p>Wilhelm Liebknecht, who until shortly before his death in 1900 was one
+of the foremost leaders of the Socialist Party in Germany, addressing
+the Halle Convention, said: "As regards my own self, I had done with
+religion at an early age.... I am an atheist, I do not believe in
+God.... We may peacefully take our stand upon the ground of Socialism,
+and thus conquer the stupidity of the masses in so far as stupidity
+reveals itself in religious forms and dogmas." The same German Socialist
+and atheist taught in his book, "Materialist Basis of History":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "It is our duty as Socialists to root out the faith in God with all
+     our zeal, nor is anyone worthy the name, who does not consecrate
+     himself to the spread of atheism."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>August Bebel, who before his death in August, 1913, was the leader of
+the Socialists of Germany, gave many proofs of the intimate relation
+existing between Socialism and atheism. On September 16, 1878, he
+declared in the Reichstag:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Gentlemen, you attack our views on religion because they are
+     atheistic and materialistic. I acknowledge the correctness of the
+     impeachment. I am firmly convinced that Socialism finally leads to
+     atheism."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the Reichstag, on December 31, 1881, he made the following profession
+of faith:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In politics we profess Republicanism, in economics Socialism, in
+     religion atheism."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>According to the 1903 platform of the German Socialists, adopted at
+Dresden, "No religious instructions of any kind shall be given to
+children under the age of sixteen; after that they can select their own
+religious tenets and teachings, as they<a id="page_295"></a> please. Superstitious religious
+notions that are current among the less educated classes are to be
+eradicated through proper instructions."</p>
+
+<p>"The Comrade," September, 1904, confesses that the satirical weekly
+"L'Asino," published by the Socialists of Italy, and known throughout
+the world for its attacks on religion, carries on a bitter fight against
+the Catholic Church. In the early part of 1913, "L'Asino," speaking of
+the coming Italian election, boasted that the Socialists would proclaim
+their anti-clericalism and atheism in the public meetings.</p>
+
+<p>The Austrian Socialists in convention at Linz, May 30, 1898, passed a
+resolution proposed by Pernerstorfer to the effect that "Socialism is
+directly contradictory to Roman clericalism, which is enslaved to
+unyielding authority, immutable dogmas, and absolute intellectual
+thralldom. We doubt all authority, we know of no immutable dogma, we are
+the champions of right, liberty and conscience." [Reported in
+"Vorw&auml;rts," 1898, no. 126, suppl.]</p>
+
+<p>The bitter persecution that has for years been waged against the church
+in France is too well known to require much comment. The representatives
+of the French Socialist Party at Tours in March, 1903, voted upon a
+program from which several clauses will be cited:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Socialist Party needs to organize a new world, free minds
+     emancipated from superstition and prejudices. It asks for and
+     guarantees every human being, every individual, absolute freedom of
+     thinking, and writing and affirming their beliefs. Over against all
+     religious dogmas and churches as well as over against the class
+     conceptions of the bourgeoisie, it sets the unlimited right of free
+     thought, the scientific conception of the universe, and a system of
+     public education based exclusively on science and reason. Thus
+     accustomed to free thought and reflection, citizens will be
+     protected against the sophistries of the capitalistic and clerical
+     reaction." The program also declares for the "abolition of the
+     congregations, nationalization of property in mortmain of every
+     kind belonging to them, and appropriation of it for works of social
+     insurance and solidarity."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the Tours program, therefore, we have the open confession of the
+Socialist Party of France that it is anti-religious and that it favors
+the disgraceful robbery of the church that has for many years been going
+on in that country.</p>
+
+<p>The Belgian Socialists are quite as violent as the French in their
+hatred of the church, for in addition to the large number<a id="page_296"></a> of vile
+anti-religious pamphlets distributed during the campaign that preceded
+the elections of 1912, we have the testimony of no less an authority
+than the Socialist leader, Emile Vandervelde, in the "Social Democrat,"
+England, January, 1903:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In the end the question to be solved is: what is the essential aim
+     of Socialism? There is not a Socialist who would hesitate to say
+     that it is the emancipation of the workers, the freedom of the
+     proletariat--and by this freedom we mean its complete freedom, the
+     abolition of all slavery in the spiritual sphere as well as in the
+     material sphere.... Can a sincere believer follow the church's
+     teachings and yet be a Socialist? We are bound to admit that both
+     in philosophy and in politics there must be war between Socialism
+     and the Church."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In England, too, the Socialists are the avowed enemies of religion.
+Blatchford, who is well known to his comrades for his extreme work in
+propagating Socialism by the pen, wrote in the "Clarion," October 4,
+1907:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Believing that the Christian religion was untrue, and believing
+     that all supernatural religions were inimical to human progress,
+     and foreseeing that a conflict between Socialism and religion was
+     inevitable, I attacked the Christian religion. I am working for
+     Socialism when I attack religion which is hindering it."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Again in his book, "God and My Neighbor," Blatchford utters the
+following blasphemies:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "I am an easiful old pagan, and I am not angry with you at all--you
+     funny little champion of the Most High....</p>
+
+<p>     "This is the God of Heaven? This is the Father of Christ? This is
+     the Creator of the Milky Way? No! He will not do. He is not big
+     enough. He is not good enough. He is not clean enough. He is a
+     spiritual nightmare, a bad dream born in the savage minds of terror
+     and ignorance and a tigerish lust for blood....</p>
+
+<p>     "Is this unspeakable monster the Father of Christ? Is he the God
+     who inspireth Buddha and Shakespeare and Beethoven and Darwin and
+     Plato? No, not he. But in warfare and massacre, in rapine and rape,
+     in black revenge and in deadly malice, in slavery and polygamy, and
+     the debasement of women, and in the pomps, vanities and greeds of
+     royalty, of clericalism, and of usury and barter--we may easily
+     discern the influence of his ferocious and abominable personality."
+<a id="page_297"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This book, which teaches atheism from cover to cover, could be bought
+for a dollar a copy in 1912 at the National Office of the Socialist
+Party in Chicago, Ill. In the May, 1917, issue of the "International
+Socialist Review," "God and My Neighbor," by Blatchford, is thus
+advertised:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Is the Bible true? This is the chief subject of debate today
+     between Christians and Scientists the world over. Robert Blatchford
+     says: 'Is the Bible a holy and inspired book and the Word of God to
+     man, or is it an incongruous and contradictory collection of tribal
+     tradition and ancient fables, written by men of genius and
+     imaginations? Mr. Blatchford believes religions are not revealed,
+     they are evolved.</p>
+
+<p>     "'We cannot accept as the God of Creation,' he writes, 'this savage
+     idol, Jehovah, of an obscure tribe, and we have renounced him and
+     are ashamed of him, not because of any later divine revelation, but
+     because mankind have become too enlightened to tolerate Jehovah.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Ernest Bax, an Englishman, one of the greatest authorities in the world
+on Socialism, an author who, even in America, has been styled "the most
+accomplished writer on behalf of Socialism in this and perhaps in any
+country," in his book, "Religion of Socialism," thus testifies to the
+relation existing between Socialism and religion:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In what sense Socialism is not religious will now be clear. It
+     utterly despises the other world with all its stage
+     properties--that is, the present objects of religion." ["Religion
+     of Socialism," by Ernest Belfort Bax, page 52 of 1891 edition.]
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Who could imagine any more convincing testimony of the atheistic and
+anti-religious nature of the Socialist movement than the following words
+of the English Socialist, James Leathan, in "Socialism and Character":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "At the present moment I cannot remember a single instance of a
+     person who is at one and the same time a really earnest and
+     intelligent Socialist and an orthodox Christian. Those who do not
+     openly attack the church and the fabric of Christianity, show but
+     scant respect to either the one or the other in private.... And
+     while all of us are thus indifferent to the church, many of us are
+     frankly hostile to her. Marx, Lassalle and Engels among earlier
+     Socialists; Morris, Bax, Hyndman, Guesde and Bebel among
+     present-day Socialists--are all more or less avowed atheists; and
+     what is true of the more notable men of the party is almost equally
+     true of the rank and file the world over."
+<a id="page_298"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In 1910 a pamphlet entitled "Socialism and Religion" was issued by the
+Revolutionists of Great Britain. One quotation from it will amply
+suffice to show the utter contempt of the English<sup><a href="#fn_15" id="fna_15">15</a></sup> Socialist for
+religion:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "If a man supports the church, or in any respect allows religious
+     ideas to stand in the way of principles of Socialism, or activity
+     of the party, he proves thereby that he does not accept Socialism
+     as fundamentally true and of the first importance, and his place is
+     outside. No man can be consistently both a Socialist and a
+     Christian. It must either be the Socialist or the religious
+     principle that is supreme, for the attempt to couple them equally
+     together betrays charlatanism or lack of thought. There is,
+     therefore, no need for a specifically anti-religious test. So
+     surely does the acceptance of Socialism lead to the exclusion of
+     the supernatural, that the Socialist has little need for such terms
+     as atheist, freethinker or even materialist, for the word
+     Socialist, rightly understood, implies one who (on all such
+     questions) takes his stand on positive science, explaining all
+     things by purely natural causation--Socialism being not merely a
+     politico-economic creed, but an integral part of a consistent world
+     philosophy."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Western Clarion," a publication of the Canadian Socialists,
+declared in its issue of May 23, 1914, that the Socialist Party of
+Canada would have "no compromise with advocates of Christianity."</p>
+
+<p>Alvarado, the governor of Yucatan, and his criminal sustainers several
+years ago drove the clergy from the country, turned the churches into I.
+W. W. meeting houses, and turned some, as in the case of the Cathedral
+of Merida, even into warehouses. Religion was outlawed and an atheist
+tyranny established. Alvarado is an ardent I. W. W. Socialist of the
+most violent sort. His advent into Yucatan from the lawless northern
+part of Mexico was marked by wholesale confiscation of property, by
+robbery and outrage. His vile subordinates, of like origin with himself,
+committed loathsome crimes, unspeakable and without number, and no
+opportunity was overlooked to persecute the unhappy people whose
+accumulations by thrift and industry and whose steadfast adherence to
+their religion marked them as certain victims of robbery, murder and
+outrage.</p>
+
+<p>"The Call," New York, April 9, 1919, informs us that the workers in
+Yucatan have elected a succession of Socialist governors, and in its
+issue of April 14, 1919, under the caption,<a id="page_299"></a> "Up to the Minute Official
+Socialist News," we read the following:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Felipe Carrillo, president of the Socialist Party of Yucatan,
+     Mexico, spoke on conditions in Yucatan. Among other things he said:
+     'The Socialist Party of America should do everything possible
+     against intervention in Mexico.... All the public officials, from
+     the highest to the lowest, are members of the Socialist party....
+     There is no middle class in Yucatan.... The Socialist Party of
+     Yucatan has been in power three years.'</p>
+
+<p>     "A rising vote was taken, expressing our fraternal greetings to
+     Felipe Carrillo and the Comrades of Yucatan."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The April 9, 1919, issue of "The Call" informs us that Alvardo in 1915
+organized the Socialist Party of Yucatan, 62,700 members of which belong
+to the League of Resistance, an organization which, we are told, is
+purely economic in its activities.</p>
+
+<p>What a strange name for an economic league, especially in Mexico, where
+economics have for some years been taught by the torch, bomb, dagger!</p>
+
+<p>The March, 1919, edition of "The Eye Opener," the official organ of the
+Socialist Party of the United States, throws a little light on this
+economic league of "the knights of the red flag." On page 4 of that
+issue we are told that among the principles of the League of Resistance
+are the following:</p>
+
+<p>/P
+     "The Land is Mother, and Labor is the Father of Humanity.
+     Attack no one without motive, but never present the other cheek to
+       any who has struck one.
+     Fly from the religions, principally the Catholic religion, as from
+       the plagues."
+P/</p>
+
+<p>The article on the economic League of Resistance ends with the call of
+Yucatan to the rest of the continent: "Workers of the world, unite."
+Carillo is then quoted as saying:</p>
+
+<p>"Never will labor conquer until it understands solidarity. Political
+action, economic action, perhaps military action--todos metodos
+necesitamos. En todas las epocas del mundo, rifley dynamita sean
+necesarios; pero siempre y sobre todo, solidaridad." The words, "rifley
+dynamita" mean nothing and are evidently a misprint for "rifle y
+dynamita." There was good reason for letting the words remain in the
+Spanish in the official organ of the Socialist Party of the United
+States, for if "rifle y dynamita" were the Spanish words meant, their
+translation would be:<a id="page_300"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We need all means. In all periods of the world's history, the
+     rifle and dynamite may be necessary, but always and above all
+     solidarity."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>So much for the <i>economic</i> League of Resistance of the Socialists of
+Yucatan, which has been destroying both religion and civilization alike!
+Carrillo, its president, has been greeted throughout our country by the
+Socialists, who have been extending their fraternal greetings also to
+the rest of their "Comrades in Yucatan."<a id="page_301"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch19">
+<h2>CHAPTER XIX</h2>
+
+<h3>THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST RELIGION IN AMERICA</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Much more testimony than has already been given could easily be
+furnished for proving that the Socialist movement in foreign lands is
+atheistic and anti-religious, but as sufficient has been given, let us
+dwell more on the anti-religious activities of the Revolutionists in our
+own country.</p>
+
+<p>In answer to a possible objection, namely, that the American Socialists
+should in no way be held responsible for the anti-religious and
+atheistic teachings of their comrades abroad, the attention of the
+reader is called to the fact that the Socialist movement is an
+international one, and that nearly all the Marxian leaders in Europe are
+considered by the American Socialists as first class authorities on
+Socialism. Moreover the books and writings of these foreign protagonists
+form a very considerable part of the Socialistic literature of the
+United States and are considered as standard works on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>But in addition to the fact that the American Socialists thus share the
+responsibility of their European comrades, the Revolutionists of our own
+country will now come forward with more than enough testimony to prove
+that they are just as guilty as their foreign comrades of propagating
+atheistic and anti-religious doctrines.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. William T. Brown, formerly the pastor of Plymouth Church,
+Rochester, New York, after becoming a Socialist, wrote the following in
+the May, 1902, number of "Wilshire's Magazine":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "For myself, I do not recognize any existing church or state as
+     complete in itself or founded by God. There is absolutely nothing
+     in church or state that cannot be traced to a perfectly natural
+     origin.... Instead of the religious idea that God breathed into
+     clay the breath of life, and so man came into existence in the
+     image of God, we know beyond question that man's ancestors were
+     animals, and he is the image of his animal parentage.... Singing
+     hymns, saying prayers, learning<a id="page_302"></a> catechism, attending the services
+     of a place miscalled a sanctuary will do nothing whatever to effect
+     the ends for which men are striving.... The church will attract its
+     own, and the Socialist cause will draw those who belong to it.
+     People who are interested in fossils and relics and curios will
+     find a congenial place in the church as will also the ignorant and
+     deluded masses."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>George D. Herron, who, like William T. Brown, had once been a minister,
+on becoming a Socialist expressed his atheistic sentiments by writing in
+the "International Socialist Review," Chicago, August, 1901:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "When the gods are dead to rise no more, man will begin to live.
+     After the end of the gods, when there is nothing else to which we
+     may turn, nothing left outside of ourselves, we shall turn to one
+     another for fellowship, and behold! the heart of all worship is
+     exposed and we have omnipotence in our hands....</p>
+
+<p>     "There will be no more priests, no rulers, no judges, when
+     fellowship comes and the gods are gone. And when there are neither
+     priests, nor rulers, nor judges, there will be no evil on earth,
+     nor none called good, to stand over against others called evil."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>John Spargo, a former Socialist of considerable renown in the United
+States, and until recently very popular with the party, speaking of
+education in "Socialism, A Summary and Interpretation of Socialist
+Principles," touches upon the question of parochial schools in the
+Marxian commonwealth:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Whether the Socialist regime could tolerate the existence of
+     elementary schools other than its own, such as privately conducted
+     kindergartens and schools, religious schools, and so on, is
+     questionable. Probably not. It would probably not content itself
+     with refusing to permit religious doctrines or ideas to be taught
+     in its schools, but would go farther, and as the natural protector
+     of the child, guard its independence of thought in later life as
+     far as possible by forbidding religious teaching of any kind in
+     schools for children up to a certain age....</p>
+
+<p>     "This restriction of religious education to the years of judgment
+     and discretion implies no hostility to religion on the part of the
+     state, but neutrality<sup><a href="#fn_16" id="fna_16">16</a></sup>." ["Socialism, A Summary and
+     Interpretaion<sup><a href="#fn_17" id="fna_17">17</a></sup> of Socialist Principles," by John Spargo, page
+     238 of 1906 edition.]
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Call" does not fail to publish among its many poems those that are
+violently anti-religious. In confirmation of this<a id="page_303"></a> we shall transcribe
+several, all of which furnish excellent proofs of the existence of the
+conspiracy against religion. The first poem that will be quoted appeared
+in the November 19, 1911, edition, and reads as follows:</p>
+
+<p>/P
+    "When all the choric peal shall end;
+      That through the fanes hath rung;
+    When the long lauds no more ascend
+      From man's adoring tongue;
+    When overwhelmed are altar, priest and creed;
+      When all the faiths have passed;
+    Perhaps from darkening incense freed,
+      God may emerge at last."
+P/</p>
+
+<p>The following poem, entitled, "To the Religionist," appeared on the same
+day:</p>
+
+<p>/P
+    "You bid us spare your vision;
+      Put faith in a life after death,
+    Strive on toward some realm Elysian
+      And heed all that one Book saith.</p>
+
+<p>    "You will pray to a power celestial,
+      To direct us in all our ways,
+    Lest we fall to a region bestial
+      And lose ourselves in its maze.</p>
+
+<p>    "You speak of the Crucifixion
+      Of one on Calvary
+    As if his benediction
+      Was a rank monopoly.</p>
+
+<p>    "Shall we pray to a power not human
+      For guidance miraculous
+    When the nearest man or woman
+      Will give help, and without that fuss?</p>
+
+<p>    "When the glorious future people
+      Have realized our dream,
+    Then the cross upon the steeple
+      No longer shall blaspheme.</p>
+
+<p>    "The godhood of the lowly
+      Their sacrifice unknown;
+    Of the temple once held holy
+      There shall not last one stone."
+P/<a id="page_304"></a></p>
+
+<p>Only two stanzas of a poem which appeared in "The Call," March 17, 1912,
+are hereby given:</p>
+
+<p>/P
+    "The Gods are dead;
+      Dead lies their Heaven, their Hell.
+    The Gods are dead,
+      With all their terrors! Well!</p>
+
+<p>    "Man now unmakes them,
+      Who made them in his youth;
+    He boldly breakes them
+      With shattering blows of truth."
+P/</p>
+
+<p>Editorials and articles attacking religion are of very common occurrence
+in "The Call." Several illustrations will suffice. In the May 1, 1912,
+edition we read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In our combat with the natural forces we have been taught by
+     science to seek the cause and effect not in anything supernatural;
+     we have gotten rid of superstition<sup><a href="#fn_18" id="fna_18">18</a></sup> and fear of revengeful
+     gods."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The following short article appeared on November 19, 1911, in the same
+paper:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Our exploiters might as well understand now that we have no use
+     for the distorted and mystical figure that they present as Christ,
+     a conservative member of the Property Defence League, a thing
+     neither man nor woman, but a third sex--not understood of us except
+     as a rightful object of suspicion; we have no use for this rant,
+     cant and fustian of his holiness and immaculate qualities. That
+     presentation has always been repellent to us and always will be, no
+     matter how much he may be proclaimed as the friend of the
+     workingman.... Christ, the democrat, the agitator, the
+     revolutionary, the rebel, the bearer of the red flag, yes we can
+     understand that figure."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Under the caption, "The Old Year and The New," an editorial, part of
+which is here given, was published in "The Call," January 1, 1912:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Interesting is it to see these clerical reactionists trying to
+     kindle into flame the dying embers and ashes of the religious
+     enthusiasm of past ages, now on the point of flickering out, and
+     marshalling the remnants of fear and ignorance against the
+     inexorable march of humanity and social progress.</p>
+
+<p>     "We have no verbal answer to expend upon them. They are not worth
+     it. Well do we know that their show of attack is but a defensive
+     movement. The only answer they need expect<a id="page_305"></a> from us will be given
+     in the steady continuance of our work. For we can put a thousand
+     workers into the field for their one, and despite all they may do,
+     we will take from them thousands and hundreds of thousands of those
+     who now follow them, and in whose ignorance alone lies their
+     defensive strength. Economic conditions fight on our side. Their
+     capitalist Christ cannot feed the multitude. We can teach the
+     multitude how to feed themselves."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Proletarian," the Socialist paper of Detroit, in its April, 1919,
+edition tells us that "Socialism is not a religion, it explains the
+causes and fallacies underlying all religions."</p>
+
+<p>In the "International Socialist Review," August, 1908, a notable
+confession is made relative to religion:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Religion spells death to Socialism, just as Socialism to religion.
+     The moment Socialism turns into a religion it loses all its
+     progressiveness, it ossifies and turns into a superstition of
+     fanatics, who never forget and never learn anything. Socialism is
+     essentially, although not apparently, a free-thought movement. The
+     thinking Socialists are all free-thinkers."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the "International Socialist Review" not only are there many articles
+and editorials attacking religion, but also many advertisements of
+atheistical and anti-religious books. For instance, in the February,
+1912, edition, among the many works advertised on page 512 the following
+are listed under the heading, "Free-Thought Pamphlets":</p>
+
+<p>/P
+    "Holy Smoke in Holy Land.
+    Myth of the Great Deluge.
+    Revelation Under the Microscope of Evolution.
+    Chas. Darwin, What He Accomplished.
+    Jehovah Interviewed.
+    Church and State--by Jefferson.
+    Mistakes of Moses--by Ingersoll.
+    Ingersolia: Gems from R. G. Ingersoll.
+    Age of Reason--by Thos. Paine.
+    Ingersoll--44 Lectures.
+    Ingersoll's Famous Speeches."
+P/</p>
+
+<p>In the April, 1912, edition of the "International Socialist Review" the
+subsequent additions are made to the advertisements already mentioned:</p>
+
+<p>/P
+    "Voltaire.
+    Confessions of a Nun.
+    Merry Tales of the Monks.
+    Secrets of Black Nunnery."
+P/<a id="page_306"></a></p>
+
+<p>Surely such books as these would not be extensively advertised in the
+"Review" and in the Socialist papers, nor would money be spent in this
+way by their publishers, unless the atheistic and anti-religious works
+found many purchasers among those who inserted a plank in their party
+platform stating that the Socialist movement was primarily an economic
+one and was not concerned with matters of religious belief.</p>
+
+<p>The following is part of an editorial taken from the "Comrade," New
+York, January, 1904, on the death of Herbert Spencer:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Dying at 84 years of age, Herbert Spencer leaves behind him an
+     enduring monument such as few men have been able to build for
+     themselves. He helped to rid the world of superstition and to
+     destroy priestcraft; he put the idea of a God-direction of the
+     world, and its counterpart, the eternal subjection and the
+     dependence of man, into the waste paper basket of history. He
+     cleared the way for the feet of the army of progress."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the propagation of atheism, the German Socialist papers of the United
+States are worthy imitators of those that are published in English. The
+"New Yorker Volkszeitung," October 9, 1901, thus acknowledges the
+atheistic and anti-religious attitude of the revolutionary movement:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Socialism and belief in the Divinity as taught by Christianity and
+     its representatives do not agree, cannot agree, are diametrically
+     opposed to one another. Socialism is logical only when it denies
+     the existence of God, when it maintains that we do not need the
+     so-called assistance of God, since we are able to help ourselves.
+     Only he who has no faith begins to feel that he can accomplish
+     something. The laborer who places confidence in God, and who, with
+     Christian resignation, thinks that all is done by God is well
+     done--how can that laborer develop revolutionary forces for the
+     overthrow of authority and social order, both of which, according
+     to his faith, are instituted by God? As long as he clings to this
+     belief he will not be able to acquire a genuinely revolutionary
+     spirit."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the May 10, 1902, edition of "Vorw&auml;rts," a weekly supplement of the
+"New Yorker Volkeszeitung," we read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "New York, May 6.--Archbishop Corrigan died last night after a
+     protracted illness. Preparations are going on for a grand funeral
+     with the usual paraphernalia. The soul of the prelate whizzed out
+     of his mortal remains straight up into the seventh heaven, and now
+     the bishop is staying there with<a id="page_307"></a> lovely little angels and other
+     beautiful beings hovering about him. Let him who is fool enough,
+     believe it."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>We are informed by "The Call," April 5, 1911, that at Utica, New York,
+on April 4, 1911, churches of all denominations were placed under the
+ban of the Italian Socialist Federation of the United States at the
+closing session of its National Congress, which had been in session for
+the last three days in that city and that strongly worded resolutions
+charging all churches with being against the emancipation of the working
+class and for the protection and perpetuation of capitalism and moral
+and economic slavery were unanimously adopted amid vociferous applause;
+finally that by the adoption of these resolutions, all members of the
+federation must sever their affiliations with any and all existing
+churches and religious organizations and refrain from all religious
+practices and rites.</p>
+
+<p>Some information regarding the atheistic teachings of the New York "Il
+Proletario," the official organ of the Italian Socialist Federation of
+the United States, will be of interest to the reader. In the edition of
+December 23, 1910, there are several attacks on Christianity. One of
+these entitled "Christmas Is Here" is translated as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Christmas is a fib, Christmas is a fraud, Christmas is a crime
+     wanted and continued by the powerful to delude their servants and
+     to make them believe that there is really happiness, justice and
+     love on this earth.... There is no everlasting joy. How long, O
+     poor and exhausted workingmen of the world, will the shameful
+     comedy continue? When will you finally perceive that not from a
+     false and unexisting God, not from a mystical and epileptic
+     crucified man, who died without rebellion and without protest, will
+     come your redemption? When will you open your eyes to the truth of
+     Socialism, and realize that finally upon you alone depends your
+     salvation?"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the same edition of "Il Proletario" there is a detailed list of 170
+books and pamphlets that are advertised as being on sale at the
+book-store of the Italian Socialist Federation. The first part of the
+list, under the heading "Anti-religious Pamphlets," includes 22 works,
+whose prices range from 5 cents to 30 cents. Among them are to be found:</p>
+
+<p>/P
+    "The Religious Pest--5 cents.
+    The Crimes of God--5 cents.
+    The Sins of My Lady Penitents--8 cents.
+    The Last Religious Lie--5 cents.
+    Neither God Nor Soul--15 cents."
+P/<a id="page_308"></a></p>
+
+<p>Near the end of the detailed list 22 more works are advertised as
+anti-clerical novels.</p>
+
+<p>On May 1, 1912, while its editor, Arturo M. Giovannitti, was in prison
+at Lawrence, Massachusetts, "Il Proletario" published an article under
+the caption, "The Priest":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Now at last the nations have understood that God is a monstrous
+     fable, and that hell, heaven, immortality, and all the other
+     devilish things are states created by rascals to despoil and
+     oppress the people."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>We are very much indebted to the Social Reform Press for favoring us
+with the translation of "The Little Catechism," edited by Bartos
+Bittner, whose dead and corrupt body was found by neighbors in his
+lodging in Chicago. This blasphemous Catechism, from which quotations
+are to be given, was published for the use of the children of the
+Bohemian-American Socialists:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Question. What is God?</p>
+
+<p>     Answer. God is a word used to designate an imaginary being which
+     people of themselves have devised.</p>
+
+<p>     Q. Is it true that God has never been revealed?</p>
+
+<p>     A. As there is no God, He could not reveal himself.</p>
+
+<p>     Q. What is heaven?</p>
+
+<p>     A. Heaven is an imaginary place which churches have devised as a
+     charm to entice their believers.</p>
+
+<p>     Q. How did man originate?</p>
+
+<p>     A. Just as did animals; by evolution from their lower kinds.</p>
+
+<p>     Q. Has man an immortal soul as Christianity teaches?</p>
+
+<p>     A. Man has no soul; it is only an imagination.</p>
+
+<p>     Q. Who is Jesus Christ?</p>
+
+<p>     A. Jesus Christ is the son of a Jewish girl called Mary.</p>
+
+<p>     Q. Is he the son of God?</p>
+
+<p>     A. There is no God, therefore there can be no God's son.</p>
+
+<p>     Q. Did Christ rise from the dead as Christianity teaches?</p>
+
+<p>     A. The report about Christ rising from the dead is a fable.</p>
+
+<p>     Q. Is it true that after Christ's death the Apostles received the
+     Holy Ghost?</p>
+
+<p>     A. It is not; the Apostles had imbibed too freely of wine and their
+     dizzy heads imagined all sorts of queer things.</p>
+
+<p>     Q. Did Christ ascend into heaven?</p>
+
+<p>     A. He did not; what the church teaches is a nonsensical fable,
+     because there is no heaven, and there was no place to ascend to.<a id="page_309"></a></p>
+
+<p>     Q. Will Christ come to this earth?</p>
+
+<p>     A. He will not because no dead person can come back.</p>
+
+<p>     Q. Will Christ return on judgment day?</p>
+
+<p>     A. There will be no judgment day; that is all a fable so that
+     preachers could scare people and hold them in their grasp. Man has
+     no soul, neither had Christ a soul. All these things have been
+     invented by the church.</p>
+
+<p>     Q. What is the Holy Spirit?</p>
+
+<p>     A. The Holy Spirit is an imagination existing only in the minds of
+     crazy religious people.</p>
+
+<p>     Q. Is Christianity desirable?</p>
+
+<p>     A. Christianity is not advantageous to us, but is harmful, because
+     it makes us spiritual cripples. By its teachings of bliss after
+     death it deceives the people. Christianity is the greatest obstacle
+     to the progress of mankind, therefore it is the duty of every
+     citizen to help wipe out Christianity. All churches are impudent
+     humbugs.</p>
+
+<p>     Q. Is there communion of saints?</p>
+
+<p>     A. No, because there is no God, no saints, no soul, and therefore
+     our prayers are wholly useless, and only a waste of time, which
+     should be spent in more useful things.</p>
+
+<p>     Q. What is our duty when we have learned that there is no God?</p>
+
+<p>     A. We should teach this knowledge to others.</p>
+
+<p>     Q. Should we take the name of God in vain?</p>
+
+<p>     A. Yes, because the name of God has no meaning."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Isador Ladoff, a Socialist of Cleveland, Ohio, and a candidate for
+office in 1911, speaks very frankly about religion on page 11 of his
+pamphlet, "Socialism, The Anti-Christ":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The church knows that Socialism in spite of the declaration of
+     neutrality of the latter in religious matters, undermines the very
+     foundation of the former. The church realizes that Socialism is
+     anti-Christ. For the church it is a question of life and death, a
+     struggle for existence. Why, then, should the Socialists not engage
+     in an open aggressive campaign against the church? Would not an
+     honest war between Christ and anti-Christ be more dignified, more
+     wise and more effective, than a false pretence of neutrality and a
+     defensive attitude toward the attacks of the church? Let us have
+     the courage of our convictions, not only in matters of social and
+     economic significance, but in all things affecting the interests of
+     the toiling masses of humanity, including religious institutions."
+<a id="page_310"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Rev. E. E. Carr, writing in the "Christian Socialist," Chicago, May 15,
+1907, informs us that, "The Christian Socialists do not ask or desire
+that the party declare for religion. Strictly speaking, Socialism is a
+purely economic proposition.... We demand absolute freedom of religious
+opinion in the party, and that officials of the party cease teaching
+anti-religious dogma as an essential part of Socialist philosophy."</p>
+
+<p>Dishonest Socialists, when arguing that their party does not advocate
+atheism as the "religion" of their contemplated state, frequently appeal
+to the religious plank of their 1908 National Platform, which declares
+that the Socialist Party is not concerned with matters of religious
+belief.</p>
+
+<p>Though this deceitful appeal of the "Knights of the Red Flag" has been
+exposed time and again, still it seems expedient that the underhand
+methods of the party which boasts of being the only one sufficiently
+honest and upright to fight for the rights of poor and oppressed
+workingmen, be better known to the American people, and that the more
+important parts of the indoor convention speeches be presented in
+greater detail.</p>
+
+<p>Pages 191 to 205 of the "Proceedings of the 1908 National Convention of
+the Socialist Party," edited by John M. Work, published by the Socialist
+Party<sup><a href="#fn_19" id="fna_19">19</a></sup>, and sold at 50 cents a copy at the National Office of the
+party, Chicago, Illinois, bear the following ample testimony to the
+hypocrisy of the Revolutionists.</p>
+
+<p>When Delegate Simons had finished reading the proposal of the platform
+committee "that religion be treated as a private matter--a question of
+individual conscience," Arthur M. Lewis, a delegate from Illinois rose
+and moved its rejection, saying:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "I am among those who sincerely hoped the question of religion
+     would not be raised at this convention. I am willing to concede so
+     far that we shall let sleeping dogs lie. I know that the Socialist
+     position in philosophy on the question of religion does not make a
+     good campaign subject. It is not useful in the propaganda of a
+     presidential campaign, and therefore I am willing that we should be
+     silent about it. But if we must speak, I propose that we shall go
+     before this country with the truth and not with a lie.... Now I do
+     not propose to state in this platform the truth about religion from
+     the point of view of the Socialist philosophy as it is stated in
+     almost every book of Standard Socialist literature; but if we do
+     not do that, let us at least have the good grace to be silent about
+     it, and not make hypocrites of ourselves.... I say,<a id="page_311"></a> let us either
+     tell the truth or have the good grace and the common sense and the
+     stamina and the manhood and the self-respect to keep our mouths
+     shut about it. Therefore I move this be stricken from the
+     platform."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Delegate Hillquit of New York urged the following amendment as a
+substitute for the one the ratification of which Lewis had tried to
+prevent: "The Socialist movement is primarily an economic and political
+movement. It is not concerned with the institutions of marriage or
+religion." Hillquit then went on to say:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The fact that Comrade Lewis as a scholar, as a student of
+     psychology, of history, of ethics and of everything else, has in
+     the domain of religion come to the position of an agnostic, and
+     that ninety-nine per cent of us have landed in the same spot, does
+     not make Socialism agnostic, nor is Socialism Christian, nor is
+     Socialism Jewish, Socialism hasn't anything to do with that side of
+     our existence at all. I say to you, Comrades, if we are to follow
+     Comrade Lewis's advise, and to say in our platform and declaration
+     of principles what is true, let us not be afraid to insert in it
+     the things we are advocating day after day and on all occasions."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Delegate Unterman of Idaho, speaking in favor of the adoption of the
+religious plank as originally proposed by the platform committee and
+read by Simons, added:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Comrades, no one will accuse me with any sympathy with
+     Christianity, either as a church or as a religion. I am known in
+     the United States as a materialist of the most uncompromising
+     order. But I want it clearly understood that my materialist
+     philosophy does not permit me to strike this plank out of the
+     platform. I want it understood that my materialist dialectics do
+     not permit me to forget the exigencies of the moment for our ideals
+     in the far future.... Would you expect to go out among the people
+     of this country, people of different churches, of many different
+     religious factions, and tell them that they must become atheists
+     before they can become Socialists? That would be nonsense. We must
+     first get these men convinced of the rationality of our economic
+     and political program, and then after we have made Socialists of
+     them and members of the Socialist Party, we can talk to them inside
+     of our ranks, talk of the higher philosophy and of the logical
+     consequences of our explanation of society and nature.... We should
+     not go out in our propaganda among people that are as yet
+     unconvinced and are still groping in ignorance and<a id="page_312"></a> obscurity, and
+     tell them that they first must become materialists before they can
+     become members of the Socialist Party. No. This declaration that
+     religion is a private matter does not mean that it is not a social
+     matter or class matter at the same time. It merely means that we
+     shall bide our good time and wait till the individual is ready,
+     through his own individual evolution, to accept our philosophy. It
+     means that we shall give him plenty of time to grow gradually to
+     the things that are necessary to him, and those material things
+     that affect his material welfare, the economic and political
+     question of Socialism. After he has grown into them, it will be so
+     much easier to approach him with the full consequences of the
+     Socialist philosophy. Therefore I ask you to retain this plank in
+     our platform."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Delegate Stirton gave the following reason for his opposition to the
+adoption of any religious plank in the party platform:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "If this statement is true that religion is no concern of our
+     movement, as stated in the amendment, or in the original
+     recommendation that it is a private matter--if that is a true
+     statement, then we don't need it. If it is a lie, then we don't
+     want it."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that Delegate Lewis at an earlier session of the
+convention had said: "Let us either tell the truth or have the good
+grace and the common sense and stamina and the manhood to keep our
+mouths shut about it" (i.e., religion from the viewpoint of Socialist
+philosophy).</p>
+
+<p>To show the insincerity of Lewis, we shall now quote parts of a second
+speech made by him in the evening of the same day on which he had spoken
+so eloquently in behalf of asserting the truth and not telling a lie:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "I have gone into conference," he says, "between the afternoon
+     session and the evening session with most of the members of the
+     platform committee, and I have reached an agreement with them which
+     I am sure the convention would be glad to hear, and it will dispose
+     of this question, I think, amicably to all concerned.... I consider
+     myself and every other delegate on this floor as being present at
+     this convention for the sole purpose of promoting the best
+     interests of the Socialist Party. I am willing to waive any
+     personal views of mine, and I believe the members of the platform
+     committee are in the same position, to promote those interests....
+     While it may not harmonize with my personal opinion to have this
+     plank remain in the platform, I am willing to sink those personal<a id="page_313"></a>
+     opinions rather than put the Socialist movement in America in a
+     false position and lay it open to the attacks of our enemies."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Victor Berger of Wisconsin mentioned expediency as his reason for
+favoring the adoption of a religious plank and argued:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In the first place, a plank of this kind you will find in every
+     platform or program of every other civilized nation in the world.
+     Yet in no country do they have as much reason for it as in this
+     country. There is not a race in the world that is as thoroughly
+     religious as the Anglo-Saxon race. If you want a party made up of
+     free-thinkers only, then I can tell you right now how many you are
+     going to have. If you want to wait with our co-operative
+     commonwealth, until you have made a majority of the people into
+     free-thinkers, I am afraid we will have to wait a long while. I say
+     this, although I am known, not only in Milwaukee, but wherever our
+     papers are read, as a pronounced agnostic.... You can hardly find a
+     paper in which we are not denounced as men who want to abolish all
+     religion and abolish God. Something must be done in order to enable
+     us to show that Socialism, being an economic theory--or rather the
+     name for an epoch of civilization--has nothing to do with religion
+     either way, neither pro nor con."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>What reader, who elsewhere in this book has followed the evidence
+linking together the cunning craft of Morris Hillquit and Victor L.
+Berger in committing their party and followers to deceit and hypocrisy
+to obtain votes under false pretenses, will be surprised to find them
+thus also in the 1908 convention uniting the tongues of two old foxes to
+put through Hillquit's hypocrisy-plank on marriage and religion? These
+are the two whose deceit and violence have now reduced the Socialist
+Party of America to little more than a hollow echo of two lying hearts.</p>
+
+<p>Delegate Vander Porten opposed the adoption of the plank as originally
+read by Simons and urged the adoption of Morris Hillquit's amendment:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Nobody regrets more than I do that this question has arisen in
+     this convention, but as long as it occupies the position that it
+     does, I believe that there is to be an expression upon it, that
+     expression should be the truth and not a lie.... When we talk of
+     educating mankind and when we talk of raising mankind above the
+     level in which he is, then we have got to throw from his arms those
+     crutches that bind him to his slavery, and religion is one of them.
+     Let it be understood that the moment the<a id="page_314"></a> Socialist Party's whole
+     aim and object is to get votes, we can get them more quickly by
+     trying to please the religionists and those whose only ambition is
+     to pray God and crush mankind.... Let us say nothing or say the
+     truth. To spread forth to the world that religion is the
+     individual's affair, and that religion has no part in the
+     subjection of the human race, we lie when we say it."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>After several other delegates had spoken, the "Proceedings of the 1908
+National Convention" inform us that the chairman put the question on the
+acceptance of the substitute offered by Delegate Hillquit, and the
+result being in doubt, a show of hands was called for, and the vote
+resulted in 79 for the substitute, and 78 against it.</p>
+
+<p>Those who honestly voted against the plank admitted thereby that the
+Socialist Party was very much concerned with matters of religious belief
+and that the Revolutionists were then, just as they are today, the
+bitter enemies of religion.</p>
+
+<p>The 79 who voted for the plank did so, not because they had any love for
+religion, for this is evident from their speeches and from their method
+of procedure, but because they considered that a great deal of prejudice
+against Socialism would be removed by the adoption of a plank stating
+that the Socialist Party is primarily an economic and political
+movement, and that it is not concerned with matters of religious belief.</p>
+
+<p>On one single plank therefore there were 79 liars in the Socialist
+National Convention out of a possible 157. Quite an unenviable record
+for the party which is so fond of accusing its opponents of lies and
+falsehoods!</p>
+
+<p>When speeches against religion, such as the ones quoted, can be
+delivered at the national convention of a political party, without
+arousing anything like serious opposition among the delegates present,
+or among the rank and file of the party who afterwards read them, the
+only reasonable conclusion to be drawn is that the vast majority of the
+members of the party either advocate atheism or else are in sympathy
+with those who do.</p>
+
+<p>For four long years the Socialists all over the country appealed to the
+religious plank of their 1908 platform to prove that their party was not
+opposed to religion; and although they were aware that the plank was a
+lie, they were not sufficiently honest to have it removed by referendum,
+as could have been done at any time. The plank was finally dropped by
+the National Convention of 1912 and has not since then been readopted.<a id="page_315"></a>
+This, however, was not because the Socialists as a body had become more
+upright through their adherence to atheism, but because their lies
+concerning religion had become pretty well known all over the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>No doubt the reader will be interested in the following quotation taken
+from "The Communist," the Left Wing Socialist paper of Chicago. In the
+April, 1919, edition there is an article by John R. Ball, entitled,
+"Challenge of the S. P. [i.e., the Socialist Party] of Michigan":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "When the delegates to a State Socialist Convention gathered in
+     Grand Rapids, Michigan, February 24, 1919, to nominate candidates
+     for the coming State Elections, they were determined to do much
+     more than to go through the mere formalities of complying with
+     State Election Laws....</p>
+
+<p>     "There were many striking features about the personnel of the
+     delegates: not only were the preachers entirely absent, but their
+     following also. A Christian Socialist would have felt lonesome
+     indeed, with no one to act as a listener for him....</p>
+
+<p>     "Fearless and unashamed, in true Bolshevik fashion, the delegation
+     paid no heed to the prejudice of some, but adopted, with one
+     opposing vote, an additional constitutional amendment, guided
+     solely by historic facts and scientific data. A Socialist who
+     understands the Materialistic Conception of History cannot have
+     faith in superstitions of any kind. In other words, a 'religious'
+     or 'Christian' Socialist is a contradiction of terms, and the
+     statement that 'religion is a private matter' is a lie. The belief
+     in a supreme being or beings is a social phenomenon which can be
+     explained on the materialistic basis, just as all economic
+     phenomena can be explained. With persistent adherence to honesty,
+     the convention adopted a resolution and a constitutional amendment
+     declaring religion to be a social phenomenon and instructing all
+     organizers and speakers to explain religion upon its materialistic
+     basis.</p>
+
+<p>     "Here again, the Socialist Party of Michigan issued a direct
+     challenge to the National Organization. This time it is not a
+     challenge in regard to tactics, but we challenge the honesty of the
+     National Organization in declaring that 'religion is a private
+     matter.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Now listen to the words of Eugene V. Debs, published on the editorial
+page of "The Call," New York, July 21, 1919, and see what a fraud and
+hypocrite the leader of the Socialists of the United States is:<a id="page_316"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "If you have not already done so, read the platform of the
+     Socialist Party, and then let us know what you find in it to
+     warrant the lying charge of the sleek and fat leeches and parasites
+     and their degenerates, tools and hirelings that Socialism is
+     atheism and free-love(?) and that it will tear up the family by the
+     roots, smash up the home and turn society into a raging bedlam."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Sufficient evidence has now been given to prove that the Socialists are
+the declared enemies of the church. They are conspiring to destroy an
+institution which, apart from the supernatural blessings that it has
+conferred upon mankind, has done wonders to promote the happiness of
+nations. To the church many countries owe their civilization and their
+conversion from heathenism. She has preserved for us the priceless
+treasures of art and learning that would otherwise have fallen a prey to
+the ravages of the barbarians. For centuries she has trained untold
+millions to observe the Commandments of God, and has thus been
+instrumental in the prevention of innumerable crimes and sins from which
+the human race would have suffered. Not only has she taught the people
+the virtues of charity, justice, temperance, humility, liberality,
+purity, meekness and forgiveness of enemies, and been a source of
+immense consolation to the poor and oppressed, the sick and the injured,
+but she has comforted millions of the dying, who, when they realized
+that no earthly joys remained, took hope and delight at the thought of
+an eternal reward in heaven.</p>
+
+<p>It is this glorious institution, then, founded by Almighty God Himself,
+that the Socialists hate with all their hearts, and would destroy
+forever, because it prevents the spread of their revolutionary doctrines
+by teaching respect for law, order and authority, and by exposing to all
+the world the deceptions, frauds and empty promises of the conspirators
+against religion.<a id="page_317"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch20">
+<h2>CHAPTER XX</h2>
+
+<h3>THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE FAMILY</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Most of the Marxians in America, when confronted with the charge that
+they advocate free-love, deny the truth of the accusation, claiming that
+it is a base calumny. False and calumnious, indeed, would the charge be,
+if it were directed against each individual among the Revolutionists, or
+if from its universality exceptions were not made for many, who, not
+having as yet accepted the full consequences of International Socialism,
+go no further than to cast their votes for the party candidates. For
+would it be fair to except no others from condemnation, for among the
+dues-paying members of the party are many who are extremely averse to
+the system of loose morals that their comrades propose to substitute for
+the monogamous form of marriage now in vogue.</p>
+
+<p>Books advocating free-love are advertised in the Socialist press and
+receive favorable notice in editorial columns. They have long been on
+sale at the leading Socialist book-stores of the country and even at the
+National Office of the Socialist Party in Chicago. Finally, the
+Revolutionary clubs and locals all over the United States have in their
+libraries books on free-love that are standard works on Socialism.</p>
+
+<p>The Marxians, in their endeavors to offset the charge that a free-love
+propaganda exists within their party, frequently argue that
+prostitution, now so prevalent throughout the world, will under
+Socialism no longer remain the dreadful menace to society that it is
+today. They attribute the prevalence of this vice principally to
+poverty, and argue that in the new state, all persons will be abundantly
+supplied with the goods of this world, and consequently no one will be
+obliged to indulge in this sin for obtaining a livelihood.</p>
+
+<p>The Reds, therefore, try to dodge the question at issue by leading their
+opponents off on a tangent. The real question, free-love, will, however,
+by no means be forgotten by us until the Socialists have been shown up
+thoroughly. Since the conspirators against family life are so fond of
+harping on the matter of prostitution, with a view to drawing critics
+away from attacking their doctrine of free-love, the reader will be
+shown that even prostitution, instead of decreasing in the Social<a id="page_318"></a>ist
+state, would, together with immorality of every sort, become far more
+prevalent under Marxian rule than it is today.</p>
+
+<p>Prostitution and impurities of every sort may, of course, be due to many
+different causes. First, let us consider prostitution in connection with
+poverty and destitution. The Socialists claim that there will be far
+less prostitution in their state since the people, as a whole, will be
+supplied more abundantly with the needs of life. This talk about greater
+supplies for all in the Socialist state is mere assertion. The Marxians
+have never proven that such would actually be the case. If so, where is
+their proof? Can they give any convincing argument? Can they name any
+country, state or city, where they have ever ruled, in which the people,
+as a whole, were better supplied with the needs of life under the red
+flag than they were before the Socialist rule began?</p>
+
+<p>The fact is just the contrary. Look at any part of Europe over which the
+Socialists have ruled and you will see far greater destitution under
+Socialism than there was before. As for places that have never yet tried
+Socialism, enough arguments were given in the chapter, "Socialism a
+Peril to Workingmen," to show that there would be so many upheavals, so
+much turmoil, discontent and strife in a Socialist state, that
+production would be at a minimum and entirely insufficient to supply the
+needs of the people.</p>
+
+<p>We concede that poverty often leads to prostitution, and this is one
+reason out of many for sincerely wishing that our poor people were
+better supplied than they now are with the necessities of life. Still it
+must not be forgotten that poverty and want are often greater factors in
+preventing prostitution than in helping it. Think of the millions of
+poor people whose very poverty indirectly makes prostitution and vice in
+general less likely by keeping them from immoral theatres, movies,
+dances and cabarets and association with bad companions of greater means
+who would be attracted by better clothes and greater wealth if these
+poor people had them.</p>
+
+<p>Do the Socialists claim that the average poor woman is less moral than
+the average rich one? Do not the Marxians know that poverty, rather than
+wealth, fosters religion and piety, the greatest of all factors in
+keeping persons pure? Do the Reds deny that millions and millions of the
+very poorest are chaste? If these souls can remain pure, notwithstanding
+their poverty, so, too, can others; and when these others do not remain
+pure, usually something other than poverty is the cause, <i>e.g.</i>,
+irreligion,<a id="page_319"></a> lawlessness or disregard of authority, all of which the
+Socialists are advocating, day after day, in their books, pamphlets,
+papers and speeches.</p>
+
+<p>Again, Debs and his followers, by having a separate party for
+workingmen, are dividing the laboring class against itself, knowing full
+well that millions upon millions of decent, honest workingmen will never
+join them. And since Socialists are making unjust and impossible
+demands, and injecting into labor organizations radical leaders who
+cause general distrust and fear, labor cannot succeed in its battles
+against the abuses of capitalism nearly as well as it would if all were
+united. Hence, because of the existence of the Socialist Party, low
+wages still prevail in many cases, with extreme poverty which often
+leads to prostitution.</p>
+
+<p>If the Socialists ever gain control of our country they will probably do
+so through a revolution. Or they will come into power gradually, by an
+increased vote at each election. In the meantime, as victory came near,
+there would be business failures by the thousands, owing to the
+impending destruction of the existing system of industry and government.
+In either case there would be terrible destitution and a great dearth of
+the necessities of life. This, according to the Socialists' own
+argument, would mean a great increase in prostitution.</p>
+
+<p>It has been proven theoretically in the chapter entitled, "Socialism, a
+Peril to Workingmen," and actually by events in Europe, that a Socialist
+state, even should it endure, cannot be a success. Hence, were the
+Marxian argument about prostitution as strong as the Socialists claim,
+picture the immorality among the people where a Socialist government
+plunges the industries and sources of production and distribution into
+total chaos.</p>
+
+<p>With this refutation of the claim that prostitution would become a very
+rare thing under Socialism, the national conspirators must confess that
+the same argument they have for years been using to further the
+interests of their cause, can with telling effect be turned against
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Not alone are the Socialists defeated in their argument that
+prostitution would be less prevalent in the Marxian state, but they are
+hypocrites in using the argument they do. "The Call," for instance,
+which frequently uses the argument which has been refuted, in the
+magazine section of its issue of June 8, 1919, published a poem
+entitled, "The Harlot," to satisfy its lustful patrons:<a id="page_320"></a></p>
+
+<p>/P
+    "I do not understand you--
+    I cannot see
+    How you can lie passive in my arms
+    When such a passion swells in me....
+    You lie in my arms--
+    Your face is close to mine.
+    I look into your eyes,
+    Revelation!
+    And you
+    Look into mine
+    Unmoved."
+P/</p>
+
+<p>We now return to the question of free-love--we have not forgotten it,
+though no doubt the Reds wish we had. Socialists who deny that an active
+free-love propaganda exists within their ranks must either confess their
+ignorance of what is going on, or plead guilty to the base charge of
+deceiving the American people.</p>
+
+<p>The "New Encyclopedia of Social Reform," edited by the Socialist, W. D.
+P. Bliss, on page 484 contains an article on the family which reads in
+part as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "We then come to the third form of free-love, the free-love theory
+     par excellence, which is held today by many Socialists, and an
+     increasing number of radical men and women of various schools of
+     thought. According to these neither the state nor organized
+     religion should have aught to do with the control of the family or
+     of the sexual relation. They would make free-love supreme. They
+     would have it unfettered by any tie whatsoever. They argue that
+     compulsory love is not love; that all marriage save from love is
+     sin; that when love ends, marriage ends."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In another article, on page 1135, under the caption, "Socialism," Bliss
+informs us that it is perfectly true that Deville, a French Socialist,
+said that "marriage is a regulation of property.... When marriage is
+transformed, and only after that transformation marriage will lose its
+reason for existence, and boys and girls may then freely and without
+fear of censure listen to the wants and promptings of their nature....
+The support of the children will no longer depend on the chance of
+birth. Like their instruction it will become a charge of society. There
+will be no room for prostitution or for marriage, which is in sum
+nothing more than prostitution before the mayor."</p>
+
+<p>On page 897 of the old 1897 edition of the "Encyclopedia of<a id="page_321"></a> Social
+Reform," an earlier work edited by W. D. P. Bliss, we are informed that
+Socialism would allow all to live in permanent monogamy, but would not
+force people to remain married if they were unwilling to do so. "The
+Communist Manifesto," the work that made Marx and Engels famous among
+Socialists the world over, thus answers the charge made against the
+Revolutionists regarding their opposition to monogamy:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "What the communists might possibly be reproached with is that they
+     desire to introduce, in substitution for a hypocritically
+     concealed, an openly legalized community of women."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Jules Guesde, a French Socialist, affirms in "Le Cat&eacute;chisme Socialiste"
+that "the family is now only an odious form of property and must be
+transformed or abolished."</p>
+
+<p>The French Socialist leader, Jaur&eacute;s, in a parliamentary speech said that
+"They [<i>i.e.</i>, married men and women] were free to make the marriage and
+should in the same way be free to unmake it. In fact, just as the will
+of one of the parties could have prevented the marriage, so the will of
+one should be able to end it. The power to annul should, of course, be
+all the stronger when both parties desire it." It need scarcely be added
+that free-love would in most cases begin with the voluntary dissolution
+of the marriage ties.</p>
+
+<p>While the program of the French Socialist Party, adopted at Tours in
+1902, does not explicitly advocate free-love, still it calls for "the
+most liberal legislation on divorce." Ernest Belfort Bax, a prominent
+English Socialist, in "Outlooks From a New Standpoint," affirms that "a
+man may justly reject the dominant sexual morality; he may condemn the
+monogamic marriage system which obtains today; he may claim the right of
+free union between men and women; he may contend he is perfectly at
+liberty to join himself, either temporarily or permanently with a woman;
+and that the mere legal form of marriage has no binding force with him."
+["Outlooks From a New Standpoint," by Ernest Belfort Bax, page 114 of
+the 1891 edition.]</p>
+
+<p>"Prostitution for private gain is morally repellent. But the same
+outward act done for a cause transcending individual interest loses its
+character of prostitution." [Ibid., page 123.]</p>
+
+<p>"There are few points on which advanced radicals and Socialists are more
+completely in accord than their hostility to the modern legal monogamic
+marriage." [Ibid., page 151.]</p>
+
+<p>"There are excellent men and women, possibly the majority, born with
+dispositions for whom a permanent union is doubtless<a id="page_322"></a> just the right
+thing; there are other excellent men and women born with lively
+imaginations and Bohemian temperaments for whom it is not precisely the
+right thing." [Ibid., page 157.]</p>
+
+<p>"Herein we have an instance of the distinction between bourgeois
+morality and Socialist morality. To the first it is immoral to live in a
+marital relation without having previously subscribed to certain legal
+formalities.... To the second ... to live in a state of unlegalized
+marriage defileth not a man, nor woman." [Ibid., page 158.]</p>
+
+<p>"Socialism will strike at the root at once of compulsory monogamy."
+[Ibid., page 159.]</p>
+
+<p>Quotations from this base free-love book will end with the following:
+"If it be asked 'is marriage a failure?' the answer of any impartial
+person must be 'monogamic marriage is a failure'--the rest is silence.
+We know not what the new form of the family, the society of the future
+in which men and women will be alike economically free, may involve, and
+which may be generally adopted therein. Meanwhile we ought to combat by
+every means within our power the metaphysical dogma of the inherent
+sanctity of the monogamic principle." ["Outlooks From a New Standpoint,"
+by Ernest Belfort Bax, page 160 of the 1891 edition.]</p>
+
+<p>"Outlooks From a New Standpoint," from which these quotations have been
+taken, was advertised in the price list of the Social Democratic
+Publishing Company of Milwaukee; and though it was sold for a dollar a
+copy at Victor Berger's establishment, it has never been used by the
+Socialists of America to prove to the world that they do not advocate
+free-love.</p>
+
+<p>In view of the fact that "Outlooks From a New Standpoint" was sold at
+Berger's own publishing company, it is somewhat surprising to see him,
+in the August 10, 1912, edition of his paper, the Milwaukee "Social
+Democratic Herald," attacking, in a party squabble, "the men in control
+of the 'International Socialist Review,' ... who publish books in
+defense of what our enemies call free-love." Further on in the factional
+quarrel he writes: "I shall leave out the Christian Socialists entirely.
+Many of them are honest in this fight. But these Christian
+Socialists--who are only a handful--are being used by cowardly assassins
+and practical free-lovers as a cat's paw." Perhaps the Socialist
+publishers would be a little more free with their love for each other,
+if there was less competition for the silver dollar.</p>
+
+<p>Ernest Belfort Bax in another book, "Religion of Socialism,"<a id="page_323"></a> thus
+denounces the present form of family life: "We defy any human being to
+point to a single reality, good or bad, in the composition of the
+bourgeois family. It has the merit of being the most perfect specimen of
+complete sham that history has presented to the world." ["Religion of
+Socialism," by Ernest Belfort Bax, page 141 of the 1891 edition.]</p>
+
+<p>"Socialism, Its Growth and Outcome," edited by Ernest Belfort Bax and
+William Morris, also advocates free-love, for its authors tell us that
+under Socialism "property in children would cease to exist, and every
+infant that came into the world would be born into full citizenship, and
+would enjoy all its advantages, whatever the conduct of its parents
+might be. Thus a new development of the family would take place, on the
+basis, not of a predetermined life-long business arrangement, to be
+formally and nominally held to irrespective of circumstances, but on
+mutual inclination and affection, an association terminable at the will
+of either party.... There would be no vestige of reprobation weighing on
+the dissolution of one tie and the formation of another." ["Socialism,
+Its Growth and Outcome," by Ernest Belfort Bax and William Morris, pages
+299 and 300 of the 1893 edition.]</p>
+
+<p>The "International Socialist Review," December, 1908, states that
+"Socialism, Its Growth and Outcome," by William Morris and Ernest
+Belfort Bax, is "a standard historical work long recognized as being of
+the utmost value to Socialists." According to the price list sent out
+from the National Office of the Socialist Party this work on free-love
+was on sale there for fifty cents a copy. Chas H. Kerr and Company, the
+Socialist publishing company of Chicago, in their catalogue advertised
+the same book as being one of the most important works in the whole
+literature of Socialism, by the two strongest Socialist writers of
+England. From these facts the reader may judge for himself whether or
+not the Revolutionists of America tell the truth when they claim that
+they are not the enemies of the family.</p>
+
+<p>In a speech delivered on November 12, 1907, Henry Quelch, editor of the
+Socialist paper, "London Justice," made the following statement: "I do
+want to abolish marriage. I do want to see the whole system of society,
+as at present constituted, swept away. We want no marriage bonds. We
+want no bonds at all. We want free-love."</p>
+
+<p>Edward Carpenter in his book, "Love's Coming of Age," tells us that
+"marriage relations are raised to a much higher<a id="page_324"></a> plane by a continual
+change of partners until a permanent mate and equal is found."</p>
+
+<p>That this work on free-love might find a ready market among Socialists,
+Chas. H. Kerr and Company advertised it as follows in the "International
+Socialist Review," Chicago, December, 1902:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "He [i.e., Carpenter] faces bravely the questions that prudes of
+     both sexes shrink from, and he offers a solution that deserves the
+     attention of the ablest leaders of popular thought, while his
+     charmingly simple style makes the book easy reading matter for any
+     one who is looking for new light on the present and future of men
+     and women in their relations to each other."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In a 1912 catalogue the same publishing company volunteered the
+information that "'Love's Coming of Age' is one of the best Socialist
+books yet written on the relations of the sexes." In a 1917 booklet it
+was advertised by the company as being "by far the most satisfactory
+book on the relations of the sexes in the coming social order."</p>
+
+<p>Carpenter's work was sold for a dollar a copy at the National Office of
+the Socialist Party in Chicago, and yet the Revolutionists persist in
+telling us that they do not advocate free-love.</p>
+
+<p>August Bebel, the late leader of the German Socialists, was the author
+of a book entitled, "Woman Under Socialism." This work, however, is
+better known by the simple appellation, "Woman." A simple quotation will
+suffice to show that Bebel, like many other excellent Socialist
+authorities, advocates free-love:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "If incompatibility, disenchantment or repulsion set in between two
+     persons that have come together, morality commands that the
+     unnatural and therefore immoral bond be dissolved." ["Woman Under
+     Socialism," by Bebel, page 344 of the 1904 edition in English.]
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Bebel's book has had an immense circulation. Over thirty editions have
+been issued, and translations have been made into nearly all the
+European languages. Before his death in August, 1913, he was the
+admiration of millions of the Revolutionists the world over. His book is
+considered everywhere as a standard work on International Socialism and
+is, of course, on sale with the other free-love publications at the
+National Office of the Socialist Party. Chas H. Kerr and Company in 1917
+advertised Bebel's work as being one of the greatest Socialist books
+ever written.</p>
+
+<p>Frederick Engel's "Origin of the Family," a work that has<a id="page_325"></a> made its
+author famous among Socialists on both sides of the Atlantic, contains
+the following statement relative to free-love:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "These peculiarities that were stamped upon the face of monogamy by
+     its rise through property relations will decidedly vanish, namely
+     the supremacy of men and the indissolubility of marriage.... If
+     marriage founded on love is alone moral, then it follows that
+     marriage is moral only as long as love lasts. The duration of an
+     attack of individual sex love varies considerably according to
+     individual disposition, especially in men. A positive cessation of
+     fondness or its replacement by a new passionate love makes a
+     separation a blessing for both parties and for society. But
+     humanity will be spared the useless wading through the mire of a
+     divorce case." ["The Origin of the Family," by Fredrick Engels,
+     page 99 of the 1907 translation into English by Untermann.]
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Comrade," New York, November, 1902, thus commends Engel's book:
+"One of the most important issues of that excellent Standard Socialist
+Series published by Chas. H. Kerr and Company is 'The Origin of the
+Family,' by Fredrick Engels, now for the first time translated into
+English by Ernest Untermann. This book, first published in 1884, has
+been translated into almost every European language and has long been
+regarded as one of the classics of Socialist philosophical literature."</p>
+
+<p>"The Call," New York, February 27, 1910, deems "The Origin of the
+Family" worthy of editorial comment: "The one book that contains in
+small compass what every woman ought to know is Fredrick Engel's 'The
+Origin of the Family.' Every Socialist woman should become a book agent
+to sell this book."</p>
+
+<p>"The International Socialist Review," October, 1902, expressed its
+admiration of Engel's work by stating that "this book has long been
+known as one of the great Socialist classics and has been translated
+into almost every other language than English.... The book is really one
+of the two or three great Socialist classics; and now that it is in
+English, it must find a place in the library of everyone who hopes to
+master the real fundamental philosophy underlying Socialism."</p>
+
+<p>"The Origin of the Family," notwithstanding<sup><a href="#fn_20" id="fna_20">20</a></sup> the fact that it
+contains matter too foul to comment on, for example a certain comparison
+that is made on page 39, was listed with the books sold at the National
+Office of the Socialist Party, and at Chas. H. Kerr and Company, the
+largest Socialist publishing company in the United States.<a id="page_326"></a></p>
+
+<p>Ernest Untermann, the American Socialist who translated Engel's work
+into English, writes on page 7 of the preface of the 1907 edition: "The
+monogamic family, so far from being a divinely instituted union of
+souls, is seen to be the product of a series of material, and in the
+last analysis, of the most sordid motives."</p>
+
+<p>Rives La Monte, in "Socialism Positive and Negative," tells his readers
+that "from the point of view of this Socialist materialism, the
+monogamous family, the present economic unit of society, ceases to be a
+divine institution, and becomes the historical product of certain
+definite economic conditions. In the judgment of such Socialists as
+Fredrick Engels and August Bebel, we shall probably remain monogamous,
+but monogamy will cease to be compulsorily permanent." ["Socialism,
+Positive and Negative," by Rives La Monte, page 98 of the 1907 edition.]</p>
+
+<p>In the "International Socialist Review," February, 1909, there appears
+on page 628 a notice which reads as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The 'Review' lately returned to a contributor a clever and
+     readable article in which he emphasized certain absurdities and
+     miseries of the present marriage system. His letter in the reply to
+     us raises some interesting questions, and we are glad to publish
+     it: ... 'It is disappointing to be advised to frankly discuss
+     subjects of such importance as religion and marriage only in hushed
+     whispers behind closed doors. In the fear of offending conservative
+     prejudice on these topics, some Socialists become more conservative
+     than the bourgeois themselves.... Of course, the main stream and
+     most important phase of Socialism is the political-economic
+     agitation, but at the same time the Socialist movement inevitably
+     brings into being, at least for a great part of its adherents, a
+     new culture, a new literature, a new art, a new attitude toward sex
+     relations and religion and individual freedom, a new conception of
+     life as a whole. In face of this fact it is sickening to see
+     individuals, whom one knows to be atheists, defending Socialism as
+     the will of God and the fulfilment of Christianity; and other
+     individuals, whom one knows to be free-lovers, going out of their
+     way to defend the home and family against the inroads of
+     capitalism. Nevertheless such things are seen.... There are
+     thousands of women who are worn out with the bearing of unwelcome
+     children on account of ignorance of proper ways of preventing
+     conception.... If sex life, the personal heart life, of
+     revolutionists were more free and joyous, if they breathed an
+     atmosphere of liberty and spontaneity, free from religious and
+     moral superstitions, if they became now as much like the<a id="page_327"></a> free
+     people of the future as possible, would they not be that much more
+     ardent and joyous and unceasing workers of the Great Revolution?
+     And if former non-Socialists, especially women who had suffered
+     grievously from the evils of the marriage system, or been
+     intellectually blindfolded by religious teaching, were first led
+     into the light of more emancipated ideas by some of us Socialists,
+     would not they serve and glorify Socialism forever?... If the
+     Christian Socialists have a right to their God, and monogamists to
+     their eternal marriage, then surely in a revolutionary movement
+     like ours, the complete revolutionists have, to say the least, an
+     equal right to their agnosticism and their free union."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Clarence M. Meily, before speaking explicitly of free-love, praises lust
+and sensuality in the highest terms on page 129 of his book,
+"Puritanism": "Freed from the privation of millenniums of unrequited
+toil, with the wealth and wonders of the world at its command, it is
+fairly certain that the emancipated working class, still wan from its
+centuries of service and sacrifice, will take great joy in repudiating,
+finally and forever, the fallacies and aberration of asceticism.... Not
+the denial of life, but the laudation and triumph of life, will be the
+keynote of the new ethics. The lusts of the flesh, the lusts of the eye,
+the pride of life, will become new formulas, holy and pure in the light
+of the perfect development of the whole man, and of all men, to which
+the race will dedicate itself."</p>
+
+<p>Meily then approaches the marriage question and says: "The question of
+the status of marriage in the new society is one of extreme importance,
+since it is here that reactionaries of all sorts center their opposition
+to social reconstruction. It is both idle and disingenuous to assert
+that marriage as a legal and civil institution is not likely to undergo
+profound modification.... The artificial perpetuation of the marriage
+tie, in the face of the disinclination of the parties involved to
+continue the relation, will cease to be a matter of public concern, or
+the occasion of state interference. The dissolution of the marriage
+relation will become as purely a personal and private affair as is the
+assumption of the relation now. Some sort of registration may be
+required for the purpose of vital statistics."</p>
+
+<p>In July 2, 1901, "The Haverhill Social Democrat," apparently without
+fear of offending its subscribers, asked: "What is there sacred in the
+modern home? Can anything be sacred which is based on a lie or on
+impurity, or on ignorance? The<a id="page_328"></a> marriage system today is based on
+impurity, on ignorance and on a big lie."</p>
+
+<p>"The Call," New York, December 4, 1910, tells its readers to "give all
+women the vote, and they will strike off the rusty chains that hold them
+still in marriage as the property of the man."</p>
+
+<p>That the same paper is very lax as regards the divorce evil, so closely
+allied to free-love, is evidenced from the following quotation taken
+from the edition of March 30, 1913: "Among the many encouraging signs of
+woman's growing strength--of her determination to be at last the captain
+of her soul and the master of her faith--are recent divorce
+statistics....</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Far from being a sign of moral decadence, the large number of
+     divorces granted to women is one of the healthiest portents of the
+     regeneration of the body social....</p>
+
+<p>     "The divorced woman is today the connecting link between the
+     non-resisting, ignorant victim of the past and the self-reliant,
+     enlightened, eugenically minded woman of the future. The divorce
+     statistics of the present are perfectly logical and the divorced
+     woman is a cheering omen, as she fulfils her historic mission."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Little Catechism" for the use of the children of Bohemian
+Socialists, a book from which we have already had occasion to quote in
+the previous chapter, shows us the exceedingly low standard of morality
+that is taught to the youthful Revolutionists; for in answer to the
+question, "Is adultery a sin?" we are astounded by the boldness of the
+reply, "It is not a sin."</p>
+
+<p>We shall finally corroborate our charge that the Revolutionists advocate
+free-love by quoting the words of no less an authority than Morris
+Hillquit, who concedes in "Everybody's," February, 1914, page 233, that
+"Most Socialists stand for dissolubility of the marriage ties at the
+pleasure of the contracting parties."</p>
+
+<p>As many Socialist books on free-love have attained a high circulation,
+and as they have not been repudiated by the party, but have been praised
+and advertised in its newspapers, and, moreover, since these very books
+have been sold as standard works both at the National Office of the
+party and at the leading Socialist book-stores of America, the only
+reasonable conclusion to be drawn is that the number of party members
+who openly advocate free-love, or at least tacitly approve of its
+propaganda, must be in the majority, for otherwise the party would never
+tolerate such a condition of affairs within its ranks.<a id="page_329"></a></p>
+
+<p>Once the Socialists gain control of a country, as in the case of Russia,
+laws legalizing free-love are very soon passed. In the No. 2 edition of
+the Los Angeles magazine, "More Truth About Russia," its radical editor
+mentions many of the Bolshevist laws on marriage, divorce, etc., in
+vogue in Russia. Among them is one fully legalizing free-love, making it
+possible for married parties to change partners whenever they wish and
+for no other reason than their mutual or individual desire to do so:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "1. Marriage is annulled by the petition of both parties or even
+     one of them.</p>
+
+<p>     "2. The petition is submitted, according to the rules of local
+     jurisdiction, to the local court.</p>
+
+<p>     "Note: A declaration of annulment of marriage by mutual consent may
+     be filed directly with the department of registration of marriages
+     in which a record of that marriage is kept, which department makes
+     an entry of the annulment of the marriage in the record and issues
+     a certificate.</p>
+
+<p>     "3. On the day appointed for the examination of the petition for
+     the annulment of marriage, the local judge summons both parties or
+     their solicitors.</p>
+
+<p>     "4. Having convinced himself that the petition for the annulment of
+     the marriage really comes from both parties or from one of them,
+     the judge personally and singly renders the decision of the
+     annulment of the marriage and issues a certificate thereof to the
+     parties."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This chapter shows that free-love filth, to corrupt and demoralize our
+people, is being propagated by the Socialist Party of America through
+its National Headquarters in Chicago, Berger's publication company in
+Milwaukee, Hillquit's "New York Call," and other publishing houses and
+papers affiliated with the party. Yet, because the question of the
+qualifications of five representatives of this system of abomination to
+make laws for the State of New York was so much as raised by a judicial
+inquiry in the New York Assembly, that body of legislators has been
+assailed and falsely charged with undermining the fundamental principles
+of representative government. The ignorance concerning the true
+character of the Socialist Party of America is startling.</p>
+
+<p>Is it not time for the American people to awake? Should not every decent
+American petition all our legislative bodies, state and national, to
+outlaw the Socialist Party of America and curb its iniquitous
+propaganda?<a id="page_330"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch21">
+<h2>CHAPTER XXI</h2>
+
+<h3>THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE RACE</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>To most persons it will certainly be a surprise to hear that race
+suicide has been openly advocated in the columns of leading Socialist
+publications. True it is that the number of individuals endeavoring to
+spread this practice by their writings is comparatively<sup><a href="#fn_21" id="fna_21">21</a></sup> small;
+still, as the articles have continued to appear for years at more or
+less regular intervals, without exciting anything like serious
+opposition, we are forced to conclude that advocacy of race suicide is
+looked upon by a very large number of the Revolutionists as one of their
+characteristic virtues.</p>
+
+<p>Though many vile articles advocating race suicide were published in the
+1910 and the 1911 editions of "The New York Call," we shall pass them
+over, and discuss those of a more recent date.</p>
+
+<p>In the Sunday editions of "The Call," Anita C. Block has for years been
+editing a page called "Woman's Sphere." This section of the paper on the
+24th of March, 1912, contained an editorial comment under the caption
+"Enforced Motherhood and the Law," in which the practice of base and
+criminal race suicide is encouraged:</p>
+
+<p>"Within a space covering not much more than a month, six letters have
+been received by us, containing in substance about what is contained in
+the following letter:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "'<span class="smallcaps">Mrs. A. C. Block, New York City</span>:</p>
+
+<p>     "'<span class="smallcaps">Dear Comrade Block.</span>--I have been a reader of "The Call" since
+     December 1, 1911. I do not know whether you can give me any
+     information as to what I wish to know....</p>
+
+<p>     "'I have three children, 3&frac12; years, 2&frac14; years, and a baby 9 months.
+     Now, you cannot blame me if I do not care for more for some time to
+     come....</p>
+
+<p>     "'Could you give any information? Dr.... in "..." [We suppress the
+     author's name and the title of his work.] and "..." by ... contain
+     the sentence, "Every woman should know prevention of conception." I
+     should be thankful for any advice.</p>
+
+<p>     "'Yours for the Co-operative Commonwealth.'"
+<a id="page_331"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The editorial comment then goes on to say:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Four of these letters we answered personally, stating the
+     impossibility of imparting this information under our present laws.
+     But when letters continued to come, we felt that any subject that
+     indeed meant everything in the world to the wives of the working
+     class, was entitled to publicity in these columns.</p>
+
+<p>     "These women ought to know exactly what the laws are that make the
+     giving of this terribly needed information--A Felony. And so we
+     print below the Federal or United States law on this subject."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The law is then given in all its details, after which the New York State
+law on the same subject is also quoted.</p>
+
+<p>We are then told that "such are some of the laws on this grave subject,
+and, of course, no sane person would endeavor to violate them, openly at
+any rate. But as Dr.... states elsewhere in this page, we cannot be
+prevented from agitating for their repeal. Nor can we be prevented from
+educating the people wherever possible to an understanding that a
+knowledge of the means of preventing conception is a knowledge of one of
+the means of regenerating the race.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Moreover even under Socialism, where economic conditions will be
+     such that every woman can support a dozen children in comfort if
+     she wants to, the volitional limitation of offspring will be
+     completely justifiable. For even parents in the most comfortable
+     circumstances should have the right to determine how many children
+     they want. Of all things in the world this is a matter for the
+     individual and not for society to determine."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Dr...., to whom reference was made in the above editorial comment, is
+also the author of another work advertised as follows in "Woman's
+Sphere" of "The Call," March 24, 1912:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The three most important measures for the improvement of the human
+     race from a eugenic standpoint. What are they? I suppose everybody
+     who has given the subject any thought has his remedies. I have
+     studied the subject for years and my answer is:</p>
+
+<p>     "1. Teaching the people the proper means of the prevention of
+     conception so that the people may have only as many children as
+     they can afford to have, and to have them when they want to have
+     them.</p>
+
+<p>     "2.....</p>
+
+<p>     "3.....<a id="page_332"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "Of the three measures the first one is the most important and
+     still it will be the last one to come, because our prudes think it
+     would lead to immorality. And nevertheless I will repeat what I
+     said several times before, that there is no single measure that
+     would so positively, so immediately contribute toward the happiness
+     and progress of the human race as teaching the people the proper
+     means of regulating reproduction. This has been my sincerest and
+     deepest conviction since I have learned to think rationally. It is
+     the conviction of thousands of others, but they are too careful of
+     their standing to express it in public. I am happy, however, to be
+     able to state that my teachings have converted thousands; many of
+     our readers who were at first shocked by our plain talk on this
+     important subject are now expressing their full agreement with our
+     ideas. And Congress may pass draconian laws, the discussion of this
+     subject cannot, must not, be stopped."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On April 13, 1913, another article on the subject of race suicide, by
+Clara G. Stillman, appeared in "Woman's Sphere" of "The Call" under the
+caption, "The Right to Prevent Conception." Only part of the foul
+composition is here given:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Those who are convinced that the voluntary prevention of
+     conception is a most important weapon in the modern fight with
+     poverty, disease and racial deterioration, will find their position
+     only strengthened by survey of their opponents' objections. These
+     objections are mainly of three kinds--and might be classed as the
+     pseudo-religious, the pseudo-moral and the pseudo-scientific,
+     because all are based on conceptions which our present state of
+     knowledge and social development have enabled us to outgrow....</p>
+
+<p>     "Prevention of conception is already an accepted principle among
+     the educated classes of every civilized country. According as the
+     opposition of the law and public opinion are more or less
+     stringent, it is practised with more or less secrecy; but secret or
+     open, the practice is here to stay, and it is spreading. The fear
+     of most of its opponents is, therefore, not nearly so much that the
+     human race will become extinct as that its best elements will
+     gradually be replaced by the worst. At first this may seem
+     plausible. Granting our opponents' premise temporarily, the
+     conclusion is logically unavoidable that in order to restore a
+     normal relation between the so-called more and less intelligent or
+     desirable classes of society, we must put into the hands of all the
+     methods of restricting their increase, now utilized only by the
+     few."
+<a id="page_333"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On June 1, 1913, "Woman's Sphere" of "The Call" contained a four-column
+article on race suicide, entitled, "Musings of a Socialist Woman." The
+author, Antoinette F. Konikow, who was a delegate to the Socialist
+National Conventions of 1908 and 1912, thus expresses her views:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "I consider the question of the prevention of conception to be of
+     greater value to women than even the knowledge of sexual
+     diseases....</p>
+
+<p>     "After meeting hundreds of women and girls in heart to heart talks,
+     I came to the sincere conviction that lectures on sex hygiene which
+     do not give a thorough understanding of conception in its definite
+     bearings on practical life and also of its possibilities of
+     prevention--that such lectures miss their main aim in bringing help
+     to distressed humanity....</p>
+
+<p>     "Instead of meeting every need and demand of the worker, we are so
+     hampered by the fear of getting a bad reputation among our enemies
+     that we express our support to a new tendency only after it has
+     acquired a certain respectability in society....</p>
+
+<p>     "Do the daring words of Comrade Clara G. Stillman or Dr....'s
+     article not hurt the feelings of some of our Comrades? No doubt
+     some readers felt dissatisfied but not more so than others who had
+     to read the conservative statement of Comrade Carey in 'The
+     Leader,' that he considers Bebel's conception of the family
+     un-Socialistic and anti-Socialistic....</p>
+
+<p>     "Do our morals stand on a higher plane, thanks to the careful
+     guardianship of our laws?...</p>
+
+<p>     "It is high time then to serve notice upon all our benevolent
+     censors and upholders of such laws, and declare ourselves fit to
+     get along without their superior guidance. It is time to open a
+     crusade against this hypocritical suppression of knowledge, which
+     leads to endless and needless suffering. It is time to emphatically
+     declare the right of the mother to control the functions of her own
+     body for her own good and the welfare of her offspring."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The disastrous consequences of such a crusade to further the cause of
+race suicide are very forcibly brought home to us by an article which
+appeared in "The Call," May 10, 1914, on "The Conscious Limitation of
+Offspring in Holland":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Our headquarters at The Hague and our subdivisions in all our
+     greater towns are spreading theoretical leaflets and pamphlets; but
+     the special pamphlet giving practical information in the prevention
+     of conception, is only given to married people<a id="page_334"></a> when asked. We are
+     lecturing everywhere. But the essential missionary work is done
+     privately and modestly, often unconsciously by showing the happy
+     results in their own families, by the nearly 5,000 members of our
+     league spread over the whole country, among whom are physicians,
+     clergymen and teachers, etc. Every day information is asked by
+     letters and still more by our printed postcards; all information is
+     given cost-free and post-free. Almost all younger doctors and
+     midwives are giving information, and are helping mothers in the
+     cases when it is wanted on account of pathological indications.
+     Moreover special nurses are instructed in helping poor women.
+     Harmless preventive means are more and more taking the place of
+     dangerous abortion. So, merely by our freedom of giving
+     information, we have reached the desirable results proved most
+     brilliantly by the statistical figures of our country."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On May 21, 1914, "Woman's Sphere" of "The Call" devoted two more of its
+columns to the race suicide propaganda in the form of an article by
+Sonia Ureles under the caption, "Hats Off, Gentlemen, The Law!" Since
+many parts of the production are too foul to permit our quoting them, we
+shall give but a few short passages:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "But the doctors only scowled, and the nurse told her gently that
+     the law did not permit poor people to regulate the birth of their
+     offspring....</p>
+
+<p>     "To the thought of a private practitioner she gave no heed; it was
+     to her a luxury undreamed of....</p>
+
+<p>     "The nurse, a well-meaning honest creature, writhed uncomfortably
+     under her gaze. 'It's--it's against the law to give out such
+     information,' she stammered.</p>
+
+<p>     "'I don't care about the law,' came the stubborn reply. 'You
+     promised. Now tell me.' Nevertheless she left the hospital without
+     the information....</p>
+
+<p>     "She applied to the women of her neighborhood for information. They
+     told her things they thought they knew, and things they thought
+     they ought to know. And her health was the price she paid....</p>
+
+<p>     "They who knew, but would not tell, left her one alternative. She
+     chose it. And so,</p>
+
+<p>     "'Hats off, gentlemen--the law!'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In this same issue of "The Call," May 24, 1914, there is an editorial
+comment that promised the base devotees of race suicide an abundance of
+filthy reading matter for the future:<a id="page_335"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "If unwelcome motherhood is not in accordance with a constructive
+     eugenic program, then the free imparting of information concerning
+     the prevention of involuntary motherhood must be. But as has been
+     pointed out in these columns again and again, to make this part of
+     a constructive eugenic program is to run up against vicious and
+     barbarous state and federal laws which make the giving of necessary
+     information a crime, punishable by imprisonment.</p>
+
+<p>     "In connection with this entire subject we call the attention of
+     our readers to the grim sketch by Sonia Ureles, appearing elsewhere
+     on this page today.</p>
+
+<p>     "This is the first of a series of stories on the same subject which
+     Miss Ureles is writing for 'Woman's Sphere.' All who know the vivid
+     reality of this writer's work will look forward to them with keen
+     anticipation."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Let it not be thought for a moment that "The Call" has yet given up its
+propaganda of race suicide. As recently as May 25, 1919, there appeared
+in the magazine section of that vile Socialist daily of New York City an
+article on the subject entitled, "Birth Control and the War," the
+article being no less than twelve columns long. Several quotations are
+hereby given:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Everywhere the feudal-minded ones act upon substantially the same
+     impulse. Everywhere they impel and, to a large extent, though by
+     indirection, they compel, prolific breeding among the less
+     intelligent persons. These latter are also the victims of the
+     prevailing religious, political, economic and industrial systems
+     and superstitions. The feudalistic ones proclaim fecundity as a
+     religious duty to God and a moral duty to the state. By psychologic
+     tricks a vanity of the unfortunate classes is encouraged so as to
+     make even the fools believe, or, at least, feel that they, too,
+     have a place in the sun....</p>
+
+<p>     "By the uniform activities and lingering dominance of the feudal
+     mind we have remained in a state of development in which we
+     compete, like the stock-raiser, for an international and
+     intercredal supremacy in and through breeding....</p>
+
+<p>     "As yet we have had no very urgent need for territorial expansion.
+     Our turn is coming and is coming soon, if only we will heed our own
+     feudal-minded ones, and will breed fast enough. But, without being
+     aggressors in this sense, we are yet unavoidably drawn into the
+     vortex of a world war inaugurated by the feudal-minded of other
+     nations and unconsciously promoted to a small degree by our own
+     feudal-minded ones by education<a id="page_336"></a> for feudal-mindedness and for
+     prolific breeding in our people....</p>
+
+<p>     "The next world war may possibly be one in which the disadvantaged
+     of all nations will fight the feudal-minded of all nations.
+     Something quite near to such an invitation already has come from
+     Russia. Shall we hasten such a conflict by continuing to preach the
+     sacredness of fecundity and of war? Or shall intelligent restraint
+     of the feudalistic compulsion help us toward a more perfect and
+     peaceful adjustment with the processes that make for the
+     democratization of welfare, with and by intelligent family
+     limitation as one means?"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Call" is one of the official papers recognized by the Socialists of
+America. In 1914, while the race suicide propaganda was being carried on
+in its columns, lectures to be delivered for its benefit by Eugene V.
+Debs in many of the cities of New Jersey were advertised in its columns.
+It is most likely, therefore, that such a splendidly informed leader of
+the Revolutionists as Debs, like many thousands of members of the rank
+and file of the party, read some of the articles favoring race suicide.
+As we have never yet heard of Debs or a single Socialist complaining
+against the race suicide propaganda so long carried on in the columns of
+"The Call," we shall, unless the Marxians repudiate this form of
+immorality of their paper, be forced to conclude that their leader as
+well as a very large number of his followers intend legalizing this vice
+if they ever gain control of our country.</p>
+
+<p>In April, 1919, a vile, crimson pamphlet was on sale in the radical
+book-stores of the middle west. We shall not give the title, for it is
+too foul and indecent. On page 4 it warns its readers "not to forget
+this fact, celibacy, absolute continence from want of desire congenial
+or acquired, monkish asceticism are pathological states, diseased states
+of mind or body." Further on, we read, on page 10:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Do not be a suffering Jesus. Do not take him as an example. Do not
+     whine or snuffle, but get ahead in the world while you can. Get
+     lands, property and independence somehow....</p>
+
+<p>     "The teachings of Christianity were designed for the castration of
+     the human soul. Christ would make you, not a free man, a hero, and
+     a warrior, but a hireling, a submissive beast of burden, a helot, a
+     nobody. Christianity is cowardice institutionalized and
+     peace-on-earth is the philosophy of the tax gatherer, the usurer,
+     and the international exploiter." On the inner side of the back
+     cover of the foul pamphlet a book is<a id="page_337"></a> advertised by the
+     "International Socialist Control Association of Chicago," which
+     seems also to publish the crimson pamphlet from which the above
+     quotation was taken. The advertisement of the book is hereby given
+     in part:</p>
+
+<p>     "MOTHERS AND FATHERS, ATTENTION.</p>
+
+<p>     "The welfare of the world depends upon the bringing up of children.</p>
+
+<p>     "Everything depends upon the right start, hence it is your highest
+     duty to see that your children are started right.</p>
+
+<p>     "Foremost men say and statistics show the stupendous peril of our
+     political, religious, and educational system. The root of education
+     is not merely knowing how to read and write, but knowing men
+     analytically and scientifically.</p>
+
+<p>     "Anything is possible to the man who knows how and why. We develop
+     and plan out your life according to your adaptions and
+     inclinations--no guess work but cold, hard, mathematical facts. We
+     show you how to control, manage, and handle humanity and make it
+     your business to shape men's minds as easily as clay.</p>
+
+<p>     "Misery, superstition and poverty must go."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On the back cover sheet of the pamphlet it is stated that the
+International Socialist Control Association of Chicago is "An
+organization that teaches the suppressed and downtrodden truth, long
+controlled by the political and religious machine. The only organization
+that places health, happiness and marriage upon solid, scientific
+principles."</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1919, "The Call" of New York City, Morris Hillquit's
+vile publication, became more bold than ever in favoring race suicide.
+On June 29, 1919, for instance, there appeared a three-column article in
+the magazine section of the paper, entitled, "The ... League." Parts of
+the article are hereby quoted:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Many readers of 'Woman's Sphere' have expressed themselves as
+     eager to know the raison d'etre of The ... League, which is the
+     latest development in the birth control movement.</p>
+
+<p>     "The answer is that this new league is started to speed up the
+     birth control movement. Its first aim is to take the question
+     straight to Congress and repeal the Federal statute which prohibits
+     the circulation of contraceptive knowledge. All the restrictive
+     state laws are modeled on this Federal obscenity statute. If that
+     is repealed, the state laws can easily be made to follow suit....<a id="page_338"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "The repeal of this obnoxious out-of-date legislation is the
+     longest single step toward that end.</p>
+
+<p>     "The next step is to get the subject taught in the medical schools,
+     and to have the best possible scientific information wisely and
+     well distributed. Every health agency in the country should have it
+     for the benefit of all who are in need. It should be available at
+     hospitals, clinics, dispensaries, maternity centers, charity
+     organizations and, most of all, through the Federal Health Service
+     and the National Children's Bureau....</p>
+
+<p>     "Most Socialists are already convinced of the rightness of birth
+     regulation, but not all of them see the need for working now to
+     free the information. Some say, 'Oh, just work to achieve Socialism
+     and when we have that, things like birth control will come without
+     effort.' ...</p>
+
+<p>     "Birth control is a necessary tool for the struggle after social
+     justice. Therefore, Socialists should insist upon it right now, and
+     not be content to wait for the Co-operative Commonwealth to bring
+     it to them, also they should not hesitate to co-operate with
+     non-Socialists to get it. Birth control is a blessing to humanity
+     as a whole. Everybody needs it."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On July 13, 1919, "The Call" published an editorial on Dr. Abraham
+Jacobi who had recently died. In the course of the editorial the
+following statement is made:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Many honors have been showered upon Dr. Jacobi, but probably none
+     will be more brilliant than the fact that he was one of the first
+     to fearlessly discuss the question of birth control."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On July 15, 1919, there appeared in "The Call" the letter of the
+director of the birth control league similarly praising the late Dr.
+Jacobi:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "...He did not wait till the baby was born, nor did he limit
+     himself to what is ordinarily known as the prenatal care. He again
+     and again proved his sincere belief that the only way to give
+     babies a fair chance in this world is for the parents to know how
+     to regulate the family birth rate."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Call" on July 14, 1919, advertised seven birth control meetings to
+be held during the week in New York City. Two days later, on July 16, it
+advertised an open air birth control rally.</p>
+
+<p>In "Woman's Sphere" of the magazine section of "The Call," July 27,
+1919, there appears another three-column article<a id="page_339"></a> favoring race suicide,
+entitled, "How Shall We Change the Law?" We shall quote briefly:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Once it is no longer on the statute books that it is unlawful to
+     impart information on the prevention of conception, then people may
+     freely help each other to attain the precious information so
+     urgently needed. The 'limited' bill would give this right only to
+     doctors and possibly to nurses and midwives....</p>
+
+<p>     "And while we would not be so unscientific as to deny for a moment
+     that it would be better for every woman to get her advice and
+     instruction concerning the use of contraceptive directly from a
+     doctor, nevertheless it is impossible to overestimate the help men
+     and women could give each other were the free exchange of
+     information on methods of birth control legal instead of
+     illegal....</p>
+
+<p>     "We feel quite sure that women will get infinitely more sympathetic
+     help and advice from each other than they will ever get from any
+     free clinic doctors."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Call" on July 26, 1919, announced that Anita C. Block, editress of
+"Woman's Sphere" of the paper, had accepted nomination as a delegate to
+the August 30, 1919, convention of the Socialist Party in Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>The September 2, 1919, issue of "The Call" states that it received the
+congratulations of the National Convention of the party then assembled
+at Chicago. There is, however, no record of any Socialist complaint
+against its continued race suicide propaganda. We can, therefore, draw
+our conclusions as to whether the Socialists approve of propagating race
+suicide.</p>
+
+<p>Away down in Mexico there lives a certain Linn A. E. Gale, a young
+Socialist who fled to that country from the United States to escape
+conscription. He is a "brave" fellow, for not only did he shirk his
+duties as a soldier and flee from his native land to escape jail, but he
+publishes a Socialist magazine in Mexico City in which he seeks to
+deprive of life those who have as much right to it as he himself has; in
+other words he is carrying on a campaign for race suicide. We quote from
+the August, 1919, issue of his Socialist publication, known as "Gale's
+Magazine":</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "<span class="smallcaps">Mr. Felix F. Palavinci</span>,</p>
+
+<p>     "Manager of El Universal,</p>
+
+<p>     "Mexico City, D. F. Mexico:</p>
+
+<p>     "<span class="smallcaps">Sir.</span>--It is generally believed that you inspired the recent act of
+     the health department of this city in having confiscated<a id="page_340"></a> copies of
+     a Spanish translation of ...'s famous book on how to practise birth
+     control, and in sentencing me to the penitentiary when I refused to
+     pay a $500 fine for publishing the said translation, which
+     outrageous and malicious penalty was revoked by order of Mexico's
+     Secretary of State, Manuel Aguirre Berlanga.</p>
+
+<p>     "It is hard to believe that a man of your intelligence and supposed
+     progressive ideas would be guilty of such a contemptible act. Yet
+     facts are facts and the facts leave little room for doubt that you
+     were to a large extent, if not almost entirely, responsible. The
+     persistent series of bitter and abusive articles published by your
+     newspaper, El Universal, against birth control and against me
+     personally, constitute convincing proof of your interest in
+     preventing contraceptive information from being diffused among the
+     Mexican people...."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the same issue of Gale's Mexican Socialist magazine there appears an
+article entitled, "First Congress of the National Socialist Party of
+Mexico." Speaking of the party platform to be adopted, Gale says in
+part:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Another clause should put the party squarely on record as opposing
+     the recent tyrannical and illegal effort of the Mexico City health
+     department to prevent the dissemination of scientific birth control
+     information among the poorer classes."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Hysterical critics of the New York Assembly have accused the Judiciary
+Committee of that body of accepting as evidence against the five
+suspended Socialist Assemblymen every conceivable reproach against the
+Socialist Party of America which could be scraped together out of its
+entire history. An inquiry to ascertain the qualifications of Socialists
+to make the laws of the land assuredly would be justified in searching
+every possible source of information. But, as a matter of fact, the
+Judiciary Committee confined its investigation to evidence bearing
+directly upon the political and governmental aspects of the case.</p>
+
+<p>Had the Judiciary Committee wished to bring out what would most surely
+and deeply shock the moral sense of the American people--the organized
+propagation of immorality with which the five suspended Assemblymen were
+linked--the facts given in this and the preceding chapter show that no
+difficulty would have been found in digging up overwhelming evidence.
+The preceding chapter shows the propagation of free-love doctrines
+through all the publicity departments of the Socialist Party of America.
+The present chapter shows that the "New York<a id="page_341"></a> Call," the chief political
+organ of the New York State branch of the Socialist Party of America,
+with which the five suspended Assemblymen were most intimately linked,
+has for years carried on an unclean and indecent propaganda to teach all
+within its polluting reach to violate one of the laws of the State of
+New York.<a id="page_342"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch22">
+<h2>CHAPTER XXII</h2>
+
+<h3>SOCIALIST ORGANIZATION AND "BORING IN"</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>The avowed enemies of our constitutional government have within recent
+years met with stupendous success in persuading the credulous to rely on
+their extravagant promises and to look forward to the golden era of
+Socialism with the same bright hopes that little children do to the
+candies and toys in kidnappers' homes.</p>
+
+<p>If it be asked why the conspirators against our country, religion,
+family and everything dear to us are so successful in their efforts to
+undermine the foundations of a grand and glorious nation like our own,
+the answer is that their astounding progress is due, first, to an
+exceptional zeal in the propagation of their doctrines, and, secondly,
+to the deceptive and specious arguments used for gaining recruits.</p>
+
+<p>The extraordinary activity that has secured for the Socialists of the
+United States by far the greater part of a million votes in several
+presidential elections, and the acceptance of their revolutionary
+doctrines by a much larger number of radicals, who for one reason or
+another do not vote the Marxian ticket, is manifested under many
+different aspects.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialist Party of the United States in the early part of 1919
+contained a little more than 100,000 dues-paying members, enrolled in
+approximately 7,000 locals and branches. The members of these locals and
+branches frequently meet to devise means for spreading the doctrines of
+Karl Marx and for overthrowing the government of our country. It is
+almost needless to add that their zeal would do great credit to men
+engaged in a truly noble cause. The American people would be astounded
+at their activity, should they carefully read, from the first to the
+last page, a single copy of one of the foremost Socialist papers such as
+the "New York Call." Socialists are working by the tens of thousands
+every day, from January 1st to December 31st, endeavoring to undermine
+our government. They have been doing this for years, and only recently
+have the American people begun to wake up. Waking up, however, will not
+suffice. We must act, act quickly and vigorously, before it is too late<a id="page_343"></a>
+and before the forces of destruction become too numerous to control.</p>
+
+<p>Supplementing the indoor work of the locals and branches, one cannot but
+notice the so-called soap-box orators, found on the street corners of
+nearly every city of importance in the country. The specialty of these
+men is to preach class hatred and arouse dissatisfaction in their
+audiences with the present system of government and industry, and after
+this to assert, but never to prove, that Socialism is the sole remedy
+for the evils of our time.</p>
+
+<p>It will be well to remember that the revolutionary Socialist Party, even
+as far back as 1913, published in the United States some 200 or more
+papers and periodicals in English, German, Bohemian, Polish, Jewish,
+Slovac, Slavonic, Danish, Italian, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Lettish,
+Norwegian, Croatian, Russian and Swedish. Attorney General Palmer made
+the number over 400 in 1919. Among the papers are two important dailies
+in English, "The Call" of New York City and the "Milwaukee Leader," two
+dailies<sup><a href="#fn_22" id="fna_22">22</a></sup> in German, two in Bohemian, one in Polish, and one in
+Yiddish, the "Forward," which in the spring of 1919 had a circulation of
+about 150,000. The "Appeal to Reason" was once the greatest Socialist
+weekly in the country having had, in the fall of 1912, a circulation of
+nearly a million copies. About the latter part of 1917 it became
+lukewarm in upholding Socialist anti-war principles. As a consequence it
+lost most of its circulation, and in March, 1920, was still looked upon
+contemptuously by most members of the Socialist Party.</p>
+
+<p>By the vivid pictures which the revolutionary papers and periodicals
+draw of the abuses, corruptions and wrongs of our age, they succeed in
+blinding many American citizens to such an extent that the latter do not
+realize that they have been caught in the snares of a deceitful and
+dangerous enemy. Like the soap-box orators, these publications, besides
+criticising real present-day abuses, frequently lie and exaggerate, and
+either assert that in the Marxian state man would enjoy the choicest
+blessings under heaven, or else arrive at this same conclusion by
+arguing from false and unproven assertions as premises. The Socialist
+papers and periodicals, notwithstanding their beautifully painted
+pictures of the visionary state, should in no way incline us towards
+enlisting under the red flag. For to say nothing of their lies and
+exaggerations, neither their criticisms of actual present-day wrongs,
+their unproven assertions of the<a id="page_344"></a> benefits of Socialism, nor their
+conclusions drawn from false and unfounded premises, show in any wise
+that the Marxian state would remedy existing evils and be a source of
+blessings to our people. Indeed, it would be just as foolish for us to
+trust in these revolutionary publications as it would be to confide in
+quacks who should ask us to purchase their so-called remedies merely
+because they had pointed out the harmful effects of a few drugs sold by
+a certain apothecary, or because they had claimed excellent healing
+properties for their own potions.</p>
+
+<p>Not only do the Marxians exert great influence through the papers which
+they publish, but they help their cause to a great extent by articles
+published in non-Socialist papers and magazines of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Another way in which they have distinguished themselves for their
+activity is by the immense number of books, novels and pamphlets they
+have written, large numbers of which are in circulation throughout our
+country and are rapidly undermining the very foundations of our National
+Government. As these works are found in abundance and are available to
+all classes of persons in public libraries, our country's library system
+is supplying its enemies with well-stocked arsenals wherein weapons are
+kept for the use of those who will one day join the ranks of these
+national conspirators.</p>
+
+<p>The leaflet campaign of the Socialists has long since reached alarming
+proportions. To show what progress has been made by the arch enemies of
+our country, two quotations are hereby presented to the reader. The
+first is a letter which appeared in "The Call," New York, March 31,
+1919, and reads as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "<span class="smallcaps">Editor of 'The Call'</span>:</p>
+
+<p>     "We are living in the days of big events. The revolution in Russia
+     has taught us some things that we ought to follow. One of them is
+     the distribution of literature. In the past we have been climbing
+     up four or five flights of stairs, standing on the street corners
+     handing out leaflets, wearing out our strength and patience. I took
+     a leaf out of the way the thing is done in Germany at present. All
+     over the city there are any number of large window sills, at the
+     top or very near the exits of the subway and elevated stations, the
+     window sills of large stores. These window sills will hold a large
+     amount of literature. Comrades going to work in the morning could
+     very easily place the leaflets on them; it would take only a few
+     seconds, the workers coming after them will pick them up. There is
+     also, in the downtown districts, quite a few empty newsstands that
+     are not used in<a id="page_345"></a> the morning. These newsstands are generally at the
+     very mouth of the subway stations. Then there are a number of
+     benches in and on the stations that can be used. Our overcoat
+     pockets will easily hold 100 or 200 pieces of literature. The time
+     it takes to transfer the literature from our pockets to the window
+     sills, newsstand or bench is about two seconds. I have been on the
+     job for the last three weeks and the results have been astonishing.
+     What are not picked up by the workers are in a few hours read by a
+     large number of those out of work. We have got to come to it in the
+     very near future. The halls are closed to us; let's get busy.</p>
+
+<p>     "Very cold, windy and rainy mornings are not very good ones. The
+     one big drawback is to get some Comrade to write the leaflets. The
+     leaflet I have used is one taken from 'The Call,' issued by local
+     Kings, entitled 'Hell in Russia.' The way the workers grab it does
+     your heart good.</p>
+
+<p>     "Yours for the education of the workers,</p>
+
+<p>     "<span class="smallcaps">Andrew B. DeMilt.</span></p>
+
+<p>     "P. S.--The above-named places are also good for that 'Call' you
+     have laying around the house."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the April 24, 1919, edition of "The Call," under the caption,
+"Official Socialist News," and the subheading, "Queens" (County, New
+York), we read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "<span class="smallcaps">100 Socialists Wanted</span></p>
+
+<p>     "One hundred are required tonight to aid in distributing Socialist
+     literature throughout the Ridgewood section. Those who are able and
+     willing to help should call this evening at the Queens County Labor
+     Lyceum, Myrtle and Cypress Avenues."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The number of revolutionary books, pamphlets and papers on the market is
+really astounding, and all out of proportion to the number of
+Socialists, Communists and I. W. W.'s who could possibly support them.
+Money for their publication must be forthcoming from other interested
+parties of considerable means. In fact, Deputy State Attorney General
+Samuel A. Berger, in a statement published in the "New York Times" on
+October 18, 1919, declared that rich radicals of the metropolis were the
+means of support for all but two of the forty or fifty extremely radical
+publications which reach 3,000,000 readers from New York City as a
+center. The same public official added that he did not have the
+authority to make known the names of the well-to-do men and women
+engaged thus in financing the plot to overthrow our National
+Government.<a id="page_346"></a></p>
+
+<p>Not only are the Reds rapidly undermining our institutions by means of
+literature, but also through the forces of organized labor. Enough has
+already been said in a previous chapter relative to the I. W. W. itself;
+but it will not be out of place to comment on the revolutionary
+influence which the I. W. W. and many Socialist labor leaders as, for
+example, Maurer of Pennsylvania, are bringing to bear upon the American
+Federation of Labor.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the I. W. W., as well as the Socialists and Communists
+throughout the country, have all along made every endeavor to fan the
+flames of class hatred between rich and poor, the employer and employee.
+They have, moreover, left nothing undone to promote discontent and
+strikes on as large a scale as possible with a view to finally ruining
+our present system of industry and the Government itself. Read any of
+the radical papers and you will be convinced that the "Red" rebels now
+place the greatest hopes for their rise to power in the strikes they are
+fomenting wherever and whenever an opportunity is offered.</p>
+
+<p>The Marxian leaders realize that the high cost of living is constantly
+gaining recruits for their cause, and that the greater the number of
+strikes and the greater the number of persons involved, the longer it
+will take to reduce the cost of the necessaries of life. They know that
+if the working class secures a six-hour day, a five-day week and, in
+addition, an immense increase in wages, production will fall far short
+of the demand, the cost of living will go up by leaps and bounds, and
+business men will be ruined. Workingmen will then lose their positions
+and discontent will be far more prevalent than ever. Again, if laboring
+men can only be made to break their wage contracts soon after every
+victorious strike, the industries of the whole country will soon be
+"topsy-turvy."</p>
+
+<p>What will bring on strikes more readily than to teach rebellion against
+all conservative labor leaders who would oppose uncalled-for walk-outs?
+It is much easier to get men to strike by having labor agitators
+harangue and deceive them, than it would be to have the workingmen
+quietly discuss both sides of the question honestly and fairly and then
+vote pro or con.</p>
+
+<p>Sympathetic strikes are well calculated to bring on a general strike,
+which might easily lead to the rebellion that the Reds so much desire.
+Strikes very often induce the action of courts against the workers
+involved and frequently demand the use of police and the calling out of
+troops, and thus the rebel "Reds"<a id="page_347"></a> obtain other arguments, sound or
+otherwise, to win more of the working-class to their diabolical cause.
+If the Socialist strike leaders are imprisoned, justly or not,
+Socialists do not fail to start nation-wide agitations for amnesty.
+Strikes, therefore, excessive demands, the breaking of wage contracts,
+revolts against conservative labor leaders, and impassioned
+class-conscious strike agitators are among the leading assets of the
+Marxian rebels for starting a bloody rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the laboring class, especially newly arrived immigrants, cannot
+see the ultimate aim of the radical leaders and never dream of the
+terrible times that will soon overwhelm them if the cost of living
+continues to rise, business is ruined, and a terrible rebellion drenches
+our fair land with rivers of blood, leaving in its trail anarchy, crime
+and evils without end. Of what use are higher wages won by strikes, if
+the cost of living ascends still more rapidly? Of what use are higher
+wages for a short time if all industries and our Government with them
+are to be ruined through continual strikes and unreasonable demands
+suggested and agitated by men who have never yet given a single proof
+that their Socialistic scheme would not fall a prey to anarchy and war?
+The Reds, no matter of what type they are, have never proven that their
+state would be a success, or that it would not have a million times as
+many defects as our present system. Their empty assertions prove nothing
+but the empty-mindedness and ignorance of their illogical rank and file.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Socialist, Communist and I. W. W. influence is making itself felt
+even in the American Federation of Labor. During 1919 many an
+unauthorized strike took place against the will of the lawful labor
+leaders. The printers' strike and longshoremen's strikes in New York
+City are examples. "Red" labor leaders and revolutionary propaganda
+ruined the cause of the steel strikers.</p>
+
+<p>The American Federation of Labor cannot afford to harbor Socialists and
+members of the I. W. W. It is doomed to shipwreck if it does not rid
+itself of Marxian agitators. The vast majority of the American people
+will not tolerate a revolutionary American Federation of Labor any more
+than they will tolerate a revolutionary I. W. W. If the principles of
+the American Federation of Labor become radical like those of the I. W.
+W., the Socialists, Communists and the Bolsheviki, the name "American"
+and past conservatism will never save our greatest labor organization
+from ruin. The greater part of the country<a id="page_348"></a> is rapidly lining up against
+unreasonable demands made in the name of organized labor, millions of
+farmers taking the lead. Extreme advantages to city workingmen would
+spell ruin to the farmers. Millions of others of the middle class in our
+cities will also soon unite with the farmers, for they are getting tired
+of the endless and costly series of unreasonable strikes.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialists and agents of the I. W. W. have for years been "boring
+from within" the A. F. of L. In other words, these Marxians, though
+members of the A. F. of L., are undermining its conservatism,
+discrediting and seeking to displace its less radical leaders, changing
+its policy of co-operation between capital and labor into one of class
+hatred between employee and employer, and attempting to reorganize it
+along industrial lines, rather than along those of the various craft
+divisions of each industry, with a view to making strikes more
+widespread and dangerous for our Government. In a word, they are seeking
+to turn the A. F. of L. into a second I. W. W., destined to join forces
+with Haywood's discredited industrial union of rebels.</p>
+
+<p>William Z. Foster, national leader of the steel strikers in the fall of
+1919, affords us an example of an I. W. W. agent "boring from within"
+the A. F. of L.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Carl W. Ackerman informs us in the "Boston Evening Transcript,"
+September 24, 1919, that the first appearance of Foster as a radical was
+in 1910, when, as a reporter for the "Seattle Call," a Socialist paper
+at that time, he was sent along the Pacific Coast to report a number of
+so-called free speech fights. "From this," continues Mr. Ackerman, "he
+appears to have developed into a general agitator. As a result of his
+tour of the west he joined the I. W. W. and in this capacity he began to
+advocate sabotage....</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In 1911, while a member of the I. W. W., Foster went to Europe and
+     visited France, Germany and Hungary as a correspondent of
+     'Solidarity,' the official organ of the I. W. W. in America, at
+     that time published at New Castle, Pa. He wrote many articles for
+     this publication, some of them signed, 'Yours for the I. W. W., W.
+     Z. Foster,' and others, 'Yours for the revolution, W. Z. Foster.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In a letter written by Foster in 1911 and on file in the office of the
+United States District Attorney in Chicago, Foster said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "I am satisfied from my observation that the only way for an I. W.
+     W. to have the workers adopt and practice the principles of
+     revolutionary unionism, which I take it is its mission,<a id="page_349"></a> is to give
+     up the attempt to create a new labor movement, turn itself into a
+     propaganda league, get into the organized labor movement, and by
+     building up better fighting machinery within the old unions than
+     these possessed by our reactionary enemies, revolutionize these
+     unions, even as our French syndicalist fellow-workers have so
+     successfully done."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This letter, showing Foster's plan of "boring from within" the A. F. of
+L., was signed, "Yours for the revolution."</p>
+
+<p>As late as 1915 Foster brought out a book entitled, "Trade Unionism, the
+Road to Freedom." Several excerpts taken from the sixth chapter show the
+true frame of mind of this leader, who has recently gained such a
+following in the A. F. of L.:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Under the new order as pictured above, government, such as we know
+     it, would gradually disappear. In an era of science and justice
+     this makeshift institution, having lost its usefulness, would
+     shrivel and die....</p>
+
+<p>     "Criminal courts, police, jails and the like would go also. Crime
+     is due almost wholly to poverty. In a reign of plenty for all, it
+     would practically disappear.... People would no longer have to
+     wrangle over property rights. The industries now in the hands of
+     national, state and municipal governments would be given over
+     completely into the care of the workers engaged in them.... With
+     war, crime, class antagonisms and property squabbles obliterated,
+     and the management of industry taken from its care, little or no
+     excuse would exist for government."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The November 8, 1919, report of the Senate Committee on Education and
+Labor, in its investigation of the nation-wide steel strike, commented
+as follows on Foster:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Such men are dangerous to the country and they are dangerous to
+     the cause of union labor. It is unfair to men who may be struggling
+     for their rights to be represented by such leaders. It prevents
+     them from securing proper hearing for their cause. If Mr. Foster
+     has the real interest of the laboring man at heart he should remove
+     himself from any leadership. His leadership injures instead of
+     helping. If he will not remove himself from leadership the American
+     Federation of Labor should purge itself of such leadership in order
+     to sustain the confidence which the country has had in it under the
+     leadership of Mr. Gompers."
+<a id="page_350"></a></p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch23">
+<h2>CHAPTER XXIII</h2>
+
+<h3>ENLISTING RECRUITS FOR THE CONSPIRACY</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>The success or failure of the Marxian movement will, to a great extent,
+depend upon the ability of the revolutionists to gain control of the
+schools, colleges and universities of the United States. That they have
+been long active in spreading their pernicious doctrines among the young
+is evident to all who are closely in touch with Socialist activities.</p>
+
+<p>In our country there exist what are known as Socialist Sunday schools.
+The revolutionists themselves tell us that the aim and purpose of these
+schools is the destructive work of tearing down old superstitious ideas
+of territorial patriotism, and that such schools should be founded in as
+many places as possible, to counteract the influences of churches,
+synagogues and public schools.</p>
+
+<p>Page 68 of the "Proceedings of the 1910 National Congress of the
+Socialist Party," clearly indicates the exceptional importance which
+Marxians attach to their training of the young:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Among the special fields of Socialistic propaganda the education
+     of our boys and girls to an understanding of the Socialist
+     philosophy is one of the most important. The ultimate battles of
+     Socialism will largely be fought by the growing generation, and we
+     must begin early to train the latter for its part. The Socialists
+     of Europe have long appreciated the importance of the task, and in
+     almost every country they have built up a strong organization of
+     young people. The Socialists of America are just beginning to turn
+     their attention to the problem....</p>
+
+<p>     "The teaching of infants is a task which requires a good deal of
+     professional training, and no Socialist 'Sunday schools' for very
+     young children should be established where we do not have
+     experienced and reliable teachers to conduct them....</p>
+
+<p>     "It is quite otherwise with children of the maturer age of, say,
+     fourteen years and upward. Young people of that age normally
+     possess sufficient strength of mind to grasp the main philosophy
+     and aims of our movement intelligently, and their training into the
+     Socialist mode of thought and action cannot be conducted with too
+     much zeal and energy. Young people's<a id="page_351"></a> clubs, societies for the
+     study of Socialism should be formed all over the country as regular
+     adjuncts to our party organization, and very serious consideration
+     should be given to them by the adult Socialists. But they should
+     remain primarily study clubs, and should not be encouraged to
+     engage in practical political activity, which can do but little
+     good to our movement, and may tend to arrest the intelligent growth
+     of the youthful enthusiasts. When they will reach a maturer age
+     they will be better and more efficient workers in the movement for
+     having made a more thorough study of its theory and methods."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"The Call," New York, March 30, 1913, commenting on teaching Socialism
+to the young, adds: "Up to the present time only men vote in most of the
+states, and they do not use the ballot until they are 21 years of age.
+It stands to reason that for the intelligent use of the ballot there
+must be proper preparation and education. We cannot expect people to
+vote right unless they are trained right....</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "If you want or expect men and women to be good and intelligent
+     voters at the age of 21, then something most vital must be done
+     with them before they reach that age. From 5 to 21, that's a long
+     road. That's the impressionable period. That's the time at which
+     the people are prepared to become good Socialists or good opponents
+     of Socialism. And the latter quite as readily as the former....</p>
+
+<p>     "Catch them young! That's it. But how? In lots of ways. Get them
+     coming our way. Let them lose their fear of us. Have them come to a
+     dance and find out that we are human. It surprises them sometimes.
+     When they realize that, they are partly won.</p>
+
+<p>     "Educating the young to Socialism is a matter of 'indirect' action
+     rather than 'direct' action. It would be the height of folly to try
+     to cram Karl Marx down these new young throats. That will come in
+     time. Start them on something easier, something less drastic. Sugar
+     coat your bitter pills a little."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It is possible, in conformity with this last suggestion, that after the
+parade of Socialist children of New York City, on May Day, 1913, they
+were to be treated, as we are informed in "The Call" on the same day, to
+a feast of ice cream and cake and a series of thrilling moving pictures
+of the struggles between the police and the strikers at Lawrence and
+Little Falls.</p>
+
+<p>With this short diversion, we shall return to the article in "The Call"
+of March 30, 1913, which goes on to say that "the<a id="page_352"></a> young people should
+be gradually educated to rebellion and revolution. Songs will help.
+Plays will help. Casual talk here and there will aid. It must soak in.
+You can't flood them with stuff in two days. Rebels that are made in two
+days may stick in a crisis, but I don't believe they will."</p>
+
+<p>It certainly is interesting to read "Lesson 24," taken from the
+"Socialist Primer," a little book which a man named Klein has prepared
+for the use of children attending the Socialist Sunday schools:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Here is a man with a gun; he is in the troop. You see he has a
+     nice suit on. Does he work? No, the man with the gun does no work.
+     His work is to shoot men who do work. Is it nice to shoot men?
+     Would you like to shoot a man? This man eats, drinks, wears
+     clothes, but does no work. Do you think that is nice? Yes, this is
+     nice for the fat man, but bad for the thin; so he owns the man with
+     the gun. When the thin man will have the law on his side, there
+     will be no more men with guns. Who makes the gun? The man who
+     works. Who makes the nice suit? The man who works. Who gets shot
+     with the gun? The man who works. Who gets the bad clothes? The man
+     who works. Is this right? No, this is wrong!"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In "The Call," New York, April 17, 1919, there appeared the following
+advertisement of a coming entertainment to be given by a Socialist
+Sunday school of the Brownsville section of Brooklyn:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Sunday School Gives Concert in Brownsville</p>
+
+<p>     "The annual entertainment and concert of the Brownsville Socialist
+     Sunday school will take place tomorrow evening at the Brownsville
+     Labor Lyceum. The capitalist press has lately discovered that there
+     are Socialist Sunday schools in the city. They even send their
+     reporters to discover what awful things Socialist children are
+     taught there. The American Defence Society has just undertaken a
+     vigorous nation-wide fight against Bolshevism in general and
+     Socialist Sunday schools in particular. All school children and the
+     parochial schools are to be enlisted in this glorious work. The
+     Protestant churches, not to be outdone, are also organizing to save
+     the children from Socialism. The growth of the Socialist schools is
+     throwing fear into the hearts of the capitalists. Brownsville
+     parents can do no better than to help make this school, now one of
+     the largest in the country, even better and stronger than it is.<a id="page_353"></a> A
+     splendid musical program has been arranged and, in addition, the
+     children will sing, dance and recite. Tickets may be bought at the
+     Lyceum."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Every parent will understand the subtle, insidious poison of rebellion
+against parental authority and guidance instilled into young minds by
+such items as the following, from the "New York Call" of July 16, 1919:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Independence is one of the finest qualities of youth. In an
+     inspiring postal card to her mother (copies of which might well be
+     put into the hands of young children everywhere), Hilda Stydocker,
+     14, of 3 Washington Avenue, West Orange, states that she is going
+     to 'earn her own living and take care of herself.' Previously
+     gossip had been circulated to the effect that Hilda had been
+     kidnapped."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In a previous issue of "The Call," April 4, 1919, part of a speech given
+by H. B. Shaen, president of the Brooklyn Sunday School Union, is
+quoted:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "It is a question of great moment," President Shaen said yesterday.
+     "It must be dealt with drastically, effectively and immediately.
+     Bolshevism is a greater menace than we like to believe. The
+     proposed establishment of 3,000 so-called Socialist schools in this
+     city will be a blow at religion, at government, at decency. It
+     might be a fatal error to underestimate the pernicious influence of
+     this organization that seeks to sow disquieting seeds by deceiving
+     young America with false beliefs."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Mr. Woodworth Clum, of the Greater Iowa Association, in volume 4, number
+1, of "The Iowa Magazine," gives the following shocking account of
+Socialistic propaganda among school children carried on in the northwest
+by Townley's Non-Partisan League:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Non-Partisan League, under direction of Townley and Le Seur,
+     has taken possession of the schools of North Dakota--and may get
+     control of the schools of Minnesota.... Radical doctrines are
+     becoming part of the regular curricula. I have a statement from O.
+     B. Burtness, representative in the North Dakota Legislature from
+     Grand Forks. Here it is:</p>
+
+<p>     "'The board of administration has placed in charge of the state
+     library, to select the reading for our schools, C. E. Strangeland.
+     He is telling our school children what to read. I found in our
+     state library, the other day, a bundle of books, all ready to be
+     sent to one of our country schools--a circulating library. If the
+     farmers of North Dakota could have seen what I saw, they<a id="page_354"></a> would
+     have come to Bismarck and cleaned out the whole Socialist gang.
+     Here are the titles of some of those books I saw:</p>
+
+<p>     "'"Socialism and Modern Science," Ferri.</p>
+
+<p>     "'"Evolution and Property," La Farge.</p>
+
+<p>     "'"Not Guilty," Blatchford.</p>
+
+<p>     "'"Love and Marriage," Ellen Key.</p>
+
+<p>     "'"Love and Ethics," Ellen Key.</p>
+
+<p>     "'"The Bolshevik and World Peace," Leon Trotzky.</p>
+
+<p>     "'"The History of the Supreme Court," Meyers.</p>
+
+<p>     "'"The Profits of Religion," Sinclair.</p>
+
+<p>     "'"Anarchism and Socialism," Harris.'</p>
+
+<p>     "Ellen Key is a pronounced advocate of free-love and the
+     dissolution of marriage."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In high schools, especially those of New York City, many teachers have
+been using every opportunity for advocating Socialism and other radical
+doctrines in the classroom and out of it. Students, in order to win
+favor with some of these teachers, at times show zeal for Socialistic
+tenets both in oral and written composition. Quite a number of the
+teachers are Socialists themselves, have become known as such throughout
+the schools and use their influence to win over others. Many books given
+by these teachers for outside reading are by Socialist or radical
+authors.</p>
+
+<p>On the editorial page of "The New York Times," April 9, 1919, there is
+an article against the "Teachers' Union," a Socialist and radical
+organization of many of the teachers of New York City. Under the title,
+"Forbidden to Preach Sedition," we read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "There will be, presumably, much excited denunciation of the Board
+     of Education for closing the public schools to meetings of the
+     Teachers' Union. The familiar complaints about infringing the right
+     of free speech will be heard, and--well, the complaints will be as
+     ill-based as they usually are.</p>
+
+<p>     "In the first place, while speech is free in this country, it is
+     not, any more than it is or can be, anywhere, free to the extent
+     that anybody is free to say anything at any time and any place.
+     Restrictions of several kinds there are and must be, including
+     those by which decency and the safety of our institutions are
+     protected. On the other hand, the members of the Teachers' Union
+     have not been reduced--as yet--to silence. They have simply been
+     told that they cannot use the city's property in the campaign which
+     they have undertaken against an important branch of the City
+     Government. They are still privileged to hire as many halls as they
+     please in which<a id="page_355"></a> to accuse the Board of Education of tyranny, and
+     to protest against the enforcement of discipline against teachers
+     with a leaning toward Bolshevism, and a tendency to mingle
+     Socialistic and pro-German propaganda with instruction in the three
+     R's.</p>
+
+<p>     "In this instance, as in so many others, the use of schoolhouses
+     for meetings of adults with opinions to express and doctrines to
+     preach has resulted unhappily. The adults who gather seem always,
+     or almost always, to be, not average, well-disposed citizens, but a
+     more or less incendiary minority who want to change things--and to
+     change them a lot and very quickly. That aspiration is not wholly
+     indefensible, for a good many things would be the better for
+     changing, but real light and leading have not often been found on
+     top at meetings in schoolhouses, and experience has proved that the
+     Teachers' Union has neither to offer."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The following is from the "New York World" of November 20, 1919:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Fifteen teachers in city schools will appear before Deputy
+     Attorney General Berger tomorrow afternoon to be questioned to
+     determine if they are dangerous radicals. Examination of the
+     records of the Communist Party seized in recent raids has resulted
+     in evidence indicating that each of the teachers is a member of
+     that organization....</p>
+
+<p>     "Superintendent of Schools Ettinger revoked the license, yesterday,
+     of Sonia Ginsberg, a teacher in School No. 170 in Brooklyn, who
+     admitted she would like to see the United States Government
+     displaced by one similar to the Bolshevist regime in Russia. Miss
+     Ginsberg, born in Russia, was naturalized as a citizen last June."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>For many years the Intercollegiate Socialist Society has been winning
+college and university students to the doctrines of the Social
+Revolution through the medium of the various branches that it
+establishes in such institutions. The Intercollegiate Socialist Society
+sometime ago had, in the different colleges and universities of our
+country, between 60 and 70 chapters, or Socialist local societies, with
+Socialist libraries, and lecturers in frequent attendance. Every year
+chapter-delegates are sent to an intercollegiate convention from nearly
+all the important American universities, including Harvard, Yale,
+Princeton, Columbia, Barnard, Amherst, Brown, Pennsylvania, Michigan,
+Wisconsin, Kansas, Missouri, and Chicago. Even Vassar, which had 86
+members in the first year in which the Intercollegiate was organized, is
+included in the long list. Harry W. Laidler,<a id="page_356"></a> organizer of the Socialist
+chapters and secretary of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society, claims
+that all the universities now throw open their large assembly rooms for
+addresses by the visiting lecturers, give quarters in the college
+buildings to the Socialist chapters, and permit the use of the college
+publications in the dissemination of propagandist literature, if it is
+written by bona fide students.</p>
+
+<p>We shall reproduce a letter which shows what is going on in our colleges
+and universities. The identification of the writer, person addressed,
+and others mentioned in the letter, is made on the authority of Mr.
+Woodworth Clum, of the Greater Iowa Association, Davenport, Iowa.</p>
+
+<p>The letter was written July 29, 1919, by Arthur W. Calhoun, then
+instructor in sociology and political economy at Ohio State University,
+Columbus, Ohio. It was written to Professor Zeuch, then instructor at
+the University of Minnesota, now an instructor at Cornell University.
+"Gras," mentioned in the letter, is Professor N. S. B. Gras, a member of
+the Faculty of the University of Minnesota. The letter also mentions E.
+C. Hayes, who is professor of sociology at the University of Illinois,
+President Grose of DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana, and E. A.
+Ross, professor of sociology at the University of Wisconsin and Advisory
+Editor of the American Journal of Sociology. The "Beals" mentioned in
+the letter, says Mr. Clum, "was formerly a university professor and old
+friend of Calhoun's. He is now openly advocating Bolshevism." Toward the
+end of the letter, Calhoun says: "Greencastle is too small to do much
+with the co-op." This "co-op" is the Tri-State Co-operative Society of
+Pittsburg, and, says Mr. Clum, "the society's business is the production
+and distribution of vicious 'red' propaganda." Calhoun is or was one of
+its directors.</p>
+
+<p>The letter, copied from a fac-simile of the original in volume 4, number
+1, of "The Iowa Magazine," Davenport, Iowa, is as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "<span class="smallcaps">55 E. Norwich Av., Columbus, O.</span>, <i>July 29.</i></p>
+
+<p>     "<span class="smallcaps">Dear Zeuch</span>:--</p>
+
+<p>     "I think I accept all you say about the condition of the
+     proletariat and the impossibility of the immediate revolution. But
+     I am less interested in the verbiage of the Left Wing than in the
+     idea of keeping ultimates everlastingly in the center of attention
+     to the exclusion of mere puttering reforms. One of the things that
+     will hasten the revolution is to spread the notion<a id="page_357"></a> that it <i>can</i>
+     come soon. If the Left Wing adopts impossibilist methods of
+     campaign, I shall stand aloof, but if they push for Confiscation,
+     Equality of Economic Status, and the speedy elimination of class
+     privilege, and keep their heads, I shall go with them rather than
+     the yellows.</p>
+
+<p>     "If Gras is doing what he says and I am doing what he says, he is
+     right in saying that he is doing the better job. I wonder, however,
+     how many of his students draw the 'necessary' conclusions: and I
+     wonder whether I do all my students' thinking for them.</p>
+
+<p>     "Ellery is feeling at Columbus and also at Illinois. I had a letter
+     from Hayes about him.</p>
+
+<p>     "I have accepted the professorship of Sociology at De Pauw
+     University. The job pays $2200 this year with assurance of $2400 if
+     I stay a second year. The president has been here three times and
+     had long interviews with me. Besides we have written a lot. I told
+     him I belong to the radical Socialists. I expounded my general
+     principles on all important points. He knows also of the
+     circumstances of my leaving Clark and Kentucky. He says he is in
+     substantial agreement with most of what I have said and that he
+     sees no reason why I can not get along at De Pauw. He says he feels
+     confident it will be a permanency. Ross had some hand in the game.
+     Pres. Grose interviewed him at Madison last week and Ross wrote
+     encouraging me to take the place. I did not make any great effort.
+     Grose knew that I did not care much one way or the other. He took
+     the initiative almost from the start and I sat back and waited. I'm
+     afraid Greencastle is too small to do much with the co-op.
+     Population 4000, 30 miles north of Bloomington. 800 students,
+     mostly in college, a few in School of Music, a few graduate
+     students. Hudson is prof. of Ec. there.</p>
+
+<p>     "Beals was here last week. He is pushing the 'Nation.' Says the
+     circulation has quadrupled since they became Bolshevist.</p>
+
+<p>     "As ever,</p>
+
+<p>     "AWC"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Rand School, in New York City, is known as the University of
+Socialism and is said to have had 5,000 attending its lectures in the
+year 1918. The purpose of the school, as originally conceived, and as
+adhered to throughout, is twofold, first, to offer to the general public
+facilities for the study of Socialism and related subjects. This is done
+by its reference library and reading-room and by its large book store,
+in which are sold not<a id="page_358"></a> only Socialist books, but books on atheism as
+well; not only the more conservative Socialist papers, but ultra
+revolutionary papers such as "The Revolutionary Age," "The Proletarian,"
+many Bolshevist publications, and "The Rebel Worker" and "The New
+Solidarity," the latter two being I. W. W. papers.</p>
+
+<p>The last time the author of "The Red Conspiracy" visited the Rand School
+book store, there was on sale a pile of Birth Control Reviews several
+feet high, "The One Big Union Monthly," the I. W. W. organ, and enough
+foul and revolutionary matter to satisfy the filthiest or most
+blood-thirsty wretch in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The second purpose of the Rand School is to offer to Socialists such
+instruction and training as may make them more efficient workers for the
+Socialist movement. This is done by means of lectures, some 5,000
+students attending, on an average, 20 lectures each in the year 1918.
+The school also directs extension classes in outlying parts of the city
+and neighboring places and correspondence courses for study classes and
+individual students in all parts of the country. It conducts a bureau to
+provide lectures on Socialism for clubs, trade unions, forums and other
+organizations not otherwise connected with the school. For years this
+school, which was raided under the direction of the Lusk Committee, has
+been sowing the seeds of class hatred and class discrimination, now
+everywhere springing up round about us. The laws have been too tolerant,
+and it has been permitted to go on without interference far too long. In
+referring to documents seized in the raids in the summer of 1919, Deputy
+Attorney General Conklin said that the papers "are so carefully and
+cleverly phrased" that no single sentence can be picked out as in
+violation of the law. "Yet," he adds, "taken as a whole, the documents
+are seditious, in my opinion." They were made a matter of record,
+awaiting the disposition of the District Attorney of New York.</p>
+
+<p>These facts speak for themselves. It scarcely need be said that unless
+this propaganda is checked, the power and strength of the Socialist
+Party will soon assume tremendous proportions, imperilling the existence
+of our nation.</p>
+
+<p>Another field of work to which the enemies of our country have been
+devoting special attention is the propagation of revolutionary doctrines
+among the non-English speaking residents of the United States. Page 69
+of the "Proceedings of the 1910 National Congress of the Socialist
+Party" informs us that "the American people are, after all, a nation of
+immigrants. We<a id="page_359"></a> count our Americanism by a very few generations, and the
+foreign population has always played an important part in the industrial
+and political life of the country. At this time there are over ten
+million foreign born persons in the United States. Most of them are
+workers, and most of them still speak, write and read in their native
+tongues.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The powers of capital, through their political and so-called
+     educational agencies, and often with the aid of the churches, are
+     constantly at work prejudicing them against Socialism and arraying
+     them against organized labor.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Socialists must make energetic efforts to counteract these
+     baneful influences and to reach the foreign workers with their
+     propaganda.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Socialist Party has branch organizations among all, or almost
+     all, of these nationalities, and a few of these organizations have
+     reached a high degree of strength and a large measure of influence
+     among the people of their nationalities....</p>
+
+<p>     "These organizations work under conditions different from those of
+     the party as a whole. In each case they deal with a special type of
+     persons, of a psychology and of economic conditions peculiarly
+     their own, and they are the most competent judges of the methods of
+     propaganda best suitable to their own countrymen. The party should
+     allow such non-English speaking organizations the greatest freedom
+     of action, and should assist them in every way in their special
+     work of Socialist propaganda."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It may interest the reader to learn that the Socialist Party is so much
+concerned with its propaganda among foreigners, that in its 1913 May Day
+parade in New York City pink leaflets headed "WOMEN, BECOME CITIZENS,"
+were distributed. They read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "If you hope to be a voter, remember that you must be a citizen!
+     Don't delay! Come to the NATURALIZATION BUREAU of the SOCIALIST
+     PARTY next Tuesday evening, and let us help you to become
+     naturalized." It was, of course, an understood fact that the
+     Socialist Party would, besides helping such women to become
+     naturalized, also help them to become Revolutionists.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On May 18, 1912, May Wood-Simons reported to the National Convention of
+the Socialist Party the recommendations of the Woman's National
+Committee, urging the carrying of the propaganda of Socialism to the
+housewife, the woman on<a id="page_360"></a> the farm, to teachers, foreign speaking women
+and women in industry. ("The Call," New York, May 19, 1912.)</p>
+
+<p>Though the zeal of the national foe in its propaganda of revolutionary
+principles is manifested in many other ways, only a few more
+illustrations will be given. Many thousands of copies of the "Appeal to
+Reason," when it was the foremost American Socialist paper, found their
+way into the camps and upon the battleships of our country.</p>
+
+<p>At the Socialist National Convention of 1912, held in Indianapolis,
+Delegate Kate Sadler pointed out how Socialist locals had been organized
+on various battleships in the navy and how she was accustomed to hold
+meetings on Sunday afternoons on the men-of-war at the navy yard,
+Bremerton, Washington. "We'll get the boys organized into the Socialist
+Party," she declared, and the Socialist Convention voted to adopt the
+resolution. ("The Call," New York, May 17, 1912.)</p>
+
+<p>During recent years no one who has carefully read the public press could
+have failed to notice that the Socialists have been carrying on an
+active campaign of lies and deceptions in the form of letters which they
+have sent to the editors of the daily papers, with the request that the
+same be published for the enlightenment of the public regarding the
+general excellency of the Socialist movement.</p>
+
+<p>In "The Call," New York, March 23, 1913, it is said that "the man or
+woman who can convey the message of Socialism through speaking is
+fortunate, and when it can be done through speaking and writing, the
+Comrade is doubly lucky. But Ryan Walker can do it through speaking and
+writing and the cartoon that makes you laugh or makes you mad.... The
+cartoons that Walker has been putting over in 'The Call,' 'The Coming
+Nation' and the 'Appeal to Reason' have been copied in Socialist papers
+all over the world, in England, Scotland, Germany, Australia, and they
+are doing their work in these countries the same as they do it here. The
+Socialist cartoonists have been accomplishing some of the biggest
+propaganda work that is done by any one of our active members, and while
+they are getting the laugh on capitalism, and getting the laugh on the
+fool workingman, they are arousing the worker to cast aside his
+foolishness, and at the same time cast aside the foolishness of the
+capitalist. Getting the laugh on the capitalist, showing how ridiculous
+and weak he is, is a great preliminary to getting rid of him."<a id="page_361"></a></p>
+
+<p>The Socialists are inspired with such an ardent desire for the success
+of their movement, that they have written theatrical plays and have even
+had moving picture films made, so that by representing in a most vivid
+manner the evils and abuses of our day, they may persuade the unwary
+that Socialism would mean the absence of sufferings and wrongs of every
+description.</p>
+
+<p>We elsewhere have called attention to I. W. W. effort to organize the
+negroes of America. The work of making rebels of the negroes is also
+carried on assiduously by the Socialist Party of America. Says "The
+National Civic Federation Review," July 30, 1919:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Among the propaganda material found on sale by agents of the Lusk
+     Committee in the Rand School book store were copies of 'The
+     Messenger,' on the front page of which it is called, 'The Only
+     Radical Negro Magazine in America,' of which Chandler Owen and A.
+     Philip Randolph are editors....</p>
+
+<p>     "Both of the editors of this magazine, who are negroes, are
+     instructors at the Rand School of Social Science."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In "The Open Forum" of the September, 1919, issue of "The Messenger"
+three letters are given as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "<span class="smallcaps">Dear Comrade Owen</span>:</p>
+
+<p>     "I enclose a check for $25.00 as a contribution to the organization
+     fund being raised by 'The Messenger.' I know of no more important
+     and vital work in the field of American Socialism and Labor today
+     than the effort of your group to incorporate the large masses of
+     Negro workers in the ranks of the advanced and class-conscious
+     white workers in the industrial and political fields.</p>
+
+<p>     "My heartiest wishes for the success of your movement.</p>
+
+<p>     "Sincerely and fraternally yours,</p>
+
+<p>     "<span class="smallcaps">Morris Hillquit</span>."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "<span class="smallcaps">To the Editors of 'The Messenger'</span>:</p>
+
+<p>     "<span class="smallcaps">Dear Comrades.</span>--The work which you are doing is vital. Your people
+     constitute more than a tenth of the total population of the United
+     States. We are all native born Americans. If there is to be
+     progress made, particularly in the great Southland, by the
+     Socialist Movement, it must be made by and through colored people.
+     Enclosed is my check for Five Dollars, for the first share of stock
+     in 'The Messenger.' With it goes my heart good wishes for the
+     success of your work.</p>
+
+<p>     "Yours truly,</p>
+
+<p>     "<span class="smallcaps">Scott Nearing</span>."
+<a id="page_362"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "<span class="smallcaps">Dear Sir and Brother</span>:</p>
+
+<p>     "Enclosed please find check for the amount of $100.00 in reply to
+     the appeal presented by you at the last meeting of our Board of
+     Directors for support to enable you to continue the noble work you
+     have undertaken to enlighten the colored worker in this country
+     upon his being exploited by the master class.</p>
+
+<p>     "We wish you success in the work you are conducting on this field
+     and you can rely upon the assurance of our organization for all
+     possible assistance in the future.</p>
+
+<p>     "Fraternally yours,</p>
+
+<p>     "<span class="smallcaps">P. Monat.</span>"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In view of the frightful character of the very active propaganda that is
+being carried on by the enemies of our country, does it not behoove
+every loyal and patriotic American to rise in his power and wipe out the
+Red plague that is rapidly disseminating its destructive germs
+throughout the United States?<a id="page_363"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch24">
+<h2>CHAPTER XXIV</h2>
+
+<h3>EXPERTS IN THE ART OF DECEPTION</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>It remains to be shown that the rapid spread of Socialism, besides being
+due to the extraordinary zeal of the Revolutionists, is largely the
+result of artful deception.</p>
+
+<p>The Marxians, who are fond of being called "scientific" Socialists, may
+very aptly be compared to little boys who might try to prove to their
+teacher that the solution of a certain problem in mathematics was
+correct, because that of another problem of an entirely different nature
+was wrong. Or, better still, they may be likened to an egg dealer who
+would attempt to prove to a customer that every egg in one crate was
+good, because a few in another were unfit for use. The appropriateness
+of comparing the "scientific" Socialists to the amusing youngsters, or
+to the illogical egg dealer, will be evident to the reader when he
+reflects that the revolutionists, north, south, east and west, from the
+first day of January till the last of December, condemn the present
+system of government and industry, endeavoring thereby to persuade the
+people that Socialism is the only remedy for the evils from which they
+are suffering.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the speeches and writings of the "Knights of the Red Flag"
+consist in severely criticising prevalent evils. By attacking the
+present system of government and industry they hope to have the
+workingmen conclude that the Socialist Party alone can save mankind from
+complete ruin. This, then, is the way in which "scientific" Socialism
+leads unreflecting laborers to believe that the contemplated state would
+be the most perfect institution under heaven, replete with countless
+blessings and free from every evil.</p>
+
+<p>It often happens that the revolutionists dazzle the eyes of the weary
+with the vivid pictures that they draw of intolerable civil and economic
+conditions, whether these be true, false or imaginary. The result is
+that the poor people frequently brood over the wrongs from which they
+happen to be suffering. They become so thoroughly discontented and
+blinded with class hatred that they are no longer able to see the
+advantage of<a id="page_364"></a> reforming the present system by constitutional and lawful
+methods. Finally, when they have almost lost their reason and can no
+longer realize that the drug offered them has never been proven capable
+of remedying the evils that weigh heavily upon them, they accept and
+swallow the poisonous dose of Socialism and become a thousand times more
+wretched than they were before. The very potion they drink, with a view
+to being cured, makes them most unhappy for the rest of their lives, and
+in many cases for all eternity. If there is anything that non-Socialists
+should be on their guard against it is this base form of tactics by
+which the revolutionists have been eminently successful in gaining new
+recruits.</p>
+
+<p>If those whose party emblem is a flaming torch could even prove that
+everything without exception in the present system of industry is worthy
+of condemnation, and that the entire government is corrupt to its very
+core, it would no more follow from this that Socialism was the remedy
+than it would follow that the solution of one problem in mathematics
+must be correct because another solution of an entirely different nature
+was wrong, or that all the eggs in one crate must be good because there
+were some in a second crate unfit for use.</p>
+
+<p>It is very common for Socialists to assume that certain fundamental
+principles have been proven to be true, whereas the fact is that these
+very premises, from which they draw their conclusions, are often false
+and without the slightest foundation. An excellent illustration of this
+has already been given in preceding pages, where it was shown that the
+Socialists incorrectly assumed that there would be no poverty in their
+state, and argued from this that there would be very little
+prostitution. It is evident, therefore, that unless those who listen to
+the Marxians are on their guard and demand that the premises be proven
+the Socialists may deduce from incorrect premises conclusions which will
+make it appear that their intended state will bestow heaven's choicest
+blessings upon mankind.</p>
+
+<p>Though examples of deceit have already been given, the attention of the
+reader will be called to the testimony of no less an authority than
+Eugene V. Debs, who in the following article, published in the
+"International Socialist Review," Chicago, January, 1911, will be seen
+to substantiate our charge:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The truth is that we have not a few members who regard vote
+     getting as a supreme importance, no matter by what methods the
+     votes may be secured, and this leads them to hold out inducements,
+     and make representations which are not at<a id="page_365"></a> all compatible with the
+     stern and uncomprising principles of a revolutionary party. They
+     seek to make the Socialist propaganda so attractive--eliminating
+     whatever may give offence--to bourgeois sensibilities--that it
+     serves as a bait for votes, rather than as a means for education,
+     and votes thus secured do not properly belong to us."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It is not unfrequently that we hear Socialists appealing to this or that
+plank of their party platform as proof sufficient that their
+organization favors or opposes a certain policy. An argument of this
+sort should have very little weight with careful thinking men, once
+their attention has been called to the fact that the Socialists have
+been proven guilty of a base lie by stating in their 1908 platform that
+the party is not concerned with matters of religious belief. But even if
+the revolutionists had never inserted in their platform a statement that
+was untrue, nevertheless the following facts show that their platform
+planks are very far from being reliable.</p>
+
+<p>The delegates of the party assembled in national convention on May 15,
+1908, by a vote of 102 to 33 passed a plank declaring for the
+<i>collective ownership of all the land</i>. ("Proceedings of 1908 National
+Convention of the Socialist Party," page 186.)</p>
+
+<p>It was on September 7, 1909, less than a year and four months after the
+adjournment of the convention of 1908, that the words declaring for the
+<i>collective ownership of all the land</i> were, by a referendum, <i>stricken
+from the party platform</i>, while by another referendum it was decided to
+insert among the principles of the platform that the party was <i>not
+opposed to the occupation and possession of land by those using it in a
+useful and bona fide manner without exploitation</i>. ("Proceedings of the
+1910 National Congress of the Socialist Party," page 25.)</p>
+
+<p>About eight months after the adoption of this substitute plank, a bitter
+contest concerning the ownership of "all" the land took place in the
+National Congress of the party, which was held in Chicago from May 15,
+1910, till May 21, 1910. ("Proceedings of the 1910 National Congress of
+the Socialist Party," pages 220 to 235.) Thus, during the 1910 Congress,
+notwithstanding the fact that there existed at that time a plank in the
+party platform guaranteeing the possession of land to persons who would
+use it in a bona fide manner, <i>the representatives of the party in
+national congress assembled, being unable to decide whether or not it
+was to the best interests of the party to abide by this plank, referred
+the matter to the next convention</i>.<a id="page_366"></a> ("Proceedings of 1908 National
+Convention of the Socialist Party," page 235.)</p>
+
+<p>Then, when the 1912 Convention met, it made another change, and declared
+for <i>the collective ownership of land wherever practicable</i>. ("The 1912
+Platform of the Socialist Party"--Cf. "The Call," May 19, 1912.) In
+addition to this, it stated that <i>occupancy and use shall be the sole
+title to land</i>. ("The 1912 Platform of the Socialist Party"--Cf. "The
+Call," May 19, 1912.)</p>
+
+<p>It is noteworthy that the Convention of 1908 had previously voted down
+this proposition to make occupancy and use the sole title to land, after
+the proposition had been denounced as being anarchistic, unsocialistic,
+nonsensical, foolish, and a dream ("Proceedings of 1908 National
+Convention of the Socialist Party," pages 188, 189 and 191.) One of the
+foremost opponents of the proposition was Delegate Morris Hillquit, who
+asked:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "What does the amendment mean? Occupancy and use the basis of title
+     to land. How do we know whether the co-operative commonwealth will
+     infer and arrange it in that way? Aren't we taking a long excursion
+     into the domain of the future and into the domain of speculation?
+     It may be true that the dream of the dreamer may become a reality,
+     if this dream is the dream of the nation. But we have not come here
+     to dream dreams and leave it to the future to realize them or to
+     show them to be just mere pipe dreams.... The Socialist state may
+     just as well decide on an entirely different basis for the
+     distribution of land. It may not at all be bound to our resolution
+     here today that occupation forms a title." ("Proceedings of 1908
+     National Convention of the Socialist Party," page 189.)
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>When the Marxians are brought face to face with the charge of adopting a
+program today, rejecting it tomorrow, hesitating about it on the next
+day and compromising it on the fourth, as they did in respect to the
+collective ownership of "all" the land, let them not argue that such
+changes are to be expected in the evolution of Socialism. They should be
+forced to confess that they acted in such a way solely to gain votes.
+Confront them with the speeches delivered in their National Convention
+of 1908 and in their National Congress of 1910, both by the delegates
+who advocated the collective ownership of "all" the land and by those
+who opposed it. For the convenience of the reader passages from some of
+these speeches will now be given:<a id="page_367"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Delegate Cannon of Arizona: "I contend that the public ownership of
+     all machinery and land is one of the things for which the Socialist
+     Party is working. If some of the Comrades get up and tell us in
+     Germany they are not working for that, I move that we inform the
+     German Comrades that they are behind the times. The idea of not
+     including the land is nothing more or less than political
+     expediency." ("Proceedings of 1908 National Convention of the
+     Socialist Party," page 175.)</p>
+
+<p>     Delegate Payne of Texas: "I want to know if this convention of this
+     movement which we call the great revolutionary movement is going to
+     go down in history as catering to a small middle class of land
+     owners, or are you going to stand for the great proletarian farming
+     class?" ("Proceedings of 1908 National Convention on the Socialist
+     Party," page 181.)</p>
+
+<p>     Delegate Morrison of Arizona: "Is it possible that we have so far
+     forgotten ourselves, that we will attempt to curry favor with a few
+     capitalist farmers? Why is this resolution here? What is the object
+     of it? What is the purpose of it? Is it to secure votes? Do you
+     hope to deceive some one as to the actual, real program of
+     scientific Socialism? Or are you, in other words, going to lie to
+     the farmers of this country in order to secure their suffrage? Are
+     you going to present something to them that you know is not
+     contained in the Socialist program? Can you afford, as
+     representatives of this great revolutionary party, to do that which
+     in a few years you will be ashamed of? I say no." ("Proceedings of
+     1908 National Convention of the Socialist Party," page 184.)</p>
+
+<p>     Delegate Goaziou of Pennsylvania: "I know we have in this country a
+     growing movement among Socialists who are wanting votes no matter
+     how they will get them. They are willing to put in appeals to the
+     farmers, appeals to the middle class and appeals to everybody, so
+     that they can get votes." ("Proceedings of 1908 National Convention
+     of the Socialist Party," page 209.)</p>
+
+<p>     Delegate Thompson of Wisconsin: "We know that there is a very large
+     portion of votes of this country on the farm, under agricultural
+     conditions and environment, over forty per cent. Less than thirty
+     per cent of the votes of this country are under industrial
+     conditions. When we get to the point where we want to do something,
+     we must have some way or other of getting these two forces welded
+     together. We can never win out with thirty per cent of the vote. We
+     will have<a id="page_368"></a> to have at least a substantial majority, and that we
+     cannot have without the farmers." ("Proceedings of 1908 National
+     Convention of the Socialist Party," page 185.)</p>
+
+<p>     Delegate Victor Berger of Wisconsin: "We cannot have Socialism in
+     this country, if we don't get the farmers in some way. If you try
+     to take away the farms of twelve millions of farmers of this
+     country, you will have a big job on your hands. You might as well
+     try to reach down the moon.... You remember how much effort and how
+     many men it cost England to conquer 30,000 farmers, Boers--Boers,
+     mind you--and now try to take the farms from these 12,000,000
+     American farmers and you will have about a million times harder
+     job. Besides, they don't need to fight. All they have to do is to
+     stop bringing food to Chicago for six weeks, and Comrade Morgan and
+     the rest of Chicago would be knocked out." ("Proceedings of the
+     1910 National Congress of the Socialist Party," page 230.)</p>
+
+<p>     Delegate Simmons of Illinois: "There is just one thing on earth
+     that I will toady to and that is a fact. And when I meet a fact so
+     big as the farmer question in America, a fact that has in it the
+     future of 12,000,000 of people of the producing classes, without
+     whom we stand no more chance of a Socialist victory in this country
+     than we do of changing the orbit of a comet, and when I face a fact
+     as big as that, I don't try to stand in front of it, and howl empty
+     phrases, in the hope that the fact will get out of the way."
+     ("Proceedings of the 1910 National Congress of the Socialist
+     Party," page 231.)
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Since the revolutionists, to win votes, frequently point to the reforms
+they have proposed or in some cases accomplished, we should all be on
+our guard lest, being allured by these reforms, we be led into the
+Socialist camp, and later on suffer the dreadful evils that have been
+shown would result from the adoption of the Marxian system of
+government.</p>
+
+<p>Those who vote the Socialist ticket insist on calling the attention of
+non-Socialists to the immediate demands enumerated in their party
+platform, many of which are excellent. Workingmen, however, should
+remember, first, that many of them are only meant for the time our
+present Government is still in power; moreover, that a crime-ridden,
+anarchical and bankrupt state could not grant them, and, furthermore,
+that there is no reason why our Government, in its present form, could
+not grant all the Marxian demands that are really advantageous.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialists often argue from some successful results in government
+ownership of public utilities to the success of<a id="page_369"></a> Socialism itself.
+Though it cannot be denied that government ownership of public utilities
+has in some instances been a success, still anti-Socialists can just as
+well argue the failure of Socialism from failures in government
+ownership, which are entirely too numerous to require comment. If in the
+future it should become evident that great benefits would accrue from
+the national, state, or municipal ownership of certain public utilities,
+which are now privately owned, our present form of government, without
+becoming Socialistic, could take them over, just as many of our cities
+have already taken over water, gas and power plants. But the number
+would have to be limited, for it has already been shown in Chapter XVII
+what terrible consequences would follow from adopting the scheme of
+Socialism, whereby the people would collectively own and manage all the
+principle means of production, transportation and communication. Public
+ownership on such a large scale, so as to conform with the plans of the
+revolutionists, implies that the vast majority of workingmen would be
+government employees. The result, as has been shown, would be a terrible
+reign of discontent, strife, crime, revolution and chaos; whereas the
+prudent purchase of a small number of public utilities, under the
+present system of government, would entail none of these evils, since
+most workingmen could refuse positions that they did not care for or
+where the wages would not satisfy them, and do this without injuring the
+government.</p>
+
+<p>The Socialists, especially when they appeal to the less educated,
+frequently argue that since their party platform says nothing concerning
+the teaching of a certain doctrine, for instance free-love, it is
+evident that the party does not advocate it. Such a method of reasoning
+is, of course, absurd and utterly unworthy of men who style themselves
+scientific; for by arguing in exactly the same way, it would follow that
+their flag is not the red flag because there is no plank in their party
+platform stating that it is.</p>
+
+<p>Although many Socialists have written an abundance of anti-religious
+literature, other members of the party have composed books, pamphlets
+and articles that in no way attack the church. Some of the
+revolutionists, in their endeavors to make their movement attractive to
+Christians, go so far as to claim that even Christ was a Socialist.
+Since, therefore, the enemies of our country have at their disposal
+writings which attack religion, as well as those that are in no way
+hostile to it, they are well able to supply with attractive reading
+matter not only<a id="page_370"></a> atheists who are opposed to all forms of religion, but
+Christians, no matter to what denomination they may chance to belong.</p>
+
+<p>In like manner there are to be found within the Socialist Party writers
+who advocate free-love and others who are opposed to its propagation,
+either through a personal repugnance to legalized sin, or else because
+they think that by teaching loose morals the party would alienate many
+prospective members. Hence, the Socialists can satisfy the depraved by
+recommending to them the different works on free-love, and at the same
+time they can give satisfaction to those who are opposed to the base
+doctrine by referring them to books which not only do not advocate it
+but even condemn it in the most emphatic way.</p>
+
+<p>In this double-dealing party there is a very strong faction whose
+members advocate direct action, in other words, violence, as a means for
+bringing about the downfall of our Government and of the entire
+industrial system. Opposed to these men, who are frequently termed the
+"Reds," there is a rapidly disappearing faction of so-called "Yellows,"
+who rely upon the use of the ballot, and decry direct action, either
+through personal repugnance to violence, or, as seems most likely,
+because they deem peaceful methods more prolific of votes, and
+consequently of future political advantage to themselves. The direct
+actionists by their inflammatory speeches and writings are especially
+successful in gaining recruits from among the more disorderly elements
+of society, whereas the political actionists appeal rather to those
+persons who are opposed to the destruction of life and property.</p>
+
+<p>It is by no means uncommon for the revolutionists to avoid as far as
+possible the discussion of knotty problems relative to the working
+details of their contemplated state. They often do this by telling us
+that the people of the future will be the ones to solve the problem in
+question. In illustration two examples will be given, the first of which
+is taken from the "Appeal to Reason," January 6, 1912:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Do Socialists think all men should be paid alike--the man with the
+     pick the same wages as the lawyer or doctor?"</p>
+
+<p>     "Socialists differ on this proposition. Whatever a majority of the
+     people may decide will prevail."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Again we read, in the April 6, 1912, edition of the same paper:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Will producers get paid for the number of hours worked, or for the
+     amount of production?"<a id="page_371"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "No one knows just how the returns will be regulated, for the
+     reason that they are to be regulated according to the will of the
+     whole people and not according to the scheme of the 'Appeal to
+     Reason.' It is possible that both methods may be tried, and the
+     best prevail."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>A subterfuge that often meets with success, and which for this very
+reason is a favorite one among the revolutionists when they are on the
+point of being defeated in an argument, consists in this, that they do
+their best to dodge the question at issue by leading their opponents off
+on some side topic, such as the evils and abuses of the present day.
+Every anti-Socialist ought, therefore, to be on his guard, and as soon
+as he notices the national enemy trying to draw him off on a tangent, he
+should steadfastly refuse to take up the new line of argumentation, but
+should compel the evader to stick to the question at issue.</p>
+
+<p>It happens, too, and not unfrequently, that in the course of a dispute,
+when a Socialist is being defeated, he will ask the non-Socialist to
+prove that the present system is superior to that which is pictured in
+such beautiful colors by the followers of Karl Marx. Now, in the first
+place, the burden of proof rests with the Socialist, for if he wishes to
+lead another into his camp, it is his task to prove to him that
+everything there is congenial and attractive. The non-Socialist would
+indeed act very imprudently if he should attempt to prove that the
+present system offers more attractions than the Socialist Utopia whose
+perfections exist only in the imaginations of the revolutionists. What
+he might do, however, would be to show that the present system of
+government and industry, even in its unreformed state, is far superior
+to the condition of affairs that would actually exist if our
+constitutional government should ever have to give way to the regime of
+the revolutionists.</p>
+
+<p>On reading Socialist literature or listening to the speeches of the
+revolutionists one is impressed with all the wonderful benefits that the
+party proposes to confer upon our citizens if it should ever rule the
+land. Of course very many of the proposals are made solely on the
+authority of the speaker or writer. But even if they have the approval
+of the Party, we must not forget that it is one thing to propose to
+grant a favor and quite another thing actually to grant it. There are
+lots of things that men say they propose to do, without ever intending
+to do them. And it frequently happens that after having had the best
+intentions, they change their minds or else are utterly unable to carry
+out their plans.<a id="page_372"></a></p>
+
+<p>Karl Marx about half a century ago taught the absurd doctrine that as
+all wealth is produced by labor, to the laborers all wealth is due. He
+held, on the one hand, that all the profits arising from the sale of
+goods should accrue to the workingmen in virtue of the labor required
+for their production, and, on the other, that the capitalists who had
+not performed any work should not be entitled to a share in the profits.</p>
+
+<p>This old doctrine, unreasonable as it is, is still taught at the present
+day not only by European Socialists but also by the revolutionists of
+our own country. During the May Day parade in New York City on May 1,
+1912, when some 50,000 men marched behind red flags, great numbers of
+leaflets, entitled, "The Issue," were distributed among the spectators.
+These leaflets had been published by the Socialist Party of New York
+City and openly advocated the old doctrine of Karl Marx, the Father of
+modern Socialism, for on the third page appeared "A Parable," from which
+we quote the following:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "A man was once engaged in making bricks just outside the wall of a
+     lunatic asylum. Presently a lunatic looked over the fence and
+     asked:</p>
+
+<p>     "'What are you doing?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Making bricks.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'What are the bricks for?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'I don't know. What does it matter to me?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'But why do you make them, if you don't intend to use them for
+     anything?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Why? Well it's my work.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'But I don't see why you should work for no object. If you don't
+     use the bricks, who will?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'How should I know? It's nothing to do with me.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Don't know what you are going to do with your own bricks?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'They are not my bricks. They belong to the boss.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'But didn't you make them?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Yes.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Then how comes it that the boss owns them?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'It's his brick kiln and his clay hole.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Oh, didn't he make the kiln?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'No; the bricklayers built them.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Did he dig the clay hole?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'No; those men over there dug it.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Why do they dig clay holes?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'It's their work. The boss pays them to do it.'<a id="page_373"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "'Oh! does he pay you, too, to make these bricks?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Yes.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'But where does he get the money to pay you with?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'He sells bricks.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'And you made those bricks he sold?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Yes.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Don't you think you'd better come inside?...</p>
+
+<p>     "'But I say, how much will the boss sell those bricks for?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Oh! about $500.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'How long will it take you to make them?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'About ten weeks.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'How much does the boss pay you for working so hard?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Two dollars and fifty cents a day.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'That will be $150 in ten weeks. Ha! ha! ha! aha! he! he! he!'</p>
+
+<p>     "'I don't see (wiping the sweat from his brow) the joke, you
+     confounded ass.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'You must come inside. He! he! he!!!'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>American Socialists, therefore, as well as the early German
+revolutionists, teach that to the laborer all wealth is due.</p>
+
+<p>Though the low wages that many workingmen receive is a disgrace to our
+civilization and an abuse that cries to heaven for vengeance, still it
+is absurd to hold that wages should be so much increased as to leave
+nothing for the capitalists. For, in the first place, if the workingmen
+should enjoy the entire profits of their firms or industries all the
+owners would soon become bankrupt and fail, and, in the upheavals due to
+unemployment and the impossibility of supplying the necessaries of life,
+the present system of our Government would certainly fall a prey to
+revolution, the Socialists would come into power and then would follow
+the terrible disturbances shown in Chapter XVII, "Socialism, a Peril to
+Workingmen."</p>
+
+<p>We have no defence whatsoever to offer for dishonest capitalists, but
+maintain that honest capitalists are entitled to a reasonable share in
+the profits arising from their investments. For, in the first place, if
+it were not for the capital in the possession of honest capitalists,
+millions of workingmen would be terribly handicapped in earning a
+living. If this fact is not immediately evident to the reader it will
+become so when he reflects that many farm, mill and factory workers, and
+the employes of many big business houses would have to seek other
+positions if the capital required for the industries was not supplied by
+the owners. The buildings, machinery, raw<a id="page_374"></a> materials, etc., in most
+cases are not and cannot be supplied by the laborers and workingmen, but
+are furnished by the capitalists who, if they wished, could sell them
+and spend the money obtained from the sale for their own personal
+enjoyment. For this reason, and also because the capitalists referred to
+are subject to many financial worries, assume great responsibilities,
+run the risk of incurring serious losses of one kind or another,
+including business failure and bankruptcy, it is only just that they
+should receive a reasonable recompense for their share in the production
+of the goods.</p>
+
+<p>From what has been said regarding the falsity of the Marxian doctrine,
+that to the laborer all wealth is due, it follows that the Socialists,
+by teaching this false principle, have been misleading the laborers and
+workingmen for over half a century.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the best known American Socialists, when confronted with the
+evident fallacy of the Marxian doctrine concede that Marx was mistaken
+and that they do not approve of his teachings on this subject. Now, if
+these leaders and their followers are in the majority, they should long
+ago have compelled the minority in the party to stop deceiving the
+uneducated. On the other hand, if they themselves constitute the
+minority, their own personal opinions amount to little, since the
+majority of the members of the Socialist Party would in that case be
+guilty of advocating foolish and absurd doctrine.</p>
+
+<p>The attractive and popular motto, "Workingmen of the world unite. You
+have nothing to lose but your chains," has moved many a poor workingman
+to enlist in the revolutionary cause. Very little reflection, however,
+is needed to expose the absurdity that is found in the second part of
+the motto. For no matter how badly off men may be financially, it has
+been shown that they not only would not lose their chains by uniting
+under the red flag of Karl Marx but would be completely crushed by the
+much heavier ones of bloody revolution and a wretched form of government
+which would bring with it a religious prosecution and widespread
+lawlessness, crime and chaos.</p>
+
+<p>Realizing that the police would do much to help the revolutionary
+movement, if they could be made friendly to it, some Socialists have
+been extremely anxious to win them over. To certify this statement we
+shall quote part of an article which appeared in "The Call," New York,
+April 25, 1911, urging Socialists to get control of the police force:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "A policeman's vote, like any other person's vote, counts one.
+     Policemen are wage-earners, who, like other wage-earners, are<a id="page_375"></a>
+     eager to improve their circumstances. Policemen will vote the
+     Socialist ticket when they realize that the Socialists in office
+     will insist upon their receiving more pay, more leisure, more sick
+     and old age benefits, more privileges.... Adopt constructive
+     resolutions demanding that constables be paid higher wages, that
+     they be granted shorter hours, that they be given more days off
+     each week, that they be exempted from paying part of their wages
+     into the superannuation fund, that they be accorded the right of
+     combination, that a more generous system of sick benefits be drawn
+     up, that they have the right of appeal against dismissal and abuse
+     to a representative committee of citizens."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The revolutionists are leaving nothing undone in their extraordinary
+efforts to gain recruits for the overthrow of our National Government.
+This is evidenced by the appearance in their papers of articles like the
+following, entitled, "The Pure Water Problem," which was published in
+"The Call," April 30, 1912:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "As a political organization, the Socialist Party must address
+     itself to every question that interests the electorate. And in each
+     case it must offer the public a carefully thought out solution
+     instead of mere generalities and hackneyed phrases. Otherwise it
+     will not succeed in winning the confidence of the majority of
+     voters. Now almost every city in America is confronted with a pure
+     water and sewage disposal problem.... If the Socialist Party steps
+     into the arena with clear-cut proposals that deal in a radical,
+     constructive and common sense way with this problem, it will not
+     only help to secure pure drinking water for citizens, but it will
+     break down considerable prejudice against the Socialist movement,
+     and cause people to study the more revolutionary features of our
+     own official platform."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Information comes to us that on account of recent Government raids the
+Red organizations are assuming a variety of aliases. The Communist Party
+has taken the innocuous title of "The International Publishing Company,"
+alias "The International League of Defense." The I. W. W. operates under
+any local name which comes handy. Individual Reds often spread their
+doctrines, and incite workingmen to take part in outlaw strikes, while
+professing to be members of no radical organization.</p>
+
+<p>The Young People's Socialist League, closely affiliated with the
+Socialist Party, planned to use disguises, if necessary, after the
+Socialist Party adopted its anti-war program in 1917. Thus<a id="page_376"></a> in "Outlines
+of the Evidence Taken Before the Judiciary Committee of the Assembly of
+New York," pages 608-9, appears a letter of William F. Kruse, National
+Secretary of the Young People's Socialist League, written to the
+secretaries of its different branches, in which he urged them to have an
+"unofficial emergency committee," have "several copies of your most
+important records and especially your mailing list stowed away in
+various safe and secluded places," and have "three trustworthy officers
+broken in for each important job." "At least one of these officers
+should be a girl," he continued, "so that if our boys are jailed for
+refusal to serve, the girls can keep the League going." He added: "If
+ever the Y. P. S. L. is suppressed you will immediately get together all
+its members as quietly as possible under the name of some athletic club,
+dance society or pleasure club. The name of this organization should
+have nothing in common with Socialism."</p>
+
+<p>In concluding this chapter the attention of the reader is called to the
+fact that the Socialists are trying their best to make it appear that
+the interests of the American workingmen in general are jeopardized when
+a member of their party is put in jail or is on trial. This is rank
+hypocrisy. Even if the Socialist Party was a real workingman's party,
+this fact would not give it the right to set up its justly condemned
+bomb throwers, its preachers of Bolshevist revolution, its teachers of
+race suicide, etc., as working-class martyrs and protagonists of free
+speech, which they claim is no longer allowed in our country.</p>
+
+<p>There are millions of workingmen in the great Republican, Democratic,
+and other American parties who don't need and don't want bomb-throwers,
+imported Marxian revolutionists, race suiciders, free-lovers, atheists,
+hypocrites, professional liars and deceivers to petition the Government
+in their name for the release of imprisoned Socialists on the plea that
+these are being prosecuted because they are leaders of the
+working-class. First of all, Debs, Haywood and their crews are leaders
+of blood-thirsty revolutionists, and not the leaders of the law-abiding
+workingmen who maintain the Democratic and Republican parties. They are
+the enemies of the latter, and the real object of the Socialists is to
+stir up trouble in our country by endeavoring to procure amnesty for a
+set of scoundrels who, after their release, would, by their subversive
+and dangerous doctrines, try to plunge the country we love and all
+honest labor into a much more terrible abyss than that into which the
+Bolsheviki have plunged Socialist Russia.<a id="page_377"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter" id="ch25">
+<h2>CHAPTER XXV</h2>
+
+<h3>THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE REDS</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>It has been shown in the preceding chapters that the base doctrines
+propagated on every side by the revolutionists are among the gravest
+evils threatening the welfare of our nation. No doubt the reader
+perceives that unless this conspiracy against our country, religion and
+family is checked, the Socialists will soon overwhelm us with a bloody
+rebellion and establish a government that will mean nothing less than a
+reign of terror and a widespread prevalence of discontent, strife and
+crime, finally terminating in chaos or anarchy.</p>
+
+<p>Provisions must, therefore, be made for averting the dire calamities
+that would attend the unfurling of the red flag over Washington in place
+of the Star-Spangled Banner. Measures of defense must quickly be taken
+and an army of attack must immediately be set in motion. In this way
+alone can we hope to prevent the success of the revolutionary propaganda
+that is characterized by a marvelous activity and an ever-increasing
+popularity among the unwary and uneducated. The country we love and the
+Government which has bestowed upon us innumerable blessings,
+notwithstanding abuses, call upon us for help in the hour of need. True
+patriotism bids us take up suitable weapons and wage relentless war
+against that which would destroy our present constitutional form of
+government.</p>
+
+<p>Who can turn a deaf ear to the call? In our heroic work we shall be
+helped by millions of patriotic citizens whose devotion to their country
+has already rallied them to the defense of the Stars and Stripes. All
+that we need do, to fan into flame the fire of patriotism already
+glowing in their hearts, is to arouse them to a full realization of the
+dangers that threaten the very existence of our nation. Now is the time
+to act, before we hear the cry "Too late!" The great weapon must be
+education and the ones to be enlightened on the evils of Socialism are
+not merely scholars, professors and teachers, but the great masses of
+the people.</p>
+
+<p>If we wish to bring home to the American people a clear realization of
+the threatening calamity, we ourselves must not<a id="page_378"></a> only be thoroughly
+equipped with knowledge of the Socialistic teachings and their evil
+consequences, but must also be able to refute the alluring and deceptive
+arguments of the revolutionists. We must acquire a thorough knowledge of
+Socialism. But to do this, it almost goes without saying that we should
+carefully read and study the excellent and thoroughly up-to-date
+anti-Socialistic works that can be had at a moderate price or readily
+obtained in the public libraries.</p>
+
+<p>Among the best anti-Socialistic books in the English language may be
+mentioned "Socialism, the Nation of Fatherless Children," edited by
+Goldstein and Avery. This book, whose authors were once Socialists,
+contains hundreds of very strong and useful quotations and is of the
+highest value to every student who is studying the evils and dangers of
+the revolutionary movement. Published by T. J. Flynn &amp; Co., 62 Essex
+Street, Boston, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>"Socialism," by Cathrein and Gettelman, a very scholarly and learned
+work, admirably explains and refutes the various Marxian doctrines. It
+is published by Benziger Bros., New York City.</p>
+
+<p>A third book of recent publication, and of great value to the
+anti-Socialist student is "The World Problem," by Rev. Joseph Husslein,
+S. J., published by The America Press, 175 East 83rd Street, New York,
+N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>One who is truly interested in the fight against the national enemy
+should not content himself with the reading of anti-Socialist
+literature, but should pass the matter on to others who may become
+interested in the battle against the enemies of our country.</p>
+
+<p>Business men and persons of wealth should not only urge their friends to
+read anti-Socialist works that have appealed to themselves, but should
+show their patriotism and generosity by extensively purchasing
+anti-Socialist literature, whether in the form of books, pamphlets or
+leaflets, to be sent to public libraries, clubs, high schools, colleges
+and universities, and reading-rooms, and placed within easy reach of
+their employes and customers.</p>
+
+<p>The workingmen of our country, to whom the Socialists are especially
+appealing, often fall an easy prey to the deceptive arguments of the
+"Reds." Many of them do not weigh matters carefully and do not realize
+how far the acceptance of radical doctrines may lead them. The men who
+started the Russian revolution did not know how far it would go. The
+party of<a id="page_379"></a> Lvoff and Miliukoff did not foresee Kerensky. The followers of
+Kerensky did not foresee Lenine and Trotzky; and probably few of the
+followers of Lenine and Trotzky dreamed of the abyss of barbarism into
+which they in turn have plunged bleeding Russia. The Socialists of the
+United States use pamphlets and leaflets, much more than books, in
+appealing to workingmen. Books are more expensive and require more time
+to read. Leaflets are attractive, short, to the point, easily remembered
+and almost costless. Anti-Socialist leaflets, distributed by the
+millions, would do untold good and would soon start a tremendous
+opposition among laborers to the Red Flag movement.</p>
+
+<p>Since the foreigners in our country, especially Russians, Italians and
+Jews, take to Socialism very readily, something should be done to
+protect them by native Americans who are especially able to do so.
+Patriotic persons and organizations should have immense numbers of
+anti-Socialist books, pamphlets and leaflets published in the different
+languages and distributed free of charge to foreigners who are not yet
+acquainted with English.</p>
+
+<p>Socialism has made terrible inroads among the Jews. To give one example,
+"The Forward," a Yiddish daily of New York City, has a circulation of
+about 150,000 copies. This paper should be watched very carefully by the
+government, for it has been doing some very dangerous work in the line
+of revolutionary propaganda without English-speaking people being aware
+of the doctrines it is advocating.</p>
+
+<p>In order to counteract Socialist propaganda among girls and boys, a
+simple and limited knowledge of the evil plottings of the "Reds" ought
+to be imparted in all the grammar and high schools of our country. With
+a view to this, text-books should be prepared. The boards of education
+in the different cities should see to it that anti-Socialist instruction
+be given to the children.</p>
+
+<p>Editors who have a good understanding of the evil consequences of
+Socialism have a fine field rapidly opening up to them. Since the
+Marxian principles are spreading, there is a rapidly growing demand for
+articles to refute and combat them; yet many on the editorial staffs
+seem to have little definite knowledge concerning the teachings of the
+revolutionists.</p>
+
+<p>All patriotic citizens who understand Socialism and the tactics of the
+"Knights of the Red Flag" should expose them, violently attacking them
+in their conversations with others, so that it may no longer be said
+that the revolutionaries are more<a id="page_380"></a> zealous in trying to ruin our country
+and overthrow out government than loyal Americans are to save them.</p>
+
+<p>Attention should be paid to the men who are advocating Socialism in the
+mills, factories, shops, stores, mines, etc. A thorough exposure of
+their unsound doctrines will be prolific of much good. The ardor and
+zeal of the anti-Socialist should go still further, and the illogical
+revolutionary orators should be driven from their soap boxes, not by
+violence nor by physical force--for this would only give them another
+opportunity for complaining and enable them to win the support of
+sympathizers--but by arguments with them so effective as to compel them
+to step down and walk off in disgrace under the jeers of their
+audiences. In arguing with the visionaries, proofs for the truth of
+their statements should be demanded and the fact ought always to be
+insisted upon that, even if they could show that the present system of
+government and industry was corrupt and useless, it would in no way
+follow from this that the Socialists' regime--however magnificently
+pictured by an unbridled imagination--would provide a true remedy for
+any of the evils and abuses of our day.</p>
+
+<p>The letters that Socialists send to the daily papers for publication, to
+further their cause, can, as a rule, easily be refuted. All that is
+required, in most instances, after a brief introduction of the question
+at issue, is to connect, by a few short sentences, several of the
+damaging quotations that can be found, for example, in the present
+volume.</p>
+
+<p>Men who have talent for public speaking can make good use of their
+eloquence in the warfare against our nation's foes by giving lectures
+and delivering speeches. Good writers should devote their talents to the
+preparation of books, pamphlets and leaflets against the revolutionists,
+and should furnish suitable articles for the newspapers and magazines.
+The follies of Socialism also afford an abundance of suggestions for
+dramatists and cartoonists.</p>
+
+<p>Socialist school teachers and principals, because of the revolutionary
+doctrines that they gradually instill into the minds of the young,
+should be eliminated from the school-room. Students of colleges and
+universities, in which the Intercollegiate Socialist Society is
+organized, could give a noble example of patriotism and loyalty to our
+country by forming clubs to oppose the influence of the Socialist
+chapters and offset the great harm they are doing.<a id="page_381"></a></p>
+
+<p>Patriotic members of the American Federation of Labor should attend as
+many of its meetings as possible in order to prevent the Marxians and
+radicals from gaining the upper hand in the organization, endorsing the
+Socialist Party, or adopting revolutionary principles of any kind.</p>
+
+<p>As Socialist women are trying to destroy our Federal Government, the
+women who are opposed to Socialism should give ample proofs of their
+loyalty and devotion by taking an active part in the defense of their
+country.</p>
+
+<p>Anti-Socialist clubs should be formed throughout the country to study
+Socialism and to devise means for combating the zealous propaganda
+carried on by the thousands of Socialist locals and branches.
+Influential members of the anti-Socialist clubs should see to it that
+the public libraries were well stocked with anti-Socialist literature
+and that Socialist publications are kept only for legitimate purposes of
+reference.</p>
+
+<p>Several very important works of defence remain to be undertaken by our
+National Government, if the conspirators are to be prevented from
+destroying it. Socialism has already struck deep roots into the soil of
+America. Consequently, the Government of the United States, in leaving
+to individuals the defence of the nation against the well organized
+forces of the revolutionists, is running a risk almost as great as if it
+were to entrust the suppression of an armed insurrection to individual
+action. The Socialists availing themselves of every opportunity for
+spreading their propaganda among foreigners, have already gained many
+recruits from the immigrant class. With this serious condition of
+affairs confronting it, the National Government should employ strenuous
+measures to break the grip that Socialism already has on the nation, and
+to prevent the immigrants who are landing on our shores from becoming a
+menace.</p>
+
+<p>A law should be passed by Congress forbidding the publication or
+circulation of any paper, magazine or book which advocates the unlawful
+destruction of our present form of government. The officers of the army
+and navy should take precautions for preventing the spread of such
+publications among soldiers and sailors.</p>
+
+<p>So far we have spoken only of the negative measures that the United
+States Government should adopt for its defence. It remains to add a few
+words concerning a positive campaign against the conspirators. If the
+Government neglects to stem the rising tide of Socialism it will not be
+long before a disastrous insurrections<sup><a href="#fn_23" id="fna_23">23</a></sup> will be upon us. Millions of
+dollars a day<a id="page_382"></a> would then be spent in defraying the expenses of what
+might turn out to be an unsuccessful campaign. Congress should now
+appropriate the sums of money necessary to suppress the Marxian uprising
+and entirely uproot Socialism out of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The American people as a body will never tolerate Socialism, once they
+have been made to realize its full meaning and ruinous consequences.
+This knowledge could be brought home to them most effectively by means
+of anti-Socialist information issued periodically under the direction of
+one of the departments of the Government and furnished to the press of
+the country. Such material should also be distributed to all labor
+organizations and every public library in the country, and to clubs,
+societies, clergymen, legislators, judges, and men and women of
+influence. If such a plan were adopted, the forces arrayed in the line
+of battle against the Socialists would become tremendously strong and
+the danger now seriously threatening our nation would presently
+disappear. Surely the Government could afford to spend a few million
+dollars a year against revolutionists who are already undermining its
+very foundations and whose activities, if unopposed, will bring upon us
+evils incomparably greater than those coming from a foreign foe.</p>
+
+<p>Orators attacking Socialism could be recruited by the Government to
+speak all over the country for five or ten minutes at a time, after the
+fashion of the Four Minute Men.</p>
+
+<p>Those who have read this book have seen that the principles of the
+revolutionists are logically unsound and would deluge the land we love
+with rivers of blood and plunge us into an abyss of discontent, strife,
+crime and chaos. It has been shown that the Socialist Party is an
+organization controlled by bosses and politicians with the avowed object
+of gaining votes by the most unscrupulous methods. Notwithstanding their
+pretentions to honesty and sincerity, evidence has been cited time and
+again of the deceitfulness of their propaganda, and of their plottings
+to overthrow our constitutional form of government, destroy religion and
+ruin family life.</p>
+
+<p>We, however, who sincerely love America, will never tear down the
+Star-Spangled Banner and in its place fling to the breezes the
+blood-stained flag of Karl Marx.<a id="page_383"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div id="index">
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+
+
+
+<h3>A</h3>
+
+<p>Absolutism in Russia, <a href="#page_281">281</a>-<a href="#page_282">2</a>, <a href="#page_286">286</a>, <a href="#page_290">290</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Action, See Direct Action and Mass Action.</p>
+
+<p>A. E. F. ridiculed by N. Y. "Call," <a href="#page_208">208</a>-<a href="#page_209">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Albany Trial, See N.Y. State Socialist Assemblymen.</p>
+
+<p>Aliases of "Reds," <a href="#page_376">376</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Allaben, Frank, <a href="#page_258">258</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alvarado, <a href="#page_96">96</a>, <a href="#page_298">298</a>-<a href="#page_299">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>American Federation of Labor, 381;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;against Bolshevism and I. W. W.'ism, <a href="#page_283">283</a>-<a href="#page_284">4</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Boring in," <a href="#page_346">346</a>-9;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Opposed by Socialists, <a href="#page_126">126</a>, <a href="#page_219">219</a>.</p>
+
+<p>American Flag, <a href="#page_118">118</a>.</p>
+
+<p>American Soldiers ridiculed, <a href="#page_207">207</a>-<a href="#page_209">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Amnesty, Agitations for, <a href="#page_347">347</a>, <a href="#page_376">376</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Anarchy, Danger of, <a href="#page_279">279</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Andreiev's S. O. S., <a href="#page_168">168</a>-<a href="#page_169">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Anti-"Red" Campaign among foreign-born, <a href="#page_379">379</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Anti-Socialist authorities, <a href="#page_378">378</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Letters, 380<a href="#page_380">380</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Literature, <a href="#page_378">378</a>-<a href="#page_379">9</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Speeches, <a href="#page_380">380</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Appeal to Reason," <a href="#page_343">343</a>, <a href="#page_359">359</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Argentina, Socialism in, <a href="#page_11">11</a>, <a href="#page_12">12</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aristocracy in Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_280">280</a>-<a href="#page_281">1</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Assemblymen, Socialist, on trial,
+  See N. Y. State Socialist Assemblymen.</p>
+
+<p>Atheism of Socialists, <a href="#page_293">293</a>, <a href="#page_301">301</a>-<a href="#page_316">16</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Austria, <a href="#page_295">295</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Belgium, <a href="#page_295">295</a>-<a href="#page_296">6</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Canada, <a href="#page_298">298</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;England, <a href="#page_296">296</a>-<a href="#page_298">8</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;France, <a href="#page_295">295</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Germany, <a href="#page_294">294</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Italy, <a href="#page_295">295</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mexico, <a href="#page_298">298</a>-<a href="#page_299">9</a>, <a href="#page_300">300</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;United States, <a href="#page_292">292</a>-<a href="#page_293">3</a>, <a href="#page_297">297</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Atheistic Catechism, <a href="#page_308">308</a>-<a href="#page_309">9</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Poems, <a href="#page_302">302</a>-4;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Works on sale, <a href="#page_297">297</a>, <a href="#page_305">305</a>, <a href="#page_307">307</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Austria-Hungary, Socialism in, <a href="#page_5">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aveling, <a href="#page_8">8</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>B</h3>
+
+
+<p>Bavaria, Socialism in, <a href="#page_4">4</a>, <a href="#page_178">178</a>-<a href="#page_179">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Basle Manifesto, <a href="#page_18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bax, Ernest Belfort, <a href="#page_297">297</a>, <a href="#page_321">321</a>-<a href="#page_323">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bebel, August, <a href="#page_2">2</a>, <a href="#page_198">198</a>, <a href="#page_200">200</a>, <a href="#page_294">294</a>, <a href="#page_324">324</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bela Kun, <a href="#page_75">75</a>, <a href="#page_178">178</a>, <a href="#page_180">180</a>, <a href="#page_190">190</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Belgium, Socialism in, <a href="#page_10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Berger, Victor L., <a href="#page_13">13</a>, <a href="#page_15">15</a>, <a href="#page_51">51</a>, <a href="#page_54">54</a>, <a href="#page_56">56</a>, <a href="#page_62">62</a>, <a href="#page_67">67</a>, <a href="#page_69">69</a>, <a href="#page_70">70</a>-<a href="#page_71">1</a>, <a href="#page_89">89</a>, <a href="#page_201">201</a>-<a href="#page_202">2</a>, <a href="#page_220">220</a>-<a href="#page_221">1</a>, <a href="#page_232">232</a>-<a href="#page_233">3</a>, <a href="#page_242">242</a>-<a href="#page_243">3</a>, <a href="#page_290">290</a>, <a href="#page_313">313</a>, <a href="#page_322">322</a>, <a href="#page_368">368</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"We must shoot," <a href="#page_201">201</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"rifles" and "bullets," <a href="#page_202">202</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Berne Conference, <a href="#page_9">9</a>, <a href="#page_18">18</a>-21, <a href="#page_25">25</a>, <a href="#page_46">46</a>, <a href="#page_61">61</a>, <a href="#page_68">68</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bernstein, <a href="#page_3">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bible, attacked by Socialists, <a href="#page_297">297</a>, <a href="#page_303">303</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blasphemies of Socialists, <a href="#page_296">296</a>-<a href="#page_297">7</a>, <a href="#page_303">303</a>-<a href="#page_305">5</a>, <a href="#page_307">307</a>-<a href="#page_309">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blatchford, <a href="#page_8">8</a>, <a href="#page_296">296</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bolsheviki, Russian, Advocacy of rebellion in other lands, <a href="#page_171">171</a>-<a href="#page_172">2</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Criticised by Catherine Breshkovsky, <a href="#page_139">139</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Disperse parliament, <a href="#page_4">4</a>, <a href="#page_138">138</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Educational System, <a href="#page_151">151</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Freeing of criminals, <a href="#page_161">161</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Murder women, <a href="#page_158">158</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Opposed to liberty, <a href="#page_145">145</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rise to power, <a href="#page_4">4</a>, <a href="#page_138">138</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shooting of children, <a href="#page_155">155</a>-<a href="#page_157">7</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Uprisings against, <a href="#page_161">161</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Victories, <a href="#page_5">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bolshevism, Advocated by American Socialist Party, <a href="#page_59">59</a>, <a href="#page_60">60</a>-<a href="#page_62">2</a>, <a href="#page_68">68</a>, <a href="#page_70">70</a>, <a href="#page_72">72</a>, <a href="#page_74">74</a>-<a href="#page_75">5</a>, <a href="#page_77">77</a>, <a href="#page_142">142</a>, <a href="#page_168">168</a>, <a href="#page_171">171</a>-<a href="#page_173">3</a>, <a href="#page_184">184</a>-<a href="#page_185">5</a>, <a href="#page_187">187</a>-<a href="#page_194">94</a>, <a href="#page_198">198</a>, <a href="#page_205">205</a>, <a href="#page_234">234</a>-<a href="#page_236">6</a>, <a href="#page_238">238</a>, <a href="#page_248">248</a>, <a href="#page_250">250</a>, <a href="#page_255">255</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;identical with Socialism, <a href="#page_291">291</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in America, <a href="#page_185">185</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Russia, Against freedom of speech, of the press and of voting, <a href="#page_145">145</a>, <a href="#page_155">155</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Against justice, <a href="#page_146">146</a>, <a href="#page_154">154</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;liberty, <a href="#page_145">145</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;religion, <a href="#page_146">146</a>-<a href="#page_151">51</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;An economic failure, <a href="#page_174">174</a>-<a href="#page_175">5</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Starvation under, <a href="#page_282">282</a>-<a href="#page_283">3</a>, <a href="#page_286">286</a>.<a id="page_384"></a></p>
+
+<p>Bolshevist Constitution, <a href="#page_139">139</a>-<a href="#page_140">40</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;propaganda, <a href="#page_256">256</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bolshevist reign of terror, <a href="#page_141">141</a>, <a href="#page_143">143</a>, <a href="#page_145">145</a>-<a href="#page_148">8</a>, <a href="#page_153">153</a>, <a href="#page_154">154</a>-<a href="#page_163">63</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bomb plot, <a href="#page_118">118</a>-<a href="#page_119">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bonds, under Socialism, <a href="#page_273">273</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Books, anti-Socialist, <a href="#page_378">378</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Boring in," <a href="#page_348">348</a>-<a href="#page_349">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bossism in Socialist Party, <a href="#page_14">14</a>, <a href="#page_15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bourgeoisie, <a href="#page_30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Branting, Hjalmar, <a href="#page_11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Breshkovsky, Catherine, <a href="#page_139">139</a>, <a href="#page_170">170</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bulgaria, Socialism in, <a href="#page_12">12</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bureau, International Socialist, <a href="#page_17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Business under Socialism, <a href="#page_83">83</a>, <a href="#page_272">272</a>-<a href="#page_273">3</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>C</h3>
+
+
+<p>Cadets of Russia, <a href="#page_4">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Calhoun, Arthur W., <a href="#page_356">356</a>-<a href="#page_357">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Call for Moscow International, <a href="#page_31">31</a>-<a href="#page_33">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Call for Proletarian International, <a href="#page_247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Campaign against the Reds, <a href="#page_377">377</a>-<a href="#page_382">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Canada, Socialism in, <a href="#page_12">12</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Capital invited back by Socialist Russia, <a href="#page_288">288</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Capitalism, <a href="#page_76">76</a>, <a href="#page_106">106</a>, <a href="#page_174">174</a>, <a href="#page_373">373</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Carillo, Felipe, <a href="#page_299">299</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cartoons, Socialist, <a href="#page_360">360</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anti-Socialist, <a href="#page_380">380</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Children, anti-Socialist instruction for, <a href="#page_379">379</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deprived of religious education under Socialism, <a href="#page_302">302</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shot in Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_155">155</a>-<a href="#page_157">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chinese and the I. W. W., <a href="#page_120">120</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Christ ridiculed by Socialists, <a href="#page_303">303</a>-<a href="#page_305">5</a>, <a href="#page_307">307</a>-<a href="#page_308">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Christian Socialists, <a href="#page_292">292</a>, <a href="#page_310">310</a>, <a href="#page_315">315</a>, <a href="#page_322">322</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Christianity attacked by Socialists, <a href="#page_292">292</a>-<a href="#page_316">316</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Citizenship tags, <a href="#page_99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Civil discord under Socialism, <a href="#page_269">269</a>-<a href="#page_279">79</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Class consciousness, <a href="#page_265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Class hatred, <a href="#page_63">63</a>, <a href="#page_107">107</a>, <a href="#page_346">346</a>, <a href="#page_348">348</a>, <a href="#page_352">352</a>, <a href="#page_363">363</a>-<a href="#page_364">4</a>, <a href="#page_372">372</a>-<a href="#page_373">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Class struggle explained, <a href="#page_30">30</a>, <a href="#page_107">107</a>-<a href="#page_108">8</a>, <a href="#page_265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Clubs, anti-Socialist, <a href="#page_381">381</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Committee against Socialism, Publicity, <a href="#page_257">257</a>-<a href="#page_258">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Compensation, I. W. W. plan, <a href="#page_111">111</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Commune, Paris, <a href="#page_200">200</a>-<a href="#page_201">1</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Communism, in Bavaria, <a href="#page_4">4</a>, <a href="#page_178">178</a>-<a href="#page_179">9</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Russia, See Bolshevism and Bolshevist reign of terror.</p>
+
+<p>Communist, the name, <a href="#page_59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Communist Labor Party of America, Chicago Convention, <a href="#page_55">55</a>-<a href="#page_58">8</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Conspiracy against U. S. Government, <a href="#page_214">214</a>-<a href="#page_219">19</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Origin, <a href="#page_52">52</a>-<a href="#page_53">3</a>, <a href="#page_64">64</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Principles, <a href="#page_53">53</a>-<a href="#page_54">4</a>, <a href="#page_58">58</a>, <a href="#page_74">74</a>, <a href="#page_218">218</a>-<a href="#page_219">19</a>, <a href="#page_225">225</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Socialist Party's attitude toward, <a href="#page_74">74</a>-<a href="#page_75">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Communist Labor Party of Germany,
+  See Spartacans.</p>
+
+<p>Communist Manifesto, <a href="#page_1">1</a>, <a href="#page_46">46</a>, <a href="#page_198">198</a>, <a href="#page_321">321</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Communist Party of America,
+  Chicago Convention, <a href="#page_55">55</a>-<a href="#page_58">8</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Conspiracy against U. S. Government, <a href="#page_214">214</a>-<a href="#page_219">19</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Origin, <a href="#page_52">52</a>-<a href="#page_53">3</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Plan to organize Negroes, <a href="#page_217">217</a>-<a href="#page_218">18</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Principles, <a href="#page_53">53</a>-<a href="#page_54">4</a>, <a href="#page_58">58</a>, <a href="#page_74">74</a>-<a href="#page_75">5</a>, <a href="#page_217">217</a>-<a href="#page_219">19</a>, <a href="#page_224">224</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Socialist Party's attitude toward, <a href="#page_74">74</a>-<a href="#page_75">5</a>, <a href="#page_225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Communist Propaganda League, <a href="#page_25">25</a>, <a href="#page_64">64</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Communists of Hungary, <a href="#page_180">180</a>-<a href="#page_191">91</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Favored by American Socialists, <a href="#page_180">180</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_188">188</a>-<a href="#page_193">93</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Conscription of labor in Socialist Russia, <a href="#page_281">281</a>-<a href="#page_285">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Conspiracy against our country, <a href="#page_212">212</a>-<a href="#page_267">67</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;against the family, <a href="#page_317">317</a>-<a href="#page_329">29</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;against the race, <a href="#page_330">330</a>-<a href="#page_341">41</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;against religion, <a href="#page_292">292</a>-<a href="#page_316">316</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Constituent Assembly, Russia, <a href="#page_4">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Convention, Socialist Party, <a href="#page_75">75</a>, <a href="#page_91">91</a>-<a href="#page_93">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Co-operative organizations, Russian and Siberian, <a href="#page_162">162</a>-<a href="#page_163">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Corruption, political, among Socialists, <a href="#page_97">97</a>, <a href="#page_277">277</a>-<a href="#page_278">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Criminals freed in Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_161">161</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Czecho-Slovakia, Socialism in, <a href="#page_10">10</a>-<a href="#page_11">11</a>.<a id="page_385"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>D</h3>
+
+
+<p>Debs, Eugene V., <a href="#page_59">59</a>, <a href="#page_81">81</a>, <a href="#page_92">92</a>, <a href="#page_105">105</a>, <a href="#page_126">126</a>-<a href="#page_127">7</a>, <a href="#page_194">194</a>-<a href="#page_197">7</a>, <a href="#page_203">203</a>-<a href="#page_204">4</a>, <a href="#page_210">210</a>-<a href="#page_211">11</a>, <a href="#page_239">239</a>-<a href="#page_245">45</a>, <a href="#page_264">264</a>, <a href="#page_290">290</a>, <a href="#page_315">315</a>-<a href="#page_316">16</a>, <a href="#page_336">336</a>.</p>
+
+<p>De Leon, Daniel, <a href="#page_13">13</a>, <a href="#page_105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Demands of Socialist Platforms, Immediate, <a href="#page_368">368</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Determinism, Economic, <a href="#page_293">293</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dictatorship of the Proletariat, <a href="#page_4">4</a>, <a href="#page_47">47</a>, <a href="#page_49">49</a>-<a href="#page_50">50</a>, <a href="#page_53">53</a>-<a href="#page_54">4</a>, <a href="#page_128">128</a>, <a href="#page_145">145</a>, <a href="#page_189">189</a>, <a href="#page_220">220</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Direct action, <a href="#page_24">24</a>, <a href="#page_31">31</a>, <a href="#page_98">98</a>, <a href="#page_124">124</a>-<a href="#page_125">5</a>, <a href="#page_201">201</a>, <a href="#page_370">370</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Discontent, Socialist apostles of, <a href="#page_343">343</a>, <a href="#page_346">346</a>-<a href="#page_348">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Divorce in Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, <a href="#page_167">167</a>, <a href="#page_329">329</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Dope" of "Scientific Socialists," <a href="#page_96">96</a>-<a href="#page_102">102</a>, <a href="#page_363">363</a>-<a href="#page_364">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Down with the Stars and Stripes," <a href="#page_210">210</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Drunk with man," a Socialist masterpiece, <a href="#page_87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dynamite, use advocated, <a href="#page_299">299</a>-<a href="#page_300">300</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>E</h3>
+
+
+<p>Ebert, <a href="#page_3">3</a>, <a href="#page_177">177</a>, <a href="#page_179">179</a>, <a href="#page_187">187</a>-<a href="#page_190">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Economic conditions in Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_174">174</a>-<a href="#page_175">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Economic determinism, <a href="#page_293">293</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Education in Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_151">151</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eisner, Kurt, <a href="#page_4">4</a>, <a href="#page_7">7</a>, <a href="#page_178">178</a>, <a href="#page_187">187</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Emergency Convention, Socialist Party, <a href="#page_242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Employment schemes in Socialist state, <a href="#page_273">273</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Engels, Frederick, <a href="#page_1">1</a>-<a href="#page_2">2</a>, <a href="#page_294">294</a>, <a href="#page_325">325</a>-<a href="#page_326">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ettor, Jos. J., <a href="#page_105">105</a>-<a href="#page_106">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Exploitation, <a href="#page_49">49</a>-<a href="#page_50">50</a>, <a href="#page_83">83</a>, <a href="#page_106">106</a>, <a href="#page_110">110</a>, <a href="#page_272">272</a>, <a href="#page_365">365</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Expropriation, <a href="#page_49">49</a>, <a href="#page_50">50</a>, <a href="#page_53">53</a>, <a href="#page_98">98</a>-<a href="#page_99">9</a>, <a href="#page_108">108</a>, <a href="#page_123">123</a>, <a href="#page_143">143</a>, <a href="#page_179">179</a>-<a href="#page_180">80</a>, <a href="#page_189">189</a>-<a href="#page_190">90</a>, <a href="#page_270">270</a>-<a href="#page_271">1</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Expulsion, Michigan organization, from Socialist Party, <a href="#page_42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Eye Opener, The," <a href="#page_192">192</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eyre, Lincoln, interview with Lenine, <a href="#page_173">173</a>-<a href="#page_174">174</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with Trotzky, <a href="#page_174">174</a>-<a href="#page_176">6</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with Zinovieff, <a href="#page_253">253</a>-<a href="#page_255">5</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;on Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_253">253</a>-<a href="#page_256">6</a>, <a href="#page_279">279</a>-<a href="#page_284">84</a>, <a href="#page_286">286</a>-<a href="#page_290">90</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>F</h3>
+
+
+<p>Fabian Society, <a href="#page_8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Failure of Socialism,
+  in Mexico, <a href="#page_101">101</a>-<a href="#page_102">2</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_2">2</a>, <a href="#page_279">279</a>-<a href="#page_290">90</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Yucatan, <a href="#page_101">101</a>-<a href="#page_102">2</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Farming under Socialism, <a href="#page_32">32</a>, <a href="#page_49">49</a>, <a href="#page_83">83</a>, <a href="#page_271">271</a>-<a href="#page_272">2</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ferguson, I. E., <a href="#page_133">133</a>-<a href="#page_134">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fighting the "Reds," <a href="#page_377">377</a>-<a href="#page_382">382</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Financial conditions in Socialist Russia, <a href="#page_287">287</a>-<a href="#page_288">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Flag, to hell with the," <a href="#page_210">210</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Foreign language papers of Socialist Party, <a href="#page_343">343</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Foster, William Z., <a href="#page_348">348</a>-<a href="#page_349">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fraina, Louis C., <a href="#page_26">26</a>, <a href="#page_55">55</a>, <a href="#page_214">214</a>-<a href="#page_215">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p>France, Socialism in, <a href="#page_5">5</a>, <a href="#page_7">7</a>-<a href="#page_8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Freedom of Speech, <a href="#page_114">114</a>, <a href="#page_242">242</a>, <a href="#page_354">354</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Free love, advocated by Socialists, <a href="#page_317">317</a>-<a href="#page_329">29</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hypocricy of Socialists regarding, <a href="#page_370">370</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Socialist Russia, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, <a href="#page_166">166</a>, <a href="#page_329">329</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Socialist books on, <a href="#page_317">317</a>, <a href="#page_321">321</a>-<a href="#page_326">26</a>, <a href="#page_329">329</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>G</h3>
+
+
+<p>Gale, Linn A. E., <a href="#page_339">339</a>-<a href="#page_340">340</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Germany, Socialism in, <a href="#page_2">2</a>, <a href="#page_3">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Germer, Adolph, letter to "Appeal," <a href="#page_92">92</a>-<a href="#page_93">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Giovannitti, Arturo, <a href="#page_108">108</a>-<a href="#page_109">9</a>, <a href="#page_111">111</a>, <a href="#page_308">308</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Government ownership of public utilities, <a href="#page_368">368</a>-<a href="#page_369">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Grandmother of the Russian Revolution,"
+   See Breshkovsky, Catherine.</p>
+
+<p>Great Britain, Socialism in, <a href="#page_8">8</a>-<a href="#page_9">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Guesde, Jules, <a href="#page_6">6</a>, <a href="#page_321">321</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>H</h3>
+
+<p>Haase, Hugo, <a href="#page_3">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hardie, J. Keir, <a href="#page_8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Haywood, William D., <a href="#page_123">123</a>-<a href="#page_124">4</a>, <a href="#page_127">127</a>, <a href="#page_199">199</a>, <a href="#page_241">241</a>, <a href="#page_248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herron, George D., <a href="#page_302">302</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;day dream of, <a href="#page_94">94</a>, <a href="#page_95">95</a>.</p>
+
+<p>High Schools, Socialism taught in, <a href="#page_354">354</a>.<a id="page_386"></a></p>
+
+<p>Hillquit, Morris, <a href="#page_13">13</a>, <a href="#page_17">17</a>, <a href="#page_23">23</a>, <a href="#page_34">34</a>, <a href="#page_40">40</a>-<a href="#page_41">1</a>, <a href="#page_50">50</a>-<a href="#page_51">1</a>, <a href="#page_54">54</a>, <a href="#page_62">62</a>-<a href="#page_63">3</a>, <a href="#page_73">73</a>-<a href="#page_75">5</a>, <a href="#page_79">79</a>, <a href="#page_81">81</a>, <a href="#page_85">85</a>, <a href="#page_89">89</a>, <a href="#page_184">184</a>, <a href="#page_188">188</a>, <a href="#page_220">220</a>-<a href="#page_221">1</a>, <a href="#page_224">224</a>-<a href="#page_226">6</a>, <a href="#page_232">232</a>-<a href="#page_234">4</a>, <a href="#page_236">236</a>-<a href="#page_237">7</a>, <a href="#page_239">239</a>-<a href="#page_240">40</a>, <a href="#page_243">243</a>-<a href="#page_245">5</a>, <a href="#page_248">248</a>-<a href="#page_253">53</a>, <a href="#page_255">255</a>, <a href="#page_259">259</a>-<a href="#page_260">60</a>, <a href="#page_263">263</a>-<a href="#page_266">6</a>, <a href="#page_274">274</a>-<a href="#page_275">5</a>, <a href="#page_290">290</a>, <a href="#page_311">311</a>, <a href="#page_313">313</a>-<a href="#page_314">14</a>, <a href="#page_328">328</a>, <a href="#page_337">337</a>, <a href="#page_361">361</a>, <a href="#page_366">366</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hoan, Mayor of Milwaukee, <a href="#page_69">69</a>, <a href="#page_202">202</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Holland, Socialism in, <a href="#page_10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hostages in Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_154">154</a>, <a href="#page_159">159</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hypocrisy of the I. W. W., <a href="#page_246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hypocrisy of Socialists, <a href="#page_204">204</a>-<a href="#page_205">5</a>, <a href="#page_210">210</a>, <a href="#page_219">219</a>-<a href="#page_221">21</a>, <a href="#page_225">225</a>, <a href="#page_233">233</a>-<a href="#page_236">6</a>, <a href="#page_239">239</a>-<a href="#page_240">40</a>, <a href="#page_246">246</a>, <a href="#page_252">252</a>-<a href="#page_254">4</a>, <a href="#page_266">266</a>, <a href="#page_363">363</a>-<a href="#page_371">71</a>, <a href="#page_375">375</a>-<a href="#page_376">6</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On religion, <a href="#page_292">292</a>, <a href="#page_309">309</a>-<a href="#page_316">16</a>, <a href="#page_326">326</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On free love, <a href="#page_317">317</a>, <a href="#page_319">319</a>-<a href="#page_320">20</a>, <a href="#page_322">322</a>-<a href="#page_324">4</a>, <a href="#page_326">326</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hyndman, Henry M., <a href="#page_8">8</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>I</h3>
+
+
+<p>Iglesias, Pablo, <a href="#page_9">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Immediate demands of Socialist Party platforms, <a href="#page_24">24</a>, <a href="#page_87">87</a>, <a href="#page_91">91</a>, <a href="#page_368">368</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Immorality under Socialism, <a href="#page_317">317</a>-<a href="#page_341">41</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Independent Labor Party of Great Britain, <a href="#page_8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ingersoll argument of Socialists, <a href="#page_293">293</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Inheritance, rights of, <a href="#page_110">110</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Industrial action, <a href="#page_77">77</a>, <a href="#page_228">228</a>-<a href="#page_229">9</a>, <a href="#page_234">234</a>, <a href="#page_237">237</a>-<a href="#page_238">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Industrial Unionism, Endorsed by Communists and Communist Laborites of America, <a href="#page_54">54</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;by Socialist Party, <a href="#page_238">238</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I. W. W., <a href="#page_107">107</a>-<a href="#page_108">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Insurance policies under Socialism, <a href="#page_273">273</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Inter-allied<sup><a href="#fn_24" id="fna_24">24</a></sup>, Socialist and Labor Conference, <a href="#page_21">21</a>-<a href="#page_22">2</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Intercollegiate Socialist Society, <a href="#page_355">355</a>-<a href="#page_356">6</a>, <a href="#page_380">380</a>.</p>
+
+<p>International, First, <a href="#page_16">16</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Second, <a href="#page_7">7</a>, <a href="#page_16">16</a>, <a href="#page_17">17</a>-<a href="#page_19">19</a>, <a href="#page_32">32</a>, <a href="#page_68">68</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Third, <a href="#page_6">6</a>-<a href="#page_7">7</a>, <a href="#page_9">9</a>, <a href="#page_11">11</a>-<a href="#page_12">12</a>, <a href="#page_18">18</a>, <a href="#page_20">20</a>-<a href="#page_21">1</a>, <a href="#page_33">33</a>, <a href="#page_45">45</a>-<a href="#page_50">50</a>, <a href="#page_61">61</a>, <a href="#page_67">67</a>-<a href="#page_69">9</a>, <a href="#page_74">74</a>-<a href="#page_75">5</a>, <a href="#page_216">216</a>, <a href="#page_218">218</a>, <a href="#page_228">228</a>, <a href="#page_233">233</a>-<a href="#page_236">6</a>, <a href="#page_239">239</a>, <a href="#page_252">252</a>-<a href="#page_256">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>International character of Socialism, <a href="#page_17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>International Congresses, <a href="#page_17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>International Socialist Bureau, <a href="#page_17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>International Workingmen's Association, <a href="#page_1">1</a>, <a href="#page_2">2</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Internationale Communist," organ of Moscow International, <a href="#page_255">255</a>-<a href="#page_256">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Irreligious poems of Socialists, <a href="#page_302">302</a>-<a href="#page_304">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Italian labor unions, <a href="#page_9">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Italy, Socialism in, <a href="#page_9">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>I. W. W., Advocates rebellion, <a href="#page_109">109</a>, <a href="#page_115">115</a>-<a href="#page_117">17</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Affiliated with Moscow Bolshevists, <a href="#page_247">247</a>-<a href="#page_248">248</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Atheistic and anti-religious, <a href="#page_118">118</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bomb threat, <a href="#page_119">119</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese to be organized, <a href="#page_120">120</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Encouraged by Socialist Party, <a href="#page_114">114</a>-<a href="#page_115">15</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Growth, <a href="#page_136">136</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Industrial unionism, <a href="#page_107">107</a>-<a href="#page_108">8</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In foreign lands, <a href="#page_136">136</a>-<a href="#page_137">7</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Method of organization, <a href="#page_106">106</a>-<a href="#page_107">7</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Negroes to be organized, <a href="#page_119">119</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Organized by Socialists, <a href="#page_105">105</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Paterson strike, <a href="#page_117">117</a>-<a href="#page_118">18</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Plans destruction of society, <a href="#page_109">109</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Preamble to platform, <a href="#page_107">107</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Principles, <a href="#page_105">105</a>-<a href="#page_113">13</a>, <a href="#page_115">115</a>, <a href="#page_125">125</a>, <a href="#page_130">130</a>-<a href="#page_131">1</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Publications, <a href="#page_116">116</a>-<a href="#page_117">17</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Relations with Socialist Party, <a href="#page_105">105</a>, <a href="#page_108">108</a>, <a href="#page_114">114</a>-<a href="#page_115">15</a>, <a href="#page_122">122</a>-<a href="#page_127">7</a>, <a href="#page_129">129</a>, <a href="#page_131">131</a>-<a href="#page_136">6</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Songs, <a href="#page_120">120</a>-<a href="#page_122">2</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tactics, <a href="#page_190">109</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Terrorism, <a href="#page_118">118</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Views on Bolshevism, <a href="#page_128">128</a>-<a href="#page_133">33</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>J</h3>
+
+
+<p>Jaur&eacute;s, <a href="#page_6">6</a>, <a href="#page_321">321</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>K</h3>
+
+
+<p>Kautsky, Karl, <a href="#page_2">2</a>, <a href="#page_233">233</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>L</h3>
+
+
+<p>Labor certificates, <a href="#page_273">273</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Labor Conference, Inter-allied, <a href="#page_21">21</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Labor conscription in Socialist Russia, <a href="#page_281">281</a>-<a href="#page_285">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Labor Party of Illinois, <a href="#page_173">173</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Labor under Socialism, <a href="#page_273">273</a>-<a href="#page_277">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Land ownership under Bolshevism, <a href="#page_139">139</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;under Socialism, <a href="#page_271">271</a>-<a href="#page_272">2</a>, <a href="#page_365">365</a>-<a href="#page_368">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lassalle, Ferdinand, 2.<a id="page_387"></a></p>
+
+<p>Law and order in Socialist Russia, <a href="#page_282">282</a>, <a href="#page_290">290</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Leaflet campaign of Socialists, <a href="#page_192">192</a>, <a href="#page_344">344</a>-<a href="#page_345">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Leaflets, anti-Socialist, <a href="#page_378">378</a>-<a href="#page_379">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>League of Resistance, <a href="#page_299">299</a>, <a href="#page_300">300</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Leathan, <a href="#page_8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lectures, anti-Socialist, <a href="#page_380">380</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Left Wing, Conference, <a href="#page_52">52</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Criticises the Right, <a href="#page_25">25</a>, <a href="#page_28">28</a>-<a href="#page_29">9</a>, <a href="#page_36">36</a>, <a href="#page_37">37</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Defined, <a href="#page_23">23</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Development, <a href="#page_24">24</a>, <a href="#page_39">39</a>, <a href="#page_45">45</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Directed by Russian Bolsheviki, <a href="#page_31">31</a>-<a href="#page_33">33</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expulsions and suspensions, <a href="#page_42">42</a>-<a href="#page_45">5</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Merges into Communist and Communist Labor Parties, <a href="#ch05">chapter 5</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Opposed by Socialist Party bosses, <a href="#page_36">36</a>-<a href="#page_37">7</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Origin, <a href="#page_24">24</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Principles, <a href="#page_24">24</a>-<a href="#page_31">31</a>, <a href="#page_36">36</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Relations with I. W. W., <a href="#page_135">135</a>-<a href="#page_136">6</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tactics at party meetings, <a href="#page_35">35</a>, <a href="#page_37">37</a>, <a href="#page_38">38</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Legion, Loyal, rediculed by Socialists, <a href="#page_208">208</a>-<a href="#page_9">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lenine or Lenin, Nicolai, Autocrat of Russia, <a href="#page_5">5</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Letter to American workingmen, <a href="#page_142">142</a>, <a href="#page_170">170</a>, <a href="#page_174">174</a>, <a href="#page_183">183</a>-<a href="#page_184">4</a>, <a href="#page_216">216</a>, <a href="#page_223">223</a>-<a href="#page_224">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lesson <a href="#page_24">24</a>, Socialist Primer, <a href="#page_352">352</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Liebknecht, Karl, <a href="#page_3">3</a>, <a href="#page_7">7</a>, <a href="#page_30">30</a>, <a href="#page_177">177</a>-<a href="#page_178">8</a>, <a href="#page_185">185</a>-<a href="#page_187">7</a>, <a href="#page_191">191</a>-<a href="#page_193">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Liebknecht, Wilhelm, <a href="#page_2">2</a>, <a href="#page_294">294</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Longuet, Jean, <a href="#page_6">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>London, Jack, <a href="#page_199">199</a>, <a href="#page_200">200</a>, <a href="#page_268">268</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Looters, Socialist, <a href="#page_102">102</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Loriot, F., <a href="#page_6">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Love, See Free-love.</p>
+
+<p>Lusk Committee evidence, <a href="#page_248">248</a>-<a href="#page_250">50</a>, <a href="#page_264">264</a>, <a href="#page_358">358</a>, <a href="#page_361">361</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Luxemburg, Rosa, <a href="#page_3">3</a>, <a href="#page_7">7</a>, <a href="#page_30">30</a>, <a href="#page_177">177</a>-<a href="#page_178">8</a>, <a href="#page_187">187</a>, <a href="#page_191">191</a>-<a href="#page_193">3</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>M</h3>
+
+
+<p>MacDonald, J. Ramsay, <a href="#page_18">18</a>-<a href="#page_19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Manifesto, See Communist Manifesto;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of Left Wing, 28;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of Moscow, See Moscow Manifesto;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of National Emergency Convention of Socialist Party, <a href="#page_72">72</a>-<a href="#page_78">8</a>, <a href="#page_181">181</a>, <a href="#page_228">228</a>-<a href="#page_229">229</a>, <a href="#page_236">236</a>-<a href="#page_237">237</a>, <a href="#page_239">239</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Marriage in Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_164">164</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Martens, Ludwig C. A. K., <a href="#page_172">172</a>, <a href="#page_184">184</a>-<a href="#page_185">5</a>, <a href="#page_194">194</a>, <a href="#page_233">233</a>-<a href="#page_234">4</a>, <a href="#page_248">248</a>, <a href="#page_251">251</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Marx, Karl, <a href="#page_2">2</a>, <a href="#page_198">198</a>, <a href="#page_200">200</a>, <a href="#page_372">372</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mass Action, <a href="#page_11">11</a>, <a href="#page_26">26</a>-<a href="#page_28">8</a>, <a href="#page_32">32</a>, <a href="#page_69">69</a>, <a href="#page_92">92</a>, <a href="#page_217">217</a>, <a href="#page_227">227</a>, <a href="#page_228">228</a>-<a href="#page_229">9</a>, <a href="#page_231">231</a>, <a href="#page_234">234</a>, <a href="#page_237">237</a>, <a href="#page_262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Materialistic conception of history, <a href="#page_293">293</a>, <a href="#page_315">315</a>.</p>
+
+<p>May Day riots, <a href="#page_196">196</a>-<a href="#page_197">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mensheviki of Russia, <a href="#page_4">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mexico, Socialism in, <a href="#page_12">12</a>, <a href="#page_96">96</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Militarism in Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_176">176</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Millerand, <a href="#page_6">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Money situation in Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_287">287</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Money under Socialism, <a href="#page_272">272</a>-<a href="#page_273">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Morris, <a href="#page_8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moscow Conference, call to, <a href="#page_233">233</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moscow International, See Third International.</p>
+
+<p>Moscow Manifesto, <a href="#page_46">46</a>-<a href="#page_49">9</a>, <a href="#page_67">67</a>, <a href="#page_216">216</a>-<a href="#page_218">18</a>, <a href="#page_228">228</a>, <a href="#page_235">235</a>, <a href="#page_237">237</a>, <a href="#page_239">239</a>-<a href="#page_240">40</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moscow propaganda methods, <a href="#page_253">253</a>-<a href="#page_254">4</a>, <a href="#page_256">256</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moving pictures, Socialist, <a href="#page_351">351</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>N</h3>
+
+
+<p>National Emergency Convention, Socialist Party, <a href="#page_43">43</a>, <a href="#page_55">55</a>-<a href="#page_57">7</a>, <a href="#page_66">66</a>-<a href="#page_67">7</a>, <a href="#page_69">69</a>-<a href="#page_72">72</a>, <a href="#page_76">76</a>-<a href="#page_78">8</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Manifesto of, <a href="#page_72">72</a>-<a href="#page_78">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nationalization of women, <a href="#page_163">163</a>-<a href="#page_168">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nearing, Scott, <a href="#page_205">205</a>, <a href="#page_361">361</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Negroes, organized by I. W. W., <a href="#page_119">119</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;by Socialist Party, <a href="#page_361">361</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Newspapers in Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"New Unionism, The," <a href="#page_108">108</a>.</p>
+
+<p>New York State Socialist Assemblymen on trial at Albany, <a href="#page_34">34</a>, <a href="#page_74">74</a>-<a href="#page_75">5</a>, <a href="#page_221">221</a>-<a href="#page_227">7</a>, <a href="#page_232">232</a>, <a href="#page_234">234</a>, <a href="#page_239">239</a>, <a href="#page_242">242</a>-<a href="#page_246">6</a>, <a href="#page_249">249</a>-<a href="#page_250">50</a>, <a href="#page_252">252</a>-<a href="#page_253">3</a>, <a href="#page_255">255</a>, <a href="#page_257">257</a>-<a href="#page_265">65</a>, <a href="#page_329">329</a>, <a href="#page_340">340</a>-<a href="#page_341">1</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Norway, Socialism in, <a href="#page_11">11</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>O</h3>
+
+
+<p>Oaths, Socialist, <a href="#page_260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Old Age Pension, Berger's, <a href="#page_89">89</a>.</p>
+
+<p>One Big Union, See I. W. W.</p>
+
+<p>"One Big Union Monthly," <a href="#page_105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Origin of modern Socialism, <a href="#page_1">1</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ownership, Government, <a href="#page_368">368</a>-<a href="#page_369">9</a>.<a id="page_388"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>P</h3>
+
+<p>Papers, Socialist, of the U. S., <a href="#page_14">14</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Parental authority undermined by Socialists, <a href="#page_353">353</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Paris Commune, <a href="#page_200">200</a>-<a href="#page_201">1</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Parochial schools under Socialism, <a href="#page_302">302</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Parties affiliated with the Third (Moscow) International, <a href="#page_33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Paterson, N. J., strike of 1913, <a href="#page_117">117</a>-<a href="#page_118">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Petrograd under Bolshevist rule, <a href="#page_161">161</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Platform planks of Socialists utterly unreliable, <a href="#page_365">365</a>-<a href="#page_368">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Poems, anti-religious Socialist, <a href="#page_302">302</a>-<a href="#page_304">4</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Political action, <a href="#page_24">24</a>, <a href="#page_26">26</a>, <a href="#page_201">201</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Political corruption among Socialists, <a href="#page_97">97</a>, <a href="#page_277">277</a>-<a href="#page_278">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Primer, Socialist, Lesson <a href="#page_24">24</a>, <a href="#page_352">352</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Private business under Socialism, <a href="#page_83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Private ownership of land in Socialist state, <a href="#page_271">271</a>-<a href="#page_272">2</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Private property, <a href="#page_32">32</a>, <a href="#page_47">47</a>, <a href="#page_53">53</a>, <a href="#page_76">76</a>, <a href="#page_80">80</a>-<a href="#page_83">3</a>, <a href="#page_110">110</a>, <a href="#page_365">365</a>-<a href="#page_368">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Private property under Bolshevist rule, <a href="#page_139">139</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Private schools under Socialism, <a href="#page_302">302</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Profit under Socialism, <a href="#page_82">82</a>, <a href="#page_273">273</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Proletarian International, call for, <a href="#page_247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Proletariat, <a href="#page_30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Promises, golden, of Socialists, <a href="#page_342">342</a>-<a href="#page_344">4</a>, <a href="#page_349">349</a>, <a href="#page_371">371</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Propaganda, Socialist, <a href="#page_192">192</a>, <a href="#page_342">342</a>-<a href="#page_61">61</a>, <a href="#page_363">363</a>-<a href="#page_365">5</a>, <a href="#page_368">368</a>-<a href="#page_376">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Prostitution under Socialism, <a href="#page_318">318</a>-<a href="#page_321">21</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Publications, of I. W. W., <a href="#page_116">116</a>-<a href="#page_117">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Publications of Socialist Party, <a href="#page_343">343</a>-<a href="#page_345">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Publicity Committee against Socialism, <a href="#page_257">257</a>-<a href="#page_258">8</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>Q</h3>
+
+
+<p>Quelch, <a href="#page_8">8</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>R</h3>
+
+
+<p>Race suicide, <a href="#page_326">326</a>-7.</p>
+
+<p>Raids, Government, on Communist and Communist Labor Parties, <a href="#page_215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Raids on I. W. W., <a href="#page_116">116</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rand School, <a href="#page_248">248</a>-<a href="#page_250">50</a>, <a href="#page_357">357</a>, <a href="#page_361">361</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rebellion advocated by Socialists, <a href="#page_47">47</a>-<a href="#page_50">50</a>, <a href="#page_63">63</a>-<a href="#page_64">4</a>, <a href="#page_71">71</a>-<a href="#page_72">2</a>, <a href="#page_75">75</a>, <a href="#page_78">78</a>, <a href="#page_109">109</a>, <a href="#page_115">115</a>-<a href="#page_117">17</a>, <a href="#page_123">123</a>, <a href="#page_128">128</a>, <a href="#page_131">131</a>, <a href="#page_134">134</a>, <a href="#page_170">170</a>-<a href="#page_172">2</a>, <a href="#page_183">183</a>-<a href="#page_184">4</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_189">189</a>, <a href="#page_197">197</a>-<a href="#page_199">9</a>, <a href="#page_201">201</a>-<a href="#page_202">2</a>, <a href="#page_204">204</a>-<a href="#page_205">5</a>, <a href="#page_212">212</a>-<a href="#page_220">20</a>, <a href="#page_222">222</a>, <a href="#page_227">227</a>-<a href="#page_229">9</a>, <a href="#page_234">234</a>-<a href="#page_235">5</a>, <a href="#page_237">237</a>, <a href="#page_240">240</a>-<a href="#page_241">1</a>, <a href="#page_243">243</a>, <a href="#page_247">247</a>, <a href="#page_249">249</a>, <a href="#page_251">251</a>, <a href="#page_254">254</a>, <a href="#page_255">255</a>-<a href="#page_256">6</a>, <a href="#page_262">262</a>, <a href="#page_265">265</a>, <a href="#page_266">266</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a>, <a href="#page_270">270</a>, <a href="#page_351">351</a>, <a href="#page_356">356</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Reds" and "Yellows," <a href="#page_23">23</a>, <a href="#page_24">24</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Reed, John, <a href="#page_55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Refinery, sugar, <a href="#page_100">100</a>, <a href="#page_102">102</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Religion, conspiracy against, <a href="#page_292">292</a>-<a href="#page_316">316</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Religion in Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_146">146</a>-<a href="#page_151">51</a>, <a href="#page_168">168</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Remuneration for work under Socialism, <a href="#page_83">83</a>, <a href="#page_273">273</a>-<a href="#page_277">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rents under Socialism, <a href="#page_82">82</a>, <a href="#page_273">273</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Resistance, League of, <a href="#page_299">299</a>, <a href="#page_300">300</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Revolution without the "r," <a href="#page_23">23</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Right and Left Wings, <a href="#page_23">23</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Riots, Socialist, <a href="#page_194">194</a>-<a href="#page_195">5</a>, <a href="#page_196">196</a>-<a href="#page_198">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Rows and Rows of 'em march," <a href="#page_208">208</a>-<a href="#page_209">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Russia going to pieces," <a href="#page_174">174</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Russia, Socialism in, <a href="#page_4">4</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;See Bolsheviki, Bolshevism and Bolshevist.</p>
+
+<p>Russian Industrial Unions appeal to workers in Allied countries, <a href="#page_247">247</a>-<a href="#page_248">8</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>S</h3>
+
+
+<p>Sabotage, <a href="#page_111">111</a>-<a href="#page_113">13</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Scheidemann, <a href="#page_3">3</a>, <a href="#page_177">177</a>, <a href="#page_179">179</a>, <a href="#page_187">187</a>-<a href="#page_188">8</a>, <a href="#page_190">190</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Schools under Socialism, <a href="#page_302">302</a>.</p>
+
+<p>School teachers, Socialist, <a href="#page_380">380</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Seventy-seventh Division, A. E. F., <a href="#page_208">208</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Shaw, <a href="#page_8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Soap box orators, <a href="#page_343">343</a>, <a href="#page_363">363</a>-<a href="#page_365">5</a>, <a href="#page_368">368</a>-<a href="#page_371">71</a>, <a href="#page_380">380</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Social Democratic Federation of Great Britain, <a href="#page_8">8</a>.<a id="page_389"></a></p>
+
+<p>Social reforms hypocritically advocated by Socialists, <a href="#page_87">87</a>-<a href="#page_91">91</a>, <a href="#page_368">368</a>-<a href="#page_369">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Socialism a peril, <a href="#page_268">268</a>-<a href="#page_284">84</a>, <a href="#page_286">286</a>-<a href="#page_290">90</a>, <a href="#page_347">347</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Explained, <a href="#page_76">76</a>, <a href="#page_79">79</a>-<a href="#page_93">93</a>, <a href="#page_198">198</a>-<a href="#page_199">9</a>, <a href="#page_270">270</a>-8, <a href="#page_349">349</a>, <a href="#page_365">365</a>-<a href="#page_368">8</a>, <a href="#page_372">372</a>-<a href="#page_373">3</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fails in Yucatan, <a href="#page_101">101</a>-<a href="#page_102">2</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Socialist beggars, <a href="#page_92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Socialist blasphemies, <a href="#page_296">296</a>-<a href="#page_297">7</a>, <a href="#page_303">303</a>-<a href="#page_305">5</a>, <a href="#page_307">307</a>-<a href="#page_309">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Socialist legislators, criticism of, <a href="#page_29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Socialist oaths, <a href="#page_260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Socialist papers of the U. S., <a href="#page_14">14</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Socialist school teachers, <a href="#page_380">380</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Socialists and the I. W. W., <a href="#page_105">105</a>, <a href="#page_108">108</a>, <a href="#page_114">114</a>-<a href="#page_115">15</a>, <a href="#page_122">122</a>-<a href="#page_127">7</a>, <a href="#page_129">129</a>, <a href="#page_131">131</a>-<a href="#page_136">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Socialists, varieties of, See Varieties.</p>
+
+<p>Soldiers and Sailors proselytized by Socialists, <a href="#page_359">359</a>-<a href="#page_360">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Soldiers of America ridiculed by Socialists, <a href="#page_207">207</a>-<a href="#page_209">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Songs, I. W. W., <a href="#page_120">120</a>-<a href="#page_122">2</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Socialist, <a href="#page_351">351</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Soviets of Russia, <a href="#page_18">18</a>, <a href="#page_138">138</a>, <a href="#page_142">142</a>-<a href="#page_143">3</a>, <a href="#page_157">157</a>-<a href="#page_158">8</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Origin, <a href="#page_4">4</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Uprisings against, <a href="#page_143">143</a>-<a href="#page_145">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Soviet Russia," magazine, <a href="#page_172">172</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Spain, Socialism in, <a href="#page_9">9</a>, <a href="#page_10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Spargo, John, <a href="#page_123">123</a>, <a href="#page_303">303</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Spartacans, <a href="#page_3">3</a>, <a href="#page_30">30</a>, <a href="#page_53">53</a>, <a href="#page_177">177</a>-<a href="#page_178">8</a>, <a href="#page_190">190</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Favored by American Socialists, <a href="#page_177">177</a>, <a href="#page_187">187</a>-<a href="#page_193">193</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Spartacides, See Spartacans.</p>
+
+<p>Speculators in Socialist Russia, <a href="#page_282">282</a>, <a href="#page_286">286</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Stars and Stripes," down with, <a href="#page_210">210</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Starvation in Socialist Russia, <a href="#page_282">282</a>-<a href="#page_283">3</a>, <a href="#page_286">286</a>.</p>
+
+<p>St. Louis platform of Socialists, <a href="#page_75">75</a>, <a href="#page_91">91</a>-<a href="#page_92">2</a>, <a href="#page_125">125</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Stokes, Rose Pastor, <a href="#page_55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Strikes, Bring death in Socialist Russia, <a href="#page_290">290</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Belgium, <a href="#page_10">10</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Paris, <a href="#page_7">7</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prelude to armed rebellion, <a href="#page_26">26</a>-<a href="#page_28">8</a>, <a href="#page_32">32</a>, <a href="#page_109">109</a>-<a href="#page_110">10</a>, <a href="#page_241">241</a>, <a href="#page_346">346</a>-<a href="#page_348">8</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Rome, <a href="#page_9">9</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sympathetic, <a href="#page_108">108</a>, <a href="#page_109">109</a>, <a href="#page_346">346</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Under a Socialist form of government, <a href="#page_276">276</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Winnipeg, <a href="#page_125">125</a>, <a href="#page_229">229</a>-<a href="#page_230">30</a>, <a href="#page_245">245</a>-<a href="#page_246">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Struggle, See Class struggle.</p>
+
+<p>"Struggling Russia," magazine, <a href="#page_142">142</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Students' warfare against Socialism, <a href="#page_380">380</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sugar refinery in Yucatan, <a href="#page_100">100</a>, <a href="#page_102">102</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Suicide, See Race suicide.</p>
+
+<p>Sunday schools, Socialist, <a href="#page_350">350</a>-<a href="#page_353">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweden, Socialism in, <a href="#page_11">11</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>T</h3>
+
+
+<p>Tactics of the Left Wing, <a href="#page_35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Teachers of public schools, Communists, <a href="#page_355">355</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Teachers' Union of New York City, <a href="#page_354">354</a>-<a href="#page_355">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Terrorism of I. W. W., <a href="#page_118">118</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Theatrical plays, Socialist, <a href="#page_351">351</a>, <a href="#page_360">360</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas, Albert, <a href="#page_6">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Trial at Albany of Socialist Assemblymen, See New York State Socialist Assemblymen.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>U</h3>
+
+
+<p>Underground, "Reds" working, <a href="#page_375">375</a>-<a href="#page_376">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Uniform, spit on it," <a href="#page_208">208</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Union among Socialists of all nations, <a href="#page_17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Unionism, Industrial, See Industrial Unionism.</p>
+
+<p>United States, Socialism in, <a href="#page_13">13</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>V</h3>
+
+
+<p>Vandervelde, Emil, <a href="#page_10">10</a>, <a href="#page_270">270</a>, <a href="#page_296">296</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Varieties of Socialists, <a href="#page_79">79</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Voting in Bolshevist Russia, <a href="#page_140">140</a>, <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>W</h3>
+
+
+<p>Wage courts under Socialism, <a href="#page_276">276</a>-<a href="#page_277">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wage system, abolition of, <a href="#page_107">107</a>, <a href="#page_108">108</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wages under Socialism, <a href="#page_273">273</a>-<a href="#page_277">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Walling's criticism of Socialist Party, <a href="#page_251">251</a>.</p>
+
+<p>War, Socialist opposition to, <a href="#page_91">91</a>-<a href="#page_93">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wings, Right and Left, <a href="#page_23">23</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Winnipeg general strike, <a href="#page_230">230</a>-<a href="#page_231">1</a>.<a id="page_390"></a></p>
+
+<p>Work, assignment to, under Socialism, <a href="#page_273">273</a>-<a href="#page_277">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Works, anti-Socialist, <a href="#page_378">378</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Workingmen, beware of the Reds, <a href="#page_375">375</a>-<a href="#page_376">6</a>, <a href="#page_378">378</a>-<a href="#page_379">9</a>, <a href="#page_382">382</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Women must work under Socialism, <a href="#page_84">84</a>-<a href="#page_85">5</a>, <a href="#page_277">277</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wreckage resulting from Socialism, <a href="#page_101">101</a>-<a href="#page_102">2</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wynkoop, David, <a href="#page_10">10</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>Y</h3>
+
+
+<p>"Yellow" Socialists, <a href="#page_63">63</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Yellows" and "Reds," <a href="#page_23">23</a>-<a href="#page_24">4</a>, <a href="#page_58">58</a>, <a href="#page_66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Young People's Socialist clubs, <a href="#page_350">350</a>-<a href="#page_351">1</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Young, Teaching Socialism to, <a href="#page_350">350</a>-<a href="#page_355">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Yucatan, Atheism of Socialists in, <a href="#page_298">298</a>-<a href="#page_299">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Yucatan, Socialism in, <a href="#page_96">96</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>Z</h3>
+
+
+<p>Zapata, Emiliano, <a href="#page_98">98</a>, <a href="#page_101">101</a>-<a href="#page_102">2</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Zeuch, letter to by Socialist professor, <a href="#page_356">356</a>-<a href="#page_357">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Zimmerwald resolutions, <a href="#page_6">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Zinovieff, <a href="#page_252">252</a>-<a href="#page_255">5</a>.
+<a id="page_391"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div id="appendix">
+<h2>APPENDIX</h2>
+
+<h3>THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES, MAY
+8-14, 1920</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>After "The Red Conspiracy" went to press, this Convention was held at
+Finnish Hall, New York City. Of its 156 delegates, sixty were of foreign
+birth. By some newspapers the Convention was incorrectly styled "mild"
+and "conservative," so well were the avowed revolutionary designs of the
+Socialists camouflaged behind seemingly harmless innocuous phrases for
+the deception of the uninformed. "Vote-catching" was the key-note of the
+proceedings. As this book shows, the Socialist Party in 1919 lost the
+vast majority of its members to the Communists and the Communist
+Laborites and had, therefore, to seek new members. These, however, could
+be won only by concealing for the time being the true revolutionary
+objects of the Socialist Party. This covering-up of its conspiracy
+against the United States, and the resultant gathering into the
+conspirators' net of the timid halfway Socialists as yet members of
+other political Parties, could be accomplished only by the lure of a
+Convention Platform so worded as to convince the unwary that the
+Socialists as a Party had discarded their ultra radicalism and blatant
+un-Americanism.</p>
+
+<p>The Convention of May, 1920, therefore, was guided, under the adroit
+management of Morris Hillquit and Victor L. Berger, toward a Platform
+worded more mildly and conservatively than might have been expected. No
+thinking person, however, Socialist or decent American, will be deceived
+into believing that the beast of prey has changed its ugly spots because
+a gauzy veil of lies has been thrown over them.</p>
+
+<p>"The Red Conspiracy" has proven that the Socialists in the United States
+have been, almost to a man, in thorough accord with the principles and
+workings of the blackest Bolshevism. They have consistently and
+completely supported the I. W. W. They are avowed foes of the American
+Federation of Labor, though willing enough to use this organization by
+sending traitors to join it and to bore their rat-holes of corruption
+from within its respectable membership. One of the delegates to the<a id="page_392"></a>
+Socialist Convention of May, 1920, George Bauer, of New Jersey, said:
+"We must remember that there are four or five million men in the A. F.
+of L., and I don't believe we can establish a co-operative commonwealth
+without them." The Convention, following this argument of expediency,
+adopted a resolution stating that the Socialist Party did not intend to
+interfere with the internal affairs of labor unions; but added a
+statement that the Party favored the organization of workers along the
+line of industrial unionism, acting as one organized working-class body.
+The I. W. W. is, of course, the leading industrial union in America, and
+the Convention's resolution set another seal to the sympathetic bond
+between Socialism and I. W. W.'ism, with the added encouragement of the
+Socialist Party's support of the less powerful industrial unions now
+within the American Federation of Labor.</p>
+
+<p>The Camouflagists at the Convention politely declared that the Socialist
+Party did not seek to interfere with the institution of the family. But
+Hilkovitz whitewash is not white enough to obscure the lurid red of the
+free-love and race-suicide propaganda carried on in the Socialist press,
+Hillquit's favorite sheet, "The New York Call," being one of the chief
+offenders. A visit to the Rand School in New York City and examination
+of the books for sale on its book-store shelves and the periodicals and
+pamphlets there for sale will present appalling and convincing evidence
+of the Socialist efforts to destroy elementary decency as well as the
+institutions of marriage and the family.</p>
+
+<p>Another declaration of the Camouflagists at the Socialist Convention of
+May, 1920, stated that the Socialist Party "recognizes the right of
+voluntary communities of citizens to maintain religious institutions and
+to worship freely according to the dictates of their conscience." As
+August Claessens warned the Convention: "Cry out against that which men
+cherish as holy, and you rouse an antagonism which no argument can
+defeat." This counsel of discretion is interesting side by side with
+another Convention statement, made by William Karlin of New York: "If
+the churches do stand for the old order, it will be a bad day for them
+when the new order comes, because the churches will go down with the old
+order." Mr. Karlin, however, accepting discretion as valor's better
+part, admitted that "There are many people to whom we can appeal if we
+don't arouse their religious prejudice;" while Delegate McIntyre, of the
+District of Columbia, prudently advised the members of the Convention to
+"get the voters first and talk religion out of them afterward."<a id="page_393"></a> Again,
+a visit to the book-shop of the Rand School is suggested if proof is
+desired of the Socialist propaganda of atheism, sacrilege, and,
+specifically, hatred of Christianity. The reader of "The Red Conspiracy"
+will have noted enough of the Socialists' blasphemies to prevent the
+Convention Camouflagists' hedging on this subject from having any effect
+but added disgust at hypocrisy.</p>
+
+<p>The Convention declared in favor of political action for the attainment
+of the Socialists' ends. Exactly! Chapter XVI of this book, "The
+Conspiracy Against Our Country," has shown for what purposes political
+action and political power are to be used. Get traitors in office and
+when the Revolution comes the forces to coerce the American people and
+destroy the American Government will be in the traitors' control.</p>
+
+<p>Camouflagists<sup><a href="#fn_25" id="fna_25">25</a></sup> and their opponents of the Convention united in the
+nomination of Eugene V. Debs, convicted criminal, for President of the
+United States. Let us hear the words of this man whom Morris Hillquit
+stated resembles "the Nazarene," and who styles himself "a flaming
+revolutionist." A press report, from Atlanta, Georgia, dated May 14,
+1920, quotes him as saying:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Personally I am a radical. I have always been one. My only fear
+     has always been that I might not be radical enough. In my own party
+     I always led the minority, but I hope to lead a united Socialist
+     Party to the polls this Fall. They are fighting within my own party
+     today. It is a good healthy sign. The radicals keep the
+     conservatives from giving away too much to popularize the movement.
+     That is what killed the Populist Party. The leaders sought to
+     popularize its political propaganda by pandering to more
+     conservative elements. They lost the radical support of their
+     party, which became the Socialist Party, and naturally the
+     conservatives had no further use for them. To begin to placate your
+     enemies is to invite decay."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The radical minority in the Socialist Party formerly comprised the Left
+Wing members who later on became Communists and Communist Laborites. J.
+Louis Engdahl of Chicago at present leads a new Left Wing radical
+minority within the Party.</p>
+
+<p>The American public may at times be gullible, but hardly sufficiently so
+as to believe in the sincerity of Hillquit and Victor L. Berger, who
+filled the air at the Convention with phrases of moderation and disclaim
+of treason and revolution, following their gentle verbiage by nominating
+Debs who scores those who "sought to popularize" "political propaganda
+by pandering to<a id="page_394"></a> more conservative elements." "Panderer" is not a pretty
+thing to be called, but the pleasant Messrs. Hilkovitz and Berger
+swallow it. That their conservative phraseology would fool no one was
+recognized at the Convention by Irwin St. John Tucker, who said: "You
+can disguise yourself by sprouting pink whiskers." Mr. Tucker, however,
+would not join the Camouflagists, remarking: "It may be that the
+American people are not yet ready to accept Socialist principles, but I
+would rather lose an election than lose those principles."</p>
+
+<p>Hillquit himself said in the Convention, on May 13, 1920, that the
+nomination of Debs "proves that we have not receded from our position of
+revolutionary Socialism and that we will be more effective and still
+more revolutionary than ever before."</p>
+
+<p>J. Louis Engdahl may be an enemy to the United States and to society in
+general, but he is man enough to say boldly what he really thinks. At
+the Convention he declared: "I say that it is time to inaugurate the
+revolution immediately. The time to prepare for victory is now.... We
+can't fool anybody here by decorating the walls with the flag of Wall
+St."</p>
+
+<p>Delegate Oneal, one of Hillquit's own faction of political actionists,
+volunteered to furnish a reason why camouflage was a useful policy for
+the Socialists to adopt until "The Day" arrived,--the black day when the
+United States of America should be gasping in the throes of death-agony,
+like wretched Russia. Oneal sapiently remarked at the Convention: "The
+time and conditions which favored the Russian revolution must be studied
+before we attempt to adopt them here."</p>
+
+<p>But the Camouflagists of the Convention did not sever and did not wish
+to sever the close bond of union between the Socialist Party of the
+United States and the Third or Moscow International, the Convention, in
+its majority report, stating that "The Moscow organization is virile and
+aggressive, inspired as it is by the militant idealism of the Russian
+revolution," the majority report further stating that the Socialist
+Party of the United States, "retaining its adherence to the Third
+International," "instructs its executive committee, its international
+secretary and international delegates to be elected" "To participate in
+movements looking to the union of all true Socialist forces in the world
+into one International and to initiate and further such movements
+whenever the opportunity is presented." The said majority report
+follows, as reported in "The New York Call," May 15, 1920:<a id="page_395"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The international organization of Socialism has been disrupted as
+     a result of the world war.</p>
+
+<p>     "The old Second International is represented principally by the
+     majority party of Germany, the Socialist parties of the countries
+     carved out from the former Austro-Hungarian empire, and of most of
+     the countries of Europe that remained neutral during the war.</p>
+
+<p>     "The parties affiliated with this organization have largely
+     abandoned the revolutionary character and the militant methods of
+     working class Socialism. As a rule, they co-operate with the middle
+     class reform parties of their countries.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Third or Moscow International was organized by the Communist
+     party of Russia with the co-operation of several other Communist
+     organizations recruited in the main from the countries split off
+     from the former Russian empire and some Scandinavian and Balkan
+     countries. The Third International also includes the Labor party of
+     Norway and the Communist Labor party of Poland. Of the other
+     important countries, the Socialist parties of Switzerland, Italy
+     and the United States, and the British Socialist party have
+     expressed their intention to affiliate with it.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Moscow organization is virile and aggressive, inspired as it
+     is by the militant idealism of the Russian revolution. It is,
+     however, at this time only a nucleus of a Socialist International,
+     and its progress is largely impeded by the attitude of its present
+     governing committee, which seems inclined to impose upon all
+     affiliated bodies the formula of the Russian revolution 'The
+     dictatorship of the proletariat in the form of Soviet power.'</p>
+
+<p>     "The Independent Socialist party of Germany, the Socialist party of
+     France and the Independent Labor party of Great Britain are
+     unaffiliated. They have initiated a movement to unite all truly
+     Socialist parties of the world, including those represented in the
+     Moscow organization, into one International.</p>
+
+<p>     "At no time was an active and effective organization of a Socialist
+     International more vitally necessary for the success of Socialism
+     than at this crucial period of the world's history. Socialism is in
+     complete control in the great country of Russia. It is represented
+     in the bourgeois governments of several important countries of
+     Europe. The Socialists constitute the leading opposition parties in
+     most of the remaining modern countries. It should be the task of
+     the Socialist International to aid our Comrades in Russia to
+     maintain and fortify their political control and to improve and
+     stabilize the economic and social condi<a id="page_396"></a>tions of their country by
+     forcing the great powers of Europe and America to abandon the
+     dastardly policy of intrigue, war and starvation blockade against
+     Soviet Russia. It should be its task to help the Socialists in
+     countries of divided political control to institute full and true
+     Socialist governments, and to support the struggles of the
+     Socialists in the capitalist-controlled countries, so that they may
+     more speedily secure victory for the workers in their countries.</p>
+
+<p>     "But above all a true Socialist International would at this time
+     fulfill the all-important function of serving as the framework of
+     the coming world parliament.</p>
+
+<p>     "To accomplish these great tasks the International of Socialism
+     must be truly international.</p>
+
+<p>     "It cannot be truly Socialist if it is not based upon the program
+     of complete socialization of the industries, and upon the
+     principles of class struggle and uncompromising working class
+     politics. It cannot be truly international unless it accords to its
+     affiliated bodies full freedom in matters of policy and forms of
+     struggle on the basis of such program and principles, so that the
+     Socialists of each country may work out their problems in the light
+     of their own peculiar economic, political and social conditions as
+     well as the historic traditions.</p>
+
+<p>     "In view of the above considerations the Socialist party of the
+     United States, while retaining its adherence to the Third
+     International, instructs its executive committee, its international
+     secretary and international delegates to be elected</p>
+
+<p>     "(a) To insist that no formula such as 'the dictatorship of the
+     proletariat in the form of soviets' or any other formula for the
+     attainment of the Socialist commonwealth be imposed or exacted as
+     condition of affiliation with the Third International.</p>
+
+<p>     "(b) To participate in movements looking to the union of all true
+     Socialist forces in the world into one International, and to
+     initiate and further such movements whenever the opportunity is
+     presented."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The brotherly sympathy between the Socialist Party of the United States
+and the Red Vandals of Soviet Russia is exhibited by the following, also
+from "The New York Call," May 15, 1920, reporting the proceedings of the
+Socialist Convention in Finnish Hall:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "A mission of three members was provided for to carry fraternal
+     greetings to Soviet Russia and to investigate and report on
+     conditions in the first working class republic, and the
+     international delegates were further instructed to get into
+     commu<a id="page_397"></a>nication with Socialist organizations in North and South
+     America for the purpose of creating Socialist Pan-American
+     congresses."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The majority reporters, or discreet Camouflagists, despite the prudent
+efforts of careful Mr. Hillquit to separate the Socialist Party of the
+United States from the Communists and other out-in-the-open enemies of
+our Country, evidently believed it wise to throw out a beckoning hand to
+all radicals in general, especially to the Red Left Wing Socialists who
+left the Party to become Communists and Communist Laborites in the fall
+of 1919. At the Convention of May, 1920, the following resolution was
+adopted:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Resolved, that we, the national convention of the Socialist party,
+     in order to carry into effect this desire for unity, make the
+     following proposals:</p>
+
+<p>     "That any individual, branch, local or state or language federation
+     that left the party last fall because of tactical differences and
+     now desires to re-enter on the basis of the Socialist party
+     platform and constitution, be welcomed to return.</p>
+
+<p>     "That where Socialist party locals and other groups of the labor
+     movement exist side by side in the same locality, we propose the
+     creation of joint campaign committees for the management of a
+     working class electoral campaign upon the basis of our platform.</p>
+
+<p>     "That after the campaign is over, whenever the situation promises
+     practical results, steps be taken to confer with representatives of
+     other factions of the movement with a view to establishing possible
+     basis for organization unity.</p>
+
+<p>     "That a national advisory council of all working class
+     organizations for the purpose of combatting the reactionary forces
+     be formed so that wherever possible there be voluntary united
+     action by all political and economic organizations who take their
+     stand on the basis of the class struggle."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>There was a family fuss over a proposed clause, finally stricken out,
+that "due stamps or other evidence of membership in the groups formed by
+the split in the party shall be recognized as evidence of good standing"
+in the Socialist Party. In this connection, William Kruse of Illinois,
+who is far from a Camouflagist, said: "Debs believes that the Communist
+and Communist Labor members are as good Socialists as any." The
+authorities of our Nation have condemned membership in the Communist
+organization as illegal and have proven Debs a criminal. The Socialists
+welcome the Communists and Com<a id="page_398"></a>munist Laborites, "whenever the situation
+promises practical results" (when the time for "shooting," for "bullets"
+rather than "ballots," has arrived?), and the Socialists, Camouflagists
+as enthusiastically as their opponents, acclaim Debs the criminal, Debs
+the convicted enemy of the United States of America, and nominate this
+criminal enemy for President of the United States of America!</p>
+
+<p>The entire record of the May, 1920, Socialist Convention is a series of
+insincere, futile, clever attempts to whitewash the blood-red of the
+known and proved Socialist principles and aims, these attempts in turn
+combated by the more honest delegates, and the net result being the
+re-affirmation in tangible and important matters of these same menacing
+principles and aims, though set forth in wilier and more guarded
+language than has been heretofore the case.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Conspiracy has been proven, and every new move of the Socialists
+but confirms, in the minds of sane and loyal Americans, the extent and
+peril of the conspiracy, and intensifies our will to combat this evil
+thing in our midst until righteous combat has fought to glorious
+victory. Down with the Red Flag of Socialism, Communism, Bolshevism, I.
+W. W.'ism, and Anarchy! Victory and glory to the Stars and Stripes of
+our beloved Country!</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div id="footnotes">
+<h2>FOOTNOTES</h2>
+
+
+<p id="fn_A"><a href="#fna_A">A.</a> "The Bolsheviks--formerly a faction within the Social-Democratic
+Labor Party--have recently changed their name to Communist party to
+distinguish themselves from the other Social-Democratic groups.</p>
+
+<p>"The term Bolsheviks and Mensheviks date back to 1903, when at a
+congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party a difference arose
+on a seemingly unimportant question (editorial supervision of the party
+organ), when upon a vote which decided the question there naturally was
+a majority and minority. Those who were with the majority were nicknamed
+Bolsheviks and those with the minority Mensheviks, deriving their names
+from the Russian words Bolshinstvo and Menshinstvo, meaning majority and
+minority respectively." <i>"The Soviets at Work," by Nicolai Lenin,
+published, with foreword and footnotes by Alexander Trachtenberg, by the
+Rand School of Social Science.</i></p>
+
+<p id="fn_B"><a href="#fna_B">B.</a> It is a notable fact that throughout his three days' testimony on
+the witness stand at Albany, February 17, 18 and 19, 1920, in the case
+of the five suspended Socialist Assemblymen before the Judiciary
+Committee of the New York Assembly, Morris Hillquit, illustrious leader
+of the Red Rebels' Whitewash Squad, tried to save the five suspended
+Socialist Assemblymen and the damaged reputation of their organization,
+the Socialist Party of the United States, by tremendous applications of
+Debs' old recipe of quicklime and water, the special formula of which is
+to spell revolution and rifles without the "r," pistols without the "p"
+and bombs without the "b."</p>
+
+<p id="fn_C"><a href="#fna_C">C.</a> Engdahl was indicted at Chicago, February 2, 1918, as Editor of the
+Socialist Party's official publications, brought to trial before Judge
+Landis, December 9, 1918, and convicted on January 8, 1919. The four
+indicted, convicted and sentenced with him, each for twenty years, were
+Victor L. Berger, member of the Socialist Party's National Executive
+Committee; Adolph Germer, the Party's National Executive Secretary;
+William F. Kruse, Secretary of the Young People's Socialist League, and
+Irwin St. John Tucker, former head of the Party's Literature Department.</p>
+
+<p id="fn_D"><a href="#fna_D">D.</a> This reference to Left, Right and Center bears every earmark of
+familiarity with the use of these terms in the call to the Moscow
+Conference.</p>
+
+<p id="fn_E"><a href="#fna_E">E.</a> Thus Hillquit seems to have had his eye on the "call" to the Moscow
+Conference, although he swore on the stand at Albany, in February, 1920,
+that he had not read the Moscow manifesto when he wrote 90 per cent. or
+more of his Party's Chicago manifesto of September, 1919.</p>
+
+<p id="fn_F"><a href="#fna_F">F.</a> The reference is to Alexander Stoklitzky.</p>
+
+<p id="fn_G"><a href="#fna_G">G.</a> Article 3, Section 3 (a), of the "National Convention and Platform
+of the Socialist Party, 1917," as officially published, reads: "The call
+for the regular election of members of the National Executive Committee
+shall be issued on the first day of January, 1918, and on January first
+of each odd numbered year thereafter. <i>Members elected in 1918 shall
+retire July first, 1919.</i>" But why should their own Constitution bother
+plotters who wish to dynamite that of the United States?</p>
+
+<p id="fn_H"><a href="#fna_H">H.</a> Gitlow was tried, convicted and sentenced in New York City early in
+1920, for inciting to anarchy.</p>
+
+<p id="fn_I"><a href="#fna_I">I.</a> The report brought back by this delegate, James Oneal, was the basis
+of the straddle resolution then adopted by a majority of the Executive
+Committee, the text of which we have given near the close of Chapter II.</p>
+
+<p id="fn_J"><a href="#fna_J">J.</a> As we have seen, the testimony of Morris Hillquit, February 19,
+1920, at the trial of the five Assemblymen at Albany, was, "At least
+ninety per cent. of the manifesto is my authorship."</p>
+
+<p id="fn_K"><a href="#fna_K">K.</a> See Chapter V of this book for an account of Referendum D, carried
+by a large majority in the spring or summer of 1919, by which the rank
+and file of the Socialist Party opposed its entrance into any
+international Socialist alignment except that of the Third (Moscow)
+International.</p>
+
+<p id="fn_L"><a href="#fna_L">L.</a> In its article on "The Russian Soviet Government Bureau in the
+United States" Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, pages 384-5,
+says: "The Legal Department, under the supervision of Morris Hillquit,
+advises the Bureau so that its actions may at all times conform to the
+laws of the United States.... The raid upon the Soviet Bureau by local
+authorities engaged the attention of the Legal Department."</p>
+
+<p>Again, the "Albany Argus" of February 19, 1920, describing Hillquit's
+testimony in the Socialist case on the preceding day, February 18, says:
+"It was brought out in cross-examination that Mr. Hillquit had acted as
+counsel for the Russian Soviet Bureau in this country.... The witness
+testified that he had advised Ludwig C. A. K. Martens to file his
+credentials with the Secretary of State; had aided him in the
+preparation of his statement and advised him generally in the
+organization of his office and in every effort undertaken by him for the
+establishment of trade connection with the United States."</p>
+
+<p id="fn_M"><a href="#fna_M">M.</a> Those willing to co-operate with the Committee should communicate
+with its Chairman, Mr. Frank Allaben, President of The National
+Historical Society, publishers of this book, 37 West 39th street, New
+York City.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div id="t_notes">
+<h2>TRANSCRIBER NOTES</h2>
+
+
+<p id="fn_1"><a href="#fna_1">1.</a> Changed "Bolshevissm" to "Bolshevism".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_2"><a href="#fna_2">2.</a> Changed "Bolhevist" to "Bolshevist".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_3"><a href="#fna_3">3.</a> Changed "Forence" to "Florence".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_4"><a href="#fna_4">4.</a> Changed "circulaton" to "circulation".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_5"><a href="#fna_5">5.</a> Changed "constitutent" to "constituent".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_6"><a href="#fna_6">6.</a> Changed "form" to "from".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_7"><a href="#fna_7">7.</a> Changed "Ukrainains" to "Ukrainians".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_8"><a href="#fna_8">8.</a> Changed "renumeration" to "remuneration".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_9"><a href="#fna_9">9.</a> Changed "Procedings" to "Proceedings".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_10"><a href="#fna_10">10.</a> Changed "chidren" to "children".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_11"><a href="#fna_11">11.</a> Changed "futhermore" to "furthermore".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_12"><a href="#fna_12">12.</a> Changed "inauguarate" to "inaugurate".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_13"><a href="#fna_13">13.</a> Changed "Knickerobcker" to "Knickerbocker".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_14"><a href="#fna_14">14.</a> Changed "prevalance" to "prevalence".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_15"><a href="#fna_15">15.</a> Changed "Englisn" to "English".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_16"><a href="#fna_16">16.</a> Changed "neutriality" to "neutrality".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_17"><a href="#fna_17">17.</a> Changed "Interpretaion" to "Interpretation".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_18"><a href="#fna_18">18.</a> Changed "superstitution" to "superstition".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_19"><a href="#fna_19">19.</a> Changed "Pary" to "Party".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_20"><a href="#fna_20">20.</a> Changed "nowithstanding" to "notwithstanding".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_21"><a href="#fna_21">21.</a> Changed "camparatively" to "comparatively".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_22"><a href="#fna_22">22.</a> Changed "dailes" to "dailies".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_23"><a href="#fna_23">23.</a> Changed "insurrections" to "insurrection".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_24"><a href="#fna_24">24.</a> Changed "alied" to "allied".</p>
+
+<p id="fn_25"><a href="#fna_25">25.</a> Changed "Canouflagists" to "Camouflagists".</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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diff --git a/19150.txt b/19150.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a02a0e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/19150.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19313 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Red Conspiracy, by Joseph J. Mereto
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Red Conspiracy
+
+Author: Joseph J. Mereto
+
+Release Date: August 31, 2006 [EBook #19150]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RED CONSPIRACY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Curtis Weyant, David Maddock and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+The Red Conspiracy
+
+BY
+
+JOSEPH J. MERETO
+
+
+
+
+1920
+
+THE NATIONAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY
+
+37 West 39th Street, New York
+
+
+
+
+This book proves the existence of the Red Peril. We publish it to warn
+America. We ask the help of every loyal American, organization and
+institution to put "The Red Conspiracy" in every home, school and
+library in the land. Price, cloth bound, $2.15 postpaid; in paper, $1.10
+postpaid.
+
+Chapters of the book and parts of chapters can also be supplied in
+pamphlet and leaflet form for wide distribution. Write us for
+particulars.
+
+The National Historical Society
+37 West 39th Street, New York
+
+
+
+
+_Copyright, 1920, by
+The National Historical Society_
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+
+As a mark of sincere gratitude for all that he owes to his Country from
+birth, the author of "The Red Conspiracy" hereby dedicates his work to
+his fellow-countrymen, trusting that it will prove a bulwark of defense
+for our Star-Spangled Banner and constitutional form of government, now
+so violently assailed by disloyal American citizens, as well as by
+Marxian rebels from abroad who have deceived many of the uneducated or
+trained them in ways of evil.
+
+While "The Red Conspiracy" will appeal strongly to all who are seeking a
+clear and comprehensive knowledge of Socialism, Bolshevism, Communism
+and I. W. W.'ism, it will be of special value to the workingmen of
+America, as it will enable them easily to understand the fallacies of
+the Revolutionists and at the same time make them realize the serious
+dangers that would result from the adoption of any of the various
+radical programs.
+
+Friendship, indeed, the "Knights of the Red Flag" profess for the
+laboring man. Such friendship, however, once it is understood will be
+spurned, for it is one which would plunge the sons of toil into a
+terrible abyss of injustice, deprivation and suffering--wrongs far
+greater than those endured from abuses of capitalism and partial
+corruption of some government officials.
+
+At the very beginning of this work, the author wishes to express his
+heartfelt sympathy for poor men and women who are treated unjustly by
+employers, as well as with all who receive too small a recompense for
+their wearisome labors. It is, indeed, a source of deep regret to us
+that in consequence of injustice and uncharitableness, there are to be
+found in this rich republic numbers of our fellow-countrymen, not merely
+men and women but even innocent little children, who can scarcely
+relieve the pangs of their hunger by the coarsest kinds of food and have
+naught but rags for clothes and huts for homes. Feeling deep concern for
+these poor people, and for all who suffer either from employers or from
+defects of government, we trust that "The Red Conspiracy" will not only
+help toward remedying many of the evils that now weigh heavily upon the
+working class, but help to avert the far more dreadful evils that would
+result from the adoption of Socialism, Bolshevism, Communism, and I. W.
+W.'ism.
+
+For many years the author has made a careful study of radicalism, and
+during that time has read not only many thousands of Socialist and I. W.
+W. papers, leaflets, pamphlets and books, but also most of the leading
+works against Socialism in the English language. We have sought to
+gather an illuminating collection of quotations, not merely from
+standard Marxian publications, but from the speeches of Socialists of
+unquestioned authority in the international movement. These open
+confessions of the Revolutionists cannot fail to interest the reader and
+will certainly arouse the deep indignation of every fair-minded person
+against a propaganda of deception which is working fast to wreck modern
+civilization.
+
+No doubt the readers of "The Red Conspiracy" will be interested to learn
+that many of the revelations made in this book are brought to light
+through purchase by the author himself of revolutionary papers and
+pamphlets on sale in the spring and summer of 1919 at the National
+Headquarters of the Socialist Party, the Chas. H. Kerr Socialist
+Publishing Company, and the National Headquarters of the I. W. W., all
+in Chicago, and also in leading Socialist bookstores of Chicago, New
+York, and Philadelphia. The matter obtained in these centres of
+underworld corruption and anarchy could not have been procured had the
+author ransacked every public library in the United States.
+
+Though loyalty and patriotism should always inspire us to defend our
+country against its foes, we must concede to the Socialists that human
+government, whether national, state or municipal, is by no means free
+from serious defects; and we are bound to admit that representatives of
+the American people, as well as men engaged in business and commerce,
+have too often been guilty of dishonesty, injustice and cruelty to the
+suffering poor.
+
+Law-abiding citizens, while very much regretting that wrongs such as
+these should exist, confidently hope to reduce them to a reasonable
+minimum by methods of social reform still more effective than those that
+have already brought to an end not a few of the evils prevalent in days
+gone by. Prudence and charity suggest to true social reformers
+reasonable constitutional and lawful methods by which to correct abuses
+instead of adding to their number by adopting Socialism. We have already
+seen too much of the work of the "Reds" in Europe and in parts of
+Mexico, and we do not wish to behold our fellow-countrymen shedding more
+blood and suffering graver evils, under Socialism, than they did during
+the terrible World War.
+
+Loyal and patriotic citizens of America, judging from the progress that
+has been made in the past in matters of social reform, have every reason
+for looking forward confidently to the success of their efforts--unless,
+indeed, the Revolutionists, by greatly increasing their numbers, should
+divide the workingmen of our country into two big parties, comprising,
+respectively, the Socialists and the anti-Socialists, whose main purpose
+it would then be to fight each other instead of joining forces against
+social abuses. If the Revolutionists should gain very large numbers of
+recruits, there would be, on the one hand, a great party consisting of
+those whose object it would be to destroy our present form of
+government, as well as the entire industrial system, and, on the other,
+an opposition party, embracing good citizens and men of common sense and
+intelligence, who, because of their realization of the blessings which
+privately-owned industries and our constitutional form of government
+have bestowed upon the people of America, would be determined to shed
+the last drop of their blood in defense of them.
+
+The Socialists, however, are not satisfied with social reform, but are
+bent on the total destruction of our system of government and industry,
+holding the system itself, rather than the faults and shortcomings of
+men, to be by its very nature responsible for all the economic evils of
+the day. "Down with the Stars and Stripes" is their cry. "Abolish
+religion and the present form of marriage." "Atheism and free-love must
+reign supreme." Then, trusting that workingmen will admire anything,
+provided that it be adorned in sufficiently glowing colors, they paint
+such fabulous pictures of Socialism as the following:
+
+     "Hundreds of thousands of former representatives of the state will
+     enter various professions, and by their intelligence and strength
+     will help to increase the wealth and comfort of society. Neither
+     political nor common crimes will be known in the future. Thieves
+     will have disappeared because private property will have
+     disappeared, and in the new society everybody will be able to
+     satisfy his wants easily and conveniently by work. Nor will there
+     be tramps and vagabonds, for they are the product of a society
+     founded on private property, and with the abolition of this
+     institution they will cease to exist. Murder? Why? No one can
+     enrich himself at the expense of others, and even murder for
+     hatred or revenge is directly or indirectly connected with the
+     social system. Perjury, false testimony, fraud, theft of
+     inheritance, fraudulent failures? There will be no private property
+     against which these crimes could be committed. Arson? Who should
+     find satisfaction in committing arson when society has removed all
+     cause for hatred? Counterfeiting? Money will be but a mere chimera,
+     it would be love's labor lost! Blasphemy? Nonsense! It will be left
+     to good Almighty God himself to punish whoever has offended him,
+     provided that the existence of God is still a matter of
+     controversy." ("Woman Under Socialism," by Bebel, page 436 of the
+     1910 edition in English.)
+
+As an immense number of American citizens would not be led astray by
+these foolish promises, or by others equally absurd--recalling how
+political and common crimes, theft, murder, arson, perjury, worthless
+currency, blasphemy and political corruption have ruined Socialist
+Russia and made it a hell on earth--a dreadful revolution would be
+necessary to compel our countrymen to surrender their cherished rights.
+The Socialists, if victorious, after having set up a new form of
+government, modeled on their own low ideas of morality, would not only
+substitute a free-love regime for the present form of marriage, but,
+going still further, would avail themselves of every opportunity for
+destroying religion. The evils, however, would by no means end here, for
+the new government, whose rapid decay would begin from the very day of
+its birth, would in a short time collapse and fall, and then the
+citizens of America would have neither a government to protect them from
+the ravages of criminals, whose number would be legion, nor yet any
+suitable system of organized industries for the employment of men and
+the production of the necessaries of life. Consequently, trials and
+sufferings incomparably greater than any of the present day would befall
+the people in the reign of anarchy that would ensue.
+
+It is to preserve our fellow-countrymen from ever having to endure such
+calamities that we have undertaken this work, in which it is proven
+conclusively that the "Reds," unless quickly thwarted, will overwhelm us
+with unspeakable horrors of crime, rebellion, anarchy and destitution.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION iii
+
+     Scope of Book, iii; Value to Workingmen, iii; Sympathy for Labor,
+     iii; Quotations from Socialist Authorities, iv; Revolutionists Set
+     Back the Cause of Labor, v; Bebel's Fabulous Picture of Socialist
+     Possibilities, v; Socialism Means War, vi.
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+SOCIALISM IN OTHER LANDS                                               1
+
+     Modern Socialism Dates from "Communist Manifesto," 1848, 1; Karl
+     Marx, 1; Engels, 1; International Workingmen's Association, 1;
+     "Capital" by Marx, the Socialist Bible, 2; Socialism in Germany, 2;
+     in Bavaria, 4; in Russia, 4; Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, 5;
+     Socialism in Austria-Hungary, 5; in France, 5; in Great Britain, 8;
+     in Italy, 9; in Spain, 9; in Belgium, 10; in Holland, 10; in
+     Bohemia, 10; in Sweden, 11; in Norway, 11; in Argentina, 11; in
+     Canada, 12; in Bulgaria, 12; in Mexico, 12; in Other Foreign Lands,
+     12.
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+GROWTH OF SOCIALISM IN THE UNITED STATES                              13
+
+     Introduced from Europe, 13; Workingmen's Party, 13; Socialist Labor
+     Party, 13; Socialist Democracy of America, 13; Socialist Party of
+     America, 13; Socialist Periodicals, 14; Socialist Party Strife and
+     Bossism, 14; The Internatonal, 16; The First International, 16; The
+     Second International, 16; International Socialist Bureau, 17;
+     American Socialists and the International, 17; The Berne
+     Conference, 18; The Third (Moscow) International, 18; Debs and
+     American Socialists Recognized by Lenine, 20; American Socialists'
+     Straddle Resolution on Berne and Moscow, 21.
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF AMERICA DEVELOPS A LEFT WING                   23
+
+     Revolution Camouflaged as Evolution, 23; "Yellows," "Reds,"
+     "Rights" and "Lefts," 23; Origin of the Left Wing, 24;
+     Revolutionary Principles of the Left Wing, 24; Sympathy with
+     Russian Bolshevism, 25; Industrial Unionism Advocated, 26; Mass
+     Action and Strikes the Prelude to Armed Rebellion, 26; "Moderate"
+     Socialism Rejected by American Revolutionists, 28; To Overthrow the
+     United States Government, 30; Text of Call to Moscow International,
+     31; American Socialist Party for "Industrial Unionism," 34.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE FREE-FOR-ALL FIGHT BETWEEN THE RIGHT AND LEFT WINGS               35
+
+     Rowdies at Socialist Meetings, 35; Revolution in America "at Hand,"
+     36; "Existence of the Party at Stake," 37; "The Steering
+     Committee," 38; Hillquit Says Left Wing is Not "Too Radical," 40;
+     "Friendly Separation," 41; The Left Wing Gets More "Dictatorship"
+     Than It Wants, 42; The Rights Expel and Suspend Tens of Thousands,
+     42; The Socialists' "Immortal" Executive Committee, 42; Manifesto
+     of the Third (Moscow) International, 45.
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+BIRTH OF THE COMMUNIST AND COMMUNIST LABOR PARTIES                    52
+
+     Left Wing Conference, 52; Left Wingers Split, 52; Call for a
+     Communist Convention, 53; Too Many Would-Be Lenines and Trotzkys,
+     54; The "Firing Squad," 55; National Emergency Convention, 55; Who
+     Called the "Cops"? 57; A Convention on Each Floor, 57; The
+     Communist and Communist Labor Parties Organize, 57; Their
+     Principles, 58; "Reds" No Worse Than "Yellows," 58; Bolshevism of
+     the Socialist Party, 59; Utterances at the Emergency Conference,
+     60; Revolutionary Character of the Socialist Party, 65;
+     Trachtenberg on Affiliation with Moscow International, 68;
+     Glassberg Letter, 69; Victor L. Berger, 70; American Socialists
+     Join the Third International, 74; Hillquit Encourages the
+     Communists, 74; The Socialist Party's Revolutionary Manifesto,
+     71-75.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+SOCIALISM IN THEORY                                                   79
+
+     Socialist Office-holding is Not Socialism, 77, 85; Collective
+     Ownership, 80; I. W. W. Point of View, 80; Socialism Explained
+     Diversely by Its Leaders, 80; Hillquit's Notion, 81; Debs' Demand,
+     81; American Socialists to "Capture the Government," 82; Analysis
+     of Collective Ownership, 82; All Women to Work, 84; Atheism and
+     Free-Love, 85; Poetry from the "Call," 86; Don't Judge Socialism by
+     Reform Planks in Platforms, 87; Socialists Attack Their Own Social
+     Reform Program, 89; Unpatriotic Attitude of Socialists in the War,
+     92.
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+SOCIALISM IN PRACTICE                                                 94
+
+     Herron's Socialist Day Dream, 94; Communist Experiments in Russia
+     and Hungary, 94; Socialism in Yucatan, 96; "Zapata, Great Socialist
+     Leader of Southern Mexico," 97; Act of the Second: "Zapata, a
+     Tyrant, Who Played a Huge Joke on 100,000 Confiding Workers Whom He
+     Exploited," 101; Socialist Experiment in Russia, 103.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE I. W. W.                                                         105
+
+     A "Dangerous" Organization, 105; Its Origin, 105; Industrial
+     Unionism Explained, 106; Organization by Industries, 107; I. W. W.
+     Preamble, 107; Revolutionary Aims, 108; Conceptions of Right and
+     Wrong, 108; Violent Tactics, 100; Revolution by Means of the
+     "General Strike," 109; "Government Will Disappear," 110;
+     Remuneration for Work and the "Man-Day," 111; Doctrine and Examples
+     of Sabotage, 111.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD IN ACTION                            114
+
+     I. W. W. Trials and Socialist Support, 114; Revolutionary Threats,
+     115; Plotting Against the United States, 116; I. W. W.
+     Publications, 116; Propaganda Among Foreigners, 117; The Paterson
+     Strike, 117; The I. W. W. Atheistic and Anti-Religious, 118;
+     Arousing the Negro, 119; Arousing the Chinese, 120; I. W. W. Songs,
+     120; Socialists Favor the I. W. W., 122; Pretended Anti-Sabotage
+     Policy of the Socialist Party, 124; Gene Debs in Love with Bill
+     Haywood, 126; I. W. W. Attitude Toward Bolshevism, 128; Drawing
+     Together of Radicals, 129; "Left Wing" Socialists and the I. W. W.,
+     131; I. W. W. Help in Establishing Russian Bolshevism, 133;
+     Socialist Drift Toward I. W. W.'ism, 135; Growth of Syndicalism
+     Throughout the World, 136.
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+BOLSHEVIST RULE IN RUSSIA                                            138
+
+     Rise of Russian Bolshevists, 138; Bolshevist Constitution, 139;
+     Land Confiscation in Socialist Russia, 140; Peasant Warfare, 141;
+     The Russian Soviets, 142; "Liberty" in Socialist Russia, 145;
+     Justice in Bolsheviki-land, 146; Bolshevist Atheism and Religious
+     Persecution, 146; Church and State "Separated," 147; Michigan Left
+     Wing "Lets the Cat Out of the Bag," 149; Education Under Lenine's
+     Government, 151.
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+RUSSIA RED WITH BLOOD AND BLACK WITH CRIME                           153
+
+     The Red Terror, 153-5; "Take Our Lives But Spare Our Children,"
+     156; 500 Butchered in a Night, 157; Horrors of Bolshevik Prisons,
+     158; Atrocities and Tortures, 159; Petrograd, "City of the Dead,"
+     160; 76 Uprisings, 161; "Criminal Element" in Office, 161; "A Lapse
+     Into Barbarity," 162; Nationalization of Women, 163; "The Bureau of
+     Free Love," 166; Forcible Abolition of Celibacy, 167; The "Call"
+     Lauds Bolshevism, 168; "S. O. S., An Appeal to Humanity," 169;
+     "Every Pore" of Russia's "Body Shedding Blood," 170; Lenine Working
+     for World-Wide Bolshevism,[1] 170; Official Bolshevist[2] Organ in
+     New York, 172; American Socialists Want Bolshevism, 173;
+     Bolshevism's Economic Failure Revealed by Lincoln Eyre, 173; After
+     Destroying "Capitalism" Lenine Seeks "Foreign Capital," 174;
+     Bolshevism Has Sacrificed "the Health of Future Generations," 175;
+     Trotzky Offers "Foreign Capitalists" a "Share of the Profits" from
+     Russian Conscript Labor, 175.
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+EUROPEAN SPARTACIDES AND COMMUNISTS                                  177
+
+     Spartacides of Germany, 177; Origin of Name, 177; Violent
+     Principles, 177; Rowdies and Ruffians Approved by American
+     Socialists, 177; Spartacan Terrorism, 178; Communists of Bavaria,
+     178; Terrorism in Munich, 179; The Peasants Rise While the
+     Communists Plunder, 179; American Socialists Allied With the Scum
+     of Bavaria, 179; Communists of Hungary, 180; Free-Lovers, 180;
+     Churches Converted Into Music Halls, 180; Budapest Painted Red,
+     180; American Socialists Lined Up With European Thugs, 181.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+THE BOLSHEVISM OF AMERICAN SOCIALISTS                                182
+
+     Pink Booklet "About Russia," 182; Lenine Tells Why Bolshevism
+     Requires "A World Revolution," 183; American Socialists "Greet"
+     Bolshevist "Ambassador," 184; Poem on Liebknecht, 185; The "Call"
+     Endorses Communism, Bolshevism and Spartacism, 186; Hillquit Hails
+     Foreign Radicals, 188; American Socialist Papers Are Bolshevist,
+     188-93; Debs a "Bolshevik" and "Flaming Revolutionist," 194.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+VIOLENCE, BLOODSHED AND ARMED REBELLION                              196
+
+     Socialist Riots, 196; Trouble at Gary, 197; Haywood Says Socialists
+     are Conspirators Against U. S. Government, 199; Jack London on the
+     International "Fighting Organization," 200; Berger Says Socialists
+     "Must Shoot," 201; "Blow Open the Vaults of the Banks," 202;
+     Haywood and Bohn Say the Socialist "Does Not Hesitate to Break" the
+     Laws, 203; "I am Law Abiding Under Protest," Says Debs, "and Bide
+     My Time," 203; Scott Nearing "Wants War," 205.
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+PATRIOTISM RIDICULED AND DESPISED                                    207
+
+     Socialists Against Patriotism, 207; American Flag Scouted, 207;
+     "Honor the Uniform? No, Spit on It," 208; The "Call" Derides Our
+     Soldiers Returning from France, 208; "I Spit Upon Your Flag! I
+     Loathe the Stars and Stripes! To Hell With Your Flag! Down With the
+     Stars and Stripes! Run Up the Red Flag!" 210; Debs Attacks the
+     American Flag, 210.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST OUR COUNTRY                                   212
+
+     I. W. W. Conspirators, 213; "The Future of Socialism Lies in the
+     General Strike, Armed Insurrection and Forcible Overthrow of All
+     Existing Social Conditions," 213; Left Wing Socialists by Strikes
+     and Industrial Unions to Establish "the Dictatorship of the
+     Proletariat," 215; Government Raids, 215; Communist Parties for
+     Overthrow of Government, 215-219; Socialist Party More Dangerous
+     Than the Communists, 219-21; American Socialists Part of the
+     "Invisible Empire," 222-4; Secret Resignations in the Socialist
+     Party, 225-6; Socialist Party for "Mass Action," "General Strikes"
+     and "Industrial Unionism" to Seize "the Industries and Control of
+     the Government of the United States," 227-32; Winnipeg General
+     Strike, 230-1; The Socialist Party Joins the Third (Moscow)
+     International, 232-7; Imitates Moscow's Program and Methods,
+     237-40; Socialists Acclaim Debs, the Convict, 242-5; Hillquit
+     Threatens the New York Legislature with a General Strike, 245-6;
+     Socialists Disguise Their Principles at the New York Assembly
+     Trial, 246-51; Walling Rejects Socialist Peace Pretensions, 251;
+     The Russian Soviet Government Talks Peace While Its International
+     Plots War, 252-7; Wholesale Law-Breaking of American Socialists
+     Justified at the Assembly Trial, 257-62; Their Traitorous
+     Principles and Propaganda, 263-66; Socialists "Enter the
+     Government" to Destroy It, 266; Forewarned Is Forearmed, 266-7.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+SOCIALISM A PERIL TO WORKINGMEN                                      268
+
+     Socialist Chaos and Anarchy, 268; Discontent in the Socialist
+     State, 269; Perils of Confiscation, 270-2; Liberty Bonds and
+     Insurance, 273; Unworkable Labor Schemes, 273-7; Forcing Women to
+     Work, 277; Political Corruption, 277; Quarrels Over Religion and
+     Free-Love, 278; Lincoln Eyre Reveals Socialism's Economic Failure
+     in Russia, 279-91; "Lenine and Trotzky More Absolute Than Any
+     Czar," 281; Starvation and Disease, 282-3; Military Confiscation of
+     Russian Labor, 283-8; Lenine and Trotzky Invite "Foreign Capital"
+     to Share the Profits from Exploiting the Wage-Slaves of
+     Bolsheviki-land, 288-9; Death for Russian Wage-Slaves Who Strike
+     Against Their Socialist Task-Masters, 290.
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST RELIGION ABROAD                               292
+
+     Ingersoll Argument Refuted, 293; Economic Determinism, 293; Atheism
+     of European Socialists, 294-5; "There Must Be War Between Socialism
+     and the Church," 296; Socialists "All more or Less Avowed
+     Atheists," 297; "No Man Can Be Consistently Both a Socialist and a
+     Christian," 298; Socialism Persecutes Religion in Yucatan, 298.
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST RELIGION IN AMERICA                           301
+
+     Socialism Turns Ministers Into Atheists, 301-2; Spargo Says
+     Socialism Cannot Tolerate Religious Schools, 302; Anti-Religious
+     Poems in "Call," 303; The "Call" Has "No Use" for "Christ," 304;
+     "Religion Spells Death to Socialism," as Socialism "Does to
+     Religion," 305; "Socialism Logical Only When It Denies the
+     Existence of God," 306; "Christmas Is a Crime," 307; Blasphemous
+     Socialist Catechism for Children, 308; A Socialist Says "Socialism
+     Is Anti-Christ," 309; Hypocrisy of Hillquit, Berger and Other
+     Leaders in Concealing the Socialist Party's Irreligion to Get
+     Votes, 310-15; Hillquit Says "Ninety-Nine Per Cent of Us" Are
+     "Agnostic," 311.
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE FAMILY                                    317
+
+     Socialist Books Advocate Free-Love, 317; Socialists Dodge the Truth
+     by Arguments About Prostitution, 318-19; The "Call's" Poem on "The
+     Harlot," 320; Socialist Advocates of Free-Love, 320-2; Victor
+     Berger's Milwaukee Company Sells Free-Love Literature, 322;
+     Free-Love Stuff Sold by Kerr and Company and the National Office of
+     the Socialist Party, 323-9.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE RACE                                      330
+
+     The "Call," chief Organ of the Socialist Party in New York, An
+     Obscene Vehicle of Propaganda for Race-Suicide, Teaching "All
+     Within Its Polluting Reach to Violate One of the Laws of the State
+     of New York," 330-41.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+SOCIALIST ORGANIZATION AND "BORING IN"                               342
+
+     Organizing Activity of Socialists, 342; Dues-Paying Members, Locals
+     and Branches, 342; 400 Socialist Periodicals in the United States,
+     343; Use of Books and Leaflets, 344; Financial Support by Rich
+     Radicals, 345; Red Propaganda to Proselytize Labor and Promote
+     Strikes, 346; Effect on the American Federation of Labor, 347; I.
+     W. W.'s "Boring from Within," 348; William R. Foster, An I. W. W.,
+     Leads the A. F. of L. Steel Strike, 348-9.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+ENLISTING RECRUITS FOR THE CONSPIRACY                                350
+
+     Socialist Sunday Schools, 350; "Catch Them Young," 351; Lesson 24
+     from the "Socialist Primer," 352; Socialist Propaganda Among School
+     Children by Townley's Non-Partisan League, 353; The Teachers' Union
+     of New York City, 354; The Inter-Collegiate Socialist Society, 355;
+     Radical College Professors, 356; The Rand School, 357; Socialist
+     Propaganda Among Immigrants, 358; Socialist Naturalization Bureau,
+     359; The Red Curse Among Women, 359; Among Soldiers and Sailors,
+     360; Socialist Cartoons and Movie Films, 360; Making Rebels of
+     Negroes, 361.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+EXPERTS IN THE ART OF DECEPTION                                      363
+
+     Must Socialism Be Good Because Something Else Is Bad? 363;
+     Socialist Party Platform Planks Unreliable, 365; Socialists
+     Disagree on Land Ownership, 365-8; Government Ownership of Public
+     Utilities Is Not Socialism, 369; Double-Faced Socialists, 370; The
+     Burden of Proof Rests on the Socialist, 371; The "Lunatic"
+     Sophistry, 372; Sophistry That Labor Earns All Wealth, 373;
+     Vote-Getting by Advocating Popular Schemes, 375; Latest Dodge of
+     Red Organizations to Hide from Prosecution by Changing Their Names,
+     375; The Socialist Party Not a Real Workingmen's Party, 376.
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE REDS                                        377
+
+     High Time to Fight the Reds, 377; Read and Circulate Anti-Socialist
+     Literature, 378; Warn Our School Children, 379; Quiz the Soap-Box
+     Orators, 380; Expel Socialist School Teachers, 380; Tasks for the
+     National Government, 381; Oppose Socialism in a Nation-Wide
+     Campaign of Education, 382.
+
+INDEX                                                                383
+
+APPENDIX                                                             391
+
+     Convention of the Socialist Party of the United States, May 8-14,
+     1920.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+SOCIALISM IN OTHER LANDS
+
+
+
+Modern Socialism may be said to date from the year 1848 when Marx and
+Engels published their "Communist Manifesto," a pamphlet that has since
+been translated into almost all modern European languages and has to
+this day remained the classical exposition of international Socialism.
+
+Karl Marx, the chief founder of the movement, was born of Jewish parents
+at Treves, Germany, May 5, 1818. After studying at Jena, Bonn, and
+Berlin, he became a private professor in 1841, and about a year later
+assumed the editorship of the "Rhenish Gazette," a democratic-liberal
+organ of Cologne, that was soon suppressed for its radical utterances.
+In 1843 he moved to Paris where he became greatly interested in the
+study of political economy and of early Socialistic writings and where
+he subsequently made the acquaintance of Frederick Engels, his
+inseparable companion and life-long friend.
+
+Engels was born at Barmen, Rhenish Prussia, in 1820. He remained in
+Germany until he had completed his military service, and then moved to
+Manchester, England, where he engaged in the cotton business with his
+father. In 1884, while traveling, he met Karl Marx, and was banished
+with him from France in 1847, and expelled from Belgium in 1848, the
+very year that witnessed the appearance of the "Communist Manifesto."
+Not long after this, Marx and Engels returned to Germany, and were
+instrumental in fomenting a revolution in the Rhine Province in 1849.
+The revolt having been suppressed in the same year, both men sought
+refuge in England. Here Engels was the author of numerous German books
+on Socialism and became best known by editing, after Marx's death, the
+second and third volumes of the latter's works.
+
+While in England Marx took up his abode in London where he became the
+first president of the International Workingmen's Association, whose
+influence was not limited to England, but extended to France, Germany,
+Austria, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Switzerland,
+Poland, and even the United States of America. The active career of this
+association embraced a period of about eight years, from 1864 to 1872.
+Its six conventions were largely devoted to the discussion of social and
+labor problems and it produced a lasting effect upon the Socialist
+Movement by impressing upon it a harmonious and world-wide character. By
+1876 the International Workingmen's Association was ruined by the
+quarrels that had taken place between the more moderate faction under
+the leadership of Marx, and the anarchistic element under Bakunin. It
+had, however, by this time contributed wonderfully towards the spread of
+Socialism, for it had taught the working classes of Europe the
+international nature both of their own grievances and of capitalism.
+
+Closely rivaling the success of the International Workingmen's
+Association in furthering the cause of Socialism was a book known as
+"Capital," an economic work the first volume of which was published in
+1867 by Karl Marx. The author never lived to edit the second and third
+volumes, though after his death in London, March 14, 1883, they were
+published from his notes by Frederick Engels. This work, to which the
+Father of the Revolutionary Movement gave the German title "Das
+Kapital," has long been known as the Bible of Socialism. Its
+systematized philosophic and economic doctrines besides having supplied
+the various national branches of the party with a common theory and
+program, in the main still constitute the creed of the immense majority
+of the Socialists the world over. Though "Capital" has suffered severely
+from the criticism of economists of many schools, and though not a few
+of its doctrines have been rejected by present-day Socialists, its
+powerful influence still persists to a very marked degree.
+
+Supplementing this short historical sketch of the origin of the modern
+Socialist movement, short comments will be added concerning the
+Revolutionary organization in the different countries of the world.
+
+In Germany the Socialist movement first took shape in 1862 under the
+influence of Ferdinand Lassalle. It made comparatively slow progress
+until 1874 when the 450,000 Socialist voters returned ten members to the
+Reichstag. An attempt on the part of the German Government to suppress
+the movement failed, and henceforth the party under the leadership of
+August Bebel, Karl Kautsky, George Von Vollmar, and Wilhelm Liebknecht
+steadily continued to grow in strength. Shortly before the outbreak of
+the World War the Socialists, besides occupying 110 seats in the
+Reichstag out of a total of 397, polled about 4,252,000 votes and
+published 158 papers, but a faction under the leadership of Bernstein
+had made great progress in its endeavors to transform the Revolutionary
+organization into an opportunist party.
+
+Most of the German Socialists supported the war and the majority of
+their members in the Reichstag voted for the war credits. Some, however,
+like Karl Liebknecht, the son of Wilhelm Liebknecht, opposed the
+imperial government and were imprisoned. Pressure, however, finally
+forced the government to release Liebknecht, who then delivered
+impassioned speeches throughout the country, stirring up the people
+against Kaiserism and the war profiteers and urging the soldiers to turn
+their weapons against the imperial government itself. While Liebknecht
+was defying the authorities, the naval forces mutinied at Kiel. The
+Socialists then called a general strike for November 11, 1918, as a
+prelude to the revolution. Scheidemann and Ebert had been supporting the
+government of Prince Max of Baden, the successor of Von Hertling, as
+chancellor of the empire, and had deprecated the idea of a revolution.
+But when Scheidemann saw that the revolution was certainly coming and
+that he and his colleagues would probably be left stranded, he joined
+the movement with his powerful organization, stepped in and grasped the
+power. A national council of soldiers, sailors and workmen was formed at
+Berlin, but the provisional government was shaped by Scheidemann, Ebert
+and others of the majority Socialists by virtue of their excellent
+political machinery. The Ebert-Scheidemann government fought many a
+bitter struggle with growing radicalism. Their government represented
+the most moderate group of the Socialists and received the support of
+the Centerists and others because these were far more opposed to the
+Socialists of the extreme left, such as the Spartacan Communists.
+Several revolts engineered by the Spartacans were put down with
+considerable bloodshed. In January, 1919, soon after the defeat of the
+Spartacides in Berlin, Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, their
+leaders, were put to death, and their minority party seemed to diminish
+in strength. In the latter part of May, 1919, the majority Socialists of
+the reactionary Ebert-Scheidemann group were at first opposed to the
+signing of the Treaty of Paris, whereas the Spartacans, and also the
+Independent Socialists under the leadership of Hugo Haase and Karl
+Kautsky, tried to force their opponents to sign it, so that the people
+of Germany might soon blame the "reactionaries" for the humiliation,
+and rise in rebellion to overthrow them.
+
+In Bavaria the anti-war sentiment spread rapidly, fostered by the
+efforts of Kurt Eisner. King Ludwig abdicated the throne on November 16,
+1918, and Eisner took up the reins of power, forming a Socialist
+government. After a few weeks Eisner broke with the Ebert-Scheidemann
+government of Berlin, and soon after was assassinated. Not long after
+this the Bavarian communists imposed the Soviet form of government on
+the country, much to the dislike of many of the inhabitants, especially
+those living outside of Munich. The peasants of Bavaria rebelled against
+the communist-soviet government of Munich, which finally fell, after the
+Noske-Ebert-Scheidemann forces had marched against the city.
+
+Very many years ago Socialists began to spread their doctrines as best
+they could in the realms of the Czar. Many a Marxian was arrested for
+attempting to undermine the Russian government and sent into exile in
+Siberia. The World War having broken out, Russia suffered terribly, and
+this suffering, especially of the masses, caused great discontentment
+and made the people an easy prey to the revolutionary forces of
+Socialism. The bureaucratic Czarist regime finally broke down in March,
+1917, as soon as the revolution started. Three main contending parties
+attempted to ride into power on the revolutionary tide; the Cadets, the
+Moderate Socialists (i.e., the Mensheviki, and Social Revolutionists)
+and the Bolsheviki or revolutionary Socialists. The Cadets were the
+first to gain the upper hand, but were soon swept away, for they strove
+to satisfy the soldiers, workers and peasants with abstract, political
+ideals. The Mensheviki and Social Revolutionists succeeded the Cadets.
+
+The demand for a Constitutent Assembly was one of the main aspirations
+of the Russian Revolution. It was on the eve of its realization that
+Bolsheviki, in November, 1917, by a _coup d'etat_ seized the reins of
+power. The elections for the assembly took place after the Bolsheviki
+had gained the upper hand and the Bolsheviki were defeated. The
+Constituent Assembly was actually convened in Petrograd in January,
+1918, but the Bolsheviki dispersed the parliament at the point of the
+bayonet. Russia was then ruled by Lenine, head of the soviet system of
+government. The government was a "dictatorship of the proletariat,"
+characterized by injustice, violence, oppression, and bloodshed, the
+Soviets being little more than tribunals of punishment and execution,
+instruments of terror in the hands of the Autocrat Lenine. The
+Bolshevist government has met with continual opposition from the
+opposing groups of Socialists in Russia and has been attacked by the
+Allies, principally on the Archangel front and in the Gulf of Finland.
+The Finns, Lithuanians, Poles, Czecho-Slovaks, Rumanians, Ukranians, and
+especially Admiral Kolchak's Siberian forces waged a relentless warfare
+against the Bolsheviki tyranny either for political reasons or to rescue
+the countless millions of Russians who suffered so terribly from the
+Lenine system of dictatorship. By the latter part of February, 1920, the
+Lenine government seemed to be overcoming all military opposition.[A]
+
+The Socialists in Austria-Hungary as far back as 1907 could count
+1,121,948 votes and 58 newspapers. Shortly before the end of the World
+War the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy fell. Austria and Hungary separated
+from each other and each became a republic. Count Karolyi was head of
+the new Hungarian government, socialistic in tendency. In the early
+spring of 1919, when Hungary was being invaded by Czecho-Slovak troops,
+Italians and Rumanians, and was threatened with an invasion from the
+Allies Count Karolyi fled and the government fell into the hands of the
+radical Socialist, Bela Kun, who soon established intimate relations
+with the Bolshevist government at Moscow. One difficulty after another,
+however, especially the attacks of the Rumanians, soon taxed the
+strength of the crimson-red government; and in the summer of 1919 it
+succumbed to pressure brought to bear on it by the Allies.
+Notwithstanding the Bolshevist propaganda carried on in Vienna, the
+Austrian government down to February, 1920, has resisted all inducements
+to adapt Bolshevism.
+
+Modern Socialism in France was rather inactive previous to the outbreak
+of the Commune in 1871. Then, after the victory of the government forces
+over the revolutionists, many leaders of the Commune declared for
+Anarchism, but subsequently abandoned it as impracticable and devoted
+themselves to the propaganda of Marxian Socialism. After Jules Guesde
+and other communards were permitted to return to France, by the amnesty
+of 1879, the party at first developed considerable strength, but soon
+split up into several factions, with Guesde as the leader of the more
+radical wing and Jaures and Millerand at the head of the moderate
+parliamentarian group. In the election of May, 1914, the United
+Socialists under Jaures polled 1,357,192 votes, while the Radical
+Socialists and their allies in the Caillaux combination cast 2,227,176
+votes. During the World War most of the Socialists, especially those in
+parliament, supported the government.
+
+After the War the Longuet faction of the Socialist Party became the
+majority party, took over control of the great Paris Socialist daily
+L'Humanite and chose Cashin as editor. On April 6, 1919, a great
+demonstration took place in Paris in honor of Jaures, the Socialist
+leader of France, who had been assassinated at the beginning of the
+World War. This and the decisions taken at the Socialist party congress
+of the Federation of the Seine on March 13th, demonstrated the decided
+turn to the left that the Socialist Party had taken since its previous
+congress in October, 1918. In the demonstration, consisting, perhaps, of
+50,000 Socialists, cries of "Revolution!" "Down with the War!" "Down
+with Clemenceau!" "Long live the Soviet!" and "Long live Russia!" filled
+the air for three hours.
+
+"The Call," New York, May 19, 1919, thus comments:
+
+     "The Socialist papers for several days appeared uncensored, though
+     every line breathed revolution. Most startling of all, there were
+     as many soldiers as civilians marching.
+
+     "Seven days later the representatives of each Socialist local in
+     the Department of the Seine met in convention to decide upon which
+     of three resolutions they should recommend the coming national
+     congress of the Socialist Party to adopt. The discussion was hot,
+     and more or less revolved around the personalities of the three
+     leaders, Albert Thomas, Right Socialist, Jean Longuet, Left
+     Socialist, and F. Loriot, Communist or Bolshevist. Broadly
+     speaking, the Thomas resolution based its faith upon present
+     political action and future political power; the Longuet resolution
+     advocated a third International, without indorsing the third
+     International held in Moscow in March, and the Loriot resolution
+     indorsed the Zimmerwald resolutions (against all wars) and
+     recognized the existence of the Third International established by
+     the Russian Bolshevik party.
+
+     "Most of the discussion hinged upon affairs in Russia with hoots of
+     derision at every uncomplimentary mention of Bolshevism, until the
+     speaker either had to take his seat or qualify his criticism of the
+     Soviet republic.
+
+     "Both the Longuet and Loriot resolutions called the war the
+     consequence of imperialistic anarchy and bourgeois ambition, both
+     denounced the imposition upon Germany of an unjust, or Bismarckian,
+     peace, such as was imposed upon France in 1871, and both mourned
+     the assassination of Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, and Kurt
+     Eisner.
+
+     "The Longuet resolution was as strong in its declaration of
+     solidarity with the Soviet republic of Russia as the Loriot
+     resolution was in opposition to all annexation of the Sarre Valley
+     by France."
+
+The National Congress of the Socialist parties of France was held from
+April 19 until April 22, 1919. A motion by M. Kienthaliens demanding the
+adhesion of French Socialists to the Internationale at Moscow, under the
+leadership of Premier Lenin of the Bolshevist government polled only 270
+votes. This resolution failed to pass probably because the Longuet
+majority faction desired the union of all the French Socialist parties.
+The Congress adopted by a majority of 894 votes, a resolution offered by
+Jean Longuet to the effect that the French Socialists are willing to
+continue to form a part of the Second Internationale, provided that all
+those who are Socialists in name only shall be excluded.
+
+On May Day, 1919, the Socialists manoeuvered a general strike of all
+labor in Paris for twenty-four hours. The press dispatches informed us
+that the shut-down was virtually complete. Not a wheel was turning on
+any of the transportation systems and taxicabs and omnibuses kept off
+the streets. All restaurants and cafes were closed and guests in the
+hotels went hungry if they had not supplied themselves with food
+beforehand. Even the drug stores closed.
+
+Theatres, music halls, and other resorts did not open. No newspapers
+were published and periodic stoppages occurred in the postal and wire
+services throughout the day. Industry on all sides was in a state of
+complete inactivity, work being suspended by every class of labor. There
+was considerable disorder and very many policemen and civilians were
+injured.
+
+In the elections of November, 1919, the Socialist vote increased to
+1,750,000, a gain of 40 per cent over that of 1914. On the 1914 basis of
+representation this would have given them 160 seats in the Chamber of
+Deputies; but their representation was actually reduced from 105 to 55,
+due to a new basis of representation and a new formation of districts.
+
+The French Syndicalists, of the Labor Confederation, had 600,000 members
+before the war and now claim 1,500,000. They were quiescent during the
+war, but their congresses of July, 1918, and September, 1919, showed a
+"tendency to return to the traditional revolutionary policy of French
+Syndicalism."
+
+In Great Britain it was not until 1884, when the Social Democratic
+Federation was organized by Henry M. Hyndman, that the Marxian movement
+displayed any notable activity. Its progress at first was extremely
+slow, but after the Independent Labor Party was formed in 1893 under the
+leadership of J. Keir Hardie with a view to carrying Socialism into
+politics, the revolutionary doctrines spread much more rapidly, "The
+Clarion" and "Labor Advocate," the two organs of the Independent Labor
+Party, helping wonderfully in the work. In 1883 the Fabian Society, an
+organization Socialistic in name and tendencies, was founded by a group
+of middle class students. It rejected the Marxian economies, and by
+means of lectures, pamphlets, and books advocated practical measures of
+social reform. Among the leading English Socialists of the more radical
+type have been Hyndman, Aveling, Blatchford, Bax, Quelch, Leathan and
+Morris; while Shaw, Pease and Webb were the leading members of the
+moderate Fabian Society.
+
+The vast majority of English Socialists supported the government in the
+World War, but the Labor Party, mostly Socialistic, during that time
+engineered great strikes of the coal miners, dock workers and railroad
+men. A press despatch dated London, April 21, 1919, says:
+
+     "The first gun in the long advertised campaign of Bolshevism in
+     Britain was fired at Sheffield, where the British Socialists'
+     annual convention, at its opening session passed a resolution
+     urging the establishment of a British soviet government.
+
+     "The resolution expresses all admiration for the workings of the
+     soviet system in Hungary and Bavaria. It declares war on the
+     'capitalist' system in Britain, attacks the policy of the peace
+     conference toward Russia and favors the distribution of
+     revolutionary propaganda in the British army and navy."
+
+During the summer and fall of 1919, Socialist and Bolshevist principles
+continued to gain an ever-increasing and very serious hold on the people
+of England and proved a serious menace to the government in the general
+railway strike in October.
+
+In Italy Socialism has been making steady progress for many years and
+since the end of the World War has increased wonderfully in strength.
+The party has greatly profited by the suffering and discontent due to
+the war and especially by the failure of Italy to secure coveted
+territory after all her sacrifices and the victory of the Allies. On
+April 10, 1919, the Italian Socialists manoeuvered a very successful
+general strike in Rome, but were prevented by the government forces from
+marching through the streets in any considerable numbers. About the same
+time disturbances were also engineered in many cities and towns of the
+country, especially in Florence[3] and Milan. In the latter part of
+April, 1919, the Executive Committee of the Socialist party of Italy
+resolved to sever its connection with the International Socialist Bureau
+and the Berne Conference, in which there were many reactionary
+Socialists, and to affiliate with the newly established Moscow
+International, consisting of the various National groups of Socialists
+giving whole-hearted support to Lenine and the Bolsheviki.
+
+On July 21, 1919, Italian Socialists conducted a general strike against
+the Russian blockade. Industrial prostration resulted in whole provinces
+stopping all traffic and communication while Soviets were set up in 240
+towns and cities, including Genoa and Florence. In the November, 1919,
+elections the Socialists secured 159 Deputies in the Chamber, having had
+44 previously. They cast over one-third of all votes cast, about
+3,000,000, as against 883,409 in 1913.
+
+The membership of the Italian labor unions is now estimated at
+1,000,000, an increase of about 300,000 since 1917. At a national
+conference, in April, 1919, the labor unions demanded a change of the
+national Parliament into a national Soviet.
+
+In Spain, especially in the big cities and notably in Barcelona,
+Socialism has made steady progress and the Marxians have taken part in
+several upheavals. In the early part of 1919 the eleventh national
+Congress, which met at Madrid, elected Pablo Iglesias president of the
+Executive Committee and adopted aggressive measures for extending
+Socialist propaganda, especially into the rural districts, and for
+establishing Socialist day schools and women's evening schools. The
+official organ of the party, "El Socialista," came in for a round of
+criticism because of its espousal of the Allied cause to the detriment,
+it was charged, of the International principles to which it should have
+adhered.
+
+In the latter part of April, 1913, the Belgian Socialists, under the
+leadership of Emil Vandervelde attracted the attention of the world by
+attempting to paralyze the entire industrial system of the country by a
+general strike. Shortly before the outbreak of the World War, Belgium,
+with its comparatively small population, had about half a million
+Socialist voters, constituting approximately half of the electorate of
+the country. During the war the Socialists supported the government and
+since the war down to the early fall of 1919 have not caused any serious
+trouble.
+
+On November 16, 1919, the Socialist vote rose to 644,499, with election
+of 70 Deputies and 20 Senators, an increase of 21 Deputies and 5
+Senators.
+
+In March, 1919, out of the 100 members of the Second Chamber of Holland,
+there were four Communists or Socialists of the extreme left and 20 of
+more moderate tendencies. The Communists published a newspaper called
+"The Bolshevist" and maintained relations with the Russian Soviet
+Government and the German Sparticides. David Wynkoop, the leader of the
+Dutch Communists, is called "Holland's Little Liebknecht" and in a
+parliamentary speech openly threatened a general strike. There was a
+Bolshevist crisis in January, 1919. An assembly of international
+communists met at the Hague and Spartacide success in Germany was the
+only thing required to launch a revolutionary attempt, accompanied by a
+general strike and terrorism. The government then adopted stern
+measures. Civil guards were formed, and banks, newspaper offices and
+police bureaus were occupied by the military with machine guns, the
+banks and newspapers having been previously equipped with wireless
+against the cutting of telephone wires.
+
+Wynkoop, in the company of workingmen, visited soldiers in their
+barracks asking them to join the movement, but the soldiers fired,
+killing three and wounding several. Efforts to corrupt the cavalry and
+the navy by similar means were not a success.
+
+Shortly after the overthrow of the Austro-Hungarian Government, the
+three Socialist parties of Czecho-Slovakia, which had been divided
+principally over questions of nationality, got together and their
+leaders of moderate tendencies were very sanguine over the outlook for a
+general victory at the ballot box in the near future. It appears,
+however, that the party was afterwards split into pro and anti
+Bolshevist factions, with a consequent decrease in political strength.
+
+In speeches made by several leaders at the Bohemian Socialist conference
+at Prague in the early part of April, 1919, it was decided that the
+alliance with the Entente should be maintained because reconciliation
+with Berlin, Budapest and Moscow would mean danger for the Czecho-Slovak
+republic.
+
+Bolshevism was described as the suicide of the proletariat, and it was
+urged that the working people of Bohemia should differentiate between
+exaggeration and methodic reform.
+
+In Prague, Pressburg and other cities troops clashed with the Communists
+and Social Democrats. On March 7, 1919, at a mass meeting addressed by
+three leading agitators from Prague, 40,000 workers, mostly miners,
+cheered assertions that the revolution of October 28, 1918, had not
+turned out well for the proletariat which was still being oppressed;
+that the Government of Prague was as weak as under the old Austrian
+regime.
+
+Socialism, in recent years, has made considerable progress in Sweden.
+The majority of the Marxians seems to be of the moderate group, though
+the Left Socialist Party assisted the Lenine Government of Russia.
+Hjalmar Branting, the leader of the Moderate Socialists, addressing the
+French Socialist Congress in the Spring of 1919, bitterly assailed
+Bolshevism and issued a warning against it. Branting's Social-Democratic
+Labor Party has 86 seats in Parliament, while the radicals, who seceded
+to form the Socialist Party in 1917, have 12 seats. In this convention,
+in June, 1919, the Socialist Party voted to join the Third (Moscow)
+International, declared for the principle of the dictatorship of the
+proletariat, voted for "mass action" as the means of conquest and a
+Soviet organization of the workers.
+
+In the Socialist party of Norway the Bolshevist faction appears to be in
+control. After the revolution in Germany in the latter part of 1918, the
+Norwegian Socialists, in speeches and articles urged the laborers to
+organize revolutionary organizations similar to those in soviet Russia,
+provide themselves with arms and be ready for a revolutionary uprising
+to overthrow the government. The party congress in 1919 joined the Third
+(Moscow) International and adopted "mass action" as tactics and
+preparation for a general strike.
+
+The Socialists were very active in Argentina after the ending of the
+World War and were the back-bone of the serious and prolonged
+disturbances in Buenos Aires. In the latter part of April, 1919, the
+Pan-American Socialist Conference was held in the Argentine capital. Its
+purpose was to promote the amalgamation of all the Socialist and labor
+organizations of the Western Hemisphere into one body. In South America
+Socialism is best organized in Argentine, Chile and Peru, and weakest in
+Brazil and Colombia.
+
+In Canada, at least till the summer of 1919, the Marxian forces were
+gaining in strength daily. This was especially true of the western part
+of the Dominion, where the radical industrial union, generally called in
+Canada the "One Big Union," has become very influential. Serious strikes
+with Bolshevist tendencies took place throughout the Dominion,
+especially in Winnipeg in the spring of 1919.
+
+Bulgaria has two Socialist parties, the Moderates and the Communist
+Party, the latter affiliated with the Third (Moscow) International. In
+the August, 1919, election the Moderate Socialist members in the
+"Sobranie" or Chamber of Deputies decreased from 46 to 39, while the
+Communists increased their Deputies from 10 to 47.
+
+Mexico, on our southern border, has added "industrial unionism" to her
+Socialist movement. At the Socialist Party convention in the fall of
+1919 a part of the organization seceded and reorganized as the Communist
+Party.
+
+Besides the many millions of Socialists in the countries already
+referred to, the Marxians are well organized and are making rapid
+strides in Serbia, Denmark, Greece, Switzerland, the Balkan States,
+Australia, New Zealand and even in South Africa and far distant Japan
+and China.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+GROWTH OF SOCIALISM IN THE UNITED STATES
+
+
+
+Socialism was introduced into the United States about the year 1850 by
+immigrants who landed on our shores from Europe. The Marxians, who came
+from Germany, were principally responsible for the foundation of the
+Workingmen's Party in 1876, which in 1877 was called the Socialistic
+Labor Party, and, a few years later, the Socialist Labor Party, which
+was reorganized at Chicago in 1889, after having lost two sections by
+secession. One of these, called the Cincinnati Socialist Labor Party, in
+1897 united with the Social Democracy of America, a combination of
+railroad men, followers of Eugene V. Debs, and of the populist followers
+of Victor L. Berger. The other seceders from the Socialist Labor Party,
+called the "kangaroos," united with the Social Democracy of Debs and
+Berger in 1900, the new combination then calling itself the Socialist
+Party of America. The minority of the old Socialist Labor Party, which
+refused to be amalgamated with the Social Democracy of America, is still
+known as the Socialist Labor Party; hence, since the year 1900, there
+have been two distinct revolutionary parties, the Socialist Party and
+the Socialist Labor Party.
+
+The former, under the leadership of Eugene V. Debs, Victor L. Berger and
+Morris Hillquit, with 109,586 dues-paying members in January, 1919, is
+by far the more powerful and influential, having steadily increased its
+vote to about 900,000 in the Presidential election of 1912, though in
+the year 1916 the vote dropped to less than 600,000. The Socialist Labor
+Party, under the guidance of Daniel De Leon until his death, in May,
+1914, seems to be making little if any progress. Though both parties
+claim to be genuinely Socialistic and Marxian, each has decried the
+other as being a "fake" or "bogus" party. The Socialist Labor Party's
+main complaint is that its rival the Socialist Party is sacrificing the
+principles of Karl Marx in its endeavor to gain votes, while, on the
+other hand, the latter party retorts by stigmatizing its opponent as
+being a party of "scabs," the sole purpose of whose existence is to
+antagonize the Socialist Party. In recent years unsuccessful attempts
+have been made to unite the two.
+
+The Socialist Party, besides publishing two important dailies in
+English, "The Call," of New York City, and the "Milwaukee Leader,"
+issues at least two in German, two in Bohemian, one in Polish and one in
+Yiddish. "Forward," the Jewish paper published in New York City in
+Yiddish, had a daily circulation[4] of over 150,000, according to a
+report in "The Call" April 6, 1919. Foremost for many years among the
+Socialist weeklies in English was the "Appeal to Reason," which was once
+extremely bitter and unrelenting in its attacks on the United States
+Government. Published at Girard, Kansas, its circulation reached nearly
+1,000,000 copies a week during the fall of 1912, but since 1917 it has
+fallen into great disfavor among most Socialists because of its pro-war
+and moderate tendencies. In addition to the Socialist papers already
+referred to, there are in our country hundreds of others in English,
+German, Bohemian, Polish, Jewish, Slovac, Slavonic, Danish, Italian,
+Finnish, French, Hungarian, Lettish, Norwegian, Croatian, Russian, and
+Swedish. In a report to Congress in 1919, the Attorney-General of the
+United States stated that there were 416 radical newspapers in America.
+
+A strong impression that serious party strife and bossism prevail in the
+Socialist organization is gained by those who read the Marxian papers
+and magazines. William English Walling, for example, in the
+"International Socialist Review," Chicago, April, 1913, showed his
+sympathy with the so-called "reds," who then comprised the radical I. W.
+W. wing of the party, and at the same time attacked the "yellows," the
+advocates of political action.
+
+"Ever since the Socialist Party was formed," he wrote, "the party
+office-holders have been spending the larger part of their energies in
+endeavoring to hold their jobs and to fight down every element in the
+party that demanded any improvement or advance in any direction....
+
+"A far greater danger is the new one, that has become serious only since
+we entered upon the present period of political success two years ago,
+namely the corruption of the party by those elected to public office....
+
+"Only last year we had several mayors in the one state of Ohio either
+being forced to resign or deserting the party because they could not use
+it for their purpose....
+
+"Next year we may elect a few congressmen and half a hundred
+legislators--if the reactionaries in the party will cease their
+underhand efforts to disrupt the organization and drive out the
+revolutionists....
+
+"If then these office-holders continue to show the tendency towards
+bossism so common in the past, the Socialist Party will soon become an
+office-holders' machine, little different in character from the machine
+by which Gompers controls the Federation of Labor, or Murphy, Tammany
+Hall....
+
+"The only possible way to avoid a split so openly and shamelessly
+advocated by some of the opportunist leaders of our party--Berger even
+threatened it in the last National Convention--is to have the system of
+proportional representation....
+
+"Unless some such changes as these are made in the next four years, it
+does not take a prophet to see that there would be nothing left of what
+we now know as the Socialist Party. If we cannot control our own petty
+autocrats, how can we ever hope to control the infinitely more powerful
+and resourceful autocrats of the Capitalist system?"
+
+"The Communist," formerly the Left Wing organ of the Chicago Socialists,
+in its edition of April 1, 1919, bitterly assails Victor L. Berger of
+the Right Wing:
+
+     "A vote for Berger is a vote of pitying contempt for our Bolsheviki
+     and Spartacan comrades. A vote for Berger is a vote approving his
+     repeated and uncalled-for condemnation of our class-war comrades of
+     the I. W. W.--condemnation persistently offered to prove Berger's
+     own eminent respectability. A vote for Berger is a vote of scoffery
+     against the St. Louis platform--a vote of apology for the platform,
+     dissipation of its meaning, and disavowal of its essential spirit.
+     A vote for Berger is a vote for the International of German
+     Majority Socialism. A vote for Berger is a vote for petty bourgeois
+     progressivism as the essence of Socialism; it is a vote against
+     identification of the Socialist Party with the revolutionary mass
+     aspirations. A vote for Berger is a betrayal of all the efforts,
+     sacrifices and dreams of those whose lives have gone into the
+     socialist movement as torch-bearers of proletarian triumph over
+     capitalist exploitation, from Marx to the humblest comrade fighting
+     today in the ranks of the revolutionary class struggle.
+
+     "As far as this election is concerned there is nothing to be
+     considered about Victor Berger, past and present, except the ideal
+     Socialism which has become unchangeably attached to his name. If
+     the American Socialist Party is to be a party of Berger-Socialism,
+     then indeed, the Socialist movement will not die in America. No, it
+     is the Socialist Party that will die."
+
+As we shall see presently, these prophecies of disruption were soon
+fulfilled.
+
+The representatives of the Socialist organizations of the different
+countries of the world have from the time of Karl Marx met together at
+more or less regular intervals, being banded together in what is called
+the "International."
+
+The official organ of the National Office, Socialist Party, "The Eye
+Opener," in its issue of February, 1919, gives a detailed explanation of
+the "International":
+
+     "It is an organization of Socialist Parties and labor
+     organizations, meeting periodically in international conferences.
+     In order to be eligible for membership, an organisation must meet
+     the following test, adopted by the International Congress of Paris,
+     1900.
+
+     "Those admitted to the International Socialist Congresses are:
+
+     "1. All associations which adhere to the essential principles of
+     Socialism; namely, Socialization of the means of production and
+     exchange, international union, and action of the workers, conquest
+     of public power by the proletariat, organized as a class party.
+
+     "2. All the labor organizations which accept the principles of the
+     class struggle and recognize the necessity of political action,
+     legislative and parliamentary but do not participate directly in
+     the political movement.
+
+     "This definition includes every Socialist Party and propaganda
+     organization in the world and it further takes in those enlightened
+     unions that recognize the need for political action. It excludes
+     conservative unions that do not yet admit the soundness of the
+     principles of the class struggle."
+
+The First International was thoroughly Marxian and revolutionary.
+According to "The Revolutionary Age," April 12, 1919, it accepted the
+revolutionary struggle against capitalism and waged that struggle with
+all the means in its power. It considered its objective to be the
+conquest of power by the revolutionary proletariat, the annihilation of
+the bourgeois state, and the introduction of a new proletarian state,
+functioning temporarily as a dictatorship of the proletariat. The First
+International collapsed after the Franco-Prussian War.
+
+The Second International was formed at Paris in the year 1889. Its
+tendencies were much more moderate than those of its predecessor. "The
+Revolutionary Age," April 12, 1919, criticises it for being
+"conservative and petty bourgeois in spirit," and states that "it was
+part and parcel of the national liberal movement, not at all
+revolutionary, dominated by the conservative skilled elements of the
+working class and the small bourgeoisie. It was hesitant and
+compromising, expressing the demands of the 'petite bourgeoisie' for
+government ownership, reforms, etc."
+
+In 1900 an International Socialist Bureau was established at Brussels
+for the purpose of solidifying and strengthening the work of the Second
+International and for maintaining uninterrupted relations between the
+various national organizations.
+
+That the American Socialists were closely united with the Marxians the
+world over during the Second International, which continued till the
+World War, was especially evident from the fact that representatives
+from the United States met abroad in the international congresses every
+three years to discuss party policies. Far from denying the
+international character of the whole movement, the Revolutionists of the
+United States have ever rejoiced and gloried in it, trusting that it
+would result in the rapid spread of their doctrines and the ultimate
+victory of their cause. In confirmation of the intimate union existing
+between American and foreign Socialists, during the time of the second
+International, we have the declaration of the Socialist Party of the
+United States in its national platform of 1904, pledging itself to the
+principles of International Socialism, as embodied in the united thought
+and action of the Socialists of all nations. Moreover, Morris Hillquit
+informed us in "The Worker," March 23, 1907, that the International
+Socialist Movement, with its thirty million adherents and its organized
+parties in about twenty-five civilized countries in both hemispheres,
+was everywhere based on the same Marxian program and followed
+substantially the same methods of propaganda and action. Writing again,
+in "Everybody's," October, 1913, Hillquit declared that the dominant
+Socialist organizations of all countries were organically allied with
+one another, that by means of an International Socialist Bureau,
+supported at joint expense, the Socialist parties of the world
+maintained uninterrupted relations with one another, and that every
+three years they met in international conventions, whose conclusions
+were accepted by all constituent[5] national organizations.
+
+Commenting upon "The Collapse of the Second International," which is
+held to have taken place at the beginning of the World War, "The
+Revolutionary Age," March 22, 1919, says:
+
+     "Great demonstrations were held in every European country by
+     Socialists protesting against their government's declarations of
+     war, and mobilizations for war. And we know that these
+     demonstrations were rendered impotent by the complete surrender of
+     the Socialist parliamentary leaders and the official Socialist
+     press, with their 'justification' of 'defensive wars' and the
+     safeguarding of 'democracy.'
+
+     "Why the sudden change of front? Why did the Socialist leaders in
+     the parliaments of the belligerents vote the war credits? Why did
+     not Moderate Socialism carry out the policy of the Basle Manifesto,
+     namely; the converting of an imperialistic war into a civil
+     war--into a proletarian revolution? Why did it either openly favor
+     the war or adopt a policy of petty-bourgeois pacifism?"
+
+At the conclusion of the World War Socialists and representatives of
+labor from many countries met at Berne, Switzerland, in what was known
+as the Berne Conference. This international Socialist conference was
+comparatively moderate in tendencies, while another Socialist congress,
+held shortly before it in Bolshevist Moscow, was far more radical.
+
+J. Ramsay MacDonald, commenting upon the Berne Conference in "Glasgow
+Forward," in the spring of 1919, said:
+
+     "It declined to condemn the Bolshevists and declined to say that
+     their revolution was Socialism....
+
+     "Moscow seems to be more thorough than Berne, though as a matter of
+     fact Berne was far more thorough than Moscow. There is a glamour
+     and a halo about Moscow; but there are substance and permanence
+     about Berne.
+
+     "That blessed word 'Soviet' has become a shibboleth. But Berne did
+     not say anything about it. It declared its continuing belief in
+     democracy and in representative institutions. I hope that the
+     Soviet is not contrary to democracy; I know that it is a
+     representative institution. But I know more. I know that beyond its
+     primary stage it is a system of indirect representation--the
+     representation of representatives--and that a few years ago there
+     was not a single Socialist in the country that would have accepted
+     such a form of representative government. For Socialists to pretend
+     to prefer that system to one of direct responsibility is a mere
+     pose.
+
+     "Therefore, two Internationals will be the worst thing that could
+     happen to the revolutions now going on and to the general
+     Socialist movement. The duty of every Socialist--especially of
+     those of us who are not in revolution--is to strive by might and by
+     main to get a union of the two. We may have to suffer a time of
+     internal trouble owing to the friction of conflicting conceptions
+     of Socialist reconstruction, but I am quite certain that no one has
+     yet said what is to be the last word on the subject, and to split
+     on such a controversy as this is to advertise to the world how
+     unready Socialism is to assume command."
+
+The Berne Conference, which had at first been called to meet at
+Lausanne, the Russian Bolshevik government of Lenine denounced in a
+manifesto which the "Chicago Socialist" of February 8, 1919, republished
+in part as follows:
+
+     "The Central Committee of the Russian Communist Bolshevik Party in
+     a manifesto on the proposal to call together an International
+     Conference at Lausanne, declares that the project cannot be
+     considered even as an attempt to revive the Second International.
+     The latter ceased to exist during the first days of August, 1914,
+     when the representatives of the majority of nearly all the
+     Socialist parties passed over into the ranks of their imperialist
+     governments.
+
+     "The attempts made to revive this International, for which
+     agitation has been carried on in all countries throughout the war,
+     emanated from elements standing mid-way, which, whilst not
+     recognizing openly Imperialist Socialism, nevertheless had no idea
+     of creating a third revolutionary International.
+
+     "The attempts made to go back to the pre-war situation regarding
+     the labor movement crashed against the Imperialist policy of the
+     official parties, which could not, at that time, admit the
+     appearance of an attempt to restore the International, fearing, as
+     they did, that this might tend to weaken the war policy of the
+     government and the working class working in unison.
+
+     "To counteract these attempts, the Imperialist Socialist parties
+     undertook to change the conditions of representation of the
+     national sections in the old International. The last so-called
+     inter-Allied conference in the Entente countries made it clear that
+     this change had been effected.
+
+     "Great Britain was represented by a motley organization in which
+     the Socialist parties could play no direct role. Italy was
+     represented by men whose party never before belonged to the
+     International and whose presence compelled the absence of the
+     official Italian Socialist Party. America was represented by
+     Gompers, representing associations which never had anything to do
+     with the Socialists....
+
+     "As against the International of traitors and
+     counter-revolutionaries, organizing themselves for the purpose of
+     forming leagues against the proletarian revolutions the world over,
+     the Communists of all countries must rapidly close their ranks
+     around the third revolutionary International--already, in fact,
+     existing.
+
+     "This Third International has nothing in common with the avowed
+     Socialist Imperialists, or with the pseudo-revolutionary
+     Socialists, who in reality support the former when they refuse to
+     break with them, and who do not recoil against participation in the
+     conferences of falsely called Socialists. The Russian Communist
+     Bolshevik Party refuses to take part in these conferences, which
+     abuse the name of Socialism. It invites all those who desire that
+     the Third Revolutionary International shall live to take the same
+     line; the task of this Third International being to hasten the
+     conquest of power by the working class.
+
+     "The Communist parties of Finland, Esthonia, Lithuania, of White
+     Russia, the Ukraine, Poland, and Holland are at one with the
+     Russian Communist Party.
+
+     "The latter also regards as its associates the Spartacus group in
+     Germany, the Communist Party of German Austria and other
+     revolutionary proletarian elements of the countries in the old
+     Austro-Hungarian Empire; the Left Social Democrats of Sweden, the
+     Revolutionary Social Democracy of Switzerland and Italy, the
+     followers of Maclean in England, of Debs in America, of Loriot in
+     France. In their persons the Third International, which is at the
+     head of the World Revolution, already exists.
+
+     "At the present moment when the Socialist Imperialists of the
+     Entente who formerly hurled the most violent accusations against
+     Scheidemann, are about to unite with him and to break the power of
+     Socialism in all countries, the Communist Party considers that
+     unity for the World Revolution is an indispensable condition for
+     its success.
+
+     "Its most dangerous enemy now is the Yellow International of the
+     Socialist traitors--thanks to whom capitalism still succeeds in
+     keeping a considerable portion of the working class under its
+     influence.
+
+     "For the conquest of power by the workers let us carry on an
+     implacable struggle against those who are deceiving them--against
+     the pseudo-Socialist traitors."
+
+At the end of May, 1919, the National Executive Committee of the
+Socialist Party of the United States, probably on account of pressure
+brought to bear on it by the "Left Wing," stated that the party
+repudiated the Berne Conference, but, at the same time, was _not yet_
+affiliated with the Communist Conference of the Bolshevists at Moscow.
+The phraseology of this ambiguous announcement is here given:
+
+     "It recognizes the necessity of reorganizing the Socialist
+     International along more harmonious and radical lines. The
+     Socialist Party of the United States is not committed to the Berne
+     Conference, which has shown itself retrograde on many vital points,
+     and totally devoid of creative force. On account of the isolation
+     of Russia, and the misunderstanding arising therefrom, it also is
+     not affiliated with the Communist Congress of Moscow."
+
+This awkward straddle is explained by the fact that the American
+Socialist Party, under the pro-German leadership of Morris Hillquit of
+New York and Victor L. Berger of Milwaukee, had in its Congressional
+platform for 1918 expressly endorsed the Inter-Allied Socialist and
+Labor Conference, held at London that year. This is the conference which
+the Lenine government scoffs at in the manifesto quoted just above,
+styling it the "so-called inter-allied conference," in which "America
+was represented by Gompers, representing associations which never had
+anything to do with the Socialists." That the American Socialist Party
+had been led into the endorsement of the conference by Berger and
+Hillquit because the conference had recommended a meeting with German
+workingmen seems evident from the wording of the endorsement, taken from
+the official publication of the Socialist Party's 1918 Congressional
+Platform, pages 3-4:
+
+     "In all that concerns the settlement of this war, the American
+     Socialist Party is in general accord with the announced aims of the
+     Inter-Allied Conference. We re-affirm the principles announced by
+     the Socialist Party in the United States in 1915; adopted by the
+     Socialist Republic of Russia in 1917; proclaimed by the
+     Inter-Allied Labor Conference in 1918 and endorsed by both the
+     majority and minority Socialists in the Central empires; no
+     forcible annexations, no punitive indemnities and the free
+     determination of all peoples.
+
+     "The Socialist Party believes that the foundations for
+     international understanding must be laid during the war, before the
+     professional diplomats begin to dictate the world's future as they
+     have in the past.
+
+     "It therefore supports the demand of the Inter-Allied Conference
+     for a meeting with the German workingmen, convinced that such a
+     meeting will promote the cause of democracy, and will encourage the
+     German people to throw off the military autocracy that now
+     oppresses them. We join our pledge to that of the Inter-Allied
+     Conference that, this done, as far as in our power, we shall not
+     permit the German people to be made the victims of imperialistic
+     designs."
+
+The phrases in the above endorsement, "Inter-Allied Conference,"
+"majority ... Socialists in the Central empires," and "promote the cause
+of democracy," must have invoked the scorn of Lenine and Trotsky. Hence
+the wording of their manifesto, in which they acknowledged as
+"associates" the "followers ... of Debs in America," is an evident slap
+at Berger and Hillquit and their "followers" in the American Socialist
+Party. It was so understood by many in the party, and led to the rapid
+sprouting of a "Left Wing" and the ultimate secession of about 72,000
+dues-paying members, leaving only about 40,000 with Berger and Hillquit.
+
+The story of this rupture will be found in the three chapters following,
+where it also appears that Berger and Hillquit attempted to hide their
+"Yellow" streak under a deeper daub of "Red."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF AMERICA DEVELOPS A LEFT WING
+
+
+
+Some years ago, when the people of the United States were beginning to
+suspect that the Socialists were plotting a revolution against our
+Constitutional form of government the hypocritical followers of Eugene
+V. Debs, fearing that their plot might be nipped in the bud, endeavored
+to conceal their conspiracy, and succeeded quite well, by assuring the
+American people that the word "revolution," so often used by them, was a
+harmless term and was to be taken in a broad sense, without the "r,"
+signifying nothing more than "evolution." "Do not be alarmed," they told
+us, "we Socialists are striving to bring about reforms in the
+government, but solely by constitutional means and the use of the
+ballot."[B]
+
+Many proofs could be given to show that, even in the early days of the
+American Socialist Party, revolution, in the strictest sense of the
+word, was foremost in the minds of many of the Marxian leaders. With the
+advent of Bolshevism in Russia, and the successful overthrow of European
+governments by revolutionary Socialists abroad, the "Reds" in our own
+country became decidedly bolder, both in word and plot, against the
+Government of our country. The more outspoken, daring and impatient
+plotters in the Socialist Party of America lined up in a Left Wing
+faction, whereas the more hypocritical, hesitant, cautious and prudent
+revolutionists constituted the Right Wing. The former became known as
+the "Reds," the latter as the "Yellows."
+
+The "Reds" made a specialty of "direct action" or violence, had little
+confidence in victory through the ballot, and campaigned for a
+revolution at an early day. The "Yellows," of course, also rely on a
+final victory through rebellion, but in the meantime, during the period
+of revolutionary education and organization, insist on political action.
+The leaders in control of the executive machinery of the Socialist
+Party, wishing to retain their lucrative positions, and looking forward
+to the advantage of political office during the years which might elapse
+before the time would be ripe for rebellion, were nearly all Right
+Wingers, and have waged a bitter and unscrupulous fight against the Left
+Wing organization within the party.
+
+The Left Wing of the Socialist Party of America had its origin,
+probably, in the year 1916. According to the "International Socialist
+Review," of December of that year, this ultra-revolutionary faction took
+form in Boston. About the latter part of the year 1917 it began to
+develop more rapidly, its progress being more or less proportional to
+the spread of Bolshevism and the Socialist revolutions in Europe. Its
+success, of course, was at the expense of the political leaders of the
+Right.
+
+The Left Wing has certainly been more honest than the Right. The "Reds"
+comprising it favor direct action, that is, strikes and disturbances,
+rather than the use of the ballot, hoping thus to bring our country into
+such a critical condition that they may precipitate a rebellion, and
+then, though in a minority, assume control of the government by a sudden
+_coup d'etat_, as the Bolsheviki did in Russia. The Left Wingers opposed
+the "immediate demands" in the Socialist Party platform, preferring to
+work for dictatorship rather than for social reforms. They despised the
+politicians of the Right Wing, calling them yellow, reactionary,
+hypocritical, capitalistic Socialists, and telling them that their place
+was with the newly formed Labor Party, which had already praised the
+Socialists and invited them to join its ranks. The Lefts expressed a
+fear that the leaders of the Right would, if our Government were
+overthrown, turn against them just as the Scheidemann-Ebert group turned
+against the German Spartacides. The fight between the two factions
+became severe about the beginning of the year 1919.
+
+"The Revolutionary Age," Boston, February 15, 1919, speaking of the
+disturbance in the Socialist Party, and explaining the fundamental
+principles of the Left Wing said:
+
+     "The American Socialist Party is in a condition of feverish
+     theoretical activity. Pressing problems are being met in a spirit
+     of self-criticism. New forms of action in the social struggle are
+     being accepted. Old methods, old tactics, old ideas, which in the
+     test of war have proven incapable of furthering the revolutionary
+     struggle of the proletariat, are being seriously analyzed and
+     repudiated.
+
+     "The membership of the Socialist Party, the majority, is
+     instinctively class conscious and revolutionary. It was this
+     membership that compelled our officials to acquiesce in the
+     adoption of a radical declaration against war--which most of the
+     officials sabotaged or converted into an innocuous policy of
+     bourgeois pacificism. When the Bolsheviki conquered, the majority
+     of our officials were either hostile or silent; some weeks before,
+     the 'New York Call' had stigmatized the Bolsheviki as 'anarchists.'
+     But the membership responded; they forced the hands of the
+     officials, who became 'me too' Bolsheviki, but who did not draw the
+     revolutionary implications of the Bolshevik policy. These officials
+     and their machinery baffled the will of the membership; more, the
+     membership baffled itself because it did not clearly understand the
+     theory and the practice implied in its instinctive class
+     consciousness and revolutionary spirit.
+
+     "While our National Executive Committee accepts the Berne Congress
+     and refuses to call an emergency National Convention, locals of the
+     party are actively engaged in the great struggle, turning to the
+     left, to revolutionary Socialism. Groups within the party are
+     organizing and issuing proclamations, determined that the party
+     shall conquer the party for revolutionary Socialism. Two of these
+     proclamations were published in the last issue of 'The
+     Revolutionary Age.' They deserve serious consideration and
+     discussion.
+
+     "The manifesto of the Communist Propaganda League of Chicago is a
+     concise document. Its criticism of the party is summarized:
+
+     "'The Party proceeds on too narrow an understanding of political
+     action for a party of revolution, its programs and platforms have
+     been reformist and petty bourgeois in character, instead of being
+     definitely directed toward the goal of social revolution; the party
+     has failed to achieve unity with the revolutionary movement on the
+     industrial field.'
+
+     "Its proposals for democratizing the party--mass action in the
+     party--are excellent; it repudiates the old international and the
+     Berne Congress, and asks:
+
+     "'Identification of the Socialist Party with class conscious
+     industrial unionism, unity of all kinds of proletarian action and
+     protest forming part of the revolutionary class struggle; political
+     action to include political strikes and demonstrations, no
+     compromising with any groups not inherently committed to the
+     revolutionary class struggle, such as Labor parties, People's
+     Councils, Non-Partisan Leagues, Municipal Ownership Leagues and the
+     like.'"
+
+In order clearly to understand the big fight that has disrupted the
+Socialist Party, further explanations of the principles of the Left Wing
+are necessary. "The Revolutionary Age," from which the above quotation
+was taken, was first published in Boston, its editor being Louis C.
+Fraina. In the summer of 1919 it combined with "The Communist," of New
+York City, and, still maintaining its former name, became the national
+organ of the Left Wing of the Socialist Party.
+
+In the article just quoted reference was made to "mass action." This,
+according to "The Revolutionary Age," is to be the main weapon used by
+the rebels in precipitating rebellion. The July 12, 1919, issue of the
+same paper explains mass action and shows how it is to be used. The
+article, written by Louis C. Fraina, reads in part as follows:
+
+     "Socialism in its early activity as a general organized movement
+     was compelled to emphasize the action of politics because of the
+     immaturity of the proletariat....
+
+     "All propaganda, all electoral and parliamentary activity are
+     insufficient for the overthrow of Capitalism, impotent when the
+     ultimate test of the class struggle turns into a test of power. The
+     power for the social revolution issues out of the actual struggles
+     of the proletariat, out of its strikes, its industrial unions and
+     mass action."
+
+Industrial unions of course means the union system of the I. W. W., and
+not the craft unions of the American Federation of Labor.
+
+The article continues:
+
+     "The peaceful parliamentary conquest of the state is either sheer
+     utopia or reaction....
+
+     "The revolution is an act of a minority, at first; of the most
+     class conscious section of the industrial proletariat, which in a
+     test of electoral strength, would be a minority, but which, being a
+     solid, industrially indispensable class, can disperse and defeat
+     all other classes through the annihilation of the fraudulent
+     democracy of the parliamentary system implied in the dictatorship
+     of the proletariat, imposed upon society by means of revolutionary
+     mass action....
+
+     "Mass action is not a form of action as much as it is a process and
+     synthesis of action. It is the unity of all forms of proletarian
+     action, a means of throwing the proletariat, organized and
+     unorganized, in a general struggle against Capitalism and the
+     capitalist state....
+
+     "The great expressions of mass action in recent years, the New
+     Zealand general strike, the Lawrence strike, the great strike of
+     the British miners under which capitalist society reeled on the
+     verge of collapse--all were mass actions organized and carried
+     through in spite of the passive and active hostility of the
+     dominant Socialist and labor organization. Under the impulse of
+     mass action, the industrial proletariat senses its own power and
+     acquires the force to act equally against capitalism and the
+     conservatism of organizations. Indeed, a vital feature of mass
+     action is precisely that it places in the hands of the proletariat
+     the power to overcome the fetters of these organizations, to act in
+     spite of their conservatism, and through proletarian mass action
+     emphasize antagonisms between workers and capitalists, and conquer
+     power. A determining phase of the proletarian revolution in Russia
+     was its acting against the dominant Socialist organizations,
+     sweeping these aside through its mass action before it could seize
+     social supremacy....
+
+     "Mass action is the proletariat itself in action, dispensing with
+     bureaucrats and intellectuals, acting through its own initiative;
+     and it is precisely this circumstance that horrifies the soul of
+     petty bourgeois Socialism. The masses are to act upon their own
+     initiative and the impulse of their own struggles....
+
+     "Mass action organizes and develops into the political strike and
+     demonstration, in which a general political issue is the source of
+     the action....
+
+     "The class power of the proletariat arises out of the intensity of
+     its struggles and revolutionary energy. It consists, moreover, of
+     undermining the bases of the morale of the capitalist state, a
+     process that requires extra parliamentary activity through mass
+     action. Capitalism trembles when it meets the impact of a strike in
+     a basic industry; Capitalism will more than tremble, it will
+     actually verge on a collapse, when it meets the impact of a general
+     mass action involving a number of correlated industries, and
+     developing into revolutionary mass action against the whole
+     capitalist regime. The value of this mass action is that it shows
+     the proletariat its power, weakens capitalism, and compels the
+     state largely to depend on the use of brute force in the struggle,
+     either the physical force of the military or the force of legal
+     terrorism; this emphasizes antagonisms between proletarian and
+     capitalist, widening the scope and deepening the intensity of the
+     proletarian struggle against capitalism....
+
+     "Mass action, being the proletariat itself in action, loosens its
+     energy, develops enthusiasm, and unifies the action of the workers
+     to its utmost measure....
+
+     "Moreover, mass action means the repudiation of bourgeois
+     democracy. Socialism will come not through the peaceful, democratic
+     parliamentary conquest of the state, but through the determined and
+     revolutionary mass action of a proletarian minority. The fetish of
+     democracy is a fetter upon the proletarian revolution; mass action
+     smashes the fetish, emphasizing that the proletarian recognizes no
+     limits to its action except the limits of its own power. The
+     proletariat will never conquer unless it proceeds to struggle after
+     struggle; its power is developed and its energy let loose only
+     through action. Parliamentarism, in and of itself, fetters
+     proletarian action; organizations are often equally fetters upon
+     action; the proletariat must act and always act; through action it
+     conquers....
+
+     "The great war has objectively brought Europe to the verge of
+     revolution. Capitalist society at any moment may be thrust into the
+     air by an upheaval of the proletariat--as in Russia. Whence will
+     the impulse for the revolutionary struggle come? Surely not from
+     the moderate Socialism and unionism, which are united solidly in
+     favor of an imperialistic war; surely not from futile parliamentary
+     rhetoric, even should it be revolutionary rhetoric. The impulse
+     will come out of the mass action of the proletariat....
+
+     "Mass action is equally a process of revolution and the revolution
+     itself in operation."
+
+The March 22, 1919, issue of "The Revolutionary Age" published the
+Manifesto of the Left Wing section of the Socialist Party of New York,
+from which several important quotations are hereby taken:
+
+     "We are a very active and growing section of the Socialist Party
+     who are attempting to reach the rank and file with our urgent
+     message over the heads that be, who, through inertia or a lack of
+     vision, cannot see the necessity for a critical analysis of the
+     party's policies and tactics....
+
+     "In the latter part of the nineteenth century the
+     Social-Democracies of Europe set out to 'legislate capitalism out
+     of office.' The class struggle was to be won in the capitalist
+     legislatures. Step by step concessions were to be wrested from the
+     state; the working class and the Socialist parties were to be
+     strengthened by means of 'constructive' reform and social
+     legislation; each concession would act as a rung in the ladder of
+     Social Revolution, upon which the workers could climb step by step,
+     until finally, some bright sunny morning, the peoples would awaken
+     to find the Cooperative Commonwealth functioning without disorder,
+     confusion or hitch on the ruins of the capitalist state.
+
+     "And what happened? When a few legislative seats had been secured,
+     the thunderous denunciations of the Socialist legislators suddenly
+     ceased. No more were the parliaments used as platforms from which
+     the challenge of revolutionary Socialism was flung to all the
+     corners of Europe. Another era had set in, the era of
+     'constructive' social reform legislation. Dominant Moderate
+     Socialism accepted the bourgeois state as the basis of its action
+     and strengthened that state. All power to shape the policies and
+     tactics of the Socialist parties was entrusted to the parliamentary
+     leaders. And these lost sight of Socialism's original purpose;
+     their goal became 'constructive reforms' and cabinet
+     portfolios--the 'cooperation of classes,' the policy of openly or
+     tacitly declaring that the coming of Socialism was a concern 'of
+     all the classes,' instead of emphasizing the Marxian policy that
+     the construction of the Socialist system is the task of the
+     revolutionary proletariat alone....
+
+     "The 'Moderates' emphasized petty-bourgeois reformism in order to
+     attract tradesmen, shop-keepers and members of the professions,
+     and, of course, the latter flocked to the Socialist movement in
+     great numbers, seeking relief from the constant grinding between
+     corporate capital and awakening labor....
+
+     "Dominant 'Moderate Socialism' forgot the teachings of the founders
+     of scientific Socialism, forgot its function as a proletarian
+     movement--'the most resolute and advanced section of the working
+     class parties'--and permitted the bourgeois and self-seeking trade
+     union elements to shape its policies and tactics. This was the
+     condition in which the Social-Democracies of Europe found
+     themselves at the outbreak of the war in 1914. Demoralized and
+     confused by the cross-currents within their own parties,
+     vacillating and compromising with the bourgeois state, they fell a
+     prey to social-patriotism and nationalism.
+
+     "But revolutionary Socialism was not destined to lie inert for
+     long. In Germany, Karl Liebknecht, Franz Mehring, Rosa Luxemburg
+     and Otto Rhule organized the Spartacus group. But their voices were
+     drowned in the roar of cannon and the shriek of the dying and
+     maimed.
+
+     "Russia, however, was to be the first battle-ground where the
+     'moderate' and revolutionary Socialism should come to grips for the
+     mastery of the state. The break-down of the corrupt, bureaucratic
+     Czarist regime opened the floodgates of Revolution....
+
+     "'Moderate Socialism' was not prepared to seize the power for the
+     workers during a revolution. 'Moderate Socialism' had a rigid
+     formula--'constructive social reform legislation within the
+     capitalist state,' and to that formula it clung....
+
+     "Revolutionary Socialists hold, with the founders of Scientific
+     Socialism, that there are two dominant classes in society--the
+     bourgeoisie and the proletariat; that between these two classes a
+     struggle must go on, until the working class, through the seizure
+     of the instruments of production and distribution, the abolition of
+     the capitalist state, and the establishment of the dictatorship of
+     the proletariat, creates a Socialist system. Revolutionary
+     Socialists do not believe that they can be voted into power. They
+     struggle for the conquest of power by the revolutionary
+     proletariat....
+
+     "The 'moderate Socialist' proposes to use the bourgeois state with
+     its fraudulent democracy, its illusory theory of 'unity of all the
+     classes,' its standing army, police and bureaucracy oppressing and
+     baffling the masses; the revolutionary Socialist maintains that the
+     bourgeois state must be completely destroyed, and proposes the
+     organization of a new state--the state of the organized
+     producers--of the Federated Soviets--on the basis of which alone
+     can Socialism be introduced.
+
+     "Industrial Unionism, the organization of the proletariat in
+     accordance with the integration of industry and for the overthrow
+     of Capitalism, is a necessary phase of revolutionary Socialist
+     agitation. Potentially, industrial unionism constructs the basis
+     and develops the ideology of the industrial state of Socialism; but
+     industrial unionism alone cannot perform the revolutionary act of
+     seizure of the power of the state, since under the conditions of
+     Capitalism it is impossible to organize the whole working class,
+     or an overwhelming majority into industrial unionism.
+
+     "It is the task of a revolutionary Socialist party to direct the
+     struggles of the proletariat and provide a program for the
+     culminating crisis."
+
+Julius Hammer, in a letter published in "The Call," April 4, 1919,
+speaking of the Left Wing, says:
+
+     "Aside from the discussions as to the principles and tactics
+     identifying the 'Left Wing' there is a great deal of acrimonious
+     discussion and opposition to those in the 'Left Wing' organization.
+     They are called 'separatists,' 'secessionists,' 'splitters of the
+     party,' and this in spite of vehement denials that there is
+     intention or desire to split the party. 'It is unnecessary,'
+     say they, 'and superfluous; the party machinery is ample
+     for the purpose now; organization within organization is
+     injurious and wrong.' Some seem to go even further and fling
+     epithets of 'disrupters,' 'traitors,' 'direct actionists,'
+     'anti-politicalists,' 'anarchists,' etc. And there seems to be
+     quite a number who consider that the menace should be met with
+     stern measures--nothing less than expulsion."
+
+In the Left Wing statements of principles and tactics the reader will
+observe a constant emphasis upon "direct action," or violence, and in
+favor of "industrial unionism" and the "identification of the Socialist
+Party with class conscious industrial unionism." Chapters VIII and IX of
+this work, which describe the principles and tactics of the I. W. W.,
+will make the significance of the Left Wing movement perfectly apparent
+as an effort to combine Socialist Partyism and I. W. W.'ism or to place
+the latter under the political leadership of the former. In the Left
+Wing we see an enthusiastic consecration of the major part of the
+American Socialist Party to revolutionary violence--the direct
+application of anarchistic tactics to the overthrow of the Government
+and institutions of the United States. As we follow the Left Wing
+movement we shall see the principles and tactics of the I. W. W., as
+carried out in Russia, adopted as a program by the major part of the
+American Socialist party, which also finally succeeded in committing the
+minor part, the Right Wing, to the same principles.
+
+Needless to say, this movement was helped on by the various
+communications received from the Lenine dictatorship, and notably by the
+call for an international communist congress to meet at Moscow in March,
+1919. The text of this call began to appear in the American radical
+publications in late March and April, and is here reproduced from "The
+One Big Union Monthly" for the latter month:
+
+     "First Section
+
+     "AIMS AND TACTICS
+
+     "In our estimation, the acceptance of the following principles
+     shall serve as a working program for the International:
+
+     "1. The actual period is the period of the dissolution and collapse
+     of the whole capitalist system;
+
+     "2. The first task of the proletariat consists to-day of the
+     immediate seizure of government power by the proletariat;
+
+     "3. This new governmental apparatus must incorporate the
+     dictatorship of the working class, and in some places, also, that
+     of the poorer peasantry, together with hired farm labor, this
+     dictatorship constituting the instrument of the systematic
+     overthrow of the exploiting classes;
+
+     "4. The dictatorship of the proletariat shall complete the
+     immediate expropriation of Capitalism and the suppression of
+     private property in the means of production, which includes, under
+     Socialism, the suppression of private property and its transfer to
+     a proletarian state under the Socialist administration of the
+     working class, the abolition of capitalist agricultural production,
+     the nationalization of the great business firms and financial
+     trusts;
+
+     "5. In order to insure the Social Revolution, the disarming of the
+     bourgeoisie and its agents, and the general arming of the
+     proletariat, is a prime necessity.
+
+
+     "Second Section
+
+     "ATTITUDE REGARDING SOCIALIST PARTIES
+
+     "7. The fundamental condition of the struggle is the mass action of
+     the proletariat, developing into open armed attack on the
+     governmental powers of Capitalism;
+
+     "8. The old International has broken into three principal groups:
+     the avowed social-patriots, who, during the entire duration of the
+     imperialistic war between the years 1914 and 1918, have supported
+     their own bourgeoisie; the minority Socialists of the 'Center,'
+     represented by leaders of the type of Karl Kautsky, and who
+     constitute a group composed of ever-hesitating elements, unable to
+     settle on any determined direction and who up to date have always
+     acted as traitors; and the Revolutionary Left Wing.
+
+     "9. As far as the social-patriots are concerned, who stood up
+     everywhere in arms, in the most critical moments, against the
+     revolution, a merciless fight is the alternative; in regard to the
+     'Center,' the tactics consist in separating from it the
+     revolutionary elements, in criticizing pitilessly its leaders and
+     in dividing systematically among them the number of their
+     followers; these tactics are absolutely necessary when we reach a
+     certain degree of development;
+
+     "10. On the other hand it is necessary to proceed in a common
+     movement with the revolutionary elements of the working class who,
+     though hitherto not belonging to the party, yet adopt to-day in its
+     entirety, the point of view of dictatorship of the proletariat,
+     under the form of Soviet government, including the syndicalist
+     elements of the labor movements;
+
+     "11. It is also necessary to rally the groups and proletarian
+     organizations, who, though not in the wake as yet of the
+     revolutionary trend of the Left Wing, nevertheless have manifested
+     and developed a tendency leading in that direction;
+
+     "12. We propose that the representatives of parties and groups
+     following these tendencies shall take part in the Congress as
+     plenipotentiary members of the Workers' International and should
+     belong to the following parties:
+
+     "1. The Spartacus group (Germany); 2. The Bolsheviki or Communist
+     Party (Russia); 3. Other Communist groups of; 3. German-Austria; 4.
+     Hungary; 5. Finland; 6. Poland; 7. Esthonia; 8. Lettonia; 9.
+     Lithuania; 10. White Russia; 11. Ukraine; 12. The Revolutionary
+     elements of Czecho-Slovakia; 13. The Bulgarian Social-Democratic
+     Party; 14. The Roumanian Social-Democrats; 15. The Left Wing of the
+     Servian Social-Democracy; 16. The Left Wing of the Swedish
+     Social-Democratic Party; 17. The Norwegian Social-Democratic Party;
+     18. The Danish groups of the class struggle; 19. The Dutch
+     Communist Party; 20. The revolutionary elements of the Belgian
+     Labor Party; 21-22. The groups and organizations in the midst of
+     the French Socialist and syndicalist movements who are in
+     solidarity with our aims; 23. The Left Wing of the Swiss
+     Social-Democratic Party; 24. The Italian Socialist Party; 25. The
+     left elements of the Spanish Socialist Party; 26. The left elements
+     of the Portuguese Socialist Party; 27. The British Socialist Party
+     (those nearer to us are the elements represented by MacLean); 28.
+     I. S. P. R. (Great Britain); 29. S. L. P. (England); 30. I. W. W.
+     (Great Britain); 31. The revolutionary elements of Shop-Stewards
+     (Great Britain); 33. The S. L. P. (U. S. A.); 34. The elements of
+     the Left Wings of American Socialist Propaganda (tendency
+     represented by E. V. Debs and the Socialist Propaganda League); 35.
+     I. W. W. (Industrial Workers of the World), America; 36. The
+     Workers' International Industrial Union (U. S. A.); 37. I. W. W. of
+     Australia; 38. The Socialist groups of Tokio and Samon, represented
+     by Sen Katayama; 39. The Young Peoples' Socialist International
+     Leagues.
+
+
+     "Third Section
+
+     "THE ORGANIZATION AND NAME OF THE PARTY
+
+     "13. The Congress must be transformed into a common organ of combat
+     in view of the permanent struggle and systematic direction of the
+     movement, into a center of International Communism which will
+     subordinate the Interests of the Revolution from an international
+     point of view.
+
+     "The concrete forms of organization, representation, etc., will be
+     elaborated by the Congress."
+
+     The testimony of Morris Hillquit in the Socialist case before the
+     Assembly Judiciary Committee gave the preceding document an added
+     interest which the reader will better appreciate further on. As
+     will appear later in our narrative, on September 4, 1919, the
+     Socialist Party adopted a manifesto strongly favoring the
+     "industrial" unionizing of American labor for the purpose of
+     reinforcing the political "demands" of the Socialist Party with
+     "industrial action."
+
+     On the stand at Albany, on February 19, 1920, Hillquit acknowledged
+     the authorship of at least 90 per cent of the "industrial action"
+     manifesto of his party, but declared that he had never read the
+     Moscow manifesto when he wrote his, and so was not influenced by
+     the Moscow recommendation of industrial action to bring about a
+     revolution by violence. But the above "call" to the Moscow
+     Conference urged "a common movement" with "syndicalist elements,"
+     or "industrial union" revolutionaries, as much as the Moscow
+     manifesto did, and the reader will find at the end of our next
+     chapter evidence that Morris Hillquit was familiar with and
+     criticized the above Moscow "call" at least as early as July, 1919.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE FREE-FOR-ALL FIGHT BETWEEN THE RIGHT AND LEFT WINGS
+
+
+
+Emanuel Blumstein, a member of the Right Wing, in a letter published in
+"The Call," April 9, 1919, bitterly complained against the tactics of
+the Left Wingers--in trying to wrest control of the Socialist Party from
+the "Old Guard" of Berger and Hillquit, which had acquired the habit of
+domination:
+
+     "The reason that the so-called Left Wingers are concentrating at
+     meetings, making motions to recall delegates, and carry their
+     motions through, is very simple. Anyone who attends the meetings
+     can easily understand it. They shout down every honest thinking
+     Socialist with slurs and abuse. They make it so intolerable that
+     the meeting hall appears to be, instead of a Socialist meeting, a
+     room frequented by rowdies of all types and descriptions. In this
+     way they drive the most active Comrades out of the meeting hall, as
+     these Comrades get disgusted with the tactics pursued and leave the
+     meeting. Then they drag the meeting on to all hours of the night
+     until those left, having no opposition, carry all their destructive
+     actions through, and this they call democratic decision for the
+     Comrades of the branch--deciding the policies for them."
+
+Morris Zucker, a member of the Left Wing, defends his faction in a
+letter that appeared in "The Call," New York, April 11, 1919:
+
+     "In regard to Lee's objection that the Left Wing may bring about a
+     premature revolt, the reply is that no real revolution, no social
+     revolution, is ever manufactured. It must be spontaneous. It must
+     be real. It must be an overwhelming, impulsive demonstration of the
+     popular will. Revolutions may be manipulated but not manufactured.
+     Trotzky shows in his 'From October to Brest-Litovsk' that the
+     Bolshevist Revolution was not manufactured.
+
+     "The problem is to manipulate the revolution, to guide it, to
+     counsel it. And herein lies the importance of proper Socialist
+     education, of knowledge and understanding, and from these of proper
+     Socialist tactics.
+
+     "The Left Wing believes it has the proper program. And it wants the
+     Socialist Party to adopt its program. The Left Wing not only
+     preaches revolutionary Socialism, it believes that the economic and
+     social forces that have made half Europe Socialist, and threaten
+     momentarily to engulf the other half are at work in America also.
+     It believes that a revolutionary outbreak in America is not a
+     matter of the far and distant future. And it desires to make that
+     revolution as easy and as successful as it can possibly be. For
+     that reason the Left Wing has evolved its manifesto and program,
+     and now calls upon the Socialist Party to discuss it, perfect it,
+     and adopt it."
+
+In April, 1919, the New York State Committee of the Socialist Party, by
+a vote of 24 against 17, resolved that it was "definitely opposed to the
+organization calling itself the Left Wing section of the Socialist
+Party, and to any group within the party organized for the same or
+similar purpose;" and it instructed "its executive committee to revoke
+the charter of any local affiliated with any such organization or that
+permits its subdivision or members to be affiliated."
+
+"The Call," April 23, 1919, publishes a long letter from F. Basky in
+which he defends the principles of the Left Wing and attacks the New
+York State Committee for the above resolutions. We quote a part:
+
+     "Aside of these arguments the Left Wing is not a
+     counter-organization to the Socialist Party. On the contrary, it is
+     the only active force to save the party from going into decay and
+     finally to the scrap heap as a tool not adapted to the task. If the
+     Left Wing is the party, then and only then can we answer the
+     criticism of the syndicalist that a political party is nothing else
+     but a vote-catching machinery for middle-class politicians. If the
+     principles enunciated in the manifesto will be the principles of
+     the party, then it will enjoy the confidence of those who, through
+     their bitter experience realized the fallacies of the Second
+     International, led and dominated by the social-patriots, reformists
+     of the German Social Democratic Party. If we follow the line of
+     uncompromising revolutionary activity indicated by the Left
+     Wingers, then we can rest assured that the party will be cleared of
+     the would-be Scheidemanns, Eberts, Kerenskys, Brantenburgs, and the
+     rest of the traitors of our principles and our class.
+
+     "They will be eliminated anyway. The fight is on. And I welcome the
+     attack of the state committee. We at least know some of those we
+     would have to face in the critical hour. Might as well fight it out
+     now; whether they or the Left Wing represents the party. Let us
+     find out right now who is with us and who is against us."
+
+"The Call," April 30, 1919, published a resolution then recently passed
+by the Socialist Party of Essex County, New Jersey, which had adopted
+the Left Wing program. Part of the resolution is hereby quoted:
+
+     "While the need for new orientation is clearly apparent, there is
+     an element within the party which is either unwilling or unable to
+     adjust itself to the new world conditions and the new tactics
+     required by these conditions. Unfortunately, this element has
+     controlled the party national executive committee and the party
+     machinery, with the consequence that the national organization, in
+     place of furnishing the leadership and urging the locals forward to
+     take advantage of the present world crisis in building up the
+     proletariat movement, has conspicuously lagged behind."
+
+By the early part of May, 1919, conditions in the Socialist Party became
+so serious that the Executive Committee of Local New York, according to
+"The Call," May 8, 1919, issued the following statement on the Left
+Wing:
+
+     "To the Members of Local New York:
+
+     "Comrades.--A critical situation has arisen within Local New York.
+     Your executive committee is compelled to take unusual and vigorous
+     measures to combat the disruptive efforts of an internal faction
+     which seeks to dominate the party by undemocratic and unsocialistic
+     methods. The executive committee addresses itself to you, the
+     membership, to explain the gravity of the crisis and to urge your
+     support in saving the organization which has been built up with so
+     much sacrifice by thousands of Comrades.
+
+     "The very existence of the party is at stake--its existence as the
+     democratically self-governed party of the working class, laboring
+     to awaken and educate the proletarian masses and to express their
+     class interests on the political field....
+
+     "This organization, i.e., the Left Wing, is not open to all party
+     members, nor even to all who accept the ideas set forth in its
+     manifesto and program. Only such persons are admitted as can be
+     counted on to set the authority of the 'Left Wing Section' above
+     that of the party itself. Its meetings are held in secret, and
+     their business is that of a permanent closed caucus to lay plans
+     for controlling the action of the party branches and committees,
+     and of obstructing their activities when it cannot control them.
+
+     "Even within the 'Left Wing Section' itself democratic methods are
+     not used. The admission of members, the choice of delegates to Left
+     Wing conferences, and the framing of instructions to those
+     delegates are intrusted to committees composing an inner circle.
+     All members and adherents of the 'Left Wing Section' are called
+     upon in their action as party members and as members of party
+     committees, to give explicit obedience to orders issued by the
+     inner circle. A sufficient sample of this is the appointment of a
+     'steering committee' for the Left Wingers in the central committee
+     of the local, and the issuance of instructions to delegates
+     affiliated with that section as follows:
+
+     "'In all matters involving Left Wing tactics vote as a unit with
+     the steering committee. Do not make motions, ask for divisions,
+     further divisions, roll call, and appeals from the chair. The
+     steering committee will attend to that.'
+
+     "The Left Wing Section has not been able to command a majority in
+     the central committee, notwithstanding the drastic methods used in
+     their attempt to capture it. Unable to control they have practised
+     systematic obstruction, and have openly declared that they will not
+     permit the central committee to function so long as their group is
+     in the minority there. Under the direction of their steering
+     committee, the time is consumed with every species of parliamentary
+     delay, with the aim and effect of preventing the central committee
+     from transacting business and carrying on the normal work of the
+     party. These dilatory tactics are supplemented by personal abuse
+     directed against those who will not truckle to the 'Left Wing,' by
+     insults and provocatory threats, and when necessary, by the
+     creation of an uproar designed to attract the attention of the
+     police and to break up the sessions....
+
+     "The Executive Committee has heretofore decided not to have a
+     meeting of the central committee on May 13, and has appointed a
+     committee to reorganize Local New York. This committee will begin
+     with such branches as are affiliated with the 'Left Wing Section.'
+     No one will be excluded because of his opinions, but no one can
+     retain a double membership in the party and the so-called 'Left
+     Wing Section.'"
+
+By about the middle of May, 1919, the Left Wing program had been adopted
+by the Socialist Party in Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit,
+Philadelphia, Kings and Queens Counties, N. Y., and Essex County, N. J.
+In Hudson County, N. J., the county committee referred it favorably to
+all the branches, and at the end of the month the New Jersey Convention
+of the party adopted it. In Chicago, J. Louis Engdahl, sentenced[C] to
+twenty years in Leavenworth prison, was reported to have been ousted
+from the organization, having been considered too conservative by the
+millionaire Socialist, William Bross Lloyd, and the latter's friends who
+controlled the Communist Propaganda League, the Left Wing faction of the
+local organization.
+
+"The Call," May 8, 1919, publishes an interesting letter from one of its
+correspondents:
+
+     "It is not so much a question as to Left or Right Wing domination
+     as it is a question of whether we are to have a united or divided
+     party.
+
+     "I am not a Centrist, if that means to be in the center of the
+     party as it is today. We must move to the Left--that is understood
+     by all thinking, class-conscious Comrades, but we must move
+     together, not, perhaps, as far as some of the hot-heads would like
+     to have us--they fail to understand what an American Socialist
+     Party should be, for they seem to think of New York City as the
+     whole thing. If they could take a trip to Chicago and back they
+     might find themselves moving toward the Right.
+
+     "No one wants to be where the stick-in-the-mud Rights are,
+     either--that is, no one except them. The majority of us see the
+     need for revolutionizing the party. What we don't see is any
+     necessity of disrupting the party in the process. The master class
+     would like to see that; in fact, they have been egging us on to
+     fight among ourselves for the last two or three years, and we have
+     blindly done the very thing that they want most we should do. They
+     are laughing in their sleeves at us--poor boobs that we are."
+
+On May 15, 1919, following the open fight against the Left Wing
+inaugurated by the New York State Committee and its Executive Committee,
+the Left Wing Locals of Boston, Cleveland and New York joined in a call
+for a National Conference of the Left Wing to convene in New York on
+June 21. This call opened with the following paragraph:
+
+     "The international situation and the crisis in the American
+     Socialist Party; the sabotage the party bureaucracy has practised
+     on the emergency national convention; the N. E. C. [National
+     Executive Committee] aligning our party with the social-patriots at
+     Berne, with the Congress of the Great Betrayal; the necessity of
+     reconstructing our policy in accord with revolutionary events--all
+     this and more, makes it necessary that the revolutionary forces in
+     the Socialist Party get together for counsel and action."
+
+Apparently so many bitter letters were sent to "The Call" that it found
+it expedient to publish the following notice in its edition of May 16,
+1919:
+
+     "No letters dealing in personalities of any kind will be published
+     in this column. All views and all arguments set forth must be
+     confined strictly to the principles and tactics either defended or
+     attacked. This ruling is by the unanimous vote of the Board of
+     Managers of 'The Call.'"
+
+Morris Hillquit, member of the National Executive Committee of the
+Socialist Party till September, 1919, and one of the principle leaders
+of the Right, published in his paper, "The Call," May 21, 1919, a long
+article in large type, covering half of the editorial page, under the
+caption, "The Socialist Task and Outlook." After speaking of the gloomy
+conditions in the Socialist Party abroad, he thus comments on conditions
+in the American branch of the international organization:
+
+     "All the more unfortunate is it that the energies of the Socialist
+     Party should at this time be dissipated in acrimonious and
+     fruitless controversies brought on by the self-styled Left Wing
+     movement. I am one of the last men in the party to ignore or
+     misunderstand the sound revolutionary impulse which animates the
+     rank and file of this new movement, but the specific form and
+     direction which it has assumed, its program and tactics, spell
+     disaster to our movement. I am opposed to it, not because it is too
+     radical, but because it is essentially reactionary and
+     non-Socialistic; not because it would lead us too far, but because
+     it would lead us nowhere. To prate about the dictatorship of the
+     proletariat and of workers' Soviets in the United States at this
+     time is to deflect the Socialist propaganda from its realistic
+     basis, and to advocate the abolition of all social reform planks in
+     the party platform means to abandon the concrete class struggle as
+     it presents itself from day to day.
+
+     "The Left Wing movement, as I see it, is a purely emotional reflex
+     of the situation in Russia. The cardinal vice of the movement is
+     that it started as a wing, i.e., as a schismatic and disintegrating
+     movement. Proceeding on the arbitrary assumption that they were the
+     Left, the ingenuous leaders of the movement had to discover a
+     Right, and since the European classification would not be fully
+     reproduced without a Center, they also were bound to locate a
+     center in the Socialist movement of America.[D] What matters it to
+     our imaginative Left Wing leaders that the Socialist Party of
+     America as a whole has stood in the forefront of Socialist
+     radicalism ever since the outbreak of the war, that many of its
+     officers and leaders have exposed their lives and liberties to
+     imminent peril in defense of the principles of international
+     Socialism, they are Right Wingers and Centrists because the
+     exigencies of the Left Wing require it. The Left Wing movement is a
+     sort of burlesque on the Russian revolution. Its leaders do not
+     want to convert their Comrades in the party. They must capture and
+     establish a sort of dictatorship of the proletariat(?) within the
+     party. Hence the creation of their dual organization as a kind of
+     Soviet, and their refusal to cooperate with the aforesaid stage
+     Centrists and Right Wingers.
+
+     "But the performance is too sad to be amusing. It seems perfectly
+     clear that, so long as this movement persists in the party, the
+     latter's activity will be wholly taken up by mutual quarrels and
+     recriminations. Neither wing will have any time for the propaganda
+     of Socialism. There is, as far as I can see, but one remedy. It
+     would be futile to preach reconciliation and union where antagonism
+     runs so high. Let the Comrades on both sides do the next best
+     thing. Let them separate, honestly, freely and without rancor. Let
+     each side organize and work in its own way, and make such
+     contribution to the Socialist movement in America as it can. Better
+     a hundred times to have two numerically small Socialist
+     organizations, each homogeneous and harmonious within itself, than
+     to have one big party torn by dissensions and squabbles, an
+     impotent colossus on feet of clay. The time for action is near.
+     Let us clear the decks."
+
+By the end of May, 1919, the Left Wing fight had become so serious that
+the National Executive Committee revoked the charter of the Socialist
+Party in Michigan and suspended the Russian, Lithuanian, Ukranian,
+Lettish, Polish, South Slavic and Hungarian branches, expelling or
+suspending considerably over 25,000 members out of a total dues-paying
+membership of about 100,000.
+
+"The Ohio Socialist," the party organ of Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia
+and New Mexico, in its issue of June 4, 1919, comments as follows on the
+expulsions:
+
+     "Violating every principle of fair play and square dealing and
+     disregarding every constitutional provision, the National Executive
+     Committee at its session in Chicago, May 24 to 30, expelled without
+     a trial the state organization of the Socialist Party of Michigan,
+     constituting about 6,000 members, suspended the Russian,
+     Lithuanian, Lettish, Polish, Hungarian, Ukrainian and South Slavic
+     Federations of the party, constituting more than 30,000 members,
+     and worst of all--and let it be said to their everlasting
+     shame--are autocratically holding up the national membership
+     referendum for the election of a new National Executive Committee,
+     International Delegates, International Secretary, and the holding
+     of a national convention.
+
+     "Never before in the party's history have Socialist Party officials
+     been so lost to all sense of decency and square dealing. A wilful
+     group of seven members of the National Executive Committee usurped
+     power which the constitution does not grant them and which the
+     Socialist Party membership never intended any servants of the party
+     to have. This despotic group of seven did not act as the party's
+     servants, but as dictators and tyrants to defeat the expressed will
+     of the party membership and to perpetuate itself in office.
+
+     "Unbelievable as it may seem, seven officials of the party had the
+     monumental effrontery to assume the right to expel and suspend
+     40,000 members. Think of it. That such a dastardly deed should ever
+     be perpetrated upon the rank and file of our organization is almost
+     beyond comprehension. And yet it was done--it was done by those
+     whom you elected to serve you. Instead they are betraying you,
+     disrupting the organization....
+
+     "The intention of these autocrats is plain as daylight. Like a
+     tidal wave, the demand for a Socialism which stands true to the
+     working class at all times has swept the party. The thousands of
+     Comrades who are sincerely working to win the party to a more
+     revolutionary position are known to the Left Wing. This Left Wing
+     understands clearly that the Scheidemann brand of Socialism stands
+     for the betrayal and defeat of the working class and that only the
+     Socialism of Liebknecht and Lenine has within it the potentialities
+     of victory and success....
+
+     "There was no trial, no opportunity for defense offered to the
+     Michigan Comrades. A motion to allow Michigan a chance to interpret
+     their action was voted down. The right to appear at a trial was
+     denied....
+
+     "Expulsion meant throwing out over three thousand votes. On with
+     the expulsion of Michigan....
+
+     "But the expulsion of Michigan was apparently not sufficient to
+     decide the elections in favor of the reactionary moderates. At a
+     subsequent session, accordingly, it was decided to destroy the
+     whole election.
+
+     "The National Executive Committee instructed the secretary not to
+     tabulate the vote or make it public. They nullified the referendum
+     vote, destroyed the will of the membership in order to retain
+     control. Most of these National Executive Committee members are out
+     for re-election, are interested parties, knowing that the
+     referendum defeated them for re-election, are now, by this action,
+     perpetuating themselves in office....
+
+     "The National Executive Committee's action is equivalent to
+     stealing the elections. The party must act sternly to rebuke this
+     official chicanery.
+
+     "After this betrayal of the party the despotic seven seemed to fear
+     the results of the National Convention, which has been called for
+     August 30. A way had to be devised to control the convention. Happy
+     thought: Suspend the federations that have endorsed the Left Wing,
+     and we are safe. Another caucus held. Result: Suspension of the
+     Russian, Polish, Hungarian, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Lettish and
+     South Slavic Federations from the Socialist Party--over thirty
+     thousand members. A plain attempt to assure the election of
+     reactionary delegates to the National Convention to approve the
+     abominable actions of the National Executive Committee majority....
+
+     "In spite of all these dirty tactics the little group of
+     reactionary autocrats did not feel themselves secure. They still
+     fear that they will not be able to control the coming National
+     Convention. So they formed a corporation, nearly all the directors
+     of which are of the same stamp as the wilful seven, and into the
+     hands of these directors is to be placed the entire property of the
+     Socialist Party, including the new headquarters building upon which
+     $10,000 has been paid. These directors cannot be recalled by the
+     party membership as long as they retain membership in the party,
+     and only four, a minority, can be removed in three years' time....
+
+     "They want the Left Wing to desert the party. They want us to leave
+     the party machinery in their hands. They will be disappointed in
+     this. We know their game. We shall not play into their hands. We
+     will not quit. Every Left Winger will work night and day for the
+     reinstatement of the nearly 40,000 members whom the reactionaries
+     are trying to sever from the party in violation of the party's
+     constitution. Every radical will work with might and main to get
+     new members and build, build the Left Wing and the party. Every
+     revolutionist will stick until victory is ours and the Socialist
+     Party is completely won for revolutionary Socialism."
+
+Commenting on the referendum for a new National Executive Committee "The
+Revolutionary Age" in its May 24, 1919, issue says:
+
+     "The moderates claim that the Left Wing represents only a small
+     clique in the party: why, then, not allow the membership to make
+     its decision through the referendum? Why disfranchise the
+     revolutionary Socialists? Why steal votes away from the Left Wing
+     candidates? These desperate tactics are understandable only on the
+     theory that the moderates feel that the revolutionary Socialists
+     are a majority, that they will meet defeat in the referendum votes
+     and revolutionary Socialism will conquer the party."
+
+"The Revolutionary Age," July 12, 1919, informs us that the
+Massachusetts Comrades were also expelled and that others in other
+States were threatened:
+
+     "Another State gone. Massachusetts is expelled for adopting the
+     Left Wing program at its State Convention and for refusing to
+     recognize the National Executive Committee's act of suspending the
+     Federations. For this latter offense, Pennsylvania is now
+     threatened with excommunication, and very likely Ohio will meet the
+     same sad fate.
+
+     "It is a race against time. Will there be anything left for the
+     rump N. E. C. to expel by August 30th?"
+
+Relative to the success of the Left Wing in electing its members to the
+new National Executive Committee of fifteen, and to the meeting of this
+new committee, "The Revolutionary Age," July 19, 1919, comments as
+follows:
+
+     "The election of Comrades Fraina, Hourwich, Harwood, Prevey,
+     Ruthenberg, Lloyd, Keracher, Batt, Hogan, Millis, Nagle,
+     Katterfeld, Wicks and Herman appears now to be certain, while there
+     is still a question about the third choice in the First District,
+     Comrade Lindgren leading without the New York vote.
+
+     "There is no question, but that the final tally of the party
+     elections is available at the National Office, but according to the
+     action of the National Executive Committee this tally will not be
+     made known till August 30. Meanwhile the State secretaries have
+     published enough of the votes to leave no question of the outcome,
+     except as above indicated....
+
+     "According to the party law the new N. E. C. is entitled to control
+     beginning July 1st....
+
+     "There can be no legality by which a defunct Executive Committee
+     can keep the newly elected committee from taking office. By such
+     'constitutionality' the old body could perpetuate itself
+     indefinitely, let the members vote as they like. Stopping
+     referendums is the method chosen to make sure that the members
+     consent."
+
+Accusations and recriminations, charges and counter-charges, continued
+to fly back and forth between the two Wings, as the secretaries
+proceeded with the work of expulsion or suspension, carrying out the
+savage instructions of the Right Wing majority of the National Executive
+Committee, where Victor L. Berger, Morris Hillquit and Seymour Stedman
+were the dominating leaders. On the side of the Lefts little more could
+be done than to set up a howl against the "dictatorship of the
+proletariat" within the party which forced them to taste the medicine
+they would have preferred to prescribe for the rest of the country.
+
+During the summer the Left Wing movement was hastened on, dragging the
+Right Wing after it, by the publication in the radical papers of America
+of the manifesto issued in Moscow in March, 1919, by the Third or
+Communistic International in session there. Max Eastman, a Left Wing
+leader, in an article on "The New International" in "The Liberator,"
+July, 1919, a Left Wing magazine, thus describes the Bolshevik
+International:
+
+     "The Communist International, which met at Moscow on March 2d,
+     1919, comprised thirty-two _delegates with full power to act_,
+     representing parties or groups in Germany, Russia, Hungary,
+     Sweden, Norway, Bulgaria, Rumania, Finland, Ukrainia, Esthonia,
+     Armenia, delegates from the 'Union of Socialists of Eastern
+     Countries,' from the labor organizations of Germans in Russia, and
+     from the Balkan 'Union of Revolutionary Socialists.'
+
+     "There were also present _representatives with consultative powers_
+     from parties and groups in Switzerland, Holland, Bohemia,
+     Jugo-Slavia, France, Great Britain, Turkey, Turkestan, Persia,
+     Corea, China, and the United States (S. J. Rutgers, of the
+     Socialist Propaganda League, now merged with the Left Wing section
+     of the Socialist Party). A letter was read from Comrade Loriot, the
+     leader of the Left Wing section of the French Party, repudiating
+     the Berne Congress of the Second International.
+
+     "The Russian Communist Party was represented by Comrades Lenine,
+     Trotzky, Zinoviev, Kukharin and Stalin. This party contains many
+     millions of organized class-conscious Socialists, more, perhaps,
+     than are to be found in all the rest of the world."
+
+The Communist Manifesto of 1919, issued by this Moscow International,
+became the test of fellowship among the simon-pure "Reds" the world
+over, and since the campaign of the Left Wing grew into an attempt to
+force the Socialist Party of America to adopt this Bolshevik program, we
+here quote the salient parts of the Moscow Manifesto from the article by
+Eastman mentioned above:
+
+     "_To the proletariat of all countries!_
+
+     "Seventy-two years have gone by since the Communist Party of the
+     World proclaimed its program in the form of the Manifesto written
+     by the great teachers of the proletarian revolution, Karl Marx and
+     Frederick Engels....
+
+     "We Communists, representatives of the revolutionary proletariat of
+     the different countries of Europe, America and Asia, assembled in
+     Soviet Moscow, feel and consider ourselves followers and fulfillers
+     of the program proclaimed seventy-two years ago. It is our task now
+     to sum up the practical revolutionary experience of the working
+     class, to cleanse the movement of its admixtures of opportunism and
+     social patriotism, and to gather together the forces of all the
+     true revolutionary proletarian parties in order to further and
+     hasten the complete victory of the Communist revolution.
+
+     "The opportunists who, before the war, exhorted the workers, in the
+     name of the gradual transition into Socialism, to be temperate;
+     who, during the war, asked for submission in the name of 'civil
+     peace' and defense of the Fatherland, now again demand of the
+     workers self-abnegation to overcome the terrible consequences of
+     the war. If this preaching were listened to by the workers,
+     Capitalism would build out of the bones of several generations a
+     new and still more formidable structure, leading to a new and
+     inevitable world war. Fortunately for humanity, this is no longer
+     possible....
+
+     "Only the Proletarian Dictatorship, which recognizes neither
+     inherited privileges nor rights of property, but which arises from
+     the needs of the hungering masses, can shorten the period of the
+     present crisis; and for this purpose it mobilizes all materials and
+     forces, introduces the universal duty to labor, establish the
+     regime of industrial discipline, thus to heal in the course of a
+     few years the open wounds caused by the war and also to raise
+     humanity to new undreamed-of heights.
+
+     "The whole bourgeois world accuses the Communists of destroying
+     liberties and political democracy. This is not true. Having come
+     into power the proletariat only asserts the absolute impossibility
+     of applying the methods of bourgeois democracy, and it creates the
+     conditions and forms of a higher _working class democracy_....
+
+     "The peasant of Bavaria and Baden who does not look beyond his
+     church spire, the small French wine-grower who has been ruined by
+     the adulterations practiced by the big capitalists, the small
+     farmer of America plundered and betrayed by bankers and
+     legislators--all these social ranks which have been shoved aside
+     from the main road of development by Capitalism, are called on
+     paper by the regime of political democracy to the administration of
+     the State. In reality, however, the finance-oligarchy decides all
+     important questions which determine the destinies of nations behind
+     the back of parliamentary democracy....
+
+     "The proletarian State, like every State, is an organ of
+     suppression, but it arrays itself against the enemies of the
+     working class. It aims to break the opposition of the despoilers of
+     labor, who are using every means in a desperate effort to stifle
+     the revolution in blood, and to make impossible further opposition.
+     The dictatorship of the proletariat, which gives it the favored
+     position in the community, is only a provisional institution. As
+     the opposition of the Bourgeoisie is broken, as it is expropriated
+     and gradually absorbed into the working groups, the proletarian
+     dictatorship disappears, until finally the State dies and there are
+     no more class distinctions....
+
+     "In an empire of destruction where not only the means of production
+     and transportation, but also the institutions of political
+     democracy have become bloody ruins, the proletariat must create its
+     own forms, to serve above all as a bond of unity for the working
+     class and to enable it to accomplish a revolutionary intervention
+     in the further development of mankind. Such apparatus is
+     represented in the Workmen's Councils. The old parties, the old
+     unions, have proved incapable, in person of their leaders, to
+     understand, much less to carry out the task which the new epoch
+     presents to them. The proletariat has created a new institution
+     which embraces the entire working class without distinction of
+     vocation or political maturity, an elastic form of organization
+     capable of continually renewing itself, expanding, and of drawing
+     into itself ever new elements, ready to open its doors to the
+     working groups of city and village which are near to the
+     proletariat. This indispensable autonomous organization of the
+     working class in the present struggle and in the future conquests
+     of different lands, tests the proletariat and constitutes the
+     greatest inspiration and the mightiest weapon of the proletariat of
+     our time. Wherever the masses are awakened to consciousness,
+     Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Councils will be formed....
+
+     "The outcry of the bourgeois world against the civil war and the
+     red terror is the most colossal hypocrisy of which the history of
+     political struggles can boast. There would be no civil war if the
+     exploiters who have carried mankind to the very brink of ruin had
+     not prevented every forward step of the laboring masses, if they
+     had not instigated plots and murders and called to their aid armed
+     help from outside to maintain or restore their predatory
+     privileges. Civil war is _forced upon_ the laboring classes by
+     their arch-enemies. The working class must answer blow for blow, if
+     it will not renounce its own object and its own future which is, at
+     the same time, the future of all humanity.
+
+     "The Communist parties, far from conjuring up civil war
+     artificially, rather strive to shorten its duration as much as
+     possible--in case it has become an iron necessity--to minimize the
+     number of its victims, and, above all, to secure victory for the
+     proletariat. This makes necessary the disarming of the bourgeoisie
+     at the proper time, the arming of the laborer, and the formation of
+     a communist army as the protector of the rule of the proletariat
+     and the inviolability of the social structure. Such is the Red Army
+     of Soviet Russia which arose to protect the achievements of the
+     working class against every assault from within or without. The
+     Soviet Army is inseparable from the Soviet State.
+
+     "Seizure of political power by the proletariat means destruction of
+     the political power of the bourgeoisie. The organized power of the
+     bourgeoisie is in the civil State, with its capitalistic army under
+     control of bourgeoisie-junker officers, its police and gendarmes,
+     jailers and judges, its priests, government officials, etc.
+     Conquest of the political power means not merely a change in the
+     personnel of ministries, but annihilation of the enemy's apparatus
+     of government; disarmament of the bourgeoisie of the
+     counter-revolutionary officers, of the White Guard; arming of the
+     proletariat, the revolutionary soldiers, the Red Guard of
+     workingmen; displacement of all bourgeois judges and organization
+     of proletarian courts; elimination of control by reactionary
+     government officials and substitution of new organs of management
+     of the proletariat.... Not until the proletariat has achieved this
+     victory and broken the resistance of the bourgeoisie can the former
+     enemies of the new order be made useful, by bringing them under
+     control of the Communist system and gradually bringing them into
+     accord with its work....
+
+     "The Dictatorship of the Proletariat does not in any way call for
+     partition of the means of production and exchange; rather, on the
+     contrary, its aim is further to centralize the forces of production
+     and to subject all of production to a systematic plan. As the first
+     steps--socialization of the great banks which now control
+     production; the taking over by the power of the proletariat of all
+     government-controlled economic utilities; the transferring of all
+     communal enterprises; the socializing of the syndicated and
+     trustified units of production, as well as all other branches of
+     production in which the degree of concentration and centralization
+     of capital makes this technically practicable; the socializing of
+     agricultural estates and their conversion into co-operative
+     establishments....
+
+     "As far as smaller enterprises are concerned, the proletariat must
+     gradually unite them, according to the degree of their importance.
+     It must be particularly emphasized that small properties will in no
+     way be expropriated and that small property owners who are not
+     exploiters of labor will not be forcibly dispossessed....
+
+     "The task of the Proletarian Dictatorship in the economic field can
+     only be fulfilled to the extent that the proletariat is enabled to
+     create centralized organs of management and to institute workers'
+     control. To this end it must make use of its mass organizations
+     which are in closest relation to the process of production....
+
+     "As in the field of production, so also in the field of
+     distribution, all qualified technicians and specialists are to be
+     made use of, provided their political resistance is broken and they
+     are still capable of adapting themselves, not to the service of
+     capital, but to the new system of production.... Besides
+     expropriating the factories, mines, estates, etc., the proletariat
+     must also abolish the exploitation of the people by capitalistic
+     landlords, transfer the large mansions to the local workers'
+     councils, and move the working people into the bourgeois
+     dwellings....
+
+     "The capitalistic criminals asserted at the beginning of the World
+     War that it was only in defense of the common Fatherland. But soon
+     German Imperialism revealed its real brigand character by bloody
+     deeds in Russia, in the Ukraine and Finland. Now the Entente States
+     unmask themselves as world despoilers and murderers of the
+     proletariat....
+
+     "Indescribable is the White Terror of the bourgeois cannibals.
+     Incalculable are the sacrifices of the working class. Their
+     best--Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg--they have lost. Against this the
+     proletariat must defend itself, defend at any price. The Communist
+     International calls the whole world proletariat to this final
+     struggle.
+
+     "Down with the imperialistic conspiracy of capital!
+
+     "Long live the International Republic of the Proletarian Councils!"
+
+As will be seen when we study the I. W. W., the above is the program of
+the world-wide conspiracy of a single class, a minority of society, to
+carry out the cynical purpose of I. W. W.'ism--to "take possession of
+the earth and the machinery of production."
+
+Morris Hillquit, a Right Wing leader of the Socialist Party of America,
+declared that "The Communist Congress of Moscow made the mistake of
+attempting a sort of dictatorship of the Russian proletariat in the
+Socialist International and was conspicuously inept and unhappy in the
+choice of certain allies and in the exclusion of others."[E]
+
+Quoting this, Max Eastman, in the article from which we have taken so
+much, makes the following reply:
+
+     "How can he expect them to be any more indefinite and generous in
+     their invitation than they were? In every country where there was a
+     doubt as to what groups had stood true to the revolutionary
+     principle and the principle of Internationalism, they so indicated
+     the alignment as to leave every Socialist free to consider himself
+     their ally who seriously and courageously desired to. This was what
+     they did in America. The S. L. P. (Socialist Labor Party), the
+     Socialist Propaganda League, the I. W. W. and in the Socialist
+     Party 'the followers of Debs!' Could they in a brief word open the
+     door wider to American Socialists, unless they wished to admit
+     prominent members of the Socialist Party who were known to have
+     repudiated them, as Berger did, declaring his solidarity with the
+     Mensheviks who were waging war on them?"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+BIRTH OF THE COMMUNIST AND COMMUNIST-LABOR PARTIES
+
+
+
+On June 24, 1919, the Left Wing Conference assembled in New York City.
+The purpose of the Conference was for the first time to unite the forces
+of the Left Wing throughout the country and to decide upon a common plan
+of action against the Right. For some time there had been a growing
+desire among the members of the Left for the formation of a new party to
+be known as the Communist Party. The Michigan State organization and the
+different Russian-speaking federations, which had either been expelled
+or suspended, were particularly anxious for a new party. Then, too, many
+members of the Left Wing throughout the country believed that, even
+though they were more numerous than those of the Right, it would be
+useless to try to control the National Emergency Convention of the
+Socialist Party, called for August 30, 1919, in Chicago. They feared
+that the credentials of the still unsuspended and unexpelled Left Wing
+delegates would not be recognized by the party machine in the hands of
+the Right Wing, and, moreover, that even if they were, these Left Wing
+delegates would not be in the majority because so many other Left Wing
+delegates had been expelled from the Party.
+
+Almost at the beginning of the National Conference of the Left Wing the
+Michigan State delegates and the delegates of the foreign-language
+federations insisted on the immediate organization of a new party to be
+known as the Communist Party. The majority of the delegates, however,
+were opposed to immediate organization, claiming that it would be much
+more prudent to wait till the meeting of the National Emergency
+Convention, at the end of August, as many Left Wing Socialists would
+refuse to leave the mother party until it became evident that the
+Convention could not be captured by the Left Wing. The majority of the
+delegates decided to call a Communist Party Convention on September 1,
+1919. The Michigan State delegates and the Russian-speaking federation
+delegates thereupon broke with the majority of the Left Wing, causing a
+serious split, which continued till about the end of July, 1919.
+
+In that month, however, most of the members of the National Council of
+the Left Wing who had been leading the faction of the Left Wing which
+had refused the call for the immediate formation of the Communist Party,
+went over to the minority faction, which included the Michigan State
+organization and the Russian-speaking federations. A compromise had been
+reached whereby the aforesaid members of the National Council agreed not
+to insist upon attendance at the National Emergency Convention of the
+Socialist Party, while the Michigan organization, together with the
+federations, were willing to wait till September 1, 1919, for the
+convention of the Communist Party.
+
+Even on these terms John Reed, Ben Gitlow and some other leading members
+of the Left Wing refused to go over to the Communist Party, having
+decided to fight for the rights of the Left Wingers in the National
+Emergency Convention of the Socialist Party. This group of Left Wingers
+later on, as will be seen, became the nucleus of a third party, the
+Communist Labor Party. Several statements from the joint call for the
+convention of the Communist Party, cited from "The Revolutionary Age,"
+August 23, 1919, will interest the reader:
+
+     "The party will be founded upon the following principles:
+
+     "The present is the period of the dissolution and collapse of the
+     whole capitalist world system, which will mean the collapse of
+     world culture, if capitalism with its unsolvable contradictions is
+     not replaced by Communism.
+
+     "The problem of the proletariat consists in organizing and training
+     itself for the conquest of the powers of the state....
+
+     "This new proletarian state must embody the dictatorship of the
+     proletariat, both industrial and agricultural, this dictatorship
+     constituting the instrument for the taking over of property used
+     for exploiting the workers, and for the reorganization of society
+     on a Communist basis....
+
+     "The dictatorship of the proletariat shall carry out the abolition
+     of private property in the means of production and distribution, by
+     transfer to the proletarian state under Socialist administration of
+     the working class....
+
+     "The present world situation demands the closest relation between
+     the revolutionary proletariat of all countries....
+
+     "We favor international alliance of the Communist Party of the
+     United States only with the Communist groups of other countries,
+     such as the Bolsheviki of Russia, Spartacans of Germany, etc....
+
+     "The party shall propagandize class-conscious industrial unionism,
+     and shall carry on party activity in cooperation with industrial
+     disputes that take on a revolutionary character."
+
+The national organ of the Communist Party was "The Communist" of
+Chicago. In its issue of August 23, 1919, it thus criticises the
+Socialist Party:
+
+     "The majority of the readers of 'The Communist' are familiar with
+     the form of organization of the old Socialist Party, with its state
+     autonomy and its bureaucratic officialdom. Every state is
+     practically organized as an Independent Socialist party. 'Official
+     socialism' of Milwaukee is entirely different from[6] 'official
+     socialism' in Ohio, both in regard to platforms and form of
+     organization. Every state has a 'Socialism' of its own brand, and
+     even dues are not uniform throughout the country. 'Official papers'
+     of the party are in most cases organs of independent associations,
+     not at all affiliated with the central party organizations. Such
+     important weapons in the struggle of the proletariat are left in
+     the hands of the petty bourgeois ideologists who, in reality,
+     prostitute the labor press. As examples, we have, for instance,
+     'The Milwaukee Leader,' the 'New York Call,' the Jewish 'Daily
+     Forward,' the 'Appeal to Reason,' and many others scattered
+     throughout the United States, and each contradicting not only the
+     others, but containing in each issue glaring contradictions that an
+     intelligent person who reads them becomes disgusted with the whole
+     muddled mess."
+
+The fight among the revolutionists was a fight to the finish. The
+leaders all wanted to become Trotzkys and Lenines, all wanted to be
+bosses. It seems reasonable to conclude that if Bolshevism were ever
+introduced into the United States, either by the mother Socialist Party
+or by its offspring, the Communist Party or the Communist Labor Party,
+the dictatorship of the proletariat, that wonderful piece of nonsense
+which we hear so much about, would be grasped at by an amazing number of
+competitors. In Russia Lenine and Trotzky seem to constitute the
+Dictatorship of the Proletariat. In the Socialist Party of the United
+States Berger and Hillquit, of the old National Executive Committee,
+constituted a first-class dictatorship. In the Communist Party, Dennis
+Batt, lately jailed, and Alexander Stoklitsky would surely give the
+Communist rank and file plenty to do--everything of course being done
+according to their wills. John Reed and Ben Gitlow would make an ideal
+"dictatorship of the proletariat," if the Communist Labor Party ever
+made Bolshevism the law of the land.
+
+"Truth," one of the organs of the Communist Labor Party, published in
+Duluth, Minn., in its issue of August 29, 1919, devotes nearly two of
+its eight pages to bitter attacks on the Communist Party. Two short
+quotations will suffice to show the spirit of envy that exists:
+
+     "'Tis said that distance lends enchantment, and perhaps that is the
+     reason why some of you in the East have responded to the
+     cuckoo-call of Michigan-Federations. Frankly, we see nothing
+     hopeful in the alignment presented by the Michigan-Federation
+     combine. We are fearful of the consequence of such leadership. The
+     so-called Communist Party, as it is now constituted and especially
+     with the accretion of a part of the National Council, presents the
+     prettiest bunch of 'eligibles' that man ever laid eyes upon. And as
+     I gaze upon this august array of talent, I wonder where the working
+     class is going to get off at. We of the left wing of Cook County
+     are reluctant to join with an organization under the guidance of a
+     few doctrinaires from Detroit and the would-be Lenine of the United
+     States.[F] We do not consider that the welfare of the revolutionary
+     movement would be zealously guarded in their hands."
+
+From "Truth," of the same date, we also quote an open letter to Louis C.
+Fraina, which reads in part as follows:
+
+     "Do you know how the Russian Federation is being ruled? Do you know
+     that a 'firing squad' is constantly on the job expelling members
+     and branches from the Federation who dare to disagree on anything
+     with the would-be bosses of the Russian Federation?...
+
+     "Do you know that a regular secret service system is being employed
+     by these 'bosses' to hunt down the undesirables?
+
+     "Do you know that a worse than military censorship is being
+     maintained in the domain of Stocklitzky (the Northwestern States),
+     where it is prohibited to the branches to communicate with each
+     other or to send out or receive any correspondence otherwise than
+     through the hands of the censors, the Executive Committee, and that
+     this censorship committee, like the imperialists in the world's
+     war, are holding up the mail of these branches and do not deliver
+     at all the 'undesirable' mail?"
+
+August 30, 1919, the day for the assembling of the National Emergency
+Convention of the Socialist Party, at last arrived. Delegates of the
+Right Wing, and many of the Left, including John Reed, I. E. Ferguson
+and Rose Pastor Stokes, were present. The Left Wing delegates, to the
+number of about 84, arrived early at the place of meeting, Machinists'
+Hall, 113 South Ashland Boulevard, Chicago. Trouble immediately began,
+for the seats being occupied by the Left Wingers, the members of the
+Right were crowded out.
+
+Germer and Gerber of the Right seem to have lost their heads. "The
+Chicago Herald and Examiner," of August 31, 1919, informs us that Adolph
+Germer, National Secretary of the Socialist Party and one of the leading
+members of the Right Wing, called in the police, who cleared the hall.
+"The Chicago Tribune" of the same day tells us that everybody was
+exchanging fisticuffs when the police arrived. Detective Sergeant
+Lawrence McDonough, head of the anarchist squad, with the aid of a dozen
+uniformed policemen, seems to have saved the day for the Right Wingers.
+John Reed, of the Left Wing, was furious, and "The Call," New York,
+August 31, 1919, tells us that he issued a statement which he addressed
+to the delegates of the Emergency Convention:
+
+     "We address you to inform you of occurrences this morning which
+     every Revolutionary Socialist on the floor of this convention will
+     protest against.
+
+     "Delegates from Illinois, Minnesota, Washington, Oregon, Ohio,
+     Nebraska, California and other states entered the convention floor
+     and took their seats in readiness for the opening of the
+     convention.
+
+     "At nearly 10 o'clock Gerber of New York and Goebel of New Jersey,
+     who were at the door and attempted to refuse the above named
+     delegates admission, called the police and these delegations were
+     ejected from the hall by police power, many of them being roughly
+     handled."
+
+Press reports inform us that after the belligerents had calmed down the
+meeting was again convened, and that Victor Berger, in referring to the
+Lefts, said: "They're just a lot of anarchists; we are the party."
+Berger did not say whether or not by the word "we" he meant the old
+National Executive Committee, which should have gone out of office in
+July,[G] but seemed to have given itself a "mandate" to run the National
+Emergency Convention.
+
+On August 31, 1919, the hot-heads and sore-heads again assembled, and a
+dispute arose as to who called the "cops." As a result the Left Wingers
+next met by themselves downstairs, on the first floor of the hall, while
+the Right Wingers remained higher up on the second floor. On the same
+day the Minnesota group was seated by the Convention, but was denied a
+vote.
+
+On September 1st the high climbers of the Right Wing purged the party
+still more by unseating the Washington State delegation and expelled
+Katterfield "for the good of the party." The California delegates then
+threw a bomb into the Right Wing Convention by announcing that they
+would not take their seats until all of the contested delegations were
+seated and the police were withdrawn from the hall. These delegates
+finally went down to the first floor and joined ranks with the Left
+Wingers there, this section henceforth being known as the Communist
+Labor Party.
+
+On the same day the Convention of the Communist Party assembled at
+Smolny Institute, 1221 Blue Island Avenue, Chicago. Red flags were
+displayed and Bolshevist songs were sung until the police of the
+anarchist squad finally demanded the removal of the blood-colored
+standards of revolt.
+
+"The Call" informs us that on the next day, September 2nd, the Communist
+Party, composed of the Michigan crowd, the Russian Federation and the
+former Left Wing National Council, nearly split in two when, at a
+concerted signal, there resigned from the emergency committee of the
+convention, Louis C. Fraina, C. E. Ruthenberg, I. E. Ferguson,
+Maximilian Cohen, S. Elbaum and A. Selakowich, and, from other offices,
+A. Paul of Queens and Fannie Horowitz. It seems that these members were
+anxious to have the Communist Party amalgamate with the Communist Labor
+Party, but that the foreign federations, fearing that they would be
+outnumbered by the English-speaking members, were very much opposed to
+the union.
+
+On this same day Dennis Batt, one of the principal leaders of the
+Communist Party, was jailed.
+
+Moreover, on the 2nd of September the Communist Labor Party--the group
+that had first met with the Right Wing, and, later on, down stairs on
+the first floor of the hall on South Ashland Boulevard--assembled at the
+I. W. W. Hall at 119 Throop street. This party, heart and soul, is in
+favor of the propagation of Bolshevism and I. W. W.'ism in the United
+States, and if not completely broken up by the Government, seems
+destined to become more numerous than either the rapidly disintegrating
+Socialist Party or the Communist Party, which is principally made up of
+foreigners who speak the various Russian languages. The principal
+leaders of the Communist Labor Party are John Reed, William Bross Lloyd,
+formerly known as the millionaire Socialist, and Benjamin Gitlow.[H] It
+seemed likely, too, that Fraina, Ferguson, Ruthenberg and Cohen,
+prominent "Reds," who resigned from the emergency committee of the
+Communist Party, would soon be found among the leaders of the Communist
+Labor Party. At the time of the convention no national organ of the
+Communist Labor Party had yet begun publication, but "The Voice of
+Labor," edited by Reed and Gitlow, and "Truth," formerly the Socialist
+paper of Duluth, were local organs.
+
+Both the Communist Party and the Communist Labor Party are strongly
+Bolshevist. The Communist Labor Party is decidedly more in favor of the
+I. W. W. than the Communist Party; but the main differences between
+these two parties seems to be a matter of race, language, and especially
+of personal jealousy and dislike among the leaders.
+
+For years the Socialist Party and the Socialist Labor Party have
+remained separated from each other, so that now, with the two new
+parties, the Communist Party and the Communist Labor Party, there are
+four parties of rebels, all plotting a revolution against our National
+Government, while the great body of the American people sleep and dream.
+
+Quite a number of educated people in the United States, including the
+editors of some of our leading dailies, seem to think that the remnant
+of the Socialist Party is not at all a Bolshevist organization and not
+at all revolutionary in character. They are very much deceived, having
+let the crafty, deceptive, hypocritical leaders of the Right Wing fool
+them badly. The Left Wingers have indeed been much more open in
+admitting their intentions to overthrow our government by force of arms.
+They are dangerous, but perhaps not nearly so much so as the slippery
+"Yellows," cunning weasels of the imported Russian Hillquit type, who,
+though they do not talk as openly as the "Reds," are spreading their
+subversive principles on every side, and especially among the less
+educated classes of our people, into whose minds they instil the spirit
+of hatred between employers and employees, while at the same time
+encouraging strikes, wherever they can, with the hope of overthrowing
+our Government when conditions become sufficiently critical. Both
+parties of the Socialists and both parties of the Communists, along with
+the I. W. W., are all revolutionary in the strictest sense, and the
+sooner the American people wake up to the fact and take some intelligent
+action to stamp them out, the better it will be. It is not yet too late,
+but soon may be.
+
+The Bolshevist Socialists of Russia and the two new parties of
+Socialists that at Chicago in September, 1919, seceded from the mother
+party, have all adopted the name, "Communist," which "The Call," New
+York, July 24, 1919, informs us was used by Marx and Engels, the
+founders of modern Socialism, adding that though the name is somewhat
+confusing, inasmuch as the word has another and a distinct meaning in
+English, still, "wherever it is used it means revolutionary Socialists
+as distinguished from Social patriots and mere parliamentary
+Socialists." Is this definition an alibi for Hillquit and Berger?
+
+Many persons have hastily assumed that the main reason why the Left and
+Right Wings of the Socialists fought each other like cats and dogs was
+that the Right Wing members of the party are opposed to Bolshevism. This
+is nonsense. The Socialist papers of the country, Right and Left, with
+the possible exception of the once powerful "Appeal to Reason," which in
+recent years has fallen into great discredit among Socialists because it
+favored our entrance into the World War--have been and still are
+advocating Bolshevism every day. If anyone has any doubt, let him read
+any of the rebel sheets.
+
+The Socialist Party of St. Louis, in its appeal for party unity,
+published in "The Call," July 19, 1919, informs us that the Socialist
+Party is whole-heartedly with the Russian Bolshevists and their cause:
+
+     "Promptly, and notwithstanding all obstacles and persecution, the
+     Socialist party hurried to the front in defense of the cause of our
+     Russian Comrades. Mass meetings were held, demonstrations in behalf
+     of Soviet Russia were arranged, our Socialist press gave all
+     possible support to counteract the sinister work of the American
+     capitalist press."
+
+Eugene V. Debs, many times the presidential candidate of the Socialists
+and the idol of "Reds" and "Yellows" alike, has all along been an ardent
+Bolshevist. Listen to these words of his in his article, "The Day of the
+People," published in many Socialist papers in the early part of 1919,
+and taken by us from the March number of "Party News," the official
+organ of the Socialist Party of Philadelphia:
+
+     "In Russia and Germany our valiant Comrades are leading the
+     proletarian revolution, which knows no race, no color, no sex and
+     no boundary lines. They are setting the heroic example for
+     world-wide emulation. Let us, like them, scorn and repudiate the
+     cowardly compromisers within our ranks, challenge and defy the
+     robber-class power, and fight it out on that line to victory or
+     death!
+
+     "From the crown of my head to the soles of my feet I am Bolshevik,
+     and am proud of it."
+
+The report of the Right Wing majority of the old National Executive
+Committee of the Socialist Party, made to the National Emergency
+Convention, and here quoted from "The Call," September 3, 1919, contains
+the following defense of their Bolshevism, against the aspersions of the
+Left Wing leaders who had challenged the committee's attitude toward
+Russia:
+
+     "Ever since the revolution in Russia, the party has hailed it as
+     the first great gift of the International. At every meeting of the
+     National Executive Committee held since the second revolution in
+     Russia [the revolution which put Lenine and Trotzky in power] the
+     committee has issued some ringing declaration in favor of the
+     workers' and peasants' government in Russia....
+
+     "Rarely has a meeting been held under party auspices that our
+     speakers have not taken advantage of it to present the claims and
+     achievements of the Russian revolution. The party's position may be
+     easily ascertained by consulting the party bulletins and the party
+     press."
+
+The Executive Committeemen who signed this defense of the committee's
+Bolshevist complexion were Victor L. Berger, Seymour Stedman, James
+Oneal, A. Shiplacoff, Dan Hogan, John M. Work, Frederick Krafft and
+George H. Goebel. These, with Morris Hillquit, were the men who had
+violently expelled or suspended tens of thousands of members of the
+party without warrant of the party Constitution and without granting a
+trial or the right of self-defense to those thus dealt with; who had
+maintained themselves in office after July 1, 1919, in express violation
+of the party Constitution, having suppressed announcement of the result
+of the referendum vote by the rank and file to elect executive
+committeemen, by which vote Left Wing committeemen had been elected, as
+the report to the National Emergency Convention of the Right Wing
+committee appointed to investigate this referendum had to acknowledge;
+and who, by these devices and a similar high-handedness committed by
+themselves and friendly delegates had seized control of the National
+Emergency Convention and organized it in their own interest.
+
+In their report to the convention they further defended themselves
+against the Left Wing charge that this majority of the Executive
+Committee had allied itself with the Berne Conference. Under this head
+the above-mentioned committeemen say:
+
+     "While no definite date may be set for the beginning of the present
+     party dissension, it is certain that they began to be generally
+     noticeable in January of this year [1919], when the National
+     Executive Committee elected delegates to the Berne Conference owing
+     to the fact that the delegates elected by referendum could not
+     serve, and the assembling of the Berne Conference in March made
+     necessary the election of delegates by the National Executive
+     Committee.
+
+     "The so-called Left Wing members of the National Executive
+     Committee participated in the election, nominating and voting for
+     candidates. None of their nominees were elected, and shortly after
+     the election an organized attack was made against the international
+     delegates by the Left Wing....
+
+     "The National Executive Committee, in session, decided that if our
+     delegates arrived at Berne in time and the conference failed to
+     take the position of the party on war and imperialism, we were to
+     withdraw with any other elements favoring a genuine working-class
+     International. It was agreed that we would not affiliate with any
+     International that excluded the Russian Comrades, who were fighting
+     world imperialism, or the Comrades opposed to the Ebert-Scheidemann
+     regime in Germany.
+
+     "Before our delegates could leave the country, the National
+     Executive Committee learned that the Berne Conference had failed to
+     respond to its opportunity.... Learning this, the National
+     Executive Committee decided to send one delegate abroad to impart
+     information to the Comrades in Europe, informing them of our
+     attitude on international questions."[I]....
+
+     "Yet, despite all this, a systematic campaign of falsehood has been
+     waged against the party by a faction within the party. This faction
+     has falsely claimed that the party is allied with the Berne
+     Conference.... They have denounced the party and its officials as
+     an organization of 'Scheidemanns' and 'Noskes,' asserting that if
+     the party were intrusted with public power it would murder our own
+     Comrades with machine guns and hand grenades....
+
+     "These slanders have been accompanied with a similar propaganda
+     regarding Russia. The party and its officials, especially the
+     members of the National Executive Committee, have been charged with
+     being 'Kolchaks' and 'counter-revolutionists,' the implication
+     being that the party has been committed to counter-revolution in
+     Russia, allied intervention, and support of Kolchak in Siberia.
+
+     "As in the case of Germany, so in the case of Russia, the National
+     Executive Committee and the party in general have opposed
+     intervention in Russia or support of Kolchak and have supported the
+     Russian Comrades at the head of the Soviet power against a campaign
+     of international lying.
+
+     "There has never been a single utterance of the National Executive
+     Committee quoted by the Left Wing to support these slanders. The
+     Comrades may rest assured that this faction would quote the
+     National Executive Committee if it could."
+
+It is technically true that the Left Wing writers were not able to quote
+the Executive Committee as such; but they could and did quote the
+dominating leaders of the Right Wing majority of the Executive
+Committee, Hillquit and Berger, through their organs, the "Call" and
+"Leader"--"The Call" as characterizing the Bolsheviki as "anarchists"
+and Berger as proclaiming his solidarity with the Mensheviki--and we
+have nowhere seen any evidence that these leaders could purge the record
+of these charges. That these leaders _were_ the Executive Committee, to
+all intents and purposes, seems abundantly shown by their ruthless use
+of it to smash the party, going so far as to cast out nearly two-thirds
+of the entire party membership to get rid of their accusers, the Left
+Wing leaders.
+
+This scandal and disaster to a cause they pretended to serve are logical
+outcomes of a double hypocrisy--an effort to fool the voting public and
+our Government officials by a pretense of moderation in papers and
+electioneering speeches, while at the same time fooling the dues-paying
+rank and file of their party with expressions of loyalty to radicalism.
+
+The significant facts in estimating the revolutionary character of the
+American Socialist Party, as recruited and indoctrinated by its
+double-faced leaders are two: the fact that as lately as September,
+1919, some 70,000 of their pupils graduated into the open course of
+revolutionary violence adopted by the Communist Party of America and the
+Communist Labor Party, and the fact that the more manageable 40,000
+remaining with these leaders were so much like their seceding Comrades
+that their leaders were compelled to defend their own radicalism in the
+fashion above shown, and were also compelled, as we shall soon see, to
+take an open stand for revolution and I. W. W.'ism in order to keep even
+the remnant of the party from deserting them.
+
+Thus a serious mistake has been made by the many who fancy that the
+"Yellow" Socialists--Hillquit's Right Wing which still constitutes the
+Socialist Party of America--are not plotters who work for a revolution
+to overthrow our Government. Of course they are, and any one who has
+read the Socialist papers and publications, even to a very limited
+degree, may easily see that these alleged "moderates" appear such only
+in contrast with the more rabid "Red" rebels of the Left; and that the
+one object of Right and Left alike is to stir up discontent and foment
+hatred of class against class precisely in order that a rebellion may
+some day break out.
+
+True it is that the crafty leaders of the Right do not act as
+imprudently as the hot-headed leaders of the Left, for they fear lest
+rashness should precipitate them in a premature and unsuccessful
+outbreak; yet they are sowing the seed of revolution as certainly as are
+the Communists, and perhaps with much more success, because they proceed
+more prudently. Once in a while, when they are off their guard, the "cat
+escapes from the bag." As an example we quote from an article that
+appeared in the May Day, 1919, issue of "The Call," the paper founded
+and controlled by Hillquit, the foxy leader of the Rights:
+
+     "The world revolution, dreamed of as a thing of the distant future,
+     has become a live reality, rising from the graves of the murdered
+     millions and the misery and suffering of the surviving millions. It
+     has taken form, it strikes forward, borne on by the despair of the
+     masses and the shining example of the martyrs. Its spread is
+     irrepressible. The bridges are burnt behind the old capitalist
+     society and its path is forever cut off. Capitalist society is
+     bankrupt, and the only salvation of humanity lies in the uprising
+     of the masses, in the victory of the Socialist revolution, in the
+     revolutionary forces of Socialism.
+
+     "The World War, which is now about to be officially closed, has
+     slid into a condition neither war nor peace. However the war of
+     nations has been followed by the war of the classes. The class
+     struggle is no longer fought by resolutions and demonstrations.
+     Threateningly it marches through the streets of the great cities
+     for life or death."
+
+Yet the Right Wing papers, on the whole, are much more reserved than
+those of the Left. As an example of the openness with which the Left
+Wing or Communist papers instigate rebellion, a quotation from "The
+Communist," Chicago, April 1, 1919, will interest the reader:
+
+     "The Communist Propaganda League of Chicago came into existence on
+     November 7, 1918, first anniversary of the Russian Soviet Socialist
+     Republic, and the very day of the German Revolution.
+
+     "A group of Socialist Party officials and active party members came
+     together for consultation as to ways and means for giving the
+     American Socialist movement a revolutionary character in harmony
+     with all the significance of November 7th, the most glorious date
+     in all history. At the hour of that little meeting bedlam reigned
+     in the streets of Chicago by premature celebration of peace. The
+     calling of this meeting during the mass tumult of November 7th is
+     prophetic of the revolutionary vision which brought these Comrades
+     together. On that day the seething proletariat ruled Chicago by
+     sheer force of numbers. One thing alone was needed to give this
+     mass expression identity with the proletarian uprisings of
+     Europe--one thing: the revolutionary idea!
+
+     "The Communist Propaganda League is an organization for the
+     propagation of the revolutionary idea. The civilization of tomorrow
+     is with unorganized masses who greeted the news of peace and
+     revolution in Germany with what may be safely described as the
+     greatest spontaneous expression of mass sentiment ever witnessed in
+     America. To give direction and inspiration to the advancing and
+     irresistible army of the preletariat is the mission to which this
+     League is dedicated."
+
+This League, with the millionaire Socialist, William Bross Lloyd, at its
+head, became part of the Communist Labor Party.
+
+The indications are that the Communist Labor Party, had it been left
+undisturbed by our Government, would soon have surpassed in numbers the
+remnant left in the old Socialist Party, whose dues-paying membership
+dwindled from 109,589 in January, 1919, to 39,750 by July of the same
+year. Evidently, when the Left Wing secession occurred, a few real
+rebels came out of the Socialist Party, which used to boast in election
+campaigns that it was merely a party of evolution, not of revolution.
+Those who still remain in the old party are rebels, too, but the rank
+and file is restrained by seasoned leaders, who are more prudent but
+less honest than the hot-headed Communists.
+
+The Socialists now have in the country four revolutionary organizations:
+the Socialist Party, the Socialist Labor Party, the Communist Party and
+the Communist Labor Party. The scum of the land, the wrecks and wreckers
+of civilization, deluded ignoramuses, thus find ample opportunity for
+selecting an organization of rebellion in which there is "no political
+corruption." The members of these parties find fault with everything
+under the Stars and Stripes, and yet hesitate to pass over to Russia and
+live under the bloody standard of Lenine and Trotzky. If these four
+rebel parties do not suffice for some of the rebels, there still remains
+the I. W. W. All are pretty much the same, their principal differences
+being the varying degrees of hypocrisy, boldness and lust for power of
+their leaders.
+
+The open and pronounced revolutionary character of the I. W. W.,
+Communist Party and Communist Labor Party, evidenced in their
+inflammatory utterances and tactics, had established their criminal
+status with our National and State police and legal departments, while
+startling wholesale arrests, deportations and indictments of these three
+classes of law-breakers soon impressed a recognition of their criminal
+status upon the public mind. It is important to establish the further
+fact, if it be one, that the only difference between the rank and file
+of these organizations and the rank and file of the remnant still
+attached to the Socialist Party of America is the difference between
+tweedledee and tweedledum.
+
+The late inquiry into the qualifications of five suspended Socialists to
+sit as law-makers in the New York Assembly created an astonishing
+furore, disclosing amazing ignorance concerning American Socialism among
+our most intelligent citizens. The confusion of the public mind was
+still further increased by the Attorney-General of the United States,
+whose convincing characterization of the two Communist parties, given
+out on January 23, 1920, contained the following sentence:
+
+     "Certainly such an organization as the Communist Party of America
+     and also the Communist Labor Party cannot be construed to fall
+     within the same category as the Socialist Party of America, which
+     latter organization is pledged to the accomplishment of changes of
+     the Government by lawful and rightful means."
+
+But can the facts so far brought out in this book "be construed" as
+indicating any substantial difference between the 39,000 or 40,000
+Socialists who have kept their old party name and the 70,000 or 72,000
+who separated from them in September, 1919? Up to the moment of
+separation were not all alike under the same "pledge" to use "lawful and
+rightful means?" But if this public profession of lawfulness meant
+nothing to 70,000 of them, why think it means more to the rest?
+
+We have the further striking evidence, shown above, that the leaders who
+had compromised their attitude toward Bolshevism felt compelled, in
+order to hold any of the rank and file, to argue that "the National
+Executive Committee and the party in general" had "supported the Russian
+Comrades at the head of the Soviet power." Yet in spite of this defense
+the old National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party was rebuked
+and kicked out of office during the Emergency Convention, even by
+delegates who were friendly to the compromised leaders. The "Call,"
+September 5, 1919, gives some of the details:
+
+     "The rebuke of the National Executive Committee was in the form of
+     an amendment to the original motion to adopt its report. The
+     amendment carried by 63 to 39....
+
+     "Perhaps Frederick Haller expressed the general sentiment of the
+     convention when he said:
+
+     "'We must endorse this supplemental report of the National
+     Executive Committee, but we must go back to our constituents and
+     tell them that we gave the National Executive Committee hell.'"
+
+These "constituents," the rank and file, determine the character of the
+party, and not the thimble-rigging games of their political leaders, who
+support themselves and have "made a good thing" out of Socialism by
+carrying water on one shoulder for gullible voters, and on the other for
+their credulous disciples. This is not the first time that self-serving,
+hypocritical teachers, in compassing sea and land to make proselytes,
+have made them twofold more the children of hell than themselves.
+
+The National Emergency Convention of 1919 affords still other evidence
+of the mind of the rank and file of the Socialist Party in the report of
+the committee which investigated the referendum vote of 1919 which the
+old National Executive Committee had suppressed. The "Call," September
+1, 1919, says:
+
+     "The report states that on the face of the returns, referendum B
+     and D were carried by large majorities, and a National Executive
+     Committee, consisting of Louis Fraina of New York, Charles E.
+     Ruthenberg of Cleveland, Seymour Stedman of Chicago, Patrick S.
+     Nagle of Oklahoma and L. E. Katterfeld of Cleveland was elected.
+     The returns also showed on their face that John Reed and Louis
+     Fraina had been elected as the party's international delegates and
+     Kate Richards O'Hare its international secretary."
+
+Thus the party was "Red" or Left-Wingish "by large majorities," and was
+distinctly Bolshevist, as we learn from the "Call's" explanation of
+"referendum B and D," which "were carried by large majorities."
+
+     "Referendum B put the question of holding a National Emergency
+     Convention up to the membership. Referendum D asked the membership
+     to decide whether the party should record itself as being opposed
+     to entering any other international Socialist alignment than that
+     of the Third National [International?] which held its first
+     conference at Moscow early in March.
+
+     "Its adoption means that the Socialist party will not take part in
+     any international conference from which the Bolsheviki of Russia
+     and the Spartacans of Germany are excluded, or in which they refuse
+     to participate."
+
+Thus at the Emergency Convention of August-September, 1919, the
+Socialist Party of America was tied to the will of the Russian
+Bolshevists and the German Spartacides, who held the powers of approval
+and veto in deciding what internationals the members of the Socialist
+Party of America might associate with! A more anomalous product of the
+double-faced generalship of Berger and Hillquit it would be hard to
+imagine.
+
+But this is not all. The Moscow Manifesto of March, 1919, was before the
+Emergency Convention. This Russian Communistic Manifesto is addressed
+"To the proletariat of all countries" (see Chapter IV) and reads: "We
+Communists, representatives of the revolutionary proletariat of the
+different countries of Europe, America and Asia, assembled in Soviet
+Moscow." Would the Socialist Party of America accept its inclusion among
+those in "America" thus designated, or refuse? The committee which
+considered the matter split, bringing in majority and minority reports.
+The majority report, favored by Berger, considered the Third
+International as not yet constituted, thus hanging the Socialist Party
+of America in the air, without fellowship with Moscow, Berne or any
+other thing--a trapeze performance truly Bergeresque. The minority
+report, voted for even by a third of the machine delegates in the
+Emergency Convention, favored affiliation with the associates of the
+Moscow Conference as constituting the Third International. It was
+decided to submit both reports to a referendum vote of the party, which
+should have been taken in January or February, 1920, if the requirements
+of the party Constitution were followed.
+
+The concern of the Socialist Party managers to keep the facts from the
+general public, evidenced by their tactics in the case of the five
+suspended Socialist Assemblymen at Albany, might have led to another
+unconstitutional delay or manipulation of a referendum. But this was
+immaterial in determining the mind of the rank and file, as we have
+documentary evidence showing that the only opposition within the party
+to a clear-cut Bolshevik committal sprang out of fear either of legal
+prosecution or of the loss of votes through public condemnation. The
+following illuminating discussion is extracted from a letter of
+Alexander Trachtenberg, a conspicuous Socialist, as printed in the
+"Call" of November 26, 1919:
+
+     "The members of the Socialist Party now have before them two
+     referenda--Referendum E, consisting of the various changes in the
+     party Constitution which were decided upon at the Chicago
+     Convention, and Referendum F, on international Socialist
+     relations....
+
+     "The question of international affiliation is at this moment
+     probably the most important before the Socialist Party. The two
+     reports which emanated from the convention, known as the majority
+     and minority reports, will no doubt receive very careful
+     consideration by the members....
+
+     "A close examination of the two reports reveals that the condition
+     laid down for the International, with which the Socialist party
+     cares to affiliate itself, are the same. Both reports agree that:
+
+     "a. The Second International is dead.
+
+     "b. The Berne International Conference hopelessly failed in its
+     indeavor to reconstitute the International.
+
+     "c. The New International must consist only of those parties:
+
+     "1. Which have remained true to the revolutionary International
+     Socialist movement during the war.
+
+     "2. Which refused to co-operate with bourgeois parties and are
+     opposed to all forms of coalition.
+
+     "In short, _both_ reports agree that the Socialist Party will go
+     only into such an International the component parties of which
+     _conduct their struggle on revolutionary class lines_. The
+     difference between the two reports is, that while the majority
+     report leaves the matter of the reconstruction of the International
+     hang in the air, the minority report has something tangible to
+     offer. It also more specifically outlines the Socialist policy on
+     the question of international affiliation, and gives several
+     reasons for joining the Third (Moscow) International....
+
+     "The Socialist Party of America cannot afford to remain amorphous
+     at the present stage of the building of the new International. It
+     has refused to go with those elements who have either betrayed or
+     were unwilling to remain true to their professions. It belongs
+     among those parties which have remained true to International
+     Socialism and who alone have the right to build the edifice of the
+     new International.
+
+     "By voting for the minority report the Comrades will give
+     expression to _what they have professed and believed in_ during the
+     past critical years in the life of the international Socialist
+     movement."
+
+A letter on the same subject, by Benjamin Glassberg, appears in the
+"Call" of December 4, 1919, from which we take extracts showing the
+Bergeresque argument of Hoan, Berger's mayor of Milwaukee:
+
+     "The most important question before the members of the Socialist
+     Party just now is the referendum on the majority and minority
+     reports on international relations. Comrade Trachtenberg has argued
+     in the columns of 'The Call' in favor of the minority report, and
+     Hoan of Milwaukee for the majority, and Comrade Warshow has argued
+     against both.
+
+     "A careful examination of the position taken by both Hoan and
+     Warshow fails to reveal why the minority report should be voted
+     down. Comrade Hoan is naturally very much concerned at the
+     possibility that 'in the coming political battles the capitalistic
+     henchmen will flaunt in your face that the above is the program of
+     the Socialist Party' (referring to the statement in the governing
+     rules of the Communist International that the revolutionary era
+     compels the proletariat to make use of mass action).
+
+     "The important thing, according to Hoan, is not whether the
+     minority report is right or not, but rather what will the effect be
+     at the next election. In this respect he is typical of the pure and
+     simple political Socialist....
+
+     "In one breath Comrade Warshow calls for a new International to
+     which shall be admitted all Socialist parties of the world who
+     believe in the class struggle, and in the next he defends the
+     Socialists supporting a coalition government. How can one subscribe
+     to the doctrine of the class struggle and at the same time approve
+     of Socialists joining in a coalition government, which of necessity
+     will not be the agent of the workers but of the class with which
+     the workers are at all times at war?....
+
+     "In all our official declarations, including the Chicago manifesto,
+     we have voiced our support of the Bolsheviki. In our meetings and
+     in our literature we have taken our stand solidly with our Russian
+     Comrades, our friends, the Left Wingers to the contrary
+     notwithstanding.
+
+     "Why, then, hesitate to affiliate with them?"
+
+Thus, whether or not Berger's policy of dissimulation prevailed--and his
+wholesale slaughter of dues-payers with the ax of the Executive
+Committee had shown all who opposed him what they might expect--it
+remained true that identification with the Bolshevist principles and
+tactics of Lenine and Trotzky was what the present members of the
+Socialist Party in America "have professed and believed in during the
+past critical years" and was in accord with "all" their "official
+declarations," their "meetings" and their "literature."
+
+The base ingratitude of Berger toward those who have followed and
+supported him; the gross, incredible savagery of his egotism in turning
+to rend those he had discipled into revolutionaries the moment their
+allegiance to the principles he taught them stood in the way of his
+cowardice and ambition; his butcher insensibilities in making his
+party's Constitution a "scrap of paper" and the party a shambles for the
+hewing down of two-thirds of his "Comrades;" his burlesque effrontery in
+posing in the convention as a law-and-order man, railing at his own
+victims as "anarchists"--these daubs of color paint the cubist portrait
+of Wisconsin's mock hero, one of the meanest caricatures of human life
+that ever swaggered on a political arena.
+
+When the two Wings of the Convention raised the question, "Who called
+the cops?" Berger's pale and innocent figure rose with the trembling
+remark: "If they had not been here yesterday morning we would not be
+here now. The two-fisted Reed and the other two-fisted Left Wingers
+would be here." He took pains to have the delicate pathos of his
+martyrdom sketched into the Executive Committee report he signed,
+"Victor L. Berger, in addition to a sentence of 20 years, has four more
+indictments pending against him, besides being refused his seat in
+Congress. All the Socialist candidates for Congress in Wisconsin and the
+State Secretary also are under indictment. No mail whatever is permitted
+to be delivered to the 'Leader,' the party daily in Milwaukee," etc. On
+the other hand, against the terrible "anarchs" who had so outraged his
+own gentle spirit and sense of order, he even fulminated outside the
+Convention Hall, as in the interview which we take from the "Call" of
+September 4, 1919:
+
+     "Ever since the Socialist movement has existed there have been two
+     very distinct tendencies apparent--the Social Democratic tendency
+     and the Anarcho-Syndicalist tendency....
+
+     "But the revolution in Russia and Hungary, which had been predicted
+     by us, as well as in Germany, has had a peculiar psychological
+     effect on many of the rank and file of the party, especially upon
+     those who had come from Russia and Hungary. They really believe
+     this revolt can be repeated today in America.
+
+     "The revolution in Russia and the psychological effect of it
+     penetrated into the foreign federations affiliated with the
+     Socialist party of America and gave the Anarcho-Syndicalists, who
+     have joined us in great numbers in the last six months, a chance to
+     split up the Socialist party of America into three groups.
+
+     "First, the old Socialist Party, which will remain longer to aid
+     the old ideals of Social Democracy, even though there may be a
+     change in tactics required by changed conditions.
+
+     "Then there are the Communist Socialists, led by John Reed and a
+     few hysterical men and women, who try to bring about a Russian
+     revolution or God knows what other things, they themselves don't
+     know tomorrow morning.
+
+     "And, finally, there is the Communist Party, led by Louis Fraina,
+     which consists mainly of Russians, Ukrainians[7], Slovenic races
+     and other foreign federation members, who have been suspended for
+     stuffing ballot boxes in the last referendum, and who also want
+     revolution of some kind, the wherewith and howwith they haven't
+     been able to explain so far."
+
+Do we exaggerate the humbuggery of leadership uncloaked in this
+Emergency Convention of the Socialist Party of America? Let the reader
+judge from the supreme example of it, the motive of which we present in
+the words of the organ of one of the chief conspirators, Hillquit's
+"Call." The issue of August 31, 1919, declared: "The convention will
+adopt a stand, expressed in a manifesto that is expected to satisfy all
+those in the Left Wing who are contending for what they believe to be
+revolutionary principles." In the issue of September 3 we read:
+
+     "There will be a restatement of party principles which is expected
+     to cut the ground from under the feet of the former members and
+     organizations of the party who have read themselves out and will
+     remain suspended in mid-air between the newly formed and still more
+     newly revised Communist-Labor Party and the Communist Party."
+
+In the "Call" of September 5, which published the manifesto, we also
+have this comment on it by James Oneal: "The American movement can
+congratulate itself on having produced such a splendid document. It will
+tend to rally members who have been uncertain of the outcome of the
+convention, and will eventually bring to us many who are sick of the
+hypocrisies, the shams and the illusions that have held them in chains
+for nearly three tragic years."
+
+What hypocrisies, shams and illusions are referred to? Who were their
+authors? In another column of the same issue we are told: "With every
+delegate on his feet and cheering, the National Emergency Convention of
+the Socialist Party unanimously adopted its manifesto this afternoon.
+[September 4th.] It was the big moment of the convention. The document
+is regarded as the most revolutionary the party has ever drawn up, and
+one certain to bring back into the organization thousands of members
+temporarily outside of it, either because their local organizations were
+expelled or by reason of what Lenine has called 'the intoxication of the
+revolutionary phrase.'"
+
+Thus this manifesto was adopted by the wreckers of the Socialist Party
+to hold the "revolutionary" rank and file still left them and to draw
+back the revolutionary seceders--minus their leaders, of course.
+Nevertheless the manifesto is truly revolutionary--"most
+revolutionary"--the revolutionary creed of a revolutionary organization.
+It is, of course, carefully worded, so as to deceive if possible that
+public whose intelligence the cynical Socialists despise at the same
+time that they appeal to it for votes, and this careful wording we can
+understand from a comment in the "Call" of September 5, 1919: "Before
+reading the manifesto, Block told the convention the manifesto was
+largely based upon one suggested by Morris Hillquit, now ill at Saranac
+Lake, N. Y."[J]
+
+Seen through its mask of verbiage, however, the manifesto of the
+Emergency Convention of the Socialist Party of America joins with the
+famous Preamble of the I. W. W. and the manifestoes and programs of the
+Communist and Communist Labor Parties in advocating the plundering of
+mankind by proletarians, the elimination of the private ownership of
+natural wealth and the machinery of production, and the _wresting_ of
+"the industries and the control of the government of the United States"
+out of their present ownership and control so as "to place industry and
+government in the control of the workers."
+
+This revolutionary document incites "American labor" to "break away"
+from its present leadership, called "reactionary and futile," and "to
+join in the great emancipating movement of the more advanced
+revolutionary workers of the world"--the I. W. W.'s and Bolshevists. It
+is "the supreme task" of "the Socialist party of America," its "great
+task," to which its members "pledge all" their "energies and resources,"
+to "win the American workers" from their "ineffective" leadership, "to
+educate them to an enlightened understanding of their own class
+interests, and to train and assist them to organize politically and
+industrially on class lines, in order _to effect their emancipation_,"
+namely, "to _wrest_ the industries and the control of the government of
+the United States from the capitalists _and their retainers_" and "place
+industry _and government_ in the control of the workers."
+
+Furthermore, "to _insure_ the triumph of Socialism in the United States
+the bulk of American workers must be strongly organized politically as
+Socialists, in constant, clear-cut and _aggressive opposition to all
+parties of the possessing class_" and "must be strongly organized in the
+economic field on broad industrial lines, _as one powerful and
+harmonious class organization_, co-operating with the Socialist Party,
+and _ready in cases of emergency_ to _reinforce_ the _political_ demands
+of the working class _by industrial action_." (See, a few pages further
+on, the manifesto itself, from which we have quoted in the three last
+paragraphs.)
+
+Is this the thing which Berger and Hillquit have let loose--after
+blocking a much less compromising resolution of long-distance
+affiliation with Moscow? Does Berger think the people of Wisconsin such
+blockheads that they will shy at a word like Bolshevism, but are unable
+to understand the plain, bold English of a conspiracy to bring about
+industrial organization "to wrest the industries and the control of the
+government of the United States" out of the hands of the American people
+and into the hands of a special class? Indeed, if the "workers" take
+everything, what will become of the drones--the Socialist political
+hacks?
+
+While we reserve the details for Chapter XVI, we add here in passing
+that on February 10, 1920, it was acknowledged in testimony at the trial
+of the five Assemblymen at Albany that affiliation with the Third
+(Moscow) International had been carried by referendum vote in the
+Socialist Party of America with a large majority.
+
+Before giving the reader the text of that part of the Emergency
+Convention manifesto which we have been discussing we must call
+attention to another piece of evidence--Morris Hillquit's letter in his
+paper, the "New York Call," shortly after the Emergency Convention, in
+which he says:
+
+"The split in the ranks of American Socialism raises the question: What
+shall be the attitude of the Socialist Party toward the newly formed
+Communist organization?" His letter answering this important question
+was read out of the "Call" into the record of the New York Assembly's
+inquiry into the qualifications of the five suspended Socialists to act
+as law-makers and will be found in the "New York Herald" of January 29,
+1920, from which we take it:
+
+     "Any attempted solution of the problem must take into account the
+     following fundamental facts:
+
+     "First--The division was not created arbitrarily and deliberately
+     by the recent convention in Chicago. It had become an accomplished
+     fact months ago, and the Chicago gatherings did nothing more than
+     recognize the fact.
+
+     "Second--The division was not brought about by differences on vital
+     questions of principles. It arose over disputes on methods and
+     policy.
+
+     "Third--The separation of the Socialist Party into three
+     organizations need not necessarily mean a weakening of the
+     Socialists. They are wrong in their estimate of American
+     conditions, their theoretical conclusions and practical methods,
+     but they have not deserted to the enemy. The bulk of their
+     following is still good Socialist material. When the hour of the
+     real Socialist fight strikes in this country we may find them
+     again in our ranks.
+
+     "Our quarrel is a family quarrel, and has no room in the columns of
+     the capitalistic papers, where it can only give joy and comfort to
+     the common enemy. The unpardonable offense of the
+     Simons-Russell-Spargo crowd [which withdrew from the Socialist
+     Party of America on account of its unpatriotic and un-American
+     opposition to the people and Government of the United States at
+     war, as expressed in the Socialist Party's St. Louis Convention
+     utterances in April, 1917] was not so much their social-patriotic
+     stand during the war as the fact that they rushed into the
+     anti-Socialist press maliciously denouncing their former comrades
+     as pro-German and deliberately added fuel to the sinister flame of
+     mob violence and government persecution directed against the
+     Socialist movement.
+
+     "We have had our split. It was unfortunate but unavoidable, and now
+     we are through with it. Legitimate constructive work of the
+     Socialist movement is before us. Let us give it all of our time,
+     energies and resources. Let us center our whole fight upon
+     capitalism, and let us hope our Communist brethren will go and do
+     likewise."
+
+Thus all three organizations, Socialist Party of America, Communist
+Party of America and Communist Labor Party, have merely had "a family
+quarrel" and are still one kin, one blood, one "family," without
+"fundamental" "differences on vital questions of principles," so that
+the Socialist Partyites and their "Communist brethren" can go on doing
+"likewise" against our present Government and institutions until, "when
+the hour of the _real_ Socialist fight"--the Great Rebellion--"strikes
+_in this country_" the members of the Socialist Party "may find" the
+members of the two Communist parties "again in" their "ranks." Thus by
+Hillquit, at least, all three parties can only "be construed" to be in
+one and the same "category."
+
+We end this chapter by reproducing from the "New York Call" of September
+5, 1919, a considerable part of the Socialist Party's Emergency
+Convention manifesto. This offspring of Hillquit's brain declares
+"solidarity with the revolutionary workers of Russia" and "radical"
+Spartacides of Germany and Communists of Austria and Hungary. Let the
+reader carefully weigh this document's meanings, comparing them with the
+call for and manifesto of the Moscow Conference, the definition of
+"industrial unionism" and "mass action" in the Left Wingers' writings,
+the Communist and Communist Labor manifestoes and programs, and the
+principles and tactics of I. W. W.'ism as set forth elsewhere in this
+volume, and then ask himself if the latest official utterance of the
+Socialist Party of America can in any way "be construed" as placing that
+party in any "category" which does not also contain the Communist
+organizations and the I. W. W. The salient parts of the manifesto
+follow:
+
+     "The capitalist class is now making its last stand in its history.
+     It was intrusted with the government of the world. It is
+     responsible for the prevailing chaos. The events of recent years
+     have conclusively demonstrated that capitalism is bankrupt, and has
+     become a dangerous impediment to progress and human welfare. The
+     working class alone has the power to redeem and to save the
+     world....
+
+     "It now becomes more than ever the immediate task of international
+     Socialism to accelerate and organize the inevitable transfer of
+     political and industrial power from the capitalist class to the
+     workers. The workers must recognize the economic structure of human
+     society by eliminating the institution of the private ownership of
+     natural wealth and of the machinery of industry, the essence of the
+     war-breeding system of international commercial rivalry. The
+     workers of the world must recognize the economic structure of human
+     society by making the natural wealth and the machinery of industry
+     the collective property of all....
+
+     "The workers of Great Britain, France and Italy, the workers of the
+     newly created nations, and the workers of the countries which
+     remained neutral during the war, are all in a state of
+     unprecedented unrest. In different ways and by different methods,
+     either blindly impelled by the inexorable conditions which confront
+     them, or clearly recognizing their revolutionary aims, they are
+     abandoning their temporising programs of pre-war labor reform. They
+     are determined to control the industries, which means control of
+     the governments.
+
+     "In the United States capitalism has emerged from the war more
+     reactionary and aggressive, more insolent and oppressive than it
+     has ever been....
+
+     "But even in the United States the symptoms of a rebellious spirit
+     in the ranks of the working masses are rapidly multiplying.
+     Widespread and extensive strikes for better labor conditions, the
+     demand of the 2,000,000 railway workers to control their industry,
+     sporadic formation of labor parties, apparently, though not
+     fundamentally, in opposition to the political parties of the
+     possessing class, are promising indications of a definite tendency
+     on the part of American labor to break away from its reactionary
+     and futile leadership and to join in the great emancipating
+     movement of the more advanced revolutionary workers of the world.
+
+     "Recognizing this crucial situation at home and abroad, the
+     Socialist Party in the United States at its first national
+     convention after the war, squarely takes its position with the
+     uncompromising section of the international Socialist movement. We
+     unreservedly reject the policy of those Socialists who supported
+     their belligerent capitalist governments on the plea of 'national
+     defense,' and who entered into demoralizing compacts for so-called
+     civil peace with the exploiters of labor during the war and
+     continued a political alliance with them after the war.
+
+     "We, the organized Socialists of America, declare our solidarity
+     with the revolutionary workers of Russia in the support of the
+     government of their Soviets, with the radical Socialists of
+     Germany, Austria and Hungary in their efforts to establish working
+     class rule in their countries, and with those Socialist
+     organizations in England, France, Italy and other countries, who,
+     during the war as after the war, have remained true to the
+     principles of uncompromising international Socialism....
+
+     "The great purpose of the Socialist Party is to wrest the
+     industries and the control of the government of the United States
+     from the capitalists and their retainers. It is our purpose to
+     place industry and government in the control of the workers with
+     hand and brain, to be administered for the benefit of the whole
+     community.
+
+     "To insure the triumph of Socialism in the United States the bulk
+     of the American workers must be strongly organized politically as
+     Socialists, in constant, clear-cut and aggressive opposition to all
+     parties of the possessing class. They must be strongly organized in
+     the economic field on broad industrial lines, as one powerful and
+     harmonious class organization, cooperating with the Socialist
+     Party, and ready in cases of emergency to reinforce the political
+     demands of the working class by industrial action.
+
+     "To win the American workers from their ineffective and
+     demoralizing leadership, to educate them to an enlightened
+     understanding of their own class interests, and to train and assist
+     them to organize politically and industrially on class lines, in
+     order to effect their emancipation, that is the supreme task
+     confronting the Socialist Party of America.
+
+     "To this great task, without deviation or compromise, we pledge all
+     our energies and resources. For its accomplishment we call for the
+     support and co-operation of the workers of America and of all other
+     persons desirous of ending the insane rule of capitalism before it
+     has had the opportunity to precipitate humanity into another
+     cataclysm of blood and ruin.
+
+     "Long live the International Socialist Revolution, the only hope of
+     the suffering world!"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+SOCIALISM IN THEORY
+
+
+
+Morris Hillquit, a ring-leader among Socialists of the United States,
+writing in "Everybody's," October, 1913, page 487, informs us that the
+term Socialism is used indiscriminately to designate a certain
+philosophy, a scheme of social organization and an active political
+movement.
+
+Socialism, used to designate a certain philosophy, may better be
+distinguished by being called Socialism in theory. Socialism as an
+applied scheme of social organization may be termed Socialism in
+practice, and means nothing other than a form of government according to
+the principles of Socialist philosophy. Socialism, as an active
+political movement, means the Socialist Party. Thus, when we say that
+Socialism won several times in Milwaukee, we do not mean that the system
+of Socialist philosophy was voted upon and accepted by the majority, for
+most of the voters knew practically nothing about the philosophy of
+Socialism; nor do we mean that the form of government in accordance with
+the principles of Socialist philosophy was adopted at the polls, for, as
+a matter of fact, we know that the government of Milwaukee has never
+been in accordance with the Marxian principles; but we mean this, and
+only this, that the active political movement of the Socialists, in
+other words, the Socialist Party, elected its candidates. No doubt the
+victorious candidates would have ruled Milwaukee according to the
+philosophy of Socialism, applying the Marxian principles to their
+government, if they could have done so, but the Constitution of the
+United States as well as that of the State of Wisconsin would have stood
+in the way, as will be seen when Socialism is explained more in detail.
+
+The first form of Socialism to be explained in detail is Socialism in
+theory. There seem to be about 57 hundred times 57 hundred varieties of
+Socialists, owing to the conflicting views that members of the party
+hold on different subjects which they wish to include in Socialism, and
+also because of their different interpretations of the fundamental
+principle of Socialism. There is, however, one underlying principle that
+seems to be held quite generally by Marxians the world over. No matter
+what other radical measures individual Socialists may favor or wish to
+see included in the Socialist philosophy, and no matter how many
+different interpretations are given to the principle of Socialism, the
+basic principle that stands out above all others and is accepted
+generally by Socialists the world over may be said to be the demand for
+a government, democratic in form, under which all the citizens would
+collectively own and manage the principal means of production,
+transportation and communication.
+
+The Industrial Workers of the World form one of the few classes of
+Socialists who object to the generally accepted fundamental principle
+just mentioned. "The One Big Union Monthly," March, 1919, prefers to
+drop the words "democratic form of government," because the I. W. W.'s
+are not sure that ownership by the people as a whole would succeed
+better under a democratic form of government than under a dictatorship
+of the proletariat.
+
+"The Labour Leader," the organ of the Socialist Independent Labor Party,
+Manchester, England, February 6, 1919, declares that Socialism is "the
+complete ownership and control of the means of life by the people, and
+the development of industry and the distribution of its fruits under a
+genuine and absolute democracy." In explaining Socialism, it says that
+"it means that the land shall become the property of the people, not of
+private individuals. It means that the great industries shall become the
+property of the people. It means that the railways and the canals shall
+become the property of the people. It means that the shipping shall
+become the property of the people. In short it means that everything
+essential to the life of all shall become the property of all, and shall
+be administered not for the profit of the few, but for the use of all.
+And it demands intelligent control of public affairs by the people,
+women as well as men."
+
+Practically the same ideas are expressed in other words by Jaures in
+"Studies in Socialism," page 32 of 1906 edition, translated by Minturn.
+This great leader of the French Socialists, who was assassinated at the
+beginning of the World War, and in whose honor there was a tremendous
+demonstration in Paris on April 6, 1919, prophesied that "the time is
+not far off when no one will be able to speak to the public about the
+preservation of private property without covering himself with ridicule
+and putting himself voluntarily into an inferior rank. That which
+reigns to-day under the name of private property is really class
+property, and those who wish for the establishment of democracy in the
+economic as well as the political world should give their best effort to
+the abolition and not to the maintenance of this class property."
+
+In "The Revolutionary Age," Boston, January 11, 1919, page 4, we read:
+
+     "What is Socialism? It is the public ownership of all the wealth,
+     the mills, the mines, the factories, the railroads and land. Things
+     that are used in common, must be owned in common, by the people and
+     for the people under democratic management by the people, instead
+     of the present system of private ownership for profits."
+
+According to Morris Hillquit in "Everybody's," October, 1913, page 487:
+
+     "The Socialist program advocates a reorganization of the existing
+     industrial system on the basis of collective or national ownership
+     of the social tools. It demands that the control of the machinery
+     of wealth creation be taken from the individual capitalists and
+     placed in the hands of the nation, to be organized and operated for
+     the benefit of the whole people."
+
+Hillquit, in his various articles, has, of course, like many other
+Socialists, given his explanation of the detailed method of organization
+and operation of industries under a Socialist form of government. It
+reads very nicely and appears attractive, as his statements do till
+truth's searchlight falls on them, but it does not seem worth while to
+present his views, for very many of the leading Socialists of the world
+not only differ with each other as regards the method of organization
+and operation that they advocate for the Marxian state, but they are
+also very much at variance with the plan of organization and operation
+that Hillquit describes.
+
+Eugene V. Debs, in his "Daily Message from Moundsville Prison,"
+published in "The Call," New York, April 21, 1919, tells us what
+Socialism is:
+
+     "The earth for all the people! That is the demand.
+
+     "The machinery of production and distribution for all the people!
+     That is the demand.
+
+     "The collective ownership and control of industry and its
+     democratic management in the interest of all the people! That is
+     the demand.
+
+     "The elimination of rent, interest and profit and the production of
+     wealth to satisfy the wants of all the people! That is the demand.
+
+     "Co-operative industry in which we all shall work together in
+     harmony as the basis of a new social order, a higher civilization,
+     a real republic! That is the demand.
+
+     "The end of class struggles and class rule, of master and slave, of
+     ignorance and vice, of poverty and shame, of cruelty and crime--the
+     birth of freedom, the dawn of brotherhood, the beginning of MAN!
+     That is the demand.
+
+     "This is Socialism!"
+
+In the Preamble to the American Socialist Party Platform, adopted by
+national referendum, July 24, 1917, we are told:
+
+     "The theory of a democratic government is the greatest good to the
+     greatest number. The working class far out-numbers the capitalist
+     class. Here is the natural advantage of the working class. By
+     uniting solidly in a political party of its own, it can capture the
+     government and all its powers and use them in its own interests.
+
+     "The Socialist Party aims to abolish this class war with all its
+     evils and to substitute for capitalism a new order of co-operation,
+     wherein the workers shall own and control all the economic factors
+     of life. It calls upon all workers to unite, to strike as they vote
+     and to vote as they strike, all against the master class.
+
+     "Only through this combination of our powers can we establish the
+     co-operative commonwealth, wherein the workers shall own their jobs
+     and receive the full social value of their product. The necessities
+     of life will then be produced, not for the profits of the few, but
+     for the comfort and happiness of all who labor. Instead of
+     privately owned industries with masters and slaves, there will be
+     the common ownership of the means of life, and all the
+     opportunities and resources of the world will be equal and free to
+     all."
+
+The fundamental principle of Socialism, namely, a government, democratic
+in form, in which all the citizens would collectively own and manage the
+principal means of production, transportation and communication, will be
+more clearly understood if the several component parts of the basic
+principle are explained.
+
+A government, _democratic in form_, would, of course, require the
+overthrow of all limited monarchies as well as the annihilation of those
+that are despotic. Even a republican form of government, like that of
+the United States, is very far from being satisfactory to the
+Revolutionists, for they demand that the citizens have as direct a voice
+as possible, first in the election of all public officers, secondly in
+the framing of the laws, and thirdly in the management of the many
+industrial departments of the proposed government.
+
+By the citizens' _collective owning_ of the different things enumerated
+is meant that they would own them just as the citizens of the United
+States, as a body, to-day own the post-offices, arsenals, navy and
+public lands. Of course, collective ownership does not imply that, after
+the state should have taken over the things referred to, each citizen
+would be entitled to an equal share of them as his own private property,
+to be used by him according to his desires.
+
+_The management of the property_ of the Socialist state and the
+remuneration[8] for labor would not be in the hands of private
+individuals acting independently, but would be subject to the will of
+the majority of the citizens.
+
+By the _principal_ means of production, transportation and communication
+is meant any instrument of production, transportation or communication
+that would be used for purposes of exploitation, in other words, for
+making profit through the employment of hired labor. To illustrate this,
+several examples will be given. Mines, factories and mills of all kinds,
+large business houses and stores, together with those farms whose owners
+would employ hired labor for the production of goods to be sold at
+profit, would all be looked upon as being among the _principal means of
+production_. On the other hand, a sewing-machine used for family needs
+would not be included in the list.
+
+There are many Socialists who have held that their intended state would
+allow the private ownership of very small farms, provided that the
+products were raised without the employment of farm hands. But it seems
+likely that such a plan of private ownership would not be tolerated
+under a Socialist government, for, first of all, a very large number of
+Socialists are opposed to such a plan, and, secondly, the political
+actionists who have favored it either have sacrificed thereby the
+principles of their party, or else by advocating the private ownership
+of small farms, have done so with the intention of deceiving farmers and
+small land owners in order to win their votes. More will be said about
+this further on.
+
+Railroads, street car lines, express and steamship service would be
+among the _principal means of transportation_; while included in the
+list of _principal means of communication_ there would be the public
+telephone and telegraph systems. Automobiles, horses and carriages, if
+used without the assistance of hired labor, would not be considered as
+being principal means of transportation. So, too, under similar
+conditions, a private telephone or telegraph line running to the house
+of a friend would be excluded from the principal means of communication.
+
+The state would, of course, own all the goods produced in its mines,
+factories, shops, etc., until they were purchased with money or labor
+certificates. The people would then retain these goods as their own
+private property, and would not, according to the leading American
+Socialists, be compelled to divide them up with their fellow countrymen.
+
+The Socialist plan looks very nice on paper, allures many impoverished
+workingmen of the present day, appeals strongly to the uneducated, and
+offers great inducements to the "downs and outs" of society. It is,
+however, a deadly poison, and this will be proven conclusively in the
+chapter on "Socialism a Peril to Workingmen." There it will be shown not
+only that a Socialist state cannot possibly be a success, but that it
+would be a source of continued civil strife and discord, thoroughly
+unsatisfactory to workingmen, whom it would overwhelm with all the evils
+attendant on crime, strife, rebellion and chaos. In the Marxian state
+the industrial establishments, land, and business enterprises would be
+confiscated; neither interest, rent nor profit would be tolerated; the
+wage system would be abolished; no satisfactory plan could be devised
+for assigning so many millions of workingmen to the different positions,
+while at the same time satisfying them with remuneration for their daily
+toil; religions of all kinds would be the object of persecution;
+free-love would be legalized; and political corruption would be much
+more widespread than today. These are but several of the factors that
+would make a successful Socialist state an impossibility.
+
+It may interest the reader to know that Socialists of the highest
+authority inform us that in the new state women would be called upon to
+work. The late August Bebel, one of the foremost of German Socialists,
+says that as soon as society is in possession of all the means of
+production, "the duty to work, on the part of all able to work, without
+distinction of sex, becomes the organic law of socialized society."
+["Woman Under Socialism," by Bebel, page 275 of the 1904 edition in
+English.] Frederick Engels, in his book, "Origin of the Family," teaches
+that the emancipation of women is primarily dependent on the
+reintroduction of the whole female sex into the public industries.
+["Origin of the Family," by Engels, page 90 of Untermann's 1907
+translation into English.] In "The Call," New York, February 27, 1910,
+it is stated that "the man who professes himself to be a Socialist, and
+then says that under Socialism men will provide for women, is wide of
+the mark."
+
+Keeping clearly before their minds the fundamental principle of
+Socialism, the people of America must be careful to distinguish between
+Socialists ruling under our present form of government, and Socialists
+ruling in a Socialist state. Possible success in the first case would by
+no means indicate success in the latter. If our citizens are cautious in
+this respect, the enemies of our country will not dare to boast of the
+so-called success of Socialism in those places in which the members of
+their party, elected to public office, may have given a good
+administration under our constitutional system of government.
+
+Though Socialism, in the strictest sense of the word, is concerned
+exclusively with economics, still this does not mean that those who
+profess it do not advocate, as part of their program, many pet projects
+not appertaining to economics. By a vast majority, the members of the
+Socialist Party either advocate atheism and opposition to religion, or
+at least do not oppose those Socialists who do. Most of them, too, in
+their cravings for what is base and low, are by no means adverse to
+seeing free-love reign supreme in their contemplated state. The word
+_Socialism_ is, therefore, frequently used in a broader sense, and is
+made to include not only the common doctrine advocating the democratic
+form of government under which the citizens would collectively own and
+manage the principal means of production, transportation and
+communication, but also those other doctrines that are taught or
+silently approved by the majority. It is in this broader sense, then,
+that the opponents of the Marxians justly claim that Socialism is
+atheistic, anti-religious, and immoral.
+
+We are told by Hillquit in "Everybody's," October, 1913, page 486, that
+"like all social theories and practical mass movements, Socialism
+produces certain divergent schools, bastard offshoots clustering around
+the main trunk of the tree, large in number and variety, but
+insignificant in size and strength. Thus we hear of State Socialism,
+Socialism of the Chair, Christian Socialism and even Catholic
+Socialism."
+
+Persons who call themselves Socialists may be divided into two classes,
+in the first of which are those who are Socialists merely in name, for
+they go no further than to vote the party ticket. It is in the second
+class that we find the real Socialists, men who besides severing all
+connections with the other political organizations and voting regularly
+for the Socialist candidates, have taken out membership cards which
+entitle them to vote on party policies by the payment of several dollars
+a year into the treasury of the party. Many of the first class are, of
+course, not guilty of propagating atheism, free-love, and other radical
+doctrines. In fact, it often happens that they scarcely know that such
+things are taught by Socialists, for the deceitful Revolutionary orators
+and writers, having blinded them with vivid pictures of their
+misfortunes, lead them to believe that the movement is morally upright,
+and that the contemplated state of the future will bring them every
+blessing under Heaven.
+
+But unless those who are Socialists merely in name sever their
+connection with the party of Karl Marx, it will not be long before many
+of them will lose all sense of honor, decency and morality. Indeed they
+often sink lower than the base character who composed the "poem" that
+takes up half a page of "The Call" of May 10, 1914. Though "The Call"
+seems to consider the "poem" an excellent specimen of literature, or
+else uses the large type that it does in order to attract the attention
+of its readers to the sublime virtues of the author, the quotation of
+but a small part of the production will suffice to bring out its real
+worth and at the same time show us the benign effects of Socialist
+teachings:
+
+    "You who are exalted by pictures but not by people: you who
+        worship a book and a god rather than hearts and men and
+        women:
+    I'd rather have my world and its flesh and its devil than your
+        heaven and its spirit and its god:....
+    And while I don't blame man for being base or praise man for
+        being noble, I embrace man as my brother for being man:
+    And there you have the whole story, my man intoxication: I am
+        drunk with man: you see how it is:
+    You can have your bibles: I don't need your christs: your
+        creeds would be an insult to me: I have man: I am drunk
+        with man:
+    That's the secret of secrets: that's the confession of confessions:
+        that's the inside of the inside of me:
+    I don't expect you to take it in: drunk with man: no: that's
+        too much like mockery to you: you shudder at it:
+    To you man always comes last: man never comes first: gods,
+        mountains, laws--they come first: man can take his
+        chances:
+    That's the rule of precedence as you have fixed it: that's the up
+        and down and around of your cosmos:
+    But I say no: I who am drunk with man can't give up my faith
+        for your blasphemy: you who are sober with god."
+
+The attention of the reader must now be drawn to something of vital
+importance. There is no doubt that "Knights of the Red Flag" have
+advocated many excellent social reforms, such as higher wages, shorter
+working hours and greater safety for laborers, legislation against
+trusts, and the prevention of child labor and political corruption.
+Great credit would they deserve if their real object were not to gain
+votes to secure the establishment of a Socialist form of government. It
+is probable that before long, voting with true social reformers, they
+will see the materialization of many of the immediate demands enumerated
+in their platform. But it is to be remembered that no matter how many
+beneficial reforms Socialists may help to procure under our present
+constitutional system, they thus in no way prove the superiority of a
+Socialistic government, democratic in form, in which the citizens would
+collectively own and manage the principal means of production,
+transportation, and communication. The reason is that our constitutional
+government would still be in vogue, and the contradictory fundamental
+principle of Socialism could not be applied by the ruling Marxians.
+
+Persons who judge the Socialist movement solely by the immediate demands
+of its political platform, or by social reforms instituted after a
+political victory, understand very little either about Socialism or the
+methods and purposes of the Marxians. Yet this was the short-sighted
+manner in which the press persistently, and for a long time, viewed the
+tactics of Socialist politicians. Only a revolutionary movement far
+enough advanced to neglect gradual transformation by means of immediate
+demands would be able to sweep away by force, at a single stroke, all
+the old conditions of production, together with our present form of
+government, and the existing order of society.
+
+The so-called "Immediate Demands" of the Socialists may be termed
+political campaign Socialism or vote-catching Socialism. They are the
+sugar coating of the poisonous pill of Socialism itself. Their object is
+to attract and interest the voter, and at the same time keep his mind
+off of the fallacies of Socialism proper. They keep him from asking too
+many unanswerable questions about the detailed method of organization
+under a Socialist form of government--for instance, how the millions
+upon millions of government employes would be assigned to positions that
+would suit them, and at the same time receive satisfactory remuneration
+for their labors.
+
+These same immediate demands also give the voter a chance to find fault
+with our present system of government and to criticise it, thereby
+rendering it less able to withstand successive Socialist assaults. The
+immediate demands are, of course, meant for the present day and even if
+they should materialize, under our present system, they could not be
+continued in a Socialist state, that would be necessarily weak,
+poverty-stricken, strife-ridden, politically corrupt and chaotic. It is
+one thing to make demands, quite another thing to be able to grant them.
+A highway robber can demand a million dollars from the person whom he
+attacks, but that doesn't make the one assaulted able to surrender the
+sum; nor would it prove that the robber himself could afford to pay a
+like amount if he should afterwards be held up for a million.
+
+The immediate demands of the 1918 Congressional Platform of the
+Socialist Party are entirely too many conveniently to enumerate. They
+are classed under
+
+    A--International Reconstruction.
+      Peace Aims.
+      Federation of Peoples.
+    B--Internal Reconstruction.
+      Industrial Control.
+      Railroads and Express Service.
+      Steamships and Steamship Lines.
+      Telegraph and Telephone.
+      Large Power Scale Industry.
+      Democratic Management.
+      Demobilization.
+      The Structure of Government (i.e., of the present system of
+        government).
+      Civil Liberties.
+      Taxation.
+      Credit.
+      Agriculture.
+      Conservation of Natural Resources.
+      Labor Legislation.
+      Prisons.
+      The Negro.
+
+The immediate demands are so numerous as to require a booklet of 24
+pages, published by the National Office, Socialist Party, Chicago, Ill.
+It is very hard to find a single reference to Socialism itself in the
+entire 24 pages of the Congressional Platform.
+
+In a letter of Moses Oppenheimer, published in "The Call," New York,
+April 14, 1919, we are told that under the opportunist leadership of men
+like Hillquit, Berger, Ghent, and Robert Hunter the struggle for reforms
+has gradually overshadowed and supplanted the demand for the abolition
+of wage slavery. The writer continues:
+
+     "More and more it has resulted in petty tactics for vote catching.
+     Berger's Old Age Pension bill was a glaring exhibit of opportunist
+     incapacity.
+
+     "Immediate demands are a tactical problem! Comrade Lee knows that
+     the tactics change with changed conditions. There was a time when
+     the opportunists expected to win the votes of the bulk of A. F. of
+     L. workers. Hence the sugar coating of the Socialist pill and three
+     years of Chester M. Wright in control of 'The Call.'
+
+     "That is now ancient history. Lee could not repeat that chapter if
+     he would. Nay, I believe he wouldn't if he could.
+
+     "The powerful impulse from the movement in Europe makes itself felt
+     over here. There is great need for reforming our front, for
+     recasting our tactics. The old roar of opportunism led us nowhere,
+     except to barren failure. If nothing else the experience with our
+     Ten in Albany and our Seven in the City Hall should open our eyes.
+     The time for picayune politics is irrevocably gone."
+
+In an article published in "The Proletarian," Detroit, April, 1919, page
+4, Oakley Johnson thus criticises the Socialist policy of reformism as
+manifested in the immediate demands of the party platform:
+
+     "Socialists have been dazed time and again by the glitter of
+     reformism. In every country the question has been an ever-present
+     one, and, as a result, the rainbows of reform have found many
+     chasers in the ranks of the workers. The matter seemed, up to near
+     the end of the war, to involve more an academic dispute on tactics
+     than a principle of vital importance. There seemed too many good
+     reasons why immediate demands for slight concessions should not be
+     worked for, as a step in the direction of proletarian emancipation.
+
+     "When, however, the Bolshevik revolution in Russia showed the stand
+     taken by the reformist groups--a stand in defense of capitalism
+     when capitalism was about to fall--the uncompromisingly
+     revolutionary attitude of Marxian Socialists toward reform in the
+     past was amply justified. And when, in the course of a few months,
+     the reformistic Majority Socialists of Germany took exactly the
+     same stand as the Kerensky crowd had taken, there could no longer
+     be any doubt that the purpose of reform parties in capitalistic
+     society is to function as the last obstacle to the victory of the
+     proletariat....
+
+     "The fact is, there is a threefold objection to reformism as a
+     working-class policy. In the first place it is a waste of effort,
+     for the same zeal displayed by short-sighted reform-Socialists
+     would, if applied in the propagation of straight Socialism, treble
+     the strength of the movement in a few months' time. In the second
+     place reformism obscures the real end in view, develops
+     confusionists rather than revolutionists, gives capitalist
+     political parties a chance to steal a few 'Socialist' planks and
+     thus bid for the Socialist vote, and, worst of all, paves the way
+     to such tragedies as are now occurring in Germany, where Liebknecht
+     and Luxemberg have been murdered by their 'reform' comrades(?). And
+     finally, in the third place, even if reform be the sole object in
+     view, reformism is the poorest policy to follow to get it. A
+     proletariat organized for revolutionary ends has no difficulty in
+     securing reforms; it does not need to ask for them, for an awakened
+     and apprehensive bourgeoisie will shower reforms upon them like the
+     proverbial manna. If, indeed, workers want only reforms, why take
+     the longest way around?"
+
+"The New Age," Buffalo, April 10, 1919, page 4, rejoices that the
+reformists of the Socialist Party, whose policy it is to pay more
+attention to the immediate demands than to the principles of Socialism,
+have now a serious rival in the New Labor Party:
+
+     "Now that the New Labor Party is established (and in Chicago
+     recently they polled more votes than the Socialists), we wonder
+     what the old machine will do to combat this new octopus that
+     threatens the big vote that used to belong to 'US.' Answer: Teach
+     the working class real Socialism, the Socialism of Marx and
+     Engels."
+
+The millionaire Socialist, William Bross Lloyd, of Chicago, has a very
+interesting article on "Socialist Platforms" in "The Communist,"
+Chicago, April 1, 1919:
+
+     "Confession is good for the soul. Let the Socialist Party of the
+     World now stand up and confess that it bears a close resemblance to
+     other political parties in that, like the others, its platforms are
+     mostly bunk.
+
+     "The difference between its platforms and others is that the others
+     mean nothing while its platforms mean anything. The difference
+     between Socialists and other politicians is that the Socialists
+     mean what they think their platforms mean while the others mean
+     only to get office.
+
+     "This follows from the state of affairs we have had in the world
+     since 1914, when Socialists became so diverse in words and deeds.
+     Most of those on both sides are honest. The trouble is the
+     vagueness of the words of the Socialist propaganda.
+
+     "Socialist thought should be so clearly stated in its platforms
+     that no one can doubt its meaning. This will eliminate from the
+     party the reformers and compromisers who are such a source of
+     weakness to the movement. It will also make clear to the workers
+     that the movement really means something.
+
+     "Take, for instance, the case of the party's attitude toward war.
+     Socialists are said to be opposed to all wars--then come the
+     exceptions: wars of 'defense,' 'invasion,' 'emancipation,'
+     'liberation,' and all the meaningless tribe. Confusion results. We
+     have the German Majority Socialists, i.e., so-called Socialists,
+     supporting their government in a war of 'defense' against
+     'invasion' and of the maintenance of their 'liberties'--God save
+     the mark--against Russian autocracy....
+
+     "Without knowing the precise intention of those who drafted the St.
+     Louis platform, I infer that it was partly written in the hope--if
+     not belief--that the American workers would rise against their
+     oppressors and the situation to which they have been subjected. It
+     was a ringing declaration--a 'mass movement' of the delegates to
+     the convention, later endorsed by the party membership. And as
+     these delegates separated hot-foot for home, they got cold feet as
+     they dispersed into the cold-footed isolation of the individual
+     Socialist scattered here and there throughout this land. The
+     platform contained no statement of individual duty, no individual
+     program of action Each Socialist began to ask as his feet got
+     colder and colder: 'Where are these "mass movements;" what are the
+     others going to do?' The situation was made worse by the action of
+     the National Executive Committee which told every Socialist to read
+     the St. Louis platform and then act as his conscience dictated.
+     Fine business for a revolutionary mass movement seeking to
+     establish the co-operative commonwealth. No anarchist could be more
+     individualistic.
+
+     "The party's attitude toward war should be cleared up. It should
+     definitely provide for mass action, and bind the individuals of the
+     party as units of the party mass. This war platform should be
+     followed by a Workers' Mobilization plan carefully worked out in
+     detail and laying down action in response to each step taken in
+     approach to war. For instance, on the introduction of the War
+     Declaration in Congress, a one-day general strike just to show the
+     rulers what was in store. On passage of the War Declaration a
+     general strike, refusal to serve in the military forces, and such
+     other measures as may be effective."
+
+"The Appeal to Reason" some years ago was the leading Socialist paper of
+the United States. In 1917 it came out in favor of war with the Central
+Powers. Either because of this, or because it violently assailed
+Bolshevism for a long while, it is now outlawed by the greater part of
+the Socialist Party.
+
+On the editorial page of "The Call," New York, April 24, 1919, we read:
+
+     "Instead of the 'Appeal to Reason' asking for a pardon for Debs, it
+     should ask a pardon from Debs."
+
+In "The Bulletin," Chicago, March 24, 1919, there appears on page 12 a
+bitter attack on "The Appeal" by no less a personage than Adolph Germer,
+National Secretary of the Socialist Party. In this official paper,
+issued by the National Office, Socialist Party, we read:
+
+     "An Open Letter to 'The Appeal.'
+
+     "_March_ 19, 1919.
+
+     "Editor Appeal to Reason,
+
+     "Girard, Kans.:
+
+     "Sir.--In the issue of the 'Appeal to Reason,' March 15, 1919, you
+     publish an appeal for $30,000 CASH, for an alleged 'Amnesty and
+     Construction Fight.'
+
+     "You give yourself credit for having 'won' the first skirmish in
+     the amnesty fight and on the basis of this unfounded claim, you
+     justify your appeal for $30,000 CASH. To make your appeal seem
+     legitimate, you use such names as Eugene V. Debs, Kate Richards
+     O'Hare, Rose Pastor Stokes and refer to 'many of our comrades.' I
+     happen to be one of those who is facing a prison sentence and if
+     you have included me in 'many of the comrades,' I want you to
+     strike my name from your list. I loathe to be a 'comrade' of yours.
+     You and your paper helped to create a hatred against the Socialist
+     Party and you wilfully and maliciously lied about the National
+     Executive Committee when it refused to follow a course that would
+     put more of our members in prison. In other words, you and your
+     paper must bear a part of the responsibility for the prosecution
+     and persecution of the Socialists and it is rank hypocrisy for you
+     to prate about your fight for amnesty.
+
+     "Others may speak for themselves, but I scorn any effort that you
+     make in my behalf. A thousand times would I rather spend the rest
+     of my life behind prison bars than to have one word from you whom I
+     hold responsible for the persecutions of which my colleagues and I
+     are victims.
+
+     "I look upon your appeal for $30,000 CASH, in the name of
+     'Amnesty,' as a sinister method of filling your own coffers.
+
+     "You have lied to us and about us and betrayed us in the past and I
+     resent your hypocritical prattle about amnesty.
+
+     "Yours without respect,
+
+     "Adolph Germer,
+
+     "_National Secretary, Socialist Party_."
+
+Judging from the bitter attacks that Socialists are making upon each
+other, it would seem that there might be a little harmony in the party
+if their platforms were limited to the principles of Socialism and were
+not concerned with "immediate demands" to the almost total exclusion of
+Socialism itself.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+SOCIALISM IN PRACTICE
+
+
+
+Now that considerable has been said about Socialism in theory, we shall
+make the transition to Socialism in practice by quoting what may be
+called George Herron's dream of Socialist perfection. On page 28 of his
+booklet, "From Revolution to Revolution," we are told: "Perhaps we shall
+learn in time, before accentuated capitalism has intensified the
+universal misery of labor. Socialism is already on its way to the
+conquest of Europe. And it may be that we shall yet behold that glorious
+uprising of the universal peoples which is to begin man's real history,
+and the world's real creation--that united affirmation of the world's
+workers which Socialism foretells, knowing boundaries neither of nations
+nor sects nor factions, speaking one voice and working together as one
+man for one purpose, filling and cleansing the world with one glad
+revolutionary cry. When the peoples thus come, divine and omnipotent
+through co-operation, the raw materials of the world-life in their
+creative hands, no longer begging favors or reforms, no longer awed by
+the slave moralities or the slave religions that teach submission to
+their masters, but risen and regnant in the consciousness of their
+common inheritance and right in the earth and its fullness, of which
+they are the makers and preservers, then will the antagonisms and
+devastations of classes vanish forever, and the peace of good will
+become the universal fact."
+
+"Glorious," indeed, have been the uprisings of the Bolsheviki of Russia,
+the Communists of Hungary and Bavaria, and the Spartacans of Germany,
+all of whom are Socialists of the most pronounced type. These uprisings,
+instead of being the "beginnings of the world's real creation," are
+rather the beginnings of its destruction and ruination. The world's
+workers have been "wonderfully united" in Russia, Hungary, Bavaria and
+Germany since Socialism came into power--and no better proof need be
+given than the way in which they have been shooting each other down and
+trying to oust each other from office. Though the Socialists were not
+supposed to know "the boundaries of nations, sects or factions," but
+were to "speak one voice and work together as one man for one purpose,"
+the Spartacans, it seems, would be better off if they had not only an
+imaginary boundary to separate barbarians of their type from the rest of
+civilization, but a barrier of mountains with heights towering in the
+clouds to divide Germany into two parts, in one of which the Spartacans
+could rest in peace, safe from the attacks of their beloved brethren of
+the Ebert-Scheidemann group.
+
+If the Communists of Bavaria had only built half a dozen Chinese walls
+around Munich, they might still be holding out against the Socialist
+army that besieged them and overcame them. Lenine's Government caused
+such rivers of blood to flow in Russia that it could well dispense with
+imaginary boundary lines to separate "Bolsheviki Land" from the domains
+of Socialist Siberia. "One glad revolutionary cry" was to go up from
+Socialists all over the world, but the cry is: "Workers in
+anti-Socialist countries, save us from our false, hypocritical,
+reactionary, murderous Marxian brethren!" Have the Socialist peoples the
+world over become truly "divine" by their attacks on God and all
+religions? Have they become "omnipotent" wherever they are in power--so
+omnipotent that law, order and decency are no longer needed? The "raw
+materials of the world were in their creative hands," and yet the
+Russian people were starving by the millions, and the longer the period
+since the world war, the worse things became in those vast domains once
+so famous for their natural resources, wheat, cattle, wool, minerals,
+oil and wood.
+
+The Socialist dream was one of "no submission to masters;" but, strange
+to say, the dictator, Lenine, rules "Bolsheviki-Land" just as he
+pleases; Bela Kun so ruled Hungary; while the supposedly democratic
+Soviets just issued decrees of murder or plunder, and no national
+representative body of all the Russians or of all the Hungarians ever
+seemed to meet. The Socialists of Russia, Hungary and Bavaria were
+indeed "regnant in the consciousness of their common inheritance,"
+provided, of course, that by inheritance, confiscated property is meant.
+Yet although "antagonism and devastations of classes" were destined to
+"vanish forever, and the peace of good will become the universal fact,"
+somehow or other certain "scientific reformers" forgot that there were
+such things as fools' paradises and overlooked the old saying that "all
+that glitters is not gold."
+
+In Chapters X and XI much more will be said about the Lenine-Trotzky
+dictatorship of Socialist Russia, the Bela Kun administration of
+Hungary, the criminal Socialist crew of Bavaria, and, of course, the
+fiery Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg group that at times in certain
+localities replaced the Ebert-Scheidemann government of Germany.
+
+In "The Call," New York, April 28, 1919, under the caption, "Socialist
+Government of Yucatan Grapples With the Binder Trust," we read:
+
+     "We get vastly less news nowadays from our next-door neighbor,
+     Mexico, than from Europe and Asia, therefore a 'Call' reporter,
+     meeting a Comrade who has recently returned from the tropic
+     peninsula, fell upon him and demanded news of the Socialist, labor
+     and co-operative movements there.
+
+     "'We are facing a very much tangled-up situation down there,'
+     answered the man from Yucatan. He is W. Elkin Birch, a well-known
+     American Socialist and business man, who has lived in Mexico
+     several years. He came up to 'the States' on a business trip, and
+     is returning to Yucatan, where he is prominent in the Socialist and
+     co-operative movements.
+
+     "'The forces of capitalism in Mexico are so strong, and the
+     commercial system is so vicious,' he began, 'that I am not very
+     optimistic about the future of Socialism in Yucatan.'
+
+     "'But we thought that Alvarado had established almost a paradise
+     down there,' cried the reporter. 'A year ago we learned that you
+     had elected a complete Socialist administration in Yucatan; then, a
+     few months since, we heard that it had not put any part of the
+     Socialist program into effect. We wondered what was the reason, but
+     hardly any news comes through now.'
+
+     "'Alvarado did work a wonderful transformation, and much of the
+     good he did remains. It is true, we have an administration of
+     Socialists, but we find that that is a very different thing from a
+     Socialist administration. Yucatan is still in the grip of the
+     commercial interests, and the game is blocked at every move. As
+     fast as the radicals devise some means of stopping the robbery of
+     the people by special privilege, the privileged interests find a
+     way of circumventing the radicals by apparently yielding, but
+     really maintaining their domination.
+
+     "'Alvarado took over the Reguladora, through which the henequem,
+     Yucatan's principal product, is sold for export; he took over the
+     railroads, and the line of steamships running to the States....
+
+     "'The government still controls the Reguladora, but, as I said, it
+     is in a deadlock with the powers who control its market. We still
+     have government-owned railroads in Yucatan, but government
+     ownership merely takes the public utility out of the hands of
+     private capital and places it under the control of a political
+     organization. And private capital already has secured control of
+     that political organization, and graft and robbery are running
+     riot. Government ownership of railroads has increased the cost of
+     operation 100 per cent. The payrolls are packed with friends of
+     officials and friends of friends. If a man can control a few votes,
+     they reason, why shouldn't he have a job? What's the railroad for,
+     if not to provide jobs? The folks down there are very much like
+     people in other countries, you see.'....
+
+     "'But why doesn't the Socialist administration take control of
+     industry and commerce, and put the interests out of power?'
+     demanded the reporter, determined to uphold the faith in the face
+     of disappointing facts.
+
+     "'Well, of course, that sounds easy; but Socialists are just
+     people, after all, and when a Socialist gets into office he finds
+     it quite as hard as ordinary folks to resist the subtle influences
+     that surround officials. A man can't be sure that he is a real
+     Socialist until he is put to the test of being a part of the
+     government. The commercial interests offer him opportunities to
+     make money; they give him and his family social advantages. He
+     begins to see that capitalism has its good points, after all.' Mr.
+     Birch smiled half-satirically, half-tolerantly. 'Some members of
+     the Assembly have made fortunes during their year of office. One
+     member, who handles concessions, illegal and otherwise, has cleared
+     over a million pesos."
+
+The February, 1918, issue of the "International Socialist Review,"
+Chicago, was suppressed by the authorities of the United States
+government, and, as a consequence, it is probable that not very many
+copies are in circulation. The author of "The Red Conspiracy," however,
+has in his possession a copy of this edition, in which there is a very
+interesting article, beginning on page 414, entitled, "Your Dream Come
+True."
+
+     "A Land of practical Socialism in active operation.
+
+     "Nearly 4,000,000 people without one cent of money in circulation;
+     and where no man owns a foot of land or the tools of
+     production--trades unionism, industrialism, single tax and
+     socialism all rolled into one.
+
+     "Ninety thousand square miles without a policeman; where gold rings
+     are placed in the public markets in large baskets, to be had for
+     the asking.
+
+     "A work day of two hours for the strong; of play for the young,
+     middle-aged and old. A land where there is plenty of candy for the
+     kiddies, playgrounds for all; and from which the spectre of want
+     has departed.
+
+     "Land of peon-slaves awakened from centuries of capitalist misrule
+     to the glories of co-operation, without master or landlord.
+
+     "This is no dream, but an actualized verity right here in
+     America--in southern Mexico. Shades of Thomas Moore, Edward Bellamy
+     and William Morris arise and rejoice, for your wildest visions have
+     become facts.
+
+     "Across the miles I stretch my hand in fellowship with Mexico's
+     great democrat--Zapata. Don't forget that name. The capitalist
+     press has not told much about him--for obvious reasons. He is
+     putting into practice the basic principles of co-operation. The
+     golden rule is being translated into action.
+
+     "General Zapata now absolutely controls 90,000 square miles,
+     comprising parts of Morelo, Jalisco, Chapas, Quintana Roo and
+     Tabasco. This land is well under cultivation. The population (on a
+     rough estimate, without the advantages of a scientific census) is
+     from three to four millions. The inhabitants are nearly all peons,
+     who for centuries had existed in a degrading state of slavery. More
+     than ninety-five per cent. can neither read nor write.
+
+     "Zapata's control began in 1910, but only in the three years past
+     has the co-operative system been placed on its present basis. The
+     greatest development has been made during the past two years.
+
+     "Methods of propaganda have been simple and effective. Direct
+     action is the keynote. The people awoke to a knowledge of their
+     slavery and the realization of their heritage--and took what
+     belonged to them. The only message sent to the people was somewhat
+     similar to the I. W. W. preamble, but much shorter than that
+     classic document.
+
+     "Having aroused the slaves to realize their status by saying in
+     substance: the rich unjustly possess the land; we want all that is
+     ours and are not willing that any man should possess that which is
+     not his--Zapata would lead his army into some rich valley and
+     simply dispossess the wealthy 'owners.' Then the peons on the land
+     would be given the use of the land. Not one man in the ninety
+     thousand square miles holds a title to one foot of land. After
+     getting the new territory, the land was cultivated and the district
+     organized.
+
+     "When strong enough the army--the propaganda branch of the
+     revolution--held another convention in some other fertile valley
+     and benevolently assimilated some other opulent set of
+     slave-driving usurpers of the land....
+
+     "Every citizen of each community is given a little brass
+     citizenship tag. It is necessary to show this only in strange
+     towns. It is his passport for whatever he needs for food, clothing
+     and shelter. Each person goes into the stores and gets what he
+     needs for the simple asking.
+
+     "We have heard endless discussions as to the nature of the future
+     medium of exchange. Many volumes have been written on the subject.
+     Zapata isn't worrying over these problems. He is leaving them where
+     they belong--to the philosophers. There isn't any medium of
+     exchange in Zapata's land. Why should there be on a free earth? If
+     a man wanted ten pairs of sandals or shoes he could have them, but
+     why would he want them? He can always go--in Zapata's country--to
+     any store and get a pair when he needs one. So with all other
+     provisions. In practice, in the few years the plan has been in
+     operation, the peons have not abused the privilege. They are
+     producers, and realize it. Why rob themselves? There is not one
+     idea of profit in all that 90,000 square miles, and human nature is
+     just as it was when Adam delved and Eve spun.
+
+     "Travelers are not being admitted freely just now, in these
+     unsettled times, because of the lying reports carried away by
+     spying emissaries of capitalism. But when one is given permission
+     to visit the country, his route is marked out and listed on the
+     passport given him. He pays the government and then is provided
+     freely on all the travels over the designated route.
+
+     "No women or children are to be found in any line of manual labor
+     in mill, field or factory.
+
+     "The young and middle aged men alone work. They work from one and
+     one-half to three hours a day. Some will work more steadily for a
+     week and then go away to some town for two or three weeks to enjoy
+     their country. For the first time in history the workers have a
+     country that is really theirs. Workers? Yes, for all are workers.
+     There are no landlords or 'bosses' and overseers to prod them into
+     exhausting toil. And these people are simple enough to believe that
+     man should enjoy life--that all people should find pleasure in
+     living.
+
+     "Of course there are foremen and superintendents in the
+     administration of industry. But they receive no wages, just what
+     they need to live on, and every man, woman and child gets that. The
+     men will work two hours and then go out to play hand-ball and other
+     games in the plaza or courts.
+
+     "When the fields need attention, men go from ranch to ranch
+     wherever help is needed. In like manner all industry is carried on.
+
+     "One example will show something of how matters are managed. One
+     big sugar refinery formerly employed 2,500 men, working them
+     fourteen hours a day. Employees now work two hours a day. The
+     refinery still is in operation fourteen hours daily. There are
+     seven shifts of workers. All told, there are 25,000 employees of
+     that refinery. All are happy and have all of the food, clothing and
+     shelter the land affords. The children have big sticks of candy as
+     large as they can carry--and there is no talk of conservation of
+     supplies anywhere.
+
+     "Access to the land and co-operation did it. There isn't any
+     regular freight and passenger service. The trains operate as
+     required. Production for profit has ceased on 90,000 square miles
+     of this planet and the mills and mines are run to manufacture
+     products for use only. When goods are needed anywhere, the trains
+     haul them. Occasionally a few hundred men, women and children will
+     be taken into the mountains by the trainload for a few days'
+     outing. It is all a part of living--no fares to pay....
+
+     "The churches are being used as schools, for lecture centers, as
+     play houses and for similar useful purposes. There is no liquor
+     sold. This is not the result of any decree or election. The people
+     had so little desire for booze that they quit its manufacture....
+
+     "It is not to be inferred that Zapata has solved all of the
+     problems of society. Everything can't be done at once, even by the
+     magic wand of his propaganda. Still, his achievements make the
+     genii of Alladin's lamp look pretty small and cheap. In three years
+     every worker has been united into one industrial union; all titles
+     to land and ownership of the tools of production swept away;
+     labor's hours shortened to the minimum; the entire population fed,
+     clothed and sheltered--all through cooperation on a free earth."
+
+This is the kind of "stuff" that is served up to the "learned,"
+"scientific Socialists," who place so much confidence in the leaders who
+are supposed to be honest and worthy of leading them into the Marxian
+Paradise. This is the way they spoke of "Socialism" in Mexico some years
+ago, and today they are speaking of it in Russia in much the same way.
+
+
+Act the Second
+
+Scene--A large photo of Zapata--4 by 6 inches, in "The Call," the
+Socialist paper of New York City, April 24, 1919.
+
+Under the photo there is the following inscription:
+
+     "General Emiliano Zapata, Mexico's apostle of terrorism, and
+     recently officially reported to have been killed by Carranza's
+     troops, was a former plantation stirrup-boy, who, at the zenith of
+     his rebel power, gained temporary control of Mexico City. Twice
+     since 1910, when he began his revolt in Morelos, he and his Indian
+     followers took brief possession of the capital. For nine years he
+     ravaged southern Mexico, co-operating for a time in 1914 with
+     Villa. He was the most implacable enemy of peaceful reconstruction
+     through several regimes. Poor, uneducated, primitive but magnetic,
+     Zapata was the leader of Mexico's half-savage Indians, in whose
+     power he planned to place control of the country. Toward the last
+     he was little more than a hunted renegade, and is reported to have
+     been killed by strategy of troops operating under General Pablo
+     Gonzales in Morelos."
+
+The wood-cut of Zapata appears in connection with an article by Jack
+Neville, part of which is hereby quoted:
+
+     "Cuautla, Mexico, April 23.--The death of Emiliano Zapata removes
+     Mexico's most ruthless destructionist and implacable enemy of
+     peaceful regeneration.
+
+     "Now, on the wreckage of his empire, where the rebel chief laughed
+     at civilization and played his huge joke on 100,000 confiding
+     workers, General Pablo Gonzalez is placing firm underpinning for
+     freedom and progress.
+
+     "Here in the world's richest garden spot, where exploited humanity
+     has been kept poorest, and where Zapata 'gave' his half-savage
+     followers the land only to commandeer all crops--here the peon is
+     for the first time in centuries enjoying the fruits of his toil and
+     supporting instead of hating government."
+
+The next day, April 25th, 1919. "The Call" published another article of
+Neville's under the title, "Mexican Peons Rejoice in First Taste of
+Freedom." Only a small part of the article will be quoted:
+
+     "I stepped into a pulque-reeking cantina. A group of former
+     Zapatistas invited me to join them--to have a glass. It was the
+     open sesame. They chattered like children. Presented me with
+     cornhusk cigarettes; told me tales of Zapata; his perfidy, his
+     ruthlessness.
+
+     "'Not more than 800 rebels were yet in arms when Zapata was
+     killed,' they said. These, they explained, had ousted Zapata from
+     leadership because he had refused to divide the loot with them.
+     They told me of Zapata's former army of 30,000, blood-letting
+     surianos and ayetes (unarmed men carrying ropes) who formed the
+     rear guard to carry away the loot....
+
+     "Alongside the old church, where the patriot Morelos had more than
+     a century ago made a successful stand against the Spaniards, a
+     train was disgorging families returning to their homes, now that
+     Zapata was gone.
+
+     "A little man stepped out--the bishop of Cuernavaca, coming back to
+     his diocese under the conciliatory program of Don Pablo after eight
+     years' exile.
+
+     "I rode into the country with Colonel Sanchez Neira and talked with
+     the workmen in the field. They crowded round to pose for pictures.
+
+     "They laughed and sang while they worked.
+
+     "We rode to the headquarters of one of the 2,000,000 acre
+     haciendas. The gigantic sugar mill, formerly worth more than
+     $1,000,000, was a shell filled with debris. We rode to another
+     mill. The same! Thirty-seven of them. All ruined, wrecked wantonly
+     under Zapata's rule.
+
+     "In the village of Youtopec I drank lemonade with Gen. Pilar
+     Sanchez, while Zapata's captured band serenaded us. We rode down
+     the Inter-Oceanic railway and viewed the right of way, strewn with
+     wrecked rolling stock. We saw utterly demolished villages, the work
+     of Zapata and communism.
+
+     "I saw a bridge where train after train was dynamited, where
+     Zapatistas had ruthlessly executed more than three thousand
+     peaceful men, women and children passengers."
+
+From these articles published in "The Call," the great Socialist paper
+of New York City, it seems that the poverty-stricken, perpetually
+begging staff of Hillquit's paper does not relish the Chicago brand of
+Socialism described so beautifully in the "International Socialist
+Review." The more "talented" and "progressive" "evolutionists" near the
+shore of Lake Michigan have many a year's hard work to perform before
+they can sufficiently develop the brains of their backward chums and
+brethren on the lower east side of New York City. It takes editors like
+Kerr, Haywood, the Marcys and all the Bohns on the staff of the
+"Review" to reveal the true glories of Socialism.
+
+As recently as February, 1920, it could safely be said that the
+principles of Socialism had never been put into full operation in any
+country. The nearest approach to a truly Socialist state is Bolshevist
+Russia, that strife-ridden land of crime and bloodshed. The penalty paid
+for the foolish attempt has already been a dreadful one. How much
+greater it will be, as time goes on, nobody knows. The Socialists of
+America have hailed Russian Bolshevism as true Socialism; but, no doubt,
+as the evil consequences of Lenine's Red rule become more widely known
+and more universally feared, or if, even on the low ground of
+materialistic economics, the attempt fails, the slippery Marxians will
+try to prove that Bolshevism was not Socialism after all, since the
+Russian government was a dictatorship, with the principles of Socialism
+never fully applied.
+
+We should add that even if the Russian dictatorship succeeds in
+realizing the mere economic success which seems to be the height of its
+ambition, this will not prove to be an argument in favor of Socialism,
+but a terrible indictment of it. For the road the dictatorship is now
+taking, which indeed offers it the only possible hope of even a passable
+economic success, is the barren, heartless, unspiritual, materialistic
+tyranny of machine-like "industrialism" which the I. W. W. represents.
+In the two chapters immediately following, VIII and IX, the reader will
+learn something of the loss of all moral standards and the cruel,
+lawless violence to which the atheistic, anarchistic materialism of
+I. W. W.'ism leads; and will also find that Bolshevism is already
+committed to this system as the only economic solution of its bloody
+experiment.
+
+Is it worth while? In Chapters X and XI the reader will face some of the
+appalling details of the blood, violence and despair which have been
+tyrannically imposed upon Russia's groaning millions for the sake of an
+experiment which leads to nothing but the pagan barbarism of I. W.
+W.'ism. Is it worth while? Even if at last they are able to produce and
+distribute enough to clothe and feed themselves, can human beings be
+happy in such a state? Is this the dream of the dreamer come true?
+
+Again, the hope of a bare economic solution of the question of bread and
+butter is possible in Russia only through such an absolute and tyrannous
+dictatorship as has been established, under which the reluctant and
+disorganized proletariat can be forced back to work, whether they wish
+or no, at the point of the bayonets of the Red Guard. Would the American
+working-man think this worth while in America?
+
+It has been said that the Lenine desperadoes are determined to win an
+economic success even at the cost of forcing Russian labor to toil under
+literal military conscription. If they do this, they may
+succeed--economically merely. But does American labor think such an
+experiment _here_ would be worth what it costs?
+
+Furthermore, in the Russian land of Socialistic experiment the people,
+left to themselves by the other nations, cannot find peace among
+themselves. Why should there be peace as long as any manhood is left in
+Russia to lift up its hand out of its despair against its Bolshevist
+oppressors? Is civil war worth while--for such a barren result?
+
+Finally, if the proletarian tyrants wear all Russia down until a spirit
+of resistance is left in no breast, still will there be no peace; for,
+as will be found quoted elsewhere in this book, Lenine declares that
+Socialism cannot endure in a world half Socialistic and half
+Capitalistic, so that his wretched Russian slaves seem likely to be
+dragged into a war against the rest of the world to help out the crazy
+experiment of domination by the proletariat. Is it worth while?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE I. W. W.
+
+
+
+The I. W. W., or the so-called "Industrial Workers of the World," whose
+policy may be summed up in the words, "I Want to Wreck," and who in
+derision are termed the "I Won't Works," the "Imported Weary Willies"
+and the "Wobblies," enjoy the unenviable reputation of being classed
+among the most insurrectionary, impious and infamous workers of the
+world to-day. This industrial union, also known as the One Big Union, is
+the bitter rival of the American Federation of Labor. Joseph J. Ettor,
+in his I. W. W. pamphlet, "Industrial Unionism," page 5, speaking of the
+fear that people have of the I. W. W. says:
+
+     "Yes, gentle reader, our ideas, our principles and object are
+     certainly dangerous and menacing, applied by a united working class
+     would shake society and certainly those who are now on top
+     sumptuously feeding upon the good things they have not produced
+     would feel the shock."
+
+The I. W. W. was organized at a secret conference in Chicago, January 2,
+1905, attended by 26 of the most radical Socialists in the country,
+including Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood, William E. Trautman,
+Thomas J. Haggerty, Daniel MacDonald, Charles H. Moyer, Charles O.
+Sherman, Frank Bohn and A. M. Simons. Daniel De Leon was prominent at
+the first convention, June 27, 1905, and for three years afterward, the
+organization being founded on his theory that the Socialistic revolution
+would not come by voting but by a violent seizure of the industries of
+the country by Socialistic workmen industrially organized.
+
+"The One Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, page 4, referring to the
+hungry and desperate masses tells us:
+
+     "In some countries these revolting, desperate masses may come out
+     victorious, and establish a rule of their own, like the Russian
+     Bolsheviki, only to find that they will have to keep on running
+     society on private ownership basis, until industrial organization
+     of the workers is so far advanced that it can take over the
+     responsibility. There is no way in which the masses can escape
+     industrial unionism. What they do not want to do now at our
+     prompting, they will have to do later of their own initiative,
+     driven by economic necessity. Our new society is bound to come. It
+     will be firmly established in ten years if we are energetic. It
+     will take longer if we are indifferent. We cannot stand still
+     socially, because there is no footing before we reach the bottom.
+     We cannot go back, any more than the butterfly can again become a
+     larva. We must go forward to Industrial Democracy."
+
+On page 23 of the same issue of "The One Big Union Monthly" we are
+informed that Industrial Unionism is International:
+
+     "Industrial unionism arises out of and is modeled after modern
+     capitalism. Unlike trade unionism, it is not born of the capitalism
+     of fifty years ago. Industrial unionism recognizes that capitalism
+     is not only interindustrial, so to speak, but also international.
+     That just as it binds industries together by means of machine
+     processes and financial investments, so also does capitalism tend
+     to bind nations together. Industrial unionism follows the same
+     trend. It, too, is not only interindustrial but also international.
+     Industrial unionism seeks to organize the industrial workers of the
+     world just as capitalism seeks to exploit them. Industrial unionism
+     is spreading wherever international capitalism exists. Like
+     international capitalism, industrial unionism knows no boundaries,
+     color, race, creed or sex. As international capitalism knows only
+     profit, industrial unionism knows only the industrial exploitation
+     by which profit is possible. Industrial unionism organizes to make
+     industrial exploitation an impossibility. And capitalism is its
+     most valued assistant."
+
+Ettor, in "Industrial Unionism," page 21, tells us, that the I. W. W.
+does not organize by trades, but by industries: "All the workers in any
+plant, factory, mine, mill or any given industry in a given locality
+organize in one Local Industrial Union. All the Local Industrial Unions
+of a given general industry are banded together in the National
+Industrial Union. The National Industrial Unions are banded again
+stronger in the Industrial Department and then all Departments, six in
+all, are brought under one head, the General Administration of the I. W.
+W. One Big Union of all workers, welded together in such a manner that,
+imbued with the war cry: 'an injury to one is an injury to all,' all its
+members can act together in fighting the common enemy."
+
+Explaining organization by industries rather than by trades, "The One
+Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, page 25, takes for instance the
+stockyards:
+
+     "We do not know how many crafts there are in the stockyards, but
+     there are many. According to the old style, these crafts would be
+     organized each by itself, the carpenters belonging to the national
+     union of carpenters, the engineers to the national union of
+     engineers, the butchers to the national union of butchers, etc. It
+     also belongs to old style unionism to leave the unskilled workers
+     unorganized. Our method would be to organize all the workers in a
+     plant, as a branch of the Stockyard Workers' Industrial Union. This
+     would imply the cancelling of trade distinctions and craft lines.
+     As against the employer we would face him not as butchers,
+     laborers, carpenters or engineers, but as stockyard workers, no
+     matter whether we are office clerks or laborers, or carpenters, or
+     engineers. This is what we mean with industrial unionism. The
+     various branches would combine into district organizations if
+     necessary, and all of them together would form the Stockyard
+     Workers' Industrial Union as part of the Industrial Workers of the
+     World. By being thus organized we hope to be able to carry on the
+     fight locally, or by districts, or on a national scale with better
+     chance of success, than if we were split up in a great number of
+     unions in each plant, with little or no contact with one another.
+     The advantages of the one big union idea are so apparent that no
+     honest worker will, in earnest, contradict us."
+
+The famous Preamble to the platform of the I. W. W. throws a startling
+light upon this revolutionary industrial union, which has, within recent
+years, been getting a very strong hold on immigrants from Europe:
+
+     "The working class and the employing class have nothing in common.
+     There can be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among
+     millions of the working people, and the few who make up the
+     employing class have all the good things of life.
+
+     "Between these two classes a struggle must go on until the workers
+     of the world organize as a class, take possession of the earth and
+     the machinery of production and abolish the wage system.
+
+     "We find that the centering of the management of industries into
+     fewer hands makes the trade unions unable to cope with the
+     ever-growing power of the employing class.
+
+     "These conditions can be changed and the interests of the working
+     class upheld only by an organization formed in such a way that all
+     its members in any one industry, or in all industries if necessary,
+     cease work whenever a strike or lockout is on in any department
+     thereof, thus making an injury to one, an injury to all.
+
+     "Instead of the conservative motto, 'A fair day's wages for a fair
+     day's work,' we must inscribe on our banner the revolutionary
+     watchword, 'Abolition of the wage system.'
+
+     "It is the historic mission of the working class to do away with
+     capitalism. The army of production must be organized, not only for
+     the every-day struggle with the capitalists, but also to carry on
+     production when capitalism shall have been overthrown. By
+     organizing industrially we are forming a structure of the new
+     society within the shell of the old."
+
+Giovannitti, editor of the New York City Italian Socialist publication,
+"Il Proletario," one of the official Socialist organs enumerated in the
+"Proceedings[9] of the 1910 National Congress of the Socialist Party,"
+writing in the April 5, 1913, edition of his paper, says:
+
+     "The aim of the Socialists and of the Syndicalists is precisely
+     that of dispossessing the middle class by transferring property to
+     the working class.
+
+     "We shall take possession of the industries for three very simple
+     reasons: because we need them, because we desire them, and because
+     we have the power to take them.
+
+     "Whether it is just or unjust, moral or immoral, it is no concern
+     to us. We shall waste no time whatever in providing the validity of
+     our legal titles, yet, if it will be necessary, after the
+     dispossession will have been accomplished, we shall engage a couple
+     of lawyers and judges to adjust the contracts and to render the act
+     perfectly legal and respectable. So, too, if it will be necessary,
+     we shall find a couple of most learned bishops to sanctify it.
+     These matters can always be arranged--all that is strong and
+     powerful becomes in time just and moral--and for this reason, we
+     Syndicalists maintain that the social revolution is not a question
+     of necessity and justice, but of necessity and strength."
+
+"The New Unionism," by Tridon, on page 112, informs us that Arturo
+Giovannitti was, in turn, a minter, a bookkeeper, a theological student,
+a mission preacher and a tramp. Ettor, in "Industrial Unionism," page
+15, speaking of the I. W. W. principles of morality, says:
+
+     "New conceptions of Right and Wrong must generate and permeate the
+     workers. We must look on conduct and actions that advance the
+     social and economic position of the working class as Right,
+     ethically, legally, religiously, socially and by every other
+     measurement. That conduct and those actions which aid, help to
+     maintain and give comfort to the capitalist class, we must consider
+     as Wrong by every standard."
+
+"The New Unionism," page 104, gives us Vincent St. John's statement of
+the methods and tactics employed by the I. W. W., of which he has been a
+prominent leader:
+
+     "As a revolutionary organization the Industrial Workers of the
+     World aims to use any and all tactics that will get the results
+     sought with the least expenditure of time and energy. The tactics
+     used are determined solely by the power of the organization to make
+     good in their use. The question of 'right' and 'wrong' does not
+     concern us. No terms made with an employer are final. All peace so
+     long as the wage system lasts is but an armed truce. At any
+     favorable opportunity the struggle for more control of industry is
+     renewed....
+
+     "The organization does not allow any part to enter into time
+     contracts with the employers. It aims where strikes are used, to
+     paralyze all branches of the industry involved, when the employers
+     can least afford a cessation of work--during the busy season and
+     when there are rush orders to be filled."
+
+In the Socialist Labor Party paper, "Weekly People," New York, February
+10, 1912, the following article by Arthur Giovannitti shows the part
+that the I. W. W. is expected to take in bringing about the Marxian
+rebellion through the instrumentality of a general strike:
+
+     "The future of Socialism lies only in the general strike, not
+     merely a quiet political strike, but one that once started should
+     go fatally to its end, i.e., armed insurrection, and the forcible
+     overthrow of all existing social conditions.... The task of
+     revolution is not to construct the new society, but to demolish the
+     old one, and, therefore, its first aim should be at the complete
+     destruction of the existing state, so as to render it absolutely
+     powerless to react and re-establish itself.... The I. W. W. must
+     develop itself as the new legislature and the new executive body of
+     the land, undermine the existing one, and gradually absorb the
+     functions of the state until it can entirely substantiate it
+     through the only means it has, the revolution."
+
+On May 1, 1919, plans for a nation-wide strike on July 4th were
+disclosed by I. W. W. orators at a mass meeting in the workingmen's
+hall, 119 South Throop Street, Chicago. It was Simms, a colored man, who
+gave the details of the strike plan:
+
+     "The workmen will lay down their tools on July 4th, and on the
+     morning of July 5th not one will take them up again....
+
+     "It will be the opening of the social revolution. Moreover, not one
+     workman will take up his tools again until every prisoner of the
+     workers now incarcerated in the capitalistic prisons is released."
+
+"The One Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, page 22, declares:
+
+     "Socialism rears new institutions. It weaves a new fabric for our
+     social life. In Russia it is the Soviets; in America it is the One
+     Big Union. This fabric is proletarian only. Within its limits the
+     Socialist Revolutionist halts. This new organism--this One Big
+     Union--may, or may not seek Democracy. Democracy is merely a method
+     of governing. If that method leads to Socialist goals it will be
+     followed. Otherwise, we will seek further for our avenue. But the
+     great end is proletarianism. It is the social ownership of the
+     means of production. It is the creation of a society where all
+     classes will be melted into one, and where the class war will
+     soften into an all-race proletarianism."
+
+Another I. W. W. publication, "The Evolution of Industrial Democracy,"
+page 40, speaking of government after the "Wobblies" get into power,
+goes still further:
+
+     "Government, as now understood will disappear--there being no
+     servile class to be held in subjection--but in its place will be an
+     administration of affairs."
+
+Relative to property rights in the future, "The Evolution of Industrial
+Democracy," page 39, informs us:
+
+     "Rights of inheritance would disappear with the right to hold
+     private property in the lands, tools and machinery of production.
+     Any accumulation by the individual that might be used for
+     exploitation would pass to the collectivity at the death of the
+     holder. Society would be the heir of the individual and, vice
+     versa, the individuals would be the heirs of society. The right to
+     freely function at the machines and enjoy the social value of his
+     toil would guarantee the worker a full competence."
+
+As regards compensation for work in accordance with the I. W. W. plan,
+we are told on page 39:
+
+     "Compensation in the industries would necessarily be upon the basis
+     of the 'man-day'--the average production of an average man in an
+     average day when working under average conditions--and in those
+     industries not of an actual productive nature, such as 'public
+     service,' etc., the man-day must prevail there also (being based
+     upon the average production of all the industries served) for the
+     reason that no man could be induced to serve for less than that
+     average--to do so being to confess himself an inferior being--and
+     to compel him to serve for less would be to set up a new slavery,
+     which the moral sense of the new community could not endure."
+
+Giovannitti, in "Il Proletario," New York, April 5, 1913, gives a lesson
+in sabotage to the Italian Socialists and members of the I. W. W.:
+
+     "We are not yet sufficiently strong to restore them [i.e., the
+     instruments of production] to ourselves, it is true, but it is also
+     true that we cannot allow any opportunity to escape of reaping any
+     advantage from them.
+
+     "Thus, if to-morrow we shall be justified in wrenching from
+     capitalism all the industries, why, when it is a question of life
+     or death for us to win or to lose a strike, is it not just to
+     remove a screw, derange a wheel, break a thread, or commit, in any
+     way whatever, an act of sabotage on a machine which otherwise would
+     become the very beginning of our defeat in the hands of the scabs?
+
+     "We cannot understand how it is still possible while we have a
+     right to all the produce of our work, we have not an entire right
+     to a part of it."
+
+Other illustrations of sabotage may be of interest to the reader. The
+following one is taken from the Chicago "Syndicalist," February 15,
+1913:
+
+     "A few drops of sulphuric acid placed on top of a pile of woolen or
+     cotton goods never stops going down.
+
+     "Two decks of cards in a grain separator cover the screen and cause
+     the grain to vanish out of the blower.
+
+     "A piece of iron dropped in a crucible full of glass will eat
+     through it. Crucibles are made of graphite and cost $40.
+
+     "A handful of salt in paint will allow a good-looking job for a day
+     or two, but when dry will fall off in sheets.
+
+     "Maclay Hoyne, Chicago's district attorney, is analyzing a
+     spontaneous fire powder that allows the user to be miles away when
+     it breaks forth.
+
+     "Castor oil capsules dissolved in varnish destroy the ability of
+     the latter to dry. The job must be washed down and started all over
+     again.
+
+     "The suffragettes of England have significantly notified their
+     opponents that a fire in every shire was the way the word was
+     flashed in days gone by."
+
+Pages 40 to 48 of "The New Unionism," by Tridon, furnish us with some
+more barbarous examples of sabotage:
+
+     "We may distinguish three forms of sabotage:
+
+     "1. Active sabotage which consists in the damaging of goods or
+     machinery.
+
+     "2. Open-mouthed sabotage, beneficial to the ultimate consumer, and
+     which consists in exposing or defeating fraudulent commercial
+     practices.
+
+     "3. Obstructionism or passive sabotage, which consists in carrying
+     out orders literally, regardless of consequences.
+
+     "If you are an engineer you can, with two cents' worth of powdered
+     stone or a pinch of sand, stall your machine, cause a loss of time
+     or make expensive repairs necessary. If you are a joiner or
+     woodworker, what is simpler than to ruin furniture without your
+     boss noticing it, and thereby drive his customers away? A garment
+     worker can easily spoil a suit or a bolt of cloth; if you are
+     working in a department store, a few spots on a fabric cause it to
+     be sold for next to nothing; a grocery clerk, by packing up goods
+     carelessly, brings about a smashup; in the woolen or the
+     haberdashery trade a few drops of acid on the goods you are
+     wrapping will make a customer furious ... an agricultural laborer
+     may sow bad seed in wheat fields," etc.
+
+     "With two cents' worth of a certain stuff, used by one who knows, a
+     locomotive can be made absolutely useless."
+
+     "The first thing to do before going out on strike is to cripple all
+     the machinery. Then the contest is even between employer and
+     worker, for the cessation of work really stops all life in the
+     capitalists' camp. Are bakery workers planning to go on strike? Let
+     them pour in the ovens a few pints of petroleum or of any other
+     greasy or pungent matter. After that, soldiers or scabs may come
+     and bake bread. The smell will not come out of the tiles for three
+     months. Is a strike in sight in steel mills? Pour sand or emery
+     into the oil cups."
+
+     "The electrical industry is one of the most important industries,
+     as an interruption in the current means a lack of light and power
+     in factories; it also means a reduction in the means of
+     transportation and a stoppage of the telegraph and telephone
+     systems. How can the power be cut off? By the curtailing in the
+     mine the output of the coal necessary for feeding the machinery or
+     stopping the coal cars on their way to the electrical plants. If
+     the fuel reaches its destination what is simpler than to set the
+     pockets on fire and have the coal burn in the yards instead of the
+     furnaces? It is child's play to put out of work the elevators and
+     other automatic devices which carry coal to the fire room. To put
+     boilers out of order use explosives or silicates or a plain glass
+     bottle which thrown on the glowing coals hinders the combustion and
+     clogs up the smoke exhausts. You can also use acids to corrode
+     boiler tubes; acid fumes will ruin cylinders and piston rods. A
+     small quantity of some corrosive substance, a handful of emery will
+     be the end of oil cups. When it comes to dynamos or transformers,
+     short circuits and inversion of poles can be easily managed.
+     Underground cables can be destroyed by fire, water or explosives,"
+     etc.
+
+"The New Unionism," the book from which the above quotations were taken
+and which was purchased by the author of "The Red Conspiracy" at the I.
+W. W. headquarters, 1001 West Madison Street, Chicago, in the latter
+part of the spring of 1919, also informs us on page 123:
+
+     "As far as sabotage is concerned, all the I. W. W. speakers and the
+     I. W. W. press countenance it although they steadily warn the
+     workers against the indiscriminate and unsocial use of that weapon
+     of warfare."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD IN ACTION
+
+
+
+Members of the I. W. W. and Socialists who advocate sabotage or get into
+trouble in one way or another, especially in strikes, are often put into
+prison for their revolutionary talk or their violent methods. The One
+Big Industrial Union and, of course, the Socialist Party then proclaim
+their innocence, collect funds for their defense, and urge all the
+working men of our country to strike in behalf of amnesty for "poor,
+persecuted, noble protagonists of the cause of labor jailed because
+freedom of speech and liberty of action are no longer tolerated by the
+government." Thus on page 409 of the February, 1918, edition of the
+"International Socialist Review," which was suppressed by the United
+States Government, we read:
+
+     "Socialists Demand Fair Trial for Indicted I. W. W.--In a
+     declaration adopted by its National Executive Committee the
+     Socialist Party calls for a fair and unprejudiced trial for the
+     indicted members of the Industrial Workers of the World. The demand
+     says:
+
+     "'The Socialist Party repeats its declaration of support of all
+     economic organizations of the working class and declares the
+     lynching, deportation, prosecution and persecution of the
+     Industrial Workers of the World is an attack upon every toiler in
+     America, and we now call attention to the fact that the charges of
+     incendiarism, the burning of crops and forests and of vicious
+     destruction of property, made by the public press against the I. W.
+     W., have been proven pure fabrications when put to legal test. The
+     Socialist Party has always extended its aid, material and moral, to
+     organized labor wherever and whenever it has been attacked by the
+     capitalist class, and this without reference to form of
+     organization or special policies; therefore we pledge our support
+     to the Industrial Workers of the World now facing trial in Chicago
+     and elsewhere, and demand for them a fair and unprejudiced trial
+     and urge our members to use every effort to assist the Industrial
+     Workers of the World by familiarizing the public with the real
+     facts, to overcome the falsehoods and misinformation with which
+     the capitalist press has poisoned and prejudiced the public mind
+     and judgment against these workers, who are now singled out for
+     destruction, just as other labor organizations and leaders have
+     been singled out for destruction by the same capitalist forces in
+     the past."
+
+The Socialist Party, in pledging its support to the Industrial Workers
+of the World, pledges its support to a revolutionary organization like
+itself. "The One Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, page 4, under the
+caption, "The Red Tidal Wave," says:
+
+     "With great satisfaction we record the fact that the red
+     revolutionary wave is encircling the globe, sweeping away the last
+     remnants of feudal rubbish from the body social, and some of the
+     capitalistic. The world war acted like a vigorous laxative on the
+     stomach of the nations."
+
+     "The Rebel Worker," an I. W. W. paper of New York City, in its
+     issue of April 15, 1919, after printing the word, "Revolution" in
+     the heaviest type all the way across the paper, publishes an
+     article on the first page entitled "Terrible Days Ahead in the
+     United States."
+
+     "'The United States is in the grip of a bloody revolution!
+     Thousands of workers are slaughtered by machine guns in New York
+     City! Washington is on fire! Industry is at a standstill and
+     thousands of workers are starving! The government is using the most
+     brutal and repressive measures to put down the revolution!
+     Disorganization, crime, chaos, rape, murder and arson are the order
+     of the day--the inevitable results of social revolution!'
+
+     "The above is what we may expect to see on the front pages of what
+     few newspapers survive the upheaval. No one who has the interest of
+     the working class at heart wants to see such a revolution. But
+     whether those interested in the working class want to see such a
+     revolution or not, there are powerful forces in the United States
+     that are making for just such a catastrophe. The Industrial Workers
+     of the World has in the past and is now using all of its energies
+     to avert such a cataclysmic debacle. It is not yet too late to
+     avoid this terrible and sanguinary strife--provided that the I. W. W.
+     is allowed to carry out its program of organizing and educating the
+     workers for the purpose of taking control of, and operating
+     industry and giving to those who work the full social value of the
+     product of their labor."
+
+     "The New Solidarity," the Chicago organ of the I. W. W., in its
+     edition of April 19, 1919, publishes on the editorial page an
+     article entitled, "When We Are Ready," part of which is hereby
+     quoted:
+
+     "Frequently the question is asked how the proletariat is to know
+     when they are ready for the revolution, how it would be possible to
+     know a sufficient number were class conscious enough for the
+     revolutionary change. This question is asked with the idea that
+     there must be a periodical counting of noses, and that little or
+     nothing may be done except educate until an absolute majority has
+     been obtained....
+
+     "It matters not how many members of the working class do or do not
+     stand up to be counted for or against capitalism, just as soon as
+     the organized workers can overthrow that system of industry they
+     will do it and not wait to be counted....
+
+     "To wait for majorities at all times is to enervate and emasculate
+     the working class movement. To constantly attack, and attack for
+     the purpose of taking and administering industry for the workers by
+     action on the job and in the Union halls, is to strengthen and
+     encourage the workers in their task, and is the plan that must
+     ultimately win the age-long struggle against exploitation."
+
+On September 5, 1917, the I. W. W. headquarters, 1001 West Madison
+street, Chicago, and the Socialist headquarters were raided by the
+United States authorities. On March 10, 1919, Solicitor General Lamar of
+the Post Office Department submitted a memorandum to the Senate
+propaganda committee stating that the I. W. W., anarchists, socialists
+and others were "perfecting an amalgamation with one object--the
+overthrow of the government of the United States by means of a bloody
+revolution and the establishment of a Bolshevik Republic." Mr. Lamar
+said his conclusion was based upon information contained in seized mail
+matter. Accompanying the memorandum were several hundred excerpts from
+the mail matter. The solicitor named the following organs, published in
+the interest of the I. W. W. or Bolshevist movements: "The New
+Solidarity," English, weekly, Chicago; "One Big Union," English,
+monthly, Chicago; "Industrial Unionist," English, weekly, Seattle;
+"California Defense Bulletin," English, weekly, San Francisco; "The
+Rebel Worker," English, bi-monthly, New York; "La Neuva Solidaridad,"
+Spanish, weekly, Chicago; "Golos Truzenta," Russian, weekly, Chicago;
+"Il Nuovo Proletario," Italian, weekly, Chicago; "Nya Varlden,"
+Swedish, weekly, Chicago; "Der Industrialer Arbiter," Jewish, weekly,
+Chicago; "Probuda," Bulgarian, weekly, Chicago; "A. Fels Badulas,"
+Hungarian, weekly, Chicago. After referring to the excerpts from the
+seized mail matter, the solicitor general's memorandum said in part:
+"This propaganda is being conducted with such regularity that its
+magnitude can be measured by the bold and outspoken statements contained
+in these publications and the efforts made therein to inaugurate a
+nation-wide reign of terror and overthrow of the government.
+
+     "In classifying these statements, they are submitted in a major or
+     general class as follows: I. W. W., anarchistic,
+     radical-socialistic and socialist. It will be seen from these
+     excerpts and it is indeed significant that this is the first time
+     in the history of the so-called radical movement in the United
+     States that the radical elements have found a common cause
+     (Bolshevism) in which they can all unite. The I. W. W.,
+     anarchistic, socialists, radical and otherwise, in fact all
+     dissatisfied elements, particularly the foreign element, are
+     perfecting amalgamation with one object, and with one object in
+     view, namely, the overthrow of the government of the United States
+     by the means of a bloody revolution and the establishment of a
+     Bolshevik republic.
+
+     "The I. W. W. is perhaps most actively engaged in spreading this
+     propaganda and has at its command a large field force known as
+     recruiting agents, subscription agents, etc., who work unceasingly
+     in the furtherance of 'the cause!'
+
+     "This organization publishes at least five newspapers in the
+     English language and nine in foreign languages. This list comprises
+     only official papers of the organization and does not take into
+     account the large number of free lance papers published in the
+     interest of the above organization."
+
+In the April 19, 1913, edition of "Solidarity," the eastern organ of the
+I. W. W., we are informed that "among other diseases common to all
+nations and particularly prevalent in the United States is respect for
+law and order." The same edition of the paper extends greetings to "all
+Rebels" from its new home in Cleveland.
+
+During the 1913 Paterson strike, which was managed by the I. W. W.,
+Quinlan, one of the leaders, declared on May 17th:
+
+     "Paterson is a dangerous place to live in just at this time, no
+     matter in what direction you are looking. The longer the strike
+     lasts, the stronger and more bitter and the madder the workers are
+     growing. Out of it all we want to build up an organization that
+     will be able to fight efficiently, and fight to win--to fight to
+     win, if necessary, by dying.
+
+     "And we are going to win this strike or Paterson will be wiped off
+     the map. If the strike is not won Paterson will be a howling
+     wilderness and a graveyard industrially, because the workers will
+     not stay there. We have had too long and bitter a fight to lay down
+     what we have gained so far. Heaven might fall and hell might break
+     loose, but the strike is going to be won."
+
+Boyd, another speaker, is reported as saying on the same day:
+
+     "We are going to get what we want whether the courts want it or
+     not. We are going to call a general strike, if it is necessary, to
+     free our fellow-workers. We are going to cut off the lights in
+     Paterson, and tie up the street car system. We shall reduce the
+     city to a condition of absolute helplessness. We are going to
+     paralyze Paterson, and we are going to win in Paterson just as we
+     are going to win in New York City."
+
+Robert Plunkett, said to be a former Cornell student, who was introduced
+as a "fellow-worker," urged the strikers and their sympathizers to use
+every means to free their leaders, even if Paterson had to "starve or go
+naked." He said that the lights would be put out in Paterson, and that
+the street cars would be tied up, so that Paterson would become a dead
+city.
+
+Mohl, who also made his appearance at the silk mills strike in Paterson,
+declared on May 18, 1913:
+
+     "The American flag is pretty to look at. Its colors are
+     striking--red, white, and blue, with two or three twinkling stars
+     here and there, but it is not good to eat."
+
+The I. W. W. is, of course, an atheistic and anti-religious
+organization. In the March 1, 1919, issue of "The One Big Union
+Monthly," page 40, we read under the caption, "Help Wanted, Male or
+Female:"
+
+     "Priest or Minister to show the One Big Union family why our
+     Solidarity Dogma is not superior to the ethical teachings of Jesus,
+     Buddha or Mohammed, also to demonstrate the inside of the religious
+     business, and where it is interwoven with Wall street."
+
+"The Call," New York, May 3, 1919, in an editorial on "The Bomb Plot,"
+which had just aroused the whole nation, said:
+
+     "The bomb and torch have not the slightest relation to any branch
+     of the organized labor movement in this country, and the editors
+     know it. Those who print such unfounded and slanderous insinuations
+     place themselves in the same class as the would-be-assassin."
+
+This editorial was published the day after the following special
+dispatch was sent to "The New York Times:"
+
+     "Sioux City, Iowa, May 2.--'We will blow the whole town to hell if
+     you put Mayor Short out of office.' This was the threat on a
+     postcard addressed to E. J. Stanson, who is trying to secure the
+     recall of Mayor Short. The card was received today. It was signed
+     'I. W. W. Alliance for Short.' The police are rounding up all
+     suspicious characters, and those known to have a leaning toward the
+     Bolshevists of the I. W. W. Citizens are seeking to oust Short
+     because he welcomed delegates to a recent 'wobblies' convention
+     here."
+
+In the latter part of the spring of 1919 the author of "The Red
+Conspiracy" obtained at the I. W. W. headquarters in Chicago a leaflet
+entitled, "To Colored Workingmen and Women!" Part of it is hereby
+quoted:
+
+     "To the black race, who, but recently, with the assistance of the
+     white men of the northern states, broke their chains of bondage and
+     ended chattel slavery, a prospect of further freedom, of Real
+     Freedom, should be most appealing.
+
+     "For it is a fact that the negro worker is no better off under the
+     freedom he has gained than the slavery from which he has escaped.
+     As chattel slaves we were the property of our masters, and as a
+     piece of valuable property our masters were considerate of us and
+     careful of our health and welfare. Today, as wage-workers, the boss
+     may work us to death at the hardest and most hazardous labor, at
+     the longest hours, at the lowest pay; we may quietly starve when
+     out of work and the boss loses nothing by it and has no interest in
+     us. To him the worker is but a machine for producing profits, and
+     when you, as a slave who sells himself to the master on the
+     installment plan, become old, or broken in health or strength or
+     should you be killed while at work, the master merely gets another
+     wage slave on the same terms.
+
+     "We who have worked in the south know that conditions in lumber and
+     turpentine camps, in the fields of cane, cotton and tobacco, in the
+     mills and mines of Dixie, are such that the workers suffer a more
+     miserable existence than ever prevailed among the chattel slaves
+     before the great Civil War....
+
+     "The only problem, then, which the colored worker should consider,
+     as a worker, is the problem of organizing with other workingmen in
+     the labor organization that best expresses the interest of the
+     whole working class against the slavery and oppression of the whole
+     capitalist class. Such an organization is the I. W. W., the
+     Industrial Workers of the World."
+
+"The One Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, page 6, publishes an article
+entitled, "The Chinese and the I. W. W.":
+
+     "The Chinese workers in this country have discovered the I. W.
+     W....
+
+     "Long enough have workers been divided along colored lines. The
+     old, old misunderstanding created by our masters is fading away as
+     we mutually discover that we are all condemned to slavery if
+     divided, and that freedom is ours if we unite. The accessions of
+     Chinese workers to our ranks fills us with great joy. May they also
+     succeed in soon carrying the gospel of Working Class Solidarity and
+     Industrial Organization to their native country. That hope takes
+     the sadness out of the news of their possible deportation."
+
+"I. W. W. Songs," a Red booklet published at the Chicago headquarters,
+has already met with such popularity among the "Wobblies" that fourteen
+editions have been published. Several songs, showing the spirit of the
+Reds, are given here:
+
+         The Preacher and the Slave
+                       By Joe Hill
+             (Tune: "Sweet Bye and Bye")
+
+    Long-haired preachers come out every night,
+    Try to tell you what's wrong and what's right;
+    But when asked how 'bout something to eat
+    They will answer with voices so sweet:
+
+              _Chorus_
+
+      You will eat, bye and bye,
+      In that glorious land above the sky;
+      Work and pray, live on hay,
+      You'll get pie in the sky when you die.
+
+    And the starvation army they play,
+    And they sing and they clap and they pray.
+    Till they get all your coin on the drum,
+    Then they'll tell you when you're on the bum:
+
+    Holy Rollers and jumpers come out,
+    And they holler, they jump and they shout.
+    "Give your money to Jesus," they say,
+    "He will cure all diseases to-day."
+
+    If you fight hard for children and wife--
+    Try to get something good in this life--
+    You're a sinner and bad man, they tell,
+    When you die you will sure go to hell.
+
+    Workingmen of all countries, unite,
+    Side by side we for freedom will fight;
+    When the world and its wealth we have gained
+    To the grafters we'll sing this refrain:
+
+             _Last Chorus_
+
+      You will eat, bye and bye,
+      When you've learned how to cook and to fry,
+      Chop some wood, 'twill do you good,
+      And you'll eat in the sweet bye and bye.
+
+
+
+                      Tie 'Em Up!
+
+               (Words and music by G. G. Allen)
+
+    We have no fight with brothers of the old A. F. of L.,
+    But we ask you use your reason with the facts we have to tell.
+    Your craft is but protection for a form of property,
+    The skill that you are losing, don't you see.
+    Improvements on machinery take your tool and skill away,
+    And you'll be among the common slaves upon some fateful day.
+    Now the things of which we're talking we are mighty sure about.--
+    So what's the use to strike the way you can't win out?
+
+              _Chorus_
+
+    Tie 'em up! Tie 'em up! That's the way to win.
+    Don't notify the bosses till hostilities begin.
+    Don't furnish chance for gunmen, scabs and all their like;
+    What you need is One Big Union and the One Big Strike.
+
+    Why do you make agreements that divide you when you fight
+    And let the bosses bluff you with the contract's "sacred right?"
+    Why stay at work when other crafts are battling with the foe,
+    You all must stick together, don't you know.
+    The day when you begin to see the classes waging war
+    You can join the biggest tie-up that was ever known before.
+    When the strikes all o'er the country are united into one,
+    Then the workers' One Big Union all the wheels shall run.
+
+
+
+
+                          Walking on the Grass
+
+                        (Tune: "The Wearing of the Green")
+
+    In this blessed land of freedom where King Mammon wears the crown,
+    There are many ways illegal now to hold the people down.
+    When the dudes of state militia are slow to come to time,
+    The law upholding Pinkertons are gathered from the slime.
+    There are wisely framed injunctions that you must not leave your job,
+    And a peaceable assemblage is declared to be a mob,
+    And Congress passed a measure framed by some consummate ass,
+    So they are clubbing men and women just for walking on the grass.
+
+    In this year of slow starvation, when a fellow looks for work,
+    The chances are a cop will grab his collar with a jerk;
+    He will run him in for vagrancy, he is branded as a tramp,
+    And all the well-to-do will shout: "It serves him right, the scamp!"
+    So we let the ruling class maintain the dignity of law,
+    When the court decides against us we are filled with wholesome awe,
+    But we cannot stand the outrage without a little sauce
+    When they're clubbing men and women just for walking on the grass.
+
+    The papers said the union men were all but anarchist,
+    So the job trust promised work for all who wouldn't enlist;
+    But the next day when the hungry horde surrounded city hall,
+    He hedged and said he didn't promise anything at all.
+    So the powers that be are acting very queer to say the least--
+    They should go and read their Bible and all about Belshazzar's feast,
+    And when mene tekel at length shall come to pass,
+    They'll stop clubbing men and women just for walking on the grass.
+
+Although the I. W. W. does not yet officially constitute a part of the
+Socialist organization, still very many of its members are most active
+Socialists. Indeed, it may be said that the I. W. W. is related to the
+Socialist Party quite as closely as a child is to its mother, for not
+only does the I. W. W. owe its origin to the followers of Karl Marx,
+but they are its directors and leaders, and have assisted and encouraged
+it in not a few of its principal strikes, notably at Lawrence, Mass.,
+and Paterson, N. J.
+
+Though we readily concede that quite a number of Socialists are
+individually antagonistic to the I. W. W., still they are opposed to it
+not because the I. W. W. differs in essential principles from the
+Socialist Party or even because this unfriendly minority of Socialists
+would oppose violent methods, if such were considered expedient, but
+because the "Yellow" Socialists prefer political action which is made
+light of by the I. W. W. direct actionists who are looked upon as
+enemies, for they seem to be doing harm to the Socialist political
+propaganda. In verification of this, an excellent proof is furnished by
+no less an authority than John Spargo, then a Socialist, and a most
+prolific writer, whose opposition to the Syndicalists and to the direct
+actionists of the Socialist Party was a well established fact even
+before the publication of his book, "Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism
+and Socialism." On page 172 of this work he writes:
+
+     "If the class to which I belong could be set free from exploitation
+     by violation of laws made by the master class, by open rebellion,
+     by seizing the property of the rich, by setting the torch to a few
+     buildings, or by the summary execution of a few members of the
+     possessing class, I hope that the courage to share in the work
+     would be mine."
+
+Spargo, in "Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism and Socialism," admits that
+the Socialists have continually and consistently given aid to the
+Industrial Workers of the World in their strikes. Yet notwithstanding
+this active support, many persons have been led to believe that the
+Socialists have repudiated the I. W. W. This incorrect opinion may be
+due to the fact that the Socialist Party did not endorse the I. W. W. at
+its 1912 National Convention, or else to the fact that William D.
+Haywood was subsequently removed by a referendum from the National
+Executive Committee of the Socialist Party. But the 1912 Indianapolis
+Convention of the Socialist Party did not repudiate the Industrial
+Workers of the World. The representatives of the party only declared for
+a neutrality between this organization and the American Federation of
+Labor, and would in all probability have endorsed the I. W. W. and
+repudiated the American Federation of Labor if the Socialists had not
+nursed a hope of getting control of the latter organization and turning
+it into an industrial union similar to that of the Industrial Workers of
+the World.
+
+That the Socialist Party by no means repudiated the I. W. W., but on the
+contrary was still on the most friendly terms with it after the 1912
+Convention, is evident from several facts. "The Call," May 17, 1912,
+affirms that the Convention decided for neutrality in affairs of unions.
+
+In the "Appeal to Reason," May 25, 1912, we read: "So after long weeks
+of discussion in the press, after days of apprehensions and fencing for
+advantage, the labor organization committee brought forth a unanimous
+report, which after a few speeches, all expressing the spirit of
+solidarity, was adopted without a dissenting vote. It was a compromise
+resolution. Each side declares itself completely satisfied with it. Each
+declares that it expresses its sentiments."
+
+William D. Haywood, who perhaps more than any other person had the
+interests of the I. W. W. at heart, declared, according to "The Call,"
+May 17, 1912, that with the adoption of this declaration concerning the
+neutrality of the party towards the two rival labor unions he felt that
+he could go to the 8,000,000 workers of the nation and carry to them the
+message of Socialism. "This," he continues, "is the greatest step that
+has yet been taken by the Socialist Party."
+
+Although Haywood was for the time being removed from the National
+Executive Committee of the party, charged with favoring direct action
+rather than political action, he was never expelled from the
+party--which yet boasted so much of the constitutional clause adopted at
+the 1912 National Convention demanding that any member who opposes
+political action, or advocates crime, sabotage, or other methods of
+violence as a weapon of the working class, to aid in its emancipation,
+shall be expelled from membership in the party.
+
+"The New Unionism," page 119, points out some of the "merits" of the I.
+W. W., in comparison made with the Socialist Party, against which it was
+somewhat offended by the anti-sabotage and anti-direct action plank
+adopted at the 1912 National Convention:
+
+     "There are vote-getters and politicians who waste their time coming
+     into a community where ninety per cent. of the men have no vote,
+     where the women are disfranchised 100 per cent., and where the boys
+     and girls under age, of course, are not enfranchised. Still they
+     will speak to these people about the power of the ballot, and they
+     never mention a thing about the power of the general strike. They
+     seem to lack the foresight, the penetration to interpret political
+     power. They seem to lack the understanding that the broadest
+     interpretation of political power comes through the industrial
+     organization; that the industrial organization is capable not only
+     of the general strike, but prevents the capitalists from
+     disfranchising the worker; it gives the vote to women, it
+     re-enfranchises the black man and places the ballot in the hands of
+     every boy and girl employed in a shop, makes them eligible to take
+     part in the general strike, makes them eligible to legislate for
+     themselves where they are most interested in changing conditions,
+     namely, in the place where they work."
+
+Again we read, on page 122 of "The New Unionism":
+
+     "The politicians in the Socialist Party, who want offices in the
+     government, fight the I. W. W. because we have no place in our
+     ranks for them, and if our idea prevails, it will crowd them out
+     and destroy their influence as 'saviors of the working class.'
+     These politicians cater for votes to the middle class--to business
+     men, farm owners and other small labor skinners--while the I. W. W.
+     appeals only to wage-workers, and allows none but actual
+     wage-workers to join our ranks. The Socialists can never get a
+     majority of votes for a working class programme (if they had such a
+     programme) because the majority of voters are middle class, since
+     about ten million male wage-workers are disfranchised (being
+     foreigners or floaters without long enough residence in one place
+     to have votes). But the wage-workers are a big majority of the
+     whole people, and produce nearly all wealth, so when they organize
+     as the I. W. W. proposes, the working class will control the
+     country, and with similar organizations in other countries will
+     control the world. Foreigners, women, children and other non-voters
+     at elections, have equal rights in the union, and take part in its
+     activities, regardless of nationality, age, sex, or any other
+     consideration except that they are wage-workers with common
+     interests in opposition to those of the employers."
+
+It may come as a surprise to the reader to hear that at the 1917 St.
+Louis Convention of the Socialist Party the anti-sabotage and
+anti-direct action plank of the Constitution was dropped. The
+"International Socialist Review," May, 1917, page 669, commenting on the
+removal of the clause, says:
+
+     "It has served its purpose, which was to guillotine and drive out
+     most of the revolutionary workers from the party. The Constitution
+     committee recommended that it be striken out by unanimous consent
+     without going on the minutes or records. Ruthenberg opposed. He
+     insisted that it be struck out and the minutes show the record of
+     the action. It was carried almost unanimously."
+
+Further on we read in the same issue of "The International Socialist
+Review":
+
+"An industrial union plank to be inserted in the platform was defeated
+by a vote of 63 to 61. Had it been offered as a resolution it would have
+gone through by a big majority." Though most of the Convention favored
+the I. W. W., evidently a small majority feared to put the Socialist
+Party on record.
+
+In 1918 and 1919 the Socialist Party grew more and more friendly to the
+I. W. W. At present they seem to have fallen in love with each other.
+The American Federation of Labor is held in greatest contempt by the
+Socialist press, while the I. W. W. is lauded to the skies. Its meetings
+are advertised, sympathy and aid are extended to its imprisoned
+officials and everything is being done to help it along.
+
+Eugene V. Debs has all along been the sincere friend of the I. W. W. In
+the February, 1918, issue of the "International Socialist Review," page
+395, he says:
+
+     "Every plutocrat, every profiteering pirate, every food vulture,
+     every exploiter of labor, every robber and oppressor of the poor,
+     every hog under a silk tile, every vampire in human form will tell
+     you that the A. F. of L. under Gompers is a great and patriotic
+     organization and that the I. W. W. under Haywood is a gang of
+     traitors in the pay of the bloody Kaiser.
+
+     "Which of these, think you, Mr. Wage-Slave, is your friend and the
+     friend of your class?....
+
+     "The war within the war and beyond the war in which the I. W. W. is
+     fighting--the war of the workers of all countries against the
+     exploiters of all countries--is our war, the war of humanity
+     against its oppressors and despoilers, the holiest war ever waged
+     since the race began."
+
+"The Call," New York, April 19, 1919, published at the top of its
+editorial page, "Debs' Daily Message from Moundsville Prison:"
+
+     "Though Jailed, He Speaketh.
+
+     "The clear voice of the awakened and dauntless few cannot be
+     silenced. The new unionism is being heard. In trumpet tones it
+     rings out its revolutionary shibboleth to all the workers of the
+     earth: 'Our interests are identical--let us combine industrially
+     and politically, assert our united power, achieve our freedom,
+     enjoy the fruit of our labor, rid society of parasitism, abolish
+     poverty and civilize the world!'....
+
+     "There can be no peace until the working class is triumphant in
+     this struggle and the wage system is forever wiped from the earth."
+
+In the May Day issue of "The Call," May 1, 1919, there is a very long
+article on Debs' Imprisonment by David Karsner, staff correspondent. He
+tells us that on the afternoon of April 28 he sat talking with Debs in
+his little room in the prison hospital at Moundsville, West Virginia,
+and that the many-times presidential candidate of the Socialist Party
+among other things said, when told of an intended visit by Karsner to
+the Leavenworth Federal prison to see William D. Haywood and the other
+93 I. W. W. prisoners:
+
+     "I want you to take my love to Bill Haywood and all the other boys
+     you see out there. We all stand shoulder to shoulder together."
+
+The staff correspondent then goes on to say:
+
+     "The reference of Debs to Haywood and the I. W. W. brought vividly
+     to my mind the little scene enacted between 'Gene' and 'Big Bill'
+     in the corridor of Judge Landis' courtroom in Chicago last August
+     during the I. W. W. trial.
+
+     "'You and the boys are making a great and noble fight,' said Debs
+     to Haywood at that time, patting the cheek of Big Bill. 'You are a
+     born champion of the underdog.' Haywood clasped Debs' in his own
+     great palm and said affectionately, 'You are the champion of the
+     underdog, Gene, and you always will be.' There was something
+     thrilling and inspiring in witnessing this friendly and comradely
+     felicitation between two noble men, both of whom have never
+     retreated one jot from their ideas of emancipation of the working
+     class.
+
+     "I recalled as I saw him this afternoon that seven years ago, or at
+     the time of the Indianapolis Convention of the Socialist party,
+     Debs pleaded for unity of the movement. He refused to be stampeded
+     into any position that would compromise the noble work that
+     confronted himself and the Socialist Party. Debs has always been
+     for industrial unionism. His speeches and writings are filled with
+     the spirit of organization and solidarity on the industrial field
+     as well as on the political. But above everything else he has
+     warned his fellow Socialists and industrialists that the thing to
+     do is to keep united, to solidify their economic and political
+     strength to the end that when our day comes we shall be ready to
+     enjoy the fruits of our victory."
+
+"The One Big Union Monthly," March 1, 1919, pages 14, 19 and 21, gives
+us some very interesting information about the I. W. W. attitude toward
+Bolshevism and the two extreme groups of the Socialists:
+
+     "We have long predicted the revolutionary cyclone that is now
+     sweeping over the world, even though few people cared to believe
+     us. We asked them to prepare for it by building up the framework of
+     the new society within the shell of the old, in other words to see
+     to it that we had the new house ready to move into, before we
+     dynamited the old one....
+
+     "Personally we are convinced that Russia will never again return to
+     the old order. The workers have control and they will not let go of
+     it. As the days go by, they will gradually organize production and
+     distribution on the lines of industrial unionism, as Lenine assures
+     us, and that will be their salvation.
+
+     "The plight of the Russian people is a warning to other peoples to
+     immediately start building the new society, by building industrial
+     unions right now, before the structure of the old society topples
+     over. Industrial unions are the only social apparatus that will
+     make abolishment of wage slavery possible....
+
+     "The Bolshevik Revolution has emphasized this sad fact. Socialism
+     in Russia, facing for the first time in Socialist history, the
+     problem of inaugurating a working class state, found itself
+     paralyzed by the existence of a parliamentary form of Democracy.
+     The Revolution was at stake. In order to destroy capitalism it was
+     necessary to destroy parliamentary Democracy, and Lenine destroyed
+     it. In its place he reared a new form of Democracy--the
+     Dictatorship of the Proletariat, which is Socialism.
+
+     "And yet, so misled is the thinking of our European Socialists that
+     in the very presence of a living, accomplished Socialist
+     commonwealth, they hastened to repudiate it because it was not
+     'Democratic.' Plekhanov betrayed it. Kautsky reviled it. Albert
+     Thomas called upon the capitalists of France to send their soldiers
+     there and crush it. Mr. Walling, Mr. Spargo and Mr. Russell
+     baptized themselves into a 'Socialist' crusade to destroy
+     Socialism. Could idiocy be more abject?
+
+     "The alternative is presented, to choose between Socialism or
+     Democracy. Or perhaps it would be better to put it--between
+     industrial Democracy and parliamentary Democracy. And our pitiable
+     Spargos, duped by a stale phrase, abandon their Socialism because
+     it is not 'Democratic.'
+
+     "In America, it is this same issue of Democracy which has long been
+     the dividing line between the Socialist Party and the I. W. W. Like
+     the Bolshevists of Russia, the I. W. W. have championed Democracy
+     but we have refused to allow the capitalist thinkers to define it
+     for us. We have practiced Democracy in our organization and we have
+     sublimated it into the most perfect of Democratic organizations.
+     But always, it has been a Democracy only of proletarians. We have
+     built the framework of a new society which says that those shall
+     not vote who do not work. And this, indeed, is Socialism.
+
+     "But the political Socialists have feared to draw this distinction.
+     They have not built themselves upon the proletarian rock. Into
+     their ranks they have admitted, not only the butcher, the baker and
+     the candle-stick maker, but also the lawyer, the doctor, the
+     merchant, the sky pilot, yes, and even the capitalists--known as
+     millionaire Socialists. Out of such a medley, a medley philosophy
+     was sprouted. Democracy, to the political Socialists, could not be
+     rigidly proletarian, because the political Socialists, themselves,
+     were not proletarians. And their ideals paled into evasion and
+     compromise.
+
+     "Again, the I. W. W. being proletarian, spurned a parliamentary
+     action which would have drawn it together with the exploiting
+     class. It realized, before Spargo took that fatal dodge, that, from
+     parliamentary Socialism to parliamentary Democracy it was but a
+     step. Hence we spurned politics and parliamentarism, and
+     substituted a Democracy, grouped around unions, and not around
+     parliaments.
+
+     "But the political Socialists, immersed in parliamentary hack work,
+     stifled the Socialist concept of Democracy by recognizing and
+     participating in the capitalist form of Democracy. Entering the
+     parliaments, they dreamed that they could transform these
+     parliaments into Socialist republics. Only too soon they discovered
+     that the parliaments had transformed them into 'Democratic'
+     apologists. Like a poisoning strain, parliamentarism spread out
+     over Socialism. And so, when Socialism came at last in Russia,
+     without the aid of the foolish parliaments, deluded Socialists
+     cried that Bolshevism was not Socialism."
+
+The year 1919 witnessed a very marked drawing together, in the United
+States and throughout the world, of I. W. W.'ism, or Syndicalism, and
+all the bodies of radical, revolutionary Socialism. The Moscow
+Bolshevists gave a great "boost" to the I. W. W. principle of industrial
+unionism by endorsing it and declaring that Russia was being
+reorganized economically along similar lines. Bolshevism in Russia, in
+fact, has had the help and counsel of I. W. W. experts from the United
+States, and I. W. W. leaders in America have naturally been elated. John
+Sandgren wrote in "The New Solidarity," April 12, 1919:
+
+     "The immortal gains of Bolshevism for humanity lie on the political
+     field. When it comes to economic reconstruction, the Bolsheviks are
+     going to find that it cannot be made from the top through laws and
+     regulations. Any attempt to make the people the real owners of the
+     means of production and distribution must start with the industrial
+     organization of the workers themselves as outlined in the I. W. W.
+     program. In the meantime, let us hope that Bolshevism will sweep
+     victoriously over all such parts of the world where it still has a
+     mission to perform. After that, begins the I. W. W. period in human
+     history."
+
+The April 1, 1919, issue of "The One Big Union Monthly," published the
+Russian Communist Party call and invitation to the Moscow Conference
+[see Chapter III for a copy of this document], remarking that "as to the
+general demand for the overthrow of Capitalism, the dis-establishment of
+private ownership and making the working-class the rulers of the world,
+there is apt to be little if any dissension." However, noting that "the
+I. W. W. of this and other countries" had been invited to the
+conference, it declared that "we have no reason to get excited over the
+invitation," since, "with the exception of the I. W. W., there is hardly
+any of the thirty-nine invited bodies who seriously endorse industrial
+unionism as the basis of a new society.... The proposed communist
+conference would consequently be a congress of radical political
+Socialists to consider the question of discontinuing the use of the
+ballot and adopting the methods used by the Russian communists in the
+past in overthrowing capitalist society." The I. W. W. world-scheme is
+then outlined:
+
+     "The I. W. W. has given up all thought of using the machinery of
+     the present state for its purposes. It proposes to create an
+     entirely new machinery of administration in which not even a
+     particle of the old shall enter as a constituent part. We propose
+     to re-group all mankind on industrial lines in industrial
+     organizations which we hope will make superfluous and crowd out the
+     political groupings which constitute the state. We propose to make
+     the unit of industry, the place of work, the shop, the mill, the
+     field, the ship, the basis of our new social organization. These
+     units will combine in two different manners. From a purely
+     industrial standpoint, they will unite with other units into large
+     industrial unions, calculated to embrace the whole world, each and
+     every one of them. For the purpose of local administration, we
+     propose that the local industrial units shall form a district
+     industrial council or local administrative body to take care of
+     local affairs. As we propose to order all branches of human
+     activity along these lines and include them in a world scheme of
+     industrial co-operation, we must conclude that our program,
+     although fundamentally aiming at the same thing as the program of
+     the Communist Party, somewhat differs from the program proposed as
+     a basis of unity."
+
+An editorial in the same issue on "Soviet Government in the U. S." says:
+
+     "The papers have informed us that the police and the secret service
+     have unearthed a gigantic plot among the Socialists of this country
+     to gather up all the radical elements with a view to establishing a
+     Soviet government in this country.... We do not deny that this
+     agitation is useful, for it stirs people to thought and excites
+     contradiction, ... but when that is said, we have said all the good
+     we can about it....
+
+     "The Russians made their revolution not because they had Soviets,
+     but because the people willed it.... The I. W. W. has at least on
+     paper an institution corresponding to the Soviet, namely, the
+     District Industrial Council, ... a local representative body of the
+     various industrial unions in each locality. So far, it lacks all
+     practical significance because we are not numerous enough, but
+     whenever there is to be a radical change in this country, the
+     change will have to be made through these councils locally. They
+     will take over the functions which were taken over by the Soviets
+     in Russia."
+
+Another editorial in the same issue treats of the overtures of the Left
+Wing Socialists:
+
+     "Of late we have noticed an ever-increasing tendency to hush us up
+     in the name of unity. We are being told not to show up political
+     Socialism; we are told not to attack Anarchism. We are asked to be
+     more lenient toward the A. F. of L. [American Federation of Labor.]
+     We mustn't touch on church and religion....
+
+     "It appears that political Socialists, anarchists and other labor
+     elements feel that the bottom has fallen out of their programs and
+     they want us to keep quiet about it, and as a reward we will secure
+     their friendly services. The I. W. W. is not willing to enter into
+     any such bargain."
+
+Another editorial gives further light on the "boring in" process begun
+by theoretical Socialists with an itch for revolution--paper soldiers
+anxious to get a-straddle of the great strike-conducting war-horse of I.
+W. W.'ism and ride into "the dictatorship of the proletariat." This is
+thus dealt with:
+
+     "There is a large element in this country who want a radical change
+     if not a revolution. This element would like to see the change made
+     to suit them with the smallest possible cost to themselves.
+
+     "The most insistent agitators belong to the upper-class radicals,
+     and their object seems to be to stir the working masses into some
+     sort of revolutionary activity, not clearly defined. It seems they
+     built great hopes on the participation of the I. W. W. They know we
+     are a compact mass of industrial workers, able to manipulate such
+     great affairs as the general strikes in Seattle and Butte, the
+     strike of the silk workers, the strike on the Mesaba Range, and so
+     on, and we are just what they need for their purpose.
+
+     "For this reason we have met with an unusual amount of courtesy and
+     consideration of late, but we are sorry to say that we do not
+     consider it disinterested. If these revolutionists were sincere in
+     their friendship for us, they would throw everything aside and help
+     us build up industrial unionism, but that is exactly what they are
+     not doing to any considerable extent. Their activities are directed
+     on aims that are strange and foreign to us. Some of their adherents
+     in overalls are getting into our ranks because they work in the
+     industries we have organized or because our recruiting unions are
+     open to them, and their activity is frequently annoying to us, as
+     it has little or nothing to do with the industrial organization of
+     the workers."
+
+The same issue contains an article by a Left Winger, I. E. Ferguson, a
+"Little Corporal" ready to step to the front of I. W. W.'ism and lead it
+to glory. He complains:
+
+     "The attempt to 'hog the market' of propagandizing the Russian
+     Revolution in the United States for the I. W. W. is leading to
+     excesses which ought to be checked right now, else these excesses
+     will accomplish injury to the American Socialist movement. This
+     does not mean to repudiate the claims of the I. W. W. to any
+     extent, but to controvert the negative proposition that all of the
+     American revolutionary socialist movement is and necessarily must
+     be within the folds of the I. W. W....
+
+     "The I. W. W. is the livest thing in the American Socialist
+     movement, therefore, truly, the Greatest Thing On Earth for the
+     American working class. But ... when the same organization carries
+     on the business of unionism and the business of revolution at the
+     same time, it is more than likely, when it becomes overburdened, to
+     throw overboard the more remote job in favor of the more immediate
+     one. Revolution is a political proposition, or, if you please,
+     anti-political. Its direct task is the overthrow of the capitalist
+     state, the bulwark of capitalist industrialism. There is no
+     question in the world but that the I. W. W. form of labor
+     organization is the most powerful possible weapon for the overthrow
+     of the capitalist state, because of its adaptability to great mass
+     protests and mass movements of the proletariat. But only an
+     organization with the sole aim of revolution can take the
+     responsibility for leadership in this fight."
+
+Granting some truth in the above argument, it is not probable that a
+great practical organization like the I. W. W., which _does_ things, and
+very rough things, will invite theorists, non-working drones, to come in
+and take charge of it. Nor is it willing to be borrowed, and diverted
+into an engine to run toy revolutions. This is the substance of the
+reply to Ferguson made by Harold Lord Varney in the same magazine. We
+quote its pith:
+
+     "Like the Left Wingers of the Socialist Party; like the editors and
+     the writers of the Revolutionary Age and the Class Struggle; like
+     the Eastmans, the Nearings and the Frainas of our American
+     movement, my critic is obsessed with Russia. To him, the
+     Bolshevists and their mass action revolutions are like dazzling,
+     fiery suns which blind and obscure all rivals....
+
+     "As proletarians, I. W. W.'s rejoiced at the Lenine triumph. As
+     proletarians, we have unwaveringly supported the Bolshevist regime
+     in all our propaganda. Those of our members who happened to be in
+     Russia when the October Revolution came (and there were thousands
+     of them) were all found in the Bolshevist army. Bill Shatoff,
+     Volodarsky, Martoff, Kornuk and others who have been leaders in the
+     Bolshevist army were all old members of the I. W. W. In brief,
+     then, were we in Russia, all I. W. W.'s would be Bolsheviki. But
+     from this it does not necessarily follow that in America the I. W.
+     W. must turn Bolshevist also....
+
+     "Mr. Ferguson's proposition is that after all these years of
+     struggle we should now discard this One Big Union goal and unite
+     with political Socialists to create an American Bolsheviki. And in
+     that proposal he demonstrates the impractical artlessness of the
+     Left Winger. The I. W. W. is a Socialist who is a materialist. The
+     Left Winger is a Socialist who is an ideologist. The I. W. W. seeks
+     for verities and for concrete, ponderable power. The Left Winger
+     follows the intoxicating dreams of his own imagination....
+
+     "Of course, the I. W. W. wants unity. But we will have no unity
+     with any who are not willing to accept the proletarian conception
+     of Socialism. We will have no unity with any who do not belong to
+     our class. And we will have no unity with any who flinch at the
+     'radicalism' of our program....
+
+     "The I. W. W. is not anti-political. Its members are free to be
+     members of the Socialist Party and thousands of us, the writer
+     included, do carry Socialist cards....
+
+     "The social revolution is not a thing of theories. It is merely the
+     final act of working-class organization. It is the historic mission
+     of the working class to mount to supreme power. They do this, not
+     by debating nor by marching in the street; they do this by the slow
+     process of organization. In their union halls, the workers learn
+     class consciousness. In their union halls, the workers learn
+     self-government. In their union halls, the workers are disciplined
+     and solidified for the 'final conflict.' Every strike is a
+     revolution in miniature. Every gain which organized workers make,
+     by a conscious act of their own, weakens capitalism and is
+     revolutionary. In short, the union movement is the schoolhouse of
+     the new society....
+
+     "Mr. Ferguson is not correct in asserting that the I. W. W. does
+     not have 'the sole aim of revolution.' In our Preamble, he will
+     find the boldest revolutionary utterance which has ever been
+     penned.... Even were we silent in revolutionary words, our very
+     form of organization and mode of action stamp us as revolutionists.
+     We are organized against capital. We are an army that is ever
+     battling....
+
+     "The real I. W. W. is not to be read in books of the intellectuals.
+     It does not flash in phrases. It is written in the hearts of strong
+     silent men. It can be read in the ineffable tales of anguish which
+     ring from the prisons of the land. It can be read in the tragic
+     sacrifices of the Littles, the Joe Hills, the Barans, the Looneys,
+     the Jonsons, the Rabinowitzes, the Gerlots, the Jack Whytes whom
+     destiny has claimed from among us. Its chapters have been penned,
+     not with words, but with the living dramas of Spokane and San
+     Diego, Lawrence and Paterson, McKee's Rocks, Everett and Mesaba
+     Range."
+
+This is indeed the spirit of the most dangerous organization of devoted
+fanatics in the world today, and if our present order of society hopes
+to survive its steady, unrelenting assault, it must take into its hands
+the weapons of truth and justice.
+
+We have given these quotations to show clearly both the difference and
+the bond of union between the I. W. W.'s and the other brands of
+Socialists. A Left Winger sums it up concisely ("The Communist," August
+23, 1919): "The syndicalist and the Socialist have this in common: That
+they both strive for the reduction of the state to zero and the
+'building of a new society within the shell of the old.' The fundamental
+difference between the two is that the syndicalist naively strives to
+build the new society while the capitalist class controls the coercive
+power, and the Socialist aims to destroy that power first and then begin
+the 'building' process."
+
+But I. W. W.'ism is the more logical, and, in conditions like those in
+the United States, much the more dangerous, because it is _revolution
+going on_ every day of the year, holding what it gets, be it much or
+little. Moreover, since I. W. W.'ism will not give up its position,
+Socialism in America has adopted the industrial unionism creed. This now
+is the backbone of all the recent Socialist platforms, including that of
+the Socialist Party of America. Even with the Left Winger's buoyant
+faith in a speedy overturn of the United States, he now sees that the
+One Big Union is the necessary steam-roller to accomplish it, and for
+months he has been at work, "boring from within," to get the forces of
+American labor industrially organized for revolutionary action. In
+short, there has been a general following of the advice which "Truth,"
+Left Wing organ in the Northwest, gave in its issue of May 23, 1919, as
+its answer to the above-quoted challenge of Varney to Ferguson:
+
+     "The Left Wing represents the revolutionary portion of the
+     Socialist Party in opposition to the opportunism of the Right Wing.
+     Therefore we must, in order to make the Socialist Party a
+     revolutionary expression of the working class, join hands with the
+     Left Wing....
+
+     "The I. W. W. represents the revolutionary section of the working
+     class in opposition to the opportunism of Gompers et al. Therefore
+     we must, in order to make working class organizations
+     revolutionary, join hands with the I. W. W.
+
+     "The resolutions and the manifestoes of the Left Wing are
+     revolutionary expressions. But action counts for more than words.
+     If all Left Wingers are sincere they will join in the I. W. W. and
+     endeavor to make the I. W. W. the dominant working-class
+     organization throughout the country. The times demand that we must
+     make ready to enforce our demands. No pious resolutions will bring
+     us freedom. Only POWER through organization on the job will bring
+     us freedom. True it is that we have to resort to mass action. But
+     the basis of our mass action must be organization on the job. The
+     I. W. W. represents the highest form of industrial organization and
+     therefore merits our support. So we trust that ALL Left Wingers
+     will join with the I. W. W. This is not the time to indulge in
+     hair-splitting. If you are enraptured by what has taken place in
+     Russia, do your share here in America."
+
+This appeared in May, 1919. Six months later we open the December, 1919,
+"One Big Union Monthly" and read:
+
+     "We need hardly repeat the now well known facts that the workers of
+     western Canada and of Australia have in mass adopted our principles
+     in the course of this year. Close upon these significant events
+     came the news that the three fragments into which the Socialist
+     Party was split endorsed industrial unionism, while two of them
+     rather outspokenly favored the I. W. W.
+
+     "Later we were able to state that the increase in our own
+     membership in the course of the 12 months, September 1, 1918, to
+     September 1, 1919, was about 50,000. Now we are able to inform our
+     readers that the growth of the last three months has been
+     unprecedented. Lumber workers, miners, construction workers, marine
+     transport workers and many other unions report many thousands of
+     new members. We are getting a footing in fields that we have never
+     been able to touch before, such as the printing industry and
+     building construction. Carpenters and painters are joining us by
+     the thousand. On November 9th delegates of eight independent unions
+     in different industries, representing something like 250,000
+     workers, met in New York City and took the first steps for an
+     affiliation with the I. W. W.--in spite of jails and persecution.
+     And let us not forget that the Negro workers of the U. S. are
+     organizing on the basis of our program.
+
+     "But the influence of our principles is not limited to the
+     English-speaking people in America and Australia. Other races and
+     countries are enthusiastically taking up our program and proudly
+     announcing that they are with the I. W. W. Thus in Mexico our
+     movement has taken form and been laid out on a national basis. In
+     South America, where the labor movement always has been in
+     sympathy with us, the workers are going one step further and have
+     started organizing as an I. W. W. In Buenos Ayres there is already
+     an organization of 2,800 marine transport workers in such an
+     organization.
+
+     "Furthermore it is to be noted that practically all the old trade
+     unions on this continent prove to be honey-combed with friends of
+     the I. W. W.
+
+     "Over in Europe it is the same story. The rebuilding of production
+     and distribution in Russia is said to be largely based on our
+     principles. At last report there were about 3,500,000 industrial
+     workers organized in industrial unions for the carrying on of
+     production and distribution. The Russian people are taking
+     possession of the industries through their industrial unions.
+
+     "In Italy 'The Italian Syndicalist Union,' 300,000 strong, is
+     forging ahead along the same lines as the I. W. W. In Spain our
+     adherents are to be numbered by the hundreds of thousands. In
+     France the proposition has recently been made in the organ of the
+     Communist Party, 'L'Internationale Communiste,' to start
+     reorganizing the French working class on our program, in opposition
+     to the C. G. T. [Confederation Generale du Travail, or French
+     Confederation of Labor]. In England there is a separate
+     organization of the I. W. W. that is advancing rapidly, while the
+     influence on the old trade unions is very noticeable in their
+     changed attitude of late toward 'direct action.' ...
+
+     "But the biggest surprise of the year we received from Germany. At
+     least two separate calls have been issued by the German workers to
+     organize exactly as the I. W. W. The recently formed 'Freie
+     Arbeiter Union' is also a federation of industrial unions that
+     endorse our principles. And, finally, from distant, unknown Greece
+     we are receiving news that the One Big Union is the aim of all the
+     organized workers of that country."
+
+Several very important facts have been proven in this and the preceding
+chapter: first, that the Industrial Workers of the World is a
+revolutionary organization in the strictest sense and has for its object
+the overthrow of the United States Government; secondly, that, like the
+Socialist Party, it is constantly seeking to stir up trouble whenever it
+can do so; thirdly, that it respects neither morality nor the law and
+appeals to the basest passions in man; and, finally, that all sections
+of the Socialist Party are on the strictest terms of friendship with it
+and are giving it full support.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+BOLSHEVIST RULE IN RUSSIA
+
+
+
+Shortly after the Lenine-Trotzky government came into power in Russia,
+in the latter part of the year 1917, Bolshevism became very popular in
+America among the radicals, especially the Socialists. Among those who
+helped most to bring it into such high esteem was Albert Rhys Williams,
+who had spent but one year of his life in Russia, hardly spoke the
+Russian language, and while staying in that country was in the pay of
+the Bolsheviki, as he testified before the Senate Committee.
+
+The Bolsheviki came into power by violence and have sustained themselves
+in power by violence and terrorism. Their main support, the so-called
+Red Army, in which the Chinese and Letts have played a prominent part,
+is an army of mercenaries who are well paid and well fed, while
+thousands of civilians are dying from starvation in the cities and towns
+of Russia.
+
+The first success of the Bolsheviki was the dissolution by bayonets of
+the Constituent Assembly, which for forty years had been the goal of all
+Russians--even of the Bolsheviki up to the time when they found it
+overwhelmingly against them. Then they invented a new double name for
+their anti-democratic government: Soviets, or dictatorship of the
+proletariat. Next they dissolved all the democratic Municipal Councils
+and Zemstvos and proceeded to take away the various liberties won in the
+revolution against the regime of the Czar.
+
+The dictatorship of the proletariat led rapidly to an almost complete
+stoppage of industry. Governmental expenditures increased by leaps and
+bounds with the growing pauperization of the people; for the growing
+staffs of Bolshevist officials were utterly incompetent, a large army of
+mercenaries was required in order to keep down the ever-increasing
+number of insurrections and the ceaseless attacks from many foreign
+foes, enormous subsidies had to be paid to Bolshevist workingmen,
+regardless of the fact that the factories were producing sometimes
+little and sometimes nothing, and, finally, the Lenine government spent
+great sums in revolutionary propaganda in the different countries of
+the world. Political and economic slavery, moral corruption and the
+starvation of millions of people, are a few of the "blessings" bestowed
+upon Russia by Bolshevism.
+
+Catherine Breshkovsky, the "Grandmother of the Russian Revolution,"
+herself a Socialist, speaking of the Bolsheviki, said:
+
+     "In addition to the crimes in their foreign policy, which
+     culminated in the treacherous Brest-Litovsk 'peace' with German
+     militarists, the Bolsheviki have committed innumerable crimes in
+     their internal policy. They have destroyed all civil liberties in
+     Russia: freedom of speech, of the press, of assemblage and of
+     organization; they have filled prisons through the country with
+     their political adversaries, proclaiming 'enemies of the people'
+     not only the Liberals, the Constitutional-Democratic Party, but
+     also the party of the Socialists-Revolutionists and the
+     Social-Democrats Mensheviki, that is, the parties of the Russian
+     peasantry and proletariat. They have instituted a system of terror
+     unequaled in cruelty, and while hundreds of innocent hostages would
+     pay with their lives for the assassination or for the attempt to
+     assassinate a Bolshevist commissaire, they did not punish the Red
+     Guards who assassinated the two Ministers of the Provisional
+     Government, Kokoshkin and Shingariev, while the latter were under
+     Bolshevist arrest, lying sick in a hospital."
+
+The January, 1919, issue of "The Eye Opener," the official organ of the
+National Office, Socialist Party, publishes the full text of the Russian
+Bolshevist Constitution under the caption, "Here's Constitution of
+World's First Socialist Republic." Some quotations from the document
+will no doubt prove interesting as well as instructive:
+
+     "For the purpose of realizing the socialization of land, all
+     private property in land is abolished, and the entire land is
+     declared to be national property and is to be apportioned among
+     husbandmen without any compensation to the former owners, in the
+     measure of each one's ability to till it.
+
+     "All forests, treasures of the earth, and waters of general public
+     utility, all implements whether animate or inanimate, model farms
+     and agricultural enterprises are declared to be national property.
+
+     "As a first step toward complete transfer of ownership to the
+     Soviet Republic of all factories, mills, mines, railways and other
+     means of production or transportation, the Soviet law, for the
+     control by workmen and the establishment of the Supreme Soviet of
+     National Economy is hereby confirmed, so as to assure the power of
+     the workers over their exploiters....
+
+     "Universal obligation to work is introduced for the purpose of
+     eliminating the parasitic strata of society and organizing the
+     economic life of the country.
+
+     "For the purpose of securing the working class in the possession of
+     the complete power, and in order to eliminate all possibility of
+     restoring the power of the exploiters, it is decreed that all
+     toilers be armed, and that a Socialist Red Army be organized and
+     the propertied class be disarmed....
+
+     "The Russian Republic is a free Socialist society of all the
+     working people of Russia. The entire power, within the boundaries
+     of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic, belongs to all
+     the working people of Russia, united in urban and rural Soviets....
+
+     "The Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic considers work the
+     duty of every citizen of the Republic, and proclaims as its motto:
+     'He shall not eat who does not work.'
+
+     "The following persons enjoy neither the right to vote nor the
+     right to be voted for, even though they belong to one of the
+     categories enumerated above, namely:
+
+     "Persons who employ hired labor in order to obtain from it an
+     increase in profits.
+
+     "Persons who have an income without doing any work, such as
+     interest from capital, receipts from property, etc.
+
+     "Private merchants, trade and commercial brokers.
+
+     "Monks and clergy of all denominations."
+
+This Bolshevist Constitution shows that the Lenine government has
+decreed the socialization of all the land, factories, mills, mines and
+other means of production, as well as the railways and the various means
+of transportation. This program has been carried out, though as yet
+probably not completely. Conditions in Russia were deplorable under the
+regime of the Czar, but the Socialist government has made them a
+thousand times worse. Industry has been reduced to an almost negligible
+minimum, property has been destroyed on every side and possession made a
+crime. The country has been reduced to chaos, for no one cares to sow
+where others will reap; and unemployment is widespread, for employers
+are outlawed, and the government has not enough satisfactory positions
+to offer. The right to hold property is one of the binding forces that
+holds civilization together and supplies incentive to labor. Some of the
+evil effects of the confiscation and socialization of property in Russia
+are shown from the following articles, published by the
+Socialists-Revolutionists, a faction of the Marxians opposed to the
+Bolsheviki. Their paper, "Vlast Naroda," declares:
+
+     "The village has taken away the land from the landlords, farmers,
+     wealthy peasants and monasteries. It cannot, however, divide it
+     peacefully, as was to be expected.
+
+     "The more land there is, the greater the appetite for it; hence
+     more quarrels, misunderstandings and fights.
+
+     "In Oboyansk County, many villages refused to supply soldiers when
+     the Soviet authorities were mobilizing an army. In their refusal
+     they stated 'in the spring soldiers will be needed at home in the
+     villages,' not to cultivate the land, but to protect it with arms
+     against neighboring peasants.
+
+     "In the Provinces of Kaluga, Kursk and Voronezh peasant meetings
+     adopted the following resolution:
+
+     "'All grown members of the peasant community have to be home in the
+     spring. Whoever will then not return to the village or voluntarily
+     stay away will be forever expelled from the community.
+
+     "'These provisions are made for the purpose of having as great a
+     force as possible in the spring when it comes to dividing the
+     land.' ...
+
+     "Some villages in the Nieshnov district, in the Province of
+     Mohilev, have supplied themselves with machine guns. The village of
+     Little Nieshnov, for instance, has decided to order fifteen machine
+     guns and has organized a Red Army in order to be able better to
+     defend a piece of land taken away from the landlord and, as they
+     say, that 'the neighboring peasants should not come to cut our hay
+     right in front of our windows, like last year.' When the
+     neighboring peasants heard of the decision they also procured
+     machine guns. They have formed an army and intend to go to Little
+     Nieshnov to cut the hay on the meadows 'under the windows' of the
+     disputed owners....
+
+     "Stubborn fights for meadows and forests are always going on. They
+     often result in skirmishes and murder. There are similar happenings
+     in other counties of the Province, for instance, in Petrov,
+     Balashov and Arkhar.
+
+     "In the Province of Simbirsk there is war between the community
+     peasants and shopkeepers. The former have decided to do away with
+     'Stolypin heirs,' as they call the shopkeepers. The latter,
+     however, have organized and are ready for a stubborn resistance.
+     Combats have already taken place. The peasants demolish farms, and
+     farmers set fire to towns, villages, thrashing floors, etc."
+
+Indeed, the results of confiscation and socialization were so bad from
+the very beginning that no less a personage than Lenine himself, in "A
+Letter to American Workingmen," published by the Socialist Publication
+Society of Brooklyn, New York, on pages 12 and 13, says:
+
+     "Mistakes are being made by our peasants who, at one stroke, in the
+     night from October 25 to October 26 (Russian Calendar), 1917, did
+     away with all private ownership of land, and are now struggling,
+     from month to month, under the greatest difficulties, to correct
+     their own mistakes, trying to solve in practice the most difficult
+     problems of organizing a new social state, fighting, against
+     profiteers to secure the possession of the land, for the workers
+     instead of for the speculator, to carry on agricultural production
+     under a system of communist farming on a large scale.
+
+     "Mistakes are being made by our workmen in their revolutionary
+     activity, who, in a few short months, have placed practically all
+     the large factories and workers under state ownership, and are now
+     learning, from day to day, under the greatest difficulties, to
+     conduct the management of entire industries, to reorganize
+     industries already organized, to overcome the deadly resistance of
+     laziness and middle-class reaction and egotism."
+
+The Socialists of the United States and other radical elements in our
+country, after the World War, began to laud to the skies the Russian
+Soviets as the most perfect form of government that the world had ever
+seen. They were held to far surpass parliaments, congress and other
+legislative bodies and to be the supreme accomplishments of a democratic
+form of government. The deputies of the soviets, according to the
+Bolshevist Constitution, were to be elected by the secret, direct and
+equal vote of all the working masses. Theoretically the soviets were
+very attractive, but in reality fall far short of the ideal. "Struggling
+Russia," a well-known weekly magazine published in New York City by one
+of the groups of Russian Socialists, has this to say about the Soviets
+in its issue of April 5, 1919:
+
+     "In fact, there never was either a secret election in Soviet
+     Russia, or one based on equal suffrage. Elections are usually
+     conducted at a given factory or foundry at open meetings, by the
+     raising of hands and always under the knowing eye of the chairman.
+     The majority of the workers very frequently do not take part in
+     these elections at all. The rights of a minority are never
+     recognized, as proportional representation has been rejected.
+
+     "As regards direct elections, it is again a mere phrase. The
+     Central Executive Committee, which is supposed to embody the
+     supreme administrative organ of the country, was actually being
+     elected through a four-grade system. Local Soviets send their
+     representatives to the Provincial Congress, the Provincial Congress
+     is represented by delegates at the All-Russian Congress, and only
+     this last body elects the Central Executive Committee. Often the
+     delegates are not elected by the regular meetings of the Soviets at
+     all, but are sent by the Executive Committees, cleverly handpicked
+     by the Bolsheviki after the system of proportional representation
+     was rejected....
+
+     "The exclusion from the Soviets of all who think differently from
+     the Bolsheviki developed gradually. They 'cleansed' the Soviets in
+     Perm and Ekaterinburg, in January 1918; in Ufa, Saratov, Samara,
+     Kazan and Yaroslavl in December, 1917; in Moscow and Petrograd in
+     February, 1918. They were excluding all Socialists-Revolutionists
+     and the Mensheviki, to say nothing of the People's Socialists and
+     members of the Labor Group. Often, when workers demanded new
+     elections to the Soviet (as happened in Petrograd late in December
+     of 1917, and early in January, 1918), and such elections did take
+     place, the Bolsheviki would not permit the newly elected delegates
+     to enter the building of the Soviet and frequently arrested them.
+     Gradually only Bolsheviki and Socialists-Revolutionists of the Left
+     remained in the Soviets. Soon, however, after the assassination in
+     Moscow of Count Mirbach, the German Ambassador, and the attempt at
+     rebellion in Moscow early in June, 1918, by the
+     Socialists-Revolutionists of the Left, the Bolsheviki began to fill
+     up the prisons with the latter just as they did with the
+     Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right and the Menshiviki.
+
+     "So, practically, there remained only Bolsheviki in the Soviets.
+     And as there was no difference of opinion among them, regular
+     meetings were soon abandoned altogether and the ostensible 'rule of
+     the working masses' thus definitely disappeared. A few persons,
+     often appointed from above (the Bolsheviki often had recourse to
+     bayonets to support the fiction of Soviet rule: in Tumen the
+     Executive Committee of a non-existent Soviet was brought from
+     Ekaterinburg under a convoy of 800 Red Guards), would rule and lord
+     it over the people, tired and weary of the war and a sterile
+     revolution.
+
+     "Occasional outbursts of popular wrath serve as indications of the
+     depth of dissatisfaction which is engendered by the Soviets and
+     their offshoots, the Military-Revolutionary Committee. Thus, in the
+     Polevsky works, in Ekaterinburg County, a mob of peasants, armed
+     with axes, scythes and sticks, fell upon the Soviets and beast-like
+     tore into fragments fifty Bolsheviki. In the Neviansk works the
+     insurrection of the workers against the Red Army lasted for three
+     days, until reinforcements from Perm finally subdued this
+     'counter-revolutionary' revolt. In Okhansk County 2,000 peasants
+     were shot down for demanding the abolition of the Soviets and the
+     re-establishment of the rule of the people."
+
+In the April 19, 1919, issue of "Struggling Russia" we are told that
+"Vlast Naroda," in May, 1918, thus described the uprisings against the
+Soviets:
+
+     "In Kleen, a crowd entered by force the building occupied by the
+     Soviets with the intention of bringing the deputies before their
+     own court of justice. The latter fled. The Financial Commisary
+     committed suicide by shooting himself, in order to escape the
+     infuriated crowd.
+
+     "In Oriekhovo-Zooyevo, the deputies work in their offices, guarded
+     by a most vigilant military force. Even on the streets they are
+     accompanied by guards armed with rifles and bayonets.
+
+     "In Penza, an attempt has been made on the lives of the Soviet
+     members. One of the presiding officers has been wounded. The Soviet
+     building is now surrounded with cannons and machine-guns.
+
+     "In Svicherka, where the Bolsheviki had ordered a Bartholomew
+     night, the deputies are hunted like wild animals....
+
+     "In Bielo, all members of the Soviets have been murdered.
+
+     "In Soligalich, two of the most prominent members of the Soviets
+     have literally been torn to pieces. Two others have been beaten
+     half-dead.
+
+     "In Atkarsk, several members of the Soviets have been killed."
+
+"Struggling Russia," May 31, 1919, informs us that the Petrograd
+Committee of the Socialists-Revolutionists of the Left, in the middle of
+March, 1919, issued the following proclamation condemning the Petrograd
+Soviet:
+
+     "Shame to the Bolshevist Violators, Liars and 'Agents
+     Provocateurs!'
+
+     "The Petrograd Soviet does not express the will of the Workmen,
+     Sailors and 'Reds.'
+
+     "The Soviet was not elected. The elections were either pretenses or
+     held under threats of shooting or starvation. This terrorism
+     completely suffocated freedom of speech, the press and meetings of
+     the laboring classes.
+
+     "The Petrograd Soviet consists of self-appointed Bolsheviki. It is
+     a blind tool in the hands of the 'agents-provacateurs,' hangmen and
+     assassins of the Bolshevist regime....
+
+     "Where is the dictatorship of the proletariat and working
+     peasantry? It has been supplanted by the dictatorship of the
+     Central Committee of the Bolshevist Party, governing with the
+     assistance of a swarm of extraordinary commissions and punitive
+     detachments of imported soldiers."
+
+Though the Russian Socialists overthrew the government of the Czar in
+the hope of securing liberty, liberty, under the Bolshevist regime, is
+farther off than it was before. The British High Commissioner, R. H.
+Bruce-Lockhart, in a telegram sent to the British Foreign Office,
+November 10, 1918, among other things said:
+
+     "The Bolsheviki have established a rule of force and oppression
+     unequaled in the history of any autocracy.
+
+     "Themselves the fiercest upholders of the right of free speech,
+     they have suppressed, since coming into power, every newspaper
+     which does not approve their policy.
+
+     "The right of holding public meetings has been abolished. The vote
+     has been taken away from everybody except the workmen in factories
+     and the poorer servants, and even amongst the workmen those who
+     dared to vote against the Bolsheviki are marked down by the
+     Bolshevist police as counter-revolutionaries, and are fortunate if
+     their worst fate is to be thrown into prison, of which in Russia
+     today it may truly be said, 'many go in but few come out.'"
+
+V. M. Zenzinov, a member of the Central Committee of the
+Socialists-Revolutionists, in an article published in "Struggling
+Russia," April 12, 1919, speaking of absence of liberty under
+Bolshevism, says:
+
+     "It was during my stay in Petrograd in April, 1918, that a
+     conference of factory and industrial plant employees of Petrograd
+     and vicinity was held, to which 100,000 Petrograd workingmen (out
+     of a total of 132,000) sent delegates. The conference adopted a
+     resolution sharply denouncing the Bolshevist regime. Following this
+     conference an attempt was made, in May, to call together an
+     All-Russian Congress of workmen's deputies in Moscow, but all the
+     delegates were arrested by the Bolsheviki, and to this day I am
+     ignorant of the fate that befell my comrades."
+
+Justice, as well as liberty, is a dead letter in the land of Lenine, and
+conscription is rigidly enforced by the Russian Socialist Government. R.
+H. Bruce-Lockhart, to whom reference has been made, in his telegram to
+the British Foreign Office, November 10, 1918, stated:
+
+     "The Bolsheviki have abolished even the most primitive forms of
+     justice. Thousands of men and women have been shot without even the
+     mockery of a trial, and thousands more are left to rot in the
+     prisons under conditions to find a parallel to which one must turn
+     to the darkest annals of Indian or Chinese history....
+
+     "The Bolsheviki who destroyed the Russian army, and who have always
+     been the avowed opponents of militarism, have forcibly mobilized
+     officers who do not share their political views, but whose
+     technical knowledge is indispensable, and by the threat of
+     immediate execution have forced them to fight against their
+     fellow-countrymen in a civil war of unparalleled horror."
+
+Concerning religious conditions in Russia, the Rev. Dr. George S.
+Simons, shortly after his return from that country, testified before the
+Senatorial Committee, which, in February, 1919, was investigating the
+nature of Russian Bolshevism:
+
+     "The Bolshevik is not only an atheist, but he also seeks to make
+     all religions impossible. They assert that all misery is due to the
+     superstition that there is a God. One of their officials told me:
+
+     "'We now propose to enlighten our children, and with this purpose
+     in view, we are issuing a catechism on atheism for use in all the
+     schools.'
+
+     "The man who told me this was the Commissionaire of Enlightenment
+     and Education."
+
+On February 7, 1919, an appeal was sent to Pope Benedict XV, by the
+Orthodox Greek clergy of that part of Russia which had not fallen a prey
+to the Bolsheviki. It was signed by Sylvester, Archbishop of Omsk,
+President of the Supreme Administration of the Orthodox Church, and by
+other members of the same administration. This letter implored the Holy
+Father to deign to take into consideration the conditions existing in
+Russia. It exposed a list of crimes and outrages, cities sacked,
+churches profaned and pillaged, more than twenty bishops and more than
+one hundred priests assassinated, the victims being of every kind. Some
+of them before they were put to death had their arms and legs cut off,
+while others were buried alive. Nuns were violated; the socialization of
+women was proclaimed; rein was given to unbridled passions; everywhere
+there was nothing but famine, death and misery. The following message is
+also noteworthy:
+
+     "With deep grief, Venerable Father, we expose to you the unhappy
+     conditions in which millions of Russians of true Russia are
+     reduced. Relying on that unity which makes all mankind one, and on
+     the strength of Christian fraternity, we hope, Venerable Father,
+     that we may count on your compassion as representing the Christian
+     Church, and trust that your flock will be informed of what is going
+     on, and that in common with you they will offer fervent prayers to
+     Him, in whose hands are both life and death, for those who in the
+     northeast of Europe are being made, because of their love of
+     Christ, Martyrs of the faith in the twentieth century."
+
+"Dyelo Naroda," an organ of the Socialists-Revolutionists of Russia, in
+April, 1918, stated that the situation of the church and clergy was
+horrible. "Everything pertaining to them is being spit upon and
+profaned. People, with rifles on their shoulders and their hats on,
+often enter the church and right there question the clergymen and arrest
+priests, at the same time mocking the religious feelings of the praying
+crowd. Many churches have been closed as a result of the edict
+concerning the separation of Church and State."
+
+"The New York Times," April 11, 1919, published the following special
+cable despatch concerning the religious persecution:
+
+     "London, April 10.--The Chronicle publishes an article by R.
+     Courtier Foster, a British Chaplain at Odessa and Russian ports of
+     the Black Sea, describing the religious persecution practised by
+     the Bolsheviki following upon their former capture of Odessa. He
+     says:
+
+     "'Committees were held on board the ships of the Black Sea Fleet,
+     among the dockers in the port, in the towns and villages on every
+     hand, which passed resolutions reading:
+
+     "'"We abolish God." In Odessa Cathedral, when the Archbishop of
+     Kherson was celebrating the Holy Mysteries, an uproar occurred with
+     cries of "Down with the priests!" "Down with the Church!" At a fete
+     in the town gardens one saw a soldier of the Red Army, amid the
+     guffaws of his fellows, spit on the Russian holy picture of the
+     face of Christ, then tear it into fragments and stamp it into the
+     dust.
+
+     "'The Bolshevist conception of religious toleration is considerably
+     more elastic and far-reaching than the ideas of any mediaeval
+     inquisition. In this matter the Bolsheviki pride themselves on
+     being far in advance of our effete western thought. They have
+     murdered Vladimir, the Metropolitan of Kiev, twenty bishops, and
+     many hundreds of priests. Before killing them they cut off the
+     limbs of their victims, some of whom they buried alive in the
+     Kremlin. The Cathedrals in Moscow and those in the towns of
+     Yaroslav and Simferopol have been sacked. Many nuns were violated
+     and churches defiled.
+
+     "'The ancient and historical sacristies and famous libraries of
+     Moscow and Petrograd were pillaged and countless sanctuaries
+     profaned. In Cronstadt Cathedral the great figure of the Crucified
+     Christ was torn down and removed, and a monstrous and appalling
+     pagan form placed in its stead, symbolizing "Freedom of Mind."
+
+     "'It is not against any one particular form of religion that the
+     terrors of the new Freedom are hurled. Orthodox, Roman Catholics
+     and Lutherans alike have been tortured, mutilated, and done to
+     death under the aegis of the Holy Revolution which appeals to the
+     proletariat of the whole world to join its forces.
+
+     "'The Revolutionary Government is subjecting the Christian religion
+     to persecutions as great and brutal as anything the world saw
+     during the first three centuries of the Christian era. Moral
+     disintegration and ruin spread their tentacles on every side. Any
+     restraint on sinful impulse or covetous desire is laughed to scorn.
+     The Bolsheviki publicly encourage outrage and looting. The
+     propaganda for freedom of mind is essentially nihilistic. It is
+     based on negation and denial of the existence of God, denial of the
+     authority of any moral law, denial of all rights of conscience,
+     denial of all religious liberty, denial of all freedom of the
+     press, denial of any liberty of speech.
+
+     "'One officer remarked despairingly to me: "In Russia now there is
+     no God, no Czar, no law, no property, no money, no food--only
+     freedom." And in that travesty of liberty, which the whole
+     civilized world may well shudder at, all mercy, pity and toleration
+     are alike scorned. And it is this new and wonderful equality of man
+     which by means of torture, outrage and assassinations proclaims the
+     "freedom of mind and body" to the devastated Russian nation.'"
+
+In an Associated Press despatch, from London, that appeared in "The New
+York Times" on April 19, 1919, we are informed that of the 300 priests
+in the Perm diocese, 46 have been killed; moreover, that two monasteries
+were pillaged.
+
+A very interesting and enlightening article on religion in Russia and
+the attitude of the Bolsheviki towards it appears in "The Proletarian,"
+Detroit, April, 1919. The author is Ernest Greenburg and we shall quote
+the greater part of his article:
+
+     "The resolution adopted by the Socialist Party of Michigan at its
+     recent State Convention that, 'It shall be the duty of all
+     agitators and organizers upon all occasions to avail themselves of
+     the opportunity of explaining religion,' caused a storm of
+     indignation to arise among certain 'Socialists.' Clinging to the
+     old fallacy that religion should be left alone, they point to the
+     Russian Constitution and the works of the Bolshevik leaders who say
+     'Religion is a private matter.' But they fail to understand that
+     the interpretation of the term 'Religion is a private matter,' has
+     a different meaning here than it has in Russia.
+
+     "The slogan, 'Religion is a private matter,' is not of Russian
+     origin. It has been and is one of the battle cries of the
+     Revolutionary working class in all countries in which the Church
+     and the State are combined. Different conditions account for
+     different understandings of the terms 'Private Matter' here and in
+     Russia.
+
+     "Probably in no other country have religion and the church played
+     such an important role in the affairs of the state as in Russia up
+     to the very present time. Truly, it was not so much the force of
+     arms as that of ignorance which kept up the Czardom for hundreds of
+     years. The Feudal aristocracy realized the advantages to be derived
+     from keeping the minds of its slaves in darkness and superstition.
+     One of the most powerful weapons in the hands of aristocracy was
+     the Church, whose noble duty it was to sow and to propagate
+     ignorance. The Church was officially a part of the state. People
+     were forced to go to church; school children[10] were taught the
+     'Holy Law of God,' attacks against the church were punished as
+     attacks against the Czar.
+
+     "Religious ignorance of the masses was the greatest enemy of the
+     Socialists in their propaganda work; at every step they had to meet
+     and to combat the authority of God, in whose name the church
+     servants consecrated the yoke of the Czar and the landlords. It was
+     necessary to pull this poisonous tooth out of the jaws of the
+     state. Hence came the demand: 'Religion is a private
+     matter,'--private as opposed to state. It meant that the Church
+     should be separated from the state and be deprived from its
+     protection. It was a demand which, put to the Czarist government,
+     if granted would only facilitate the struggle against this very
+     religion.
+
+     "Similar demands have been put in the Socialist platforms of
+     Germany, Austria, and other countries which were confronted with
+     conditions like those in Russia. One of the immediate demands of
+     the French revolutionists of the nineteenth century was of this
+     nature.
+
+     "The November Revolution put the Russian workers in possession of
+     the machinery of the church. As a weapon of ignorance, it could not
+     be used against the exploiters; nor could it be destroyed by force.
+     Then the Russian workers declared religion a private matter,
+     thereby depriving it of State protection and forcing it under the
+     blows of scientific criticism, which will rapidly do away with the
+     reminders of the decrepit superstitions.
+
+     "In America religion always was 'a private matter.' It had never
+     been officially related to the state, but just the same it is now
+     being employed by the ruling class against the workers. If it is
+     not yet as influential here as it was in Russia during the reign of
+     the Czars--it is becoming so. Its destructive work cannot be
+     neglected any longer. It must be fought....
+
+     "German Socialists understand that by destroying the holy alliance
+     between the Church and the State their task would not be completed.
+     After that 'We must wage unrelenting war against the Church,' says
+     Bebel, 'because she foments civil war among the workers--because it
+     is the only reactionary force which has any strength and which
+     keeps us in voluntary slavery.'
+
+     "By separating the Church from the State and thereby enforcing
+     their demand, 'Religion is a private matter,' the French Socialists
+     were not yet satisfied. They went on fighting religion, and their
+     Belgian comrades worked in accord with them. Says E. Vandervelde,
+     'We are bound to admit that both in philosophy and in politics
+     there must be war between Socialism and the Church.'
+
+     "This attitude of the French and Belgian Socialists was approved by
+     the international Congress at Amsterdam, 1904.
+
+     "The position of the Russian Socialists is very clear. They fully
+     understand that 'Religion is a private matter' signifies only the
+     first stage in the war against mental slavery. 'Religion is a
+     private matter,' says N. Boucharin (The Church and the School),
+     'but it does not mean that we must not fight it by persuasion.'
+     Further on he emphasizes that it is a 'private matter' only as
+     much as forceful protection or forceful destruction is concerned.
+     Beyond the gates of the State's protection, religion is not
+     considered to be a private matter in Russia. It is fought there in
+     schools and educational institutions by 'Propaganda, explanation
+     and education.'
+
+     "In this question American Socialists must not be misled by the
+     seeming contradiction in terms."
+
+In the April 19, 1919, number of "Struggling Russia," Dioneo gives some
+interesting information relative to the destruction of education under
+the Bolshevist regime:
+
+     "The lower and secondary schools are ruined. The villages have
+     their Soviets, their premises for meetings, but no lower schools.
+     As regards secondary schools, the Bolshevist reformers are of the
+     opinion that, in general, such institutions are not wanted and are
+     just as unnecessary as the intermediate stage between nascent
+     capitalism and the extreme form of communism.
+
+     "The Bolsheviki have only acknowledged the universities. At first,
+     the reformers made such experiments on the latter as, for instance,
+     the appointment of a porter to the post of inspector of the
+     Technological institute, or of a cook as head-mistress of the
+     Higher Courses for Girls. Then the Bolsheviki decided that no
+     certificates were necessary for matriculation at the university.
+     Any half-educated person might become a student of any faculty. The
+     professors were at a loss to know how to lecture on higher
+     mathematics to students ignorant of the multiplication table, or
+     how to explain spectral analysis to persons hardly able to read.
+     Then the Bolsheviki decided that there was no necessity for the
+     professor to have a diploma either. It was only necessary that he
+     should be a supporter of the Bolshevist platform. That is all! And
+     celebrated Professors were obliged to leave the universities which
+     they had made famous....
+
+     "National education--elementary, secondary, and higher--has been
+     completely ruined by the Bolsheviki. Lately, they have apparently
+     decided that Bolshevism ought to give the world a new type of
+     university, quite different from that of the bourgeoisie. And with
+     that in mind, the Municipal Council of Voronezh has thought of a
+     'Street University.' This is how the 'Izvestia' describes this
+     curious institution of higher education: 'Each of the principal
+     thoroughfares of Voronezh is now a faculty--of law, economics,
+     history, literature, science, etc. The walls of the houses are
+     placarded with posters, containing portraits and brief biographies
+     of men distinguished in one or another branch of knowledge and
+     brief items of information concerning the respective subject.'
+     Thus comments the organ of the Bolshevist Government: 'Every
+     citizen, instead of spending years at a university, can pick up a
+     general knowledge of the principal educational subjects as he goes
+     along.' ...
+
+     "Russia's school system is ruined. Education reforms exist only on
+     paper. And at the same time the Bolsheviki, wishing to show that
+     they value knowledge very highly, have announced that a
+     geographical university such as the world has 'never yet seen' is
+     going to be opened in Petrograd. It is interesting to know what
+     professors will lecture in this new university, and who will form
+     their audience?"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+RUSSIA RED WITH BLOOD AND BLACK WITH CRIME
+
+
+
+Socialists have for many years boasted of the perfect peace and harmony
+which would prevail when once they had established their state.
+Bloodshed, civil discord and strife of every kind would cease when the
+Marxian workers ruled the land, for, as they said, privately owned
+property, and exploitation of workers are the source of wars and the
+fundamental cause of the oppression of the people. Bolshevist Russia,
+however, the first Socialist country, appears to be an exception.
+Perhaps no nation has ever witnessed such scenes of violence, bloodshed,
+murder and cruelty, perpetrated by a government, not against a foreign
+foe, but against its own people, and this not after an existence of a
+hundred or several hundred years, but constantly from its very birth. So
+far only a few pages, comparatively speaking, of the history of the
+terrible outrages are opened to us, but from these we can form some
+slight idea of the dreadful condition of the land that is truly red, but
+red principally from the rivers of blood that flow in abundance over
+every section of the country.
+
+The "Izvestia," an official Bolshevist publication, on October 19, 1918,
+published the following news item under the heading, "The Conference of
+the Extraordinary Commission:"
+
+"Comrade Baky threw light on the work of the District Commission of
+Petrograd after the departure of the All-Russian Extraordinary
+Commission for Moscow. The total number of people arrested by the
+Extraordinary Commission amounted to 6,220. Eight hundred people were
+shot."
+
+The "Northern Commune," another official Bolshevist publication, in its
+issue of September 10, 1918, stated:
+
+     "In the whole of the Jaroslavl Government a strict registration of
+     the bourgeoisie and its partisans has been organized. Manifestly
+     anti-Soviet elements are being shot; suspected persons are being
+     interned in concentration camps; non-working sections of the
+     population are being subjected to compulsory labor."
+
+The same edition of the "Northern Commune" publishes the following
+despatch:
+
+     "Tver, Sept. 9.--The Extraordinary Commission has arrested and sent
+     to concentration camps over 130 hostages from among the
+     bourgeoisie. The prisoners include members of the Cadet Party,
+     Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right, former officers, well known
+     members of the propertied class and policemen."
+
+From the September 18, 1918, edition of the "Northern Commune" we learn
+that in Perm, in retaliation for the assassination of Uritzky and for
+the attempt on Lenine, fifty hostages from among the bourgeois classes
+and the White Guards were shot.
+
+"Struggling Russia," March 22, 1919, supplies us with other details of
+Bolshevist rifle rule:
+
+     "We know a great deal about the terror in Petrograd, and
+     considerably less about Moscow. The reason is plain. We find the
+     curtain dropped on the activities of the All-Russian Extraordinary
+     Commission which had its seat in Moscow. In a report of the meeting
+     of the Executive Committee of the Moscow Soviet, which took place
+     on October 16, we read:
+
+     "'The report of the work of the All-Russian Extraordinary
+     Commission was read at a secret session of the Executive Committee.
+     But the report and the discussion of it were held behind closed
+     doors and will not be published.' ['Izvestia,' October 17, 1918.]
+
+     "The kind of decisions adopted by the Moscow Bolsheviki behind
+     closed doors and the mass terror practised in Moscow and all over
+     Russia under the direction of the All-Russian Extraordinary
+     Commission are well illustrated by Eugene Trupp, a prominent
+     Socialist-Revolutionist and a member of the All-Russian Constituent
+     Assembly, who wrote the following in the Socialist-Revolutionary
+     daily, 'Zemlia i Volia' (Land and Freedom) of October 3, 1918:
+
+     "'After the murder of Uritzky in Petrograd, 1,500 people were
+     arrested; 512, including 10 Socialists-Revolutionists, were shot.
+     At the same time 800 people were arrested in Moscow. It is unknown,
+     however, how many of these were shot. In Nizhni-Novgorod, 41 were
+     shot; in Yaroslavl, 13; in Astrakhan, 12 Socialists-Revolutionists;
+     in Sarapool, a member of the Central Committee of the Party of
+     Socialists-Revolutionists, I. I. Teterkin; in Penza, about 40
+     officers; in Kooznetzk people are daily shot in masses; all this is
+     only a drop in the ocean. I have no exact information as to the
+     number of people shot in other cities.' ...
+
+     "'Despite all these and other outrages, a demonstration of Red
+     Guards took place in Moscow on September 6. Their main demands were
+     "deeds for words" and "relentless red terror in the fight against
+     the bourgeoisie." ...
+
+     "'The last days of my stay Moscow and Soviet-Russia in general were
+     filled with red terror. A gray, silent and dejected crowd, with
+     pale, terrified faces and eyes full of excitement, was moving along
+     the streets. "Such or such people have been arrested today." "This
+     or that number has been shot." "Do not sleep at home, they are
+     looking for you." "You are still alive?" "Why do you not go away
+     from here?" were expressions hastily exchanged.
+
+     "'No conversations were heard; only silent whispering in corners.
+     All were trembling. All were filled with horror of the wild terror.
+     Spies were all over. At the proper places you could see their
+     familiar figures.
+
+     "'These spies sneak about the stations, mingling with the crowds of
+     Red Guards, in the trains, and in all dirty, warm corners always
+     pushing forward. While traveling you feel that if your face or
+     perhaps your attire, or your opinion, carelessly uttered, will not
+     please them, you may be held up at any moment. You feel that every
+     passenger is hiding something in himself. Keep silent; we will
+     talk later when we have passed the spying cordons.'"
+
+In the September 18, 1918, evening issue of the "Northern Commune,"
+there is a report of a meeting of the Soviet of the First District of
+Petrograd. After a report made by Kharitonoff, who emphasized the
+necessity of suppressing the bourgeois press, and after speeches by
+other members, the following resolution was passed:
+
+     "The meeting welcomes the fact that mass terror is being used
+     against the White Guards and higher bourgeois classes, and declares
+     that every attempt on the life of our leaders will be answered by
+     the proletariat by the shooting down not only of hundreds, as the
+     case is now, but of thousands of White Guards, bankers,
+     manufacturers, Cadets (Constitutional Democrats) and
+     Socialists-Revolutionists of the Right."
+
+We are indebted to "Struggling Russia," March 29, 1919, for the
+following information as regards the Red rule of Lenine and the shooting
+of children:
+
+     "The following quotation from a speech of one of the most active
+     Bolshevist leaders, Zinoviev, printed in the 'Northern Commune' of
+     September 19, 1918, fully expresses the spirit of the Bolshevist
+     terrorism:
+
+     "'To overcome our enemies we must have our own Socialist
+     Militarism. We must win over to our side 90 millions out of the 100
+     millions of population of Russia under the Soviets. As for the
+     rest, we have nothing to say to them; they must be annihilated.'
+
+     "The program of annihilating ten million of the opponents of
+     Bolshevism in Russia (Mr. Zinoviev has considerably underestimated
+     their number) began to be executed by the Bolsheviki from the first
+     moment of their coming into power. In the beginning of March, 1918,
+     they held mass executions in Rostov-on-the-Don, killing, among
+     others, many youths. The Moscow 'Russkiya Viedomosti' (Russian
+     News) in its issue of March 23, 1918, reported that the president
+     of the Rostov Municipal Council and the Chairman of the Don
+     Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Party, B. C. Vasiliev,
+     the mayor of the city, P. Petrenko, the former Chairman of the
+     Rostov-Nakhichevan Council of Workingmen's and Soldiers' Delegates,
+     P. Melnikov, and even M. Smirnov, at that time Chairman of the
+     Council, have handed in a petition to the Bolshevist
+     War-Revolutionary Council asking them to shoot them 'instead of the
+     innocent children who are executed without law and justice.' A
+     group of women, horrified by what was going on, also asked that
+     they be shot instead of the children. In their petition they wrote
+     as follows:
+
+     "'If, according to you, there is need of sacrifices in blood and
+     life in order to establish a Socialistic state and to create new
+     ways of life, take our lives, kill us, grown mothers and fathers,
+     but let our children live. They have not yet had a chance to live;
+     they are only growing and developing. Do not destroy young lives.
+     Take our lives and our blood as ransom....
+
+     "'We, mothers, have served the country by giving our sons, husbands
+     and brothers. Pray, take our last possession, our lives, but spare
+     our children. Call us, one after the other, for execution, when our
+     children are to be shot! Every one of us would gladly die in order
+     to save the life of her children or that of other children.
+
+     "'Citizens, members of the War Revolutionary Council, listen to the
+     cries of the mothers. We cannot be kept silent!'"
+
+Charles Dumas, a French Socialist, on his return to France from Russia,
+wrote a book in which he warns his fellow-comrades on the dangers of
+Bolshevism, and among other things he says:
+
+     "Upon my arrival in Petrograd I wanted, first of all, to meet three
+     of my old Russian friends, but soon learned that my searches were
+     in vain. Two of the poor fellows had lost their minds and the third
+     had cut his own throat with a razor....
+
+     "The Sebastopol horrors of March, 1918, when the sailors of the
+     port, inflamed to a high pitch of bestiality by the Bolshevist
+     press decided to kill all the inhabitants of the principal streets,
+     not sparing even children above the age of five, are still so fresh
+     in your minds that I need not remind you of them....
+
+     "On March 18, 1918, the peasants of an adjoining village organized,
+     in collusion with the Bolsheviki, a veritable St. Bartholomew night
+     in the city of Kuklovo. About 500 bodies of the victims were found
+     afterwards, most of them 'intellectuals.' All residences and stores
+     were plundered and destroyed, the Jews being among the worst
+     sufferers. Entire families were wiped out, and for three days the
+     Bolsheviki would not permit the burial of the dead.
+
+     "In May, 1918, the city of Korocha was the scene of a horrible
+     massacre. Thirty officers, four priests, and 300 citizens were
+     killed. The Peoples' Commissaries and the Soviets have, upon more
+     than one occasion, made admissions that these horrors were part of
+     their program. At the Congress of the Soviets the chairman of the
+     Central Committee of the Soviets, Sverdlov, said: 'We invoke the
+     Soviets not to relent, but to fortify the Terror, no matter how
+     terrible it may be and what dimensions it may assume.'"
+
+An Associated Press despatch, dated Omsk, April 5, 1919, stated that the
+Bolsheviki had murdered 2,000 at or near Osa:
+
+     "Indisputable evidence of the massacre by the Bolsheviki of more
+     than 2,000 civilians in and near the town of Osa has been obtained
+     by Messrs. Simmonds and Emerson and Dr. Rudolph Teusler of the
+     American Red Cross, who have just returned from reoccupied Russian
+     territory. Approximately 500 persons were killed at Osa and 1,500
+     in the surrounding districts."
+
+The same despatch shows the excessive cruelty of Lenine's gang of
+blood-thirsty Reds:
+
+     "A blacksmith was shot because he could not pay 5,000 rubles. A man
+     was shot because he lived in a brick house. All attorneys and
+     jurists and doctors whose services were not required were killed. A
+     woman was compelled to fetch a lamp and gaze upon her murdered sons
+     for the amusement of the slayers.
+
+     "The Soviet called a meeting and prepared lists of those to die.
+     The houses prescribed were visited by squads, the doors were
+     smashed in, the victims dragged to the edge of the town and forced
+     to dig their own graves. A survivor testified that he had seen men
+     thrown into a pit and buried alive. Priests were hunted
+     unmercifully. The evidence showed that men were slain whose only
+     offense was that they worked as sextons or caretakers of churches.
+     In the Perm district everything of value was stolen from the
+     churches, the monastery was looted and several priests were
+     murdered."
+
+According to two more Associated Press despatches, even women and
+children were not excepted by the Bolsheviki who have been so much
+extolled by our American Socialists and recognized as their brethren:
+
+     "Stockholm, April 17, 1919.--The Bolsheviki are carrying out a
+     rapid and systematic annihilation of all the bourgeois elements in
+     Riga, according to reports from Libau to 'Svenska Dagblast.' The
+     victims of the Bolsheviki terror are taken to the Island of Hasen,
+     in the Dvina river, and are said to number 70,000, including women
+     and children. No one is permitted to take food or money to the
+     island."
+
+     "London, April 17, 1919.--Eighteen hundred persons, including 400
+     women, were murdered by the Bolsheviki at Ufa, according to a
+     dispatch from Omsk, received in official quarters here."
+
+The "Northern Commune" published the following report in which the
+horrors of the Bolsheviki prisons were described by the Bolsheviki
+themselves:
+
+     "The presiding officers of the Soviet of the Viborg district
+     decided to send a delegation to the prisons of that district when
+     they heard that terrible scenes were occurring there. The prisoners
+     were starving. Many of them who had been held eight months had not
+     yet been tried, for the Commission entrusted with the investigation
+     of their cases had not yet been in session.
+
+     "The delegation consisted of Dr. Petropavlovsky, the Military
+     Commissionary, Vasilyevsky, and the President of the Soviet,
+     Frilisser. The latter handed in the following report: 'Comrades,
+     what we saw and heard in visiting the prisons of the Viborg
+     district cannot be described....
+
+     "'The cells are repulsively dirty. There is neither clean linen nor
+     pillows. The prisoners are being punished for the least offence.
+
+     "'But what is most terrible is the scene we witnessed in the prison
+     hospital.
+
+     "'Comrades! We found there no people! We found there living ghosts
+     who had no strength to talk, for they were starving.
+
+     "'When somebody dies, the corpse remains for several hours with its
+     living neighbors, who say: "That is nothing. We shall all soon die
+     of hunger."'"
+
+"Dyelo Naroda," in its issue of April 26, 1918, thus describes the
+cruelties of the barbarous Bolshevists:
+
+     "In Kirensk County the people's tribunal ordered a woman found
+     guilty of extracting brandy, to be enclosed in a bag and repeatedly
+     knocked against the ground until dead.
+
+     "In the Province of Tver the people's tribunal had sentenced a
+     young fellow to freeze to death for theft. In a rigid frost he was
+     led out, clad only in a shirt, and water was poured on him until he
+     turned into a piece of ice. Out of pity somebody cut his tortures
+     short by shooting him."
+
+The British High Commissioner, R. H. Bruce-Lockhart, in his telegram to
+the British Foreign Office, November 10, 1918, thus describes one of the
+methods of torture and the taking of hostages as practiced by the
+followers of the "gentle" Lenine:
+
+     "The Bolsheviki have restored the barbarous methods of torture. The
+     examination of prisoners frequently takes place with a revolver at
+     the unfortunate prisoner's head.
+
+     "The Bolsheviki have established the odious practice of taking
+     hostages. Still worse, they have struck at their political
+     opponents through their woman folk. When recently a long list of
+     hostages was published in Petrograd, the Bolsheviki seized the
+     wives of those men whom they could not find and threw them into
+     prison until their husbands should give themselves up."
+
+When the Bolsheviki were forced to evacuate Riga, in May, 1919, they
+left behind them in the [**] prisons 1,600 hostages who were found to be
+in a state of unspeakable misery and starvation.
+
+An Associated Press despatch of March 22, 1919, states that "a Russian
+girl of 19 years, who, in December, 1918, had been charged with
+espionage, was tortured by being pierced thirteen times in the same
+wound with a bayonet. She lived, however, and made an affidavit to these
+details."
+
+The same dispatch states that "an examination of dead bodies of persons
+alleged to have been killed by the Bolsheviki in the Perm district,
+shows a preponderance of bayonet wounds in the back, but in other
+instances mouths were slit, fingers and hands cut off, and the heads of
+the victims smashed."
+
+"Struggling Russia," in its issue of April 5, 1919, informs us that
+"officers have come out of Petrograd prisons with their nails torn off,
+and that prisoners after having been fed on herrings were given nothing
+to drink for two or three days."
+
+A dispatch from Warsaw, dated April 10, 1919, stated that fugitives from
+Russia were pouring into that city, each of them bringing fresh tales of
+Bolsheviki horrors. The people in Russia, it was said, were being shot
+on the least provocation. For instance, men who remained in bed during
+the cold weather to keep warm because they had no fuel were accused of
+"discontent" and dragged into the streets and shot. Dead bodies, it was
+claimed, were left lying in the streets in heaps.
+
+In order to maintain their popularity with the workingmen and with their
+hired mercenaries, the Bolsheviki paid their supporters enormous wages
+by means of an unchecked paper issue. In fact they have turned out so
+many tons of paper money, without financial guarantees of any sort, that
+today in Russia money has lost practically all its value.
+
+"Struggling Russia," March 22, 1919, publishes an appeal issued in
+Petrograd and signed by the following organizations: Committee for the
+Defence of Freedom of the Press; Central Committee of the Russian Social
+Democratic Labor Party; Central Committee of the Party of
+Socialists-Revolutionists; Central Committee of the Councils of Peasant
+Deputies and the Union of Workmen-Printers. Among other things the
+appeal says:
+
+     "Civil war has inflamed the whole country. Cities are being
+     destroyed. The war of brother against brother is consuming the
+     strength of our revolutionary democracy. The cannons, secured to
+     guard the conquests of our revolution, shatter monuments, homes,
+     and shrines of art. The cities of Russia fall at the hands of her
+     own citizens....
+
+     "The nation is being driven towards ruin. The people are deprived
+     of all liberties won by the revolution."
+
+The April 26, 1919, issue of "Struggling Russia," under the caption,
+"City of the Dead," describes the deplorable condition of Petrograd as
+follows:
+
+     "Vladimir Bourtzev published in his paper, 'Obscherye Dyelo,' (The
+     Common Cause), appearing in Paris, an interview with a well known
+     pedagogist and journalist, C. L. Avaliani, who recently arrived
+     from Petrograd. Mr. Avaliani lived in Petrograd during the bright,
+     early days of the revolution and has also witnessed the tragic
+     period of the Bolshevist rule:
+
+     "'That Petrograd that used to draw to itself the leading social and
+     scientific forces is no more. That living spring that sent upward a
+     spray of rainbow hues and colors has gradually died out and is now
+     finally extinct.
+
+     "'There is no scientific activity, no research work, no literary or
+     artistic life. All is leveled down and compressed under one
+     Bolshevist lid. The only burning question is the problem of food.
+     The only blessed object of Bolshevist providence is the remaining
+     bourgeois element, the only axis around which all their creative
+     experiments revolve. On the one hand, those who toil,--and on the
+     other the "parasites," and to the latter class all the members of
+     the liberal professions, all the literateurs, the lawyers and the
+     clergy were assigned. The sympathizers and upholders of the "rule
+     of the Soviets" get a food ticket; all the others are sentenced to
+     starvation.
+
+     "'It is a rule that rests solely on bayonets! There is no popular
+     confidence, no social support. It is all regarded as superfluous
+     and a "burgeois" prejudice. The sole means of enlightenment and
+     conviction are the bayonet and machine gun....
+
+     "'A real Kingdom of the Dead! Petrograd is empty. Many have been
+     summarily shot, but still more have died from exhaustion and
+     disease, and some have fled. From a population of three million
+     only 976,000 remain.'"
+
+"Struggling Russia," on April 5, 1919, published a detailed list of 76
+places or districts in which there were uprisings against the Bolsheviki
+in the year 1918. In the year 1919 the revolutionary outbreaks seem to
+have become far more numerous.
+
+Evidence as to the criminal nature of Russian Bolshevism was supplied by
+the Rev. Dr. George S. Simons, who, in February, 1919, testified before
+the Senatorial Committee as to his personal knowledge of the matter:
+
+     "There is a large criminal element in the Bolshevist regime. The
+     fact that the criminal has a big part in the movement is proven by
+     the destruction in a public bonfire of court records, the
+     destruction of prisons and the liberation of all criminals who are
+     sympathetic with the cause. We know it to be a fact that some of
+     the worst criminal characters in all Russia hold positions under
+     the Bolshevist Government, while others are helping as agitators."
+
+A press dispatch dated Warsaw, April 10, 1919, states that it has been
+decided by the Bolsheviki regime that control of desire of impulse, even
+when self-imposed, is against the freedom of man, that as a consequence
+unbelievable orgies and indecencies take place, and that all restraint
+is at an end. The despatch states, futhermore[11], that the aristocrats
+remaining in Russia have lost all will and energy. They accept
+degradation or death with complete fatalism and do not even try to save
+their wives and daughters.
+
+The deplorable condition of that part of Russia under Bolshevist rule
+was described in the Declaration adopted by the Socialist groups in Omsk
+on February 23, 1919. The Declaration says in part:
+
+     "The main prop of an agricultural country such as Russia
+     principally is, the peasant population, is pauperized, starving and
+     is being driven under the banners of the Red Armies by lash and
+     rifle. The numerically small class of intellectuals is being shot
+     down and exterminated. The cities have been handed over to the
+     pillage and rule of Red Army troops. The prisons are overcrowded.
+     The enemies of the people have carried out their destructive
+     program to the very end, and given the people, in place of bread,
+     peace and freedom--a new inter-Russian war, the complete exhaustion
+     of all the productive forces of the land, economic, industrial and
+     railroad desolation, unemployment, a terrorizing reign of disorder
+     and a lapse into barbarity."
+
+The Council of the All-Siberian Co-operative Assemblies, in a
+Declaration brought to this country by C. A. Kovalsky, a prominent
+Russian writer and a member of the Party of Socialists-Revolutionists,
+says:
+
+     "The All-Siberian Co-operative Movement--as the expression of the
+     unity of the creative democratic elements--strives for the
+     rehabilitation of the destroyed statehood of Russia....
+
+     "The immediate aims of our political activities must be--the
+     support of the existing Omsk Government, which has proclaimed
+     itself a democratic rule; the steering of its political course into
+     democratic channels; the struggle with anti-democratic influences
+     from the Right as well as with the destructive forces from the
+     left; the strengthening of the ties between the rear and the
+     fighting front, and the support of the army as the cultural force
+     which is reconquering the violated rights of the people to the
+     formation of a democratic state."
+
+The Russian Co-operative Unions, having a membership of over 20,000,000,
+and representing the strongest economic organization in Russia, reaching
+every little town and village, announced through its representatives in
+New York, on May 20, 1919, its opposition to the Lenine regime and its
+support of the Provisional Russian Government at Omsk, Siberia, headed
+by Admiral Kolchak:
+
+     "When Russia fell under the Bolshevist Soviet rule, the
+     representatives of the Co-operative Organizations, at the
+     All-Russian Co-operative Congress in Moscow, April 18 to 24, 1918,
+     rejected the principles and the methods of the Bolsheviki and
+     declared the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, concluded by the Soviet
+     authorities with the Austro-German, dishonorable and ruinous for
+     Russia. In these terrible and trying times of bloody rule that our
+     suffering and worn-out country is passing through, the Co-operative
+     Organizations of Siberia and North Russia serve as a unifying link
+     for all the honest, healthy and State-preserving elements of the
+     Russian democracy.
+
+     "The All-Siberian United Co-operatives are fully cognizant of the
+     abnormal conditions in which the territories liberated from the
+     Bolsheviki--the Ural, Siberia and the North Russian Provinces--find
+     themselves, where in pain and anguish a new Russian Statehood is
+     arising. Nevertheless, considering the unusual difficulties
+     connected with the work of rebuilding and re-establishing legality
+     and order in a land overburdened financially and economically,
+     ravaged by civil war and hunger, and with a popular psychology
+     corrupted by Bolshevism, the United Co-operatives recognize and
+     support, until the formation of a new, ultimate government through
+     the Constituent Assembly, the Provisional Russian Government formed
+     on Siberian territory and headed by Admiral Kolchak....
+
+     "We have, on our side, State wisdom, equity and justice. Our
+     adversaries oppose us with terror, violence and complete social and
+     economic ruin."
+
+In the early part of the year 1919, the report reached America that the
+Bolshevist authorities were nationalizing women. The Socialists of our
+own country, who are far from being noted for their reliability and
+truthfulness, have, of course, denied the charge, in order that the
+Lenine regime, which they support and wish to see extended to our own
+land, might not have its already terribly sullied name dishonored still
+more. The Bolshevists are far from being saints, and a "few" of their
+"shortcomings" have been pointed out in this chapter.
+
+Certainly the Lenine Government is absolutely lax in matters
+appertaining to sex relations. It has fully legalized free love, as we
+learn from the No. 2 issue of the radical Los Angeles magazine, "More
+Truth About Russia." This magazine, of course, defends the Bolshevists,
+and on page 6 of the above-mentioned issue quotes several of the decrees
+of the Lenine Government on the matter of marriage and divorce. Among
+the decrees we read:
+
+"Marriage is annulled by the petition of both parties or even one of
+them." All that is necessary to annul a marriage is the expressed desire
+of either party. The party is, of course, then free to marry again and
+remain married till another partner is desired. Hence free love is
+legalized. A government that legalizes free love may be expected to
+nationalize those women who do not wish to marry or who are unable to
+secure partners by the time they have reached a certain age.
+
+"The Call," New York, April 2, 1919, on its editorial page reprinted an
+apology of the English publication, "New Europe," which in a previous
+issue had given as the authority for its charge of the nationalization
+of women in Russia an article in the Soviet paper "Izvestija:"
+
+"I have made particular inquiries among friends recently arrived from
+Russia," says Dr. Harold Williams, "New Europe's" collaborator, "as to
+the alleged nationalization of women, and they have all assured me
+positively that they have never heard or read of such a decree."
+
+Those "friends," whoever they were, were possibly Bolsheviki themselves,
+and are not said to have denied that the women were nationalized, but
+merely that they had never heard or read of the "decree." Lots of things
+are enforced by authorities without decrees. The Bolshevist authorities
+may have had no decrees for the murder of the many thousands of innocent
+citizens whom they tortured and put to death.
+
+Dr. Harold Williams states, moreover, that it is certain that "the
+Central Bolshevist Government has issued no order of the kind" (i.e., of
+nationalization), but he does not deny that in different places the
+local Bolshevist authorities may have nationalized women.
+
+Further on it is admitted that not the official national Soviet organ,
+but the local Vladimir Soviet organ, "Izvestija," was the Bolshevist
+paper which stated that the Bolshevists of Vladimir had nationalized
+women.
+
+The article in "New Europe," republished in "The Call," concludes with
+these words:
+
+     "As this puts an entirely different complexion on the matter, and
+     as the Central Moscow Government cannot be held responsible for the
+     lucubrations of every local committee, we desire to withdraw
+     unreservedly the imputation and to express our regret for the
+     mistake."
+
+This article in the March 13, 1919, issue of "New Europe," which thus
+apologizes for the "mistake" that it claims it made in a previous issue,
+has been quoted far and wide by American Socialists and other radicals
+of our country. Yet witnesses who were questioned at the Senatorial
+investigation at Washington, in February, 1919, attested to the
+nationalization by the Bolshevists.
+
+On February 7, 1919, the Orthodox Greek Archbishop of Omsk and other
+clergy of the Russian Church sent a letter to Pope Benedict XV,
+mentioning, with other crimes and abuses of the Bolshevists, the
+socialization of women.
+
+A press despatch dated Warsaw, April 10, 1919, stated the following
+concerning the condition of women in Russia:
+
+     "The nationalization of women is becoming quite general. The
+     Bolsheviki have declared war on family life and consideration for
+     one another's mother or sister is forbidden. All must be treated
+     alike. The most terrible thing is that the women themselves have
+     accepted this nationalization and very little protest is made. This
+     applies to every class. In certain cases, however, a hitch has
+     occurred. Even Bolshevism cannot master human nature, and it has
+     been found that a masculine jealousy occasionally stands in a way.
+     Certain men have refused to nationalize a particular woman and as a
+     result Bolshevik has fought Bolshevik with considerable force."
+
+An Associated Press despatch from London, April 15, 1919, gives lengthy
+details regarding the nationalization of women, and even the opposition
+offered to it:
+
+     "The law providing for the nationalization of women in Northeast
+     Russia has been suspended in one province as a result of popular
+     outcry, according to information reaching London today, from
+     Stockholm.
+
+     "The Commissary of Vladimir has, by decree, appointed a committee
+     of women, who are to inquire into operations of the law and make a
+     report with the least possible delay. His action has been approved
+     by the local Soviet.
+
+     "'The Krasnaya Gazeta' publishes an account of the results of
+     nationalization. The system provides that every girl on reaching
+     the age of eighteen must register her name in the Bureau of Free
+     Love, after which she is compelled to select a partner from among
+     men between the ages of 19 and 50 years old. The law led to
+     lamentable confusion, says the 'Gazeta,' in judicial notions as to
+     personal inviolability.
+
+     "A few days after the Soviet's decree, which women very generally
+     ignored, two men known to nobody, arrived in the town and seized
+     the two daughters of a well-known non-bourgeois comrade, declaring
+     they had chosen them as wives and that the girls without further
+     ceremony must submit, as they had not observed the registration
+     rule.
+
+     "Comrades Yablonovski and Guriakin, who sat as judges on the claim,
+     decided that the men were right, and the girls were carried off.
+     They have not been heard of since by the village folk.
+
+     "This, says the Gazeta, was done in the name of the nationalization
+     of women.
+
+     "Many other instances of the fantastic operation of the law, not to
+     speak of its inhumanities, are cited by the Gazeta. Enthusiasts for
+     nationalization, naturally all males, raid whole villages, seize
+     young girls, and demand proof that they are not over 18. As this
+     proof is difficult to give, many of the girls are carried off, and
+     there have been suicides and murders as a result.
+
+     "In the town of Kovrov, a campaign without parallel since the
+     Trojan war was waged between the vengeful relatives of an abducted
+     nationalized girl and her persecutors.
+
+     "In this town the 'register of nationalized women' was opened on
+     December 1, but up to February 1 last only two women, both over 40,
+     and neither of whom had ever been married, registered themselves as
+     willing to accept the first husband the state sent along.
+
+     "On the committee which is now to revise the nationalization decree
+     or to recommend its complete abrogation sits Mme. Vera Arkadieff, a
+     Bolshevist enthusiast, who commanded a detachment of women soldiers
+     during the recent operations against Admiral Kolchak's army at
+     Perm. She has been twice wounded."
+
+"The Krasnaya Gazeta," translated, means the Red Gazette. It is a
+Bolshevist newspaper published in Petrograd. The following "Special
+Cable" to "The New York Times," dated Milan, April 24, 1919, published
+April 26, 1919, gives a Bolshevist's explanation of the Russian sex
+legislation:
+
+     "A Bolshevist statesman, from whom the 'Journal Epoca' obtained a
+     special interview respecting the Leninist legislation on the sex
+     problem, complains that a vast amount of grotesque
+     misrepresentation has appeared on the subject in the hostile or
+     unsympathetic press.
+
+     "'Abolition of celibacy has been adopted,' he stated, 'simply as a
+     means toward class equality. Every woman, on attaining her
+     eighteenth and every man on his twentieth year, is bound to
+     inscribe his or her name in a special register kept at the
+     Commissariat of Unions, and must then contract a union within the
+     period of six months. Should they fail to do so, they are served
+     with three warning notices at successive intervals of two months,
+     before any step is taken in the way of coercive measures. Every
+     bachelor and every spinster is bound to furnish a written
+     explanation of their irregular condition, and the only reasons
+     admitted as valid are serious ill-health or organic defects.
+
+     "'When two lovers wish to marry they present themselves to the
+     People's Commissary, who witnesses their marriage. The same course
+     is followed as regards separating, only that the Commissary, after
+     freeing the unhappy pair, inscribes the man afresh on the celibate
+     list and the woman on the register of marriageable persons,
+     notifying each of the obligation to find another partner within six
+     months. In case children have been born from their union, they are
+     either delivered to the custody of the particular parent desiring
+     them or else divided between them. The Commissariat of Unions aids
+     the youth of either sex in their quest of a mate by promoting all
+     healthy forms of social intercourse and facilitating introductions
+     among families of every type.'"
+
+The above despatch was published in the April 26, 1919, issue of "The
+New York Times."
+
+On April 28, 1919, the following very apt comment was made on it and
+appeared on the editorial page of the "New York Times":
+
+     "As explained by somebody whom a Milan paper calls a 'Bolshevist
+     statesman,' marriage as regulated by the great and good Lenine is
+     not at all the dreadful thing described recently by the mendacious
+     enemies of his Socialistic paradise. As pictured by his friends,
+     nothing worse has been done than to exert a gentle pressure on the
+     marriageable unmarried to the end that they may do their duty to
+     the Bolshevist State and provide it as soon as may be with new sons
+     and daughters to take the place of those recently 'removed' by a
+     benevolent terrorism.
+
+     "Bachelorhood and spinsterhood are to be regarded as
+     'irregular'--conditions that must be explained in writing to the
+     proper authorities. For the well disposed a simple civil marriage
+     ceremony is provided; also a simple divorce ceremony in case the
+     union proves wearisome. And that is all there is to the Bolshevist
+     marriage system, the statesman says.
+
+     "But one notices that he does not disclose what is done to those
+     who fail to find pleasing mates in the six months allowed after
+     notification for the making of a choice. Apparently it is then that
+     the so-called nationalization of women comes in, and the statesman
+     forgot to say a word about the only peculiarity of the system that
+     has evolved any serious criticism."
+
+Commenting on Bolshevism, Mr. Eber Cole Byam, in the April 26, 1919,
+issue of "America," very aptly says:
+
+     "As the Roman world was reduced to barbarism by the barbarians so
+     now the modern world is threatened with reduction to Bolshevism by
+     the Bolsheviki. Whatever the word Bolshevism may have meant
+     originally it has come to mean fiendish treatment of women, the
+     savage murder and mutilation of men and the wanton destruction of
+     the accumulated labors of generations. The Bolshevik is a
+     Socialist, not the armchair theorist dreaming fantastic fancies.
+     The Bolshevik is the real Socialist, the Socialist of practice."
+
+The following encomium on Bolshevism appeared in "The Call," New York,
+April 26, 1919, and shows what strange inclinations the Socialists have
+towards barbarism:
+
+     "For the first time in Russia's history law has been established
+     based on the direct will of the population, established through the
+     most democratic franchise in the world. Under Czarism, law was
+     merely the promulgation of autocratic tyranny....
+
+     "For the first time in Russia's history, perfect freedom of
+     religion is guaranteed to Christian, Moslem and Jew alike. After
+     the American pattern, no church may control the state....
+
+     "For the first time, millions of Russian workers and peasants find
+     themselves with decent homes. For the first time, women have equal
+     social rights with men. For the first time, a real educational
+     system has been inaugurated for the children....
+
+     "The recent official American investigators sent to Russia found a
+     great change in the life of the cities from of old. They described
+     the life as puritanical. Russians explained the change to them by
+     the fact that vice and debauchery had been confined mostly to the
+     idle ruling class, the old aristocracy, and these things had passed
+     with the passing of that class."
+
+Listen now to the words of the Russian Socialist author, Leonoid
+Andreiev, who has seen quite enough of the "blessings" of Bolshevism.
+They appear in the April 26, 1919, issue of "Struggling Russia," under
+the caption, "S. O. S., An Appeal to Humanity":
+
+     "One must, indeed, be insane not to understand the palpable and
+     simple acts of Bolshevism! One must be sightless, stark-blind or
+     have eyes that see not, to fail to observe on the face of the great
+     mutilated Russia murder without end, ruins, miles of cemeteries,
+     dungeons and insane asylums; not to perceive what hunger and terror
+     have done to Petrograd, and, alas, to many other cities!
+
+     "One must be earless, stone-deaf, or have ears that hear not, to
+     remain callous to the sobs, the sighs and the wailing of women, the
+     heart-rending cries of the children, the death-rattle of strangled
+     men, the cracking of the assassins' rifles, the only music that has
+     filled the air of Russia for the last eighteen months!...
+
+     "As the wireless operator on a sinking vessel, in the thick
+     blackness of the night, sends out his last appeal, 'Help, quick, we
+     are sinking, save us!' so I, moved by my faith in the goodness of
+     man, am sending out into distance and darkness my prayer for my
+     people who are sinking.
+
+     "If you only knew how dark is the night around us, if my words
+     could only convey its density and depth! Whom am I calling? I know
+     not. Does the wireless operator know who may intercept his call?
+     For thousands of miles around the ocean may be deserted and not a
+     living soul may overhear his appeal.
+
+     "The night is dark. The sea is frightful. But the operator has not
+     lost his faith, and he calls persistently, to the very last minute,
+     until the last light is gone and his apparatus is silenced forever.
+
+     "What does he trust in? He trusts in humanity, and so do I. He
+     trusts in the law of human love and life. It is impossible that one
+     human being will deny help to another in his hour of perdition. It
+     is impossible that one human being will abandon another to perish
+     without attempting to help. It is impossible that such an appeal
+     for help will not receive any response!...
+
+     "Friend! I do not even attempt to tell you how frightful life is in
+     Russia at present, in our tormented Petrograd. Others have told
+     enough, and new words cannot be coined by the human tongue.
+
+     "It is frightful when children starve and perish, and assassins are
+     well-fed and Trotzky is pouring down his throat the last bottle of
+     milk. It is frightful when the cemeteries of Petrograd have no more
+     room for the dead, and the murderers have a free road not only to
+     the Princess Islands, but to all the ends of the world, and the
+     wealth they have stolen will enable them to live in balmy lands and
+     in the most attractive corners of our mercenary globe."
+
+Catherine Breshkovsky, the Socialist "Grandmother of the Russian
+Revolution," though now an aged woman, lived long enough to bewail the
+fate of her country. Speaking of her native land, now reaping the
+harvest from the Marxian seed first sown many years ago, she says in her
+"Message to the American People":
+
+     "Flooded with tears and blood, Russia moans and cries out to the
+     world. She is a living body, and her tortures cannot be looked upon
+     cold-bloodedly as an extraordinary, never-before-witnessed
+     experiments in social evolution. She is alive and every pore of her
+     body is shedding blood."
+
+Let the "scientific" American Socialists continue to take their
+information from "The Call." They are far too learned to be deceived by
+Russians such as Andreiev or the "Grandmother of the Russian
+Revolution." "The capitalist press is lying about the conditions in
+Russia." "The Call" alone speaks the truth, for it is a proletarian
+sheet.
+
+Not satisfied with ruining his own country, Lenine would have Bolshevism
+spread to all other nations. He longs for their workingmen to rise in
+revolt against their present systems of government. Listen to his words
+in his "Letter to American Workingmen," published by the Socialist
+Publication Society, 431 Pulaski street, Brooklyn, New York:
+
+     "We know that it may take a long time before help can come from
+     you, Comrades, American Workingmen, for the development of the
+     revolution in the different countries proceeds along various paths,
+     with various rapidity (how could it be otherwise!) We know full
+     well that the outbreak of the European proletarian revolution may
+     take many weeks to come, quickly as it is ripening in these days.
+     We are counting on the inevitability of the international
+     revolution. But that does not mean that we count on its coming at
+     some definite date. We have experienced two great revolutions in
+     our own country, that of 1905 and that of 1917, and we know that
+     revolutions cannot come either at word of command nor according to
+     prearranged plans. We know that circumstances alone have pushed us,
+     the proletariat of Russia, forward, that we have reached this new
+     stage in the social life of the world not because of our
+     superiority but because of the peculiarly reactionary character of
+     Russia. But until the outbreak of the international revolution,
+     revolutions in individual countries may still meet with a number of
+     setbacks and serious overthrows....
+
+     "We are in a beleaguered fortress, so long as no other
+     international Socialist revolution comes to our assistance with its
+     armies. But these armies exist, they are stronger than ours, they
+     grow, they strive, they become more invincible the longer
+     imperialism, with its brutalities, continues. Workingmen the world
+     over are breaking with their betrayers, with their Gompers and
+     their Scheidemanns. Inevitably labor is approaching communistic
+     Bolshevistic tactics, is preparing for the proletarian revolution
+     that alone is capable of preserving culture and humanity from
+     destruction. We are invincible, for invincible is the Proletarian
+     Revolution."
+
+The above words of the dictator Lenine may throw some light on the
+Socialists' demand for "justice" to Russia, and their campaign in behalf
+of the recognition of the Soviet Government of that country.
+
+The Socialist Publication Society of Brooklyn at the end of the World
+War issued a large pamphlet entitled, "One Year of Revolution,"
+celebrating the first anniversary of the founding of the Russian Soviet
+Republic. On the cover page, under the caption, "The Spirit of
+Revolutionary Russia," and the subtitle, "To the Oppressed of All
+Countries," we read the summons to a Socialist world-wide revolution:
+
+     "And this life and death struggle with our own oppressors gives us
+     the right to appeal to you, proletarians of all countries, with a
+     strong voice, with the voice of those who look into the eyes of
+     death in the revolt against the exploiters.
+
+     "Break the chains, you who are oppressed! Rise in revolt!
+
+     "We have nothing to lose but our chains!
+
+     "We believe in the victory of the revolution, we are full of this
+     belief.
+
+     "We know that our Comrades in the Revolution will fulfill their
+     duty on the barricades to the bitter end.
+
+     "We know that decisive moments are coming.
+
+     "A gigantic struggle will set the world afire. On the horizon the
+     fires of the revolt of all oppressed peoples are already glowing
+     and taking definite shape.
+
+     "At the moment that the waters of the Baltic will become red with
+     the blood of our Comrades, will close forever over their bodies, at
+     this moment we call upon you.
+
+     "Already in the clutch of death, we send our warm greetings and
+     appeal to you.
+
+     "Proletarians of the world, all, unite!
+
+     "Rise in revolt, you who are oppressed.
+
+     "All hail, the International Revolution!
+
+     "Long live Socialism!"
+
+In the spring of 1919 reports reached the United States that the
+Bolsheviki had been inciting our troops in the Archangel District of
+Russia to disloyalty against our government. An Associated Press
+dispatch, dated Vienna, April 24, 1919, shows how the Bolshevists
+carried on their campaign in the Ukraine:
+
+     "The Bolsheviki penetrated the country in four sections. First came
+     agitators and next marauding bands to strike terror. These were
+     followed by larger bodies of troops, made up of foreign elements.
+     Last came Soviet troops, headed by Bolshevist commissioners. Iron
+     discipline was maintained by Chinese assassins, who executed all
+     soldiers who revolted against orders."
+
+On May 26, 1919, the "New York Times" announced that a Bolshevist weekly
+paper would be issued in that city:
+
+     "Nicholai Lenine, the Premier, and Leon Trotzky, the Minister of
+     War, together with other officials of the Russian Bolshevist
+     Government, will begin next Monday the publication in this city of
+     a sixteen page weekly newspaper, the purpose of which will be to
+     spread propaganda favorable to the Bolsheviki. This announcement is
+     made in today's issue of the propaganda sheet issued weekly from
+     the headquarters of Ludwig C. A. K. Martens, the unrecognized
+     'Bolshevist Ambassador' to the United States. The paper is to be
+     known as 'Soviet Russia.'"
+
+     "'Every friend of Russia, as well as every person interested in
+     international affairs,' says the announcement, 'will subscribe to
+     this weekly.' 'Soviet Russia' will contain news items, editorials,
+     original articles, and unpublished documents."
+
+The American Socialist Party acknowledges the Bolshevist regime of
+murder and starvation to be a Socialist regime and states that it
+upholds the lofty, international proletarian ideals. Debs and the
+American Socialist press, at the present writing, acknowledge the
+Bolsheviki to be real Socialists, not reactionaries or Socialists merely
+in name, like the Ebert-Scheidemann group in Germany. They want
+Bolshevism in America. They welcome it, laud it, love it. At least this
+is the case just now. Will they presently be offering arguments to prove
+that the Bolshevists were not Socialists at all, but traitors to the
+whole Marxian movement? Meantime the American Socialists spread all
+kinds of lies about the "wonders" of the Soviet Government while
+claiming that "the press" is lying about the Lenine system to save the
+capitalists from the demands of the laboring class.
+
+Let us sincerely hope that no more Bolshevists from Russia will land on
+our shores. We have enough rebellious, hypocritical Reds here already,
+and need no more of them to teach us how to run our government. Congress
+should pass strict laws allowing no immigrants to land here who are
+Bolshevists.
+
+It is to be hoped, too, that the leaders of the Illinois Labor Party who
+secured the adoption in their platform of a pro-Soviet plank in the
+spring of 1919 will take a few hours off and learn something about the
+Russian system before trying to "work it off" on our country.
+
+There has been a great deal of "pussy-footing" talk in the American
+press about Bolshevism and Socialism, implying that there is no
+connection between the two. Yet Bolshevism is nothing but a form of
+Socialism. It is Socialism applied, though not yet as completely applied
+as the teachings of Karl Marx require. If an incomplete application of
+the principles of Socialism reduces a country to such an awful condition
+as Russia reveals, what may be expected from the full dose of Socialism?
+
+At the last moment, with this book in type, a cry from the Bolshevik
+dictatorship comes out of Russia through interviews given by Lenine and
+Trotzky to the "New York World's" European correspondent, Lincoln Eyre.
+"I had an hour's talk with Lenine in the Kremlin at Moscow," Eyre writes
+in a dispatch headed, "Riga (by courier to Berlin), Feb. 20, 1920," and
+printed in the "World" of February 21, 1920. Lenine turned the interview
+into an argument for the lifting of the Allied blockade of Russia, and
+gave more than a hint that Russia's economic condition is desperate.
+According to Mr. Eyre's cable to the "New York World" of February 21,
+1920, Lenine said, speaking in English:
+
+     "Russia's present economic distress is simply a part of the world's
+     economic distress. Until the economic problem is faced from a world
+     standpoint and not merely from the standpoint of certain nations or
+     groups of nations, a solution is impossible.... Not only Russia but
+     all Europe is going to pieces, and the [Allied] Supreme Council
+     still indulges in tergiversation. Russia can be saved from utter
+     ruin and Europe, too, but it must be done soon and quickly."
+
+By insinuating that "all Europe is going to pieces" with Russia, and
+faces the same "utter ruin," Lenine covers his plea for Russia under an
+appeal to the self-interest of other nations. Yet his confession that
+Russia is "going to pieces" and trembles on the brink of "utter ruin" is
+plain enough, making his whole argument a cry to the "capitalistic"
+nations to help Socialistic Russia. Indeed, in other parts of the same
+interview, as reported by Mr. Eyre in the "World" of February 21, 1920,
+Lenine appeals to "foreign capital" and the "capitalistic countries" in
+the baldest terms, as follows:
+
+     "We have reiterated and reiterated our desire for peace, our need
+     for peace and our readiness to give foreign capital the most
+     generous concessions and guarantees.... I know of no reason why a
+     Socialistic commonwealth like ours cannot do business indefinitely
+     with capitalistic countries. We don't mind taking their
+     capitalistic locomotives and farming machinery, so why should they
+     mind taking our Socialistic wheat, flax and platinum?"
+
+Having waded through blood and violence to exterminate "capitalism" and
+cancel all "concessions" and "guarantees" in Russia, has "the
+dictatorship of the proletariat" emerged out of its nightmare of
+destruction simply to coax "foreign capital" back into Socialistic
+Russia by bribing offers of "the most generous concessions and
+guarantees?" After two years of a reign of terror to make an earthly
+paradise by destroying "capitalism" and the whole machinery of
+"capitalistic countries," this hungry reaching out by Lenine after
+"capital" and "capitalistic" things is almost too ludicrous for belief!
+
+Eyre's interview with Trotzky, sent from "Riga (by courier to Berlin,
+Feb. 23)" and printed in the "New York World" of February 25, 1920,
+simply reenforces Lenine's appeal to "foreign capital" and the wicked
+"capitalistic countries." According to Eyre in the "World" of February
+25, Trotzky spoke of "Russia, bankrupt, bleeding and starved," and said
+in part:
+
+     "Our military successes have not blinded us to our need of peace.
+     We require peace for the re-establishment of economic
+     stabilization.... We have had to sacrifice the welfare of our
+     people and the health of future generations to the desperate needs
+     of the hour."
+
+And for what? Apparently only to substitute the autocracy of a new
+proletarian aristocracy for the autocracy of the old regime, and the
+czardom of Lenine and Trotzky for that of the Romanoffs. And the new
+tyranny not only re-establishes the old partnership between "capital"
+and labor, but puts the burden of militarism on labor more exclusively
+than before. This seems to be the program of Trotzky, "the People's
+Commissary for Military Affairs," according to Eyre's report of
+Trotzky's words in the "New York World" of February 25, 1920. His words
+are as follows:
+
+     "We recognize our need for outside aid in setting this country on
+     its feet industrially and economically. It is a tremendous
+     enterprise, one that will take two, five, perhaps ten years to
+     carry out, but through the indomitable spirit of our proletariat it
+     will be accomplished with a speed and competency that will amaze
+     our foemen.... And once again I say that the people who help us
+     gain peace will share in the profits, the very considerable
+     profits, resultant from the aid they will have extended to us....
+
+     "Foreign capitalists who invest their money in Russian enterprises
+     or who supply us with merchandise we require will receive material
+     guarantees of amply adequate character. They need have no fears on
+     that score.... It is obvious that we must look to the victorious
+     nations, to Great Britain or, still better, to America for
+     machinery, agricultural tools and other imports which Russia's
+     economic renaissance demands."
+
+Thus the old partnership of capital and labor is to be resumed. But what
+of the Russian workers? Having fought and toiled to put Lenine and
+Trotzky on the proletarian throne they must keep up military training to
+keep them there, and must toil hard to produce "the very considerable
+profits" which Lenine and Trotzky are going to share with the "foreign
+capitalists" who help them. But let Trotzky explain the destiny of the
+Russian workers in his own words, as reported by Eyre in the "World" of
+February 25, 1920:
+
+     "The workers and peasants will insist, once the revolution is no
+     longer in peril, on returning to their factories and farms and
+     making Russia a fit land to live in. Frontier guards will be
+     maintained, of course. The framework of our (military) organization
+     must also be preserved in order that with the experience they have
+     received in the past eighteen months our proletarian fighting men
+     can be remodelled in two or three months if the need arises. There
+     will also be some form of military training for the working class,
+     that it may always be ready to defend itself against the
+     bourgeoisie."
+
+Will not this be "militarism?" Of course not; for, in Trotzky's words in
+the same interview, "Militarism, striking as it does at the very roots
+of Communism, cannot possibly exist in Soviet Russia, the only truly
+pacific country in the world!" Thus facts disappear behind words.
+Conscription was militaristic under the Czar, but it cannot be under a
+Trotzky, for he has labeled his system a Soviet Republic and since
+Soviets are never military their military arrangements, though
+apparently more severe than the other kind, are really only a form of
+pacifism! Thus the happy Russian workers must serve as "frontier
+guards," keep up the framework of their military organization, and
+submit to "some form of military training," but may whistle as they
+groan, knowing that the yoke they bear "cannot exist."
+
+Other contradictions in these interviews will be discussed later in this
+book. For example, we shall find, in Chapter XVI, that the Soviet
+Republic at Moscow can make peace with "capitalistic countries" and form
+partnerships with "foreign capital" while at the same time the Third
+International at Moscow carries on a world-wide conspiracy to destroy
+"capitalism" and overthrow the governments and institutions of
+"capitalistic countries."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+EUROPEAN SPARTACIDES AND COMMUNISTS
+
+
+
+In Berlin, shortly after the Revolution against the Imperial Government,
+Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg and their group of Socialists of the
+extreme Left were raising a merry riot almost every day in the hope of
+overcoming the ultra-conservative Socialist government and introducing
+the radical Bolshevist program. The constant disorder occasioned by
+these Spartacans or Spartacides of the Left provoked the opposition
+parties very much, annoying them to such an extent that many Germans
+wished to remove the capital of the country from Berlin to some more
+orderly city.
+
+The name "Spartacides" or "Spartacans" came from the fact that early in
+the World War Karl Liebknecht, their leader, issued a number of anti-war
+pamphlets bearing the pseudonym, "Spartacus."
+
+The Spartacides are the reddest of the Reds, the real Socialists of
+Germany. They differ very much from the Ebert-Scheidemann group, for the
+Spartacans want the principles of Socialism applied immediately, whereas
+Ebert and other members of his government warned their followers that
+though they held Socialist theories, the application of Socialism must
+be postponed to the distant future. The Ebert-Scheidemann Majority
+Socialists are regarded by the others as Socialists only in name, being
+really social reformers, or, at the most, weak-kneed Socialists who
+sought power, but fully realized that the application of the Marxian
+principles would be doomed to absolute failure. The Spartacans, however,
+still have confidence in Socialism; they agree heart and soul with the
+Russian Bolsheviki; they are the rowdies and ruffians of Germany, always
+looking for trouble. Strikes, riots and civil discord are their weapons,
+and the American Socialists are among their particular friends. Indeed,
+the Socialist Party of Eugene V. Debs has no use whatever for the
+Ebert-Scheidemann group, who are looked upon as reactionaries,
+hypocrites, murderers and traitors to Socialism.
+
+In the latter part of 1918, the Berlin correspondent of the "Koelnische
+Zeitung" drew a graphic picture of the terrorism exercised in Berlin by
+the Spartacan gangs:
+
+     "Dr. Liebknecht himself, whose imprisonment has obviously clouded
+     his formerly keen intelligence and probably turned his brain,
+     spends his time in visiting barracks in Berlin, Spandau and
+     elsewhere, and inciting the men to refuse to allow any distinctions
+     even of non-commissioned rank or to accept anything resembling
+     orders from officers or to admit them to the local councils. His
+     chief of staff, Dr. Levy, who before the war was his business
+     partner in his law office, is preaching fanaticism in Berlin to all
+     and sundry.
+
+     "The word Spartacus goes through the city like a bogy. Civilians,
+     soldiers, employees, capitalists, all feel themselves equally
+     threatened. A sitting of the Prussian Lower House had to be
+     adjourned because it was feared that the Spartacus gang was going
+     to seize the building.
+
+     "'The Lokal Anzeiger' has several times failed to appear, as the
+     result of repeated efforts of the Spartacus gang to seize it.
+     Careful burghers chain up the house doors, and it would be well if
+     the steadier elements of our workmen and soldiers would chain up
+     the door of their hearts against the murderous and suicidal ideas
+     of the Spartacus gang."
+
+The Spartacides made a practice of terrorizing German newspapers into
+supporting them. In the early part of 1919, they tried to prevent the
+Constituent Assembly from coming together, and later on engineered many
+a revolt in the various cities of Germany. Since their leaders, the
+fiery Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, were assassinated, the orderly
+elements of the German people have succeeded more and more in weakening
+the power and influence of the Spartacans.
+
+Kurt Eisner, of Bavaria, after the overthrow of the German Imperial
+Government, sought to establish a federation of German republics under
+the head of Bavaria. It was not very long before the first step was
+taken, Bavaria declaring itself a republic independent of the Berlin
+Government. After the assassination of Eisner, Bavaria, and especially
+its capital, Munich, came more and more under the control of the extreme
+radical group of Socialists known as the Communists. About the end of
+March, 1919, Bela Kun, the Foreign Minister of the newly established
+Communist Government of Hungary and one of the most active propagandists
+of Russian Bolshevism, arrived at Munich to confer with the leaders of
+the Bavarian Government. Shortly afterwards, in the early part of
+April, a Soviet Republic was proclaimed at Munich.
+
+The socialization of industry began. That part of the press that favored
+the new regime was upheld by the Government, which suppressed unfriendly
+organs. Members of the Christian Textile Workers' Association were
+forced, on pain of being deprived of work, to join the Social-Democratic
+Union. Various other measures of "freedom, equality, and justice" were
+also bestowed upon the people, and the hope was expressed by the Red
+Socialists of Munich that the proclamation of a Bavarian Soviet would
+have its effect throughout Germany and result in a world revolution.
+
+Towards the middle of April, 1919, press dispatches stated that the
+Munich Communists had elected a council, consisting of five workmen and
+five soldiers, with Herr Klatz, a bricklayer, as president; that the
+police was disarmed; that eleven hostages were taken from the ranks of
+the trade-union leaders; that revolutionary tribunals were established
+at Munich, where twenty-eight judges continued, in relays of seven, to
+pass sentences day and night, and, finally, that a decree was issued by
+the Communist government confiscating all dwellings.
+
+Shortly after these reports reached America, the peasants of Bavaria
+rose up against the revolutionary government in Munich and declared an
+effective ban on the shipment of food to that city. No attacks were made
+upon Munich by the troops of the moderate Hoffman government of Bavaria
+which had been ousted by the Communists, for it was feared that the
+whole country might thus be plunged into civil war. The only strategic
+movement of these troops was to cut off the supplies of food.
+
+Discord soon sprang up among the Soviet leaders themselves, who engaged
+in open street fights against each other. Before the end of April, 1919,
+the Central Council had been dissolved and the Communist mob had turned
+to plundering. Food ration cards were taken away from the bourgeoisie,
+and barricades were erected around the city to defend it from Noske's
+army, sent to attack it by the Ebert-Scheidemann moderate Socialist
+Government of Berlin. In the early part of May, 1919, the Communist
+rabble of the Bavarian capital was finally overcome by the artillery
+fire of Noske's troops, and Hoffman was once more put in control.
+
+The American Socialists look upon the ousted Communists of Bavaria as
+the upholders of the Marxian doctrine, and consider them, along with
+the Russian Bolsheviki and the Hungarian Communists, as Socialist
+brethren worthy of their respect and imitation.
+
+In Hungary the "100 per cent" Socialists, the Communists, under the
+leadership of Bela Kun, came into power in the early part of the year
+1919. Press despatches, at the end of March, stated that all villas,
+industries and building had been declared the property of the state;
+that each factory was controlled by a Council of Laborers; that
+free-love was legalized as in Russia; that all clergymen and nuns were
+removed from the hospitals, excepting those who acted in the capacity of
+nurses, and the religious, tuition schools were abolished.
+
+A press dispatch dated Buda-Pest, April 4, 1919, said that "in
+Transylvania, following the practice in Moscow, the churches have been
+converted into music halls, the best seats being reserved for the
+proletariat. The government officials do not pay house rent and have
+priority on foodstuffs and clothing."
+
+The American Socialists boasted about the absence of bloodshed in
+Hungary during the early part of Bela Kun's regime. Whether or not he
+had been cautioned by Lenine not to wear out too many rifles in the
+beginning, lest there be a dearth later on, we do not know. At any rate,
+by the latter part of May, 1919, the Hungarian Communists also began to
+manifest their true color. They were not satisfied with "painting
+everything red" in Buda-Pest, but also wanted to see red blood flowing
+in the gutters. In confirmation of this we have the following Associated
+Press report, dated Vienna, May 20, but not appearing in the "New York
+Times" till May 23:
+
+     "Many persons accused of being counter-revolutionists are being
+     executed by the Hungarian Communists, according to despatches
+     received here. The victims are usually shot in front of the
+     Hungarian Parliament House in the daytime or in the school-yard in
+     the Markostrasse at night.
+
+     "Among those who are said to have been executed are Herr Holan,
+     manager of the Kaschau-Oderberg Railway; Bishop Balthasar, a
+     hostage from Debreczen, and Colonel Dormany of the General Staff,
+     who was taken from a hospital. Several girls, who were accused of
+     making tri-color rosettes for the counter-revolutionists, also were
+     executed. The presiding Judge of the Revolutionary tribunal, which
+     orders the executions, it is said, is a former locksmith, 22 years
+     of age.
+
+     "Many bodies of men and women and girls of the better classes have
+     been found on the shores of islands in the Danube below the city.
+     It is reported that they were arrested in the residential quarter
+     of Buda and thrown into the Danube by guards who were taking them
+     to prisons in Pest."
+
+In the summer of 1919 the Hungarian Communists lost control of the
+country. Not only had internal dissensions broken out at home, but they
+had been attacked for a long time by the Rumanians, who had caused them
+endless trouble. If they had succeeded in remaining in power long
+enough, they would, no doubt, in time have shown themselves proficient
+in murdering their fellow-countrymen and as skilled in the use of the
+rifle as the Bolsheviki in Russia, the Spartacides in Germany and the
+Communists in Bavaria. These four groups of European Socialists of the
+extreme Left--ruffians, brutes, murderous thugs, half barbarous savages,
+slayers even of their own Socialist brethren--have long been in a
+"position" to teach the "gentle art" of plunder and murder to their
+admiring comrades on this side of the Atlantic, that "poor,"
+"persecuted," "workingman," Eugene V. Debs, and his crowd of "honest,"
+"scientific," "evolutionists."
+
+With these European thugs Berger and Hillquit deliberately "lined up"
+the Socialist Party of America in the words of their Chicago manifesto
+of September 4, 1919:
+
+     "The Socialist Party of the United States at its first national
+     convention after the war, squarely takes its position with the
+     uncompromising section of the international Socialist Movement. We
+     unreservedly reject the policy of those Socialists who supported
+     their belligerent capitalist governments on the plea of 'national
+     defense,'" etc.
+
+There is no breath of patriotism in these dogs.
+
+The above "line up" was confirmed by the rank and file of the Socialist
+Party of America in their referendum vote identifying their party with
+the Revolutionary Third (Moscow) International. (See Chapters V and
+XVI.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+THE BOLSHEVISM OF AMERICAN SOCIALISTS
+
+
+
+To accuse American Socialists of conspiring against our fair land may at
+first startle the reader. Brand as traitors to the common welfare men
+who boast so loudly of being the only friends of the oppressed laborer!
+Call the followers of Karl Marx the enemies of our country after they
+have lavished so much precious time on exposures of those who defraud
+American workingmen of an honest wage! Yet, as our investigation moves
+along, telling evidence uncovers the existence of an alarmingly
+widespread conspiracy.
+
+Our Chapters VIII and IX have clearly revealed the I. W. W. as a purely
+revolutionary organization, enrolling under its red flag discontented
+workingmen, even negroes and Chinese, pledged to overthrow our
+Government, while meanwhile, with anarchistic contempt for law and
+morality, they do what damage they can through strikes and sabotage.
+
+The same chapters proved that the Socialists are co-operating heart and
+soul with the Industrial Workers of the World.
+
+Chapters X, XI and XII gave the reader evidence of some of the terrible
+results of Bolshevism in Russia, Communism in Hungary and Bavaria, and
+Spartacism in Germany. Yet far from being dismayed by these horrors, the
+Socialists of the United States proclaim themselves of the same breed as
+the Bolshevists, Communists and Spartacans abroad, whose torch of
+incendiarism they would apply to the United States.
+
+The Socialist Party of Buffalo, New York, published a pink booklet
+entitled, "The Truth About Russia," in which reference is made to the
+Russian call to a world-wide Socialist revolution. On page 41, at the
+conclusion of the articles of the Bolshevik Constitution concerning
+rights and duties, we read:
+
+     "In proclaiming these rights and duties the Russian Socialist
+     Republic of the Soviets calls upon the working classes of the
+     entire world to accomplish their task to the very end, and in the
+     faith that the Socialist ideal will soon be achieved to write upon
+     their flags the old battle cry of the working people:
+
+     "'Proletarians of all lands, unite!
+
+     "'Long live the Socialistic world revolution!'"
+
+The plan is for Socialists in countries outside of Russia to be helped
+in their revolts against their governments by their Bolshevist comrades.
+In the "Labor Scrap Book," published by Chas. H. Kerr and Co., there is
+a long article by Nicholas Lenine, the Russian dictator. Several
+quotations are here given:
+
+     "Russia's revolution is not a domestic revolution, but essentially
+     a world revolution....
+
+     "The Bolsheviki follow a consistent policy. They realized long ago
+     that the revolution, though primarily political, must become
+     economic and socialist. They know that economy and socialism have
+     nothing to do with racial or political boundaries and that the
+     future of our revolution must, therefore, be international. The
+     revolution must pass over all political and racial frontiers and
+     crush opposing economic ideas. They know that a state organized on
+     Socialist and pacifist lines cannot exist if hemmed in by
+     capitalistic and militarist states. Russia's revolution must follow
+     the law of all healthy organisms. It must increase. If it does not
+     increase it will decline....
+
+     "Russia will continue to propagandize unshrinkingly in all
+     countries.
+
+     "We may be left temporarily in peace to enjoy our revolutionary
+     social and economic system while the rest of Europe continues to
+     groan under a capitalism and monarchism which, perhaps, for the
+     time being, will be purged of a too dangerous imperialism.
+
+     "What will Russia do if this be so?
+
+     "Short-sighted men reply: 'Cherish your own revolution; thank
+     Heaven that you are better off than the rest of the world; and let
+     the rest of the world do what it likes.'
+
+     "But we Bolsheviki are against such a policy. Short of armed
+     pressure against any European country, we shall not shrink from
+     measures necessary for spreading our revolution in the world.
+
+     "The motives why every Bolshevik must approve of this policy are
+     overwhelming. The first is that a peace between the ideas of
+     revolutionary Russia and the ideas of non-revolutionary Europe
+     could at best be a truce....
+
+     "Each side would foster its ideas and prepare for a future
+     struggle, and since non-revolutionary Europe will always be better
+     armed than pacifist Russia, the European despots (as soon as they
+     have recovered from their present bitter lesson of the meaning of
+     war) undoubtedly would hurl themselves upon Russia in order to wipe
+     away the one revolutionary plague-spot.
+
+     "For that reason our revolution cannot rest until it has
+     established full revolution in all neighbor lands.
+
+     "The second reason why Russia must incite Europe to revolt is that
+     by its very nature, the revolution cannot live in isolation. Europe
+     must be organized, either on a capitalistic basis or a proletarian,
+     anti-capitalistic basis. The dual system is inconceivable. It is
+     impossible for Russia to exist without capitalistic banks and
+     industries, if she has to trade with countries which have
+     capitalistic banks and industries....
+
+     "In its own defense the revolution must propagandize and convert.
+     It must incite and urge on the masses against their present rulers
+     in all countries, and it must do this unshrinkingly, without fear
+     of consequences, or consideration for the feelings and interests of
+     the foreign affected parties."
+
+The question may now be asked, What means is the Russian Bolshevist
+government using to incite revolution in America? We have not, of
+course, much definite information as yet; but we know that Lenine's
+government has lots of money which it can use for foreign revolutionary
+propaganda, and that a certain Ludwig C. A. K. Martens has been in our
+country for some time claiming to represent the Soviet government and
+boasting that he is able to deposit in our banks for commercial purposes
+hundreds of millions of Russian gold. He is very active, has been
+assisted by Morris Hillquit of "The Call," the Socialist daily of New
+York City, goes about visiting different Socialist organizations, and in
+return is entertained by them. During the months of April and May, 1919,
+many notices of such receptions were published in "The Call." One
+example will suffice. Under the caption, "Official Socialist News," in
+the issue of March 31, 1919, we read:
+
+     "The central committee of Local New York, Socialist Party, greets
+     Comrade L. C. A. K. Martens, recently appointed the representative
+     of the Russian Soviet government in the United States and in his
+     name the victorious Russian proletariat.
+
+     "We sincerely hope that his work in behalf of the Socialist
+     government of Russia will be crowned with success. We pledge him
+     our aid, and promise that we shall not rest until the government of
+     the United States has ceased to be a party to the economic and
+     political isolation of Russia and the military occupation of
+     territory of the Soviet republic."
+
+In the latter part of March, 1919, Martens shared offices with Santeri
+Nuorteva, also a great friend of the American Socialists. Nuorteva was
+head of the Bolshevist propaganda in this country and from his office
+mailed the "Weekly Bulletin of the Bureau of Information on Soviet
+Russia." Nuorteva denied that these large sheets, which are about the
+same size as the propaganda sheets issued in the first months of the war
+by the German Information Service, constitute propaganda. Like the
+German Information Service sheets, each contains from six to ten
+articles. All paint conditions in Russia under Trotzky and Lenine as
+steadily improving and show those men and their aids as gentle,
+kind-hearted individuals whose only sin is the betterment of mankind.
+
+Among labor unions Bolshevism has made great headway. The New Labor
+Party of Illinois in 1919 not only supported Soviet Russia but favored
+the Soviet system in our own country. Sensible workingmen in the
+American Federation of Labor and conservative members of the new Labor
+Party had good reason for being alarmed and for suspecting that American
+propagators of Bolshevism received Russian gold from some one, possibly
+from Martens.
+
+The Socialist papers of the United States approve of Bolshevism,
+Spartacism and Communism, and would gladly welcome it to our country.
+"The Call," New York, March 31, 1919, on its editorial page says: "The
+red in the East is the dawning of a new day." On April 1, 1919, the same
+paper contained a long article on the first page, entitled, "Forces of
+Darkness Open Their Campaign to End Bolshevism." On April 11, 1919, in
+an editorial on the impending capture of Odessa by the Bolsheviki, it
+says:
+
+     "The evacuation of the Black Sea port of Odessa by foreign troops
+     that have been holding it for many months is news of great
+     significance....
+
+     "Like the German forces hurled against Soviet Russia by the mailed
+     fist of the Kaiser, the French, Greek and Rumanian soldiers go out
+     in a different mind and temper than they had going in. Wherever
+     they go, they will spread the ideas of human liberty and
+     co-operative development that they were sent to crush."
+
+On April 13, 1919, "The Call" printed a poem on the assassinated
+Spartacan leader, Karl Liebknecht:
+
+                "Liebknecht
+
+    "Liebknecht, your lonely, bitter course is run!
+    While we, with cautious feet, pursue the goal--
+    'Tis not in pity's name that we make moan--
+    Nay! 'tis in envy of your martyrdom!
+    The mirror of your flaming soul
+    Has caught our poverty and gloom,
+    In that fierce light our virtues shown
+    Petty, distorted, wan!
+    Then, hail! O martyr, in our day of doom!
+    Hail, fiery heart, receive the victor's crown!
+    Our heart a charnel house has grown
+    For our vast dead! Yet we make room
+    For freedom's slain. Shall not the tomb
+    Yield heavy harvest where such seed is sown?"
+
+"The Call," April 15, 1919, published the following endorsement of
+Hungarian Communism by the New York State Committee of the Socialist
+Party:
+
+     "Whereas, the working class of Hungary have seized political power
+     and are using the same for the purpose of socializing industry and
+     as an instrument for the complete emancipation of labor, therefore
+     be it
+
+     "Resolved, that we, the State Committee of the Socialist Party of
+     the State of New York, in meeting assembled congratulate the
+     Socialist movement and the working class of Hungary on the success
+     of the revolution and on the position that the Hungarian Socialist
+     Republic has taken in defiance of the capitalist imperialists of
+     all lands."
+
+In the April 24, 1919, edition of "The Call" we read:
+
+     "A new period in the evolution of the social and economic structure
+     of the world is at hand. A new day for those who toil. A new day
+     which will mean economic and political liberty based on justice for
+     those who toil. Some call it revolution. Well, if that be the word,
+     so be it. And woe be to those who in their blind folly throw
+     themselves in the way to stop its onward sweep throughout the
+     civilized world, for they shall be as grass before the sickle!
+     Hail, all hail, the new day!"
+
+Again, in its issue of April 30, 1919, "The Call" favors the Hungarian
+Communist regime of Bela Kun:
+
+     "'There is reason to believe,' says a dispatch from Budapest, 'that
+     the present Hungarian government has been unofficially approached
+     by the Entente with the suggestion that military invasion might be
+     arrested if the extremist members were replaced by more moderate
+     Socialists.' Making all allowance for the unreliability of the
+     dispatch, it is hard to say which cuts the more contemptible
+     figure, the Entente or the 'Moderate Socialists.'"
+
+In its 1919 May Day edition, "The Call," under the caption, "All Attacks
+on Russian Revolution Have Recoiled," shows its sympathy for Bolshevism
+and Spartacism:
+
+     "Every attack of world reaction upon Soviet Russia, the center of
+     the world revolution, has remained fruitless. The internal strength
+     and the external power of the Russian Workers' and Peasants'
+     Republic is growing daily into a power that will successfully
+     withstand the onslaughts of capitalism. The possibilities of
+     subduing the Russian revolution by force from without decrease
+     constantly as the governments of the different countries are ever
+     more forcibly threatened by the fermentation among their own
+     peoples which they must combat.
+
+     "At present the second, the Socialist revolution, has come upon the
+     scene in Germany, which, driven to the edge of starvation, bleeding
+     and drained to the marrow by Kaiserism and militarism, is now being
+     held in the grip of Entente capitalism. There at this moment the
+     courageous and steadfast Socialists stand under the flag of
+     Spartacus, first on the barricades under the sign of the general
+     strike and street battles....
+
+     "The German Socialists of the Right have soiled the name of
+     Socialism by being inimical to the Russian revolution; by failing
+     to communicate with the radical English elements in the English
+     strike movements, which are also spontaneous expressions of
+     proletarian unrest; by acting as the lackeys of Kaiserism and
+     capitalism in opposing the November revolution to the last hour
+     before its outbreak; and, finally, by their unspeakable mass
+     murders of starving, demonstrating and striking proletarians.
+
+     "In this struggle between the revolution and the social-patriotic
+     bourgeois reaction which now enters into a decisive phase, two of
+     the noblest pioneers of the international, Dr. Karl Liebknecht and
+     Rosa Luxemburg, were murdered by the hate-filled bourgeois mob and
+     the degenerate Scheidemann-Noske henchmen. Another victim of the
+     treacherous reaction was Kurt Eisner, Socialist premier of Bavaria.
+     One need but be an honest, fearless Socialist to be in danger of
+     one's life under the hypocritical, false, brutal and murderous
+     regime of Ebert-Scheidemann-Noske. This regime revives the worst
+     methods of Kaiserism and holds its protecting hand over the
+     bourgeois and capitalists of Germany. But this blood and the blood
+     of our martyrs will only urge the masses to continuous
+     unconquerable struggle, till the criminal Ebert-Scheidemann-Noske
+     reaction, together with the criminals and conspirators of the old
+     empire, yield to the power of the revolutionary justice of the
+     masses."
+
+In the May 1, 1919, issue of "The Call," the May Day Manifesto is made
+public by Morris Hillquit, International Secretary of the Socialist
+Party of the United States. Only part of it is hereby quoted:
+
+     "We send fraternal greetings and vows of whole-hearted sympathy to
+     the Socialist Soviet Republic of Russia, which is so valiantly
+     upholding the lofty international proletarian ideals in the face of
+     the combining military economic and political attacks of
+     reactionary powers, and in spite of the systematic campaign of
+     libelous misrepresentation on the part of the lying capitalist
+     press of the world. We send congratulations and fraternal good
+     wishes to the workers of Hungary on the establishment of a free
+     Communistic Workers' Republic, upon the ruins of the predatory
+     monarchy of their exploiting and land-monopolizing rulers. We
+     extend the hand of comradeship and solidarity to the revolutionary
+     Socialists of Germany and Russia, now engaged in a life-and-death
+     struggle to secure for the working masses of their countries the
+     full fruit of their victorious revolutions; to the workers of
+     England in their efforts to wrest the control of the industries
+     from the parasites in their country, and to the Socialists of
+     France, Italy and all other countries of Europe in their fights
+     against their revolutionary governments."
+
+"The New Age," the Socialist paper of Buffalo, April 10, 1919, published
+a "Greeting to the Soviet Republic of Hungary":
+
+     "The proletariat of Hungary has taken all power in its own hands.
+     Like a bolt from the blue the workers, soldiers and peasants of
+     'conquered' Hungary proclaim their intervention in the arena of
+     world politics--and the diplomats of capitalism are thrown into a
+     flurry of mingled rage and fear.
+
+     "While the wires were still hot with the news of the resignation of
+     Count Karolyi, president of the provisional government of Hungary,
+     as a protest against the peace terms of the Paris Conference, came
+     word of the complete triumph of revolutionary Socialism and the
+     establishment of the second Soviet Republic in the world.
+
+     "With little or no resistance, with no intervening period of
+     Socialist compromise, the Hungarian Soviet Republic rises to power
+     and in its initial proclamation ushers in the dictatorship of the
+     proletariat, decrees the socialization of the large estates, mines,
+     big industries, banks and lines of transportation, declares its
+     oneness of purpose with the revolutionary proletariat of Russia and
+     its readiness to form an armed alliance with the federated Soviet
+     Republic. All over the country Workmen's, Soldiers' and Peasants'
+     Councils are in action and take over the functions of government."
+
+"The Revolutionary Age," then a Socialist paper of Boston, on March 29,
+1919, showed its complete sympathy for the Bolshevists, Communists and
+Spartacans:
+
+     "So the Hungarian workers set about their task and the eastern sky
+     is brightening.
+
+     "Already the two Soviet governments have issued an appeal to the
+     workers of all countries to sweep away the old system. The
+     bourgeois press tells of the spread of Bolshevism throughout
+     central Europe and the diplomats of Capitalism are turning this way
+     and that to avert fresh outbreaks. But they are powerless. Every
+     new move brings new complications, every award of territory here
+     brings discontent and adds to the 'menace' there.
+
+
+     "Next!
+
+     "The fear that weighs upon the world of Capitalism and the
+     diplomats in Paris is: Who next? The proclamation of a Soviet
+     Republic in Hungary is to them not a fact, but a symbol--a symbol
+     of the onward sweep of the proletarian revolution, which may break
+     loose in other nations.
+
+     "Through this symbol looms Soviet Russia--gigantic, mysterious and
+     implacable. Despised by the world of Capitalism, intrigued against
+     and vilified, isolated in the spaces of its own territory, attacked
+     by the soldiers of the Allies--Soviet Russia, through the flaming
+     energy of its proletariat and Socialism has conquered in spite of
+     all. The Allies, their Capitalism and Imperialism, are no longer a
+     menace to Soviet Russia; it is now Soviet Russia that menaces the
+     Allies through its own gigantic strength and the threat of the
+     international proletarian revolution....
+
+     "And this revolutionary army of Soviet Russia, massed at the
+     frontier, is prepared to march into Hungary or Poland or Germany to
+     co-operate with the revolutionary masses in any war that may be
+     necessary against international Imperialism and for the proletarian
+     revolution.
+
+     "The situation in Germany is critical and crucial. The conquest of
+     power by the revolutionary proletariat in Germany will assure the
+     world revolution. The recent butchery of the Spartacans by the
+     Government of 'Socialist' assassins has not crushed the
+     revolutionary masses; on the contrary, the masses have been
+     aroused, the Ebert-Scheidemann government depending more and more
+     upon the worst elements of the old regime; it is being isolated,
+     and the workers are rallying to the Soviets."
+
+"The Ohio Socialist," published in Cleveland, and claiming to be the
+"Official Organ of the Socialist Parties of Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia,
+West Virginia and New Mexico," in the spring of 1919 gave its unlimited
+support to Bolshevism. "The Proletarian," then a Socialist paper of
+Detroit, was in thorough accord with Bolshevists, Spartacists and
+Communists, of Russia, Germany and Hungary respectively. The following
+quotations are taken from the April, 1919, edition:
+
+     "In order to be a good American, according to the view of the
+     powers that be, it is necessary to repeat and believe the stories
+     written in the capitalist press about the Bolsheviki. But we, who
+     know what is going on, and do not believe them, maintain that a
+     person can be truthful, and still be an American. That he can be a
+     good, pure, unadulterated American, and still lend his sympathies
+     to the Bolsheviki.
+
+     "In revolutionary Germany the struggle between the defenders of
+     capitalism and the champions of working class emanicipation--the
+     Spartacides and their adherents--continues almost unceasingly. The
+     'democratic' government has taken desperate steps to crush the
+     revolution; there have been wholesale executions and other
+     repressive acts....
+
+     "The final conflict is now on. 'Ruthless slaughter' is the
+     governmental decree with Gustav Noske, 'minister of defense,' in
+     charge of the butchering. And what is it that Noske and his
+     'Socialist' colleagues are defending? The interests of the German
+     capitalists. Sacred private property rights are in danger; the
+     stronghold of capitalism is being assailed. The expropriation of
+     the capitalists is the aim of the proletarian revolutionists....
+
+     "All the old friends of Kaiserism--Hoffman, Hindenberg and the
+     rest--are lined up against the Spartacans. Although these elements
+     of reaction have gained temporary victory, the workers are
+     undismayed."
+
+"The Proletarian," in this same issue, referring to the Bela Kun
+dictatorship of Hungary, says:
+
+     "On Sunday, March 23d, the news was flashed across America that
+     Hungary had swung into the ranks of the revolutionary proletarian
+     dictatorships....
+
+     "A note from the Paris Conference seems to have been the last straw
+     that 'broke the camel's back' of the middle course government,
+     causing President, Cabinet and all, to resign. This allowed the
+     political power to fall into the hands of those who are alone
+     capable of handling the situation--the revolutionary proletariat."
+
+"The Chicago Socialist" is also pro-Bolshevist. In the April 1, 1919,
+edition each of the three following lines extends across the top of the
+front page of the paper:
+
+     "How Many Bolshevists in Chicago?
+
+     "The Vote Today Will Tell.
+
+     "Vote The Socialist Ticket."
+
+At the bottom of the first page of this April election day issue of "The
+Chicago Socialist," the following notice is given to voters:
+
+     "Vote for the great change, TODAY, by casting a Socialist ballot.
+     Stand up and be counted for a Soviet Republic, not only in Russia,
+     or in Hungary, not only in the United States or in some other land;
+     but stand up and be counted for the Soviet Republic of the world."
+
+The Socialist paper of Duluth, like the other Marxian papers of the
+United States, also favored Spartacism and Bolshevism, for in the March
+7, 1919, issue of "The Truth" we read:
+
+     "We can honestly say that the position in Germany is very
+     promising. The Spartacides are now coming into their own and ere
+     long we shall see Bolshevism firmly established in Germany."
+
+The pink booklet published by the Socialist Party, Buffalo, New York,
+entitled, "The Truth About Russia," contains the text of the Bolshevik
+Constitution, and on page 2 appears the following introduction:
+
+     "This little booklet is published by Local Buffalo, Socialist
+     Party, Erie County, with the object in view of giving information
+     to those who desire to grasp the true situation and understand the
+     struggle now going on in Eastern Europe between the reactionary
+     elements allied with German imperialism and other imperialists
+     against the Workers' Republic of Russia in their struggle for true
+     democracy."
+
+On the back cover sheet of "The Crisis in the German Social Democracy,"
+written by Karl Leibknecht, Rosa Luxemburg and Franz Mehring, and
+published by the Socialist Publication Society of Brooklyn, New York,
+there is an advertisement of "The Class Struggle," "a bi-monthly
+magazine devoted to International Socialism." This bi-monthly "does not
+exploit the ephemeral, but gives serious studies of the international
+movement from the pens of comrades in all parts of the world. Among the
+recent contributors are: Lenine, Trotzky, Lunacharsky, Franz Mehring,
+Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, Friedrich Adler, Santeri Nuorteva" So the
+advertisement reads.
+
+"The Bulletin," issued March 24, 1919, by the National Office, Socialist
+Party, page 11, volunteers information which shows one phase of
+Bolshevist propaganda carried on by that Party in the United States:
+
+     "The striking effective leaflet, 'The Great and Growing Fear--No
+     Work,' is accomplishing a double purpose and is being snapped up
+     eagerly and distributed by the hundreds of thousands by state and
+     local organizations and by individual hustlers. Two hundred
+     thousand copies have been sold and it will shortly go to its third
+     printing. Orders indicate a million edition of this powerful
+     leaflet. The Russian Constitution, an article and
+     thought-compelling cartoons on unemployment, that this leaflet
+     carries, make it the Socialist literature triumph of the month.
+     Send for sample copy and order early.
+
+     "From the hustling 'Red' town of Hamilton, Ohio, comes an order for
+     8,000 'Great Fear' leaflets to put the truth about the Russian
+     Soviet Constitution in the homes of the workers of that community."
+
+"The Eye Opener," the official national organ of the Socialist Party of
+America, in its issue of January, 1919, shows its sympathy for the
+Spartacans by the following article:
+
+     "'You Did Not Die In Vain!'
+
+     "American Socialist Party to
+
+     "_Liebknecht and Luxembourg_.
+
+     "The Socialist Party executive committee has adopted a resolution
+     on the death of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg, Germany's two
+     most uncompromising foes of Kaiserism and imperialism. It is as
+     follows:
+
+     "'The National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of the
+     United States of America, has learned of the deaths of our beloved
+     comrades, Dr. Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg, who are reported
+     assassinated by the agents of the reactionary forces of Germany,
+     who are now conspiring to deprive the workers of that country of
+     the opportunity to establish a free government there.
+
+     "'These comrades, always true to the principles of revolutionary
+     Socialism, in the face of unqualified opposition before, during and
+     after the great war, commanded the love and admiration of all the
+     lovers of international liberty, and have, by their incomparable
+     devotion to this great cause, made their names immortal in the
+     history of working class liberation.'"
+
+From the "New York Times," November 18, 1918, we learn that the Chicago
+Socialists endorsed Bolshevism.
+
+A despatch by the International News Service from Cleveland, Ohio, March
+31, 1919, informs us that C.E. Ruthenberg, leading Socialist of that
+city, after a meeting of the Cleveland Socialists on March 30, announced
+that the members of the party had just voted in favor of the adoption of
+the Bolshevik doctrine of Lenine and Trotzky for the further direction
+of the Cleveland party and that the action of the members was
+practically unanimous.
+
+"The Call," New York, April 3, 1919, gave notice of a pro-Bolshevist
+meeting to be held by the Socialists on the following Saturday afternoon
+at Park Circle, New York City:
+
+     "This is the first of a series that the Socialist Party of Harlem
+     proposes to hold, inspired by the success of the Debs meeting two
+     weeks ago at the same place, when 15,000 people attended.
+
+     "The assemblage on Saturday, besides demanding that the United
+     States recognize Soviet Russia, will also give a welcome to the
+     Soviet Republic of Hungary."
+
+In its issue of April 10, 1919, "The Call" recorded the approval by the
+Queen's County, New York, Socialists of the Bolsheviki and Spartacans:
+
+     "We desire to clearly place ourselves on record for, and openly and
+     actively sign ourselves with the revolutionary proletariat the
+     world over, as at present expressed by the policies and tactics of
+     the Communist Party of Russia (Bolsheviki), the Communist Labor
+     Party in Germany (Spartacans) and other parties in harmony with
+     them."
+
+On May 31, 1919, "The Call" published the declaration of the National
+Executive Committee of the party in favor of Bolshevism, Communism and
+Spartacism: The Socialist Party of the United States "supports
+whole-heartedly the Soviet Republic of Russia and the Communist
+government of Hungary.... In Germany, Austria and countries similarly
+situated, its sympathies are with the more advanced Socialist groups."
+
+In "The Call," May 17, 1919, Martens, the representative in the United
+States of the Russian Soviet Government, is quoted as saying:
+
+     "Russian workers, whom I represent, acknowledge with gratitude the
+     sympathy toward the struggles of Soviet Russia evinced by the
+     Socialist Party of America, as well as by the Socialist Labor
+     Party, the I. W. W. and other organizations of the working class,
+     and they return the sympathy without discrimination."
+
+"The Call," March 30, 1919, informs its readers that Cleveland
+Socialists were organizing a Workers' and Soldiers' Soviet, and again,
+on April 1, 1919, that soviets had been established in Seattle, Portland
+and San Francisco. Eugene V. Debs, in an article written by him in "The
+Class Struggle," said:
+
+     "From the crown of my head to the soles of my feet I am Bolshevik
+     and proud of it."
+
+"The Call," April 14, 1919, published Debs' "Last Minute Message to All
+New York Socialists":
+
+     "As I am about to enter the prison doors, I wish to send to the
+     Socialists of New York who have loyally stood by me since my first
+     arrest, this little message of love and cheer. These are pregnant
+     and promising days. We are all on the threshold of tremendous
+     changes. The workers of the world are awakening and bestirring
+     themselves as never before. All the forces that are playing upon
+     the modern world are making for the overthrow of despotism in all
+     its forms and for the emancipation of the masses of mankind. I
+     shall be in prison in the days to come, but my revolutionary spirit
+     will be abroad, and I shall not be inactive. Let us all, in the
+     supreme hour, measure up to our full stature and work together as
+     one for the great cause that means emancipation for us all. Love to
+     all my Comrades, and all hail to the Revolution.--Eugene Victor
+     Debs."
+
+From the same issue of "The Call" we learn that Debs, on leaving
+Wheeling, West Virginia, for the Moundsville prison, gave the following
+statement to David Karsner, staff correspondent: "I enter the prison
+doors a flaming revolutionist--my head erect, my spirit untamed, and my
+soul unconquered."
+
+A press despatch from Toledo, Ohio, March 31, 1919, describes the
+serious socialist riot which took place that afternoon as a protest
+against the then impending imprisonment of Debs, the self-styled
+"flaming revolutionist":
+
+     "Toledo, Ohio, March 31.--When they were refused admission by city
+     officials to Memorial Hall, a city building where Eugene V. Debs
+     was scheduled to speak, 5,000 persons stormed the place, broke
+     windows and doors, and then paraded the streets crying, 'To hell
+     with the mayor.' ...
+
+     "Announcement that Debs would not be permitted to speak was made
+     late Saturday night, after the Socialists here had prepared to
+     handle an overflow crowd. The announcement appeared in the morning
+     papers, and was the first notice the Socialists had that their
+     meeting could not be held.
+
+     "When the hour for Debs to speak arrived there were at least 6,000
+     men and women congregated about the William McKinley monument in
+     Courthouse Park, across the street from Memorial hall.
+
+     "A man mounted the base of the monument. 'We'll use Memorial Hall
+     this afternoon if we have to wade through blood to do it!' he
+     shouted. A policeman grabbed him and he was thrown unceremoniously
+     into a patrol wagon. The man who essayed to speak next also was
+     arrested.
+
+     "As the crowd sensed what was occurring the radicals began to hoot
+     and boo the officers. Clubs were drawn and the crowd was made to
+     move. Then came the parade through the streets and cries of 'Down
+     with the mayor!' 'Hang him!' 'To hell with the police!' and others
+     of a similar nature.
+
+     "It was after five o'clock before the police were able to disperse
+     the crowd. Fist fights by the dozens occurred on corners. Hotel
+     lobbies were invaded by the malcontents. Street cars were held up
+     and threats of serious outbreaks were to be heard on every hand....
+
+     "More than seventy-five men were arrested, including Thomas Devine,
+     Socialist member of the city council."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+VIOLENCE, BLOODSHED AND ARMED REBELLION
+
+
+
+Every year on May Day the Socialists are in the habit of publishing
+articles and making speeches of a more than usual revolutionary
+character. They are also fond of parading on that day to incite riot,
+and of holding meetings to stir up discontent and to foment rebellion
+among the laboring classes. May Day, 1919, was an especially serious one
+in several cities of the United States and will long be remembered,
+because the Socialist riots occurred while the whole country was excited
+over the unsuccessful mailing of bombs to a score or so of eminent
+citizens. The most serious Marxian riots took place in Cleveland, Ohio,
+and were described in part in the "Chicago Tribune" as follows:
+
+     "Cleveland, Ohio, May 1.--An unidentified man was killed by a
+     detective's bullet, eleven policemen were shot or badly beaten, and
+     about 100 persons wounded, many seriously, in general rioting which
+     brought a dramatic finale this afternoon to a Socialist May Day
+     demonstration here.
+
+     "About thirty persons, seriously injured, are in hospitals
+     to-night, while scores of others, including women, were trampled by
+     rioters or clubbed by police.
+
+     "Socialist headquarters was totally wrecked by angry civilians bent
+     on putting an end to the demonstration....
+
+     "A mob of several hundred threatened police headquarters when C. E.
+     Ruthenberg, Socialist leader and former Socialist candidate for
+     mayor, was arrested and for more than an hour the entire downtown
+     section of the city was a warring mass of Socialists, police,
+     civilians and soldiers, the latter riding down the rioters in army
+     trucks and tanks.
+
+     "Dozens of shots were fired in Public square, where more than
+     20,000 Socialists and sympathizers assembled for a May Day rally
+     and to protest against the convictions of Eugene V. Debs and Thomas
+     J. Mooney.
+
+     "The trouble started in Superior Avenue, near East Ninth Street,
+     when the head of one of the five Socialist parades, scheduled to
+     meet in a mass meeting at Public square, was stopped, and Liberty
+     Loan workers and an army lieutenant tore a red flag from a man at
+     the head of the marchers, practically every one of whom were
+     carrying red flags.
+
+     "In less than ten minutes riots had developed at several other
+     points, mounted and foot policemen being switched from one location
+     to another to quell the fighting.
+
+     "The trouble in the public square started when Lieut. H. S. Bergen,
+     who served with the 80th Division overseas, demanded that several
+     soldiers among the Socialists on the platform remove their uniforms
+     or the red flags they wore on their breasts.
+
+     "The soldiers refused, and C. E. Ruthenberg, scheduled as the
+     principal Socialist speaker, interceded for the Socialists.
+
+     "Lieut. Bergen, followed by Lieut. John Hardy of Detroit, thereupon
+     mounted the platform and tore the red insignia from the khaki
+     uniforms. The act was the signal for a grand rush by thousands of
+     Socialist sympathizers."
+
+On Sunday, May 4, 1919, serious trouble with the Socialist-Bolshevist
+element of Gary, Indiana, was narrowly averted. The account, as
+published in the "Chicago Tribune" on the next day, reads in part as
+follows:
+
+     "There was no 'Red' parade in Gary yesterday....
+
+     "Fifty policemen, wearing revolvers on their belts and reinforced
+     by a special shotgun squad of sixteen, a company of state militia,
+     thirty deputy sheriffs, a group of secret service men from Chicago
+     and hundreds of citizen volunteers, prevented the parade after the
+     Russian Socialists flouted an order of Mayor W.H. Hodges
+     prohibiting the march and declared they would proceed despite the
+     authorities....
+
+     "Yesterday's demonstration was the result of a carefully planned
+     plot matured for nearly a month by the foreign radical element of
+     Lake County, Indiana. Its stated purpose was to protest against the
+     conviction of Eugene V. Debs and Kate Richards O'Hare. An
+     undercurrent of rumor among the radicals gave it a more significant
+     meaning, however.
+
+     "On Thursday secret service men obtained copies of pamphlets
+     printed in Russian, containing a formula for the manufacture of
+     explosives. More literature calling for the overthrow of the
+     government was circulated. A third series of pamphlets contained
+     the Constitution of the Russian Soviet Republic.
+
+     "Friday Morris Lieberman, head of the Socialists, called on Mayor
+     Hodges for a permit to parade. It was refused with the explanation
+     that riots such as caused two deaths in Cleveland were feared....
+
+     "Early yesterday morning radicals began to arrive in Gary. Cars
+     from Indiana Harbor, Whiting, Hammond, Crown Point, and trains from
+     Chicago brought them by the dozens.
+
+     "By noon several thousand had gathered in and near the Socialist
+     headquarters, a mile south of the business district of Gary. Under
+     portraits of Trotzky and Lenine they sang Russian songs and
+     gathered about in knots waiting for 'zero hour'--one o'clock.
+
+     "Lieberman, fearing bloodshed, decided to counsel his followers
+     against a parade. They howled him down, however, and hotter heads
+     took charge of the meeting. A dozen girls, with rolls of red
+     ribbon, pinned a scarlet strip on the lapel of each man's coat as
+     he entered the meeting hall. Red neckties were abundant. Red hat
+     bands made their appearance. Many wore scarlet carnations."
+
+Judge Haas of the Municipal Court of Gary thus commented on those
+arrested in the demonstration:
+
+     "All except Capolitto have failed to become citizens. All except
+     him and one other tried to evade war service in our army,
+     endeavoring to sneak out on the ground of not being citizens of
+     this country. All they seem to want is to come over here and make
+     trouble--out of twenty-one gun-toters who have been brought before
+     me, nineteen have been foreigners and not even citizens."
+
+The leaders of the Marxian movement, both in the United States and
+abroad, testify that to be a Socialist is to be a plotter against all
+existing forms of government. Marx and Engels, for instance, confess the
+truth of this in their celebrated "Communist Manifesto," which they
+addressed to their followers over half a century ago, and which is
+looked upon even today by the rank and file of the party as embodying
+the fundamental principles of International Socialism. "The Communists,"
+we are told, "everywhere support every revolutionary movement against
+the existing social and political order of things" and "disdain to
+conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be
+obtained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social
+conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a communistic
+revolution."
+
+We are indebted to the late August Bebel, the leader of the Socialists
+of Germany, for the confession that "along with the state die out its
+representatives--cabinet ministers, parliaments, standing armies, police
+and constables, courts, attorneys, prison officials, tariff and tax
+collectors, in short the whole political apparatus. Barracks and other
+such military structures, palaces of law and of administration,
+prisons--all will now await better use. Ten thousand laws, decrees and
+regulations become so much rubbish; they have only historic value."
+["Women Under Socialism," by Bebel, page 319, of the 1904 edition in
+English.]
+
+"The People," New York, May 13, 1900, in speaking of the relation of
+Socialism to existing forms of government, including our own, affirms
+that "while there is a very general idea that Socialism means an
+extension of the powers and functions of government, still this is a
+very natural and dangerous misconception, and one that ought to be
+guarded against." "Socialism," it adds, "does not mean the extension of
+government, but on the contrary it means the end, the elimination of
+government."
+
+The "International Socialist Review," Chicago, February, 1912, together
+with many other magazines and papers current at the time, called
+attention to the fact that William D. Haywood, who for a long time had
+been before the eyes of the public on account of his revolutionary
+utterances and writings, declared in a speech at Cooper Union, in New
+York City, that the Socialists were conspirators against the United
+States Government.
+
+"The Call," April 1, 1919, in an editorial note says that "the whole
+system of government in the United States, Federal, State and Municipal,
+seems to be out of date."
+
+Though the men who march behind the red flag, singing the Marseillaise
+of the French Revolution, usually deny to the general public, for
+reasons of political expediency, that the Socialist movement is a
+violent and revolutionary one, it is evident to those who have read
+their books, magazines, and papers, that the use of the ballot and
+education are not the means on which they rely finally for the
+establishment of their visionary commonwealth. Violence is advocated and
+habitually practised by the Socialists who constitute the Industrial
+Workers of the World, whose banner with the inscription, "No God, No
+Master," has brought them into disrepute all over the country. Jack
+London, a Socialist widely known in the United States and England as a
+novelist, furnishes us with excellent reasons for believing that the
+International Socialist Party approves of violence and assassination,
+and thereby reaffirms its allegiance to the base principles of the
+French Commune. Writing in the "International Socialist Review" of
+August, 1909, Jack London made the following comment on the progress of
+Socialism in Russia:
+
+     "Our comrades in Russia have formed what they call 'THE FIGHTING
+     ORGANIZATION.' This FIGHTING ORGANIZATION accused, tried, found
+     guilty and condemned to death one Sipiaguin, Minister of the
+     Interior. On April 2, he was shot and killed in the Maryinsky
+     Palace. Two years later the FIGHTING ORGANIZATION condemned to
+     death and executed another Minister of the Interior, Von Plehve.
+     Having done so it issued a document, dated July 29, 1904, setting
+     forth the counts of its indictment of Von Plehve and its
+     responsibility for the assassination. Now, and to the point, this
+     document was sent out to the Socialists of the world, and by them
+     was published everywhere in the magazines and newspapers. The point
+     is, not that the Socialists of the world were unafraid to do it,
+     but that they did it as a matter of routine, giving publication to
+     what might be called an official document of International
+     Revolutionary Movement."
+
+August Bebel in "Unsere Ziele," page 44, expresses his sentiments on the
+subject of violence quite as frankly as Jack London. "We must not
+shudder," he tells us, "at the thought of the possible employment of
+violence; we must not raise an alarm cry at the suppression of existing
+rights, at violent expropriation, etc. History teaches that at all times
+new ideas, as a rule, were realized by a violent conflict with the
+defenders of the past, and that the combatants for new ideas struck
+blows as deadly as possible at the defenders of antiquity. Not without
+reason does Karl Marx, in his work on 'Capital' exclaim: 'Violence is
+the obstetrician that waits on every ancient society which is about to
+give birth to a new one; violence is in itself a social factor.'"
+
+As reference has just been made to Karl Marx, it will be well to call
+attention to the fact that the Father of modern Socialism, in "The Civil
+War in France," page 78, claims that "the workingmen's Paris, with its
+Commune, will forever be celebrated as the glorious harbinger of a new
+society." The Commune, then, whose anniversary is celebrated on the 18th
+of March, every year, by the Socialists all over the world, has been,
+and still is considered the precursor of their contemplated state. The
+reign of terror and rebellion in which tens of thousands of Frenchmen
+met their death, while public buildings and priceless works of art were
+being burned or destroyed and many beautiful churches pillaged, is the
+boast of the Socialistic champions of universal peace. The Parisian mob
+of criminals and revolutionists, which was finally subdued by 150,000
+French troops, after men and women had run about the streets with
+petroleum cans, firing public buildings and private houses and seizing
+many victims whom they hurried off to death, is, therefore, considered
+by the Socialists as one of the most illustrious gatherings of persons
+recorded in history, and one worthy of special memory, honor and
+respect.
+
+Victor Berger of Wisconsin, speaking in the 1908 National Convention of
+the Socialist Party in favor of an amendment to the party constitution,
+proposed by Delegate Hazlett, to the effect that any person opposing
+political action should be expelled from the party, shows how little
+difference there is between the advocates of "political action," who are
+supposed to favor the use of the ballot, and the "direct actionists,"
+who admit their preference for violence.
+
+"I have heard it pleaded," said Berger, "many a time right in our own
+meetings by speakers that come to our meetings, that the only salvation
+for the proletariat of America is direct action, that the ballot box is
+simply a humbug. Now I don't know how this question is going to be
+solved. I have no doubt that in the last analysis we must shoot, and
+when it comes to shooting, Wisconsin will be there. We always make
+good.... In order to be able to shoot even some day we must have the
+powers of political government in our hands, at least to a great extent.
+I want that understood. So everybody who is talking to you about direct
+action and so on, and about political action being a humbug, is your
+enemy today, because he keeps you from getting the powers of political
+government." ["Proceedings of the 1908 National Convention of the
+Socialist Party," page 241.]
+
+On July 31, 1909, we find Victor Berger, who posed as the special
+exponent of "political action," against the "anarchistic" element in his
+party, writing as follows in the "Social Democratic Herald" of
+Milwaukee:
+
+     "No one will claim that I am given to the reciting of revolutionary
+     phrases. On the contrary I am known to be a constructive Socialist.
+     However, in view of the plutocratic law making of the present day,
+     it is easy to predict that the safety and hope of this country will
+     finally lie in one direction only, that of a violent and bloody
+     revolution. Therefore, I say, each of the 500,000 Socialist voters
+     and of the 2,000,000 workingmen who instinctively incline our way,
+     should, besides doing much reading and still more thinking, also
+     have a good rifle and the necessary rounds of ammunition in his
+     home, and be prepared to back up his ballot with his bullets if
+     necessary. This may look like a startling statement. Yet I can see
+     nothing else for the American masses today."
+
+In the "Social Democratic Herald," August 14, 1909, Victor Berger drops
+a few more words on the same subject in an article entitled: "IF THIS BE
+TREASON, MAKE THE BEST OF IT." "There are two ways," says he, "of
+effecting great social changes in a republic--the ballot and the bullet.
+If our people are not wise--if they are otherwise--then we may have use
+for both of them."
+
+Now, if Berger is a specimen of the extreme "political actionist," a
+conservative, the enemy of "direct action," who can imagine the
+treasonable intentions and bloody thoughts of the immense number of
+"direct actionists" who throng the ranks of these national conspirators?
+
+It is not flattering to the State of Wisconsin to realize that Berger
+has several times been chosen to represent one of its Congressional
+districts in the United States House of Representatives. Yet Berger has
+apt pupils. On January 12, 1919, Mayor Hoan of Milwaukee presided at a
+Milwaukee meeting of 8,000 "Reds" to protest against the conviction,
+under the Espionage Law, of Victor L. Berger and four co-conspirators,
+and prolonged cheering and waving of "Red" insignia answered the
+following words spoken by William Bross Lloyd (_Testimony, Socialist
+Trial, Albany, page 1623_):
+
+     "What we want is revolutionary preparedness. We want to
+     organize.... We want a mobilization plan and an organization for
+     the revolution. We want to get rifles, machine guns, field
+     artillery, and the ammunition for it. You want to get dynamite. You
+     want to tell off the men for the revolution when it starts here.
+     You want to tell off the men who are to take the dynamite to the
+     armory doors and blow them in and capture the guns and ammunition
+     there so that the capitalists won't have any. You want to tell off
+     the men to dynamite the doors of the banks to get the money to
+     finance the revolution."
+
+William D. Haywood and Frank Bohn are the joint authors of a pamphlet
+entitled, "Industrial Socialism," the revolutionary tenor of which may
+be gathered from the following lines:
+
+     "When the worker, either through experience or a study of
+     Socialism, comes to know this truth [i.e., economic determinism],
+     he acts accordingly. He retains absolutely no respect for the
+     property rights of the profit takers. He will use any weapon which
+     will win his fight. He knows that the present laws of property are
+     made by and for the capitalists. Therefore he does not hesitate to
+     break them."
+
+Since Haywood and Bohn evidently had no intention of using paper-cap
+pistols and pop-guns as their weapons, and since they certainly did not
+mean to shoot at stone walls and forest trees, it seems strange that the
+Socialist Party, if it does not advocate such doctrines of violence,
+should sell these pamphlets at $6 per 100, according to a price list of
+its national office in Chicago.
+
+To make matters still worse for the apologists of the Socialist Party of
+America, no less a personage than Eugene V. Debs commented as follows,
+in the "International Socialist Review," February, 1912, on the
+doctrines of Haywood and Bohn just referred to:
+
+     "We have here a matter of tactics upon which a number of comrades
+     of ability and prominence have sharply disagreed. For my part, I
+     believe the paragraph to be entirely sound. Certainly all
+     Socialists knowing how and to what end capitalist property rights
+     are established, must hold such rights in contempt.... As a
+     revolutionist I can have no respect for capitalist property laws,
+     nor the least scruple about violating them. I hold all such laws to
+     have been enacted through chicanery, fraud and corruption, with the
+     sole end in view of dispossessing, robbing and enslaving the
+     working class. But this does not imply that I propose making an
+     individual law breaker of myself, and butting my head against the
+     stone wall of existing property laws. That might be called force,
+     but it would not be that. It would be mere weakness and folly. If I
+     had the force to overthrow these despotic laws, I would use it
+     without an instant's hesitation or delay, but I haven't got it, so
+     I am law abiding under protest--not from scruple--and bide my
+     time."
+
+In the "Appeal to Reason," Girard, Kansas, September 2, 1911, there is
+an excellent specimen of one of Debs' revolutionary articles, which
+reads in part as follows:
+
+     "Let us arouse the working class and invoke their power to smite
+     the conspirators and set our brothers [the McNamaras] free. They
+     can be saved in no other way. The lawyers will plead for them to
+     deaf ears; organized labor will protest against their taking off in
+     vain. We are confronted by a heartless, soulless plutocracy. Let us
+     buckle on our armor and fight!... Let us marshal our forces and
+     develop our power for the revolt! Let us develop without delay all
+     the power we have, and prepare to strike in every way we know how.
+     With a general strike we can paralyze the plutocracy from coast to
+     coast. Hundreds of thousands will join eagerly and serve loyally in
+     the fight. We can stop the wheels, cut off the food supply, and
+     compel the plutocrats in sheer terror to sue for peace.... A few
+     men may be needed who are not afraid to die. Be ye also ready....
+     Let us swear that we will fight to the last ditch, that we will
+     strike blow for blow, that we will use every weapon at our command,
+     and that we will never surrender! Roll up a united Socialist vote
+     in California that will shake the Pacific Coast like an earthquake,
+     and back it up with a general strike that will paralyze the
+     continent.... Let the sturdy toilers of the Pacific Coast raise the
+     Red standard of revolt."
+
+It was no other than this same Eugene V. Debs, the advocate of violence
+and revolution, who on May 17, 1912, was nominated as the presidential
+standard bearer of the Socialist Party. If ever elected, what a fine
+president he would make, this "poor," "persecuted," self-styled
+"flaming-revolutionist," now in jail! What an honorable party it must be
+that nominated such a man for the fourth successive time to fill the
+office of the presidency of our country! Indeed it was on the very same
+day that the followers of Karl Marx chose Debs as their candidate to
+rule the United States that they also declared, in the constitution of
+their party, that any member who should advocate crime, sabotage or
+other methods of violence, as a weapon of the working class to aid it in
+its emancipation, should be expelled from membership in the party!
+
+Never can political Socialists convince the American people of their
+sincerity and honesty while they nominate for office men like Debs, send
+to Congress representatives like Victor Berger, and choose as members of
+their national executive committee persons of the stamp of William D.
+Haywood. There was no better way for Socialists to convict themselves of
+hypocrisy than by retaining in their constitution the clause against
+sabotage, referred to above, while at the same time selling at their
+National Office books like "Industrial Socialism" and publishing in
+their papers and magazines articles advocating and approving "direct
+action." By their deeds we judge them, and not by their hypocritical
+words.
+
+"The Call," on April 28, 1919, introduces with the following headlines
+the long comment that it makes on the Hart-Nearing debate of April 27th
+in New York City: "Revolution Is Only Solution of World-Wide Unrest,
+Says Nearing." In the course of the article Scott Nearing's suggestion
+of revolt is mentioned: "As against Professor Hart's proposal of a
+League of Nations, I suggest revolution." The "New York Times," April
+28, 1919, commented in part on the debate as follows:
+
+     "'Who wants war?' asked Professor Hart. 'Scott Nearing wants war
+     and the people who think as he does, want war. Revolution is
+     nothing but civil war and we see its result in the Russian
+     revolution. Russia passed through three revolutions and is that the
+     kind of result we want in order to overthrow what he calls this
+     robber nation?'
+
+     "A whirlwind of applause marked this and through the applause was
+     heard a chorus of voices shouting 'yes.' The meeting cheered
+     Nearing's frequent references to 'revolution,' to the Russian
+     Soviet Republic and applauded his radical utterances, although he
+     had requested that he be permitted to speak without interruption.
+     The theatre contained about 3,000 persons who filled all the seats,
+     the stage and stood in the aisles, after paying from 25 cents to
+     $1.50 admission.
+
+     "Judging from the manifestations of approval of Nearing's remarks,
+     the large audience appeared to be overwhelmingly composed of
+     revolutionary Socialists, and when the speaker declared he believed
+     in a League of Socialist Nations the crowd vigorously applauded in
+     a way that left no doubt of its sentiment."
+
+"The Call" in its May Day issue, 1919, published an article on
+present-day revolutionary tactics of the Socialists:
+
+     "The world revolution, dreamed of as a thing of the distant future,
+     has become a live reality, rising from the graves of the murdered
+     millions and the misery and suffering of the surviving millions. It
+     has taken form, it strikes forward, borne on by the despair of the
+     masses and the shining example of the martyrs. Its spread is
+     irrepressible. The bridges are burnt behind the old capitalist
+     society and its path is forever cut off. Capitalist society is
+     bankrupt and the only salvation of humanity lies in the uprising of
+     the masses, in the victory of the Socialist revolution, in the
+     renovating forces of Socialism.
+
+     "The world war which is now about to be officially closed has slid
+     into a condition neither war nor peace. However, the war of the
+     nations has been followed by the war of the classes. The class
+     struggle is no longer fought by resolutions and demonstrations.
+     Threateningly it marches through the streets of the great cities
+     for life or death."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+PATRIOTISM RIDICULED AND DESPISED
+
+
+
+Though it is evident that there can be no patriotism in men who are
+doing their utmost to overthrow our government by stirring up
+class-hatred and inciting rebellion, still most of the citizens of our
+country have never realized the extent to which Socialists ridicule and
+despise patriotism and abhor its very name.
+
+"The Call," September 25, 1912, in answering the charge that Socialism
+undermines patriotism, says: "So it does, and is proud of it, if by
+patriotism is meant that mawkish sentiment which causes a man, for the
+sum of $15 a month, to go out and get himself killed in defense of a
+country of which he owns not a single foot and can never hope to own
+any. If a wage slave is paid only enough to live on, anyhow, what
+difference to him does it make whether his boss is a Britisher or a
+Chinaman?"
+
+The Socialists often succeed in stirring up violence during strikes to
+develop the spirit of revolt; then, when it becomes necessary for the
+state to protect the lives and property of its citizens, the lovers of
+rebellion and disorder do their utmost to incite hatred and contempt
+against the soldiers who are sent to preserve order.
+
+On February 10, 1912, there appeared in "The Call" an article which
+reads as follows:
+
+     "The capitalist class, alarmed at the amazingly rapid growth of
+     anti-militarism in this country, is endeavoring, through church and
+     government, to combat this just sentiment, and by law and precept
+     to create an artificial respect and love for the soldiers' uniform
+     and the American flag.
+
+     "'Respect the uniform, honor the flag,' is their cry, and they are
+     foolish enough to believe that if they raise their voices loud
+     enough, we, the workers, will become infected by their fictitious
+     enthusiasm, and shout with them.
+
+     "'Honor the uniform!' Oh, surely! Honor the trappings and gold lace
+     with which they are dressing up their weak-minded scabs! Honor the
+     uniform which has the power to transform a decent but ignorant boy
+     of the working class into an unthinking savage, who would, if
+     ordered to do so by a superior in rank, shoot down his aged father
+     or kill his sister's unborn child with a bayonet thrust, should
+     they happen to be on strike and crying aloud for a little more
+     bread, warmer clothing and better shelter. Honor the uniform? No,
+     spit on it! Make it a shame and a reproach until a worker who wears
+     it will not dare to show his face among decent working people.
+     Honor the uniform! Honor that which gives a free license to kill,
+     if the victim happens to be a worker? Honor that which stands for
+     oppression, for the loafer against the worker, for the master
+     against the slave? Honor that which causes a worker to become a
+     traitor to his class, to forget his ties of blood, and for pay to
+     deliver himself over body and soul to his natural enemy, the
+     capitalist class? Honor the Judases, the Benedict Arnolds of the
+     working class? Our masters insult us by even asking such a thing.
+
+     "Shall we honor the Massachusetts militiamen who, without the
+     slightest provocation, murdered a young worker? Is that what you
+     want us to do, you capitalists, you cardinals and presidents? You
+     ask too late, for we already despise and loathe your decorated
+     hirelings, and are, as time passes, making it more difficult for
+     you to recruit our decent boys and transform them into loathsome
+     parasites."
+
+On May 6, 1919, millions of New Yorkers enthusiastically welcomed the
+77th Division of our soldier boys on their return home from the
+battle-fields of Europe. Glowing descriptions of the celebration
+appeared in nearly all the papers of the Metropolis. A contemptible
+account, however, was published the next day in "The Call," showing the
+scornful spirit of the Socialists toward the millions of American troops
+who made so many sacrifices for their country in the late war. The
+article in "The Call" runs as follows:
+
+     "Rows and Rows and Rows and Rows and Rows of 'Em March
+
+     "_Folks Cheered 77th Division which Finally Changed From Toys Into
+     Folks, Too._
+
+     "A row of mounted police rode up Fifth avenue yesterday.
+
+     "A man carrying a banner on which were the words and figures, '77th
+     Division,' marched up Fifth avenue yesterday.
+
+     "A band played all the way up Fifth avenue yesterday.
+
+     "A line of soldiers walked up Fifth avenue yesterday.
+
+     "A second line of soldiers walked up Fifth avenue yesterday.
+
+     "A third line of soldiers walked up Fifth avenue yesterday.
+
+     "A fourth line of soldiers walked up Fifth avenue yesterday.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "A soldier carrying a service flag walked up Fifth avenue
+     yesterday.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "One soldier wore khaki and carried a steel helmet on his shoulder.
+
+     "A second soldier wore khaki and carried a steel helmet on his
+     shoulder.
+
+     "A third soldier wore khaki and carried a steel helmet on his
+     shoulder.
+
+     "A fourth soldier wore khaki and carried a steel helmet on his
+     shoulder.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "They marched precisely.
+
+     "They marched steadily.
+
+     "They marched firmly.
+
+     "They marched in silence.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "The crowds cheered.
+
+     "The crowds waved flags.
+
+     "The crowds did not fill the stands.
+
+     "The crowds applauded.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "The police kept the waves of humanity back.
+
+     "The police did not have much trouble.
+
+     "The police permitted the crowd to cheer.
+
+     "The police permitted the crowds to wave flags.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "Soldiers of the 77th Division marched up Fifth avenue yesterday,
+     and when they had done marching they broke ranks and greeted their
+     friends and relatives who had not seen them since they went to war.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "A mother greeted her son with kisses and tears.
+
+     "A mother greeted her son with kisses and tears.
+
+     "A mother greeted her son with kisses and tears.
+
+     "Change the word 'mother' to sweetheart, brother, sister, and keep
+     on repeating until 'father' is reached and then change 'kisses and
+     tears' to 'smiles and cheers.'"
+
+The hypocritical Socialists at one moment plead for universal peace, the
+desire of nations, and at the next for class hatred. They are trying to
+ruin our domestic peace and to expose us to the ravages of lawlessness
+and crime. By fostering contempt for soldiers and other guardians of the
+peace, they not only make it harder for them to fulfil their duties, but
+prevent many from joining the army and navy for the defense of our
+country against foreign and domestic foes.
+
+Our country at present is well able to defend itself against foreign
+attacks, but if our domestic enemies continue to sow the seeds of
+discord and class hatred among our fellow citizens, it will surely fall,
+for no nation that is divided against itself can stand.
+
+From the very fact that "The Call" of February 10, 1912, dared to
+publish the following article, showing the intense hatred of its author
+for the Stars and Stripes, our national emblem, the reader can judge for
+himself whether the thousands of unoffended subscribers have the
+faintest spark of patriotism in their hearts:
+
+     "'At least honor the flag!' they cry in desperation. 'Honor the
+     flag which stands for freedom, equality and fraternity!'
+
+     "What flag? The American flag? The Stars and Stripes? The flag
+     which floats over every hellhole of mine and mill and prison? The
+     flag which floats over station house and barracks whence issue
+     police and soldiers to batter down and murder workers exercising
+     their constitutional rights of free speech and free assemblage?
+     Honor the flag which you, our masters, have changed from a flag of
+     liberty into a symbol of the cruelest exploitation and vilest
+     oppression of the new civilization?
+
+     "If I had been Samuel Gompers when he was reproached by the
+     capitalists for placing his foot on the American flag, I should
+     have answered: 'Yes, I trampled on it, and, more than that, I spit
+     upon your flag, not mine; I loathe the Stars and Stripes, once the
+     symbol of liberty for all, but now the stripes represent the bloody
+     stripes left by your lash on the back of the worker, and the stars,
+     the bullet and bayonet wounds in his breast. To hell with your
+     flag!...
+
+     "Down with the Stars and Stripes! Run up the red flag of humanity."
+
+Not alone do the members of the rank and file of the Socialist Party
+attack the Star Spangled Banner, but even its foremost leaders are
+guilty of the same offense. "The Comrade," July, 1904, furnishes us
+with an attack made upon our country's flag by no less a personage than
+Eugene V. Debs:
+
+"Have you a drop of blood in your veins? Has your manhood rotted into
+cowardice? Wake up and take your place in the class struggle. For the
+desecration of the flag your leader is in jail. What flag? The flag of
+the capitalist class--the flag that floats over the bull pens of
+Colorado. The wholesome truths he stamped upon its stripes are your
+shame and your masters' crime. Rally to the red flag of international
+Socialism, the symbol of the proletarian revolt."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST OUR COUNTRY
+
+
+
+This chapter is the center of our book, the hub where all the spokes of
+evidence focus and unite, clearly revealing the unity, power and purpose
+of the Wheel of Revolution which now is rolling through the minds and
+wills of American radicals. To make this complex plot simple, it has
+been analyzed into its parts in the other chapters of "The Red
+Conspiracy," so that each element may be weighed by itself. In the
+present chapter the results of this analysis are gathered up again, to
+show how all the parts fit into one mechanism; and, with the whole thus
+seen as one contrivance, the working of each part being understood, the
+plan and purpose of the entire invention stands out as clear as day.
+
+But if this chapter is the center of our explanation of "The Red
+Conspiracy," the center of the thing itself lies elsewhere. The Great
+Red Wheel of Proletarian Revolution is an International Wheel, and both
+the hub which unites it and the turning power which moves it are
+centered in the old Russian town of Moscow.
+
+Frequently in preceding chapters the reader has been impressed by the
+fact that the "Reds" are guilty of conspiracy against all governments,
+including that of the United States of America. In the present chapter
+we shall discuss this matter of conspiracy much more in detail and
+assemble the proofs in such order and strength that no reasonable man
+can deny the existence of the widespread plot now fast undermining the
+pillars of our country.
+
+The "Reds" under one name or another have in the long run proven to be
+far more than evolutionists in the various countries of Europe. Actual
+rebellions have shown them to be revolutionists by violence in the
+strictest sense of the word in Russia, Germany, Bavaria, Hungary and
+even on one of the islands of far distant Japan. Their activities in
+England, France, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Holland, Bulgaria and many
+another foreign land bid fair to give us still further proofs in the
+near future that the "Reds" do not intend to wait for success by the
+ballot, but that, as soon as they consider themselves a sufficiently
+strong and united minority, they will throw off their masks, use rifles
+in place of hypocritical words, and work behind barricades instead of
+behind closed meeting doors. The Italian Socialists were about to begin
+their rebellion when, quite recently, the word came from the Moscow
+headquarters of the International conspirators to wait for a more
+opportune moment.
+
+It seems quite incredible that the "Reds" of our own country, whether
+they be I. W. W.'s, Communists, members of the Communist Labor Party, or
+Socialists, should be merely evolutionists, harmless parliamentarians,
+when their brethren abroad, with whom they so much sympathize, and upon
+whom they look as the saviors of the world and the highest types of
+advanced civilization, are either avowedly attempting to overthrow their
+governments or else have already done so, and in not a single instance
+by means of the ballot. There is an old saying to the effect that we are
+known by the company we keep. Since the American "Reds" keep company
+with foreign rebels, it is not to be presumed that the latter are demons
+and the former saints.
+
+Few specific proofs need be given in this chapter to show that the I. W.
+W.'s are guilty of conspiracy against the United States Government, for
+a great part of them, especially those most active, belong either to the
+Communist, Communist Labor or the Socialist Party, and an abundance of
+proofs will be given that these latter organizations are far from being
+harmless and innocent political parties.
+
+Moreover, the I. W. W.'s, in their revolutionary "Preamble" and by the
+many utterances of their leaders, are openly committed to a conspiracy
+of violence against our Government. Relative to the I. W. W. and its
+underhand activities, the reader will remember the words of Arturo
+Giovannitti, quoted in a previous chapter, from the Socialist Labor
+Party paper, "Weekly People," New York, February 10, 1912. That writer,
+with all his experience as a leader of the "Wobblies," certainly knew
+their plans, and makes this astounding admission relative to the part
+that the I. W. W. is expected to take in bringing about the Marxian
+rebellion:
+
+     "The future of Socialism lies only in the general strike, not
+     merely a quiet political strike, but one that once started should
+     go fatally to its end, i.e., armed insurrection, and the forcible
+     overthrow of all existing social conditions.... The task of
+     revolution is not to construct the new society, but to demolish the
+     old one, therefore, its first aim should be at the complete
+     destruction of the existing state, so as to render it absolutely
+     powerless to react and re-establish itself.... The I. W. W. must
+     develop itself as the new legislature and the new executive body of
+     the land, undermine the existing one, and gradually absorb the
+     functions of the state until it can entirely substantiate it
+     through the only means it has, the revolution."
+
+During the year 1919 a very excellent example of how the One Big Union
+tried to develop a strike into a rebellion was given in Winnipeg,
+Canada. Some time previously we had in our own country an example in the
+great strike at Seattle, Washington.
+
+Cases of sabotage, murder and arson are but minor activities of the I.
+W. W., and mere circumstances to aid in bringing about the contemplated
+rebellion.
+
+Government raids in recent years, and the seizure of hundreds of tons of
+inflammatory literature, from which extensive quotations were made in
+the daily press, have furnished us with ample proofs that the I. W. W.'s
+are national conspirators.
+
+The reader will remember the vivid picture of the contemplated rebellion
+in the mind of the "Wobbly" who wrote in "The Rebel Worker," April 15,
+1919:
+
+     "The United States is in the grip of a bloody revolution! Thousands
+     of workers are slaughtered by machine guns in New York City!
+     Washington is on fire! Industry is at a standstill and thousands of
+     workers are starving! The government is using the most brutal and
+     repressive measures to put down the revolution! Disorganization,
+     crime, chaos, rape, murder and arson are the order of the day--the
+     inevitable results of social revolution!"
+
+The I. W. W.'s are certainly conspirators, and seek the overthrow of our
+Government by industrial violence, and we were told by "The Evolution of
+Industrial Democracy," page 40, that "Government, as now understood,
+will disappear--there being no servile class to be held in
+subjection--but in its place will be an administration of affairs."
+
+The spirit of armed rebellion against our Government was foremost in the
+minds of the Left Wing members of the Socialist Party who afterwards
+formed the Communist and the Communist Labor Parties. We shall recall
+some of the words of Louis C. Fraina during the great struggle between
+the Rights and Lefts:
+
+     "All propaganda, all electoral and parliamentary activity are
+     insufficient for the overthrow of Capitalism, impotent when the
+     ultimate test of the class struggle turns into a test of power. The
+     power for the social revolution issues out of the actual struggles
+     of the proletariat, out of its strikes, its industrial unions and
+     mass action."--"The Revolutionary Age," July 12, 1919.
+
+     "Socialism will come not through the peaceful, democratic
+     parliamentary conquest of the state, but through the determined and
+     revolutionary mass action of a proletarian minority."--"The
+     Revolutionary Age," July 12, 1919.
+
+     "Revolutionary Socialists hold, with the founders of Scientific
+     Socialism, that there are two dominant classes in society--the
+     bourgeoisie and the proletariat; that between these two classes a
+     struggle must go on until the working class, through the seizure of
+     the instruments of production and distribution, the abolition of
+     the capitalist state, and the establishment of the dictatorship of
+     the proletariat, creates a Socialistic system. Revolutionary
+     Socialists do not believe that they can be voted into power. They
+     struggle for the conquest of power by the revolutionary
+     proletariat."--"The Revolutionary Age," March 22, 1919.
+
+"The Communist," of Chicago, April 1, 1919, it will be remembered, in
+speaking of November 7, 1919, the day on which the armistice was signed,
+said:
+
+     "On that day the seething proletariat ruled Chicago by sheer force
+     of numbers. One thing alone was needed to give this mass expression
+     identity with the proletarian uprisings in Europe--one thing, the
+     revolutionary idea."
+
+After the formation of the Communist and Communist Labor parties, in
+September, 1919, both made great progress in winning recruits to the
+cause of armed rebellion. On January 2, 1920, government agents all over
+the country suddenly descended upon the conspirators and took thousands
+of them prisoners. Bombs, rifles and other weapons were captured by the
+department agents. In Newark 25 rifles and a large number of bombs were
+taken, many tons of violent literature were seized and innumerable
+quotations from it appeared in the daily press, showing beyond the
+shadow of a doubt the evil intentions of these "Reds" against the land
+that we love.
+
+The Communist Party of America and the Communist Labor Party have the
+same purposes and aims as the Communist Party of Russia. They are joined
+with the latter in advocating and supporting the manifesto of the Third
+International, which openly urges an armed revolution to bring about the
+overthrow of the Government of the United States.
+
+Both parties have conducted effective propaganda work through
+newspapers, books, pamphlets and other means. The Communist Party alone
+had twenty-five newspapers printed in several languages, actively
+supporting its cause. This number was being increased weekly, papers
+which were formerly Socialist Party organs going over to its support.
+The alien editors of most of these papers were taken by the Department
+of Justice agents in the raids.
+
+The Department of Justice naturally was most vitally interested in the
+promises of violence against the United States Government contained in
+the manifesto of the Communists of the Third International, which was
+held at Moscow, March 2 to 6, 1919. Among the passages in the Moscow
+manifesto which most interested the Department of Justice were the
+following:
+
+     "Socialist criticism has sufficiently stigmatized the bourgeois
+     world order. The task of the International Communist Party is now
+     to overthrow this order and to erect in its place the structure of
+     the Socialist world order. We urge the workingmen and women of all
+     countries to unite under the Communist banner, the emblem under
+     which the first victories have already been won.
+
+     "Proletarians of all lands! In the war against imperialistic
+     barbarity, against monarchy, against the privileged classes,
+     against the bourgeois state and bourgeois property, against all
+     forms and varieties of social and national oppression--unite!
+
+     "Under the standard of the Workingmen's Councils under the banner
+     of the Third International, in the revolutionary struggle for power
+     and the dictatorship of the proletariat, proletarians of all
+     countries--unite!"
+
+The manifesto is signed by Lenine, Trotzky and other revolutionaries.
+Several references are made to the United States, indicating this
+country as one of the objectives of the revolutionaries. Describing the
+methods to be used, the manifesto says:
+
+     "Civil war is forced upon the laboring classes by their arch
+     enemies. The working class must answer blow for blow, if it will
+     not renounce its own object and its own future, which is at the
+     same time the future of all humanity.
+
+     "The Communist parties, far from conjuring up civil war,
+     artificially, rather strive to shorten its duration as much as
+     possible--in case it has become an iron necessity--to minimize the
+     number of its victims, and above all to secure victory for the
+     proletariat."
+
+Under the caption, "The Way to Victory," the manifesto says:
+
+     "The revolutionary era compels the proletariat to make use of the
+     means of battle which will concentrate its entire energies, namely,
+     mass action, with its logical resultant, direct conflict with the
+     governmental machinery in open combat. All other methods, such as
+     revolutionary use of bourgeoisie parliamentarism, will be of only
+     secondary significance."
+
+The principles of the American Communist Party set forth in their seized
+records and made public by the Department of Justice, are:
+
+     "The Communist Party of America is the party of the working class.
+     The Communists of America propose to end capitalism and organize a
+     workers' industrial republic. The workers must control industry and
+     dispose of the products of industry.
+
+     "The Communist Party is a party realizing the limitations of all
+     existing workers' organizations and purposes to develop the
+     revolutionary movement necessary to free the workers from the
+     oppression of capitalism. The Communist Party insists that the
+     problems of the American worker are identical with the problems of
+     the workers of the world.
+
+     "The Communist Party is the conscious expression of the class
+     struggle of the workers against capitalism. Its aim is to direct
+     this struggle to the conquest of political power, the overthrow of
+     capitalism and the destruction of the bourgeois state.
+
+     "The Communist Party prepares itself for the revolution in the
+     measure that it develops a program of immediate action expressing
+     the mass struggles of the proletariat. These struggles must be
+     inspired with revolutionary spirit and purposes.
+
+     "The Communist Party is fundamentally a party of action. It brings
+     to the workers a consciousness of their oppression, of the
+     impossibility of improving their condition under capitalism. The
+     Communist Party directs the workers' struggle against capitalism,
+     developing fuller forms and purposes in this struggle, culminating
+     in the mass action of the revolution.
+
+     "The negro problem is a political and economic problem. The racial
+     oppression of the negro is simply the expression of his economic
+     bondage and oppression, each intensifying the other. This
+     complicates the negro problem, but does not alter its proletarian
+     character. The Communist Party will carry on agitation among the
+     negro workers to unite them with all class conscious workers."
+
+Little need be added concerning the Communist Labor Party. As its
+manifesto and program are practically identical with those of the
+Communist Party of America, while all its members are likewise
+affiliated with the Third or Moscow International, the foregoing
+characterization of the Communist Party applies without essential
+modification to the Communist Labor Party. The identical character of
+these two parties was asserted by A. Mitchell Palmer, Attorney-General
+of the United States, in a statement given out January 23, 1920, and
+printed in the "New York Times" of the next day, as follows:
+
+     "These two organizations are identical in aim and tactics, the
+     cause for their separate existence being due to the desire of
+     certain individuals connected with the so-called Left Wing elements
+     of the Socialist Party to be leaders. For the sake of convenience I
+     shall refer to members of the Communist Party of America and the
+     Communist Labor Party as 'Communists.'"
+
+Attorney-General Palmer then quotes from the manifesto of the Third
+International, adopted March 6, 1919, at Moscow, to show, as he says,
+"that their sole and intimate aim was to accomplish not only the
+conquest but the destruction of the idea of the 'State,' as understood
+by loyal American citizens," and that "this destruction was not to be
+accomplished by parliamentary action, for it is specifically stated that
+it is to be by armed conflict with governmental authority." The
+Attorney-General's statement then continues:
+
+     "It is this manifesto which was adopted by the Communist parties in
+     the United States as their program of action....
+
+     "In the program of the Communists in the United States we find such
+     statements as the following:
+
+     "'Communism rejects the conception of the State; it rejects the
+     idea of class reconstruction and the parliamentary conquest of
+     capitalism....
+
+     "'The objective is the conquest by the proletariat of the power of
+     the State. Communism does not propose to capture the bourgeois
+     parliament of any State, but to conquer and destroy it.'
+
+     "We thus find stated in very clear and plain language the fact that
+     the aim of the Communists of America is for the destruction of the
+     government. This shows clearly that the organizations of Communists
+     in this country aim, not at the change of government of the United
+     States by parliamentary or political methods, but in the overthrow
+     and the destruction of the same by mass and direct action, by force
+     and violence.
+
+     "Another point of particular significance to which I feel I should
+     call your attention, is the fact that the organizations of
+     Communists in the United States are pledged to destroy the great
+     and loyal labor organization of America, namely, the American
+     Federation of Labor, which, according to the Communist Party of
+     America is considered to be reactionary and a bulwark of
+     capitalism. Another particularly significant pledge of the
+     Communists of America is to carry on agitation of the negro workers
+     of America."
+
+The I. W. W.'s and the members of the Communist and Communist Labor
+parties are all openly confessed conspirators against the United States
+Government. The members of the Socialist Party are just as bad, and
+worse, for they are hypocrites, besides being conspirators.
+
+The Socialists, as we have seen in a former chapter, have for many years
+given unlimited support to the I. W. W., knowing full well that it was
+an organization pledged to revolution by violence.
+
+The Socialists, moreover, are heart and soul in favor of the Bolsheviki
+of Russia, who have issued the manifesto of their International
+expressly to stir up revolutions by violence in all countries, including
+our own. The Socialists of the United States call themselves Bolsheviki,
+are spreading the doctrines of the Bolshevists of Russia and openly
+admit that Bolshevism and Socialism are identical.
+
+Until very recently the Socialist Party nursed within its bosom about
+70,000 dues-paying members, out of 109,586, who went over to the
+Communist and Communist Labor parties. Hence, at least till lately,
+nearly two-thirds of its membership consisted of avowed rebels. Has it
+changed since the break with the Communists? No, not at all. It is just
+as bad as ever, only more hypocritical, more prudent and biding its time
+so as not to start a premature revolt. After the wholesale arrests of
+the members of the Communist and the Communist Labor parties on January
+2, 1920, the Publicity Department of the Socialist Party, 220 South
+Ashland Boulevard, Chicago, said: "The Socialist Party herewith raises
+its voice in emphatic and solemn protest against these activities on the
+part of the hot-headed and overzealous guardians of the safety of the
+United States."
+
+Now listen once more to the words of Morris Hillquit, who poses before
+the public as in a different class from the American Communists and
+Communist Laborites. In "The Call," May 21, 1919, in a long article in
+large type covering half the editorial page, Morris Hillquit said of the
+"Left Wing" movement: "I am one of the last men in the party to ignore
+or misunderstand _the sound revolutionary impulse_ which animates the
+rank and file of this new movement, but the specific form and direction
+which it has assumed, its program and tactics, spell disaster to our
+movement. I am opposed to it, _not because it is too radical_, but
+because it is _essentially reactionary_ and non-Socialistic; _not
+because it would lead us too far_, but because it would lead us nowhere.
+To prate about the dictatorship of the proletariat and of workers'
+Soviets in the United States _at this time_ is to deflect the
+Socialistic propaganda from its realistic basis, and to advocate the
+abolition of all social reform planks in the party platform means to
+abandon _the concrete class struggle_ as it presents itself from day to
+day." (Italics mine.)
+
+The wisdom of this crafty, go-slow policy is now apparent, with the
+"Left Wing" leaders in jail, and Hillquit's chameleons now posing as
+angels of light, the saviors of "representative government" in America.
+The fact that the Socialist Party of America "goes into politics" does
+not make it less dangerous than the other revolutionary bodies, but more
+dangerous, for it thus expects to have men in political positions to
+seize the reins of government when the hour of blood and violence
+arrives. That this is its definite policy, the meaning of its political
+activity, was apparent as far back as its National Convention of 1908,
+when, in opposing those who would dismiss the use of the ballot in favor
+of "direct action"--violence--exclusively, Victor L. Berger said:
+
+     "I have no doubt that in the last analysis we must shoot, and when
+     it comes to shooting, Wisconsin will be there.... In order to be
+     able to shoot even some day we must have the powers of political
+     government in our hands, at least to a great extent. I want that
+     understood. So everybody who is talking to you about direct action
+     and so on, and about political action being a humbug, is your enemy
+     today, because he keeps you from getting the powers of political
+     government." ("Proceedings of the 1908 National Convention of the
+     Socialist Party," page 241.)
+
+In the "Social Democratic Herald" of Milwaukee, July 31, 1909, Berger
+wrote: "It is easy to predict that the safety and hope of this country
+will finally lie in one direction only, that of a violent and bloody
+revolution. Therefore, I say, each of the 500,000 Socialist voters and
+of the 2,000,000 workingmen who instinctively incline our way, should,
+besides doing much reading and still more thinking, also have a good
+rifle and the necessary rounds of ammunition in his home, and be
+prepared to back up his ballot with his bullets if necessary. This may
+look like a startling statement. Yet I can see nothing else for the
+American masses today." In the same paper, August 14, 1909, he wrote:
+"We should be grateful if the social revolution, if the freeing of
+75,000,000 whites, would not cost more blood than the freeing of
+4,000,000 negroes in 1861."
+
+Thus the Socialist Party of America, under the tutelage and control of
+far-seeing and deep-witted leaders like Hillquit and Berger, is by far
+the most dangerous band of conspirators in the United States. No
+"revolutionary impulse" is too extreme for Hillquit, no movement is "too
+radical;" but its "program and tactics" must be deep-laid, deceptive,
+seizing every present political advantage so that the central power can
+be grasped by astute leadership in one lurch when the hour of "shooting"
+arrives.
+
+The dramatic violence of Lenine and Trotzky passed through all the
+radical bodies in America like an electric shock, and the enthusiasts
+wished to start a ruction right away. But Morris Hillquit was not
+carried off his feet. If the boys were so senseless as to try to seize
+the reins of party government, Hillquit would dismiss them with a
+friendly wave, as in his article, quoted above, in which he also says:
+"There is, as far as I can see, but one remedy. It would be futile to
+preach reconciliation and union where antagonism runs so high. Let the
+Comrades on both sides do the next best thing. Let them separate,
+honestly, freely, and without rancor. Let each side organize and work in
+its own way, and make such contribution to the Socialist movement in
+America as it can." If the "contribution" of the boys should really turn
+out to be a successful general strike and overturn, who would be better
+able to grasp the power than an astute leader like Hillquit?
+
+This book was written before the Judiciary Committee of the New York
+Assembly began its inquiry, in January, 1920, into the fitness of five
+Socialist Assemblymen to act as law-makers, and since then has only
+received the addition of some important facts and testimony. It is
+remarkable, therefore, that all the evidence independently sifted in
+that investigation overwhelmingly points to the same conclusions arrived
+at in this volume.
+
+On January 21, 1920, at the second day's hearing at Albany, as reported
+in the "New York Times" of January 22, John B. Stanchfield and Martin W.
+Littleton, of counsel for the Judiciary Committee, stated the
+fundamental nature of the charges brought against the five suspended
+Socialists--charges based, as is well known, on the results of raids and
+investigations of radicalism by the New York State Legislative
+Committee, Senator Lusk, Chairman. Said Mr. Stanchfield:
+
+     "When the Chairman read from the statement yesterday that the
+     charge against these men was disloyalty, and that they had
+     affiliated themselves with a party whose platform and program call
+     for an overthrow of this Government by violence, he added that we
+     will prove this beyond the shadow of a doubt.
+
+     "We are not upon this investigation engaged in a discussion of the
+     philosophy of Socialism or its economics. We are engaged in an
+     investigation of its tactics, its methods, its practical program,
+     and these tactics, these methods, and that program called for the
+     overturn of the power of this State and its annihilation, its utter
+     and complete annihilation."
+
+Mr. Littleton said:
+
+     "The representation with reference to what these five men did and
+     what they profess and what they engaged to do stands out as plainly
+     as any thing can stand out--that they gave their allegiance wholly
+     and solely to an alien and invisible empire known as the
+     Internationale. It stands out that they are the citizens, not in
+     reality of the country which sustains and maintains them, but they
+     are citizens of this invisible empire which projects itself as a
+     revolutionary force into every country, menacing its institutions
+     and threatening its overthrow. Their allegiance before they ever
+     entered upon the threshold of this chamber was given to this
+     empire, which masquerades at one time with the softness of
+     parliamentary reform and which declares itself in favor of
+     revolution with force, according to the place and time where it may
+     so declare.
+
+     "It is that alien state, people of alien races--pledged to the
+     destruction of this Government and its institutions--that the
+     charges say that these men belong to and act with....
+
+     "Perhaps at a later day in this proceeding we will ascertain the
+     specific program to which they pledged themselves, the program of
+     Mr. Lenine and Mr. Trotzky, not to reform Russia--that is a
+     misconception and a misdirection; it is not that Lenine and Trotzky
+     are trying to reform Russia or change Russia, it is that Lenine and
+     Trotzky, acting through these agencies, are proposing the
+     installation of the same kind of government in constitutional
+     America that they have inaugurated in Russia, and these are the
+     agents and the instructors, according to the charge, to carry out
+     that program.
+
+     "It is quite a different thing from expressing your sympathy in a
+     convention for downtrodden Russia. It is a little different
+     program, Mr. Chairman, and the evidence in this case will disclose
+     that these members, in conjunction with that party, have tied
+     themselves irrevocably to the program.
+
+     "So that charge involves, I should say, a grave question as to
+     whether these men, pledged to an alien empire to carry out an alien
+     policy and to do it masquerading as a political party, shall be
+     members of that Assembly and can take the oath of office.
+
+     "Our ideals are the embodiment of the Constitution which these men
+     ought to have been able to take the oath to and support. No alien,
+     invisible empire, having one corner of it resting in the heart of
+     Soviet Russia, another corner of it resting upon the shoulders of
+     the Spartacides in Germany, and another resting somewhere else, you
+     swore allegiance to, but to this country and this standard and no
+     other country or standard--that is the ideal which we take the oath
+     for and undertake to support.
+
+     "Now, with that situation, here is an Assembly organized under the
+     ideals of that country and under its Constitution, and the question
+     here is, Can that Assembly inquire into whether or not five of its
+     members are disloyal to the country have foresworn themselves and
+     given their allegiance to an alien and an invisible empire, and
+     placed themselves in the hands of a master who can withdraw them
+     from this Assembly when he chooses? Can such a deliberative body as
+     this make that inquiry, and, finding the fact out, can it expel
+     that agency from this body before the poison has contaminated the
+     system?"
+
+Mr. Littleton here took up the charge that the five Socialist
+Assemblymen, before taking office, had placed their resignations in the
+hands of their party leaders, or their local organizations, to be used
+to withdraw them from office should they fail to carry out their party's
+behest. He continued:
+
+     "What is the charge here? That these men, belonging to the
+     invisible empire of the Internationale, whose agents may be violent
+     or peaceable, according as the law allows, and according as they
+     may escape, are here acting as agents of Lenine and Trotzky, not to
+     establish a Soviet Republic under the rotten ruins of an infamous
+     democracy, but to establish a Soviet Republic on the ruins of a
+     Constitution to which every man is pledged by every ounce of his
+     blood and by that solemn vow which he registered in heaven when he
+     entered on the duties of his office.
+
+     "Mr. Chairman, before this investigation is over and before the
+     waves which have been stirred, the waves of public opinion, have
+     subsided, I make no threat, but I make a prediction, that this
+     country will understand that this so-called political party,
+     masquerading as a political party, is the agent and the
+     co-conspirator with the dark forces of this invisible empire whose
+     object is the forcible destruction of constitutional government in
+     America.
+
+     "I say this question, before it is over, will arouse this country.
+     It will not be a tempest in the teapot. It will be a question as to
+     whether they can hypocritically masquerade as a political party,
+     and strike hands with every agency of force and revolution, and
+     still make simple American people understand they are not sworn
+     enemies of their country and ready to overthrow it."
+
+The power of the "invisible empire" established by Lenine and Trotzky
+can be traced in the quotations in this book as a great dramatic energy
+which has seized and dragged into its vortex one after another of the
+radical organizations in the United States until none are now left out,
+and some even of the comparatively conservative trades union bodies
+appear to be trembling on the verge of peril. The evil fascination of
+the blood-reign of Lenine and Trotzky has been most remarkably evident
+in the Socialist Party of America, and precisely so because an element
+in this organization developed a strong power of resistance--only to
+succumb at last.
+
+The story of this struggle is told in Chapters III to V of this work,
+where we see the Moscow Magnet dragging one section so much more rapidly
+than the rest moved that the Socialist Party at first stretched out into
+two wings, the Left and the Right, and then exploded into three parts,
+the Communist Labor Party, the Communist Party of America and that which
+still calls itself the Socialist Party of America.
+
+We cannot forget the significant statement by Morris Hillquit in the
+"New York Call" after the Chicago Emergency Convention of September,
+1919. This was put in evidence against the Socialist Party of America
+during the trial before the New York Assembly's Judiciary Committee and
+appeared in the "New York Herald" of January 29, 1920. Hillquit's letter
+in the "Call" raised the question, "What shall be the attitude of the
+Socialist Party toward the newly formed Communist organization?" In
+answering this question Hillquit used the following remarkable
+expressions:
+
+     "The division _was not brought about by differences on vital
+     questions of principles_. It arose over disputes on methods and
+     policy. The separation of the Socialist Party into three
+     organizations _need not necessarily mean a weakening of the
+     Socialists_.... Our quarrel is a _family_ quarrel, and has no room
+     in the columns of the capitalistic papers.... We have had our
+     split.... Now we are through with it. Legitimate constructive work
+     of the Socialist movement is before us. Let us give it all of our
+     time, energies and resources. Let us center our whole fight upon
+     capitalism, and let us hope _our Communist brethren_ will go and do
+     likewise." (Italics mine.)
+
+The difference, then, is not at all one of "principles," but only one of
+"methods and policy," that is, of cunning in putting on disguises; and
+in this we concede that the Socialist Party of America is greatly
+superior to its "Communist brethren."
+
+Another evidence of this cunning, brought out at the trial of the
+Socialist Assemblymen in January, 1920, bears directly upon the
+conspiratory character of the Socialist Party's policy of "political
+action." According to the "New York Evening Sun," January 22, 1920, the
+following from the Socialist Party's New York State Constitution was put
+in evidence:
+
+     "All candidates or appointees to public office selected by the
+     dues-paying membership of the Socialist Party of the State of New
+     York, or any of its subdivisions, shall sign the final resignation
+     blank before nomination is made official or appointment is made
+     final."
+
+The form of resignation, also put in evidence, is here reproduced from
+the same issue of the "Evening Sun":
+
+     "To the end that my official acts may at all times be under the
+     direction and control of the party membership, I hereby sign and
+     place in the hands of Local (........) my resignation to any office
+     to which I may be elected (or appointed), such resignation to
+     become effective whenever a majority of the local shall so vote. I
+     sign this resignation voluntarily as a condition of receiving said
+     nomination, and pledge my honor as a man and Socialist to abide by
+     it."
+
+One of the by-laws of the New York County organization put in evidence
+also reads:
+
+     "On accepting a nomination of the party for public office, the
+     candidate shall at once give to the executive committee a signed
+     resignation of the office for which he is nominated, and shall
+     assent in writing to its being filed with the proper authority, if,
+     in case of election, he proves disloyal to the party."
+
+A protest had been made to the New York Assembly claiming that "the
+fundamental principles of representative government" would be violated
+in refusing to seat the five suspended Socialist Assemblymen. But it is
+plain that men controlled in office by such a secret device would not
+really represent their districts, nor those who voted for them, but only
+the members of the dues-paying locals or the executive committee holding
+their resignations; and in cases of some of the suspended Socialists it
+was said that of the votes they received not one in ten nor even one in
+twenty had been cast by a dues-paying Socialist. At the trial Morris
+Hillquit, of counsel for the defense, tried to break the force of this
+damaging evidence by getting in testimony "that this provision of the
+State Constitution has been a dead letter since its inception." (New
+York "Evening Sun," January 22, 1920.) But this hypocrisy was thoroughly
+exposed by the testimony given on January 28, 1920, by George R. Lunn,
+Democratic Mayor of Schenectady, who had been a candidate for that
+office three times as a Socialist. The following summary of his
+testimony is from the "New York Sun" of January 29, 1920:
+
+     "The outstanding features of Mayor's Lunn's testimony were his
+     statements that on the night before election in 1911, when he was
+     running for Mayor on the Socialist ticket, two members of the party
+     went to his home and presented a blank resignation for his
+     signature. This, he said, he signed in order to 'avoid a squabble,'
+     although he considered it 'child's play and illegal.' He refused,
+     he said, in 1913 to sign the required resignation before the
+     election. This time he was defeated. In 1915, he testified, he was
+     again nominated and elected, after repudiating that part of the
+     Socialist Constitution which bound him to follow the dictates of
+     his party leaders. The result, he said, was that the State
+     organization revoked the charter of the entire Schenectady local in
+     order to discipline him."
+
+In a ninety-page brief, submitted to members of the New York Assembly on
+February 12, 1920, by counsel of the Judiciary Committee, after five
+weeks of investigating the qualifications of the suspended Socialist
+Assemblymen, Attorney-General Charles D. Newton and the other signers
+said that the five Socialists by "their promise ... to place their
+resignations in the hands of the dues-paying members ... abdicated their
+functions as Assemblymen and disqualified themselves from taking the
+oath of office and rendered their oath false." ("New York Times,"
+February 13, 1920.)
+
+The same brief, according to the "Times" of above date, says:
+
+     "A decent regard for the Assembly as the popular representative
+     house of the State requires that these five Assemblymen be excluded
+     from their seats. They have taken a false oath to secure seats
+     which they cannot occupy as gentlemen, patriots, loyal citizens or
+     Assemblymen. They come here under the false pretense of being loyal
+     to their Government, when in fact they are really citizens of the
+     Internationale, and desire above all things the destruction of this
+     Government."
+
+The Socialist Party of America is also denounced by the same brief on
+three other counts, which the "New York Times" of February 13, 1920,
+thus summarizes:
+
+     "The Socialist Party is a revolutionary party, having the single
+     purpose of destroying our institutions and Government, which they
+     abhor, and substituting the Russian Soviet Government or the
+     proletariat Government instead to be controlled by themselves. This
+     appears from their platforms and propaganda.
+
+     "The Socialist Party is not a national party, like the Democratic
+     Party or the Republican Party, whose aim is to conserve and
+     preserve the nation. The Socialist Party is an anti-national party
+     whose allegiance is given to the Internationale and not to the
+     United States, whose Government and institutions it would destroy.
+
+     "'Mass action' and the 'general strike' are advocated and urged by
+     the Socialist Party as a part of the plan to bring about conditions
+     favorable to revolution, and as instruments of revolution, and not
+     to remedy industrial evils. The revolutionary purpose and
+     non-political character of such acts make them treasonable, and,
+     whether criminal or not in the absence of such purpose, treasonable
+     with it."
+
+This last point, the attitude of the Socialist Party of America toward
+"mass action" and the "general strike," is of the utmost importance as
+evidence that the Socialist Party stands for seizure of the Government
+of the United States by revolutionary violence; for the reader will
+recall abundant proof in this book that it is precisely by means of
+"mass action" and the "general strike" that both of the Communist
+parties in this country expect to destroy our existing Government, these
+"instruments of revolution" being also the very ones recommended by the
+Communist manifesto of the Third (Moscow) International, and the ones
+employed by the I. W. W. in its industrial battles.
+
+The Moscow Manifesto, as cited from the copy of it in the "New York
+Call" of July 24, 1919, gives the Third International's plan of action
+for world revolution in a nutshell:
+
+     "The revolutionary epoch demands that the proletariat should employ
+     such fighting methods as will concentrate its entire energy, viz.,
+     the method of mass action, and lead to its logical consequence--the
+     direct collision with the capitalist state machine in an open
+     combat. All other methods, e.g., revolutionary use of bourgeois
+     parliamentarism will in the revolution have only a subordinate
+     value."
+
+It is very significant, therefore, that the Socialist Party of America
+definitely committed itself to these tactics in the manifesto it adopted
+at the Chicago Emergency Convention on September 4, 1919. As given in
+the "Call" of September 5, 1919, the manifesto of the Socialist Party of
+the United States says on this point:
+
+     "The great purpose of the Socialist Party is to wrest the
+     industries and the control of the Government of the United States
+     from the capitalists and their retainers. It is our purpose to
+     place industry and government in the control of the workers with
+     hand and brain, to be administered for the benefit of the whole
+     community.
+
+     "To insure the triumph of Socialism in the United States the bulk
+     of the American workers must be strongly organized politically as
+     Socialists, in constant, clear-cut and aggressive opposition to all
+     parties of the possessing class. They must be strongly organized in
+     the economic field on broad industrial lines, as one powerful and
+     harmonious class organization, co-operating with the Socialist
+     Party, and ready in cases of emergency to reinforce the political
+     demands of the working class by industrial action.
+
+     "To win the American workers from their ineffective and
+     demoralizing leadership, to educate them to an enlightened
+     understanding of their own class interests, and to train and assist
+     them to organize politically and industrially on class lines, in
+     order to effect their emancipation, that is the supreme task
+     confronting the Socialist Party in America.
+
+     "To this great task, without deviation or compromise, we pledge all
+     our energies and resources. For its accomplishment we call for the
+     support and co-operation of the workers of America and of all other
+     persons desirous of ending the insane rule of capitalism before it
+     has had the opportunity to precipitate humanity into another
+     cataclysm of blood and ruin.
+
+     "Long live the International Socialist Revolution, the only hope of
+     the suffering world!"
+
+So culminates and ends this 1919 national convention manifesto of the
+Socialist Party of America. This dedication of that party to the
+"supreme task" of "strongly organizing" the "bulk of the American
+workers" into "one powerful and harmonious class organization" in order
+that "industrial action" may "reinforce the political demands of the
+working class," adds greatly to the significance of some testimony by
+leading Socialists in the inquiry of the New York Assembly's Judiciary
+Committee at Albany. On January 30, 1920, Algernon Lee, educational
+director of the Rand School and secretary of the New York County
+Committee of the Socialist Party, was sworn and testified as follows,
+according to the "New York Herald" of January 31, 1920:
+
+     "Mr. Lee ... described at length what Socialists mean by direct
+     mass action and the general strike. He said the general strike had
+     been used with some degree of success in Russia and Belgium....
+     'The general strike is often used to back up political action,' the
+     witness said. He justified combining economic strikes as a
+     political weapon....
+
+     "'Let us assume for the moment,' said Mr. Conboy, 'that these five
+     gentlemen whose seats are in question ... should present a
+     political program here in the shape of proposed legislation, and
+     they were reinforced by the combination in industrial action,
+     including within its weapons the general strike. It would be
+     possible for them, would it not, in the event that the Legislature
+     of this State refused to adopt the movement which they presented
+     for adoption by the Legislature, to cripple the industries of the
+     State and to starve the people thereof?'
+
+     "'I think you are assuming, I may almost say, an impossible
+     condition,' replied Mr. Lee, 'that the people should elect an
+     overwhelming majority upon one side and then be so overwhelmingly
+     organized as to be able to use industrial action on the other
+     side.'"
+
+But here Mr. Lee simply concealed the truth behind hypocritical
+camouflage by using the term, "the people," ambiguously. For our people
+might go on as now, conducting constitutional government by
+representatives in all their legislatures elected by "an overwhelming
+majority upon one side," while at the same time the underground work
+might go on of "strongly organizing" "the bulk of the American workers"
+into "one powerful and harmonious class organization" ready for
+"industrial action." In that case, a "general strike" would absolutely
+paralyze the whole country, and "the people" and all their legislatures
+alike would have to surrender absolutely to any demands made upon them,
+or would have to engage instantly in such a civil war as the world has
+not yet seen, carried on under conditions of indescribable chaos.
+
+Moreover the underground work of revolutionary "industrial organization"
+need be only partial, need, in fact, be carried on only a little beyond
+conditions already actually existing, in order to establish a
+"dictatorship of the proletariat," or else terrible civil war, in many
+of our American cities by the simple process of calling general strikes.
+The reader who questions this should learn the facts about the Winnipeg
+general strike of May 1-June 15, 1919, "the culmination of the
+development of the One Big Union movement in Canada" (page 333 of "The
+American Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, edited by Alexander Trachtenberg,
+Director, Department of Labor Research, Rand School of Social Science"),
+which held a city of 200,000 terrorized for six weeks under the absolute
+dictatorship of a Strike Committee elected by the strikers, while "many
+cities, including Calgary, Edmonton and Toronto, meanwhile joined the
+general strike in sympathy with Winnipeg." (Ibid., page 334.)
+
+The strikers included the employees of the fire, water supply, health,
+street cleaning, light and power, transportation, telegraph, telephone
+and postal departments of the city, together with the janitors of
+buildings, elevator men, wholesale and retail clerks and the carters and
+deliverers of the stores, railways and express companies, thus cutting
+off the city from the rest of the world and even from the supplies and
+facilities within its own bounds except only as the Strike Committee
+made concessions. "I could have a glass of milk or lunch if I had a
+ticket from the Strike Committee. Otherwise I couldn't." This was the
+testimony of Mr. Robert McKay, of Winnipeg, February 10, 1920, and
+printed in the Albany "Knickerbocker Press" of February 11, 1920, from
+which we take the facts. Even the Winnipeg newspapers failed to appear
+after the first three days of the strike, while the city police also
+voted to strike, but continued on duty under command of the Strike
+Committee.
+
+At length a Citizens' Committee was organized, 100 men at first, which
+grew to 1,000, and even 10,000, Mr. McKay says. "The regular police was
+replaced by 1,500 special police, assisted by mounted police and
+militia," and "during the last two weeks there were two riots, in which
+two persons were shot by the mounted police." (Account in Trachtenberg's
+"Year Book," above quoted, page 334.) In other words, Winnipeg was only
+delivered by means of rescue from outside and by incipient civil war,
+the ringleaders of the dictatorship being arrested and indicted for
+trial.
+
+Yet are there some Americans still so blinded by foolish optimism as to
+think we are in no danger--even at a time when all the "Reds" of
+America, inflamed by the Third International, are uniting in feverish
+haste to carry "industrial organization" to a sufficient state to make
+it an instrument for holding up the whole American people? If the false
+prophets of optimism pooh-pooh the peril and label intelligent warnings
+as "hysteria," will it be the first time in history that this was done
+by men of weight and influence in the very shadow of a great, impending
+rebellion and down to the very hour of its outbreak?
+
+Mr. Lee's testimony on January 30, 1920, as quoted above, was
+voluntarily supplemented by a statement by Seymour Stedman, of counsel
+for the five Socialist Assemblymen and a prominent Socialist himself,
+one of the National Executive Committeemen who fought the Left Wing to
+keep the control of the party in 1919. We quote from the report of the
+trial in the "New York Times" of January 31, 1920:
+
+     "Mr. Lee was next asked to explain what was meant by the pledge of
+     the Socialist anti-war faction to support 'mass action' against
+     conscription. He answered that the general strike was included in
+     the term 'mass action,' but that the word contemplated other
+     methods as well.
+
+     "'Is it part of the Socialist Party plans to use the general strike
+     to back up political action?'
+
+     "'If the circumstances should exist which made that necessary, I
+     take it that it would be construed so,' said the witness.
+
+     "Mr. Conboy was unable to pin the witness down to a definition of
+     what circumstances would make the Socialists resort to direct
+     action. Mr. Stedman interrupted:
+
+     "'There was a bill to nationalize the railroads,' he said. 'The men
+     went on strike to reinforce their demands. I can see the miners and
+     the whole working class going on a strike protesting against the
+     Government paralyzing them rather than taking the mine owners by
+     the collar. That will be general. If the working class made such a
+     demand to reinforce a general political demand for the relaxation
+     of such an injunction, the Socialists would stand side by side with
+     them everywhere. Personally, I think the mining situation was an
+     instance where there should have been a general strike.'"
+
+It is important to emphasize the proofs that the Socialist Party of
+America has openly committed itself to the sanction and advocacy of
+"industrial" violence in furtherance of its avowed intention "to wrest
+industry and the control of the government of the United States" from
+the whole American people and place them in the hands of a special
+class. For since the wholesale arrests of "Reds" by the Department of
+Justice were made, followed by the institution of the inquiry into the
+qualifications of the five Socialist Assemblymen at Albany, a new,
+general movement became discernible among the radicals, a movement to
+disguise their real principles, camouflage their plan of action and
+carry their propaganda "under ground."
+
+Hillquit, Victor L. Berger and the other shrewd leaders of the Socialist
+Party realized early in 1919 that the programs of violence against this
+country, flaunted openly by the Left Wing leaders, would bring down the
+hand of the Government upon the conspirators. As early as April 19,
+1919, Julius Gerber, Executive Secretary of the New York Local of the
+Socialist Party, in a private letter which we quote from the Left Wing
+"New York Communist." May 1, 1919, stated that "the control of the party
+by these irresponsible people will make the party an outlaw
+organization, and break up the organization."
+
+Yet the call for the Third (Moscow) International had cunningly
+classified the Socialists of the world into three groups, a Right, a
+Center and "the Revolutionary Left Wing." This last group included the
+friends of Moscow, the elements of the Third International; and those
+credited to it in America, who received invitations to the Moscow
+Conference of March 2-6, were the Socialist Labor Party, the I. W. W.,
+the Workers' International Industrial Union and "the elements of the
+Left Wings of American Socialist Propaganda (tendency represented by E.
+V. Debs and the Socialist Propaganda League)." The group of the Right,
+the other extreme, was completely condemned by the Moscow call as
+"avowed social-patriots who, during the entire duration of the
+imperialistic war between the years 1914 and 1918 have supported their
+own bourgeoisie."
+
+But the "Center" was described as "represented by leaders of the type of
+Karl Kautsky, and who constitute a group composed of ever-hesitating
+elements, unable to settle on any determined direction and who up to
+date have always acted as traitors." "In regard to the 'Center,'" the
+call continues, "the tactics consist in separating from it the
+revolutionary elements, in criticizing pitilessly its leaders and in
+dividing systematically among them the number of their followers." The
+Left Wing leaders in America, however, ignoring the recognition of a
+"Center" in this country, lumped together and designated as the "Right"
+all their Socialist opponents, the special followers of Hillquit, Victor
+L. Berger and the other "bosses" of the Socialist Party; but they
+certainly followed the tactics of "criticizing pitilessly its leaders."
+(See the Moscow call in Chapter III and the details of the Left Wing
+fight in Chapters III, IV and V.)
+
+These facts explain the course pursued by Hillquit and his
+fellow-leaders. In the first place they had to get rid of the Left Wing
+leaders whose "control of the party" would make it "an outlaw
+organization and break up the organization." This they accomplished by
+wholesale expulsions and suspensions, as we have seen in earlier
+chapters. But in the second place they had to prepare a sufficiently
+strong public declaration of the real revolutionary principles of their
+party and a sufficiently explicit identification of the party with the
+Moscow International to satisfy both the rank and file of their
+followers and Lenine and Trotzky in Russia, while yet not going far
+enough to incriminate themselves with the awakening suspicions of our
+National and State Governments. As a result we have the utterances of
+the Emergency Convention of August-September, 1919, where every
+compromising word was still only a hint of the principles and plan of
+action carefully concealed behind it.
+
+Even so, the leaders soon realized that they had revealed too much of
+the truth for their safety; while the wholesale arrests, indictments and
+deportations of radicals evidently convinced these cunning plotters that
+the old-time disguises and hypocrisies of Hillquit, Victor Berger and
+the other foxes of the party were the only safe tactics for
+revolutionists in America. Thus Ludwig C. A. K. Martens, the Bolshevist
+"ambassador," himself led the retreat in his smooth lies to the United
+States Senate Foreign Sub-Committee, to the effect that the dictatorship
+in Russia no longer regarded it as necessary to urge those affiliated
+with it in other countries to overthrow the existing governments.
+Undoubtedly he had made the American situation perfectly clear to Lenine
+and Trotzky.
+
+The reappearance of Morris Hillquit in the Assembly case at Albany, on
+February 17, 1920, and his appearance on the witness-stand as "an expert
+on Socialism," was a similar attempt to repair the breaches with
+camouflage. It was his part with an amused smile to show that
+"industrial organization," "industrial action," "mass action" and
+"general strikes" really mean nothing in the Socialist Party's
+manifestoes, platforms and programs, and that his party's affiliation
+with the Third (Moscow) International was a mere meaningless, friendly
+gesture. But these party utterances and acts meant all and even more
+than they said to the party's rank and file and confederates.
+
+It was brought out in the testimony at Albany on February 10, 1920, that
+the minority report of the Emergency Convention, decreeing affiliation
+with the Moscow International, had been adopted by a referendum vote of
+the party's rank and file, 3,495 votes for to 1,449 against. The wording
+of this report, here given in part from Trachtenberg's 1919-20 Labor
+Year Book, page 411, is another of those brilliant attempts at
+camouflage for which the "Yellow" Socialists are famous:
+
+     "Any International, to be effective in this crisis, must contain
+     only those elements who take their stand unreservedly upon the
+     basis of the class struggle, and their adherence to this principle
+     is not mere lip loyalty....
+
+     "The Socialist Party of the United States, in principle and in its
+     past history, has always stood with those elements of other
+     countries that remained true to their principles. The manifestoes
+     adopted in national convention at St. Louis (1917) and Chicago
+     (1919), as well as Referendum 'D,' 1919, unequivocally affirm this
+     stand.[K] These parties, the majority parties of Russia, Italy,
+     Switzerland, Norway, Bulgaria and Greece, and growing minorities in
+     every land, are uniting on the basis of the preliminary
+     convocation, at Moscow, of the Third International. As in the past,
+     so in this extreme crisis, we must take our stand with them.
+
+     "The Socialist Party of the United States, therefore, declares
+     itself in support of the Third (Moscow) International, not so much
+     because it supports the 'Moscow' programs and methods, but because:
+
+     "(a) 'Moscow' is doing something which is already challenging world
+     imperialism.
+
+     "(b) 'Moscow' is threatened by the combined capitalist forces of
+     the world simply because it is proletarian.
+
+     "(c) Under these circumstances, whatever we may have to say to
+     'Moscow' afterwards, it is the duty of Socialists to stand by it
+     now because its fall will mean the fall of Socialist republics in
+     Europe, and also the disappearance of Socialist hopes for many
+     years to come."
+
+If Moscow's "programs and methods" are only the minor reason for
+supporting Moscow, what is the major reason for this "support?" What is
+the Third (Moscow) International "doing" which "is really challenging"
+the "world," arraying the "forces of the world" against it and thus
+making its own "fall" a serious possibility? We examine (see Chapters
+III and IV and the present chapter) the Third (Moscow) International's
+call to the March, 1919, Conference and the manifesto sent out from it,
+and we see what it has done in challenge of the rest of the world. It
+has declared war against the rest of the world and its existing
+governments, the "Entente Powers," "The White Terror of the
+bourgeoisie," as it calls them in the "Manifesto of the Moscow
+International" published in the "New York Call" of July 24, 1919, from
+which we here quote; and against these "Entente Powers," "The White
+Terror," the manifesto continues, "Against this the proletariat must
+defend itself--defend itself at all costs! The Communist International
+calls the whole world-proletariat to this, the final struggle! Down with
+the imperialist conspiracy of capital! Long live the International
+Republic of Proletarian Soviet!" (Ibid.)
+
+Thus complete identification with this proletarian declaration of war
+against the "Entente Powers" was the major aim of the Socialist Party of
+the United States in voting for affiliation with Moscow. This is the
+principal ground on which it "declares itself in support of the Third
+(Moscow) International" and proclaims it to be "the duty of Socialists
+to stand by it now." Just as Hillquit differed from the Left Wingers,
+now his "communist brethren," not "on vital questions of principles,"
+but only "on methods and policy," opposing their "movement" "not
+because" it was "too radical" or "would lead us too far," but simply
+because its "specific form and direction, ... its program and tactics,"
+would "spell disaster," so Hillquit's Party supported the Third (Moscow)
+International "not so much because" of its "programs and methods" as
+because what it was "doing," its war-declaration and marshaling of the
+world's proletarian forces against the "Entente Powers," was "really
+challenging world imperialism."
+
+Is not one mind, one aim, one intent, one purpose and hatred
+consistently evident in all these utterances? And thus we understand the
+vehemence of the Chicago Manifesto of September 4, 1919, "largely based
+upon one suggested by Morris Hillquit," as the "Call," New York, of
+September 5, 1919, says. The following quotation from the Chicago
+Manifesto, as printed in the "New York Call" of September 5, 1919, and
+also in Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, pages 413-14, shows
+that the Socialist Party of America completely repudiates the so-called
+"Moderate" Socialists, and supports the Bolshevist and Communist violent
+revolutionists:
+
+"The Socialist Party of the United States at its first national
+convention after the war, squarely takes its position with the
+uncompromising section of the international Socialist movement. We
+unreservedly reject the policy of those Socialists who supported their
+belligerent capitalist governments on the plea of 'national defense,'
+and who entered into demoralizing compacts for so-called civil peace
+with the exploiters of labor during the war and continued a political
+alliance with them after the war. We, the organized Socialists of
+America, pledge our support to the revolutionary workers of Russia in
+the maintenance of their Soviet Government, to the radical Socialists of
+Germany, Austria and Hungary in their efforts to establish working-class
+rule in their countries, and to those Socialist organizations in
+England, Italy and other countries who during the war, as after the war,
+have remained true to the principles of uncompromising international
+Socialism."
+
+Just as the Moscow Manifesto cries out, "Long live the International
+Republic of Proletarian Soviet!" so does Hillquit's manifesto, adopted
+September 4, 1919, by the Socialist Party, "hold out to the world the
+ideal of a federation of free and equal Socialist nations." A common
+zeal for the violent overthrow of the world's existing non-Socialist
+governments, in order to set up a world-empire of Socialism, is the
+major feature of the Socialist Party's unity with the Moscow plotters
+and incendiaries.
+
+But while Moscow's "programs and methods" are "not so much" the concern
+of the American Socialist Party as the "federation of ... Socialist
+nations," yet these Moscow "programs and methods" are themselves also
+distinctly adopted and enthusiastically followed by the American
+Socialists.
+
+The Moscow Manifesto ("New York Call," July 24, 1919) lays down two
+great principles of action, one of _method_, the other of _means_. Here
+is the method: "The revolutionary epoch demands that the proletariat
+should employ such fighting methods as will concentrate its entire
+energy, viz., the method of mass action, and lead to its logical
+consequence--the direct collision with the capitalist state machine in
+an open combat. All other methods, e.g., revolutionary use of bourgeois
+parliamentarism, will in the revolution have only a subordinate value."
+
+Here is the means: "A coalition is necessary with those elements of the
+revolutionary workers' movement who, though they did not previously
+belong to the Socialist Party, now, on the whole, take up the standpoint
+of the proletarian dictatorship in the form of the power of Soviets,
+e.g., _some of the sections among the Syndicalists_." (Ibid.)
+
+The American "Syndicalists" are the I. W. W.'s, and their methods are
+those of "industrial action" by means of industrial unionism. In other
+words, they are seeking to organize "One Big Union" in order, as the
+"Preamble" to their Constitution asserts, to "take possession of the
+earth and the machinery of production." These are the methods and means
+recommended by the Moscow International to the rabid Socialists
+affiliated with it all over the world.
+
+These methods and means, urged by the Moscow Manifesto, were evidently
+adopted in Hillquit's manifesto, which led, by the party's adoption of
+it, to the American Socialist Party's strong commitment of itself at
+Chicago to "strongly organize" on "industrial lines" the "bulk of the
+American workers" into "one powerful and harmonious class organization"
+ready for "industrial action." The preamble to the Constitution, also
+adopted at the Emergency Convention of 1919, according to Trachtenberg's
+Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, page 410, stresses the same thing:
+
+     "The Socialist Party seeks to organize the working-class for
+     independent _action_ on the political field, not merely for the
+     betterment of their conditions, _but also and above all with the
+     revolutionary aim_ of putting an end to exploitation and class
+     rule." And it adds: "To accomplish this aim, it is necessary that
+     the working-class be powerfully and solidly organized also on the
+     economic field _to struggle for the same revolutionary goal_."
+
+Trachtenberg's 1919-1920 Year Book, page 409, tells us, too, that the
+party at its Emergency Convention "adopted a series of resolutions,"
+including two described as follows:
+
+     "_Co-operatives._--Favoring the establishment of co-operatives and
+     recommending that literature be distributed on the subject."
+
+     "_Economic Organization._--Favoring industrial unionism and
+     establishing a labor department in the party for the preparation of
+     literature and more active work among the labor unions."
+
+We know what the last-mentioned resolution means; and the meaning of the
+propaganda for "co-operatives" becomes plain when we read in
+Trachtenberg's same Year Book, page 393, that this co-operative movement
+has been defined as "The state within a state."
+
+Indeed, these two resolutions, favoring propaganda for "co-operatives"
+and "industrial unionism," seem to be explained in the "Preamble to the
+Constitution of the Socialist Party," adopted at Chicago on September 6,
+1919. A single sentence in this Preamble, which we quote from
+Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, page 410, tells us what the
+Socialist Party wants and the means by which it hopes to get it. Here is
+the sentence: "The workers must wrest the control of the government from
+the hands of the masters and use its powers in this upbuilding of the
+new social order, the Co-operative Commonwealth."
+
+Naturally "co-operatives" are favored as a step toward the "Co-operative
+Commonwealth," which is what the Socialist dreamers want. But in order
+to set up this new state, the Socialists want "the workers" to do a big
+job for them, namely, to "wrest the control of" the present Government
+of the United States and get it out of the way. Thus "the workers" are
+the means, the tool, which the hair-brained Socialists hope to use,
+while the proposed method of using these "workers" is to make Socialists
+of them and line them up in one big "industrial union" ready for
+"industrial action" when the Socialists crack the whip. We do not think
+America's "workers" intend to burn their fingers in pulling Hillquit's
+chestnuts out of the fire; but the lazy drones, the Socialist
+"intellectuals," as the Hillquitites love to style themselves, certainly
+hope to ride into power on the back of American labor just as the
+Bolshevist "dictators," Lenine and Trotzky, rode into power and are
+still riding on the galled back of the labor slaves of Russia.
+
+It appears, then, that the Socialist Party of America is not merely
+affiliated with Moscow's "programs and methods" by a referendum vote,
+but has adopted a similar program and method for its own "supreme task."
+The only difference is that the Bolsheviks have made their revolution,
+while the American Socialists are forging the weapon for theirs. Debs'
+motto is their motto: "I am law abiding under protest--not from
+scruple--and bide my time."
+
+Perceiving the peril of his party, Hillquit, on the witness stand in the
+Judiciary Committee's inquiry at Albany, sought in every way to belittle
+the significance of his and his party's Chicago Manifesto, the Moscow
+Manifesto, and the evident connection between the two, belittling, also,
+his party's affiliation with the Third (Moscow) International. How
+unscrupulous and hypocritical his testimony seems in the light of all
+the facts!
+
+In his testimony at Albany on February 19, 1920, Hillquit acknowledged
+the Chicago Manifesto, adopted September 4, 1919, as his own child. "At
+least ninety per cent of it is my authorship," he proudly said. Having
+himself imprudently led his party to make open confession, by manifesto,
+of its plot "to wrest the industries and the control of the government
+of the United States" out of their present keeping and so completely
+into the hands of the Socialist Party that it would be able "to place"
+them "in the control of" a special class, did Hillquit feel that he
+would be justified on the witness stand in using any extreme of craft
+which might help to bury the plot out of sight again?
+
+In spite of the fact that the Party Manifesto Hillquit wrote sounds
+astonishingly like the echo of the Moscow Manifesto, Hillquit, on
+February 19, 1920, swore that he had never read the Moscow Manifesto
+when he wrote his ninety per cent or more of the Chicago Manifesto. To
+this he held even when reminded by Mr. Conboy that all of the Moscow
+Manifesto but the preamble had appeared in the "New York Call" of July
+24, 1919. And he still sought to convey the notion that the Moscow
+Manifesto had not made any particular impression upon the members of
+his party prior to the Emergency Convention of September, 1919, in spite
+of the letter read to him by Mr. Conboy, of which the following is an
+extract:
+
+
+                        "SOCIALIST PARTY
+                       "National Office
+                "Executive Secretary: Adolph Germer
+                    "803 West Madison Street
+                "Chicago, Ill., 5/12/1919.
+
+     "Local Rochester, C. M. O'Brien,
+
+     "580 St. Paul St., Rochester, N. Y.:
+
+     "Dear Comrade.--I am pleased to announce the publication of two
+     vital documents in pamphlet form, namely, 'The Manifesto Communist
+     International,' issued 1919 by the Soviets of Russia at Moscow to
+     the toiling masses of the world. This is undoubtedly the greatest
+     declaration ever issued from any working class tribunal since the
+     Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels ... the second is 'The
+     Constitution World's First Socialist Republic....
+
+     [Signed] "Edwin Firth,
+
+     "Literature Dept."
+
+But Hillquit, the great "expert on Socialism," missed reading this
+"vital" manifesto all the summer of 1919, when the Socialist papers were
+full of it; and yet, by some wild chance, himself composed a close echo
+of it!
+
+The cowardly "Reds," as we have seen, want a violent revolution and
+constantly preach it to the discontented as boldly and openly as they
+dare. But they want America's workingmen to take all the risk and do all
+the work, and they go on with their frantic agitation in the hope that
+American labor will some day organize a great "general strike" and try
+to turn it into a revolution to overthrow the United States Government.
+Naturally, therefore, the Socialists get excited whenever any great
+labor strike is on, and they stand as tempters whispering the word
+"revolution" into the ears of the strikers. Sometimes they get their
+suggestion that the strike be turned into a revolution before the
+strikers' minds by a hypocritical pretense that they are afraid that
+what they so much long for is likely to happen. Debs, the Socialist
+Party's presidential standard-bearer, is a past master in this art of
+suggestion through a pretense of feeling concern, and during the steel
+strike of 1919 he even tried to "start something" of this kind from
+behind the bars of his jail. Thus in the form of an interview, sent as
+a "special to the 'New York Times,'" which published it September 24,
+1919, he got off the following hypocritically inflammatory comment on
+the steel strike from his place in the Atlanta Federal Prison:
+
+     "'I fear that much violence will result from the strike. Then we
+     have the potentiality of other unions to consider, for many of
+     them, including the miners, who have a crisis coming within a short
+     time themselves, as well as the railroad men of the country, who
+     have already made demands--these workers and others may be drawn
+     into the great steel struggle before it is over, and while I do not
+     believe that a prearranged general strike will be called, yet I
+     fear the results of great excitement over possible killings like
+     those we read about in the papers of today, and it is possible that
+     in the heat of passion men may lay down their work and be swept
+     into a revolution with cyclonic fury.
+
+     "'Anything is possible as an outcome of the present situation,'
+     continued the prisoner, 'and should a general strike or revolution
+     occur it would be the outcome of too great pressure being brought
+     to bear upon the men who, in a state of unrest and industrial
+     uncertainty, have reached a highly inflammable condition that might
+     burst out spontaneously.'"
+
+"Honest" Bill Haywood, one of the foremost Socialists of the time,
+admitted as far back as the early part of 1912, in a speech at Cooper
+Union, New York City, that the Socialists were conspirators against the
+United States Government.
+
+The Socialist Party of America, ever since its birth, has been reviling
+and attacking the Government of the United States with a view to
+overthrowing and destroying it. Is it possible that such an organization
+is not engaged in a conspiracy against our country?
+
+The American Socialists have been thoroughly unpatriotic. "To hell with
+the American flag!" "Down with the Stars and Stripes!" "I would spit
+upon your flag!" These are a few of their expressions of contempt. The
+United States uniform and the soldiers alike are scorned and ridiculed.
+The article in "The Call," "Rows and Rows and Rows of 'em march," which
+has been quoted in a previous chapter, shows the reader the real spirit
+and intention of Debs' gang, who have been so zealous in stirring up
+strikes with a view to the final ruin of our present form of government.
+
+Debs, four times the standard-bearer of the Socialists in presidential
+campaigns, has revealed himself, as we have shown, in such utterances as
+these:
+
+     "As a revolutionist, I have no respect for capitalist property
+     laws, nor the least scruple about violating them.... I am law
+     abiding under protest--not from scruple--and bide my time."
+
+     "Let the sturdy toilers of the Pacific Coast raise the Red standard
+     of revolt."
+
+     "All hail to the revolution."
+
+     "I enter the prison doors a flaming revolutionist, my head erect,
+     my spirit untamed, and my soul unconquered."
+
+     "In Russia and Germany our valiant comrades are leading the
+     proletarian revolution.... They are setting the heroic example for
+     world-wide emulation. Let us, like them, scorn and repudiate the
+     cowardly compromisers within our ranks, challenge and defy the
+     robber-class power, and fight it out on that line to victory or
+     death."
+
+This favorite leader of the radicals of America was convicted by jury of
+violation of the Espionage Law on September 12, 1918, and two days later
+sentenced to serve ten years in the penitentiary. The case was appealed
+on the ground that the Espionage Act was an unconstitutional abridgment
+of the right of free speech. The decision of the United States Supreme
+Court was handed down on March 10, 1919. In the words of a Socialist
+work, Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, page 102, "The Court
+held that the law was not contrary to the Constitution and affirmed the
+sentence imposed upon Debs by the lower court. The decision was
+unanimous that the nature and intended effect of his speech was to
+obstruct recruiting and enlistment in the army."
+
+Yet this same Year Book, in its account of "The Emergency Convention of
+the Socialist Party" at Chicago in August-September, 1919, says, page
+409: "The Convention went on record offering the presidential nomination
+of the party to Eugene V. Debs, the nomination to be ratified at the
+1920 Convention."
+
+On March 5, 1920, at Albany, in the final argument for the five
+suspended Socialist Assemblymen, according to the "New York Times" of
+March 6, 1920, Seymour Stedman said of Debs: "He represents in a sense
+the Socialist movement. Perhaps he represents it more completely than
+any other man in this country."
+
+In order that the reader may understand the extreme way in which
+lawbreakers like Debs and Victor L. Berger were justified by those
+defending the five suspended Socialists at Albany, we give an extract
+from the testimony of Morris Hillquit on February 19, 1920, as reported
+in the "New York Times" of the next day:
+
+     "The testimony leading up to Mr. Hillquit's admissions was given
+     after Martin Conboy of counsel for the Judiciary Committee had read
+     into the record a speech and a signed article by Victor L. Berger.
+     In the speech, delivered at the Socialist National Convention in
+     1908, Mr. Berger said:
+
+     "'I have no doubt that in the last analysis we must shoot, and when
+     it comes to shooting, Wisconsin will be there.'
+
+     "In the signed article which appeared in a Socialist newspaper
+     published in Milwaukee the following year, he wrote:
+
+     "'Socialists and workingmen should ... have rifles and the
+     necessary rounds of ammunition ... and be prepared to back up their
+     ballots with their bullets.'"
+
+In reply, according to the "New York Times" of February 20, 1920,
+putting his own far-fetched construction on Victor L. Berger's words,
+Morris Hillquit himself advanced the doctrine of "a little shooting" in
+the following statement:
+
+     "'History ... has shown that when the privileged minority is about
+     to lose its privileges ... it tries to destroy reform or lawful
+     revolutionary movements by force, ... and in a case of this kind it
+     may come to shooting.
+
+     "'It is not at all impossible that, even in this country, when the
+     majority of the people will be ready to introduce substantial
+     reform and take away the privileges of the profiteering class by
+     constitutional, legal methods, these self-same profiteering
+     interests will take offense and try to play some trick upon the
+     people, and in that case it is possible--as a matter of prophecy,
+     not as a matter of program, so far as we are concerned--that the
+     people of this country will be compelled to supplement their
+     political action by a little shooting.'"
+
+Testifying the same day, Hillquit endorsed Debs as follows, according to
+the "New York Times" of February 20, 1920:
+
+     "When asked if Debs is a candidate of the Socialist Party for
+     President, Mr. Hillquit replied:
+
+     "'If any voice or influence of mine could accomplish anything, he
+     certainly will be nominated at the next convention.'
+
+     "'The Supreme Court has passed upon the conviction of Debs and
+     affirmed it,' said ex-Judge Sutherland, of counsel.
+     'Notwithstanding this judgment, you still declare that Mr. Debs
+     represents and personifies the attitude of the Socialist Party on
+     the subject of loyalty to the United States Government?'
+
+     "'I do not say that he represents the attitude of the Socialist
+     Party. I think I said that he represents the highest and noblest
+     sentiments of United States citizenship and American loyalty....
+     Debs was convicted only for saying things, not for doing things. I
+     do not for a moment doubt he said the things he is charged with
+     having said.' ...
+
+     "'Do you uphold and approve of, as a leader of the Socialist Party,
+     the words that Mr. Debs pronounced, and for which he was
+     convicted?'
+
+     "'I haven't got his complete speech before me. I do not want to
+     commit the Party in this general way to every statement. I will
+     say, as a whole, I read his speech at the time and my impression
+     was that it was a perfectly innocent, honest expression of
+     opposition to war for very good and patriotic motives.' ...
+
+     "'Have you any respect at all for the decision of the tribunal to
+     the contrary?'
+
+     "'I have respect to this effect: that I know that it is final and
+     binding and in practice will go. I do not have respect in the sense
+     of believing that it is just, impartial, and well-reasoned out.'
+     ...
+
+     "'Mr. Hillquit, do you wish to be understood as saying that you
+     approve of the words spoken by Mr. Debs for which he was
+     convicted?'
+
+     "'Are you trying to get me a little conviction, also, Judge?' asked
+     the witness.
+
+     "'I am not in a position to indorse every word and every phrase
+     because I have not the speech before me,' he continued. 'As a rule,
+     I fully indorsed his statements on the subject of the war,
+     expressed, I suppose, in that speech and in other speeches.... I
+     share with all my comrades the greatest respect for Debs, and
+     cannot think any compliment too high for him.'
+
+     "'And you think it was that largeness of view, do you, that led Mr.
+     Debs to say the things which brought him into conflict with the law
+     of the United States?'
+
+     "'Absolutely, just in the same way as it once happened to one Jesus
+     of Nazareth.'"
+
+     "'And you say that notwithstanding the highest judicial authority
+     known under the Constitution has declared him guilty of doing
+     that, and in contempt of that authority, notwithstanding that
+     authority, you say that he is the man that should be placed in the
+     President's chair by the votes of the Socialist Party?'
+
+     "'I do.'
+
+     "'If Mr. Debs were elected in 1920, how would you proceed to
+     inaugurate[12] him, as he is serving a twenty-year sentence?' asked
+     Assemblyman Jenks.
+
+     "'The chances are that prior to the time he would be called upon to
+     occupy the chair the powers that be would sober up enough to know
+     that the present conviction is an improper and inhuman act and
+     liberate him.'"
+
+On several occasions at the trial, in spite of Hillquit's studied effort
+to cast an air of innocency over his party, menacing words escaped from
+this crafty leader. He could not restrain them even at the end, on March
+3, 1920, when summing up the case for the Socialist defendants at
+Albany, according to the following account in the "Sun and New York
+Herald" of March 4, 1920:
+
+     "Justifying the general strike as an emergency weapon, Mr. Hillquit
+     made this startling statement interpreted in some quarters as an
+     open threat:
+
+     "'The workers of this country have the right "to call a general
+     strike" and it is well that they should at least hold it in
+     abeyance as a possible instrument in some cases, in very
+     exceptional emergencies. I will say that the general strike has
+     been used abroad for the purpose of enforcing political action.'
+
+     "'A labor party is being formed,' Mr. Hillquit said, 'in some parts
+     of the country. Suppose it should elect representatives to the
+     Legislature and a capitalist in that Legislature should get up and
+     say "I don't approve of your programme; get out of my Legislature."
+
+     "'I say this would be eminently a case where the workers would be
+     justified in declaring a general strike until such time as their
+     constitutional rights are actually accorded to them.'"
+
+To this "veiled threat" Martin Conboy, counsel for the Judiciary
+Committee, replied the next day in summing up for the prosecution. We
+quote his words from the "Sun and New York Herald" of March 5, 1920:
+
+     "'Under the veil of a simile a threat was employed that if you
+     gentlemen concluded that these five Socialist Assemblymen should
+     not sit in this chamber as members of this Assembly a general
+     strike might be called. In the whole history devoted to the
+     development of this idea there has been no more frank exposition of
+     the doctrine than that. It is proof, sufficient and satisfactory to
+     the point of a demonstration of the charge that has been made in
+     this case.
+
+     "'The threat carries itself further. You must not only admit them,
+     but you must take their legislative programme and exact it into
+     law; otherwise the general strike will again be employed.
+
+     "'No opportunity is lost by the leaders of the Socialist Party to
+     impress upon the rank and file that it is impossible to achieve
+     ultimate triumph by political action. For this reason the American
+     Federation of Labor is subjected to continuous attacks and
+     misrepresentation. For this reason Debs, originally an ardent trade
+     unionist, abandoned and repudiated his former associates after
+     joining the Socialist Party.'"
+
+The hypocritical defense made by the Socialists at Albany, through which
+the unchanged character of the unrepentant plotters has constantly
+revealed itself, should put us on our guard. Brought into the light by
+wholesale arrests and deportations, all branches of radicalism, in this
+country and at Moscow, have adopted new tactics of deception. They
+profess peace and a return to peaceful methods, claim the liberties
+which belong only to the law-abiding, and hide behind the sympathies of
+those who are easily taken in. Yet they justify all their misdeeds, and
+withdraw none of their evil principles, but rather reaffirm them, with
+subtlety. What does this mean? It means that the old conspirators, whose
+overt acts have lately crowded our law-courts, hope to fool the American
+people into letting them continue their propaganda unto lawlessness
+under a thin mask of conformity to the very laws they seek to destroy.
+
+Although the "Red" conspiracy, as a result of government prosecution,
+has taken on disguises and gone under ground, it is not, thus, less
+virulent and dangerous, but more so. Evidence of deceit appeared in the
+"One Big Union Monthly" for February, 1920, to which lack of space
+prevents more than a mere allusion. That issue contained articles
+showing even the I. W. W. preparing an alibi and a disguise. They argued
+that their organization was not "illegal," and that its famous Preamble
+meant "evolution" and not "revolution." Another article urged the I. W.
+W. to give up its name and amalgamate with other industrial unions in a
+new organization to be known as The One Big Union.
+
+Still more significant, the same magazine for February, 1920, published
+a new incitement to revolution by Leon Trotzky, together with a "Call
+for Proletarian International" signed by "The Bureau of the Central
+All-Russian Council of Industrial Unions" and an "Appeal of the Russian
+Industrial Unions to the Workers of the Allied Countries" signed by "The
+Bureau of the All-Russian Council of Industrial Union." The "call"
+reads:
+
+     "The Central All-Russian Council of Industrial Unions invites all
+     economic organizations based on the real and revolutionary class
+     struggle for the liberation of labor through the proletarian
+     dictatorship to solidify anew their ranks against the international
+     league of brigands, to break with the international of
+     conciliators, and to proceed in unison with the Central All-Russian
+     Council of Industrial Unions toward the organization of a truly
+     international conference of all Socialistic labor unions and
+     veritable revolutionary workers' syndicates.
+
+     "We beg all economic labor organizations that accept the program of
+     the revolutionary class struggle to respond to our call and enter
+     in a direct touch with us."
+
+The accompanying I. W. W. comment was, "We are sure that our
+organization will be there." Thus, if it be under ground, the mole still
+works. Moscow still inflames, unifies and directs the great
+world-conspiracy against the "Entente Powers" and all the nations that
+have been looking toward peace. The "Appeal," accompanying the "call,"
+says in part:
+
+     "Can it be true, that you, the workers of England, France, Italy
+     and the United States, will much longer support your governments
+     and permit your blood to quench the spreading conflagration of the
+     social revolution? Can it be that the international bandits of the
+     League of Nations and the thrice-branded Versailles shall be
+     allowed unhampered to weave their nets for the strangling of the
+     world proletarian revolution?...
+
+     "Down with the bandits of imperialism!
+
+     "Long live the World Proletarian Revolution!
+
+     "Long live the International Soviet Republic!"
+
+Near the end of his article Trotzky says, according to "The One Big
+Union Monthly," for February, 1920, page 21, "By thrusting the
+bourgeoisie away from the helm of state, by taking power into its own
+hands, the working class is preparing for the creation of Federation of
+Soviet Republics of Europe and the whole world.... War was and will
+remain a form of armed exploitation or armed struggle against
+exploitation."
+
+An editorial note on the same page, immediately below the article of
+Trotzky, says: "The above article and the APPEAL OF THE RUSSIAN
+INDUSTRIAL UNIONS TO THE WORKERS OF THE ALLIED COUNTRIES are taken from
+documents on Russia of the working class, written by members of the
+Soviet Government.... These materials were sent to Fellow Worker Wm. D.
+Haywood by Comrade Leon Trotzky, the valiant Commissary for War of the
+victorious Workers' Commonwealth. We are happy to announce that the I.
+W. W. will be the first to publish these latest documents on peasant and
+industrial life in Bolshevikland."
+
+Did Martens and Hillquit advise Lenine and Trotzky to disguise their
+American propaganda by using the Industrial Unions of Russia as their
+cat's-paw? We ask this because Hillquit has long been "Councillor" in
+America to the Russian Soviet Republic,[L] while the above method of
+inflaming American labor unions has been the secret method of the
+Socialist Party's Rand School of Science for some years--since 1916, at
+least. These are facts established by documents obtained in the summer
+of 1919 by raids of the Rand School, put in evidence before the New York
+State Legislative Committee, Senator Clayton R. Lusk, Chairman, and
+referred to in the July 30, 1919, issue of "The National Civic
+Federation Review," from which we quote the following:
+
+     "One David P. Berenberg is director of the correspondence
+     department of the Rand School. From the letter-files seized there,
+     evidence was produced showing the kind of propaganda conducted
+     through Berenberg's department. In a carbon copy of a letter to
+     Harry L. Perkins, of San Diego, Cal., dated June 7, 1916, the
+     statement was made:
+
+     "'When we read of 'preparedness' that is in full force in the camps
+     of the capitalists, we realize that unless we organize and fit
+     ourselves to resist, and to take over the government, we will one
+     day find ourselves where our French and German brothers are today,
+     dead or maimed in the fray.'
+
+     "'In other words,' commented Chairman Lusk, 'for over two years
+     this Rand School has been advocating armed preparedness to take
+     over the government.'
+
+     "A letter--obviously after a form letter sent to correspondents
+     generally--dated October 3, 1916, addressed to M. E. Rabb, Xenia,
+     Ohio, offered as evidence, contained the following:
+
+     "'What are you doing when the State robs you and your union and so
+     makes you helpless to strike? There is only one thing to do: take
+     over the State.
+
+     "'Are the members of your local prepared to take over and conduct
+     wisely and well the affairs of your town and county? Are you
+     prepared to meet the militia when the powers of the State and
+     courts are against you? Are you arming yourself with the knowledge
+     of the foundations of our society so that when these crises come to
+     you, you will have an organization strong enough to have foreseen
+     and forestalled them? Are you training your members in scientific
+     Socialism?'
+
+     "This same adroitly phrased incitement was found in other
+     correspondence."
+
+This pest-house of treason and lawlessness, the Rand School, Hillquit's
+pet university of Socialism, ought to be dug up by the roots. And what
+shall we say of such evidence? Why should the Socialist Party of America
+hesitate to affiliate with the Third (Moscow) International and approve
+its "programs and methods" when Hillquit's illegitimate offspring, the
+Rand School, was teaching such "methods" a year before the Bolsheviki
+seized Petrograd and the dictatorship? Is Hillquit Lenine's pupil or
+Lenine's teacher? Is Hillquit, backer of the Rand School propaganda, the
+same gentle Morris Hillquit who as an "expert on Socialism" testified
+before the Assembly Judiciary Committee on February 17, 1920:
+
+     "The word 'revolution' does not have for us the romantic
+     significance of barricade fights or other acts of violence that it
+     has for most of our newspaper writers and school boys." ("Sun and
+     New York Herald," February 18, 1920.)
+
+Can this be the same Hillquit who earlier in the trial broke out in the
+angry threat: "What we say to you, gentlemen: the contemplated act of
+this Assembly, if consummated, _will ... loosen the violent
+revolution_." ("New York Evening Sun," January 21, 1920.) Did he allude
+to some pink tea party?
+
+And perhaps the "school boys" Hillquit referred to are those by his pet
+institution poisoned and turned into degenerates in the bud of manhood,
+like poor Oscar Edelman, whose valedictory speech on graduating from a
+course in the Rand School of Social Science ran thus:
+
+     "For us as students, Socialists and Labor Unionists, our work is
+     laid out. We must help educate the workers of America so that their
+     slogan, 'a fair day's wage for a fair day's work' be replaced by
+     the revolutionary slogan, 'abolition of the wage system.' ... In
+     the great world-struggle which is taking place today, we must take
+     active part.... The ideals which today inspire Debs and Lenine are
+     the ideals which inspire us." (Lusk Committee evidence, quoted from
+     "The National Civic Federation Review," July 30, 1919.)
+
+But of all the sublime performances of Hillquit, that which lays the
+brightest crown on his veracity was the answer he gave at Albany on
+February 17, 1920, to the long hypothetical question concerning the
+attitude of the Socialists should their friends of the Third
+International, the Bolsheviki, invade the United States.
+
+At this question the redoubtable Mr. Hillquit, according to the "New
+York Times" of February 18, 1920, "settled back in his chair and smiled"
+and said: "I should say that the Socialists of the United States would
+have no hesitancy whatsoever in joining forces with the rest of their
+countrymen to repel the Bolsheviki who would try to invade our country
+_and force a form of government upon our people which our people were
+not ready for and did not desire_." (Italics mine.)
+
+Had Hillquit stopped where the italics began he would have stretched our
+credulity to the utmost. But if "our people" meant to him American
+Socialists, we readily believe that invading Bolsheviki, coming to wrest
+the American dictatorship from our native talent, would find themselves
+and their undesirable "form of government" pitched into the sea by
+Hillquit and his crowd. Majority Socialist against Spartacide and
+Bolshevik against Menshivik--we have seen how one Socialist group repels
+the "form of government" forced by another.
+
+When we think of the heroic exploits of Hillquit in repelling foreign
+invaders from America about 1917-18, can we not imagine him hurling one
+of his deadly manifestoes at his Bolsheviki friends? No doubt when
+Comrade Martens, the vanguard of the invading Bolsheviki, stormed
+Hillquit's castle on Riverside Drive with a fee and a commission as
+"Councillor," the outraged patriot crashed a receipt in full against the
+invader's outstretched paw.
+
+As we think of Hillquit's love for peaceful "political action"--on the
+witness stand--those words from his foundling, the "New York Call" of
+May 1, 1919, return to our minds:
+
+     "The world revolution, dreamed of as a thing of the distant future,
+     has become a live reality, rising from the graves of the murdered
+     millions and the misery and suffering of the surviving millions. It
+     has taken form, it strikes forward, borne on by the despair of the
+     masses and the shining example of the martyrs: its spread is
+     irrepressible....
+
+     "The war of the nations has been followed by the war of the
+     classes. The class struggle is no longer fought by resolutions and
+     demonstrations. Threateningly it marches through the streets of the
+     great cities for life or death."
+
+Mr. William English Walling, in an article published in the "New York
+Times," January 20, 1920, asks a pertinent question about the
+revolutionary activities of the American Socialist Party:
+
+     "The 'American Socialist Party,' finds itself compelled, precisely
+     like Lenine, to pretend to be a peace-loving organization, loyally
+     accepting constitutional democracy and opposed to violence. Are we
+     to take it at its own word? Is it possible that a few pious phrases
+     offered on occasion can deceive the American people as to the
+     nature of a propaganda organization that is shouting from the
+     housetops in every corner of the country and every day of the year?
+
+     "The only imaginable reason why the public has paid any attention
+     is that there are two or three organizations more wholly given over
+     to violence, whereas the Socialist organization gives a share of
+     its attention to party politics. It was said until recently, 'Oh,
+     the anarchists are for violence, but the Socialists are for law and
+     order.' Last August it was found that a large part of the
+     Socialists were for immediate revolution. Then it was said that the
+     Communists are revolutionary, but the Socialists are for law and
+     order. The reasoning was that if the Left Wing was for immediate
+     revolution, then the Right Wing must be for law and order!"
+
+Mr. Walling expresses an expert opinion, having been a prominent member
+of Hillquit's party until this organization, at St. Louis in 1917,
+began the openly lawless course which led to the conviction of a large
+number of its leaders under the Espionage Law. Moreover, since January,
+1920, when Mr. Walling recorded the above opinion, evidence has come to
+light which shows he was exactly right in saying that the American
+Socialist Party acted "precisely like Lenine" in pretending "to be a
+peace-loving organization" because it found "itself compelled" to do so.
+
+The tactics of Lenine, Trotzky and Zinovieff, the Bolshevist
+"triumvirate" of Russia, and of Ludwig C. A. K. Martens and Morris
+Hillquit in America, are so similar that the evidence brought by Lincoln
+Eyre out of Russia perfectly interprets the "weasel words" of Martens
+and Hillquit on the witness stand at Washington and Albany,
+respectively. Hillquit, the connecting link, according to his testimony
+at Albany, February 19, 1920, was born at Riga, Russia; came to America
+a boy, like so many Russian immigrants; attended New York's public
+schools; and under the protection of the Stars and Stripes, which he
+would drag down, has made himself so emphatically one of the
+"capitalists," whom he hates, that he resides on New York's famous
+"Riverside Drive," and was able to testify with a smirk, "I flatter
+myself that I am not a failure." (See printed "Testimony" of the trial
+of the five Assemblymen for the details.)
+
+A moral failure, without extenuation, most Americans will regard Morris
+Hillquit. For out of thirty-five years, spent by him on our hospitable
+shores in getting rich under the protection of our Government,
+institutions and people, he has used at least twenty in trying to
+destroy the benefactor that nursed him. See the "New York Evening
+Telegram" of February 17, 1920, as follows: "Mr. Hillquit was called to
+the stand as the first witness for the five Assemblymen. He gave his
+residence as No. 214 Riverside Drive, New York City. Mr. Hillquit said
+he had lived in this country thirty-five years, and had been a Socialist
+since the party was organized, in 1900."
+
+This is the man who in 1917 and 1918 backed his organization, so far as
+he dared, to cripple the people of the United States while they were
+engaged in a desperate war; and who since has been Lenine's brain in
+America in trying to set fire to the house of government in which the
+American people live. Notice his intelligence in the hypocritical
+Bolshevist refinement of separating the Moscow Soviet Government from
+the Moscow International, so that one of these may offer our people
+peace while the other continues to plot our destruction. This
+distinction was made, with its significance concealed, in Hillquit's
+testimony at Albany on February 18, 1920, which the Albany
+"Knickerbocker Press" of the next day, February 19, thus summarized:
+
+     "Mr. Hillquit testified at length concerning Soviet Russia.... Mr.
+     Hillquit also testified that there were differences between Soviet
+     Government, Bolshevists and the Moscow International. _The latter_,
+     he said, _did not represent Soviet Russia_, and the Bolshevists, he
+     said, were merely a national party of Russia." (Italics mine.)
+
+In a cabled account of an interview with Zinovieff, sent by Lincoln Eyre
+from Russia to the "World," headed, "Riga (by courier via Berlin), Feb.
+24," and printed in the "New York World" of February 26, 1920, we have a
+flood of light showing that the central plot of the Socialist
+international conspiracy hinges precisely on the distinction which
+Hillquit had made at Albany a few days before, namely, that the Moscow
+International does "not represent Soviet Russia." Through the courtesy
+of the "New York World" we quote from its issue of February 26, 1920,
+the essential parts of Eyre's statement as follows:
+
+     "Bolshevik propaganda abroad, though still as active and insidious
+     as it has ever been has undergone a radical change of late. That
+     conclusion was arrived at by a close study of the subject, which I
+     pursued in Moscow and Petrograd, reinforced by an interview with C.
+     S. Zinovieff, ruler of the latter city, also President of the
+     Executive Committee of the Third Internationale and firebrand of
+     the revolution.
+
+     "The Russian Communist Party, which is the Bolsheviki's official
+     political title, no longer exports agitators chosen from among
+     members to kindle the flames of revolt in foreign lands. They are
+     too wise for that antiquated process nowadays. What they do in
+     these scientific times is to import from the country of his birth
+     the crudely fashioned product of his own domestic Bolshevism,
+     subject him to certain finishing processes (including perhaps a
+     gold lining) and ship him back home again complete in every detail,
+     smooth running and highly inflammable. That is one of the reasons
+     why the Soviet Government is prepared to promise and to keep its
+     promise to refrain from sending forth agents charged with spreading
+     the gospel of capitalistic annihilation....
+
+     "Another reason for the Soviet's willingness to quit propagandizing
+     abroad is that it has already turned over to the Third
+     Internationale all business of that kind.... Now, the Third
+     Internationale has no official connection with the Soviet
+     Government. It is supposed to be a separate institution. Yet all
+     its leaders hold office under the Soviets and its funds, which are
+     considerable, must be derived from Soviet sources. Nevertheless it
+     is technically, indeed legally, non-governmental, wherefore the
+     Moscow Cabinet is justified in pledging itself to leave propaganda
+     to 'friendly' foreign states alone.
+
+     "The moving spirit of the Third Internationale is Zinovieff, who,
+     with Lenine and Trotzky, forms the triumvirate on which Bolshevism
+     today rests, although he is by no means as big a man as the other
+     two. Zinovieff is not a member of the Council of Peoples'
+     Commissaries (the Cabinet), but merely of the All-Russian Central
+     Executive Committee, from which the former body derives its powers,
+     and which itself is subordinate to the supreme executive
+     legislative judicial organ, the All-Russian Convention of Soviets.
+     Thus, while the role allotted to him on the administrative stage is
+     really as prominent as that of any of his fellows, short of Lenine
+     and Trotzky, Zinovieff can legitimately claim to be without voice
+     in the actual administration of the Soviet Republic....
+
+     "The first point that Zinovieff made clear to me in our talk was
+     that the Third Internationale is not comparable to the League of
+     Nations.... The Overlord of Petrograd affirmed, ... 'The Third
+     Internationale ... is a purely political group. It is a
+     confederation of the world's Communists, an international coalition
+     of the Communist Parties already existing in their respective
+     countries.... The Third Internationale is a going concern, with
+     some 8,000,000 members.' ...
+
+     "'But,' I asked, 'how is your aim of a European world republic of
+     Soviets to be realized unless there is some international
+     governmental machine?'
+
+     "'There will be some such machine,' Zinovieff replied, 'but
+     probably it will take the form of a new organization along Soviet
+     lines. In my view, the revolution will follow the same general
+     channels it has taken in Russia, with alterations of detail, of
+     course. Should France overthrow capitalism, for instance, she will
+     at first establish Sovietism, and subsequently combine with us. To
+     foresee the mechanical angles of such combination, however, is too
+     early.'
+
+     "'And your propaganda programme,' I ventured, 'is as strong and
+     far-reaching as ever?'
+
+     "The prompt reply was: 'The Third Internationale is primarily an
+     instrument of revolution. It reunites at Moscow the intelligence
+     and energy of all the Communist groups the world over. Delegates
+     from the various national organizations come to us and give and
+     take knowledge about the cause and return to their respective home
+     countries refreshed and invigorated. This work will be continued,
+     no matter what happens, legally or illegally. The Soviet Government
+     may pledge itself to refrain from propaganda abroad, but the Third
+     Internationale--never!'"
+
+Let us ponder this description of the Third International by its manager
+and greatest living expert: its scope, a confederation of the world's
+Communists, a coalition of the Communist parties of all countries; its
+size, 8,000,000 members, perhaps greatly exaggerated; its nature, "an
+instrument of revolution;" and its determination, to carry on
+propaganda, for the violent seizure of every land by a dictatorship, "no
+matter what happens, legally or illegally." Let us reflect that it is
+with this Third International, and not the Russian Soviet Government,
+that Hillquit's Party in America is affiliated, according to the
+testimony of the Socialists themselves at Albany. Finally, with these
+facts for a plummet, let us try to find the bottom of Hillquit's
+hypocrisy in pretending at Albany that he and his disciples do not
+believe in "revolution" but only in "evolution."
+
+Before passing from Lincoln Eyre's testimony, we further quote from his
+cable in the "World" of February 26, 1920, what we may call his
+description of "the Third International at work," as follows:
+
+     "Zinovieff ... is that combination of idealistic Hotspur and
+     practical executive which is characteristic of many Bolshevist
+     leaders. Despite his long years in exile with Lenine, to whose
+     Doctor Johnson he played Boswell ably and loyally, this
+     shock-haired enthusiastic young Jew--he is to-day scarcely
+     forty--was able to run Petrograd.... Petrograd is still underfed,
+     underheated, dirty and desolate, but it continues to live.... For
+     this Zinovieff, as all-mighty controller of the city's destinies,
+     ... deserves credit....
+
+     "Besides having a hand in everything that concerns local
+     administration, and most things which have to do with national
+     government, he personally edits and writes many pages of the Third
+     Internationale's organ, 'The Internationale Communist,' a monthly
+     magazine of some 250 pages printed simultaneously in Russian,
+     English, French and German. Moreover, he passes upon all important
+     printed matter emanating from the Internationale's press. Every
+     foreign Communist coming to Moscow or Petrograd sees Zinovieff and
+     gets pointers from him how to propagate Bolshevism.
+
+     "In the seven weeks I spent in Moscow, three delegates arrived from
+     the United States and literally scores from Germany, Hungary,
+     Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Roumania, Bulgaria, Italy,
+     China, Japan, Corea, India, Afghanistan and Asia Minor countries.
+     The only important states from which few Communistic envoys come
+     are Britain and France. Practically all these missionaries are
+     obliged to travel illegally, that is, with false passports or
+     without any. They slip across the fighting fronts that encircle the
+     Soviet Republic in astonishing ways, risking death and all forms of
+     hardship to reach Moscow. The one-time seat of Moscow's Emperors
+     has become to Communists the world over what Mecca is to the
+     Mohammedan pilgrims.
+
+     "A youthful emissary of the I. W. W. said to me: 'We come here to
+     drink of the fountain of revolutionary youth.' I asked him what he
+     thought would happen when Russia's frontiers were opened. 'We shall
+     come as we come now, but in greater numbers and with greater ease,'
+     he replied.
+
+     "'But won't the Third Internationale send its Russian agitators
+     abroad then, thus making it unnecessary for you to come here?'
+     'What for?' he retorted. 'There is no use sending Russians to talk
+     to American workmen. Americans will close their ears to a foreigner
+     where they will open them wide to one of their own countrymen. The
+     Third Internationale is a realistic organization. It has learned
+     long ago that racial and national prejudices, however misguided
+     they may be, are deep seated and cannot be overcome in a day. It
+     aims to get results, and so it lets Americans talk to Americans.'
+     ...
+
+     "The Bolsheviki are as eager to precipitate a world revolution as
+     ever. But at the moment they are even more eager to establish
+     relations with the markets of the world, so that Russia may be
+     saved from economic catastrophe.... The Kremlin realizes full well
+     that it cannot hope to spread Bolshevism by means of its own
+     people. And with the Third Internationale headed by Zinovieff,
+     operating in close contact with the National Communist groups, it
+     knows it does not have to."
+
+Thus the overtures of peace and promises of good behavior made by the
+Russian Soviet Government to the other Powers are pure humbug; and
+equally false are the professions of peace in America which Hillquit's
+branch of the Third International has made to lull the fears of the
+American people. To get the full force of this parallelism we have only
+to place the law-breaking Socialist Party of America since 1917 in juxta
+position with the hypocritical Socialist professions and principles
+brought out in 1920 during the trial of the Assemblymen at Albany.
+
+As the long record of jury convictions of officials and members of the
+Socialist Party of America is the real foundation of the case against
+the five New York Assemblymen, exposing the character of the
+organization they serve, we quote for the reader's information a press
+summary of the facts, submitted by a citizens' "Committee on Publicity,"
+March 2, 1920, "for the approval of the People of the State of New
+York." According to the Albany "Knickerbocker[13] Press" of March 3,
+1920, this Committee's statement, after referring to "the procedure of
+the New York Assembly in January, 1920," in "temporarily suspending the
+five Socialist Assemblymen while instituting a judicial inquiry into
+their qualifications to serve as law-makers," continues as follows:
+
+     "We believe the Assembly was misjudged in the minds of many who
+     reasoned: 'Socialists elected to previous Assemblies were seated
+     without objection, why then suspend the five Socialist Assemblymen
+     this year and investigate them?'
+
+     "We offer what we believe to be a complete answer to the question.
+     We believe the Assembly had a compelling warrant for its procedure
+     in serious facts and charges not known to previous Legislatures.
+     These include:
+
+     "First--Court records showing that most of the principal leaders of
+     the Socialist 'Party' were convicted lawbreakers.
+
+     "Second--the revelations of the Lusk Committee.
+
+     "Under the first head may be mentioned the conviction and
+     twenty-year sentence, on January 8, 1919, of Victor L. Berger,
+     National Executive Committeeman of the so-called Socialist Party;
+     the conviction of Eugene V. Debs, four times Presidential candidate
+     of the party, whose ten-year sentence was affirmed by the United
+     States Supreme Court March 10, 1919; and other convictions in 1919,
+     including, Adolph Germer, National Executive Secretary; J. Louis
+     Engdahl, editor of the Socialist Party's official publications;
+     Irwin St. John Tucker, head of its literature department, and
+     William F. Kruse, Secretary of the Young People's Socialist
+     organization. In addition, twenty of the Socialist Party's lesser
+     leaders and scores of its rank and file had been convicted of
+     disloyal acts and utterances, while nineteen of the chief Socialist
+     organs had their second-class mail privileges canceled for
+     disloyalty.
+
+     "Under the second head may be mentioned the fact that the
+     investigations of the Lusk Committee showed that the Socialist
+     incitement to lawlessness prevalent throughout the country was
+     largely due to the propaganda of the Rand School of Socialism, a
+     New York Corporation of which two of the Socialist Assemblymen were
+     members. Furthermore, the American Socialist Society, the
+     corporation that owns and conducts the Rand School, had been
+     convicted under the Espionage Act before the United States District
+     Court and heavily fined by Judge Julius M. Mayer.
+
+     "These were some of the facts and charges which were matters of
+     public record and public knowledge when the Assembly of 1920
+     convened. We submit, therefore, that if the Assembly had not taken
+     action as it did, it would have been derelict in its duty.
+
+     "We therefore recommend:
+
+     "1. That all loyal organizations pass, publish and file with this
+     Committee resolutions in acknowledgment of the service rendered by
+     the New York Assembly and in encouragement of similar action by the
+     Legislatures of other states.
+
+     "2. That individuals affirm this judgment in suitable ways, and
+     particularly by letters to the press in their localities.
+
+     "3. That all loyal individuals and organizations co-operate to give
+     the whole American people the exact facts concerning the conspiracy
+     of radicals against our Government and institutions.
+
+     "To this end we propose to continue the work of education by
+     permanent organization under the name of 'Publicity Committee
+     Against Socialism.'"[M]
+
+The above list of Socialist convictions for lawbreaking will be found
+completely confirmed, on Socialist authority, in Trachtenberg's Labor
+Year Book, 1919-1920, pages 92-103.
+
+Was this record questioned by the Socialist defense at Albany? In no
+wise; it could not be. Was the record faced, the guilt of the
+lawbreakers confessed, and their transgressions deplored as acts of
+disloyalty which the Socialist Party now condemns and repudiates? Not at
+all. These acts were freshly confirmed, and taken anew upon the
+Socialist Party, by brazen justification of them at Albany and
+condemnation of the laws, juries and courts of the American people.
+
+We have seen how Hillquit on the witness stand justified the disloyal
+and violently revolutionary utterances of two of the chief offenders,
+Debs and Victor L. Berger, identifying himself with their sentiments and
+proclaiming Debs as the highest type of American citizen, the man most
+fit for President of the United States. We have also seen that the whole
+Socialist Party was in 1919 committed to the nomination of Debs as its
+Presidential candidate in 1920; while it is a well known fact that when
+Congress excluded Victor L. Berger from that body because of his
+conviction as a lawbreaker, the lawless Socialist Party at once
+re-elected him to show its contempt for law and order under our
+institutions.
+
+The testimony piled up by the prosecution at Albany showed that, instead
+of judging the wholesale lawbreaking by its leaders and members in 1917
+and 1918, the Socialist Party had in 1919 and 1920 involved itself in a
+still deeper guilt, adding treason to disloyalty by affiliating itself
+with the open enemies of our Government in Russia and other foreign
+lands. Was this denied by the Socialist defense at Albany? No, the fact
+of affiliation with the Third (Moscow) Internationale was admitted,
+reducing the defense to the false principle that the five Socialist
+Assemblymen should not be excluded on account of their signed pledge of
+obedience to a lawless organization, no matter how lawless it might be.
+Thus in summing up for the defense, on March 3, 1920, Morris Hillquit,
+according to the "New York Times" of March 4, 1920, made the following
+excellent summary of the evidence against his party:
+
+     "First--That the Socialist Party is a revolutionary organization.
+
+     "Second--That it seeks to attain its ends by means of violence.
+
+     "Third--That it does not sincerely believe in political action, and
+     that its politics is only a blind or camouflage.
+
+     "Fourth--That it is unpatriotic and disloyal.
+
+     "Fifth--That it is unduly controlled--or that it unduly controls
+     public officials elected on its ticket.
+
+     "Sixth--That it owes allegiance to a foreign power known as the
+     Internationale.
+
+     "Seventh--That it approves of the Soviet Government of Russia, and
+     seeks to introduce a similar regime in the United States; and,
+     finally,
+
+     "Eighth--That the Assemblymen personally opposed prosecution of the
+     war and gave aid and comfort to the enemy.
+
+     "'All of these charges,' Mr. Hillquit said, 'are distinctly charges
+     against the Socialist Party as such. In other words, it is the
+     Socialist Party of the United States that is on trial before you.'
+     ...
+
+     "'I think, perhaps, the most telling point is the charge that the
+     Socialist Party is unpatriotic and disloyal--at least it has been
+     emphasized more than any other,' said the lawyer. 'We opposed the
+     war.... If similar conditions again arise I am sure we will take
+     the same position.'"
+
+Similarly, Seymour Stedman, summing up for the Socialists on March 5,
+1920, not being able to deny the many convictions of leaders and members
+of the Socialist Party under the Espionage Law, openly attacked the law
+itself, according to the following account in the "New York Evening Sun"
+of March 5, 1920:
+
+     "Albany, March 5.--A bitter attack on the Espionage Act was made by
+     Seymour Stedman in his final summing up for the five suspended
+     Socialists before the Judiciary Committee of the Assembly today.
+
+     "'Because of that act, you don't know the truth about this war; you
+     cannot know the truth about this war until the Espionage Act is
+     dead,' he asserted....
+
+     "Mr. Stedman admitted that the St. Louis war platform of the
+     Socialist Party was drawn 'in lurid language to meet a situation in
+     high flame,' but said no meeting could be called to consider
+     amending it because those who favored it might have been convicted
+     under the Espionage Act....
+
+     "Mr. Stedman contended that, of course, the Socialists took their
+     oath to uphold the Constitution of New York State and the United
+     States with the idea that they could interpret for themselves what
+     the Constitution means.
+
+     "'Each public officer who takes an oath to support the Constitution
+     swears that he will support it as he understands it, and not as it
+     is understood by others.'"
+
+According to the "New York World" of March 6, 1920, Stedman, in his
+speech of the preceding day, justified Eugene V. Debs' lawbreaking with
+the disgusting remark, "He had no conception of Jesus with a dagger in
+his teeth;" and justified the lawbreaking for which Rose Pastor Stokes
+was convicted with the sentence, "She had a right to disagree with the
+war aims." She, of course, was not convicted for "disagreement" but for
+wilfully interfering with the "recruiting service" of the United States
+Government.
+
+The "New York World" of March 6, 1920, also gives the following specimen
+of Stedman's reasoning:
+
+     "Answering the charge that Socialists generally were guilty of law
+     violations, he exclaimed: 'Go down to the penitentiaries and get
+     the histories of the birds there and you won't find any Socialists.
+
+     "'We are quite willing to say that if 2,000 Socialists had been
+     arrested during the war, we are guilty.'"
+
+It is difficult to follow this logic. After telling us that we wouldn't
+"find any Socialists" in the penitentiaries, did Stedman suddenly
+bethink himself of the scores convicted, and then, on the spur of the
+moment, fix 2,000 as the number of "arrests" necessary to wring from
+Socialists the confession, "We are guilty"? From a Socialist work,
+Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, page 92, we quote the
+following figures for Stedman's edification:
+
+     "The total number of prosecutions for violation of the Espionage
+     Act from June 15, 1917, to July 1, 1918, were 988. Of these, 197
+     pleaded guilty and were sent to prison, 166 others were convicted
+     (a large number appealing), and 497 cases were pending for trial
+     July 1st, while 128 had been acquitted or dismissed up to that
+     time. The act has been enforced _with increasing vigor since that
+     date_, but no official figures subsequent thereto are available."
+
+According to Trachtenberg, pages 93 and 94, the above cases do not
+include about 450 cases of "conspiracy to obstruct draft" under the
+Penal Code and Draft Act, 30 prosecutions for threats against the
+President, others under the treason statutes, and prosecutions under
+state statutes and city ordinances, in "number," says Trachtenberg,
+"doubtless _greatly in excess_ of the federal prosecutions," including
+"in New York City alone scores of cases." A flock of 27 Socialists was
+convicted at Sioux Falls, S.D. (Trachtenberg, page 92), and at Chicago a
+herd of 166 I. W. W.'s, first cousins to the Socialists; while these
+first cousins were also indicted in various places in batches of 47, 38,
+27, 28, etc. (Ibid.) Nor do any of the foregoing figures include the
+"arrests" of _two or three thousand "Communists" who were members of
+Stedman's party prior to September, 1919_.
+
+In short, even accepting Stedman's extraordinary dictum that "2,000
+Socialists ... arrested" is the minimum necessary to force Socialists to
+confess themselves "guilty," that test is more than met by the arrests
+already known.
+
+Martin Conboy, in summing up for the State in the proceedings before the
+New York Assembly Judiciary Committee, on March 4, 1920, according to
+the "New York Times" of March 5, 1920, accused the Socialist counsel and
+witnesses of "evasive and hypocritical sentiments, expressed on the
+witness stand, to throw the dust of political, parliamentary and
+inoffensive acts into the eyes of this Committee and the correspondents
+of the newspapers." On the other hand, he said, "the leaders of the
+Socialist Party" lost "no opportunity" to "impress upon the rank and
+file of that organization that it is impossible to achieve the ultimate
+triumph of their cause by political action," in support of which he
+cited the testimony in evidence as follows:
+
+     "Every manifesto, every platform, almost every utterance of the
+     Socialist orator carries with it the party mandate that the workers
+     of America should be organized industrially so as to be submissive
+     to the command of a revolutionary leadership.
+
+     "In adopting a programme of industrial action, involving the use of
+     the general strike, the Socialist Party has stripped itself of the
+     mask of political action and stands revealed as a radical
+     revolutionary propaganda organization.'"
+
+Another part of Mr. Conboy's address we cite from the "Sun and New York
+Herald" of March 5, 1920:
+
+     "The danger of revolution is more real than the nation realizes,
+     Mr. Conboy charged, saying that the Socialist Party seeks to set up
+     its rule here by the following 'unlawful methods':
+
+     "'Obstruction of the Federal and State governments in all measures
+     relating to defense, thereby rendering the nation defenseless
+     against the attack of enemies from without and within.
+
+     "'Destruction of government by mass action and insisting in all
+     teachings that political action must be backed by force.
+
+     "'By making its members and those elected to office responsible
+     only to its dues-paying members, thereby relieving its agents of
+     obligation to established government.
+
+     "'We are confronted with the necessity of determining how we shall
+     treat this group of persons who are in the United States but not
+     of it; who, while accepting the benefits of our laws and
+     constitutions and the sacrifices of blood and treasure given to
+     support them, refuse their support to them; who take all they can
+     get but will not give a life or a dollar to preserve, defend and
+     perpetuate the Government that is their sole and only guaranty of
+     life, liberty, property and the pursuit of happiness,' said Mr.
+     Conboy.
+
+     "'It is the first time since the rebellion of 1861 that notice has
+     been plainly and explicitly served upon the Government of the
+     United States by a group of men residing within its borders that
+     they will not support or defend it, but that they will by all means
+     obstruct and resist its effort to maintain in time of stress its
+     national honor and existence.
+
+     "'The Socialist Party of America is not a loyal organization
+     disgraced occasionally by the traitorous act of a member, but a
+     disloyal party composed of perpetual traitors.'"
+
+Again, in a part of his address reported in the "New York Evening Sun"
+of March 4, 1920, Mr. Conboy mentioned the fact that "at the National
+Convention of the Socialist Party of America held in St. Louis," in
+April, 1917, "its members were directed to deny and repudiate allegiance
+to this Government," and added:
+
+     "The explanation of the anti-American attitude of the Socialist
+     Party of America during the war lies in the anti-national and
+     pro-international character of its programme. Its members are not
+     occasional but perpetual traitors, in constant conflict not merely
+     with the purposes of any temporary administration of the affairs of
+     this Government, but with the very institutions and fundamental
+     laws. They are citizens not of the United States, but subjects of
+     the Internationale, whose pronouncements are to be given their
+     moral support, a support which they not only withhold from but deny
+     to the Government of the United States.
+
+     "The principal exponent of this party, who appears here in the dual
+     capacity of witness in chief and counsel in chief, is the
+     international secretary for America of the International Socialist
+     Bureau."
+
+To complete our information concerning the Moscow International, we add
+here some details concerning its Executive Committee, and the right of
+representation on it enjoyed by the affiliated "Parties" in other lands
+than Russia, including, no doubt, the Socialist Party of America.
+Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, in its article, "The Moscow
+International Communist Conference" (held at Moscow, March 2-6, 1919),
+says, page 312:
+
+     "The Conference ... perfected the organization of the new
+     International and entrusted the direction of the work to an
+     Executive Committee consisting of one representative from the
+     Communist parties of the more important countries. The parties in
+     Russia, Germany, German-Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Sweden and
+     the Balkan Federation, were directed to send members to the
+     Executive Committee. Parties which have declared their adherence to
+     the new International will be given seats in the Executive
+     Committee, pending the arrival of delegates from other countries.
+     The members of the Committee from the country in which the
+     Executive Committee has its seat [Russia] were empowered to plan
+     the work of the new organization. The Executive Committee was
+     authorized to elect a bureau consisting of five members to do the
+     actual work of the Committee."
+
+Has the Socialist Party of America contributed its Executive
+Committeeman to this revolutionary machine? Even so, the orders, or
+"suggestions," evidently come from the Bolshevist Bureau of Five who "do
+the actual work of the Committee." Are these the Russian power that,
+according to correspondence found in a raid of the Lusk Committee, has
+already appointed Eugene V. Debs to reign over us "as 'Proletarian
+Dictator' of the United States" as soon as the plotted revolution is
+pulled off in this country? (See "The National Civic Federation Review"
+for July 30, 1919.) Are these the power, too, according to report, that
+induced the Italian Socialists and Syndicalists to postpone their
+proposed revolution to a more convenient season? And was this to give
+Soviet Russia a chance to put through a temporary peace or truce with
+Europe to stave off "economic catastrophe?" If so, the twitching
+revolutionaries in other lands must evidently train their toes to dance
+at Moscow's convenience.
+
+Meanwhile, under the International, the diabolical work of getting the
+immoral elements ready for violence goes on in every land, including the
+United States.
+
+Let Hillquit excuse, extenuate, deny and palaver as he may, it remains
+true that the Socialist Party of America teaches the same treasonable
+doctrines of violence and insurrection as the Russian Bolshevists, but
+in a more covert way. We have a sample in the pamphlet, "The
+Dictatorship of the Proletariat," put in evidence on January 27, 1920,
+in the inquiry of the Judiciary Committee at Albany. It is published by
+the Jewish Socialist Federation of America, New York City, a part of the
+Socialist Party of America. It says in part:
+
+     "Socialism does not believe in the State, wants to annihilate it
+     entirely. It holds that the task of the State has always been to
+     oppress the country in the interests of one class. So long as there
+     are classes in society which seek supremacy, the mastery, there
+     must be a State. But as soon as classes are eliminated the State
+     will have no justification for existence, and it will disappear of
+     itself.
+
+     "The Socialist movement rouses the workingmen to revolution. It
+     preaches to them the class struggle, awakens within them
+     class-consciousness, makes all necessary preparations for
+     Socialistic order. When society is ready for the overturn, when the
+     Socialistic organization feels that the moment has come, it will
+     make the revolution.
+
+     "The dictatorship will be employed for the one thing, to eliminate
+     capitalism by force, take away by force the capital from private
+     owners and transfer it to the ownership of the community. The
+     industries will be managed by the workingmen through their soviets.
+
+     "Let the true Socialists stand as sentinels; let them see that the
+     Socialist programs strike with hot, revolutionary blood. The great
+     task of the Socialist movement is to create an army in this country
+     which should be ready to make the Socialist revolution when the
+     suitable moment arrives. This army must know its aims and the
+     method of attaining these aims, must be an intelligent army. Every
+     soldier in it must himself know the way, the plans, the strategy."
+
+In the "Outline of the Evidence Taken Before the Judiciary Committee to
+and Including February 5, 1920," issued by counsel for the State, they
+quote from the Yiddish book, cited above, referring to the printed
+"Testimony," pages 199, 204 and 207, in proof that the Jewish Socialist
+Federation, which published the book, is "part of the Socialist Party,"
+and introducing their citations from the book with the very significant
+remark, "Published in Yiddish the principles of Socialism were not
+camouflaged as they frequently are in English." Bearing this in mind,
+let us note how this plain-spoken book, which we cite from the State
+counsel's "Outline," pages 31-34, gives the lie to Hillquit's camouflage
+about "revolution" being "evolution." The book says:
+
+     "History teaches us that through evolution, through natural
+     developments alone, no ruling class in society has ever been
+     deposed from its power.... Workingmen cannot depend on '_peaceful_
+     evolution'; they must prepare for a revolution, and
+     class-dictatorship....
+
+     "To the Socialist at present, the meaning of class struggle,
+     Internationale and Dictatorship of the Proletariat, must be clear.
+     He must understand that Socialism is not a reform movement. He must
+     know that Socialism is a Revolutionary world-perspective, and that
+     the Socialist movement is a Revolutionary movement.... He must
+     cease to be a moral preacher and become a fighter. He must know
+     that the Socialist movement is a red movement, a movement with
+     blood in the veins, which knows that nothing in life can be won
+     without a struggle."
+
+This is the real stuff, hid in a foreign tongue, with which Hillquit's
+gang poisons the East Side of New York City, while the gang's leaders
+lie to the American people.
+
+Yet if the real plan is not to give us Socialism by "peaceful evolution"
+but to impose it on us by "a revolution, and class-dictatorship," what
+is the real object of the "political action" carried on meantime by
+these hypocrites? Again the Yiddish book gives us the real thing:
+
+     "So long as the State is ... a tool in the hands of the bourgeoisie
+     in the fight against the proletariat, ... why do the Socialists
+     seek to send their representatives there? Where do Socialists fit
+     into the State? What can they do there?
+
+     "Socialists seek to enter into the government for two reasons,
+     first, to be nearer to the doors of the chambers, where
+     dictatorship sits, and second to hinder the dictatorial work in any
+     way possible. The first reason is the most important. Sitting in
+     Parliament or in Congress, being inside of the government ranks,
+     affords Socialists an opportunity to find out the plans, the
+     strategy of the State. And knowing this, they can carry out the
+     propaganda the better."
+
+If this is not treason--wickedness using "political party" methods both
+as a mask and a blackjack to destroy the State--what is it?
+
+To be forewarned is to be forearmed. Ample proof has been given in this
+chapter to show that there is a nation-wide conspiracy to destroy our
+government and institutions and replace the Stars and Stripes by the red
+flag. I. W. W.'s, Communists, Communist Laborites, Socialists and
+Socialist Laborites have united under the leadership of the Bolshevist
+Government of Russia. Their agents are everywhere, everywhere
+hypocritically protesting that in our land freedom, of speech and
+freedom of assemblage are no longer tolerated. Unless our loyal citizens
+promptly rally to the defense of America, disorder, strife and rebellion
+will be seething everywhere, the foundations of the glorious nation that
+sprang from the blood of the brave soldiers of '76 will be completely
+undermined, our country will be afflicted with evils far more grave than
+those averted by the heroes who fought and died in 1812, and the land
+that we love will fall a prey to the terrible ravages of crime,
+lawlessness and anarchy.
+
+We must save our country, and save it now. Now is the time to act--now,
+before it is too late; and we must act so effectively and so vigorously
+that the Socialists and all their allied, criminal, revolutionary crews
+will wish that they never had seen a red flag or left their homes
+abroad. They are conspiring enemies of our country. They are traitors to
+the flag under which Washington and his soldiers fought for the
+independence of America; traitors to the flag to whose defense the brave
+men of 1812 rallied; traitors to the flag for which a million soldiers
+suffered or died in our great Civil War. They are traitors to the flag
+that symbolizes the union of countless happy homes under a democratic
+government held in honor, respect and veneration. Traitors they are to
+the flag that stands for freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom
+of the press, and for the protection of individual as well as of family
+rights. They are traitors to the flag of a much slandered and
+calumniated government, which, though imperfect, like all things on this
+earth, extends its blessings to all, not even excepting ungrateful
+Socialists and other radicals.
+
+Fellow citizens and fellow countrymen, rally to the defense of the flag
+that you love! Denounce, to the north, south, east and west, the evil
+teachings and deceptions of the Red conspirators; for there is nothing
+that will more quickly ruin the parties of Reds than to reveal to the
+world their professed and secret teachings.
+
+    "Immortal patriots, rise once more!
+    Defend your rights, defend your shore!
+    Let no rude foe with impious hand,
+    Invade the shrine where sacred lies
+    Of toil and blood the well earned prize.
+    While off'ring peace, sincere and just,
+    In heav'n we place a manly trust,
+    That truth and justice shall prevail,
+    And every scheme of bondage fail."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+SOCIALISM A PERIL TO WORKINGMEN
+
+
+
+In glowing colors the imaginations of Socialists have beautifully
+pictured their utopian state for the benefit of the credulous and
+oppressed. Unfortunately, however, for the followers of Karl Marx, a
+little reasoning and common sense show that their visionary state,
+instead of being a heavenly paradise, would in reality be a descent into
+chaos and anarchy. Domestic peace would be a blessing of the past.
+Discontent, wrangles, fights, riots, civil discord and sabotage would be
+the order of the day till irrepressible rebellion had sounded the
+death-knell of Socialism.
+
+There is every indication that the Revolutionists would not destroy our
+present system of government without having recourse to arms. Besides
+the many convincing proofs given in the preceding chapter, we learn from
+"The Call," New York, January 28, 1912, that the celebrated Socialist
+novelist, Jack London, scouted the idea that the social revolution would
+be realized without force. Then, again, Victor Berger--who was Socialist
+Congressman from Wisconsin, and who, like Debs, was one of the
+"innocents" whom the "poor," "persecuted" Reds have been trying to save
+from a long imprisonment by a nationwide agitation for amnesty--writing
+in the "Social Democratic Herald" of Milwaukee, on August 14, 1909,
+said: "We should be grateful if the social revolution, if the freeing of
+75,000,000 whites would not cost more blood than the freeing of
+4,000,000 negroes in 1861."
+
+Roland Sawyer, the Socialist candidate for governor of Massachusetts in
+1912, writing in "The Call," New York, October 1, 1911, dares to confess
+that "the conceptions of modern Socialism are all found in a cruder form
+on the streets of Paris during the Revolution." Finally, as we have
+seen, Eugene V. Debs, who on four different occasions was the Socialist
+candidate for the presidency of the United States, in the "Appeal to
+Reason," Girard, Kansas, September 2, 1911, said: "Let us marshal our
+forces and develop our power for the revolt.... A few men may be needed
+who are not afraid to die. Be ye also ready.... Let us swear that we
+will fight to the last ditch, that we will strike blow for blow, that we
+will use every weapon at our command, that we will never surrender."
+
+It is evident that if, after a bloody rebellion, the Socialists should
+overthrow the United States Government, the many millions of defeated
+patriotic Americans would continue to be the enemies of the new regime.
+But even if no rebellion took place, and the present system of
+government were overthrown merely by the ballot, the new state would
+begin life with millions of enemies, those, namely, who for one reason
+or another had been radically opposed to Socialism.
+
+When the Marxians come into power, several large factions of them
+usually rebel against the government of the Socialists, as in Russia,
+Germany and Bavaria.
+
+The Socialists, in most cases, gain control of a country after a foreign
+war, at a time when it is most difficult for even the wisest and most
+experienced statesmen to solve the serious problems of the hour. Great
+discontent should, therefore, be expected from the failure of
+inexperienced agitators after coming into power, because of their
+inability to solve an almost endless number of serious difficulties.
+Foremost among these would probably be food difficulties, which, as in
+Russia, Germany, and Hungary, have resulted in widespread opposition to
+the newly established regimes.
+
+The Socialists have never yet made known to the people of America the
+detailed working plan of their proposed state. They have, of course,
+made lots of very general statements, which do not stand the test of
+accurate criticism, but they have utterly failed to offer solutions of
+the grave difficulties that they know would confront them. They prefer
+to let the future work out the solution, and, in the meantime, invite us
+to ruin our present form of government and industry, imagining that we
+Americans are a lot of ignorant children who will entrust our destinies
+to a pack of wild theorists with nothing but a vague hope of a
+propitious future.
+
+Think of the discontent which would result if our people tore down the
+old structure, to find no structure whatever into which to move. They
+would be in the same predicament as the people of San Francisco in the
+days after the earthquake and fire, when they had to camp out in the
+open with an insufficient food supply, exposed to the inclemency of the
+weather. In fact, they would be far worse off. A big-hearted world
+rushed supplies to the San Franciscans and soon helped them to surmount
+their difficulties. But the new Socialist state would be attacked from
+within and without, by citizens hoping to destroy the hated form of
+government, and by foreign nations dreading the spread of anarchy, just
+as the United States, England and France blockaded Socialist Russia,
+causing untold trouble to the Bolshevist government.
+
+In the midst of embarrassments like these the inexperienced Marxian
+agitators must attempt to solve ten thousand times ten thousand problems
+which require skill in the extreme and years of careful thought. Would
+not this result in widespread discontent? Or would the citizens of the
+United States, who just before the dawn of Socialism had been taught by
+Debs and his crew to find fault with everything under the sun, suddenly
+learn patience and remain as meek as lambs merely because the Socialists
+had raised the Red flag in place of the Star Spangled Banner?
+
+No sooner would the all-perfect Socialists take control at Washington
+than the endeavors of the new state to settle the serious difficulties
+confronting it would occasion so much discontent and strife as seriously
+to threaten, if not actually bring to an end, the very existence of the
+new government. For, first of all, the people would have to determine
+whether the immense number of property owners, whose goods must be taken
+over by the state, should receive full payment, partial payment, or no
+payment at all.
+
+The famous Belgian Socialist, Vandervelde, informs us that we may group
+into three categories the plans of socialization proposed by different
+schools, according to their aiming at the expropriation of the means of
+production without indemnity, with complete indemnity, or with limited
+indemnity. ["Collectivism and Industrial Evolution," by Vandervelde,
+page 152 of the 1904 translation into English.--Chas. H. Kerr and
+Company.]
+
+If full compensation were granted, millions of Socialists would become
+exceedingly disgusted and discontented, for not only would the new state
+from the very beginning of its existence be burdened with a tremendous
+debt through having to borrow many billions of dollars, if such a thing
+were possible, in order to make the purchases, but--which would make
+matters much worse--many of the property owners, who even now are hated
+and detested by the Socialists, could, after receiving payment, either
+sit down for the rest of their lives and watch the Revolutionists labor
+and toil, or else, while doing some work themselves, could use their
+wealth in bribing the Socialist officials to bestow on them all kinds of
+privileges and favors.
+
+If no compensation whatever were granted, then, in addition to the
+hatred and disgust for the new system, which would prevail among the
+millions who would be dispossessed of their property, after long years
+of work and careful saving in order to purchase it, there would also be
+boundless dissatisfaction on the part of persons who, still respecting
+God's Commandments and the sense of right in natural conscience, would
+want to see justice and honesty reign throughout America.
+
+Finally, if partial payment were made, both those opposed to full
+compensation and those in favor of it would be displeased because of the
+reasons given, which would still influence them very decidedly. If the
+indemnity paid were very small, the former property owners and all
+honest citizens would be those especially offended. If the amount paid
+were large, dishonest Socialists would take offense. Therefore, no
+matter which plan of expropriation were adopted, the state would make a
+great number of new enemies.
+
+Though we learn from page 186 of the "Proceedings of the 1908 National
+Convention of the Socialist Party" that the delegates to the convention,
+after a factional dispute on party principles, declared by a vote of 102
+to 33 for the collective ownership of _all_ the land, and thus
+determined that the state should take over all the farms of the country,
+still it cannot be denied that a great number of Revolutionists have
+claimed, especially of late years, that the government should not
+dispossess the small farmers of their properties. On account of the
+rival theories of the two contending factions, the Socialist state might
+have to pass through a serious ordeal before either plan was adopted.
+Should the new government finally determine to take possession of such
+property, millions of farmers and their families would become
+exceedingly hostile to the government. Should the state allow former
+owners to cultivate the fields about their old homesteads, the
+discontent would be but partially lessened, for strict obedience to the
+commands of government bosses would replace the freedom of action once
+enjoyed by the farmer's family.
+
+Pages 167 to 190 of the "Proceedings of the 1908 National Convention of
+the Socialist Party," and pages 220 to 235 of the "Proceedings of the
+1910 National Congress of the Socialist Party," convinced us that very
+many of the Revolutionists who oppose government ownership of _all_
+land do so in order to gain votes. It seems highly probable, therefore,
+that if Socialism became the law of America many of the apparently
+moderate Revolutionists would throw off their masks and unhesitatingly
+declare for the most radical plan of government ownership.
+
+Yet even if the contemplated state should permit the private ownership
+of small farms, their owners would be displeased because they would no
+longer be allowed to hire laborers for working the fields. Some
+conservative Socialists, indeed, profess willingness to tolerate the
+employment of one or two farm hands. But not alone do the 1908 National
+Platform and the amendment adopted by party referendum on September 7,
+1909, oppose exploitation, or the employment of hired labor in the
+production of goods, but innumerable articles in Socialist papers, books
+and reviews denounce exploitation most emphatically. Hence, if the
+Socialist state allowed farmers in good standing with the government to
+own little farms, they could not hire labor to operate them. If the
+farmer should fall sick, his crops would go to ruin. Advantage could not
+be taken of some of the great inventions helpful to agriculture, nor
+scientific methods of work and management. The individual farmer, thus
+handicapped, might feed himself, his wife, his children, his horse, his
+cow, his pig, but very little more.
+
+In the Socialist state great discontent would arise from either the
+toleration or prohibition of small business enterprises. If permitted,
+without power to hire labor, they must compete with the government. If
+forbidden, large numbers of persons would be obliged to work for the
+government, after losing little stores or shops in which for years they
+had been interested.
+
+In its issue of March 30, 1912, the "Appeal to Reason," then the leading
+Socialist weekly of the United States, declared that under Socialism
+John D. Rockefeller would be allowed to retain his money and decide what
+to do with it. Were this the case, and every person of wealth allowed to
+retain his money, it is difficult to see how Socialists who hate and
+detest the rich could endure such a condition, any more than they could
+tolerate the granting of full or partial indemnity to property owners.
+The attempt to leave the rich in possession of their wealth would
+probably incite Socialists to rise in arms against the state they had
+founded.
+
+On the other hand, if wealth were confiscated, the wealthy and the
+honest poor alike would be discontented with a dishonest government.
+Moreover, where would the Socialists draw the line of lawful possession?
+At $1,000,000, $10,000, $1,000, or $100? Would the decision be reached
+peaceably? Would the use and possession of government bonds be allowed?
+As the desire to acquire is one of the strongest passions, bitter hatred
+would assail the Socialist state, which, Debs tells us, would prohibit
+business profits, rent and interest. ["Socialism and Unionism," by
+Eugene V. Debs.] How could insurance companies, in which the American
+people have invested so much, and which depend on interest, exist under
+Socialism? Socialism having ruined the insurance companies, would the
+millions of policyholders just sit down and have a good, hearty laugh
+over their losses?
+
+The real crux of Socialism is the inability of the Marxians to determine
+upon a system of employment and a scale of wages or remuneration
+satisfactory both to the government and the working classes.
+
+Remuneration must either be in the form of money, or of goods or labor
+certificates entitling the holder to receive goods from the government
+stores. As labor certificates would be like money, we shall class them
+as "money" when speaking of wages.
+
+Different schemes of employment have been proposed by Socialists. One of
+the oldest allows each individual to select the occupation he desires,
+provided he can do the work. All citizens, under this system, receive
+equal pay or equal supplies for their services.
+
+Such a system is absurd. The more repugnant occupations, no matter how
+important for the welfare of the nation, would be neglected. All would
+want easy, clean jobs. Bootblacks might prefer to become artistic
+decorators; street-cleaners would ask to be put in charge of big
+factories; night-workers would prefer day-work. The result would be
+endless discontent, jealousy and disorder. As everybody would receive
+equal recompense, the system would set a premium on sloth and
+inefficiency, and entail state bankruptcy. One of the most serious
+objections would be the discontent among skilled workingmen, who would
+want skill to be a determining factor in the wage scale. Yet should
+their system of equal remuneration not prevail, unskilled laborers, led
+by agitators to believe that equal wages would be paid to all, would
+become the sworn enemies of the government. A second system, favored by
+many Socialists would permit all citizens to choose their occupations
+and allow each individual to draw upon the national storehouses
+_according to his needs_. [Gotha Programme of the Socialists of
+Germany.]
+
+This scheme, like the first, is absolutely absurd. It would permit all
+to demand more than they needed, would encourage sloth, would bankrupt
+the state, and would occasion discontent among skilled workingmen. Under
+this system, too, the entire population would neglect the more
+distasteful occupations, and ill-feeling and jealousy would arise in the
+hearts of those failing to obtain congenial positions.
+
+As diligence should be a determining factor in the arrangement of the
+wage scale, in considering the remaining systems we shall assume that
+the wages are those for men whose diligence may be termed first class.
+
+Many Socialists, foreseeing the evils of a mad rush to obtain the
+attractive positions, yet realizing how intolerable it would be for the
+state to drive its citizens into uncongenial occupations, have
+endeavored to find a way out. Several solutions have been proposed,
+among which is the one we shall call the third system.
+
+In the third system, occupations may be chosen by those qualified to do
+the work. The recompense would be the same for all, but with the hours
+of toil lessened in proportion to the disagreeableness of the work.
+["Looking Backward," by Bellamy, Chapter 7, Social Democratic Publishing
+Company of Milwaukee.] But such a system would give more reason than
+ever for jealousy and discontent on the part of skilled workingmen, who
+would be terribly incensed at seeing street cleaners and garbage
+collectors for example receive salaries equal to their own and at the
+same time enjoy shorter hours. This system would put a premium on such
+occupations as sewer-cleaning and dish-washing, and would discourage
+persons from pursuing occupations of the highest importance to the
+country.
+
+Morris Hillquit, writing in "Everybody's," December, 1913, page 826,
+tells us that "the national government might well own and operate all
+means of interstate transportations and communication, such as railroad
+systems, telegraph and telephone lines; all sources of general and
+national wealth, such as mines, forests, oil-wells; and all monopolized
+or trustified industries already organized on a basis of national
+operation.
+
+"Similarly the state government might assume the few industries confined
+within state limits; while the municipal government would logically
+undertake the management of the much wider range of peculiarly local
+business, such as street transportation and the supply of water, light,
+heat and power.
+
+"Still other local industries, too insignificant or unorganized even for
+municipal operation, might be left to voluntary co-operative
+enterprises."
+
+On page 829 of the same issue of "Everybody's," Hillquit adds that
+"under a system of Socialism each worker will be a partner in the
+industrial enterprise in which he will be employed, sharing in its
+prosperity and losses alike."
+
+At first sight this fourth plan seems attractive, but upon examination
+we notice that nothing is said as to how the millions of persons to be
+employed by the national, state or municipal governments will be
+assigned to the different enterprises. Will the people be forced to
+labor at repugnant tasks? That will make endless turmoil and trouble in
+the Marxian state. But if all persons enjoy equal rights under the
+Socialist government there would be a grand rush for the most congenial
+occupations, and especially for the most lucrative. The result would be
+an immense amount of discontent and jealousy in those who failed to
+secure the positions they desired. True, these objections might not hold
+for well-to-do persons like Hillquit, founder of the "New York Call,"
+for he and other Socialist politicians who have become wealthy by always
+remaining leaders of their dues-paying comrades might, perhaps, invest
+their money in co-operative enterprises. But such persons constitute
+only a small part of the population of the country.
+
+The many objections brought against these four systems could not be
+obviated by the adoption of a fifth, in which all would be free to
+choose their occupations, and would for the same number of hours of work
+receive as recompense an amount determined by all the factors which
+should be taken into consideration, such as skill, the physical
+difficulty of the labor, danger, disagreeableness of the work and the
+increased value added to the raw material.
+
+In trying to arrange the details of such a system, innumerable
+difficulties would arise. Unskilled laborers would want physical labor
+rather than skill or talent made the principal factor in determining the
+scale; for they would recall the promises of Socialist orators that in
+the new state all should enjoy equal rights, and they would consider it
+a grave injustice to work as hard or even harder than skilled laborers
+and yet receive lower wages through want of skill and talent due to no
+fault of theirs. Should the plea of these millions of unskilled
+laborers go unheeded, the new state could count them among its most
+bitter enemies.
+
+On the other hand, skilled laborers would want skill and talent to be
+the main factors in determining wages, arguing that they had worked hard
+to become proficient and that their talent and skill made the work more
+valuable to the state. They would protest that they should not suffer
+simply because unskilled laborers lacked their skill and talent. Should
+the skilled workingmen not be heard, the new state would have another
+throng of enemies.
+
+Compromises might be attempted by different adjustments of talent and
+skill to physical labor in determining the wage schedule; but in each
+case the new regime would only be at the beginning of troubles. What
+bitter disputes among the skilled workingmen in different trades! There
+would be conflicting views of every sort regarding the exact amount of
+skill and of physical labor required in the different trades, and
+regarding the difficulties, disagreeableness of work, dangers to health
+and life, and increased value added to the raw material in each line.
+
+But what would happen even if the ship of state under the red flag and
+its mast could weather the wage-storm and come safely into port with
+some working system?
+
+The people, we are told, would enjoy equal rights. The government could
+not refuse to grant work to any qualified person applying for it.
+Suppose the members of some trade, the carpenters, for example,
+displeased with the wages they were getting, should apply for other work
+and stick to it until the government was forced to grant their demands.
+Other craftsmen, seeing how easily the carpenters had won their strike,
+would imitate their example. Thus would occur derangements of the
+intricate wage scale--which had occupied the attention of the country
+for so long a time and been adopted only after the greatest
+difficulty--causing great discontent and jealousy, while the economic
+losses through successful strikes would raise the prices of commodities,
+bringing on a general fever of discontent.
+
+A further source of trouble would be the problem of determining what
+wages should be paid to shirkers and those incapable of working with
+efficiency. Would wage courts decide the value of their services? If so,
+how many thousands of such courts would be required? If not, would state
+officials or politicians decide the cases? The wages of such persons,
+no matter how determined, would cause discontent.
+
+It would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to determine justly
+and accurately the wages of eminent specialists, physicians and persons
+whose important services the state could not afford to lose. If very
+high wages were awarded them, the poorer classes would take offence at
+the prospect of a rich class once more rising with power to suppress
+them, as many do at the present time. If low wages were paid to eminent
+specialists, they would neglect important pursuits and vocations to the
+detriment of the nation's welfare. Even if they received moderately high
+wages, other persons of the same profession would become offended at the
+government's refusal to grant them like salaries and would line up with
+the enemies of the Socialist state.
+
+Even under the most favorable circumstances, the fifth wage-system would
+produce two classes, the comparatively rich, and the comparatively poor,
+a condition repugnant to Socialists.
+
+The forcing of women to work, in accordance with Socialistic doctrines,
+would arouse opposition to the new government. The husbands, fathers and
+sons of the women would be displeased with the wretched way in which
+their homes would be kept and their meals prepared.
+
+A further source of tremendous discontent in the Socialist state would
+be the prevalence[14] of political corruption to a far greater extent
+than under the present system. For there would be a far greater throng
+of state employes than now, and there would be an immense number of
+people trying to get permissions, privileges and exemptions of every
+description. With human nature unchanged, but with the opportunities for
+deals and bribery greatly multiplied, political corruption would greatly
+increase.
+
+Another important cause would be in operation. Socialism is spreading
+anti-religious and atheistic doctrines, loosing men and women from their
+moral restraints. With dishonesty thus increasing, acceptors of bribes
+would not only be more common in the Marxian state, but the average
+number of their offences would increase; for since opportunities of
+collecting large single sums would be rarer than at present, owing to
+abolition of the capitalist system and the small amount of wealth
+possessed by individuals, dishonest politicians would naturally endeavor
+to enrich themselves by granting corrupt favors to a larger number of
+people. The reader himself can picture the condition of affairs in the
+Socialist state when large numbers of its citizens were its declared
+enemies because of a vast and hopeless system of political corruption.
+
+The Socialist state would contain many persons who by soapbox orators
+and revolutionary authors were led to believe that police, soldiers and
+courts would disappear. These persons would be greatly discontented when
+the Socialist government still hedged them in by retaining the old
+system for the preservation of law and order, or, as in Russia, greatly
+increased the restraint on their liberty by means of immense numbers of
+Red Guards, heavily armed and noted for cruelty. Or if these were taken
+away, the state would feel the enmity of all its better citizens who
+realized the need for guardians, police, soldiers and courts, to protect
+them from the crimes of the lawless.
+
+Under the Socialist regime there would be atheists, fighting as in
+Russia, Mexico, France, Italy and Portugal for the propagation of their
+doctrines, while in opposition to them would be millions of believers,
+defending themselves from the attacks of the enemies of God. Any
+concession granted by the state to one of these parties would arouse the
+enmity of the other.
+
+So, too, there would be a rapidly growing faction in favor of free-love,
+as well as one opposed to it, and as each party would be extremely
+powerful, and use every effort to defeat its opponents, there would be
+great strife and discontent.
+
+The Socialists in power in Europe, whether "moderate" or extremely
+radical, have made millions of enemies by imprisonments, executions,
+suppression of free speech, the gagging of the press, the withholding
+food, etc. Would these things happen in our country if the Reds gained
+control?
+
+There is every reason to believe that the Socialist Government would
+become exceedingly unpopular here as in Russia, owing to a great
+increase in crime; for to say nothing of the criminal offences
+occasioned by the prevalent discontent of the citizens, the atheistical
+and anti-religious doctrines of the Revolutionists, by continuing to
+undermine the faith of the people in the existence of God and by leading
+them to disbelieve in the rewards of heaven and the punishments of hell,
+would very seriously interfere with the beneficent effects of several of
+the most excellent preventives of crime.
+
+With discontent, jealousy and crime reigning supreme in the state from
+its very birth, many who had hoped for the success of Socialism would
+become utterly disgusted with its absolute failure and would long for
+the re-establishment of the old order. As the leaders of the Marxian
+movement now make the most extravagant promises concerning perfections
+of their prospective state, their government, should it come, would
+suffer the hatred of all who discovered that they had been cruelly
+deceived.
+
+We must remember, too, that the very persons who would discover that
+they had been deceived by their Socialist teachers would be the very
+same people who are now taught by the same teachers to find fault with
+everything under the sun. It would, therefore, be a terrible day for the
+new state when the embittered rank and file of the Revolutionary Party
+fully realized the total failure of Socialism. The Socialist state would
+then have millions of enemies, recruited from the Socialist Party
+itself, as well as from the ranks of those who had always opposed
+Socialism.
+
+Not alone would these enemies be far more numerous than those who oppose
+our present form of government, but their wrath and anger, wrought to
+fever heat by the many causes we have enumerated, as well as by the
+mistakes of the Marxian rulers, would urge them to commit deeds of
+violence that have never yet been conceived even by the "bomb squad" of
+the revolutionary I. W. W. Rebellion against the new government would be
+the order of the day, and the Socialist state would not long endure. It
+would crumble to pieces, and the poor workingman, in the midst of
+anarchy and the total destruction of industry, would deeply regret
+having listened to the crazed imaginations of silver-tongued fanatics.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lincoln Eyre's cables from Russia, received by the "New York World" when
+this book was in type, more than corroborate the picture drawn in this
+chapter of the "perils to workingmen" from any attempt to put the
+economic fallacies of Socialism into practice. In the first place,
+according to Eyre's cable of February 26, 1920, printed in the "World"
+of February 28, 1920, all the blood and violence inflicted on Russia
+have failed to establish real Communism there. Through courtesy of the
+"World" we give, in part, Eyre's statement as to this, from the cable
+just mentioned:
+
+     "In wartime France, England or Germany no man could obtain for love
+     or money more than a specified maximum of food, fuel or the
+     household requirements. In wartime revolutionary Russia, ruled by a
+     communist dictatorship, any man with enough thousand ruble notes
+     can buy all the food and warmth he desires. Throughout the war
+     dwellers in London, Paris or Berlin affected by war conditions
+     (and that meant practically everybody) were freed of paying rent by
+     a moratorium. Residents of Moscow and Petrograd are still obliged
+     to pay rent and at a higher figure than in pre-war days. These two
+     incontrovertible facts are evidence that an all-powerful Bolshevik
+     in the Communist Government has in two years installed a lesser
+     measure of Communism in actual practice than existed in the
+     belligerent European countries during the war years. To my mind
+     this is one of the severest, albeit the most rarely mentioned,
+     indictments of the Bolsheviks' vast communistic programme, since it
+     reveals their impotency to attain their initial aim--the abolition
+     of classes."
+
+In the second place, not alone has there been failure to destroy
+capitalism and equalize possessions, but new class distinctions and "new
+aristocracies" have arisen. We quote Eyre on this point from the same
+issue of the "World," February 28, 1920:
+
+     "While capitalism in the larger sense of the term has been
+     destroyed, together with private ownership on a large scale,
+     capital continues to be accumulated and to make its influence felt.
+     One man may still possess more than another in worldly goods and
+     receive higher pay for his work. Equality of material possessions
+     is as non-existent in the Russian social republic as it is in the
+     American 'bourgeois' republic. Hence there are coming into
+     existence new groupings of Russian population, new lines of
+     economic demarcation, new forms of social standing and of wealth.
+     The beginning of two new aristocracies are detectable. One is found
+     in the governmental hierarchy, the other in the ever-increasing
+     speculator class.... The Soviets ... cannot do without the
+     speculators (which means all persons engaged in private trading)."
+
+Thirdly, "Communist" Russia already has her "ruling class," as
+privileged and as distinctly marked off from the ordinary day-laborer as
+in any "bourgeois" republic. We quote Eyre as to this from the same
+article:
+
+     "Governmental aristocracy has its boots imbedded in the Kremlin,
+     that ancient Moscow citadel.... In Soviet Russia today one speaks
+     of the Kremlin as one spoke of Versailles in the magnificent days
+     of Louis XIV.... Only the most eminent commissaries of the people
+     and a few other Soviet stars of the first magnitude are domiciled
+     there in the grandiose palaces that once housed the most famous
+     figures of Muscovite history.
+
+     "Protected behind numerous barriers of bayonets and machine guns,
+     the Bolshevik chieftains have made this barbarically gorgeous
+     nesting place of Oriental autocracy the throbbing nerve centre of
+     world revolution.... And from its frowning gates they sally forth
+     in their high power limousines on affairs of state even as the
+     Czars in their day went forth to superintend the administration of
+     their colossal heritage.
+
+     "Bolshevism's upper ten are in the Kremlin. The lesser lights of
+     the Bolshevik aristocracy must content themselves with quarters in
+     the 'Soviet houses,' which were the city's leading hotels, and are
+     now nationalized habitations reserved for prominent Soviet
+     officials. These buildings, like the Kremlin, are better heated and
+     generally cared for than most other domiciles and the food served
+     in them is slightly more abundant. Sentries guard the doors to
+     prevent unauthorized visitors from gaining admission....
+
+     "The fact that some individuals ride to the opera in limousines
+     while the rest walk is necessarily productive of class division.
+     Already there is a slang term for the former--the proletarian
+     bourgeoisie, they are called."
+
+The observant reader will also have gathered from the extract just given
+that, fourthly, the "ruling class" of Communist Russia is much more
+distrustful of the "common people" than any class in the United States,
+Great Britain or France would think of being. Thus the lords and
+lordlings of the "proletarian dictatorship" barricade themselves in
+"citadels," behind "barriers of bayonets and machine guns," while
+"sentries guard the doors" to keep out "visitors." What would we poor
+"bourgeois" Americans think if our wealthier inhabitants and public
+officials kept "common citizens" out of range by such a display of
+infantry and artillery?
+
+Fifthly, despite all the gush about a "workingmen's" republic in Russia,
+that country is now absolutely helpless under the yoke of the most
+absolute autocracy the world has seen in a long while. As to this we
+quote Lincoln Eyre's cable, dated February 25, 1920, and published in
+the "New York World" of February 27, 1920. Eyre says:
+
+     "Lenine ... and Trotzky ... wield a more absolute power than any
+     Czar.... They are the only really strong men detectable among the
+     Bolsheviki or anywhere else in Russia. That their strength is
+     greater than ever is demonstrated by the amazing program for the
+     militarization of labor that they have just entered upon; a
+     programme which when first proposed aroused the Communist Party's
+     instant antagonism, but which in a few days the dictators easily
+     persuaded their disciples to support."
+
+We shall return to this astounding conscription of labor a little
+further on. It is referred to here merely to show who actually does the
+"ruling" in the widely advertised "labor" government of Russia. Eyre
+continues:
+
+     "There is iron law and order all over Russia, neither anarchy nor
+     chaos being visible.... With the recent abolition of the death
+     penalty the Red terror, long since bleached to pale pink, came to a
+     definite end. Such is the omnipotence of the Soviets that it is no
+     longer necessary for them to terrorize their opponents into
+     obedience."
+
+Thus horrible butcheries are no longer necessary because no one longer
+dares to resist. All liberty, all self-government, all self-initiative
+have been crushed in the iron vise of dictated policy. This is the case,
+as Eyre says, "twenty-seven months after the social revolution gripped
+the nation in a clutch of steel that never has been relaxed since." Is
+not such mental, moral and spiritual death a greater calamity than
+physical death?
+
+Sixthly, the common people, crushed under this experimental Socialist
+Juggernaut, are starving to death. In the article last cited, in the
+"World" of February 27, 1920, Eyre says:
+
+     "The food problem is hideously acute, yet not quite so critical as
+     at the outset of the winter. In Moscow, Petrograd and other
+     industrial centres some 8,000,000 human beings, of whom only a tiny
+     fraction are Bolsheviki, are slowly but surely starving to death.
+     There are abundant food stocks in the south and east, but they
+     cannot be carried in sufficient quantity over the semi-paralyzed
+     railroads....
+
+     "Trotzky himself defined the industrial situation as a race between
+     economic reconstruction and reversion to savagery."
+
+Seventhly, craving for food is one of the things which make it
+impossible to shut out the food speculator, whose extortion at least
+helps to prolong life. As Eyre says:
+
+     "City and country food speculation, which the dictatorship thus far
+     confesses its inability to suppress or even control, is fast
+     developing a new capitalist class right under the Communists'
+     noses. One of the most painful sights in Russia is some pale, thin,
+     tottering old woman paying out more than she earns in a week for a
+     few lumps of sugar bought from a well-fed trader from the country
+     in the Sukfarevka, Moscow's open air market place."
+
+Eighthly, the common people are nearly as cold as they are hungry. In
+the cable printed in the "World" of February 27, 1920, Eyre says:
+
+     "Fuel is slightly less scarce than it was two months ago. The lack
+     of heat, however, is helping the food shortage to increase the
+     mortality rate, which is likely to attain 30 per cent in Moscow
+     before spring."
+
+In the ninth place, disease stalks through the land, hand in hand with
+cold and famine. The article just cited contains the following by Eyre:
+
+     "Disease is rampant, and the typhus epidemic in Siberia, where
+     Kolchak left many tens of thousands of victims behind him in his
+     retreat, is spreading swiftly westward. Owing to the absence of
+     medical supplies, the epidemic can be combated only by quarantine."
+
+In the tenth place, "labor" in Russia, the real "working class," is
+conscripted, enslaved under military discipline, and "exploited" under
+an incredible system of military court martial--a degradation of
+workingmen by the Socialist tyrants of Russia which no form of modern
+"capitalism" has dreamed of since human slavery was abolished. On this
+subject Eyre says, in the "World" of February 27, 1920:
+
+     "Four of Trotzky's sixteen armies have been turned into 'labor
+     armies,' which means that soldiers fresh from victories on military
+     fronts are being obliged to work, still under military command and
+     discipline, on the 'economic front.' They are used chiefly for
+     building up the transport system and assuring shipment of food and
+     fuel from the country to the city....
+
+     "Labor generally is being militarized to an amazing extent.
+     Discipline is being imposed upon factory workers by the
+     establishment of special tribunals with powers of courts martial.
+     Communist commissaries, no longer required at the front, are being
+     detached from their regiments and sent to stimulate production
+     endeavor in industries and railroads."
+
+Is this the kind of thing which Hillquit's Socialist gang of would-be
+labor "exploiters" would lure America's liberty-loving workingmen into
+by calling them "slaves" in their present dignified situation as
+self-governed and self-reliant freemen? On December 13, 1919, the
+presidents and secretaries of the 113 national and international unions
+affiliated with the American Federation of Labor met at Washington, D.
+C., with the heads of the four railway brotherhoods and several
+farmers' organizations, and are to be congratulated for having passed
+the following resolution, which the late information from Russia
+overwhelmingly vindicates:
+
+     "Whereas, the American Federation of Labor is an American
+     institution, believing in American principles and ideas, and
+
+     "Whereas, an attempt is being made to inject the spirit of
+     Bolshevism and I. W. W.'ism into the affairs of the American
+     Federation of Labor, and
+
+     "Whereas, the American Federation of Labor is opposed to
+     Bolshevism, I. W. W.'ism and the irresponsible leadership which
+     encouraged such a policy, therefore be it
+
+     "Resolved, that the conference of representatives of trades unions
+     affiliated with the A. F. of L., and other organizations associated
+     in this conference, repudiate and condemn the policy of Bolshevism
+     and I. W. W.'ism as being destructive of American ideals and
+     impracticable in application; be it further
+
+     "Resolved, that this conference reiterate the action of the
+     conventions of the American Federation of Labor, and the advocacy
+     of the principles of conciliation and voluntary arbitration and
+     collective bargaining."
+
+We cite this here to put the freedom of self-determination, practiced by
+the great progressive body of American labor, in vivid contrast with the
+abject slavery which the Socialists of Russia are now imposing upon the
+labor of that country. Lincoln Eyre's statement of the labor situation
+in Russia is confirmed by Trotzky himself, as we learn from the "New
+York World" of February 28, 1920, as follows:
+
+     "London, February 27.--Leon Trotzky, Minister of War of Soviet
+     Russia, addressing the third Russian Congress, held in Moscow
+     January 25 last, outlined the Bolshevist plan for converting the
+     Red Army into an army of labor. According to reports of his speech
+     reaching here he said:
+
+     "'There is still one way open to the reorganization of national
+     economy--the way of uniting the army and labor and changing the
+     military detachments of the army into detachments of a labor army.
+
+     "'Many in the army have already accomplished their military task
+     but they cannot be demobilized as yet. Now that they have been
+     released from their military duties, they must fight against
+     economic ruin and against hunger; they must work to obtain fuel,
+     peat and other heat-producing products; they must take part in
+     building, in clearing the lines of snow, in repairing roads,
+     building sheds, grinding flour, etc.
+
+     "'We have already organized several of these armies and they have
+     been allotted their tasks. One army must obtain foodstuffs for the
+     workmen of the districts in which it was formerly stationed and it
+     also will cut wood, cart it to the railways and repair engines.
+     Another army will help in the laying down of railway lines for the
+     transport of crude oil. A third labor army will be used in
+     repairing agricultural implements and machines, and, in the spring,
+     will take part in the working of the land....
+
+     "'Trade unions must register qualified workmen in the villages.
+     Only in those localities where trade union methods are inadequate
+     other methods must be introduced, in particular that of compulsion,
+     because labor conscription gives the state the right to tell the
+     qualified workmen who is employed on some unimportant work in his
+     village, "You are obliged to leave your present employment and go
+     to Sormovo or Kolomna, because there your work is required."
+
+     "'Labor conscription means that the qualified workmen who leave the
+     army must proceed to places where they are required, where their
+     presence is necessary to the economic system of the country. We
+     must feed these workmen and guarantee them the minimum food
+     ration.'"
+
+No doubt these "qualified workmen" are what we call "skilled workmen."
+Here we have, in its naked reality, the "deliverance" from
+"wage-slavery" which the crazy Socialists of all schools have so long
+been preaching to the laboring freemen of America. How would the
+millions of labor's noblemen in the American Federation of Labor like to
+see Debs, Hillquit and Victor L. Berger cracking the whip over them
+after the fashion of Lenine, Trotzky and Zinovieff in Russia?
+
+Notice the "capitalistic" language of Trotzky: "_We_"--the tyrannical,
+exploiting drones in the Kremlin--"must feed these workmen and guarantee
+them the _minimum_ food ration." Do not the "workmen" produce the food?
+Then why do they not take it and cut the throats of these drones? Is not
+this the Socialist doctrine we are taught by our American theorists, who
+froth at the mouth over the alleged "wage-slavery" of American workmen
+who rear intelligent families in comfortable homes and maintain the
+independence and self-initiative of American freemen?
+
+In the eleventh place, we notice that the workmen of Russia, as a reward
+for complete slavery under military conscription and courts martial
+tribunals, are guaranteed nothing but this "minimum food ration" and a
+possibility of being able to buy enough additional food out of their
+wages to postpone starvation. The last-mentioned possibility is
+described for us by Lincoln Eyre in his cable in the "New York World" of
+February 27, 1920, where, it must be remembered, he is speaking of the
+most-favored workmen, in the big cities. He says:
+
+"Nobody in Russia relying wholly upon 'Sovietsky' food--food handed out
+through official agencies--gets enough to eat except soldiers, a small
+percentage of heavy workers and high Soviet officials. Ordinary factory
+workers seldom receive as much as 60 per cent of their alimentary
+requirements through the Government. The remainder they must buy at
+fantastically high prices from speculators. And though they themselves,
+in collaboration with central dictatorship, fix their own wages, they
+never earn enough to cover the swift-climbing cost of living. If this is
+the plight of the workers, that is, of the ruling class, the ghastliness
+of the situation confronting the less favored elements of the population
+may well be imagined."
+
+Is it in irony that Eyre speaks of these "workers" as "the ruling
+class"? What are the real workmen in Russia but victims of this cruel
+experiment of tyrannizing Socialist "intellectuals"?
+
+We remark next, in the twelfth place, that the Soviet system of food
+distribution, wholly unequal and thus anti-communistic, has resulted in
+dividing the Russians into eight classes, each category having a special
+card defining its special ration. The account of this is given by
+Lincoln Eyre in a cable dated March 9, 1920, and published in the "New
+York World" of March 10, 1920, from which we take two sentences:
+
+     "The commissariat of food control has gradually built up no less
+     than eight distinct classes.... Special cards also are provided for
+     children from one, two to five and from five to sixteen. It will be
+     seen that this totals eight distinct varieties of card."
+
+The affect of these distinctions may be gathered from the following
+instance given in the article just cited:
+
+     "In the month of November there was distributed by the Petrograd
+     Soviet altogether 13,631,480 pounds of bread.... Had all the bread
+     been divided evenly among the whole population, each person would
+     have had about one-half a pound a a day, whereas, in fact, one
+     category got much less than that amount daily and the third
+     category none at all."
+
+In the thirteenth place, we note that the Russian Socialist tyrants give
+the workmen, in exchange for their labor, pieces of paper run off from
+printing presses which seem almost to have solved the problem of
+perpetual motion. The workmen are wise if they spend this fiat money
+daily for whatever it will bring in food, for its value will collapse
+utterly when the dictatorship bursts, leaving the country financially
+prostrate, without credit or means of exchange. This is one of the
+greatest bunco games ever practiced upon workingmen. Eyre describes it
+in a cable dated March 3, 1920, and published in the "New York World" of
+March 4, 1920, from which we quote:
+
+     "In 'the Socialist Federative Republic of Soviets of Russia,' to
+     give the Bolshevik land its official title, no mention has been
+     made of finance. The reason for this is simple. There is no
+     finance, in the European or American sense of the word, in present
+     Russia. The Soviet Government pays its own people what it has to
+     pay in paper money, of which it prints unlimited quantities. Being
+     determined eventually to abolish money altogether in favor of
+     Communistic exchange of products, it is not worried about
+     depreciation in the value of its currency. It possesses about
+     1,000,000,000 rubles--the exact amount is kept very secret--in
+     gold, with which it intends to pay for goods purchased abroad until
+     it can establish a system of barter with foreign commercial
+     interests. From the capitalistic viewpoint its budgetary
+     expenditures are chaotic, but in Communistic eyes they are both
+     sane and logical."
+
+Only to minds financially insane or criminally degenerate could such a
+system seem "sane and logical." Their carefully kept store of gold shows
+that the Bolshevist dictators are not insane but criminal. They
+understand their game, which is that of bunco-steering to "exploit"
+labor on the largest scale the world has ever seen. Honest paper money
+is a promise to pay, for value received, in gold, silver or good
+merchandise. If this form is used by these frauds, it is with the
+deliberate intention of repudiation, the possibility of payment being
+also destroyed by the floods of the stuff turned out. If the paper given
+is not a promise to pay, it is circulated simply through the tyranny of
+men who by threat of punishment or starvation force workingmen to
+exchange a day's labor for a bit of food and a piece of paper. In either
+case the labor exploiters in the Kremlin exact from Russia's workingmen,
+in exchange for a little food and a wad of paper, a genuine value, the
+product of hard labor, which these get-rich-quick Wallingfords can turn
+into gold, or exchange with the world for anything they want. All that
+Russian workingmen get is semi-starvation and the temporary delusion,
+conveyed to them in fine speeches, that they are "in the game," whereas
+they are only its dupes.
+
+The worthless character of the paper money, which the workmen
+nevertheless have to take and spend to keep soul and body together, is
+shown by the fact that the peasants refuse it. In his cable printed in
+the "New York World" of February 27, 1920, Eyre says that "the peasant
+twenty miles outside of Moscow ... has more food than he can eat, more
+clothes than he can wear," yet "refuses to sell his products for money
+except that proportion of them that he is compelled to turn over to the
+Soviets at a fixed price. In private trading," Eyre continues, "he will
+take in exchange for his foodstuffs only manufactured articles, clothing
+and other things he needs." Thus the peasant is fortunate in that he
+lives on land where he can at least raise enough to eat; whereas the
+"proletarian," in whose behalf the Socialists pretend to have made the
+Russian revolution, is most of all victimized by it.
+
+The reason why the Bolshevist dictators are now conscripting Russian
+labor seems evident. These pick-pockets have finished exploiting the
+Russian aristocracy and "bourgeoisie," squeezed them dry, and squandered
+what they stole. The only game left to them now is to exploit labor to
+the limit and appropriate the profits.
+
+Two other features of this thimble-rigging arrangement complete the
+exposure of the most inhuman scheme to exploit labor which the world has
+seen for centuries. One of these shows us, in the fourteenth place, that
+the rascals Lenine and Trotzky, are actually inviting "foreign capital"
+to form a partnership with them in their exploitation of Russian labor,
+under promise to turn over to this outside "capital" a good share of the
+"profits" to be wrung by labor conscription out of the sweat of Russia's
+brow.
+
+The invitation to "foreign capital" to join hands with the Bolshevist
+dictatorship, under promise of good profits and guarantees of security
+was made by both Lenine and Trotzky through interviews granted to
+Lincoln Eyre. Through courtesy of the "New York World" we have quoted
+the propositions of these "friends" of Russian labor near the close of
+Chapter XV of this book, as the reader doubtless remembers, and we
+merely recall the facts here to put them in line with the other features
+of Bolshevist labor oppression which we have just been considering. Who
+could have imagined that within a little more than two years after
+beginning their barbarous Socialist experiment with Russian industries
+the brazen dictatorship would be urging "foreign capital" to join in a
+scheme to squeeze both a domestic and a foreign profit out of the toil
+of Russian workingmen conscripted by Socialist task-masters and held in
+wage-slavery under fear of death by court martial?
+
+In the fifteenth place, we have the dreadful fact that Russian labor is
+enslaved by a Socialist autocracy not for the sake of promoting peace
+but for the sake of promoting war. In our last chapter we quoted the
+statements of Zinovieff to Lincoln Eyre that the Third Internationale
+would never give up its purpose to make the whole world Bolshevist. Eyre
+also found the belief general in Russia that so long as the Socialists
+retain power, any peace made by them with the outside world will only be
+a short truce in which to prepare for another war. He says, in his cable
+printed in the "New York World" of February 27, 1920:
+
+     "All, Bolsheviki included, feel that as long as the Soviets remain
+     in power in Russia and Bolshevism does not spread to other lands,
+     peace cannot be more than a truce in the international class
+     warfare."
+
+Again, in his cable printed in the "New York World" of March 4, 1920,
+Lincoln Eyre says:
+
+     "The Red Army's victories against Kolchak, Yudenitch and Denikine
+     are in themselves paradoxical, in that they serve to increase the
+     Russian need for peace.... Every advance recorded in Siberia or the
+     Crimea brings the front line further from the base and complicates
+     the task of supplying munitions, food and equipment. Thus it
+     becomes increasingly evident to all Russians, whatever their
+     political leanings may be, that Russia must have peace in order to
+     survive economically. And yet--another paradox--all feel that any
+     peace established now between Soviet authority and Governments of
+     the bourgeois and democratics cannot be more than a brief truce
+     because Socialism and capitalism cannot abide side by side, and
+     because neither can be suppressed without warfare. The Bolshevik
+     faith in the ultimate appearance of a world revolution has not
+     waned, but their hope of its speedy coming has lessened
+     considerably."
+
+Who but the long-suffering Russians would endure the hopeless fate
+imposed by Socialism on Russian labor? The workingmen were conscripted
+by Trotzky's armies. They won victories, but these have not freed them.
+Returning from the front they are conscripted for labor armies, to work
+as they fought, under military discipline, subject to court martial and
+death if they rebel. Yet this military toil will not free them. They
+slave under the pistols of the commissaries only to get themselves
+economically equipped for a new war against their "capitalistic"
+neighbors, and in this war the workingman, if he can still walk, will be
+conscripted to go to the front again. Should he survive this, must he
+begin the same round over again?
+
+But why not strike against this slavery? Russian labor does not dare to
+strike. Tender-hearted Socialism has made the labor strike a crime in
+Russia. Says Lincoln Eyre, in a cable dated March 11, 1920, and printed
+in the "New York World" of March 13, 1920:
+
+     "The unions, of course, lost their former principal weapon--the
+     strike. Today any body of workers that would venture out on strike
+     would be considered, to quote President Melnitchansky of the Moscow
+     unions, as traitors to their Socialist fatherland and as such would
+     doubtless be shot."
+
+With this utter collapse of Socialist theories and professions in
+Bolshevikiland, we need not wonder that, according to a cable in the
+"New York Times" of March 2, 1920, the French National Socialist
+Congress adjourned at Strasbourg, March 1, 1920, "after voting down by
+more than 2 to 1 a motion to ally the Socialists of France with Lenine
+and Trotzky." According to the same cable, "The pleaders for the Third
+Internationale, formed at Moscow, were answered by the reply that the
+beautiful doctrines enunciated there had been thrown aside by Lenine and
+Trotzky and that any one who believed in real Socialism would be a fool
+to get behind the leaders of Soviet Russia."
+
+Is it now in order for our American Bolshevists, Gene Debs, Morris
+Hillquit (_alias_ Hilkovitz) and Vic Berger, solemnly to inform us that
+Russian Bolshevism never was Socialism, nor anything like it, but only a
+base counterfeit? And will they also inform us that Lenine and Trotzky
+are unprincipled adventurers and cold-blooded blackguards who have
+hidden behind the mask of Socialism to blackjack a great people and
+filch a wealth they never did a day's work to accumulate?
+
+When our American wavers of the Red Flag try to hide their shipwrecked
+theories behind a repudiation of Bolshevikiland, we shall have to remind
+them of their many, many utterances jubilantly assuring us that
+"Bolshevism is Socialism in practice." A specimen will do, taken from
+one of the books published by the Jewish Socialist Federation of
+America, a "part of the Socialist Party" of the United States piloted by
+Debs, Hilkovitz and Berger, which we quote as cited on page 34 of the
+"Outline of the Evidence Taken Before the Judiciary Committee" of the
+New York Assembly:
+
+     "Bolshevism is not a new Socialist theory, but the practical
+     carrying out in life of the old Socialist theory.
+
+     "Bolshevism especially is not a theory. Bolshevism is a method of
+     how to establish Socialism in life.
+
+     "Bolshevism is practical Socialism, the Socialism of today, and not
+     of the remote future day."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST RELIGION ABROAD
+
+
+
+It is but proper to begin this chapter by conceding that there are many
+church-going members among those who vote the Marxian ticket--not as an
+indorsement of the teachings of international Socialism, but merely as a
+protest against political corruption and the abuses of capitalism.
+Justice, moreover, demands that we acknowledge the existence of a small
+minority of dues-paying members of the Socialist Party who neither
+attack religion nor tacitly approve of the atheistic propaganda carried
+on in the official Marxian press, as well as in the books, pamphlets and
+magazines on sale not only in the leading Socialist book-stores of
+America, but even at the National Office of the party in Chicago.
+
+In most countries of Europe, where the war against religion is much more
+open and widespread than in America, the Socialists are frank in
+confessing that their movement is atheistic and anti-religious.
+
+In our own country some of the more violent Socialistic enemies of the
+church admit both in their speeches and in their writings that they
+would be extremely happy to see the very idea of God become a matter of
+ancient history. Christian Socialists of the old Carr faction, who
+constitute a minority of far less than one per cent of the Socialist
+Party of the United States, have not only conceded the existence of an
+atheistic propaganda within the ranks, but have attacked it and utterly
+failed to suppress it.
+
+Apart from these two classes of American Socialists, who admit the
+existence of a campaign in favor of atheism, most Socialists in our
+country, because they fear that votes will be lost if our people are
+convinced of the anti-religious character of the party, steadfastly deny
+that they are conspiring against religion. Indeed they are quite cunning
+and crafty in their effort to beguile the unwary. If the person
+hesitates joining the party, owing to his conviction that nearly all the
+Socialist leaders have been the enemies of religion, he is informed that
+it would be just as foolish for him not to be a Revolutionist for this
+reason, as it would be for one not to become a Republican because Robert
+Ingersoll did not believe in God and even propagated atheism.
+
+As the conspirators against religion have, by this plausible argument,
+involving the name of Ingersoll, removed the prejudices that many
+persons formerly had against Socialism on account of the atheistic
+teachings of its leaders, it seems but fitting to give a short
+refutation of the deceptive argument and to point out the absurdity of
+the comparison just mentioned.
+
+In the first place, although Robert Ingersoll was an atheist, he never
+stated that Republicanism was anti-religious. On the other hand, very
+many of the highest authorities in the Marxian Party, whose extensive
+knowledge of Socialism justifies our belief that they know but too well
+the policy of the revolutionary movement, admit that Socialism
+postulates atheism and war against religious beliefs. Ingersoll,
+moreover, never attacked religion nor taught atheism with a view to
+furthering the cause of Republicanism. But a very large number of the
+Socialists, whether Europeans or Americans, in their endeavor to promote
+what they consider to be the best interests of their party, have in
+their books, magazines, pamphlets and papers been waging a relentless
+war against religion. The atheistical works of Robert Ingersoll were not
+purchased by the rank and file of the Republican Party for purposes of
+party propaganda, but the rank and file of the Revolutionary Party spend
+large sums of money on publications in which their avowed leaders teach
+atheism as part of the Socialist program. Not content even with this,
+the members do their utmost to increase the circulation of
+anti-religious Socialist books, magazines, pamphlets and papers.
+
+Before producing the evidence that will convict the Socialist leaders
+and the rank and file of the party of openly advocating atheism and
+hostility to religion, or at least of tacitly approving of such a
+propaganda, a few words must be said relative to the materialistic
+conception of history, or of economic determinism, as it is often
+called. According to this doctrine, which is one of the fundamental
+teachings of the Socialists, the whole history of mankind, including its
+political, intellectual and religious development, is nothing more than
+a process of evolution, the guiding principle of which is the prevailing
+economic conditions and their resultant class struggles. Consequently,
+the Socialists who believe this doctrine deny the intervention of God in
+the development and spread of the Christian religion; for economic
+determinism teaches that the development of the church is not the work
+of Divine Providence, but of the economic conditions and class struggles
+of society.
+
+W. D. P. Bliss, the Socialist editor of the "New Encyclopedia of Social
+Reform," in an article on page 1135 of his work, admits that it is
+perfectly true that the large majority of avowed Socialists are divorced
+from recognized religion and the church, and that this leads many of
+them to extreme radicalism on all questions of ethics, money and the
+family.
+
+Frederick Engels, one of the renowned founders of modern Socialism,
+taught that "nowadays in our evolutionary conception of the universe,
+there is absolutely no room for either a Creator or a ruler."
+("Socialism, Utopian and Scientific," by Frederick Engels, page 17 of
+the Introduction to the 1901 edition in English--New York Labor News
+Co.)
+
+Wilhelm Liebknecht, who until shortly before his death in 1900 was one
+of the foremost leaders of the Socialist Party in Germany, addressing
+the Halle Convention, said: "As regards my own self, I had done with
+religion at an early age.... I am an atheist, I do not believe in
+God.... We may peacefully take our stand upon the ground of Socialism,
+and thus conquer the stupidity of the masses in so far as stupidity
+reveals itself in religious forms and dogmas." The same German Socialist
+and atheist taught in his book, "Materialist Basis of History":
+
+     "It is our duty as Socialists to root out the faith in God with all
+     our zeal, nor is anyone worthy the name, who does not consecrate
+     himself to the spread of atheism."
+
+August Bebel, who before his death in August, 1913, was the leader of
+the Socialists of Germany, gave many proofs of the intimate relation
+existing between Socialism and atheism. On September 16, 1878, he
+declared in the Reichstag:
+
+     "Gentlemen, you attack our views on religion because they are
+     atheistic and materialistic. I acknowledge the correctness of the
+     impeachment. I am firmly convinced that Socialism finally leads to
+     atheism."
+
+In the Reichstag, on December 31, 1881, he made the following profession
+of faith:
+
+     "In politics we profess Republicanism, in economics Socialism, in
+     religion atheism."
+
+According to the 1903 platform of the German Socialists, adopted at
+Dresden, "No religious instructions of any kind shall be given to
+children under the age of sixteen; after that they can select their own
+religious tenets and teachings, as they please. Superstitious religious
+notions that are current among the less educated classes are to be
+eradicated through proper instructions."
+
+"The Comrade," September, 1904, confesses that the satirical weekly
+"L'Asino," published by the Socialists of Italy, and known throughout
+the world for its attacks on religion, carries on a bitter fight against
+the Catholic Church. In the early part of 1913, "L'Asino," speaking of
+the coming Italian election, boasted that the Socialists would proclaim
+their anti-clericalism and atheism in the public meetings.
+
+The Austrian Socialists in convention at Linz, May 30, 1898, passed a
+resolution proposed by Pernerstorfer to the effect that "Socialism is
+directly contradictory to Roman clericalism, which is enslaved to
+unyielding authority, immutable dogmas, and absolute intellectual
+thralldom. We doubt all authority, we know of no immutable dogma, we are
+the champions of right, liberty and conscience." [Reported in
+"Vorwaerts," 1898, no. 126, suppl.]
+
+The bitter persecution that has for years been waged against the church
+in France is too well known to require much comment. The representatives
+of the French Socialist Party at Tours in March, 1903, voted upon a
+program from which several clauses will be cited:
+
+     "The Socialist Party needs to organize a new world, free minds
+     emancipated from superstition and prejudices. It asks for and
+     guarantees every human being, every individual, absolute freedom of
+     thinking, and writing and affirming their beliefs. Over against all
+     religious dogmas and churches as well as over against the class
+     conceptions of the bourgeoisie, it sets the unlimited right of free
+     thought, the scientific conception of the universe, and a system of
+     public education based exclusively on science and reason. Thus
+     accustomed to free thought and reflection, citizens will be
+     protected against the sophistries of the capitalistic and clerical
+     reaction." The program also declares for the "abolition of the
+     congregations, nationalization of property in mortmain of every
+     kind belonging to them, and appropriation of it for works of social
+     insurance and solidarity."
+
+In the Tours program, therefore, we have the open confession of the
+Socialist Party of France that it is anti-religious and that it favors
+the disgraceful robbery of the church that has for many years been going
+on in that country.
+
+The Belgian Socialists are quite as violent as the French in their
+hatred of the church, for in addition to the large number of vile
+anti-religious pamphlets distributed during the campaign that preceded
+the elections of 1912, we have the testimony of no less an authority
+than the Socialist leader, Emile Vandervelde, in the "Social Democrat,"
+England, January, 1903:
+
+     "In the end the question to be solved is: what is the essential aim
+     of Socialism? There is not a Socialist who would hesitate to say
+     that it is the emancipation of the workers, the freedom of the
+     proletariat--and by this freedom we mean its complete freedom, the
+     abolition of all slavery in the spiritual sphere as well as in the
+     material sphere.... Can a sincere believer follow the church's
+     teachings and yet be a Socialist? We are bound to admit that both
+     in philosophy and in politics there must be war between Socialism
+     and the Church."
+
+In England, too, the Socialists are the avowed enemies of religion.
+Blatchford, who is well known to his comrades for his extreme work in
+propagating Socialism by the pen, wrote in the "Clarion," October 4,
+1907:
+
+     "Believing that the Christian religion was untrue, and believing
+     that all supernatural religions were inimical to human progress,
+     and foreseeing that a conflict between Socialism and religion was
+     inevitable, I attacked the Christian religion. I am working for
+     Socialism when I attack religion which is hindering it."
+
+Again in his book, "God and My Neighbor," Blatchford utters the
+following blasphemies:
+
+     "I am an easiful old pagan, and I am not angry with you at all--you
+     funny little champion of the Most High....
+
+     "This is the God of Heaven? This is the Father of Christ? This is
+     the Creator of the Milky Way? No! He will not do. He is not big
+     enough. He is not good enough. He is not clean enough. He is a
+     spiritual nightmare, a bad dream born in the savage minds of terror
+     and ignorance and a tigerish lust for blood....
+
+     "Is this unspeakable monster the Father of Christ? Is he the God
+     who inspireth Buddha and Shakespeare and Beethoven and Darwin and
+     Plato? No, not he. But in warfare and massacre, in rapine and rape,
+     in black revenge and in deadly malice, in slavery and polygamy, and
+     the debasement of women, and in the pomps, vanities and greeds of
+     royalty, of clericalism, and of usury and barter--we may easily
+     discern the influence of his ferocious and abominable personality."
+
+This book, which teaches atheism from cover to cover, could be bought
+for a dollar a copy in 1912 at the National Office of the Socialist
+Party in Chicago, Ill. In the May, 1917, issue of the "International
+Socialist Review," "God and My Neighbor," by Blatchford, is thus
+advertised:
+
+     "Is the Bible true? This is the chief subject of debate today
+     between Christians and Scientists the world over. Robert Blatchford
+     says: 'Is the Bible a holy and inspired book and the Word of God to
+     man, or is it an incongruous and contradictory collection of tribal
+     tradition and ancient fables, written by men of genius and
+     imaginations? Mr. Blatchford believes religions are not revealed,
+     they are evolved.
+
+     "'We cannot accept as the God of Creation,' he writes, 'this savage
+     idol, Jehovah, of an obscure tribe, and we have renounced him and
+     are ashamed of him, not because of any later divine revelation, but
+     because mankind have become too enlightened to tolerate Jehovah.'"
+
+Ernest Bax, an Englishman, one of the greatest authorities in the world
+on Socialism, an author who, even in America, has been styled "the most
+accomplished writer on behalf of Socialism in this and perhaps in any
+country," in his book, "Religion of Socialism," thus testifies to the
+relation existing between Socialism and religion:
+
+     "In what sense Socialism is not religious will now be clear. It
+     utterly despises the other world with all its stage
+     properties--that is, the present objects of religion." ["Religion
+     of Socialism," by Ernest Belfort Bax, page 52 of 1891 edition.]
+
+Who could imagine any more convincing testimony of the atheistic and
+anti-religious nature of the Socialist movement than the following words
+of the English Socialist, James Leathan, in "Socialism and Character":
+
+     "At the present moment I cannot remember a single instance of a
+     person who is at one and the same time a really earnest and
+     intelligent Socialist and an orthodox Christian. Those who do not
+     openly attack the church and the fabric of Christianity, show but
+     scant respect to either the one or the other in private.... And
+     while all of us are thus indifferent to the church, many of us are
+     frankly hostile to her. Marx, Lassalle and Engels among earlier
+     Socialists; Morris, Bax, Hyndman, Guesde and Bebel among
+     present-day Socialists--are all more or less avowed atheists; and
+     what is true of the more notable men of the party is almost equally
+     true of the rank and file the world over."
+
+In 1910 a pamphlet entitled "Socialism and Religion" was issued by the
+Revolutionists of Great Britain. One quotation from it will amply
+suffice to show the utter contempt of the English[15] Socialist for
+religion:
+
+     "If a man supports the church, or in any respect allows religious
+     ideas to stand in the way of principles of Socialism, or activity
+     of the party, he proves thereby that he does not accept Socialism
+     as fundamentally true and of the first importance, and his place is
+     outside. No man can be consistently both a Socialist and a
+     Christian. It must either be the Socialist or the religious
+     principle that is supreme, for the attempt to couple them equally
+     together betrays charlatanism or lack of thought. There is,
+     therefore, no need for a specifically anti-religious test. So
+     surely does the acceptance of Socialism lead to the exclusion of
+     the supernatural, that the Socialist has little need for such terms
+     as atheist, freethinker or even materialist, for the word
+     Socialist, rightly understood, implies one who (on all such
+     questions) takes his stand on positive science, explaining all
+     things by purely natural causation--Socialism being not merely a
+     politico-economic creed, but an integral part of a consistent world
+     philosophy."
+
+"The Western Clarion," a publication of the Canadian Socialists,
+declared in its issue of May 23, 1914, that the Socialist Party of
+Canada would have "no compromise with advocates of Christianity."
+
+Alvarado, the governor of Yucatan, and his criminal sustainers several
+years ago drove the clergy from the country, turned the churches into I.
+W. W. meeting houses, and turned some, as in the case of the Cathedral
+of Merida, even into warehouses. Religion was outlawed and an atheist
+tyranny established. Alvarado is an ardent I. W. W. Socialist of the
+most violent sort. His advent into Yucatan from the lawless northern
+part of Mexico was marked by wholesale confiscation of property, by
+robbery and outrage. His vile subordinates, of like origin with himself,
+committed loathsome crimes, unspeakable and without number, and no
+opportunity was overlooked to persecute the unhappy people whose
+accumulations by thrift and industry and whose steadfast adherence to
+their religion marked them as certain victims of robbery, murder and
+outrage.
+
+"The Call," New York, April 9, 1919, informs us that the workers in
+Yucatan have elected a succession of Socialist governors, and in its
+issue of April 14, 1919, under the caption, "Up to the Minute Official
+Socialist News," we read the following:
+
+     "Felipe Carrillo, president of the Socialist Party of Yucatan,
+     Mexico, spoke on conditions in Yucatan. Among other things he said:
+     'The Socialist Party of America should do everything possible
+     against intervention in Mexico.... All the public officials, from
+     the highest to the lowest, are members of the Socialist party....
+     There is no middle class in Yucatan.... The Socialist Party of
+     Yucatan has been in power three years.'
+
+     "A rising vote was taken, expressing our fraternal greetings to
+     Felipe Carrillo and the Comrades of Yucatan."
+
+The April 9, 1919, issue of "The Call" informs us that Alvardo in 1915
+organized the Socialist Party of Yucatan, 62,700 members of which belong
+to the League of Resistance, an organization which, we are told, is
+purely economic in its activities.
+
+What a strange name for an economic league, especially in Mexico, where
+economics have for some years been taught by the torch, bomb, dagger!
+
+The March, 1919, edition of "The Eye Opener," the official organ of the
+Socialist Party of the United States, throws a little light on this
+economic league of "the knights of the red flag." On page 4 of that
+issue we are told that among the principles of the League of Resistance
+are the following:
+
+     "The Land is Mother, and Labor is the Father of Humanity.
+     Attack no one without motive, but never present the other cheek to
+       any who has struck one.
+     Fly from the religions, principally the Catholic religion, as from
+       the plagues."
+
+The article on the economic League of Resistance ends with the call of
+Yucatan to the rest of the continent: "Workers of the world, unite."
+Carillo is then quoted as saying:
+
+"Never will labor conquer until it understands solidarity. Political
+action, economic action, perhaps military action--todos metodos
+necesitamos. En todas las epocas del mundo, rifley dynamita sean
+necesarios; pero siempre y sobre todo, solidaridad." The words, "rifley
+dynamita" mean nothing and are evidently a misprint for "rifle y
+dynamita." There was good reason for letting the words remain in the
+Spanish in the official organ of the Socialist Party of the United
+States, for if "rifle y dynamita" were the Spanish words meant, their
+translation would be:
+
+     "We need all means. In all periods of the world's history, the
+     rifle and dynamite may be necessary, but always and above all
+     solidarity."
+
+So much for the _economic_ League of Resistance of the Socialists of
+Yucatan, which has been destroying both religion and civilization alike!
+Carrillo, its president, has been greeted throughout our country by the
+Socialists, who have been extending their fraternal greetings also to
+the rest of their "Comrades in Yucatan."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST RELIGION IN AMERICA
+
+
+
+Much more testimony than has already been given could easily be
+furnished for proving that the Socialist movement in foreign lands is
+atheistic and anti-religious, but as sufficient has been given, let us
+dwell more on the anti-religious activities of the Revolutionists in our
+own country.
+
+In answer to a possible objection, namely, that the American Socialists
+should in no way be held responsible for the anti-religious and
+atheistic teachings of their comrades abroad, the attention of the
+reader is called to the fact that the Socialist movement is an
+international one, and that nearly all the Marxian leaders in Europe are
+considered by the American Socialists as first class authorities on
+Socialism. Moreover the books and writings of these foreign protagonists
+form a very considerable part of the Socialistic literature of the
+United States and are considered as standard works on the subject.
+
+But in addition to the fact that the American Socialists thus share the
+responsibility of their European comrades, the Revolutionists of our own
+country will now come forward with more than enough testimony to prove
+that they are just as guilty as their foreign comrades of propagating
+atheistic and anti-religious doctrines.
+
+Rev. William T. Brown, formerly the pastor of Plymouth Church,
+Rochester, New York, after becoming a Socialist, wrote the following in
+the May, 1902, number of "Wilshire's Magazine":
+
+     "For myself, I do not recognize any existing church or state as
+     complete in itself or founded by God. There is absolutely nothing
+     in church or state that cannot be traced to a perfectly natural
+     origin.... Instead of the religious idea that God breathed into
+     clay the breath of life, and so man came into existence in the
+     image of God, we know beyond question that man's ancestors were
+     animals, and he is the image of his animal parentage.... Singing
+     hymns, saying prayers, learning catechism, attending the services
+     of a place miscalled a sanctuary will do nothing whatever to effect
+     the ends for which men are striving.... The church will attract its
+     own, and the Socialist cause will draw those who belong to it.
+     People who are interested in fossils and relics and curios will
+     find a congenial place in the church as will also the ignorant and
+     deluded masses."
+
+George D. Herron, who, like William T. Brown, had once been a minister,
+on becoming a Socialist expressed his atheistic sentiments by writing in
+the "International Socialist Review," Chicago, August, 1901:
+
+     "When the gods are dead to rise no more, man will begin to live.
+     After the end of the gods, when there is nothing else to which we
+     may turn, nothing left outside of ourselves, we shall turn to one
+     another for fellowship, and behold! the heart of all worship is
+     exposed and we have omnipotence in our hands....
+
+     "There will be no more priests, no rulers, no judges, when
+     fellowship comes and the gods are gone. And when there are neither
+     priests, nor rulers, nor judges, there will be no evil on earth,
+     nor none called good, to stand over against others called evil."
+
+John Spargo, a former Socialist of considerable renown in the United
+States, and until recently very popular with the party, speaking of
+education in "Socialism, A Summary and Interpretation of Socialist
+Principles," touches upon the question of parochial schools in the
+Marxian commonwealth:
+
+     "Whether the Socialist regime could tolerate the existence of
+     elementary schools other than its own, such as privately conducted
+     kindergartens and schools, religious schools, and so on, is
+     questionable. Probably not. It would probably not content itself
+     with refusing to permit religious doctrines or ideas to be taught
+     in its schools, but would go farther, and as the natural protector
+     of the child, guard its independence of thought in later life as
+     far as possible by forbidding religious teaching of any kind in
+     schools for children up to a certain age....
+
+     "This restriction of religious education to the years of judgment
+     and discretion implies no hostility to religion on the part of the
+     state, but neutrality[16]." ["Socialism, A Summary and
+     Interpretaion[17] of Socialist Principles," by John Spargo, page
+     238 of 1906 edition.]
+
+"The Call" does not fail to publish among its many poems those that are
+violently anti-religious. In confirmation of this we shall transcribe
+several, all of which furnish excellent proofs of the existence of the
+conspiracy against religion. The first poem that will be quoted appeared
+in the November 19, 1911, edition, and reads as follows:
+
+    "When all the choric peal shall end;
+      That through the fanes hath rung;
+    When the long lauds no more ascend
+      From man's adoring tongue;
+    When overwhelmed are altar, priest and creed;
+      When all the faiths have passed;
+    Perhaps from darkening incense freed,
+      God may emerge at last."
+
+The following poem, entitled, "To the Religionist," appeared on the same
+day:
+
+    "You bid us spare your vision;
+      Put faith in a life after death,
+    Strive on toward some realm Elysian
+      And heed all that one Book saith.
+
+    "You will pray to a power celestial,
+      To direct us in all our ways,
+    Lest we fall to a region bestial
+      And lose ourselves in its maze.
+
+    "You speak of the Crucifixion
+      Of one on Calvary
+    As if his benediction
+      Was a rank monopoly.
+
+    "Shall we pray to a power not human
+      For guidance miraculous
+    When the nearest man or woman
+      Will give help, and without that fuss?
+
+    "When the glorious future people
+      Have realized our dream,
+    Then the cross upon the steeple
+      No longer shall blaspheme.
+
+    "The godhood of the lowly
+      Their sacrifice unknown;
+    Of the temple once held holy
+      There shall not last one stone."
+
+Only two stanzas of a poem which appeared in "The Call," March 17, 1912,
+are hereby given:
+
+    "The Gods are dead;
+      Dead lies their Heaven, their Hell.
+    The Gods are dead,
+      With all their terrors! Well!
+
+    "Man now unmakes them,
+      Who made them in his youth;
+    He boldly breakes them
+      With shattering blows of truth."
+
+Editorials and articles attacking religion are of very common occurrence
+in "The Call." Several illustrations will suffice. In the May 1, 1912,
+edition we read:
+
+     "In our combat with the natural forces we have been taught by
+     science to seek the cause and effect not in anything supernatural;
+     we have gotten rid of superstition[18] and fear of revengeful
+     gods."
+
+The following short article appeared on November 19, 1911, in the same
+paper:
+
+     "Our exploiters might as well understand now that we have no use
+     for the distorted and mystical figure that they present as Christ,
+     a conservative member of the Property Defence League, a thing
+     neither man nor woman, but a third sex--not understood of us except
+     as a rightful object of suspicion; we have no use for this rant,
+     cant and fustian of his holiness and immaculate qualities. That
+     presentation has always been repellent to us and always will be, no
+     matter how much he may be proclaimed as the friend of the
+     workingman.... Christ, the democrat, the agitator, the
+     revolutionary, the rebel, the bearer of the red flag, yes we can
+     understand that figure."
+
+Under the caption, "The Old Year and The New," an editorial, part of
+which is here given, was published in "The Call," January 1, 1912:
+
+     "Interesting is it to see these clerical reactionists trying to
+     kindle into flame the dying embers and ashes of the religious
+     enthusiasm of past ages, now on the point of flickering out, and
+     marshalling the remnants of fear and ignorance against the
+     inexorable march of humanity and social progress.
+
+     "We have no verbal answer to expend upon them. They are not worth
+     it. Well do we know that their show of attack is but a defensive
+     movement. The only answer they need expect from us will be given
+     in the steady continuance of our work. For we can put a thousand
+     workers into the field for their one, and despite all they may do,
+     we will take from them thousands and hundreds of thousands of those
+     who now follow them, and in whose ignorance alone lies their
+     defensive strength. Economic conditions fight on our side. Their
+     capitalist Christ cannot feed the multitude. We can teach the
+     multitude how to feed themselves."
+
+"The Proletarian," the Socialist paper of Detroit, in its April, 1919,
+edition tells us that "Socialism is not a religion, it explains the
+causes and fallacies underlying all religions."
+
+In the "International Socialist Review," August, 1908, a notable
+confession is made relative to religion:
+
+     "Religion spells death to Socialism, just as Socialism to religion.
+     The moment Socialism turns into a religion it loses all its
+     progressiveness, it ossifies and turns into a superstition of
+     fanatics, who never forget and never learn anything. Socialism is
+     essentially, although not apparently, a free-thought movement. The
+     thinking Socialists are all free-thinkers."
+
+In the "International Socialist Review" not only are there many articles
+and editorials attacking religion, but also many advertisements of
+atheistical and anti-religious books. For instance, in the February,
+1912, edition, among the many works advertised on page 512 the following
+are listed under the heading, "Free-Thought Pamphlets":
+
+    "Holy Smoke in Holy Land.
+    Myth of the Great Deluge.
+    Revelation Under the Microscope of Evolution.
+    Chas. Darwin, What He Accomplished.
+    Jehovah Interviewed.
+    Church and State--by Jefferson.
+    Mistakes of Moses--by Ingersoll.
+    Ingersolia: Gems from R. G. Ingersoll.
+    Age of Reason--by Thos. Paine.
+    Ingersoll--44 Lectures.
+    Ingersoll's Famous Speeches."
+
+In the April, 1912, edition of the "International Socialist Review" the
+subsequent additions are made to the advertisements already mentioned:
+
+    "Voltaire.
+    Confessions of a Nun.
+    Merry Tales of the Monks.
+    Secrets of Black Nunnery."
+
+Surely such books as these would not be extensively advertised in the
+"Review" and in the Socialist papers, nor would money be spent in this
+way by their publishers, unless the atheistic and anti-religious works
+found many purchasers among those who inserted a plank in their party
+platform stating that the Socialist movement was primarily an economic
+one and was not concerned with matters of religious belief.
+
+The following is part of an editorial taken from the "Comrade," New
+York, January, 1904, on the death of Herbert Spencer:
+
+     "Dying at 84 years of age, Herbert Spencer leaves behind him an
+     enduring monument such as few men have been able to build for
+     themselves. He helped to rid the world of superstition and to
+     destroy priestcraft; he put the idea of a God-direction of the
+     world, and its counterpart, the eternal subjection and the
+     dependence of man, into the waste paper basket of history. He
+     cleared the way for the feet of the army of progress."
+
+In the propagation of atheism, the German Socialist papers of the United
+States are worthy imitators of those that are published in English. The
+"New Yorker Volkszeitung," October 9, 1901, thus acknowledges the
+atheistic and anti-religious attitude of the revolutionary movement:
+
+     "Socialism and belief in the Divinity as taught by Christianity and
+     its representatives do not agree, cannot agree, are diametrically
+     opposed to one another. Socialism is logical only when it denies
+     the existence of God, when it maintains that we do not need the
+     so-called assistance of God, since we are able to help ourselves.
+     Only he who has no faith begins to feel that he can accomplish
+     something. The laborer who places confidence in God, and who, with
+     Christian resignation, thinks that all is done by God is well
+     done--how can that laborer develop revolutionary forces for the
+     overthrow of authority and social order, both of which, according
+     to his faith, are instituted by God? As long as he clings to this
+     belief he will not be able to acquire a genuinely revolutionary
+     spirit."
+
+In the May 10, 1902, edition of "Vorwaerts," a weekly supplement of the
+"New Yorker Volkeszeitung," we read:
+
+     "New York, May 6.--Archbishop Corrigan died last night after a
+     protracted illness. Preparations are going on for a grand funeral
+     with the usual paraphernalia. The soul of the prelate whizzed out
+     of his mortal remains straight up into the seventh heaven, and now
+     the bishop is staying there with lovely little angels and other
+     beautiful beings hovering about him. Let him who is fool enough,
+     believe it."
+
+We are informed by "The Call," April 5, 1911, that at Utica, New York,
+on April 4, 1911, churches of all denominations were placed under the
+ban of the Italian Socialist Federation of the United States at the
+closing session of its National Congress, which had been in session for
+the last three days in that city and that strongly worded resolutions
+charging all churches with being against the emancipation of the working
+class and for the protection and perpetuation of capitalism and moral
+and economic slavery were unanimously adopted amid vociferous applause;
+finally that by the adoption of these resolutions, all members of the
+federation must sever their affiliations with any and all existing
+churches and religious organizations and refrain from all religious
+practices and rites.
+
+Some information regarding the atheistic teachings of the New York "Il
+Proletario," the official organ of the Italian Socialist Federation of
+the United States, will be of interest to the reader. In the edition of
+December 23, 1910, there are several attacks on Christianity. One of
+these entitled "Christmas Is Here" is translated as follows:
+
+     "Christmas is a fib, Christmas is a fraud, Christmas is a crime
+     wanted and continued by the powerful to delude their servants and
+     to make them believe that there is really happiness, justice and
+     love on this earth.... There is no everlasting joy. How long, O
+     poor and exhausted workingmen of the world, will the shameful
+     comedy continue? When will you finally perceive that not from a
+     false and unexisting God, not from a mystical and epileptic
+     crucified man, who died without rebellion and without protest, will
+     come your redemption? When will you open your eyes to the truth of
+     Socialism, and realize that finally upon you alone depends your
+     salvation?"
+
+In the same edition of "Il Proletario" there is a detailed list of 170
+books and pamphlets that are advertised as being on sale at the
+book-store of the Italian Socialist Federation. The first part of the
+list, under the heading "Anti-religious Pamphlets," includes 22 works,
+whose prices range from 5 cents to 30 cents. Among them are to be found:
+
+    "The Religious Pest--5 cents.
+    The Crimes of God--5 cents.
+    The Sins of My Lady Penitents--8 cents.
+    The Last Religious Lie--5 cents.
+    Neither God Nor Soul--15 cents."
+
+Near the end of the detailed list 22 more works are advertised as
+anti-clerical novels.
+
+On May 1, 1912, while its editor, Arturo M. Giovannitti, was in prison
+at Lawrence, Massachusetts, "Il Proletario" published an article under
+the caption, "The Priest":
+
+     "Now at last the nations have understood that God is a monstrous
+     fable, and that hell, heaven, immortality, and all the other
+     devilish things are states created by rascals to despoil and
+     oppress the people."
+
+We are very much indebted to the Social Reform Press for favoring us
+with the translation of "The Little Catechism," edited by Bartos
+Bittner, whose dead and corrupt body was found by neighbors in his
+lodging in Chicago. This blasphemous Catechism, from which quotations
+are to be given, was published for the use of the children of the
+Bohemian-American Socialists:
+
+     "Question. What is God?
+
+     Answer. God is a word used to designate an imaginary being which
+     people of themselves have devised.
+
+     Q. Is it true that God has never been revealed?
+
+     A. As there is no God, He could not reveal himself.
+
+     Q. What is heaven?
+
+     A. Heaven is an imaginary place which churches have devised as a
+     charm to entice their believers.
+
+     Q. How did man originate?
+
+     A. Just as did animals; by evolution from their lower kinds.
+
+     Q. Has man an immortal soul as Christianity teaches?
+
+     A. Man has no soul; it is only an imagination.
+
+     Q. Who is Jesus Christ?
+
+     A. Jesus Christ is the son of a Jewish girl called Mary.
+
+     Q. Is he the son of God?
+
+     A. There is no God, therefore there can be no God's son.
+
+     Q. Did Christ rise from the dead as Christianity teaches?
+
+     A. The report about Christ rising from the dead is a fable.
+
+     Q. Is it true that after Christ's death the Apostles received the
+     Holy Ghost?
+
+     A. It is not; the Apostles had imbibed too freely of wine and their
+     dizzy heads imagined all sorts of queer things.
+
+     Q. Did Christ ascend into heaven?
+
+     A. He did not; what the church teaches is a nonsensical fable,
+     because there is no heaven, and there was no place to ascend to.
+
+     Q. Will Christ come to this earth?
+
+     A. He will not because no dead person can come back.
+
+     Q. Will Christ return on judgment day?
+
+     A. There will be no judgment day; that is all a fable so that
+     preachers could scare people and hold them in their grasp. Man has
+     no soul, neither had Christ a soul. All these things have been
+     invented by the church.
+
+     Q. What is the Holy Spirit?
+
+     A. The Holy Spirit is an imagination existing only in the minds of
+     crazy religious people.
+
+     Q. Is Christianity desirable?
+
+     A. Christianity is not advantageous to us, but is harmful, because
+     it makes us spiritual cripples. By its teachings of bliss after
+     death it deceives the people. Christianity is the greatest obstacle
+     to the progress of mankind, therefore it is the duty of every
+     citizen to help wipe out Christianity. All churches are impudent
+     humbugs.
+
+     Q. Is there communion of saints?
+
+     A. No, because there is no God, no saints, no soul, and therefore
+     our prayers are wholly useless, and only a waste of time, which
+     should be spent in more useful things.
+
+     Q. What is our duty when we have learned that there is no God?
+
+     A. We should teach this knowledge to others.
+
+     Q. Should we take the name of God in vain?
+
+     A. Yes, because the name of God has no meaning."
+
+Isador Ladoff, a Socialist of Cleveland, Ohio, and a candidate for
+office in 1911, speaks very frankly about religion on page 11 of his
+pamphlet, "Socialism, The Anti-Christ":
+
+     "The church knows that Socialism in spite of the declaration of
+     neutrality of the latter in religious matters, undermines the very
+     foundation of the former. The church realizes that Socialism is
+     anti-Christ. For the church it is a question of life and death, a
+     struggle for existence. Why, then, should the Socialists not engage
+     in an open aggressive campaign against the church? Would not an
+     honest war between Christ and anti-Christ be more dignified, more
+     wise and more effective, than a false pretence of neutrality and a
+     defensive attitude toward the attacks of the church? Let us have
+     the courage of our convictions, not only in matters of social and
+     economic significance, but in all things affecting the interests of
+     the toiling masses of humanity, including religious institutions."
+
+Rev. E. E. Carr, writing in the "Christian Socialist," Chicago, May 15,
+1907, informs us that, "The Christian Socialists do not ask or desire
+that the party declare for religion. Strictly speaking, Socialism is a
+purely economic proposition.... We demand absolute freedom of religious
+opinion in the party, and that officials of the party cease teaching
+anti-religious dogma as an essential part of Socialist philosophy."
+
+Dishonest Socialists, when arguing that their party does not advocate
+atheism as the "religion" of their contemplated state, frequently appeal
+to the religious plank of their 1908 National Platform, which declares
+that the Socialist Party is not concerned with matters of religious
+belief.
+
+Though this deceitful appeal of the "Knights of the Red Flag" has been
+exposed time and again, still it seems expedient that the underhand
+methods of the party which boasts of being the only one sufficiently
+honest and upright to fight for the rights of poor and oppressed
+workingmen, be better known to the American people, and that the more
+important parts of the indoor convention speeches be presented in
+greater detail.
+
+Pages 191 to 205 of the "Proceedings of the 1908 National Convention of
+the Socialist Party," edited by John M. Work, published by the Socialist
+Party[19], and sold at 50 cents a copy at the National Office of the
+party, Chicago, Illinois, bear the following ample testimony to the
+hypocrisy of the Revolutionists.
+
+When Delegate Simons had finished reading the proposal of the platform
+committee "that religion be treated as a private matter--a question of
+individual conscience," Arthur M. Lewis, a delegate from Illinois rose
+and moved its rejection, saying:
+
+     "I am among those who sincerely hoped the question of religion
+     would not be raised at this convention. I am willing to concede so
+     far that we shall let sleeping dogs lie. I know that the Socialist
+     position in philosophy on the question of religion does not make a
+     good campaign subject. It is not useful in the propaganda of a
+     presidential campaign, and therefore I am willing that we should be
+     silent about it. But if we must speak, I propose that we shall go
+     before this country with the truth and not with a lie.... Now I do
+     not propose to state in this platform the truth about religion from
+     the point of view of the Socialist philosophy as it is stated in
+     almost every book of Standard Socialist literature; but if we do
+     not do that, let us at least have the good grace to be silent about
+     it, and not make hypocrites of ourselves.... I say, let us either
+     tell the truth or have the good grace and the common sense and the
+     stamina and the manhood and the self-respect to keep our mouths
+     shut about it. Therefore I move this be stricken from the
+     platform."
+
+Delegate Hillquit of New York urged the following amendment as a
+substitute for the one the ratification of which Lewis had tried to
+prevent: "The Socialist movement is primarily an economic and political
+movement. It is not concerned with the institutions of marriage or
+religion." Hillquit then went on to say:
+
+     "The fact that Comrade Lewis as a scholar, as a student of
+     psychology, of history, of ethics and of everything else, has in
+     the domain of religion come to the position of an agnostic, and
+     that ninety-nine per cent of us have landed in the same spot, does
+     not make Socialism agnostic, nor is Socialism Christian, nor is
+     Socialism Jewish, Socialism hasn't anything to do with that side of
+     our existence at all. I say to you, Comrades, if we are to follow
+     Comrade Lewis's advise, and to say in our platform and declaration
+     of principles what is true, let us not be afraid to insert in it
+     the things we are advocating day after day and on all occasions."
+
+Delegate Unterman of Idaho, speaking in favor of the adoption of the
+religious plank as originally proposed by the platform committee and
+read by Simons, added:
+
+     "Comrades, no one will accuse me with any sympathy with
+     Christianity, either as a church or as a religion. I am known in
+     the United States as a materialist of the most uncompromising
+     order. But I want it clearly understood that my materialist
+     philosophy does not permit me to strike this plank out of the
+     platform. I want it understood that my materialist dialectics do
+     not permit me to forget the exigencies of the moment for our ideals
+     in the far future.... Would you expect to go out among the people
+     of this country, people of different churches, of many different
+     religious factions, and tell them that they must become atheists
+     before they can become Socialists? That would be nonsense. We must
+     first get these men convinced of the rationality of our economic
+     and political program, and then after we have made Socialists of
+     them and members of the Socialist Party, we can talk to them inside
+     of our ranks, talk of the higher philosophy and of the logical
+     consequences of our explanation of society and nature.... We should
+     not go out in our propaganda among people that are as yet
+     unconvinced and are still groping in ignorance and obscurity, and
+     tell them that they first must become materialists before they can
+     become members of the Socialist Party. No. This declaration that
+     religion is a private matter does not mean that it is not a social
+     matter or class matter at the same time. It merely means that we
+     shall bide our good time and wait till the individual is ready,
+     through his own individual evolution, to accept our philosophy. It
+     means that we shall give him plenty of time to grow gradually to
+     the things that are necessary to him, and those material things
+     that affect his material welfare, the economic and political
+     question of Socialism. After he has grown into them, it will be so
+     much easier to approach him with the full consequences of the
+     Socialist philosophy. Therefore I ask you to retain this plank in
+     our platform."
+
+Delegate Stirton gave the following reason for his opposition to the
+adoption of any religious plank in the party platform:
+
+     "If this statement is true that religion is no concern of our
+     movement, as stated in the amendment, or in the original
+     recommendation that it is a private matter--if that is a true
+     statement, then we don't need it. If it is a lie, then we don't
+     want it."
+
+It will be remembered that Delegate Lewis at an earlier session of the
+convention had said: "Let us either tell the truth or have the good
+grace and the common sense and stamina and the manhood to keep our
+mouths shut about it" (i.e., religion from the viewpoint of Socialist
+philosophy).
+
+To show the insincerity of Lewis, we shall now quote parts of a second
+speech made by him in the evening of the same day on which he had spoken
+so eloquently in behalf of asserting the truth and not telling a lie:
+
+     "I have gone into conference," he says, "between the afternoon
+     session and the evening session with most of the members of the
+     platform committee, and I have reached an agreement with them which
+     I am sure the convention would be glad to hear, and it will dispose
+     of this question, I think, amicably to all concerned.... I consider
+     myself and every other delegate on this floor as being present at
+     this convention for the sole purpose of promoting the best
+     interests of the Socialist Party. I am willing to waive any
+     personal views of mine, and I believe the members of the platform
+     committee are in the same position, to promote those interests....
+     While it may not harmonize with my personal opinion to have this
+     plank remain in the platform, I am willing to sink those personal
+     opinions rather than put the Socialist movement in America in a
+     false position and lay it open to the attacks of our enemies."
+
+Victor Berger of Wisconsin mentioned expediency as his reason for
+favoring the adoption of a religious plank and argued:
+
+     "In the first place, a plank of this kind you will find in every
+     platform or program of every other civilized nation in the world.
+     Yet in no country do they have as much reason for it as in this
+     country. There is not a race in the world that is as thoroughly
+     religious as the Anglo-Saxon race. If you want a party made up of
+     free-thinkers only, then I can tell you right now how many you are
+     going to have. If you want to wait with our co-operative
+     commonwealth, until you have made a majority of the people into
+     free-thinkers, I am afraid we will have to wait a long while. I say
+     this, although I am known, not only in Milwaukee, but wherever our
+     papers are read, as a pronounced agnostic.... You can hardly find a
+     paper in which we are not denounced as men who want to abolish all
+     religion and abolish God. Something must be done in order to enable
+     us to show that Socialism, being an economic theory--or rather the
+     name for an epoch of civilization--has nothing to do with religion
+     either way, neither pro nor con."
+
+What reader, who elsewhere in this book has followed the evidence
+linking together the cunning craft of Morris Hillquit and Victor L.
+Berger in committing their party and followers to deceit and hypocrisy
+to obtain votes under false pretenses, will be surprised to find them
+thus also in the 1908 convention uniting the tongues of two old foxes to
+put through Hillquit's hypocrisy-plank on marriage and religion? These
+are the two whose deceit and violence have now reduced the Socialist
+Party of America to little more than a hollow echo of two lying hearts.
+
+Delegate Vander Porten opposed the adoption of the plank as originally
+read by Simons and urged the adoption of Morris Hillquit's amendment:
+
+     "Nobody regrets more than I do that this question has arisen in
+     this convention, but as long as it occupies the position that it
+     does, I believe that there is to be an expression upon it, that
+     expression should be the truth and not a lie.... When we talk of
+     educating mankind and when we talk of raising mankind above the
+     level in which he is, then we have got to throw from his arms those
+     crutches that bind him to his slavery, and religion is one of them.
+     Let it be understood that the moment the Socialist Party's whole
+     aim and object is to get votes, we can get them more quickly by
+     trying to please the religionists and those whose only ambition is
+     to pray God and crush mankind.... Let us say nothing or say the
+     truth. To spread forth to the world that religion is the
+     individual's affair, and that religion has no part in the
+     subjection of the human race, we lie when we say it."
+
+After several other delegates had spoken, the "Proceedings of the 1908
+National Convention" inform us that the chairman put the question on the
+acceptance of the substitute offered by Delegate Hillquit, and the
+result being in doubt, a show of hands was called for, and the vote
+resulted in 79 for the substitute, and 78 against it.
+
+Those who honestly voted against the plank admitted thereby that the
+Socialist Party was very much concerned with matters of religious belief
+and that the Revolutionists were then, just as they are today, the
+bitter enemies of religion.
+
+The 79 who voted for the plank did so, not because they had any love for
+religion, for this is evident from their speeches and from their method
+of procedure, but because they considered that a great deal of prejudice
+against Socialism would be removed by the adoption of a plank stating
+that the Socialist Party is primarily an economic and political
+movement, and that it is not concerned with matters of religious belief.
+
+On one single plank therefore there were 79 liars in the Socialist
+National Convention out of a possible 157. Quite an unenviable record
+for the party which is so fond of accusing its opponents of lies and
+falsehoods!
+
+When speeches against religion, such as the ones quoted, can be
+delivered at the national convention of a political party, without
+arousing anything like serious opposition among the delegates present,
+or among the rank and file of the party who afterwards read them, the
+only reasonable conclusion to be drawn is that the vast majority of the
+members of the party either advocate atheism or else are in sympathy
+with those who do.
+
+For four long years the Socialists all over the country appealed to the
+religious plank of their 1908 platform to prove that their party was not
+opposed to religion; and although they were aware that the plank was a
+lie, they were not sufficiently honest to have it removed by referendum,
+as could have been done at any time. The plank was finally dropped by
+the National Convention of 1912 and has not since then been readopted.
+This, however, was not because the Socialists as a body had become more
+upright through their adherence to atheism, but because their lies
+concerning religion had become pretty well known all over the United
+States.
+
+No doubt the reader will be interested in the following quotation taken
+from "The Communist," the Left Wing Socialist paper of Chicago. In the
+April, 1919, edition there is an article by John R. Ball, entitled,
+"Challenge of the S. P. [i.e., the Socialist Party] of Michigan":
+
+     "When the delegates to a State Socialist Convention gathered in
+     Grand Rapids, Michigan, February 24, 1919, to nominate candidates
+     for the coming State Elections, they were determined to do much
+     more than to go through the mere formalities of complying with
+     State Election Laws....
+
+     "There were many striking features about the personnel of the
+     delegates: not only were the preachers entirely absent, but their
+     following also. A Christian Socialist would have felt lonesome
+     indeed, with no one to act as a listener for him....
+
+     "Fearless and unashamed, in true Bolshevik fashion, the delegation
+     paid no heed to the prejudice of some, but adopted, with one
+     opposing vote, an additional constitutional amendment, guided
+     solely by historic facts and scientific data. A Socialist who
+     understands the Materialistic Conception of History cannot have
+     faith in superstitions of any kind. In other words, a 'religious'
+     or 'Christian' Socialist is a contradiction of terms, and the
+     statement that 'religion is a private matter' is a lie. The belief
+     in a supreme being or beings is a social phenomenon which can be
+     explained on the materialistic basis, just as all economic
+     phenomena can be explained. With persistent adherence to honesty,
+     the convention adopted a resolution and a constitutional amendment
+     declaring religion to be a social phenomenon and instructing all
+     organizers and speakers to explain religion upon its materialistic
+     basis.
+
+     "Here again, the Socialist Party of Michigan issued a direct
+     challenge to the National Organization. This time it is not a
+     challenge in regard to tactics, but we challenge the honesty of the
+     National Organization in declaring that 'religion is a private
+     matter.'"
+
+Now listen to the words of Eugene V. Debs, published on the editorial
+page of "The Call," New York, July 21, 1919, and see what a fraud and
+hypocrite the leader of the Socialists of the United States is:
+
+     "If you have not already done so, read the platform of the
+     Socialist Party, and then let us know what you find in it to
+     warrant the lying charge of the sleek and fat leeches and parasites
+     and their degenerates, tools and hirelings that Socialism is
+     atheism and free-love(?) and that it will tear up the family by the
+     roots, smash up the home and turn society into a raging bedlam."
+
+Sufficient evidence has now been given to prove that the Socialists are
+the declared enemies of the church. They are conspiring to destroy an
+institution which, apart from the supernatural blessings that it has
+conferred upon mankind, has done wonders to promote the happiness of
+nations. To the church many countries owe their civilization and their
+conversion from heathenism. She has preserved for us the priceless
+treasures of art and learning that would otherwise have fallen a prey to
+the ravages of the barbarians. For centuries she has trained untold
+millions to observe the Commandments of God, and has thus been
+instrumental in the prevention of innumerable crimes and sins from which
+the human race would have suffered. Not only has she taught the people
+the virtues of charity, justice, temperance, humility, liberality,
+purity, meekness and forgiveness of enemies, and been a source of
+immense consolation to the poor and oppressed, the sick and the injured,
+but she has comforted millions of the dying, who, when they realized
+that no earthly joys remained, took hope and delight at the thought of
+an eternal reward in heaven.
+
+It is this glorious institution, then, founded by Almighty God Himself,
+that the Socialists hate with all their hearts, and would destroy
+forever, because it prevents the spread of their revolutionary doctrines
+by teaching respect for law, order and authority, and by exposing to all
+the world the deceptions, frauds and empty promises of the conspirators
+against religion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE FAMILY
+
+
+
+Most of the Marxians in America, when confronted with the charge that
+they advocate free-love, deny the truth of the accusation, claiming that
+it is a base calumny. False and calumnious, indeed, would the charge be,
+if it were directed against each individual among the Revolutionists, or
+if from its universality exceptions were not made for many, who, not
+having as yet accepted the full consequences of International Socialism,
+go no further than to cast their votes for the party candidates. For
+would it be fair to except no others from condemnation, for among the
+dues-paying members of the party are many who are extremely averse to
+the system of loose morals that their comrades propose to substitute for
+the monogamous form of marriage now in vogue.
+
+Books advocating free-love are advertised in the Socialist press and
+receive favorable notice in editorial columns. They have long been on
+sale at the leading Socialist book-stores of the country and even at the
+National Office of the Socialist Party in Chicago. Finally, the
+Revolutionary clubs and locals all over the United States have in their
+libraries books on free-love that are standard works on Socialism.
+
+The Marxians, in their endeavors to offset the charge that a free-love
+propaganda exists within their party, frequently argue that
+prostitution, now so prevalent throughout the world, will under
+Socialism no longer remain the dreadful menace to society that it is
+today. They attribute the prevalence of this vice principally to
+poverty, and argue that in the new state, all persons will be abundantly
+supplied with the goods of this world, and consequently no one will be
+obliged to indulge in this sin for obtaining a livelihood.
+
+The Reds, therefore, try to dodge the question at issue by leading their
+opponents off on a tangent. The real question, free-love, will, however,
+by no means be forgotten by us until the Socialists have been shown up
+thoroughly. Since the conspirators against family life are so fond of
+harping on the matter of prostitution, with a view to drawing critics
+away from attacking their doctrine of free-love, the reader will be
+shown that even prostitution, instead of decreasing in the Socialist
+state, would, together with immorality of every sort, become far more
+prevalent under Marxian rule than it is today.
+
+Prostitution and impurities of every sort may, of course, be due to many
+different causes. First, let us consider prostitution in connection with
+poverty and destitution. The Socialists claim that there will be far
+less prostitution in their state since the people, as a whole, will be
+supplied more abundantly with the needs of life. This talk about greater
+supplies for all in the Socialist state is mere assertion. The Marxians
+have never proven that such would actually be the case. If so, where is
+their proof? Can they give any convincing argument? Can they name any
+country, state or city, where they have ever ruled, in which the people,
+as a whole, were better supplied with the needs of life under the red
+flag than they were before the Socialist rule began?
+
+The fact is just the contrary. Look at any part of Europe over which the
+Socialists have ruled and you will see far greater destitution under
+Socialism than there was before. As for places that have never yet tried
+Socialism, enough arguments were given in the chapter, "Socialism a
+Peril to Workingmen," to show that there would be so many upheavals, so
+much turmoil, discontent and strife in a Socialist state, that
+production would be at a minimum and entirely insufficient to supply the
+needs of the people.
+
+We concede that poverty often leads to prostitution, and this is one
+reason out of many for sincerely wishing that our poor people were
+better supplied than they now are with the necessities of life. Still it
+must not be forgotten that poverty and want are often greater factors in
+preventing prostitution than in helping it. Think of the millions of
+poor people whose very poverty indirectly makes prostitution and vice in
+general less likely by keeping them from immoral theatres, movies,
+dances and cabarets and association with bad companions of greater means
+who would be attracted by better clothes and greater wealth if these
+poor people had them.
+
+Do the Socialists claim that the average poor woman is less moral than
+the average rich one? Do not the Marxians know that poverty, rather than
+wealth, fosters religion and piety, the greatest of all factors in
+keeping persons pure? Do the Reds deny that millions and millions of the
+very poorest are chaste? If these souls can remain pure, notwithstanding
+their poverty, so, too, can others; and when these others do not remain
+pure, usually something other than poverty is the cause, _e.g._,
+irreligion, lawlessness or disregard of authority, all of which the
+Socialists are advocating, day after day, in their books, pamphlets,
+papers and speeches.
+
+Again, Debs and his followers, by having a separate party for
+workingmen, are dividing the laboring class against itself, knowing full
+well that millions upon millions of decent, honest workingmen will never
+join them. And since Socialists are making unjust and impossible
+demands, and injecting into labor organizations radical leaders who
+cause general distrust and fear, labor cannot succeed in its battles
+against the abuses of capitalism nearly as well as it would if all were
+united. Hence, because of the existence of the Socialist Party, low
+wages still prevail in many cases, with extreme poverty which often
+leads to prostitution.
+
+If the Socialists ever gain control of our country they will probably do
+so through a revolution. Or they will come into power gradually, by an
+increased vote at each election. In the meantime, as victory came near,
+there would be business failures by the thousands, owing to the
+impending destruction of the existing system of industry and government.
+In either case there would be terrible destitution and a great dearth of
+the necessities of life. This, according to the Socialists' own
+argument, would mean a great increase in prostitution.
+
+It has been proven theoretically in the chapter entitled, "Socialism, a
+Peril to Workingmen," and actually by events in Europe, that a Socialist
+state, even should it endure, cannot be a success. Hence, were the
+Marxian argument about prostitution as strong as the Socialists claim,
+picture the immorality among the people where a Socialist government
+plunges the industries and sources of production and distribution into
+total chaos.
+
+With this refutation of the claim that prostitution would become a very
+rare thing under Socialism, the national conspirators must confess that
+the same argument they have for years been using to further the
+interests of their cause, can with telling effect be turned against
+them.
+
+Not alone are the Socialists defeated in their argument that
+prostitution would be less prevalent in the Marxian state, but they are
+hypocrites in using the argument they do. "The Call," for instance,
+which frequently uses the argument which has been refuted, in the
+magazine section of its issue of June 8, 1919, published a poem
+entitled, "The Harlot," to satisfy its lustful patrons:
+
+    "I do not understand you--
+    I cannot see
+    How you can lie passive in my arms
+    When such a passion swells in me....
+    You lie in my arms--
+    Your face is close to mine.
+    I look into your eyes,
+    Revelation!
+    And you
+    Look into mine
+    Unmoved."
+
+We now return to the question of free-love--we have not forgotten it,
+though no doubt the Reds wish we had. Socialists who deny that an active
+free-love propaganda exists within their ranks must either confess their
+ignorance of what is going on, or plead guilty to the base charge of
+deceiving the American people.
+
+The "New Encyclopedia of Social Reform," edited by the Socialist, W. D.
+P. Bliss, on page 484 contains an article on the family which reads in
+part as follows:
+
+     "We then come to the third form of free-love, the free-love theory
+     par excellence, which is held today by many Socialists, and an
+     increasing number of radical men and women of various schools of
+     thought. According to these neither the state nor organized
+     religion should have aught to do with the control of the family or
+     of the sexual relation. They would make free-love supreme. They
+     would have it unfettered by any tie whatsoever. They argue that
+     compulsory love is not love; that all marriage save from love is
+     sin; that when love ends, marriage ends."
+
+In another article, on page 1135, under the caption, "Socialism," Bliss
+informs us that it is perfectly true that Deville, a French Socialist,
+said that "marriage is a regulation of property.... When marriage is
+transformed, and only after that transformation marriage will lose its
+reason for existence, and boys and girls may then freely and without
+fear of censure listen to the wants and promptings of their nature....
+The support of the children will no longer depend on the chance of
+birth. Like their instruction it will become a charge of society. There
+will be no room for prostitution or for marriage, which is in sum
+nothing more than prostitution before the mayor."
+
+On page 897 of the old 1897 edition of the "Encyclopedia of Social
+Reform," an earlier work edited by W. D. P. Bliss, we are informed that
+Socialism would allow all to live in permanent monogamy, but would not
+force people to remain married if they were unwilling to do so. "The
+Communist Manifesto," the work that made Marx and Engels famous among
+Socialists the world over, thus answers the charge made against the
+Revolutionists regarding their opposition to monogamy:
+
+     "What the communists might possibly be reproached with is that they
+     desire to introduce, in substitution for a hypocritically
+     concealed, an openly legalized community of women."
+
+Jules Guesde, a French Socialist, affirms in "Le Catechisme Socialiste"
+that "the family is now only an odious form of property and must be
+transformed or abolished."
+
+The French Socialist leader, Jaures, in a parliamentary speech said that
+"They [_i.e._, married men and women] were free to make the marriage and
+should in the same way be free to unmake it. In fact, just as the will
+of one of the parties could have prevented the marriage, so the will of
+one should be able to end it. The power to annul should, of course, be
+all the stronger when both parties desire it." It need scarcely be added
+that free-love would in most cases begin with the voluntary dissolution
+of the marriage ties.
+
+While the program of the French Socialist Party, adopted at Tours in
+1902, does not explicitly advocate free-love, still it calls for "the
+most liberal legislation on divorce." Ernest Belfort Bax, a prominent
+English Socialist, in "Outlooks From a New Standpoint," affirms that "a
+man may justly reject the dominant sexual morality; he may condemn the
+monogamic marriage system which obtains today; he may claim the right of
+free union between men and women; he may contend he is perfectly at
+liberty to join himself, either temporarily or permanently with a woman;
+and that the mere legal form of marriage has no binding force with him."
+["Outlooks From a New Standpoint," by Ernest Belfort Bax, page 114 of
+the 1891 edition.]
+
+"Prostitution for private gain is morally repellent. But the same
+outward act done for a cause transcending individual interest loses its
+character of prostitution." [Ibid., page 123.]
+
+"There are few points on which advanced radicals and Socialists are more
+completely in accord than their hostility to the modern legal monogamic
+marriage." [Ibid., page 151.]
+
+"There are excellent men and women, possibly the majority, born with
+dispositions for whom a permanent union is doubtless just the right
+thing; there are other excellent men and women born with lively
+imaginations and Bohemian temperaments for whom it is not precisely the
+right thing." [Ibid., page 157.]
+
+"Herein we have an instance of the distinction between bourgeois
+morality and Socialist morality. To the first it is immoral to live in a
+marital relation without having previously subscribed to certain legal
+formalities.... To the second ... to live in a state of unlegalized
+marriage defileth not a man, nor woman." [Ibid., page 158.]
+
+"Socialism will strike at the root at once of compulsory monogamy."
+[Ibid., page 159.]
+
+Quotations from this base free-love book will end with the following:
+"If it be asked 'is marriage a failure?' the answer of any impartial
+person must be 'monogamic marriage is a failure'--the rest is silence.
+We know not what the new form of the family, the society of the future
+in which men and women will be alike economically free, may involve, and
+which may be generally adopted therein. Meanwhile we ought to combat by
+every means within our power the metaphysical dogma of the inherent
+sanctity of the monogamic principle." ["Outlooks From a New Standpoint,"
+by Ernest Belfort Bax, page 160 of the 1891 edition.]
+
+"Outlooks From a New Standpoint," from which these quotations have been
+taken, was advertised in the price list of the Social Democratic
+Publishing Company of Milwaukee; and though it was sold for a dollar a
+copy at Victor Berger's establishment, it has never been used by the
+Socialists of America to prove to the world that they do not advocate
+free-love.
+
+In view of the fact that "Outlooks From a New Standpoint" was sold at
+Berger's own publishing company, it is somewhat surprising to see him,
+in the August 10, 1912, edition of his paper, the Milwaukee "Social
+Democratic Herald," attacking, in a party squabble, "the men in control
+of the 'International Socialist Review,' ... who publish books in
+defense of what our enemies call free-love." Further on in the factional
+quarrel he writes: "I shall leave out the Christian Socialists entirely.
+Many of them are honest in this fight. But these Christian
+Socialists--who are only a handful--are being used by cowardly assassins
+and practical free-lovers as a cat's paw." Perhaps the Socialist
+publishers would be a little more free with their love for each other,
+if there was less competition for the silver dollar.
+
+Ernest Belfort Bax in another book, "Religion of Socialism," thus
+denounces the present form of family life: "We defy any human being to
+point to a single reality, good or bad, in the composition of the
+bourgeois family. It has the merit of being the most perfect specimen of
+complete sham that history has presented to the world." ["Religion of
+Socialism," by Ernest Belfort Bax, page 141 of the 1891 edition.]
+
+"Socialism, Its Growth and Outcome," edited by Ernest Belfort Bax and
+William Morris, also advocates free-love, for its authors tell us that
+under Socialism "property in children would cease to exist, and every
+infant that came into the world would be born into full citizenship, and
+would enjoy all its advantages, whatever the conduct of its parents
+might be. Thus a new development of the family would take place, on the
+basis, not of a predetermined life-long business arrangement, to be
+formally and nominally held to irrespective of circumstances, but on
+mutual inclination and affection, an association terminable at the will
+of either party.... There would be no vestige of reprobation weighing on
+the dissolution of one tie and the formation of another." ["Socialism,
+Its Growth and Outcome," by Ernest Belfort Bax and William Morris, pages
+299 and 300 of the 1893 edition.]
+
+The "International Socialist Review," December, 1908, states that
+"Socialism, Its Growth and Outcome," by William Morris and Ernest
+Belfort Bax, is "a standard historical work long recognized as being of
+the utmost value to Socialists." According to the price list sent out
+from the National Office of the Socialist Party this work on free-love
+was on sale there for fifty cents a copy. Chas H. Kerr and Company, the
+Socialist publishing company of Chicago, in their catalogue advertised
+the same book as being one of the most important works in the whole
+literature of Socialism, by the two strongest Socialist writers of
+England. From these facts the reader may judge for himself whether or
+not the Revolutionists of America tell the truth when they claim that
+they are not the enemies of the family.
+
+In a speech delivered on November 12, 1907, Henry Quelch, editor of the
+Socialist paper, "London Justice," made the following statement: "I do
+want to abolish marriage. I do want to see the whole system of society,
+as at present constituted, swept away. We want no marriage bonds. We
+want no bonds at all. We want free-love."
+
+Edward Carpenter in his book, "Love's Coming of Age," tells us that
+"marriage relations are raised to a much higher plane by a continual
+change of partners until a permanent mate and equal is found."
+
+That this work on free-love might find a ready market among Socialists,
+Chas. H. Kerr and Company advertised it as follows in the "International
+Socialist Review," Chicago, December, 1902:
+
+     "He [i.e., Carpenter] faces bravely the questions that prudes of
+     both sexes shrink from, and he offers a solution that deserves the
+     attention of the ablest leaders of popular thought, while his
+     charmingly simple style makes the book easy reading matter for any
+     one who is looking for new light on the present and future of men
+     and women in their relations to each other."
+
+In a 1912 catalogue the same publishing company volunteered the
+information that "'Love's Coming of Age' is one of the best Socialist
+books yet written on the relations of the sexes." In a 1917 booklet it
+was advertised by the company as being "by far the most satisfactory
+book on the relations of the sexes in the coming social order."
+
+Carpenter's work was sold for a dollar a copy at the National Office of
+the Socialist Party in Chicago, and yet the Revolutionists persist in
+telling us that they do not advocate free-love.
+
+August Bebel, the late leader of the German Socialists, was the author
+of a book entitled, "Woman Under Socialism." This work, however, is
+better known by the simple appellation, "Woman." A simple quotation will
+suffice to show that Bebel, like many other excellent Socialist
+authorities, advocates free-love:
+
+     "If incompatibility, disenchantment or repulsion set in between two
+     persons that have come together, morality commands that the
+     unnatural and therefore immoral bond be dissolved." ["Woman Under
+     Socialism," by Bebel, page 344 of the 1904 edition in English.]
+
+Bebel's book has had an immense circulation. Over thirty editions have
+been issued, and translations have been made into nearly all the
+European languages. Before his death in August, 1913, he was the
+admiration of millions of the Revolutionists the world over. His book is
+considered everywhere as a standard work on International Socialism and
+is, of course, on sale with the other free-love publications at the
+National Office of the Socialist Party. Chas H. Kerr and Company in 1917
+advertised Bebel's work as being one of the greatest Socialist books
+ever written.
+
+Frederick Engel's "Origin of the Family," a work that has made its
+author famous among Socialists on both sides of the Atlantic, contains
+the following statement relative to free-love:
+
+     "These peculiarities that were stamped upon the face of monogamy by
+     its rise through property relations will decidedly vanish, namely
+     the supremacy of men and the indissolubility of marriage.... If
+     marriage founded on love is alone moral, then it follows that
+     marriage is moral only as long as love lasts. The duration of an
+     attack of individual sex love varies considerably according to
+     individual disposition, especially in men. A positive cessation of
+     fondness or its replacement by a new passionate love makes a
+     separation a blessing for both parties and for society. But
+     humanity will be spared the useless wading through the mire of a
+     divorce case." ["The Origin of the Family," by Fredrick Engels,
+     page 99 of the 1907 translation into English by Untermann.]
+
+"The Comrade," New York, November, 1902, thus commends Engel's book:
+"One of the most important issues of that excellent Standard Socialist
+Series published by Chas. H. Kerr and Company is 'The Origin of the
+Family,' by Fredrick Engels, now for the first time translated into
+English by Ernest Untermann. This book, first published in 1884, has
+been translated into almost every European language and has long been
+regarded as one of the classics of Socialist philosophical literature."
+
+"The Call," New York, February 27, 1910, deems "The Origin of the
+Family" worthy of editorial comment: "The one book that contains in
+small compass what every woman ought to know is Fredrick Engel's 'The
+Origin of the Family.' Every Socialist woman should become a book agent
+to sell this book."
+
+"The International Socialist Review," October, 1902, expressed its
+admiration of Engel's work by stating that "this book has long been
+known as one of the great Socialist classics and has been translated
+into almost every other language than English.... The book is really one
+of the two or three great Socialist classics; and now that it is in
+English, it must find a place in the library of everyone who hopes to
+master the real fundamental philosophy underlying Socialism."
+
+"The Origin of the Family," notwithstanding[20] the fact that it
+contains matter too foul to comment on, for example a certain comparison
+that is made on page 39, was listed with the books sold at the National
+Office of the Socialist Party, and at Chas. H. Kerr and Company, the
+largest Socialist publishing company in the United States.
+
+Ernest Untermann, the American Socialist who translated Engel's work
+into English, writes on page 7 of the preface of the 1907 edition: "The
+monogamic family, so far from being a divinely instituted union of
+souls, is seen to be the product of a series of material, and in the
+last analysis, of the most sordid motives."
+
+Rives La Monte, in "Socialism Positive and Negative," tells his readers
+that "from the point of view of this Socialist materialism, the
+monogamous family, the present economic unit of society, ceases to be a
+divine institution, and becomes the historical product of certain
+definite economic conditions. In the judgment of such Socialists as
+Fredrick Engels and August Bebel, we shall probably remain monogamous,
+but monogamy will cease to be compulsorily permanent." ["Socialism,
+Positive and Negative," by Rives La Monte, page 98 of the 1907 edition.]
+
+In the "International Socialist Review," February, 1909, there appears
+on page 628 a notice which reads as follows:
+
+     "The 'Review' lately returned to a contributor a clever and
+     readable article in which he emphasized certain absurdities and
+     miseries of the present marriage system. His letter in the reply to
+     us raises some interesting questions, and we are glad to publish
+     it: ... 'It is disappointing to be advised to frankly discuss
+     subjects of such importance as religion and marriage only in hushed
+     whispers behind closed doors. In the fear of offending conservative
+     prejudice on these topics, some Socialists become more conservative
+     than the bourgeois themselves.... Of course, the main stream and
+     most important phase of Socialism is the political-economic
+     agitation, but at the same time the Socialist movement inevitably
+     brings into being, at least for a great part of its adherents, a
+     new culture, a new literature, a new art, a new attitude toward sex
+     relations and religion and individual freedom, a new conception of
+     life as a whole. In face of this fact it is sickening to see
+     individuals, whom one knows to be atheists, defending Socialism as
+     the will of God and the fulfilment of Christianity; and other
+     individuals, whom one knows to be free-lovers, going out of their
+     way to defend the home and family against the inroads of
+     capitalism. Nevertheless such things are seen.... There are
+     thousands of women who are worn out with the bearing of unwelcome
+     children on account of ignorance of proper ways of preventing
+     conception.... If sex life, the personal heart life, of
+     revolutionists were more free and joyous, if they breathed an
+     atmosphere of liberty and spontaneity, free from religious and
+     moral superstitions, if they became now as much like the free
+     people of the future as possible, would they not be that much more
+     ardent and joyous and unceasing workers of the Great Revolution?
+     And if former non-Socialists, especially women who had suffered
+     grievously from the evils of the marriage system, or been
+     intellectually blindfolded by religious teaching, were first led
+     into the light of more emancipated ideas by some of us Socialists,
+     would not they serve and glorify Socialism forever?... If the
+     Christian Socialists have a right to their God, and monogamists to
+     their eternal marriage, then surely in a revolutionary movement
+     like ours, the complete revolutionists have, to say the least, an
+     equal right to their agnosticism and their free union."
+
+Clarence M. Meily, before speaking explicitly of free-love, praises lust
+and sensuality in the highest terms on page 129 of his book,
+"Puritanism": "Freed from the privation of millenniums of unrequited
+toil, with the wealth and wonders of the world at its command, it is
+fairly certain that the emancipated working class, still wan from its
+centuries of service and sacrifice, will take great joy in repudiating,
+finally and forever, the fallacies and aberration of asceticism.... Not
+the denial of life, but the laudation and triumph of life, will be the
+keynote of the new ethics. The lusts of the flesh, the lusts of the eye,
+the pride of life, will become new formulas, holy and pure in the light
+of the perfect development of the whole man, and of all men, to which
+the race will dedicate itself."
+
+Meily then approaches the marriage question and says: "The question of
+the status of marriage in the new society is one of extreme importance,
+since it is here that reactionaries of all sorts center their opposition
+to social reconstruction. It is both idle and disingenuous to assert
+that marriage as a legal and civil institution is not likely to undergo
+profound modification.... The artificial perpetuation of the marriage
+tie, in the face of the disinclination of the parties involved to
+continue the relation, will cease to be a matter of public concern, or
+the occasion of state interference. The dissolution of the marriage
+relation will become as purely a personal and private affair as is the
+assumption of the relation now. Some sort of registration may be
+required for the purpose of vital statistics."
+
+In July 2, 1901, "The Haverhill Social Democrat," apparently without
+fear of offending its subscribers, asked: "What is there sacred in the
+modern home? Can anything be sacred which is based on a lie or on
+impurity, or on ignorance? The marriage system today is based on
+impurity, on ignorance and on a big lie."
+
+"The Call," New York, December 4, 1910, tells its readers to "give all
+women the vote, and they will strike off the rusty chains that hold them
+still in marriage as the property of the man."
+
+That the same paper is very lax as regards the divorce evil, so closely
+allied to free-love, is evidenced from the following quotation taken
+from the edition of March 30, 1913: "Among the many encouraging signs of
+woman's growing strength--of her determination to be at last the captain
+of her soul and the master of her faith--are recent divorce
+statistics....
+
+     "Far from being a sign of moral decadence, the large number of
+     divorces granted to women is one of the healthiest portents of the
+     regeneration of the body social....
+
+     "The divorced woman is today the connecting link between the
+     non-resisting, ignorant victim of the past and the self-reliant,
+     enlightened, eugenically minded woman of the future. The divorce
+     statistics of the present are perfectly logical and the divorced
+     woman is a cheering omen, as she fulfils her historic mission."
+
+"The Little Catechism" for the use of the children of Bohemian
+Socialists, a book from which we have already had occasion to quote in
+the previous chapter, shows us the exceedingly low standard of morality
+that is taught to the youthful Revolutionists; for in answer to the
+question, "Is adultery a sin?" we are astounded by the boldness of the
+reply, "It is not a sin."
+
+We shall finally corroborate our charge that the Revolutionists advocate
+free-love by quoting the words of no less an authority than Morris
+Hillquit, who concedes in "Everybody's," February, 1914, page 233, that
+"Most Socialists stand for dissolubility of the marriage ties at the
+pleasure of the contracting parties."
+
+As many Socialist books on free-love have attained a high circulation,
+and as they have not been repudiated by the party, but have been praised
+and advertised in its newspapers, and, moreover, since these very books
+have been sold as standard works both at the National Office of the
+party and at the leading Socialist book-stores of America, the only
+reasonable conclusion to be drawn is that the number of party members
+who openly advocate free-love, or at least tacitly approve of its
+propaganda, must be in the majority, for otherwise the party would never
+tolerate such a condition of affairs within its ranks.
+
+Once the Socialists gain control of a country, as in the case of Russia,
+laws legalizing free-love are very soon passed. In the No. 2 edition of
+the Los Angeles magazine, "More Truth About Russia," its radical editor
+mentions many of the Bolshevist laws on marriage, divorce, etc., in
+vogue in Russia. Among them is one fully legalizing free-love, making it
+possible for married parties to change partners whenever they wish and
+for no other reason than their mutual or individual desire to do so:
+
+     "1. Marriage is annulled by the petition of both parties or even
+     one of them.
+
+     "2. The petition is submitted, according to the rules of local
+     jurisdiction, to the local court.
+
+     "Note: A declaration of annulment of marriage by mutual consent may
+     be filed directly with the department of registration of marriages
+     in which a record of that marriage is kept, which department makes
+     an entry of the annulment of the marriage in the record and issues
+     a certificate.
+
+     "3. On the day appointed for the examination of the petition for
+     the annulment of marriage, the local judge summons both parties or
+     their solicitors.
+
+     "4. Having convinced himself that the petition for the annulment of
+     the marriage really comes from both parties or from one of them,
+     the judge personally and singly renders the decision of the
+     annulment of the marriage and issues a certificate thereof to the
+     parties."
+
+This chapter shows that free-love filth, to corrupt and demoralize our
+people, is being propagated by the Socialist Party of America through
+its National Headquarters in Chicago, Berger's publication company in
+Milwaukee, Hillquit's "New York Call," and other publishing houses and
+papers affiliated with the party. Yet, because the question of the
+qualifications of five representatives of this system of abomination to
+make laws for the State of New York was so much as raised by a judicial
+inquiry in the New York Assembly, that body of legislators has been
+assailed and falsely charged with undermining the fundamental principles
+of representative government. The ignorance concerning the true
+character of the Socialist Party of America is startling.
+
+Is it not time for the American people to awake? Should not every decent
+American petition all our legislative bodies, state and national, to
+outlaw the Socialist Party of America and curb its iniquitous
+propaganda?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE RACE
+
+
+
+To most persons it will certainly be a surprise to hear that race
+suicide has been openly advocated in the columns of leading Socialist
+publications. True it is that the number of individuals endeavoring to
+spread this practice by their writings is comparatively[21] small;
+still, as the articles have continued to appear for years at more or
+less regular intervals, without exciting anything like serious
+opposition, we are forced to conclude that advocacy of race suicide is
+looked upon by a very large number of the Revolutionists as one of their
+characteristic virtues.
+
+Though many vile articles advocating race suicide were published in the
+1910 and the 1911 editions of "The New York Call," we shall pass them
+over, and discuss those of a more recent date.
+
+In the Sunday editions of "The Call," Anita C. Block has for years been
+editing a page called "Woman's Sphere." This section of the paper on the
+24th of March, 1912, contained an editorial comment under the caption
+"Enforced Motherhood and the Law," in which the practice of base and
+criminal race suicide is encouraged:
+
+"Within a space covering not much more than a month, six letters have
+been received by us, containing in substance about what is contained in
+the following letter:
+
+     "'Mrs. A. C. Block, New York City:
+
+     "'Dear Comrade Block.--I have been a reader of "The Call" since
+     December 1, 1911. I do not know whether you can give me any
+     information as to what I wish to know....
+
+     "'I have three children, 31/2 years, 21/4 years, and a baby 9 months.
+     Now, you cannot blame me if I do not care for more for some time to
+     come....
+
+     "'Could you give any information? Dr.... in "..." [We suppress the
+     author's name and the title of his work.] and "..." by ... contain
+     the sentence, "Every woman should know prevention of conception." I
+     should be thankful for any advice.
+
+     "'Yours for the Co-operative Commonwealth.'"
+
+The editorial comment then goes on to say:
+
+     "Four of these letters we answered personally, stating the
+     impossibility of imparting this information under our present laws.
+     But when letters continued to come, we felt that any subject that
+     indeed meant everything in the world to the wives of the working
+     class, was entitled to publicity in these columns.
+
+     "These women ought to know exactly what the laws are that make the
+     giving of this terribly needed information--A Felony. And so we
+     print below the Federal or United States law on this subject."
+
+The law is then given in all its details, after which the New York State
+law on the same subject is also quoted.
+
+We are then told that "such are some of the laws on this grave subject,
+and, of course, no sane person would endeavor to violate them, openly at
+any rate. But as Dr.... states elsewhere in this page, we cannot be
+prevented from agitating for their repeal. Nor can we be prevented from
+educating the people wherever possible to an understanding that a
+knowledge of the means of preventing conception is a knowledge of one of
+the means of regenerating the race.
+
+     "Moreover even under Socialism, where economic conditions will be
+     such that every woman can support a dozen children in comfort if
+     she wants to, the volitional limitation of offspring will be
+     completely justifiable. For even parents in the most comfortable
+     circumstances should have the right to determine how many children
+     they want. Of all things in the world this is a matter for the
+     individual and not for society to determine."
+
+Dr...., to whom reference was made in the above editorial comment, is
+also the author of another work advertised as follows in "Woman's
+Sphere" of "The Call," March 24, 1912:
+
+     "The three most important measures for the improvement of the human
+     race from a eugenic standpoint. What are they? I suppose everybody
+     who has given the subject any thought has his remedies. I have
+     studied the subject for years and my answer is:
+
+     "1. Teaching the people the proper means of the prevention of
+     conception so that the people may have only as many children as
+     they can afford to have, and to have them when they want to have
+     them.
+
+     "2.....
+
+     "3.....
+
+     "Of the three measures the first one is the most important and
+     still it will be the last one to come, because our prudes think it
+     would lead to immorality. And nevertheless I will repeat what I
+     said several times before, that there is no single measure that
+     would so positively, so immediately contribute toward the happiness
+     and progress of the human race as teaching the people the proper
+     means of regulating reproduction. This has been my sincerest and
+     deepest conviction since I have learned to think rationally. It is
+     the conviction of thousands of others, but they are too careful of
+     their standing to express it in public. I am happy, however, to be
+     able to state that my teachings have converted thousands; many of
+     our readers who were at first shocked by our plain talk on this
+     important subject are now expressing their full agreement with our
+     ideas. And Congress may pass draconian laws, the discussion of this
+     subject cannot, must not, be stopped."
+
+On April 13, 1913, another article on the subject of race suicide, by
+Clara G. Stillman, appeared in "Woman's Sphere" of "The Call" under the
+caption, "The Right to Prevent Conception." Only part of the foul
+composition is here given:
+
+     "Those who are convinced that the voluntary prevention of
+     conception is a most important weapon in the modern fight with
+     poverty, disease and racial deterioration, will find their position
+     only strengthened by survey of their opponents' objections. These
+     objections are mainly of three kinds--and might be classed as the
+     pseudo-religious, the pseudo-moral and the pseudo-scientific,
+     because all are based on conceptions which our present state of
+     knowledge and social development have enabled us to outgrow....
+
+     "Prevention of conception is already an accepted principle among
+     the educated classes of every civilized country. According as the
+     opposition of the law and public opinion are more or less
+     stringent, it is practised with more or less secrecy; but secret or
+     open, the practice is here to stay, and it is spreading. The fear
+     of most of its opponents is, therefore, not nearly so much that the
+     human race will become extinct as that its best elements will
+     gradually be replaced by the worst. At first this may seem
+     plausible. Granting our opponents' premise temporarily, the
+     conclusion is logically unavoidable that in order to restore a
+     normal relation between the so-called more and less intelligent or
+     desirable classes of society, we must put into the hands of all the
+     methods of restricting their increase, now utilized only by the
+     few."
+
+On June 1, 1913, "Woman's Sphere" of "The Call" contained a four-column
+article on race suicide, entitled, "Musings of a Socialist Woman." The
+author, Antoinette F. Konikow, who was a delegate to the Socialist
+National Conventions of 1908 and 1912, thus expresses her views:
+
+     "I consider the question of the prevention of conception to be of
+     greater value to women than even the knowledge of sexual
+     diseases....
+
+     "After meeting hundreds of women and girls in heart to heart talks,
+     I came to the sincere conviction that lectures on sex hygiene which
+     do not give a thorough understanding of conception in its definite
+     bearings on practical life and also of its possibilities of
+     prevention--that such lectures miss their main aim in bringing help
+     to distressed humanity....
+
+     "Instead of meeting every need and demand of the worker, we are so
+     hampered by the fear of getting a bad reputation among our enemies
+     that we express our support to a new tendency only after it has
+     acquired a certain respectability in society....
+
+     "Do the daring words of Comrade Clara G. Stillman or Dr....'s
+     article not hurt the feelings of some of our Comrades? No doubt
+     some readers felt dissatisfied but not more so than others who had
+     to read the conservative statement of Comrade Carey in 'The
+     Leader,' that he considers Bebel's conception of the family
+     un-Socialistic and anti-Socialistic....
+
+     "Do our morals stand on a higher plane, thanks to the careful
+     guardianship of our laws?...
+
+     "It is high time then to serve notice upon all our benevolent
+     censors and upholders of such laws, and declare ourselves fit to
+     get along without their superior guidance. It is time to open a
+     crusade against this hypocritical suppression of knowledge, which
+     leads to endless and needless suffering. It is time to emphatically
+     declare the right of the mother to control the functions of her own
+     body for her own good and the welfare of her offspring."
+
+The disastrous consequences of such a crusade to further the cause of
+race suicide are very forcibly brought home to us by an article which
+appeared in "The Call," May 10, 1914, on "The Conscious Limitation of
+Offspring in Holland":
+
+     "Our headquarters at The Hague and our subdivisions in all our
+     greater towns are spreading theoretical leaflets and pamphlets; but
+     the special pamphlet giving practical information in the prevention
+     of conception, is only given to married people when asked. We are
+     lecturing everywhere. But the essential missionary work is done
+     privately and modestly, often unconsciously by showing the happy
+     results in their own families, by the nearly 5,000 members of our
+     league spread over the whole country, among whom are physicians,
+     clergymen and teachers, etc. Every day information is asked by
+     letters and still more by our printed postcards; all information is
+     given cost-free and post-free. Almost all younger doctors and
+     midwives are giving information, and are helping mothers in the
+     cases when it is wanted on account of pathological indications.
+     Moreover special nurses are instructed in helping poor women.
+     Harmless preventive means are more and more taking the place of
+     dangerous abortion. So, merely by our freedom of giving
+     information, we have reached the desirable results proved most
+     brilliantly by the statistical figures of our country."
+
+On May 21, 1914, "Woman's Sphere" of "The Call" devoted two more of its
+columns to the race suicide propaganda in the form of an article by
+Sonia Ureles under the caption, "Hats Off, Gentlemen, The Law!" Since
+many parts of the production are too foul to permit our quoting them, we
+shall give but a few short passages:
+
+     "But the doctors only scowled, and the nurse told her gently that
+     the law did not permit poor people to regulate the birth of their
+     offspring....
+
+     "To the thought of a private practitioner she gave no heed; it was
+     to her a luxury undreamed of....
+
+     "The nurse, a well-meaning honest creature, writhed uncomfortably
+     under her gaze. 'It's--it's against the law to give out such
+     information,' she stammered.
+
+     "'I don't care about the law,' came the stubborn reply. 'You
+     promised. Now tell me.' Nevertheless she left the hospital without
+     the information....
+
+     "She applied to the women of her neighborhood for information. They
+     told her things they thought they knew, and things they thought
+     they ought to know. And her health was the price she paid....
+
+     "They who knew, but would not tell, left her one alternative. She
+     chose it. And so,
+
+     "'Hats off, gentlemen--the law!'"
+
+In this same issue of "The Call," May 24, 1914, there is an editorial
+comment that promised the base devotees of race suicide an abundance of
+filthy reading matter for the future:
+
+     "If unwelcome motherhood is not in accordance with a constructive
+     eugenic program, then the free imparting of information concerning
+     the prevention of involuntary motherhood must be. But as has been
+     pointed out in these columns again and again, to make this part of
+     a constructive eugenic program is to run up against vicious and
+     barbarous state and federal laws which make the giving of necessary
+     information a crime, punishable by imprisonment.
+
+     "In connection with this entire subject we call the attention of
+     our readers to the grim sketch by Sonia Ureles, appearing elsewhere
+     on this page today.
+
+     "This is the first of a series of stories on the same subject which
+     Miss Ureles is writing for 'Woman's Sphere.' All who know the vivid
+     reality of this writer's work will look forward to them with keen
+     anticipation."
+
+Let it not be thought for a moment that "The Call" has yet given up its
+propaganda of race suicide. As recently as May 25, 1919, there appeared
+in the magazine section of that vile Socialist daily of New York City an
+article on the subject entitled, "Birth Control and the War," the
+article being no less than twelve columns long. Several quotations are
+hereby given:
+
+     "Everywhere the feudal-minded ones act upon substantially the same
+     impulse. Everywhere they impel and, to a large extent, though by
+     indirection, they compel, prolific breeding among the less
+     intelligent persons. These latter are also the victims of the
+     prevailing religious, political, economic and industrial systems
+     and superstitions. The feudalistic ones proclaim fecundity as a
+     religious duty to God and a moral duty to the state. By psychologic
+     tricks a vanity of the unfortunate classes is encouraged so as to
+     make even the fools believe, or, at least, feel that they, too,
+     have a place in the sun....
+
+     "By the uniform activities and lingering dominance of the feudal
+     mind we have remained in a state of development in which we
+     compete, like the stock-raiser, for an international and
+     intercredal supremacy in and through breeding....
+
+     "As yet we have had no very urgent need for territorial expansion.
+     Our turn is coming and is coming soon, if only we will heed our own
+     feudal-minded ones, and will breed fast enough. But, without being
+     aggressors in this sense, we are yet unavoidably drawn into the
+     vortex of a world war inaugurated by the feudal-minded of other
+     nations and unconsciously promoted to a small degree by our own
+     feudal-minded ones by education for feudal-mindedness and for
+     prolific breeding in our people....
+
+     "The next world war may possibly be one in which the disadvantaged
+     of all nations will fight the feudal-minded of all nations.
+     Something quite near to such an invitation already has come from
+     Russia. Shall we hasten such a conflict by continuing to preach the
+     sacredness of fecundity and of war? Or shall intelligent restraint
+     of the feudalistic compulsion help us toward a more perfect and
+     peaceful adjustment with the processes that make for the
+     democratization of welfare, with and by intelligent family
+     limitation as one means?"
+
+"The Call" is one of the official papers recognized by the Socialists of
+America. In 1914, while the race suicide propaganda was being carried on
+in its columns, lectures to be delivered for its benefit by Eugene V.
+Debs in many of the cities of New Jersey were advertised in its columns.
+It is most likely, therefore, that such a splendidly informed leader of
+the Revolutionists as Debs, like many thousands of members of the rank
+and file of the party, read some of the articles favoring race suicide.
+As we have never yet heard of Debs or a single Socialist complaining
+against the race suicide propaganda so long carried on in the columns of
+"The Call," we shall, unless the Marxians repudiate this form of
+immorality of their paper, be forced to conclude that their leader as
+well as a very large number of his followers intend legalizing this vice
+if they ever gain control of our country.
+
+In April, 1919, a vile, crimson pamphlet was on sale in the radical
+book-stores of the middle west. We shall not give the title, for it is
+too foul and indecent. On page 4 it warns its readers "not to forget
+this fact, celibacy, absolute continence from want of desire congenial
+or acquired, monkish asceticism are pathological states, diseased states
+of mind or body." Further on, we read, on page 10:
+
+     "Do not be a suffering Jesus. Do not take him as an example. Do not
+     whine or snuffle, but get ahead in the world while you can. Get
+     lands, property and independence somehow....
+
+     "The teachings of Christianity were designed for the castration of
+     the human soul. Christ would make you, not a free man, a hero, and
+     a warrior, but a hireling, a submissive beast of burden, a helot, a
+     nobody. Christianity is cowardice institutionalized and
+     peace-on-earth is the philosophy of the tax gatherer, the usurer,
+     and the international exploiter." On the inner side of the back
+     cover of the foul pamphlet a book is advertised by the
+     "International Socialist Control Association of Chicago," which
+     seems also to publish the crimson pamphlet from which the above
+     quotation was taken. The advertisement of the book is hereby given
+     in part:
+
+     "MOTHERS AND FATHERS, ATTENTION.
+
+     "The welfare of the world depends upon the bringing up of children.
+
+     "Everything depends upon the right start, hence it is your highest
+     duty to see that your children are started right.
+
+     "Foremost men say and statistics show the stupendous peril of our
+     political, religious, and educational system. The root of education
+     is not merely knowing how to read and write, but knowing men
+     analytically and scientifically.
+
+     "Anything is possible to the man who knows how and why. We develop
+     and plan out your life according to your adaptions and
+     inclinations--no guess work but cold, hard, mathematical facts. We
+     show you how to control, manage, and handle humanity and make it
+     your business to shape men's minds as easily as clay.
+
+     "Misery, superstition and poverty must go."
+
+On the back cover sheet of the pamphlet it is stated that the
+International Socialist Control Association of Chicago is "An
+organization that teaches the suppressed and downtrodden truth, long
+controlled by the political and religious machine. The only organization
+that places health, happiness and marriage upon solid, scientific
+principles."
+
+In the summer of 1919, "The Call" of New York City, Morris Hillquit's
+vile publication, became more bold than ever in favoring race suicide.
+On June 29, 1919, for instance, there appeared a three-column article in
+the magazine section of the paper, entitled, "The ... League." Parts of
+the article are hereby quoted:
+
+     "Many readers of 'Woman's Sphere' have expressed themselves as
+     eager to know the raison d'etre of The ... League, which is the
+     latest development in the birth control movement.
+
+     "The answer is that this new league is started to speed up the
+     birth control movement. Its first aim is to take the question
+     straight to Congress and repeal the Federal statute which prohibits
+     the circulation of contraceptive knowledge. All the restrictive
+     state laws are modeled on this Federal obscenity statute. If that
+     is repealed, the state laws can easily be made to follow suit....
+
+     "The repeal of this obnoxious out-of-date legislation is the
+     longest single step toward that end.
+
+     "The next step is to get the subject taught in the medical schools,
+     and to have the best possible scientific information wisely and
+     well distributed. Every health agency in the country should have it
+     for the benefit of all who are in need. It should be available at
+     hospitals, clinics, dispensaries, maternity centers, charity
+     organizations and, most of all, through the Federal Health Service
+     and the National Children's Bureau....
+
+     "Most Socialists are already convinced of the rightness of birth
+     regulation, but not all of them see the need for working now to
+     free the information. Some say, 'Oh, just work to achieve Socialism
+     and when we have that, things like birth control will come without
+     effort.' ...
+
+     "Birth control is a necessary tool for the struggle after social
+     justice. Therefore, Socialists should insist upon it right now, and
+     not be content to wait for the Co-operative Commonwealth to bring
+     it to them, also they should not hesitate to co-operate with
+     non-Socialists to get it. Birth control is a blessing to humanity
+     as a whole. Everybody needs it."
+
+On July 13, 1919, "The Call" published an editorial on Dr. Abraham
+Jacobi who had recently died. In the course of the editorial the
+following statement is made:
+
+     "Many honors have been showered upon Dr. Jacobi, but probably none
+     will be more brilliant than the fact that he was one of the first
+     to fearlessly discuss the question of birth control."
+
+On July 15, 1919, there appeared in "The Call" the letter of the
+director of the birth control league similarly praising the late Dr.
+Jacobi:
+
+     "...He did not wait till the baby was born, nor did he limit
+     himself to what is ordinarily known as the prenatal care. He again
+     and again proved his sincere belief that the only way to give
+     babies a fair chance in this world is for the parents to know how
+     to regulate the family birth rate."
+
+"The Call" on July 14, 1919, advertised seven birth control meetings to
+be held during the week in New York City. Two days later, on July 16, it
+advertised an open air birth control rally.
+
+In "Woman's Sphere" of the magazine section of "The Call," July 27,
+1919, there appears another three-column article favoring race suicide,
+entitled, "How Shall We Change the Law?" We shall quote briefly:
+
+     "Once it is no longer on the statute books that it is unlawful to
+     impart information on the prevention of conception, then people may
+     freely help each other to attain the precious information so
+     urgently needed. The 'limited' bill would give this right only to
+     doctors and possibly to nurses and midwives....
+
+     "And while we would not be so unscientific as to deny for a moment
+     that it would be better for every woman to get her advice and
+     instruction concerning the use of contraceptive directly from a
+     doctor, nevertheless it is impossible to overestimate the help men
+     and women could give each other were the free exchange of
+     information on methods of birth control legal instead of
+     illegal....
+
+     "We feel quite sure that women will get infinitely more sympathetic
+     help and advice from each other than they will ever get from any
+     free clinic doctors."
+
+"The Call" on July 26, 1919, announced that Anita C. Block, editress of
+"Woman's Sphere" of the paper, had accepted nomination as a delegate to
+the August 30, 1919, convention of the Socialist Party in Chicago.
+
+The September 2, 1919, issue of "The Call" states that it received the
+congratulations of the National Convention of the party then assembled
+at Chicago. There is, however, no record of any Socialist complaint
+against its continued race suicide propaganda. We can, therefore, draw
+our conclusions as to whether the Socialists approve of propagating race
+suicide.
+
+Away down in Mexico there lives a certain Linn A. E. Gale, a young
+Socialist who fled to that country from the United States to escape
+conscription. He is a "brave" fellow, for not only did he shirk his
+duties as a soldier and flee from his native land to escape jail, but he
+publishes a Socialist magazine in Mexico City in which he seeks to
+deprive of life those who have as much right to it as he himself has; in
+other words he is carrying on a campaign for race suicide. We quote from
+the August, 1919, issue of his Socialist publication, known as "Gale's
+Magazine":
+
+     "Mr. Felix F. Palavinci,
+
+     "Manager of El Universal,
+
+     "Mexico City, D. F. Mexico:
+
+     "Sir.--It is generally believed that you inspired the recent act of
+     the health department of this city in having confiscated copies of
+     a Spanish translation of ...'s famous book on how to practise birth
+     control, and in sentencing me to the penitentiary when I refused to
+     pay a $500 fine for publishing the said translation, which
+     outrageous and malicious penalty was revoked by order of Mexico's
+     Secretary of State, Manuel Aguirre Berlanga.
+
+     "It is hard to believe that a man of your intelligence and supposed
+     progressive ideas would be guilty of such a contemptible act. Yet
+     facts are facts and the facts leave little room for doubt that you
+     were to a large extent, if not almost entirely, responsible. The
+     persistent series of bitter and abusive articles published by your
+     newspaper, El Universal, against birth control and against me
+     personally, constitute convincing proof of your interest in
+     preventing contraceptive information from being diffused among the
+     Mexican people...."
+
+In the same issue of Gale's Mexican Socialist magazine there appears an
+article entitled, "First Congress of the National Socialist Party of
+Mexico." Speaking of the party platform to be adopted, Gale says in
+part:
+
+     "Another clause should put the party squarely on record as opposing
+     the recent tyrannical and illegal effort of the Mexico City health
+     department to prevent the dissemination of scientific birth control
+     information among the poorer classes."
+
+Hysterical critics of the New York Assembly have accused the Judiciary
+Committee of that body of accepting as evidence against the five
+suspended Socialist Assemblymen every conceivable reproach against the
+Socialist Party of America which could be scraped together out of its
+entire history. An inquiry to ascertain the qualifications of Socialists
+to make the laws of the land assuredly would be justified in searching
+every possible source of information. But, as a matter of fact, the
+Judiciary Committee confined its investigation to evidence bearing
+directly upon the political and governmental aspects of the case.
+
+Had the Judiciary Committee wished to bring out what would most surely
+and deeply shock the moral sense of the American people--the organized
+propagation of immorality with which the five suspended Assemblymen were
+linked--the facts given in this and the preceding chapter show that no
+difficulty would have been found in digging up overwhelming evidence.
+The preceding chapter shows the propagation of free-love doctrines
+through all the publicity departments of the Socialist Party of America.
+The present chapter shows that the "New York Call," the chief political
+organ of the New York State branch of the Socialist Party of America,
+with which the five suspended Assemblymen were most intimately linked,
+has for years carried on an unclean and indecent propaganda to teach all
+within its polluting reach to violate one of the laws of the State of
+New York.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+SOCIALIST ORGANIZATION AND "BORING IN"
+
+
+
+The avowed enemies of our constitutional government have within recent
+years met with stupendous success in persuading the credulous to rely on
+their extravagant promises and to look forward to the golden era of
+Socialism with the same bright hopes that little children do to the
+candies and toys in kidnappers' homes.
+
+If it be asked why the conspirators against our country, religion,
+family and everything dear to us are so successful in their efforts to
+undermine the foundations of a grand and glorious nation like our own,
+the answer is that their astounding progress is due, first, to an
+exceptional zeal in the propagation of their doctrines, and, secondly,
+to the deceptive and specious arguments used for gaining recruits.
+
+The extraordinary activity that has secured for the Socialists of the
+United States by far the greater part of a million votes in several
+presidential elections, and the acceptance of their revolutionary
+doctrines by a much larger number of radicals, who for one reason or
+another do not vote the Marxian ticket, is manifested under many
+different aspects.
+
+The Socialist Party of the United States in the early part of 1919
+contained a little more than 100,000 dues-paying members, enrolled in
+approximately 7,000 locals and branches. The members of these locals and
+branches frequently meet to devise means for spreading the doctrines of
+Karl Marx and for overthrowing the government of our country. It is
+almost needless to add that their zeal would do great credit to men
+engaged in a truly noble cause. The American people would be astounded
+at their activity, should they carefully read, from the first to the
+last page, a single copy of one of the foremost Socialist papers such as
+the "New York Call." Socialists are working by the tens of thousands
+every day, from January 1st to December 31st, endeavoring to undermine
+our government. They have been doing this for years, and only recently
+have the American people begun to wake up. Waking up, however, will not
+suffice. We must act, act quickly and vigorously, before it is too late
+and before the forces of destruction become too numerous to control.
+
+Supplementing the indoor work of the locals and branches, one cannot but
+notice the so-called soap-box orators, found on the street corners of
+nearly every city of importance in the country. The specialty of these
+men is to preach class hatred and arouse dissatisfaction in their
+audiences with the present system of government and industry, and after
+this to assert, but never to prove, that Socialism is the sole remedy
+for the evils of our time.
+
+It will be well to remember that the revolutionary Socialist Party, even
+as far back as 1913, published in the United States some 200 or more
+papers and periodicals in English, German, Bohemian, Polish, Jewish,
+Slovac, Slavonic, Danish, Italian, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Lettish,
+Norwegian, Croatian, Russian and Swedish. Attorney General Palmer made
+the number over 400 in 1919. Among the papers are two important dailies
+in English, "The Call" of New York City and the "Milwaukee Leader," two
+dailies[22] in German, two in Bohemian, one in Polish, and one in
+Yiddish, the "Forward," which in the spring of 1919 had a circulation of
+about 150,000. The "Appeal to Reason" was once the greatest Socialist
+weekly in the country having had, in the fall of 1912, a circulation of
+nearly a million copies. About the latter part of 1917 it became
+lukewarm in upholding Socialist anti-war principles. As a consequence it
+lost most of its circulation, and in March, 1920, was still looked upon
+contemptuously by most members of the Socialist Party.
+
+By the vivid pictures which the revolutionary papers and periodicals
+draw of the abuses, corruptions and wrongs of our age, they succeed in
+blinding many American citizens to such an extent that the latter do not
+realize that they have been caught in the snares of a deceitful and
+dangerous enemy. Like the soap-box orators, these publications, besides
+criticising real present-day abuses, frequently lie and exaggerate, and
+either assert that in the Marxian state man would enjoy the choicest
+blessings under heaven, or else arrive at this same conclusion by
+arguing from false and unproven assertions as premises. The Socialist
+papers and periodicals, notwithstanding their beautifully painted
+pictures of the visionary state, should in no way incline us towards
+enlisting under the red flag. For to say nothing of their lies and
+exaggerations, neither their criticisms of actual present-day wrongs,
+their unproven assertions of the benefits of Socialism, nor their
+conclusions drawn from false and unfounded premises, show in any wise
+that the Marxian state would remedy existing evils and be a source of
+blessings to our people. Indeed, it would be just as foolish for us to
+trust in these revolutionary publications as it would be to confide in
+quacks who should ask us to purchase their so-called remedies merely
+because they had pointed out the harmful effects of a few drugs sold by
+a certain apothecary, or because they had claimed excellent healing
+properties for their own potions.
+
+Not only do the Marxians exert great influence through the papers which
+they publish, but they help their cause to a great extent by articles
+published in non-Socialist papers and magazines of the United States.
+
+Another way in which they have distinguished themselves for their
+activity is by the immense number of books, novels and pamphlets they
+have written, large numbers of which are in circulation throughout our
+country and are rapidly undermining the very foundations of our National
+Government. As these works are found in abundance and are available to
+all classes of persons in public libraries, our country's library system
+is supplying its enemies with well-stocked arsenals wherein weapons are
+kept for the use of those who will one day join the ranks of these
+national conspirators.
+
+The leaflet campaign of the Socialists has long since reached alarming
+proportions. To show what progress has been made by the arch enemies of
+our country, two quotations are hereby presented to the reader. The
+first is a letter which appeared in "The Call," New York, March 31,
+1919, and reads as follows:
+
+     "Editor of 'The Call':
+
+     "We are living in the days of big events. The revolution in Russia
+     has taught us some things that we ought to follow. One of them is
+     the distribution of literature. In the past we have been climbing
+     up four or five flights of stairs, standing on the street corners
+     handing out leaflets, wearing out our strength and patience. I took
+     a leaf out of the way the thing is done in Germany at present. All
+     over the city there are any number of large window sills, at the
+     top or very near the exits of the subway and elevated stations, the
+     window sills of large stores. These window sills will hold a large
+     amount of literature. Comrades going to work in the morning could
+     very easily place the leaflets on them; it would take only a few
+     seconds, the workers coming after them will pick them up. There is
+     also, in the downtown districts, quite a few empty newsstands that
+     are not used in the morning. These newsstands are generally at the
+     very mouth of the subway stations. Then there are a number of
+     benches in and on the stations that can be used. Our overcoat
+     pockets will easily hold 100 or 200 pieces of literature. The time
+     it takes to transfer the literature from our pockets to the window
+     sills, newsstand or bench is about two seconds. I have been on the
+     job for the last three weeks and the results have been astonishing.
+     What are not picked up by the workers are in a few hours read by a
+     large number of those out of work. We have got to come to it in the
+     very near future. The halls are closed to us; let's get busy.
+
+     "Very cold, windy and rainy mornings are not very good ones. The
+     one big drawback is to get some Comrade to write the leaflets. The
+     leaflet I have used is one taken from 'The Call,' issued by local
+     Kings, entitled 'Hell in Russia.' The way the workers grab it does
+     your heart good.
+
+     "Yours for the education of the workers,
+
+     "Andrew B. DeMilt.
+
+     "P. S.--The above-named places are also good for that 'Call' you
+     have laying around the house."
+
+In the April 24, 1919, edition of "The Call," under the caption,
+"Official Socialist News," and the subheading, "Queens" (County, New
+York), we read:
+
+     "100 Socialists Wanted
+
+     "One hundred are required tonight to aid in distributing Socialist
+     literature throughout the Ridgewood section. Those who are able and
+     willing to help should call this evening at the Queens County Labor
+     Lyceum, Myrtle and Cypress Avenues."
+
+The number of revolutionary books, pamphlets and papers on the market is
+really astounding, and all out of proportion to the number of
+Socialists, Communists and I. W. W.'s who could possibly support them.
+Money for their publication must be forthcoming from other interested
+parties of considerable means. In fact, Deputy State Attorney General
+Samuel A. Berger, in a statement published in the "New York Times" on
+October 18, 1919, declared that rich radicals of the metropolis were the
+means of support for all but two of the forty or fifty extremely radical
+publications which reach 3,000,000 readers from New York City as a
+center. The same public official added that he did not have the
+authority to make known the names of the well-to-do men and women
+engaged thus in financing the plot to overthrow our National
+Government.
+
+Not only are the Reds rapidly undermining our institutions by means of
+literature, but also through the forces of organized labor. Enough has
+already been said in a previous chapter relative to the I. W. W. itself;
+but it will not be out of place to comment on the revolutionary
+influence which the I. W. W. and many Socialist labor leaders as, for
+example, Maurer of Pennsylvania, are bringing to bear upon the American
+Federation of Labor.
+
+The members of the I. W. W., as well as the Socialists and Communists
+throughout the country, have all along made every endeavor to fan the
+flames of class hatred between rich and poor, the employer and employee.
+They have, moreover, left nothing undone to promote discontent and
+strikes on as large a scale as possible with a view to finally ruining
+our present system of industry and the Government itself. Read any of
+the radical papers and you will be convinced that the "Red" rebels now
+place the greatest hopes for their rise to power in the strikes they are
+fomenting wherever and whenever an opportunity is offered.
+
+The Marxian leaders realize that the high cost of living is constantly
+gaining recruits for their cause, and that the greater the number of
+strikes and the greater the number of persons involved, the longer it
+will take to reduce the cost of the necessaries of life. They know that
+if the working class secures a six-hour day, a five-day week and, in
+addition, an immense increase in wages, production will fall far short
+of the demand, the cost of living will go up by leaps and bounds, and
+business men will be ruined. Workingmen will then lose their positions
+and discontent will be far more prevalent than ever. Again, if laboring
+men can only be made to break their wage contracts soon after every
+victorious strike, the industries of the whole country will soon be
+"topsy-turvy."
+
+What will bring on strikes more readily than to teach rebellion against
+all conservative labor leaders who would oppose uncalled-for walk-outs?
+It is much easier to get men to strike by having labor agitators
+harangue and deceive them, than it would be to have the workingmen
+quietly discuss both sides of the question honestly and fairly and then
+vote pro or con.
+
+Sympathetic strikes are well calculated to bring on a general strike,
+which might easily lead to the rebellion that the Reds so much desire.
+Strikes very often induce the action of courts against the workers
+involved and frequently demand the use of police and the calling out of
+troops, and thus the rebel "Reds" obtain other arguments, sound or
+otherwise, to win more of the working-class to their diabolical cause.
+If the Socialist strike leaders are imprisoned, justly or not,
+Socialists do not fail to start nation-wide agitations for amnesty.
+Strikes, therefore, excessive demands, the breaking of wage contracts,
+revolts against conservative labor leaders, and impassioned
+class-conscious strike agitators are among the leading assets of the
+Marxian rebels for starting a bloody rebellion.
+
+Many of the laboring class, especially newly arrived immigrants, cannot
+see the ultimate aim of the radical leaders and never dream of the
+terrible times that will soon overwhelm them if the cost of living
+continues to rise, business is ruined, and a terrible rebellion drenches
+our fair land with rivers of blood, leaving in its trail anarchy, crime
+and evils without end. Of what use are higher wages won by strikes, if
+the cost of living ascends still more rapidly? Of what use are higher
+wages for a short time if all industries and our Government with them
+are to be ruined through continual strikes and unreasonable demands
+suggested and agitated by men who have never yet given a single proof
+that their Socialistic scheme would not fall a prey to anarchy and war?
+The Reds, no matter of what type they are, have never proven that their
+state would be a success, or that it would not have a million times as
+many defects as our present system. Their empty assertions prove nothing
+but the empty-mindedness and ignorance of their illogical rank and file.
+
+Yes, Socialist, Communist and I. W. W. influence is making itself felt
+even in the American Federation of Labor. During 1919 many an
+unauthorized strike took place against the will of the lawful labor
+leaders. The printers' strike and longshoremen's strikes in New York
+City are examples. "Red" labor leaders and revolutionary propaganda
+ruined the cause of the steel strikers.
+
+The American Federation of Labor cannot afford to harbor Socialists and
+members of the I. W. W. It is doomed to shipwreck if it does not rid
+itself of Marxian agitators. The vast majority of the American people
+will not tolerate a revolutionary American Federation of Labor any more
+than they will tolerate a revolutionary I. W. W. If the principles of
+the American Federation of Labor become radical like those of the I. W.
+W., the Socialists, Communists and the Bolsheviki, the name "American"
+and past conservatism will never save our greatest labor organization
+from ruin. The greater part of the country is rapidly lining up against
+unreasonable demands made in the name of organized labor, millions of
+farmers taking the lead. Extreme advantages to city workingmen would
+spell ruin to the farmers. Millions of others of the middle class in our
+cities will also soon unite with the farmers, for they are getting tired
+of the endless and costly series of unreasonable strikes.
+
+The Socialists and agents of the I. W. W. have for years been "boring
+from within" the A. F. of L. In other words, these Marxians, though
+members of the A. F. of L., are undermining its conservatism,
+discrediting and seeking to displace its less radical leaders, changing
+its policy of co-operation between capital and labor into one of class
+hatred between employee and employer, and attempting to reorganize it
+along industrial lines, rather than along those of the various craft
+divisions of each industry, with a view to making strikes more
+widespread and dangerous for our Government. In a word, they are seeking
+to turn the A. F. of L. into a second I. W. W., destined to join forces
+with Haywood's discredited industrial union of rebels.
+
+William Z. Foster, national leader of the steel strikers in the fall of
+1919, affords us an example of an I. W. W. agent "boring from within"
+the A. F. of L.
+
+Mr. Carl W. Ackerman informs us in the "Boston Evening Transcript,"
+September 24, 1919, that the first appearance of Foster as a radical was
+in 1910, when, as a reporter for the "Seattle Call," a Socialist paper
+at that time, he was sent along the Pacific Coast to report a number of
+so-called free speech fights. "From this," continues Mr. Ackerman, "he
+appears to have developed into a general agitator. As a result of his
+tour of the west he joined the I. W. W. and in this capacity he began to
+advocate sabotage....
+
+     "In 1911, while a member of the I. W. W., Foster went to Europe and
+     visited France, Germany and Hungary as a correspondent of
+     'Solidarity,' the official organ of the I. W. W. in America, at
+     that time published at New Castle, Pa. He wrote many articles for
+     this publication, some of them signed, 'Yours for the I. W. W., W.
+     Z. Foster,' and others, 'Yours for the revolution, W. Z. Foster.'"
+
+In a letter written by Foster in 1911 and on file in the office of the
+United States District Attorney in Chicago, Foster said:
+
+     "I am satisfied from my observation that the only way for an I. W.
+     W. to have the workers adopt and practice the principles of
+     revolutionary unionism, which I take it is its mission, is to give
+     up the attempt to create a new labor movement, turn itself into a
+     propaganda league, get into the organized labor movement, and by
+     building up better fighting machinery within the old unions than
+     these possessed by our reactionary enemies, revolutionize these
+     unions, even as our French syndicalist fellow-workers have so
+     successfully done."
+
+This letter, showing Foster's plan of "boring from within" the A. F. of
+L., was signed, "Yours for the revolution."
+
+As late as 1915 Foster brought out a book entitled, "Trade Unionism, the
+Road to Freedom." Several excerpts taken from the sixth chapter show the
+true frame of mind of this leader, who has recently gained such a
+following in the A. F. of L.:
+
+     "Under the new order as pictured above, government, such as we know
+     it, would gradually disappear. In an era of science and justice
+     this makeshift institution, having lost its usefulness, would
+     shrivel and die....
+
+     "Criminal courts, police, jails and the like would go also. Crime
+     is due almost wholly to poverty. In a reign of plenty for all, it
+     would practically disappear.... People would no longer have to
+     wrangle over property rights. The industries now in the hands of
+     national, state and municipal governments would be given over
+     completely into the care of the workers engaged in them.... With
+     war, crime, class antagonisms and property squabbles obliterated,
+     and the management of industry taken from its care, little or no
+     excuse would exist for government."
+
+The November 8, 1919, report of the Senate Committee on Education and
+Labor, in its investigation of the nation-wide steel strike, commented
+as follows on Foster:
+
+     "Such men are dangerous to the country and they are dangerous to
+     the cause of union labor. It is unfair to men who may be struggling
+     for their rights to be represented by such leaders. It prevents
+     them from securing proper hearing for their cause. If Mr. Foster
+     has the real interest of the laboring man at heart he should remove
+     himself from any leadership. His leadership injures instead of
+     helping. If he will not remove himself from leadership the American
+     Federation of Labor should purge itself of such leadership in order
+     to sustain the confidence which the country has had in it under the
+     leadership of Mr. Gompers."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+ENLISTING RECRUITS FOR THE CONSPIRACY
+
+
+
+The success or failure of the Marxian movement will, to a great extent,
+depend upon the ability of the revolutionists to gain control of the
+schools, colleges and universities of the United States. That they have
+been long active in spreading their pernicious doctrines among the young
+is evident to all who are closely in touch with Socialist activities.
+
+In our country there exist what are known as Socialist Sunday schools.
+The revolutionists themselves tell us that the aim and purpose of these
+schools is the destructive work of tearing down old superstitious ideas
+of territorial patriotism, and that such schools should be founded in as
+many places as possible, to counteract the influences of churches,
+synagogues and public schools.
+
+Page 68 of the "Proceedings of the 1910 National Congress of the
+Socialist Party," clearly indicates the exceptional importance which
+Marxians attach to their training of the young:
+
+     "Among the special fields of Socialistic propaganda the education
+     of our boys and girls to an understanding of the Socialist
+     philosophy is one of the most important. The ultimate battles of
+     Socialism will largely be fought by the growing generation, and we
+     must begin early to train the latter for its part. The Socialists
+     of Europe have long appreciated the importance of the task, and in
+     almost every country they have built up a strong organization of
+     young people. The Socialists of America are just beginning to turn
+     their attention to the problem....
+
+     "The teaching of infants is a task which requires a good deal of
+     professional training, and no Socialist 'Sunday schools' for very
+     young children should be established where we do not have
+     experienced and reliable teachers to conduct them....
+
+     "It is quite otherwise with children of the maturer age of, say,
+     fourteen years and upward. Young people of that age normally
+     possess sufficient strength of mind to grasp the main philosophy
+     and aims of our movement intelligently, and their training into the
+     Socialist mode of thought and action cannot be conducted with too
+     much zeal and energy. Young people's clubs, societies for the
+     study of Socialism should be formed all over the country as regular
+     adjuncts to our party organization, and very serious consideration
+     should be given to them by the adult Socialists. But they should
+     remain primarily study clubs, and should not be encouraged to
+     engage in practical political activity, which can do but little
+     good to our movement, and may tend to arrest the intelligent growth
+     of the youthful enthusiasts. When they will reach a maturer age
+     they will be better and more efficient workers in the movement for
+     having made a more thorough study of its theory and methods."
+
+"The Call," New York, March 30, 1913, commenting on teaching Socialism
+to the young, adds: "Up to the present time only men vote in most of the
+states, and they do not use the ballot until they are 21 years of age.
+It stands to reason that for the intelligent use of the ballot there
+must be proper preparation and education. We cannot expect people to
+vote right unless they are trained right....
+
+     "If you want or expect men and women to be good and intelligent
+     voters at the age of 21, then something most vital must be done
+     with them before they reach that age. From 5 to 21, that's a long
+     road. That's the impressionable period. That's the time at which
+     the people are prepared to become good Socialists or good opponents
+     of Socialism. And the latter quite as readily as the former....
+
+     "Catch them young! That's it. But how? In lots of ways. Get them
+     coming our way. Let them lose their fear of us. Have them come to a
+     dance and find out that we are human. It surprises them sometimes.
+     When they realize that, they are partly won.
+
+     "Educating the young to Socialism is a matter of 'indirect' action
+     rather than 'direct' action. It would be the height of folly to try
+     to cram Karl Marx down these new young throats. That will come in
+     time. Start them on something easier, something less drastic. Sugar
+     coat your bitter pills a little."
+
+It is possible, in conformity with this last suggestion, that after the
+parade of Socialist children of New York City, on May Day, 1913, they
+were to be treated, as we are informed in "The Call" on the same day, to
+a feast of ice cream and cake and a series of thrilling moving pictures
+of the struggles between the police and the strikers at Lawrence and
+Little Falls.
+
+With this short diversion, we shall return to the article in "The Call"
+of March 30, 1913, which goes on to say that "the young people should
+be gradually educated to rebellion and revolution. Songs will help.
+Plays will help. Casual talk here and there will aid. It must soak in.
+You can't flood them with stuff in two days. Rebels that are made in two
+days may stick in a crisis, but I don't believe they will."
+
+It certainly is interesting to read "Lesson 24," taken from the
+"Socialist Primer," a little book which a man named Klein has prepared
+for the use of children attending the Socialist Sunday schools:
+
+     "Here is a man with a gun; he is in the troop. You see he has a
+     nice suit on. Does he work? No, the man with the gun does no work.
+     His work is to shoot men who do work. Is it nice to shoot men?
+     Would you like to shoot a man? This man eats, drinks, wears
+     clothes, but does no work. Do you think that is nice? Yes, this is
+     nice for the fat man, but bad for the thin; so he owns the man with
+     the gun. When the thin man will have the law on his side, there
+     will be no more men with guns. Who makes the gun? The man who
+     works. Who makes the nice suit? The man who works. Who gets shot
+     with the gun? The man who works. Who gets the bad clothes? The man
+     who works. Is this right? No, this is wrong!"
+
+In "The Call," New York, April 17, 1919, there appeared the following
+advertisement of a coming entertainment to be given by a Socialist
+Sunday school of the Brownsville section of Brooklyn:
+
+     "Sunday School Gives Concert in Brownsville
+
+     "The annual entertainment and concert of the Brownsville Socialist
+     Sunday school will take place tomorrow evening at the Brownsville
+     Labor Lyceum. The capitalist press has lately discovered that there
+     are Socialist Sunday schools in the city. They even send their
+     reporters to discover what awful things Socialist children are
+     taught there. The American Defence Society has just undertaken a
+     vigorous nation-wide fight against Bolshevism in general and
+     Socialist Sunday schools in particular. All school children and the
+     parochial schools are to be enlisted in this glorious work. The
+     Protestant churches, not to be outdone, are also organizing to save
+     the children from Socialism. The growth of the Socialist schools is
+     throwing fear into the hearts of the capitalists. Brownsville
+     parents can do no better than to help make this school, now one of
+     the largest in the country, even better and stronger than it is. A
+     splendid musical program has been arranged and, in addition, the
+     children will sing, dance and recite. Tickets may be bought at the
+     Lyceum."
+
+Every parent will understand the subtle, insidious poison of rebellion
+against parental authority and guidance instilled into young minds by
+such items as the following, from the "New York Call" of July 16, 1919:
+
+     "Independence is one of the finest qualities of youth. In an
+     inspiring postal card to her mother (copies of which might well be
+     put into the hands of young children everywhere), Hilda Stydocker,
+     14, of 3 Washington Avenue, West Orange, states that she is going
+     to 'earn her own living and take care of herself.' Previously
+     gossip had been circulated to the effect that Hilda had been
+     kidnapped."
+
+In a previous issue of "The Call," April 4, 1919, part of a speech given
+by H. B. Shaen, president of the Brooklyn Sunday School Union, is
+quoted:
+
+     "It is a question of great moment," President Shaen said yesterday.
+     "It must be dealt with drastically, effectively and immediately.
+     Bolshevism is a greater menace than we like to believe. The
+     proposed establishment of 3,000 so-called Socialist schools in this
+     city will be a blow at religion, at government, at decency. It
+     might be a fatal error to underestimate the pernicious influence of
+     this organization that seeks to sow disquieting seeds by deceiving
+     young America with false beliefs."
+
+Mr. Woodworth Clum, of the Greater Iowa Association, in volume 4, number
+1, of "The Iowa Magazine," gives the following shocking account of
+Socialistic propaganda among school children carried on in the northwest
+by Townley's Non-Partisan League:
+
+     "The Non-Partisan League, under direction of Townley and Le Seur,
+     has taken possession of the schools of North Dakota--and may get
+     control of the schools of Minnesota.... Radical doctrines are
+     becoming part of the regular curricula. I have a statement from O.
+     B. Burtness, representative in the North Dakota Legislature from
+     Grand Forks. Here it is:
+
+     "'The board of administration has placed in charge of the state
+     library, to select the reading for our schools, C. E. Strangeland.
+     He is telling our school children what to read. I found in our
+     state library, the other day, a bundle of books, all ready to be
+     sent to one of our country schools--a circulating library. If the
+     farmers of North Dakota could have seen what I saw, they would
+     have come to Bismarck and cleaned out the whole Socialist gang.
+     Here are the titles of some of those books I saw:
+
+     "'"Socialism and Modern Science," Ferri.
+
+     "'"Evolution and Property," La Farge.
+
+     "'"Not Guilty," Blatchford.
+
+     "'"Love and Marriage," Ellen Key.
+
+     "'"Love and Ethics," Ellen Key.
+
+     "'"The Bolshevik and World Peace," Leon Trotzky.
+
+     "'"The History of the Supreme Court," Meyers.
+
+     "'"The Profits of Religion," Sinclair.
+
+     "'"Anarchism and Socialism," Harris.'
+
+     "Ellen Key is a pronounced advocate of free-love and the
+     dissolution of marriage."
+
+In high schools, especially those of New York City, many teachers have
+been using every opportunity for advocating Socialism and other radical
+doctrines in the classroom and out of it. Students, in order to win
+favor with some of these teachers, at times show zeal for Socialistic
+tenets both in oral and written composition. Quite a number of the
+teachers are Socialists themselves, have become known as such throughout
+the schools and use their influence to win over others. Many books given
+by these teachers for outside reading are by Socialist or radical
+authors.
+
+On the editorial page of "The New York Times," April 9, 1919, there is
+an article against the "Teachers' Union," a Socialist and radical
+organization of many of the teachers of New York City. Under the title,
+"Forbidden to Preach Sedition," we read:
+
+     "There will be, presumably, much excited denunciation of the Board
+     of Education for closing the public schools to meetings of the
+     Teachers' Union. The familiar complaints about infringing the right
+     of free speech will be heard, and--well, the complaints will be as
+     ill-based as they usually are.
+
+     "In the first place, while speech is free in this country, it is
+     not, any more than it is or can be, anywhere, free to the extent
+     that anybody is free to say anything at any time and any place.
+     Restrictions of several kinds there are and must be, including
+     those by which decency and the safety of our institutions are
+     protected. On the other hand, the members of the Teachers' Union
+     have not been reduced--as yet--to silence. They have simply been
+     told that they cannot use the city's property in the campaign which
+     they have undertaken against an important branch of the City
+     Government. They are still privileged to hire as many halls as they
+     please in which to accuse the Board of Education of tyranny, and
+     to protest against the enforcement of discipline against teachers
+     with a leaning toward Bolshevism, and a tendency to mingle
+     Socialistic and pro-German propaganda with instruction in the three
+     R's.
+
+     "In this instance, as in so many others, the use of schoolhouses
+     for meetings of adults with opinions to express and doctrines to
+     preach has resulted unhappily. The adults who gather seem always,
+     or almost always, to be, not average, well-disposed citizens, but a
+     more or less incendiary minority who want to change things--and to
+     change them a lot and very quickly. That aspiration is not wholly
+     indefensible, for a good many things would be the better for
+     changing, but real light and leading have not often been found on
+     top at meetings in schoolhouses, and experience has proved that the
+     Teachers' Union has neither to offer."
+
+The following is from the "New York World" of November 20, 1919:
+
+     "Fifteen teachers in city schools will appear before Deputy
+     Attorney General Berger tomorrow afternoon to be questioned to
+     determine if they are dangerous radicals. Examination of the
+     records of the Communist Party seized in recent raids has resulted
+     in evidence indicating that each of the teachers is a member of
+     that organization....
+
+     "Superintendent of Schools Ettinger revoked the license, yesterday,
+     of Sonia Ginsberg, a teacher in School No. 170 in Brooklyn, who
+     admitted she would like to see the United States Government
+     displaced by one similar to the Bolshevist regime in Russia. Miss
+     Ginsberg, born in Russia, was naturalized as a citizen last June."
+
+For many years the Intercollegiate Socialist Society has been winning
+college and university students to the doctrines of the Social
+Revolution through the medium of the various branches that it
+establishes in such institutions. The Intercollegiate Socialist Society
+sometime ago had, in the different colleges and universities of our
+country, between 60 and 70 chapters, or Socialist local societies, with
+Socialist libraries, and lecturers in frequent attendance. Every year
+chapter-delegates are sent to an intercollegiate convention from nearly
+all the important American universities, including Harvard, Yale,
+Princeton, Columbia, Barnard, Amherst, Brown, Pennsylvania, Michigan,
+Wisconsin, Kansas, Missouri, and Chicago. Even Vassar, which had 86
+members in the first year in which the Intercollegiate was organized, is
+included in the long list. Harry W. Laidler, organizer of the Socialist
+chapters and secretary of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society, claims
+that all the universities now throw open their large assembly rooms for
+addresses by the visiting lecturers, give quarters in the college
+buildings to the Socialist chapters, and permit the use of the college
+publications in the dissemination of propagandist literature, if it is
+written by bona fide students.
+
+We shall reproduce a letter which shows what is going on in our colleges
+and universities. The identification of the writer, person addressed,
+and others mentioned in the letter, is made on the authority of Mr.
+Woodworth Clum, of the Greater Iowa Association, Davenport, Iowa.
+
+The letter was written July 29, 1919, by Arthur W. Calhoun, then
+instructor in sociology and political economy at Ohio State University,
+Columbus, Ohio. It was written to Professor Zeuch, then instructor at
+the University of Minnesota, now an instructor at Cornell University.
+"Gras," mentioned in the letter, is Professor N. S. B. Gras, a member of
+the Faculty of the University of Minnesota. The letter also mentions E.
+C. Hayes, who is professor of sociology at the University of Illinois,
+President Grose of DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana, and E. A.
+Ross, professor of sociology at the University of Wisconsin and Advisory
+Editor of the American Journal of Sociology. The "Beals" mentioned in
+the letter, says Mr. Clum, "was formerly a university professor and old
+friend of Calhoun's. He is now openly advocating Bolshevism." Toward the
+end of the letter, Calhoun says: "Greencastle is too small to do much
+with the co-op." This "co-op" is the Tri-State Co-operative Society of
+Pittsburg, and, says Mr. Clum, "the society's business is the production
+and distribution of vicious 'red' propaganda." Calhoun is or was one of
+its directors.
+
+The letter, copied from a fac-simile of the original in volume 4, number
+1, of "The Iowa Magazine," Davenport, Iowa, is as follows:
+
+     "55 E. Norwich Av., Columbus, O., _July 29._
+
+     "Dear Zeuch:--
+
+     "I think I accept all you say about the condition of the
+     proletariat and the impossibility of the immediate revolution. But
+     I am less interested in the verbiage of the Left Wing than in the
+     idea of keeping ultimates everlastingly in the center of attention
+     to the exclusion of mere puttering reforms. One of the things that
+     will hasten the revolution is to spread the notion that it _can_
+     come soon. If the Left Wing adopts impossibilist methods of
+     campaign, I shall stand aloof, but if they push for Confiscation,
+     Equality of Economic Status, and the speedy elimination of class
+     privilege, and keep their heads, I shall go with them rather than
+     the yellows.
+
+     "If Gras is doing what he says and I am doing what he says, he is
+     right in saying that he is doing the better job. I wonder, however,
+     how many of his students draw the 'necessary' conclusions: and I
+     wonder whether I do all my students' thinking for them.
+
+     "Ellery is feeling at Columbus and also at Illinois. I had a letter
+     from Hayes about him.
+
+     "I have accepted the professorship of Sociology at De Pauw
+     University. The job pays $2200 this year with assurance of $2400 if
+     I stay a second year. The president has been here three times and
+     had long interviews with me. Besides we have written a lot. I told
+     him I belong to the radical Socialists. I expounded my general
+     principles on all important points. He knows also of the
+     circumstances of my leaving Clark and Kentucky. He says he is in
+     substantial agreement with most of what I have said and that he
+     sees no reason why I can not get along at De Pauw. He says he feels
+     confident it will be a permanency. Ross had some hand in the game.
+     Pres. Grose interviewed him at Madison last week and Ross wrote
+     encouraging me to take the place. I did not make any great effort.
+     Grose knew that I did not care much one way or the other. He took
+     the initiative almost from the start and I sat back and waited. I'm
+     afraid Greencastle is too small to do much with the co-op.
+     Population 4000, 30 miles north of Bloomington. 800 students,
+     mostly in college, a few in School of Music, a few graduate
+     students. Hudson is prof. of Ec. there.
+
+     "Beals was here last week. He is pushing the 'Nation.' Says the
+     circulation has quadrupled since they became Bolshevist.
+
+     "As ever,
+
+     "AWC"
+
+The Rand School, in New York City, is known as the University of
+Socialism and is said to have had 5,000 attending its lectures in the
+year 1918. The purpose of the school, as originally conceived, and as
+adhered to throughout, is twofold, first, to offer to the general public
+facilities for the study of Socialism and related subjects. This is done
+by its reference library and reading-room and by its large book store,
+in which are sold not only Socialist books, but books on atheism as
+well; not only the more conservative Socialist papers, but ultra
+revolutionary papers such as "The Revolutionary Age," "The Proletarian,"
+many Bolshevist publications, and "The Rebel Worker" and "The New
+Solidarity," the latter two being I. W. W. papers.
+
+The last time the author of "The Red Conspiracy" visited the Rand School
+book store, there was on sale a pile of Birth Control Reviews several
+feet high, "The One Big Union Monthly," the I. W. W. organ, and enough
+foul and revolutionary matter to satisfy the filthiest or most
+blood-thirsty wretch in the United States.
+
+The second purpose of the Rand School is to offer to Socialists such
+instruction and training as may make them more efficient workers for the
+Socialist movement. This is done by means of lectures, some 5,000
+students attending, on an average, 20 lectures each in the year 1918.
+The school also directs extension classes in outlying parts of the city
+and neighboring places and correspondence courses for study classes and
+individual students in all parts of the country. It conducts a bureau to
+provide lectures on Socialism for clubs, trade unions, forums and other
+organizations not otherwise connected with the school. For years this
+school, which was raided under the direction of the Lusk Committee, has
+been sowing the seeds of class hatred and class discrimination, now
+everywhere springing up round about us. The laws have been too tolerant,
+and it has been permitted to go on without interference far too long. In
+referring to documents seized in the raids in the summer of 1919, Deputy
+Attorney General Conklin said that the papers "are so carefully and
+cleverly phrased" that no single sentence can be picked out as in
+violation of the law. "Yet," he adds, "taken as a whole, the documents
+are seditious, in my opinion." They were made a matter of record,
+awaiting the disposition of the District Attorney of New York.
+
+These facts speak for themselves. It scarcely need be said that unless
+this propaganda is checked, the power and strength of the Socialist
+Party will soon assume tremendous proportions, imperilling the existence
+of our nation.
+
+Another field of work to which the enemies of our country have been
+devoting special attention is the propagation of revolutionary doctrines
+among the non-English speaking residents of the United States. Page 69
+of the "Proceedings of the 1910 National Congress of the Socialist
+Party" informs us that "the American people are, after all, a nation of
+immigrants. We count our Americanism by a very few generations, and the
+foreign population has always played an important part in the industrial
+and political life of the country. At this time there are over ten
+million foreign born persons in the United States. Most of them are
+workers, and most of them still speak, write and read in their native
+tongues.
+
+     "The powers of capital, through their political and so-called
+     educational agencies, and often with the aid of the churches, are
+     constantly at work prejudicing them against Socialism and arraying
+     them against organized labor.
+
+     "The Socialists must make energetic efforts to counteract these
+     baneful influences and to reach the foreign workers with their
+     propaganda.
+
+     "The Socialist Party has branch organizations among all, or almost
+     all, of these nationalities, and a few of these organizations have
+     reached a high degree of strength and a large measure of influence
+     among the people of their nationalities....
+
+     "These organizations work under conditions different from those of
+     the party as a whole. In each case they deal with a special type of
+     persons, of a psychology and of economic conditions peculiarly
+     their own, and they are the most competent judges of the methods of
+     propaganda best suitable to their own countrymen. The party should
+     allow such non-English speaking organizations the greatest freedom
+     of action, and should assist them in every way in their special
+     work of Socialist propaganda."
+
+It may interest the reader to learn that the Socialist Party is so much
+concerned with its propaganda among foreigners, that in its 1913 May Day
+parade in New York City pink leaflets headed "WOMEN, BECOME CITIZENS,"
+were distributed. They read:
+
+     "If you hope to be a voter, remember that you must be a citizen!
+     Don't delay! Come to the NATURALIZATION BUREAU of the SOCIALIST
+     PARTY next Tuesday evening, and let us help you to become
+     naturalized." It was, of course, an understood fact that the
+     Socialist Party would, besides helping such women to become
+     naturalized, also help them to become Revolutionists.
+
+On May 18, 1912, May Wood-Simons reported to the National Convention of
+the Socialist Party the recommendations of the Woman's National
+Committee, urging the carrying of the propaganda of Socialism to the
+housewife, the woman on the farm, to teachers, foreign speaking women
+and women in industry. ("The Call," New York, May 19, 1912.)
+
+Though the zeal of the national foe in its propaganda of revolutionary
+principles is manifested in many other ways, only a few more
+illustrations will be given. Many thousands of copies of the "Appeal to
+Reason," when it was the foremost American Socialist paper, found their
+way into the camps and upon the battleships of our country.
+
+At the Socialist National Convention of 1912, held in Indianapolis,
+Delegate Kate Sadler pointed out how Socialist locals had been organized
+on various battleships in the navy and how she was accustomed to hold
+meetings on Sunday afternoons on the men-of-war at the navy yard,
+Bremerton, Washington. "We'll get the boys organized into the Socialist
+Party," she declared, and the Socialist Convention voted to adopt the
+resolution. ("The Call," New York, May 17, 1912.)
+
+During recent years no one who has carefully read the public press could
+have failed to notice that the Socialists have been carrying on an
+active campaign of lies and deceptions in the form of letters which they
+have sent to the editors of the daily papers, with the request that the
+same be published for the enlightenment of the public regarding the
+general excellency of the Socialist movement.
+
+In "The Call," New York, March 23, 1913, it is said that "the man or
+woman who can convey the message of Socialism through speaking is
+fortunate, and when it can be done through speaking and writing, the
+Comrade is doubly lucky. But Ryan Walker can do it through speaking and
+writing and the cartoon that makes you laugh or makes you mad.... The
+cartoons that Walker has been putting over in 'The Call,' 'The Coming
+Nation' and the 'Appeal to Reason' have been copied in Socialist papers
+all over the world, in England, Scotland, Germany, Australia, and they
+are doing their work in these countries the same as they do it here. The
+Socialist cartoonists have been accomplishing some of the biggest
+propaganda work that is done by any one of our active members, and while
+they are getting the laugh on capitalism, and getting the laugh on the
+fool workingman, they are arousing the worker to cast aside his
+foolishness, and at the same time cast aside the foolishness of the
+capitalist. Getting the laugh on the capitalist, showing how ridiculous
+and weak he is, is a great preliminary to getting rid of him."
+
+The Socialists are inspired with such an ardent desire for the success
+of their movement, that they have written theatrical plays and have even
+had moving picture films made, so that by representing in a most vivid
+manner the evils and abuses of our day, they may persuade the unwary
+that Socialism would mean the absence of sufferings and wrongs of every
+description.
+
+We elsewhere have called attention to I. W. W. effort to organize the
+negroes of America. The work of making rebels of the negroes is also
+carried on assiduously by the Socialist Party of America. Says "The
+National Civic Federation Review," July 30, 1919:
+
+     "Among the propaganda material found on sale by agents of the Lusk
+     Committee in the Rand School book store were copies of 'The
+     Messenger,' on the front page of which it is called, 'The Only
+     Radical Negro Magazine in America,' of which Chandler Owen and A.
+     Philip Randolph are editors....
+
+     "Both of the editors of this magazine, who are negroes, are
+     instructors at the Rand School of Social Science."
+
+In "The Open Forum" of the September, 1919, issue of "The Messenger"
+three letters are given as follows:
+
+     "Dear Comrade Owen:
+
+     "I enclose a check for $25.00 as a contribution to the organization
+     fund being raised by 'The Messenger.' I know of no more important
+     and vital work in the field of American Socialism and Labor today
+     than the effort of your group to incorporate the large masses of
+     Negro workers in the ranks of the advanced and class-conscious
+     white workers in the industrial and political fields.
+
+     "My heartiest wishes for the success of your movement.
+
+     "Sincerely and fraternally yours,
+
+     "Morris Hillquit."
+
+
+     "To the Editors of 'The Messenger':
+
+     "Dear Comrades.--The work which you are doing is vital. Your people
+     constitute more than a tenth of the total population of the United
+     States. We are all native born Americans. If there is to be
+     progress made, particularly in the great Southland, by the
+     Socialist Movement, it must be made by and through colored people.
+     Enclosed is my check for Five Dollars, for the first share of stock
+     in 'The Messenger.' With it goes my heart good wishes for the
+     success of your work.
+
+     "Yours truly,
+
+     "Scott Nearing."
+
+     "Dear Sir and Brother:
+
+     "Enclosed please find check for the amount of $100.00 in reply to
+     the appeal presented by you at the last meeting of our Board of
+     Directors for support to enable you to continue the noble work you
+     have undertaken to enlighten the colored worker in this country
+     upon his being exploited by the master class.
+
+     "We wish you success in the work you are conducting on this field
+     and you can rely upon the assurance of our organization for all
+     possible assistance in the future.
+
+     "Fraternally yours,
+
+     "P. Monat."
+
+In view of the frightful character of the very active propaganda that is
+being carried on by the enemies of our country, does it not behoove
+every loyal and patriotic American to rise in his power and wipe out the
+Red plague that is rapidly disseminating its destructive germs
+throughout the United States?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+EXPERTS IN THE ART OF DECEPTION
+
+
+
+It remains to be shown that the rapid spread of Socialism, besides being
+due to the extraordinary zeal of the Revolutionists, is largely the
+result of artful deception.
+
+The Marxians, who are fond of being called "scientific" Socialists, may
+very aptly be compared to little boys who might try to prove to their
+teacher that the solution of a certain problem in mathematics was
+correct, because that of another problem of an entirely different nature
+was wrong. Or, better still, they may be likened to an egg dealer who
+would attempt to prove to a customer that every egg in one crate was
+good, because a few in another were unfit for use. The appropriateness
+of comparing the "scientific" Socialists to the amusing youngsters, or
+to the illogical egg dealer, will be evident to the reader when he
+reflects that the revolutionists, north, south, east and west, from the
+first day of January till the last of December, condemn the present
+system of government and industry, endeavoring thereby to persuade the
+people that Socialism is the only remedy for the evils from which they
+are suffering.
+
+Most of the speeches and writings of the "Knights of the Red Flag"
+consist in severely criticising prevalent evils. By attacking the
+present system of government and industry they hope to have the
+workingmen conclude that the Socialist Party alone can save mankind from
+complete ruin. This, then, is the way in which "scientific" Socialism
+leads unreflecting laborers to believe that the contemplated state would
+be the most perfect institution under heaven, replete with countless
+blessings and free from every evil.
+
+It often happens that the revolutionists dazzle the eyes of the weary
+with the vivid pictures that they draw of intolerable civil and economic
+conditions, whether these be true, false or imaginary. The result is
+that the poor people frequently brood over the wrongs from which they
+happen to be suffering. They become so thoroughly discontented and
+blinded with class hatred that they are no longer able to see the
+advantage of reforming the present system by constitutional and lawful
+methods. Finally, when they have almost lost their reason and can no
+longer realize that the drug offered them has never been proven capable
+of remedying the evils that weigh heavily upon them, they accept and
+swallow the poisonous dose of Socialism and become a thousand times more
+wretched than they were before. The very potion they drink, with a view
+to being cured, makes them most unhappy for the rest of their lives, and
+in many cases for all eternity. If there is anything that non-Socialists
+should be on their guard against it is this base form of tactics by
+which the revolutionists have been eminently successful in gaining new
+recruits.
+
+If those whose party emblem is a flaming torch could even prove that
+everything without exception in the present system of industry is worthy
+of condemnation, and that the entire government is corrupt to its very
+core, it would no more follow from this that Socialism was the remedy
+than it would follow that the solution of one problem in mathematics
+must be correct because another solution of an entirely different nature
+was wrong, or that all the eggs in one crate must be good because there
+were some in a second crate unfit for use.
+
+It is very common for Socialists to assume that certain fundamental
+principles have been proven to be true, whereas the fact is that these
+very premises, from which they draw their conclusions, are often false
+and without the slightest foundation. An excellent illustration of this
+has already been given in preceding pages, where it was shown that the
+Socialists incorrectly assumed that there would be no poverty in their
+state, and argued from this that there would be very little
+prostitution. It is evident, therefore, that unless those who listen to
+the Marxians are on their guard and demand that the premises be proven
+the Socialists may deduce from incorrect premises conclusions which will
+make it appear that their intended state will bestow heaven's choicest
+blessings upon mankind.
+
+Though examples of deceit have already been given, the attention of the
+reader will be called to the testimony of no less an authority than
+Eugene V. Debs, who in the following article, published in the
+"International Socialist Review," Chicago, January, 1911, will be seen
+to substantiate our charge:
+
+     "The truth is that we have not a few members who regard vote
+     getting as a supreme importance, no matter by what methods the
+     votes may be secured, and this leads them to hold out inducements,
+     and make representations which are not at all compatible with the
+     stern and uncomprising principles of a revolutionary party. They
+     seek to make the Socialist propaganda so attractive--eliminating
+     whatever may give offence--to bourgeois sensibilities--that it
+     serves as a bait for votes, rather than as a means for education,
+     and votes thus secured do not properly belong to us."
+
+It is not unfrequently that we hear Socialists appealing to this or that
+plank of their party platform as proof sufficient that their
+organization favors or opposes a certain policy. An argument of this
+sort should have very little weight with careful thinking men, once
+their attention has been called to the fact that the Socialists have
+been proven guilty of a base lie by stating in their 1908 platform that
+the party is not concerned with matters of religious belief. But even if
+the revolutionists had never inserted in their platform a statement that
+was untrue, nevertheless the following facts show that their platform
+planks are very far from being reliable.
+
+The delegates of the party assembled in national convention on May 15,
+1908, by a vote of 102 to 33 passed a plank declaring for the
+_collective ownership of all the land_. ("Proceedings of 1908 National
+Convention of the Socialist Party," page 186.)
+
+It was on September 7, 1909, less than a year and four months after the
+adjournment of the convention of 1908, that the words declaring for the
+_collective ownership of all the land_ were, by a referendum, _stricken
+from the party platform_, while by another referendum it was decided to
+insert among the principles of the platform that the party was _not
+opposed to the occupation and possession of land by those using it in a
+useful and bona fide manner without exploitation_. ("Proceedings of the
+1910 National Congress of the Socialist Party," page 25.)
+
+About eight months after the adoption of this substitute plank, a bitter
+contest concerning the ownership of "all" the land took place in the
+National Congress of the party, which was held in Chicago from May 15,
+1910, till May 21, 1910. ("Proceedings of the 1910 National Congress of
+the Socialist Party," pages 220 to 235.) Thus, during the 1910 Congress,
+notwithstanding the fact that there existed at that time a plank in the
+party platform guaranteeing the possession of land to persons who would
+use it in a bona fide manner, _the representatives of the party in
+national congress assembled, being unable to decide whether or not it
+was to the best interests of the party to abide by this plank, referred
+the matter to the next convention_. ("Proceedings of 1908 National
+Convention of the Socialist Party," page 235.)
+
+Then, when the 1912 Convention met, it made another change, and declared
+for _the collective ownership of land wherever practicable_. ("The 1912
+Platform of the Socialist Party"--Cf. "The Call," May 19, 1912.) In
+addition to this, it stated that _occupancy and use shall be the sole
+title to land_. ("The 1912 Platform of the Socialist Party"--Cf. "The
+Call," May 19, 1912.)
+
+It is noteworthy that the Convention of 1908 had previously voted down
+this proposition to make occupancy and use the sole title to land, after
+the proposition had been denounced as being anarchistic, unsocialistic,
+nonsensical, foolish, and a dream ("Proceedings of 1908 National
+Convention of the Socialist Party," pages 188, 189 and 191.) One of the
+foremost opponents of the proposition was Delegate Morris Hillquit, who
+asked:
+
+     "What does the amendment mean? Occupancy and use the basis of title
+     to land. How do we know whether the co-operative commonwealth will
+     infer and arrange it in that way? Aren't we taking a long excursion
+     into the domain of the future and into the domain of speculation?
+     It may be true that the dream of the dreamer may become a reality,
+     if this dream is the dream of the nation. But we have not come here
+     to dream dreams and leave it to the future to realize them or to
+     show them to be just mere pipe dreams.... The Socialist state may
+     just as well decide on an entirely different basis for the
+     distribution of land. It may not at all be bound to our resolution
+     here today that occupation forms a title." ("Proceedings of 1908
+     National Convention of the Socialist Party," page 189.)
+
+When the Marxians are brought face to face with the charge of adopting a
+program today, rejecting it tomorrow, hesitating about it on the next
+day and compromising it on the fourth, as they did in respect to the
+collective ownership of "all" the land, let them not argue that such
+changes are to be expected in the evolution of Socialism. They should be
+forced to confess that they acted in such a way solely to gain votes.
+Confront them with the speeches delivered in their National Convention
+of 1908 and in their National Congress of 1910, both by the delegates
+who advocated the collective ownership of "all" the land and by those
+who opposed it. For the convenience of the reader passages from some of
+these speeches will now be given:
+
+     Delegate Cannon of Arizona: "I contend that the public ownership of
+     all machinery and land is one of the things for which the Socialist
+     Party is working. If some of the Comrades get up and tell us in
+     Germany they are not working for that, I move that we inform the
+     German Comrades that they are behind the times. The idea of not
+     including the land is nothing more or less than political
+     expediency." ("Proceedings of 1908 National Convention of the
+     Socialist Party," page 175.)
+
+     Delegate Payne of Texas: "I want to know if this convention of this
+     movement which we call the great revolutionary movement is going to
+     go down in history as catering to a small middle class of land
+     owners, or are you going to stand for the great proletarian farming
+     class?" ("Proceedings of 1908 National Convention on the Socialist
+     Party," page 181.)
+
+     Delegate Morrison of Arizona: "Is it possible that we have so far
+     forgotten ourselves, that we will attempt to curry favor with a few
+     capitalist farmers? Why is this resolution here? What is the object
+     of it? What is the purpose of it? Is it to secure votes? Do you
+     hope to deceive some one as to the actual, real program of
+     scientific Socialism? Or are you, in other words, going to lie to
+     the farmers of this country in order to secure their suffrage? Are
+     you going to present something to them that you know is not
+     contained in the Socialist program? Can you afford, as
+     representatives of this great revolutionary party, to do that which
+     in a few years you will be ashamed of? I say no." ("Proceedings of
+     1908 National Convention of the Socialist Party," page 184.)
+
+     Delegate Goaziou of Pennsylvania: "I know we have in this country a
+     growing movement among Socialists who are wanting votes no matter
+     how they will get them. They are willing to put in appeals to the
+     farmers, appeals to the middle class and appeals to everybody, so
+     that they can get votes." ("Proceedings of 1908 National Convention
+     of the Socialist Party," page 209.)
+
+     Delegate Thompson of Wisconsin: "We know that there is a very large
+     portion of votes of this country on the farm, under agricultural
+     conditions and environment, over forty per cent. Less than thirty
+     per cent of the votes of this country are under industrial
+     conditions. When we get to the point where we want to do something,
+     we must have some way or other of getting these two forces welded
+     together. We can never win out with thirty per cent of the vote. We
+     will have to have at least a substantial majority, and that we
+     cannot have without the farmers." ("Proceedings of 1908 National
+     Convention of the Socialist Party," page 185.)
+
+     Delegate Victor Berger of Wisconsin: "We cannot have Socialism in
+     this country, if we don't get the farmers in some way. If you try
+     to take away the farms of twelve millions of farmers of this
+     country, you will have a big job on your hands. You might as well
+     try to reach down the moon.... You remember how much effort and how
+     many men it cost England to conquer 30,000 farmers, Boers--Boers,
+     mind you--and now try to take the farms from these 12,000,000
+     American farmers and you will have about a million times harder
+     job. Besides, they don't need to fight. All they have to do is to
+     stop bringing food to Chicago for six weeks, and Comrade Morgan and
+     the rest of Chicago would be knocked out." ("Proceedings of the
+     1910 National Congress of the Socialist Party," page 230.)
+
+     Delegate Simmons of Illinois: "There is just one thing on earth
+     that I will toady to and that is a fact. And when I meet a fact so
+     big as the farmer question in America, a fact that has in it the
+     future of 12,000,000 of people of the producing classes, without
+     whom we stand no more chance of a Socialist victory in this country
+     than we do of changing the orbit of a comet, and when I face a fact
+     as big as that, I don't try to stand in front of it, and howl empty
+     phrases, in the hope that the fact will get out of the way."
+     ("Proceedings of the 1910 National Congress of the Socialist
+     Party," page 231.)
+
+Since the revolutionists, to win votes, frequently point to the reforms
+they have proposed or in some cases accomplished, we should all be on
+our guard lest, being allured by these reforms, we be led into the
+Socialist camp, and later on suffer the dreadful evils that have been
+shown would result from the adoption of the Marxian system of
+government.
+
+Those who vote the Socialist ticket insist on calling the attention of
+non-Socialists to the immediate demands enumerated in their party
+platform, many of which are excellent. Workingmen, however, should
+remember, first, that many of them are only meant for the time our
+present Government is still in power; moreover, that a crime-ridden,
+anarchical and bankrupt state could not grant them, and, furthermore,
+that there is no reason why our Government, in its present form, could
+not grant all the Marxian demands that are really advantageous.
+
+The Socialists often argue from some successful results in government
+ownership of public utilities to the success of Socialism itself.
+Though it cannot be denied that government ownership of public utilities
+has in some instances been a success, still anti-Socialists can just as
+well argue the failure of Socialism from failures in government
+ownership, which are entirely too numerous to require comment. If in the
+future it should become evident that great benefits would accrue from
+the national, state, or municipal ownership of certain public utilities,
+which are now privately owned, our present form of government, without
+becoming Socialistic, could take them over, just as many of our cities
+have already taken over water, gas and power plants. But the number
+would have to be limited, for it has already been shown in Chapter XVII
+what terrible consequences would follow from adopting the scheme of
+Socialism, whereby the people would collectively own and manage all the
+principle means of production, transportation and communication. Public
+ownership on such a large scale, so as to conform with the plans of the
+revolutionists, implies that the vast majority of workingmen would be
+government employees. The result, as has been shown, would be a terrible
+reign of discontent, strife, crime, revolution and chaos; whereas the
+prudent purchase of a small number of public utilities, under the
+present system of government, would entail none of these evils, since
+most workingmen could refuse positions that they did not care for or
+where the wages would not satisfy them, and do this without injuring the
+government.
+
+The Socialists, especially when they appeal to the less educated,
+frequently argue that since their party platform says nothing concerning
+the teaching of a certain doctrine, for instance free-love, it is
+evident that the party does not advocate it. Such a method of reasoning
+is, of course, absurd and utterly unworthy of men who style themselves
+scientific; for by arguing in exactly the same way, it would follow that
+their flag is not the red flag because there is no plank in their party
+platform stating that it is.
+
+Although many Socialists have written an abundance of anti-religious
+literature, other members of the party have composed books, pamphlets
+and articles that in no way attack the church. Some of the
+revolutionists, in their endeavors to make their movement attractive to
+Christians, go so far as to claim that even Christ was a Socialist.
+Since, therefore, the enemies of our country have at their disposal
+writings which attack religion, as well as those that are in no way
+hostile to it, they are well able to supply with attractive reading
+matter not only atheists who are opposed to all forms of religion, but
+Christians, no matter to what denomination they may chance to belong.
+
+In like manner there are to be found within the Socialist Party writers
+who advocate free-love and others who are opposed to its propagation,
+either through a personal repugnance to legalized sin, or else because
+they think that by teaching loose morals the party would alienate many
+prospective members. Hence, the Socialists can satisfy the depraved by
+recommending to them the different works on free-love, and at the same
+time they can give satisfaction to those who are opposed to the base
+doctrine by referring them to books which not only do not advocate it
+but even condemn it in the most emphatic way.
+
+In this double-dealing party there is a very strong faction whose
+members advocate direct action, in other words, violence, as a means for
+bringing about the downfall of our Government and of the entire
+industrial system. Opposed to these men, who are frequently termed the
+"Reds," there is a rapidly disappearing faction of so-called "Yellows,"
+who rely upon the use of the ballot, and decry direct action, either
+through personal repugnance to violence, or, as seems most likely,
+because they deem peaceful methods more prolific of votes, and
+consequently of future political advantage to themselves. The direct
+actionists by their inflammatory speeches and writings are especially
+successful in gaining recruits from among the more disorderly elements
+of society, whereas the political actionists appeal rather to those
+persons who are opposed to the destruction of life and property.
+
+It is by no means uncommon for the revolutionists to avoid as far as
+possible the discussion of knotty problems relative to the working
+details of their contemplated state. They often do this by telling us
+that the people of the future will be the ones to solve the problem in
+question. In illustration two examples will be given, the first of which
+is taken from the "Appeal to Reason," January 6, 1912:
+
+     "Do Socialists think all men should be paid alike--the man with the
+     pick the same wages as the lawyer or doctor?"
+
+     "Socialists differ on this proposition. Whatever a majority of the
+     people may decide will prevail."
+
+Again we read, in the April 6, 1912, edition of the same paper:
+
+     "Will producers get paid for the number of hours worked, or for the
+     amount of production?"
+
+     "No one knows just how the returns will be regulated, for the
+     reason that they are to be regulated according to the will of the
+     whole people and not according to the scheme of the 'Appeal to
+     Reason.' It is possible that both methods may be tried, and the
+     best prevail."
+
+A subterfuge that often meets with success, and which for this very
+reason is a favorite one among the revolutionists when they are on the
+point of being defeated in an argument, consists in this, that they do
+their best to dodge the question at issue by leading their opponents off
+on some side topic, such as the evils and abuses of the present day.
+Every anti-Socialist ought, therefore, to be on his guard, and as soon
+as he notices the national enemy trying to draw him off on a tangent, he
+should steadfastly refuse to take up the new line of argumentation, but
+should compel the evader to stick to the question at issue.
+
+It happens, too, and not unfrequently, that in the course of a dispute,
+when a Socialist is being defeated, he will ask the non-Socialist to
+prove that the present system is superior to that which is pictured in
+such beautiful colors by the followers of Karl Marx. Now, in the first
+place, the burden of proof rests with the Socialist, for if he wishes to
+lead another into his camp, it is his task to prove to him that
+everything there is congenial and attractive. The non-Socialist would
+indeed act very imprudently if he should attempt to prove that the
+present system offers more attractions than the Socialist Utopia whose
+perfections exist only in the imaginations of the revolutionists. What
+he might do, however, would be to show that the present system of
+government and industry, even in its unreformed state, is far superior
+to the condition of affairs that would actually exist if our
+constitutional government should ever have to give way to the regime of
+the revolutionists.
+
+On reading Socialist literature or listening to the speeches of the
+revolutionists one is impressed with all the wonderful benefits that the
+party proposes to confer upon our citizens if it should ever rule the
+land. Of course very many of the proposals are made solely on the
+authority of the speaker or writer. But even if they have the approval
+of the Party, we must not forget that it is one thing to propose to
+grant a favor and quite another thing actually to grant it. There are
+lots of things that men say they propose to do, without ever intending
+to do them. And it frequently happens that after having had the best
+intentions, they change their minds or else are utterly unable to carry
+out their plans.
+
+Karl Marx about half a century ago taught the absurd doctrine that as
+all wealth is produced by labor, to the laborers all wealth is due. He
+held, on the one hand, that all the profits arising from the sale of
+goods should accrue to the workingmen in virtue of the labor required
+for their production, and, on the other, that the capitalists who had
+not performed any work should not be entitled to a share in the profits.
+
+This old doctrine, unreasonable as it is, is still taught at the present
+day not only by European Socialists but also by the revolutionists of
+our own country. During the May Day parade in New York City on May 1,
+1912, when some 50,000 men marched behind red flags, great numbers of
+leaflets, entitled, "The Issue," were distributed among the spectators.
+These leaflets had been published by the Socialist Party of New York
+City and openly advocated the old doctrine of Karl Marx, the Father of
+modern Socialism, for on the third page appeared "A Parable," from which
+we quote the following:
+
+     "A man was once engaged in making bricks just outside the wall of a
+     lunatic asylum. Presently a lunatic looked over the fence and
+     asked:
+
+     "'What are you doing?'
+
+     "'Making bricks.'
+
+     "'What are the bricks for?'
+
+     "'I don't know. What does it matter to me?'
+
+     "'But why do you make them, if you don't intend to use them for
+     anything?'
+
+     "'Why? Well it's my work.'
+
+     "'But I don't see why you should work for no object. If you don't
+     use the bricks, who will?'
+
+     "'How should I know? It's nothing to do with me.'
+
+     "'Don't know what you are going to do with your own bricks?'
+
+     "'They are not my bricks. They belong to the boss.'
+
+     "'But didn't you make them?'
+
+     "'Yes.'
+
+     "'Then how comes it that the boss owns them?'
+
+     "'It's his brick kiln and his clay hole.'
+
+     "'Oh, didn't he make the kiln?'
+
+     "'No; the bricklayers built them.'
+
+     "'Did he dig the clay hole?'
+
+     "'No; those men over there dug it.'
+
+     "'Why do they dig clay holes?'
+
+     "'It's their work. The boss pays them to do it.'
+
+     "'Oh! does he pay you, too, to make these bricks?'
+
+     "'Yes.'
+
+     "'But where does he get the money to pay you with?'
+
+     "'He sells bricks.'
+
+     "'And you made those bricks he sold?'
+
+     "'Yes.'
+
+     "'Don't you think you'd better come inside?...
+
+     "'But I say, how much will the boss sell those bricks for?'
+
+     "'Oh! about $500.'
+
+     "'How long will it take you to make them?'
+
+     "'About ten weeks.'
+
+     "'How much does the boss pay you for working so hard?'
+
+     "'Two dollars and fifty cents a day.'
+
+     "'That will be $150 in ten weeks. Ha! ha! ha! aha! he! he! he!'
+
+     "'I don't see (wiping the sweat from his brow) the joke, you
+     confounded ass.'
+
+     "'You must come inside. He! he! he!!!'"
+
+American Socialists, therefore, as well as the early German
+revolutionists, teach that to the laborer all wealth is due.
+
+Though the low wages that many workingmen receive is a disgrace to our
+civilization and an abuse that cries to heaven for vengeance, still it
+is absurd to hold that wages should be so much increased as to leave
+nothing for the capitalists. For, in the first place, if the workingmen
+should enjoy the entire profits of their firms or industries all the
+owners would soon become bankrupt and fail, and, in the upheavals due to
+unemployment and the impossibility of supplying the necessaries of life,
+the present system of our Government would certainly fall a prey to
+revolution, the Socialists would come into power and then would follow
+the terrible disturbances shown in Chapter XVII, "Socialism, a Peril to
+Workingmen."
+
+We have no defence whatsoever to offer for dishonest capitalists, but
+maintain that honest capitalists are entitled to a reasonable share in
+the profits arising from their investments. For, in the first place, if
+it were not for the capital in the possession of honest capitalists,
+millions of workingmen would be terribly handicapped in earning a
+living. If this fact is not immediately evident to the reader it will
+become so when he reflects that many farm, mill and factory workers, and
+the employes of many big business houses would have to seek other
+positions if the capital required for the industries was not supplied by
+the owners. The buildings, machinery, raw materials, etc., in most
+cases are not and cannot be supplied by the laborers and workingmen, but
+are furnished by the capitalists who, if they wished, could sell them
+and spend the money obtained from the sale for their own personal
+enjoyment. For this reason, and also because the capitalists referred to
+are subject to many financial worries, assume great responsibilities,
+run the risk of incurring serious losses of one kind or another,
+including business failure and bankruptcy, it is only just that they
+should receive a reasonable recompense for their share in the production
+of the goods.
+
+From what has been said regarding the falsity of the Marxian doctrine,
+that to the laborer all wealth is due, it follows that the Socialists,
+by teaching this false principle, have been misleading the laborers and
+workingmen for over half a century.
+
+Some of the best known American Socialists, when confronted with the
+evident fallacy of the Marxian doctrine concede that Marx was mistaken
+and that they do not approve of his teachings on this subject. Now, if
+these leaders and their followers are in the majority, they should long
+ago have compelled the minority in the party to stop deceiving the
+uneducated. On the other hand, if they themselves constitute the
+minority, their own personal opinions amount to little, since the
+majority of the members of the Socialist Party would in that case be
+guilty of advocating foolish and absurd doctrine.
+
+The attractive and popular motto, "Workingmen of the world unite. You
+have nothing to lose but your chains," has moved many a poor workingman
+to enlist in the revolutionary cause. Very little reflection, however,
+is needed to expose the absurdity that is found in the second part of
+the motto. For no matter how badly off men may be financially, it has
+been shown that they not only would not lose their chains by uniting
+under the red flag of Karl Marx but would be completely crushed by the
+much heavier ones of bloody revolution and a wretched form of government
+which would bring with it a religious prosecution and widespread
+lawlessness, crime and chaos.
+
+Realizing that the police would do much to help the revolutionary
+movement, if they could be made friendly to it, some Socialists have
+been extremely anxious to win them over. To certify this statement we
+shall quote part of an article which appeared in "The Call," New York,
+April 25, 1911, urging Socialists to get control of the police force:
+
+     "A policeman's vote, like any other person's vote, counts one.
+     Policemen are wage-earners, who, like other wage-earners, are
+     eager to improve their circumstances. Policemen will vote the
+     Socialist ticket when they realize that the Socialists in office
+     will insist upon their receiving more pay, more leisure, more sick
+     and old age benefits, more privileges.... Adopt constructive
+     resolutions demanding that constables be paid higher wages, that
+     they be granted shorter hours, that they be given more days off
+     each week, that they be exempted from paying part of their wages
+     into the superannuation fund, that they be accorded the right of
+     combination, that a more generous system of sick benefits be drawn
+     up, that they have the right of appeal against dismissal and abuse
+     to a representative committee of citizens."
+
+The revolutionists are leaving nothing undone in their extraordinary
+efforts to gain recruits for the overthrow of our National Government.
+This is evidenced by the appearance in their papers of articles like the
+following, entitled, "The Pure Water Problem," which was published in
+"The Call," April 30, 1912:
+
+     "As a political organization, the Socialist Party must address
+     itself to every question that interests the electorate. And in each
+     case it must offer the public a carefully thought out solution
+     instead of mere generalities and hackneyed phrases. Otherwise it
+     will not succeed in winning the confidence of the majority of
+     voters. Now almost every city in America is confronted with a pure
+     water and sewage disposal problem.... If the Socialist Party steps
+     into the arena with clear-cut proposals that deal in a radical,
+     constructive and common sense way with this problem, it will not
+     only help to secure pure drinking water for citizens, but it will
+     break down considerable prejudice against the Socialist movement,
+     and cause people to study the more revolutionary features of our
+     own official platform."
+
+Information comes to us that on account of recent Government raids the
+Red organizations are assuming a variety of aliases. The Communist Party
+has taken the innocuous title of "The International Publishing Company,"
+alias "The International League of Defense." The I. W. W. operates under
+any local name which comes handy. Individual Reds often spread their
+doctrines, and incite workingmen to take part in outlaw strikes, while
+professing to be members of no radical organization.
+
+The Young People's Socialist League, closely affiliated with the
+Socialist Party, planned to use disguises, if necessary, after the
+Socialist Party adopted its anti-war program in 1917. Thus in "Outlines
+of the Evidence Taken Before the Judiciary Committee of the Assembly of
+New York," pages 608-9, appears a letter of William F. Kruse, National
+Secretary of the Young People's Socialist League, written to the
+secretaries of its different branches, in which he urged them to have an
+"unofficial emergency committee," have "several copies of your most
+important records and especially your mailing list stowed away in
+various safe and secluded places," and have "three trustworthy officers
+broken in for each important job." "At least one of these officers
+should be a girl," he continued, "so that if our boys are jailed for
+refusal to serve, the girls can keep the League going." He added: "If
+ever the Y. P. S. L. is suppressed you will immediately get together all
+its members as quietly as possible under the name of some athletic club,
+dance society or pleasure club. The name of this organization should
+have nothing in common with Socialism."
+
+In concluding this chapter the attention of the reader is called to the
+fact that the Socialists are trying their best to make it appear that
+the interests of the American workingmen in general are jeopardized when
+a member of their party is put in jail or is on trial. This is rank
+hypocrisy. Even if the Socialist Party was a real workingman's party,
+this fact would not give it the right to set up its justly condemned
+bomb throwers, its preachers of Bolshevist revolution, its teachers of
+race suicide, etc., as working-class martyrs and protagonists of free
+speech, which they claim is no longer allowed in our country.
+
+There are millions of workingmen in the great Republican, Democratic,
+and other American parties who don't need and don't want bomb-throwers,
+imported Marxian revolutionists, race suiciders, free-lovers, atheists,
+hypocrites, professional liars and deceivers to petition the Government
+in their name for the release of imprisoned Socialists on the plea that
+these are being prosecuted because they are leaders of the
+working-class. First of all, Debs, Haywood and their crews are leaders
+of blood-thirsty revolutionists, and not the leaders of the law-abiding
+workingmen who maintain the Democratic and Republican parties. They are
+the enemies of the latter, and the real object of the Socialists is to
+stir up trouble in our country by endeavoring to procure amnesty for a
+set of scoundrels who, after their release, would, by their subversive
+and dangerous doctrines, try to plunge the country we love and all
+honest labor into a much more terrible abyss than that into which the
+Bolsheviki have plunged Socialist Russia.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE REDS
+
+
+
+It has been shown in the preceding chapters that the base doctrines
+propagated on every side by the revolutionists are among the gravest
+evils threatening the welfare of our nation. No doubt the reader
+perceives that unless this conspiracy against our country, religion and
+family is checked, the Socialists will soon overwhelm us with a bloody
+rebellion and establish a government that will mean nothing less than a
+reign of terror and a widespread prevalence of discontent, strife and
+crime, finally terminating in chaos or anarchy.
+
+Provisions must, therefore, be made for averting the dire calamities
+that would attend the unfurling of the red flag over Washington in place
+of the Star-Spangled Banner. Measures of defense must quickly be taken
+and an army of attack must immediately be set in motion. In this way
+alone can we hope to prevent the success of the revolutionary propaganda
+that is characterized by a marvelous activity and an ever-increasing
+popularity among the unwary and uneducated. The country we love and the
+Government which has bestowed upon us innumerable blessings,
+notwithstanding abuses, call upon us for help in the hour of need. True
+patriotism bids us take up suitable weapons and wage relentless war
+against that which would destroy our present constitutional form of
+government.
+
+Who can turn a deaf ear to the call? In our heroic work we shall be
+helped by millions of patriotic citizens whose devotion to their country
+has already rallied them to the defense of the Stars and Stripes. All
+that we need do, to fan into flame the fire of patriotism already
+glowing in their hearts, is to arouse them to a full realization of the
+dangers that threaten the very existence of our nation. Now is the time
+to act, before we hear the cry "Too late!" The great weapon must be
+education and the ones to be enlightened on the evils of Socialism are
+not merely scholars, professors and teachers, but the great masses of
+the people.
+
+If we wish to bring home to the American people a clear realization of
+the threatening calamity, we ourselves must not only be thoroughly
+equipped with knowledge of the Socialistic teachings and their evil
+consequences, but must also be able to refute the alluring and deceptive
+arguments of the revolutionists. We must acquire a thorough knowledge of
+Socialism. But to do this, it almost goes without saying that we should
+carefully read and study the excellent and thoroughly up-to-date
+anti-Socialistic works that can be had at a moderate price or readily
+obtained in the public libraries.
+
+Among the best anti-Socialistic books in the English language may be
+mentioned "Socialism, the Nation of Fatherless Children," edited by
+Goldstein and Avery. This book, whose authors were once Socialists,
+contains hundreds of very strong and useful quotations and is of the
+highest value to every student who is studying the evils and dangers of
+the revolutionary movement. Published by T. J. Flynn & Co., 62 Essex
+Street, Boston, Mass.
+
+"Socialism," by Cathrein and Gettelman, a very scholarly and learned
+work, admirably explains and refutes the various Marxian doctrines. It
+is published by Benziger Bros., New York City.
+
+A third book of recent publication, and of great value to the
+anti-Socialist student is "The World Problem," by Rev. Joseph Husslein,
+S. J., published by The America Press, 175 East 83rd Street, New York,
+N. Y.
+
+One who is truly interested in the fight against the national enemy
+should not content himself with the reading of anti-Socialist
+literature, but should pass the matter on to others who may become
+interested in the battle against the enemies of our country.
+
+Business men and persons of wealth should not only urge their friends to
+read anti-Socialist works that have appealed to themselves, but should
+show their patriotism and generosity by extensively purchasing
+anti-Socialist literature, whether in the form of books, pamphlets or
+leaflets, to be sent to public libraries, clubs, high schools, colleges
+and universities, and reading-rooms, and placed within easy reach of
+their employes and customers.
+
+The workingmen of our country, to whom the Socialists are especially
+appealing, often fall an easy prey to the deceptive arguments of the
+"Reds." Many of them do not weigh matters carefully and do not realize
+how far the acceptance of radical doctrines may lead them. The men who
+started the Russian revolution did not know how far it would go. The
+party of Lvoff and Miliukoff did not foresee Kerensky. The followers of
+Kerensky did not foresee Lenine and Trotzky; and probably few of the
+followers of Lenine and Trotzky dreamed of the abyss of barbarism into
+which they in turn have plunged bleeding Russia. The Socialists of the
+United States use pamphlets and leaflets, much more than books, in
+appealing to workingmen. Books are more expensive and require more time
+to read. Leaflets are attractive, short, to the point, easily remembered
+and almost costless. Anti-Socialist leaflets, distributed by the
+millions, would do untold good and would soon start a tremendous
+opposition among laborers to the Red Flag movement.
+
+Since the foreigners in our country, especially Russians, Italians and
+Jews, take to Socialism very readily, something should be done to
+protect them by native Americans who are especially able to do so.
+Patriotic persons and organizations should have immense numbers of
+anti-Socialist books, pamphlets and leaflets published in the different
+languages and distributed free of charge to foreigners who are not yet
+acquainted with English.
+
+Socialism has made terrible inroads among the Jews. To give one example,
+"The Forward," a Yiddish daily of New York City, has a circulation of
+about 150,000 copies. This paper should be watched very carefully by the
+government, for it has been doing some very dangerous work in the line
+of revolutionary propaganda without English-speaking people being aware
+of the doctrines it is advocating.
+
+In order to counteract Socialist propaganda among girls and boys, a
+simple and limited knowledge of the evil plottings of the "Reds" ought
+to be imparted in all the grammar and high schools of our country. With
+a view to this, text-books should be prepared. The boards of education
+in the different cities should see to it that anti-Socialist instruction
+be given to the children.
+
+Editors who have a good understanding of the evil consequences of
+Socialism have a fine field rapidly opening up to them. Since the
+Marxian principles are spreading, there is a rapidly growing demand for
+articles to refute and combat them; yet many on the editorial staffs
+seem to have little definite knowledge concerning the teachings of the
+revolutionists.
+
+All patriotic citizens who understand Socialism and the tactics of the
+"Knights of the Red Flag" should expose them, violently attacking them
+in their conversations with others, so that it may no longer be said
+that the revolutionaries are more zealous in trying to ruin our country
+and overthrow out government than loyal Americans are to save them.
+
+Attention should be paid to the men who are advocating Socialism in the
+mills, factories, shops, stores, mines, etc. A thorough exposure of
+their unsound doctrines will be prolific of much good. The ardor and
+zeal of the anti-Socialist should go still further, and the illogical
+revolutionary orators should be driven from their soap boxes, not by
+violence nor by physical force--for this would only give them another
+opportunity for complaining and enable them to win the support of
+sympathizers--but by arguments with them so effective as to compel them
+to step down and walk off in disgrace under the jeers of their
+audiences. In arguing with the visionaries, proofs for the truth of
+their statements should be demanded and the fact ought always to be
+insisted upon that, even if they could show that the present system of
+government and industry was corrupt and useless, it would in no way
+follow from this that the Socialists' regime--however magnificently
+pictured by an unbridled imagination--would provide a true remedy for
+any of the evils and abuses of our day.
+
+The letters that Socialists send to the daily papers for publication, to
+further their cause, can, as a rule, easily be refuted. All that is
+required, in most instances, after a brief introduction of the question
+at issue, is to connect, by a few short sentences, several of the
+damaging quotations that can be found, for example, in the present
+volume.
+
+Men who have talent for public speaking can make good use of their
+eloquence in the warfare against our nation's foes by giving lectures
+and delivering speeches. Good writers should devote their talents to the
+preparation of books, pamphlets and leaflets against the revolutionists,
+and should furnish suitable articles for the newspapers and magazines.
+The follies of Socialism also afford an abundance of suggestions for
+dramatists and cartoonists.
+
+Socialist school teachers and principals, because of the revolutionary
+doctrines that they gradually instill into the minds of the young,
+should be eliminated from the school-room. Students of colleges and
+universities, in which the Intercollegiate Socialist Society is
+organized, could give a noble example of patriotism and loyalty to our
+country by forming clubs to oppose the influence of the Socialist
+chapters and offset the great harm they are doing.
+
+Patriotic members of the American Federation of Labor should attend as
+many of its meetings as possible in order to prevent the Marxians and
+radicals from gaining the upper hand in the organization, endorsing the
+Socialist Party, or adopting revolutionary principles of any kind.
+
+As Socialist women are trying to destroy our Federal Government, the
+women who are opposed to Socialism should give ample proofs of their
+loyalty and devotion by taking an active part in the defense of their
+country.
+
+Anti-Socialist clubs should be formed throughout the country to study
+Socialism and to devise means for combating the zealous propaganda
+carried on by the thousands of Socialist locals and branches.
+Influential members of the anti-Socialist clubs should see to it that
+the public libraries were well stocked with anti-Socialist literature
+and that Socialist publications are kept only for legitimate purposes of
+reference.
+
+Several very important works of defence remain to be undertaken by our
+National Government, if the conspirators are to be prevented from
+destroying it. Socialism has already struck deep roots into the soil of
+America. Consequently, the Government of the United States, in leaving
+to individuals the defence of the nation against the well organized
+forces of the revolutionists, is running a risk almost as great as if it
+were to entrust the suppression of an armed insurrection to individual
+action. The Socialists availing themselves of every opportunity for
+spreading their propaganda among foreigners, have already gained many
+recruits from the immigrant class. With this serious condition of
+affairs confronting it, the National Government should employ strenuous
+measures to break the grip that Socialism already has on the nation, and
+to prevent the immigrants who are landing on our shores from becoming a
+menace.
+
+A law should be passed by Congress forbidding the publication or
+circulation of any paper, magazine or book which advocates the unlawful
+destruction of our present form of government. The officers of the army
+and navy should take precautions for preventing the spread of such
+publications among soldiers and sailors.
+
+So far we have spoken only of the negative measures that the United
+States Government should adopt for its defence. It remains to add a few
+words concerning a positive campaign against the conspirators. If the
+Government neglects to stem the rising tide of Socialism it will not be
+long before a disastrous insurrections[23] will be upon us. Millions of
+dollars a day would then be spent in defraying the expenses of what
+might turn out to be an unsuccessful campaign. Congress should now
+appropriate the sums of money necessary to suppress the Marxian uprising
+and entirely uproot Socialism out of the United States.
+
+The American people as a body will never tolerate Socialism, once they
+have been made to realize its full meaning and ruinous consequences.
+This knowledge could be brought home to them most effectively by means
+of anti-Socialist information issued periodically under the direction of
+one of the departments of the Government and furnished to the press of
+the country. Such material should also be distributed to all labor
+organizations and every public library in the country, and to clubs,
+societies, clergymen, legislators, judges, and men and women of
+influence. If such a plan were adopted, the forces arrayed in the line
+of battle against the Socialists would become tremendously strong and
+the danger now seriously threatening our nation would presently
+disappear. Surely the Government could afford to spend a few million
+dollars a year against revolutionists who are already undermining its
+very foundations and whose activities, if unopposed, will bring upon us
+evils incomparably greater than those coming from a foreign foe.
+
+Orators attacking Socialism could be recruited by the Government to
+speak all over the country for five or ten minutes at a time, after the
+fashion of the Four Minute Men.
+
+Those who have read this book have seen that the principles of the
+revolutionists are logically unsound and would deluge the land we love
+with rivers of blood and plunge us into an abyss of discontent, strife,
+crime and chaos. It has been shown that the Socialist Party is an
+organization controlled by bosses and politicians with the avowed object
+of gaining votes by the most unscrupulous methods. Notwithstanding their
+pretentions to honesty and sincerity, evidence has been cited time and
+again of the deceitfulness of their propaganda, and of their plottings
+to overthrow our constitutional form of government, destroy religion and
+ruin family life.
+
+We, however, who sincerely love America, will never tear down the
+Star-Spangled Banner and in its place fling to the breezes the
+blood-stained flag of Karl Marx.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+A
+
+Absolutism in Russia, 281-2, 286, 290.
+
+Action, See Direct Action and Mass Action.
+
+A. E. F. ridiculed by N. Y. "Call," 208-9.
+
+Albany Trial, See N.Y. State Socialist Assemblymen.
+
+Aliases of "Reds," 376.
+
+Allaben, Frank, 258.
+
+Alvarado, 96, 298-9.
+
+American Federation of Labor, 381;
+  against Bolshevism and I. W. W.'ism, 283-4;
+  "Boring in," 346-9;
+  Opposed by Socialists, 126, 219.
+
+American Flag, 118.
+
+American Soldiers ridiculed, 207-9.
+
+Amnesty, Agitations for, 347, 376.
+
+Anarchy, Danger of, 279.
+
+Andreiev's S. O. S., 168-9.
+
+Anti-"Red" Campaign among foreign-born, 379.
+
+Anti-Socialist authorities, 378;
+  Letters, 380;
+  Literature, 378-9;
+  Speeches, 380.
+
+"Appeal to Reason," 343, 359.
+
+Argentina, Socialism in, 11, 12.
+
+Aristocracy in Bolshevist Russia, 280-1.
+
+Assemblymen, Socialist, on trial,
+  See N. Y. State Socialist Assemblymen.
+
+Atheism of Socialists, 293, 301-16;
+  in Austria, 295;
+  Belgium, 295-6;
+  Canada, 298;
+  England, 296-8;
+  France, 295;
+  Germany, 294;
+  Italy, 295;
+  Mexico, 298-9, 300;
+  United States, 292-3, 297.
+
+Atheistic Catechism, 308-9;
+  Poems, 302-4;
+  Works on sale, 297, 305, 307.
+
+Austria-Hungary, Socialism in, 5.
+
+Aveling, 8.
+
+
+
+B
+
+
+Bavaria, Socialism in, 4, 178-9.
+
+Basle Manifesto, 18.
+
+Bax, Ernest Belfort, 297, 321-3.
+
+Bebel, August, 2, 198, 200, 294, 324.
+
+Bela Kun, 75, 178, 180, 190.
+
+Belgium, Socialism in, 10.
+
+Berger, Victor L., 13, 15, 51, 54, 56, 62, 67, 69, 70-1, 89, 201-2, 220-1, 232-3, 242-3, 290, 313, 322, 368;
+  "We must shoot," 201;
+  "rifles" and "bullets," 202.
+
+Berne Conference, 9, 18-21, 25, 46, 61, 68.
+
+Bernstein, 3.
+
+Bible, attacked by Socialists, 297, 303.
+
+Blasphemies of Socialists, 296-7, 303-5, 307-9.
+
+Blatchford, 8, 296.
+
+Bolsheviki, Russian, Advocacy of rebellion in other lands, 171-2;
+  Criticised by Catherine Breshkovsky, 139;
+  Disperse parliament, 4, 138;
+  Educational System, 151;
+  Freeing of criminals, 161;
+  Murder women, 158;
+  Opposed to liberty, 145;
+  Rise to power, 4, 138;
+  Shooting of children, 155-7;
+  Uprisings against, 161;
+  Victories, 5.
+
+Bolshevism, Advocated by American Socialist Party, 59, 60-2, 68, 70, 72, 74-5, 77, 142, 168, 171-3, 184-5, 187-94, 198, 205, 234-6, 238, 248, 250, 255;
+  identical with Socialism, 291;
+  in America, 185;
+  in Russia, Against freedom of speech, of the press and of voting, 145, 155;
+  Against justice, 146, 154;
+  liberty, 145;
+  religion, 146-51;
+  An economic failure, 174-5;
+  Starvation under, 282-3, 286.
+
+Bolshevist Constitution, 139-40;
+  propaganda, 256.
+
+Bolshevist reign of terror, 141, 143, 145-8, 153, 154-63.
+
+Bomb plot, 118-19.
+
+Bonds, under Socialism, 273.
+
+Books, anti-Socialist, 378.
+
+"Boring in," 348-9.
+
+Bossism in Socialist Party, 14, 15.
+
+Bourgeoisie, 30.
+
+Branting, Hjalmar, 11.
+
+Breshkovsky, Catherine, 139, 170.
+
+Bulgaria, Socialism in, 12.
+
+Bureau, International Socialist, 17.
+
+Business under Socialism, 83, 272-3.
+
+
+
+C
+
+
+Cadets of Russia, 4.
+
+Calhoun, Arthur W., 356-7.
+
+Call for Moscow International, 31-3.
+
+Call for Proletarian International, 247.
+
+Campaign against the Reds, 377-82.
+
+Canada, Socialism in, 12.
+
+Capital invited back by Socialist Russia, 288.
+
+Capitalism, 76, 106, 174, 373.
+
+Carillo, Felipe, 299.
+
+Cartoons, Socialist, 360;
+  anti-Socialist, 380.
+
+Children, anti-Socialist instruction for, 379;
+  Deprived of religious education under Socialism, 302;
+  shot in Bolshevist Russia, 155-7.
+
+Chinese and the I. W. W., 120.
+
+Christ ridiculed by Socialists, 303-5, 307-8.
+
+Christian Socialists, 292, 310, 315, 322.
+
+Christianity attacked by Socialists, 292-316.
+
+Citizenship tags, 99.
+
+Civil discord under Socialism, 269-79.
+
+Class consciousness, 265.
+
+Class hatred, 63, 107, 346, 348, 352, 363-4, 372-3.
+
+Class struggle explained, 30, 107-8, 265.
+
+Clubs, anti-Socialist, 381.
+
+Committee against Socialism, Publicity, 257-8.
+
+Compensation, I. W. W. plan, 111.
+
+Commune, Paris, 200-1.
+
+Communism, in Bavaria, 4, 178-9;
+  in Russia, See Bolshevism and Bolshevist reign of terror.
+
+Communist, the name, 59.
+
+Communist Labor Party of America, Chicago Convention, 55-8;
+  Conspiracy against U. S. Government, 214-19;
+  Origin, 52-3, 64;
+  Principles, 53-4, 58, 74, 218-19, 225;
+  Socialist Party's attitude toward, 74-5.
+
+Communist Labor Party of Germany,
+  See Spartacans.
+
+Communist Manifesto, 1, 46, 198, 321.
+
+Communist Party of America,
+  Chicago Convention, 55-8;
+  Conspiracy against U. S. Government, 214-19;
+  Origin, 52-3;
+  Plan to organize Negroes, 217-18;
+  Principles, 53-4, 58, 74-5, 217-19, 224;
+  Socialist Party's attitude toward, 74-5, 225.
+
+Communist Propaganda League, 25, 64.
+
+Communists of Hungary, 180-91;
+  Favored by American Socialists, 180, 186, 188-93.
+
+Conscription of labor in Socialist Russia, 281-5.
+
+Conspiracy against our country, 212-67;
+  against the family, 317-29;
+  against the race, 330-41;
+  against religion, 292-316.
+
+Constituent Assembly, Russia, 4.
+
+Convention, Socialist Party, 75, 91-3.
+
+Co-operative organizations, Russian and Siberian, 162-3.
+
+Corruption, political, among Socialists, 97, 277-8.
+
+Criminals freed in Bolshevist Russia, 161.
+
+Czecho-Slovakia, Socialism in, 10-11.
+
+
+
+D
+
+
+Debs, Eugene V., 59, 81, 92, 105, 126-7, 194-7, 203-4, 210-11, 239-45, 264, 290, 315-16, 336.
+
+De Leon, Daniel, 13, 105.
+
+Demands of Socialist Platforms, Immediate, 368.
+
+Determinism, Economic, 293.
+
+Dictatorship of the Proletariat, 4, 47, 49-50, 53-4, 128, 145, 189, 220.
+
+Direct action, 24, 31, 98, 124-5, 201, 370.
+
+Discontent, Socialist apostles of, 343, 346-8.
+
+Divorce in Bolshevist Russia, 164, 167, 329.
+
+"Dope" of "Scientific Socialists," 96-102, 363-4.
+
+"Down with the Stars and Stripes," 210.
+
+"Drunk with man," a Socialist masterpiece, 87.
+
+Dynamite, use advocated, 299-300.
+
+
+
+E
+
+
+Ebert, 3, 177, 179, 187-90.
+
+Economic conditions in Bolshevist Russia, 174-5.
+
+Economic determinism, 293.
+
+Education in Bolshevist Russia, 151.
+
+Eisner, Kurt, 4, 7, 178, 187.
+
+Emergency Convention, Socialist Party, 242.
+
+Employment schemes in Socialist state, 273.
+
+Engels, Frederick, 1-2, 294, 325-6.
+
+Ettor, Jos. J., 105-6.
+
+Exploitation, 49-50, 83, 106, 110, 272, 365.
+
+Expropriation, 49, 50, 53, 98-9, 108, 123, 143, 179-80, 189-90, 270-1.
+
+Expulsion, Michigan organization, from Socialist Party, 42.
+
+"Eye Opener, The," 192.
+
+Eyre, Lincoln, interview with Lenine, 173-4;
+  with Trotzky, 174-6;
+  with Zinovieff, 253-5;
+  on Bolshevist Russia, 253-6, 279-84, 286-90.
+
+
+
+F
+
+
+Fabian Society, 8.
+
+Failure of Socialism,
+  in Mexico, 101-2;
+  in Bolshevist Russia, 2, 279-90;
+  in Yucatan, 101-2.
+
+Farming under Socialism, 32, 49, 83, 271-2.
+
+Ferguson, I. E., 133-4.
+
+Fighting the "Reds," 377-82.
+
+Financial conditions in Socialist Russia, 287-8.
+
+"Flag, to hell with the," 210.
+
+Foreign language papers of Socialist Party, 343.
+
+Foster, William Z., 348-9.
+
+Fraina, Louis C., 26, 55, 214-15.
+
+France, Socialism in, 5, 7-8.
+
+Freedom of Speech, 114, 242, 354;
+  in Bolshevist Russia, 145.
+
+Free love, advocated by Socialists, 317-29;
+  Hypocricy of Socialists regarding, 370;
+  in Socialist Russia, 164, 166, 329;
+  Socialist books on, 317, 321-26, 329.
+
+
+
+G
+
+
+Gale, Linn A. E., 339-340.
+
+Germany, Socialism in, 2, 3.
+
+Germer, Adolph, letter to "Appeal," 92-3.
+
+Giovannitti, Arturo, 108-9, 111, 308.
+
+Government ownership of public utilities, 368-9.
+
+"Grandmother of the Russian Revolution,"
+   See Breshkovsky, Catherine.
+
+Great Britain, Socialism in, 8-9.
+
+Guesde, Jules, 6, 321.
+
+
+H
+
+Haase, Hugo, 3.
+
+Hardie, J. Keir, 8.
+
+Haywood, William D., 123-4, 127, 199, 241, 248.
+
+Herron, George D., 302;
+  day dream of, 94, 95.
+
+High Schools, Socialism taught in, 354.
+
+Hillquit, Morris, 13, 17, 23, 34, 40-1, 50-1, 54, 62-3, 73-5, 79, 81, 85, 89, 184, 188, 220-1, 224-6, 232-4, 236-7, 239-40, 243-5, 248-53, 255, 259-60, 263-6, 274-5, 290, 311, 313-14, 328, 337, 361, 366.
+
+Hoan, Mayor of Milwaukee, 69, 202.
+
+Holland, Socialism in, 10.
+
+Hostages in Bolshevist Russia, 154, 159.
+
+Hypocrisy of the I. W. W., 246.
+
+Hypocrisy of Socialists, 204-5, 210, 219-21, 225, 233-6, 239-40, 246, 252-4, 266, 363-71, 375-6;
+  On religion, 292, 309-16, 326;
+  On free love, 317, 319-20, 322-4, 326.
+
+Hyndman, Henry M., 8.
+
+
+
+I
+
+
+Iglesias, Pablo, 9.
+
+Immediate demands of Socialist Party platforms, 24, 87, 91, 368.
+
+Immorality under Socialism, 317-41.
+
+Independent Labor Party of Great Britain, 8.
+
+Ingersoll argument of Socialists, 293.
+
+Inheritance, rights of, 110.
+
+Industrial action, 77, 228-9, 234, 237-8.
+
+Industrial Unionism, Endorsed by Communists and Communist Laborites of America, 54;
+  by Socialist Party, 238;
+  I. W. W., 107-8.
+
+Insurance policies under Socialism, 273.
+
+Inter-allied[24], Socialist and Labor Conference, 21-2.
+
+Intercollegiate Socialist Society, 355-6, 380.
+
+International, First, 16;
+  Second, 7, 16, 17-19, 32, 68;
+  Third, 6-7, 9, 11-12, 18, 20-1, 33, 45-50, 61, 67-9, 74-5, 216, 218, 228, 233-6, 239, 252-6.
+
+International character of Socialism, 17.
+
+International Congresses, 17.
+
+International Socialist Bureau, 17.
+
+International Workingmen's Association, 1, 2.
+
+"Internationale Communist," organ of Moscow International, 255-6.
+
+Irreligious poems of Socialists, 302-4.
+
+Italian labor unions, 9.
+
+Italy, Socialism in, 9.
+
+I. W. W., Advocates rebellion, 109, 115-17;
+  Affiliated with Moscow Bolshevists, 247-8;
+  Atheistic and anti-religious, 118;
+  Bomb threat, 119;
+  Chinese to be organized, 120;
+  Encouraged by Socialist Party, 114-15;
+  Growth, 136;
+  Industrial unionism, 107-8;
+  In foreign lands, 136-7;
+  Method of organization, 106-7;
+  Negroes to be organized, 119;
+  Organized by Socialists, 105;
+  Paterson strike, 117-18;
+  Plans destruction of society, 109;
+  Preamble to platform, 107;
+  Principles, 105-13, 115, 125, 130-1;
+  Publications, 116-17;
+  Relations with Socialist Party, 105, 108, 114-15, 122-7, 129, 131-6;
+  Songs, 120-2;
+  Tactics, 109;
+  Terrorism, 118;
+  Views on Bolshevism, 128-33.
+
+
+
+J
+
+
+Jaures, 6, 321.
+
+
+
+K
+
+
+Kautsky, Karl, 2, 233.
+
+
+
+L
+
+
+Labor certificates, 273.
+
+Labor Conference, Inter-allied, 21.
+
+Labor conscription in Socialist Russia, 281-5.
+
+Labor Party of Illinois, 173.
+
+Labor under Socialism, 273-7.
+
+Land ownership under Bolshevism, 139;
+  under Socialism, 271-2, 365-8.
+
+Lassalle, Ferdinand, 2.
+
+Law and order in Socialist Russia, 282, 290.
+
+Leaflet campaign of Socialists, 192, 344-5.
+
+Leaflets, anti-Socialist, 378-9.
+
+League of Resistance, 299, 300.
+
+Leathan, 8.
+
+Lectures, anti-Socialist, 380.
+
+Left Wing, Conference, 52;
+  Criticises the Right, 25, 28-9, 36, 37;
+  Defined, 23;
+  Development, 24, 39, 45;
+  Directed by Russian Bolsheviki, 31-3;
+  Expulsions and suspensions, 42-5;
+  Merges into Communist and Communist Labor Parties, chapter 5;
+  Opposed by Socialist Party bosses, 36-7;
+  Origin, 24;
+  Principles, 24-31, 36;
+  Relations with I. W. W., 135-6;
+  Tactics at party meetings, 35, 37, 38.
+
+Legion, Loyal, rediculed by Socialists, 208-9.
+
+Lenine or Lenin, Nicolai, Autocrat of Russia, 5;
+  Letter to American workingmen, 142, 170, 174, 183-4, 216, 223-4.
+
+Lesson 24, Socialist Primer, 352.
+
+Liebknecht, Karl, 3, 7, 30, 177-8, 185-7, 191-3.
+
+Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 2, 294.
+
+Longuet, Jean, 6.
+
+London, Jack, 199, 200, 268.
+
+Looters, Socialist, 102.
+
+Loriot, F., 6.
+
+Love, See Free-love.
+
+Lusk Committee evidence, 248-50, 264, 358, 361.
+
+Luxemburg, Rosa, 3, 7, 30, 177-8, 187, 191-3.
+
+
+
+M
+
+
+MacDonald, J. Ramsay, 18-19.
+
+Manifesto, See Communist Manifesto;
+  of Left Wing, 28;
+  of Moscow, See Moscow Manifesto;
+  of National Emergency Convention of Socialist Party, 72-8, 181, 228-9, 236-7, 239.
+
+Marriage in Bolshevist Russia, 164.
+
+Martens, Ludwig C. A. K., 172, 184-5, 194, 233-4, 248, 251.
+
+Marx, Karl, 2, 198, 200, 372.
+
+Mass Action, 11, 26-8, 32, 69, 92, 217, 227, 228-9, 231, 234, 237, 262.
+
+Materialistic conception of history, 293, 315.
+
+May Day riots, 196-7.
+
+Mensheviki of Russia, 4.
+
+Mexico, Socialism in, 12, 96.
+
+Militarism in Bolshevist Russia, 176.
+
+Millerand, 6.
+
+Money situation in Bolshevist Russia, 287.
+
+Money under Socialism, 272-3.
+
+Morris, 8.
+
+Moscow Conference, call to, 233.
+
+Moscow International, See Third International.
+
+Moscow Manifesto, 46-9, 67, 216-18, 228, 235, 237, 239-40.
+
+Moscow propaganda methods, 253-4, 256.
+
+Moving pictures, Socialist, 351.
+
+
+
+N
+
+
+National Emergency Convention, Socialist Party, 43, 55-7, 66-7, 69-72, 76-8;
+  Manifesto of, 72-8.
+
+Nationalization of women, 163-8.
+
+Nearing, Scott, 205, 361.
+
+Negroes, organized by I. W. W., 119;
+  by Socialist Party, 361.
+
+Newspapers in Bolshevist Russia, 145.
+
+"New Unionism, The," 108.
+
+New York State Socialist Assemblymen on trial at Albany, 34, 74-5, 221-7, 232, 234, 239, 242-6, 249-50, 252-3, 255, 257-65, 329, 340-1.
+
+Norway, Socialism in, 11.
+
+
+
+O
+
+
+Oaths, Socialist, 260.
+
+Old Age Pension, Berger's, 89.
+
+One Big Union, See I. W. W.
+
+"One Big Union Monthly," 105.
+
+Origin of modern Socialism, 1.
+
+Ownership, Government, 368-9.
+
+
+
+P
+
+Papers, Socialist, of the U. S., 14.
+
+Parental authority undermined by Socialists, 353.
+
+Paris Commune, 200-1.
+
+Parochial schools under Socialism, 302.
+
+Parties affiliated with the Third (Moscow) International, 33.
+
+Paterson, N. J., strike of 1913, 117-18.
+
+Petrograd under Bolshevist rule, 161.
+
+Platform planks of Socialists utterly unreliable, 365-8.
+
+Poems, anti-religious Socialist, 302-4.
+
+Political action, 24, 26, 201.
+
+Political corruption among Socialists, 97, 277-8.
+
+Primer, Socialist, Lesson 24, 352.
+
+Private business under Socialism, 83.
+
+Private ownership of land in Socialist state, 271-2.
+
+Private property, 32, 47, 53, 76, 80-3, 110, 365-8.
+
+Private property under Bolshevist rule, 139.
+
+Private schools under Socialism, 302.
+
+Profit under Socialism, 82, 273.
+
+Proletarian International, call for, 247.
+
+Proletariat, 30.
+
+Promises, golden, of Socialists, 342-4, 349, 371.
+
+Propaganda, Socialist, 192, 342-61, 363-5, 368-76.
+
+Prostitution under Socialism, 318-21.
+
+Publications, of I. W. W., 116-17.
+
+Publications of Socialist Party, 343-5.
+
+Publicity Committee against Socialism, 257-8.
+
+
+
+Q
+
+
+Quelch, 8.
+
+
+
+R
+
+
+Race suicide, 326-7.
+
+Raids, Government, on Communist and Communist Labor Parties, 215.
+
+Raids on I. W. W., 116.
+
+Rand School, 248-50, 357, 361.
+
+Rebellion advocated by Socialists, 47-50, 63-4, 71-2, 75, 78, 109, 115-17, 123, 128, 131, 134, 170-2, 183-4, 186, 189, 197-9, 201-2, 204-5, 212-20, 222, 227-9, 234-5, 237, 240-1, 243, 247, 249, 251, 254, 255-6, 262, 265, 266, 269, 270, 351, 356.
+
+"Reds" and "Yellows," 23, 24.
+
+Reed, John, 55.
+
+Refinery, sugar, 100, 102.
+
+Religion, conspiracy against, 292-316.
+
+Religion in Bolshevist Russia, 146-51, 168.
+
+Remuneration for work under Socialism, 83, 273-7.
+
+Rents under Socialism, 82, 273.
+
+Resistance, League of, 299, 300.
+
+Revolution without the "r," 23.
+
+Right and Left Wings, 23.
+
+Riots, Socialist, 194-5, 196-8.
+
+"Rows and Rows of 'em march," 208-9.
+
+"Russia going to pieces," 174.
+
+Russia, Socialism in, 4;
+  See Bolsheviki, Bolshevism and Bolshevist.
+
+Russian Industrial Unions appeal to workers in Allied countries, 247-8.
+
+
+
+S
+
+
+Sabotage, 111-13.
+
+Scheidemann, 3, 177, 179, 187-8, 190.
+
+Schools under Socialism, 302.
+
+School teachers, Socialist, 380.
+
+Seventy-seventh Division, A. E. F., 208.
+
+Shaw, 8.
+
+Soap box orators, 343, 363-5, 368-71, 380.
+
+Social Democratic Federation of Great Britain, 8.
+
+Social reforms hypocritically advocated by Socialists, 87-91, 368-9.
+
+Socialism a peril, 268-84, 286-90, 347;
+  Explained, 76, 79-93, 198-9, 270-8, 349, 365-8, 372-3;
+  Fails in Yucatan, 101-2.
+
+Socialist beggars, 92.
+
+Socialist blasphemies, 296-7, 303-5, 307-9.
+
+Socialist legislators, criticism of, 29.
+
+Socialist oaths, 260.
+
+Socialist papers of the U. S., 14.
+
+Socialist school teachers, 380.
+
+Socialists and the I. W. W., 105, 108, 114-15, 122-7, 129, 131-6.
+
+Socialists, varieties of, See Varieties.
+
+Soldiers and Sailors proselytized by Socialists, 359-60.
+
+Soldiers of America ridiculed by Socialists, 207-9.
+
+Songs, I. W. W., 120-2;
+  Socialist, 351.
+
+Soviets of Russia, 18, 138, 142-3, 157-8;
+  Origin, 4;
+  Uprisings against, 143-5.
+
+"Soviet Russia," magazine, 172.
+
+Spain, Socialism in, 9, 10.
+
+Spargo, John, 123, 303.
+
+Spartacans, 3, 30, 53, 177-8, 190;
+  Favored by American Socialists, 177, 187-93.
+
+Spartacides, See Spartacans.
+
+Speculators in Socialist Russia, 282, 286.
+
+"Stars and Stripes," down with, 210.
+
+Starvation in Socialist Russia, 282-3, 286.
+
+St. Louis platform of Socialists, 75, 91-2, 125.
+
+Stokes, Rose Pastor, 55.
+
+Strikes, Bring death in Socialist Russia, 290;
+  in Belgium, 10;
+  Paris, 7;
+  Prelude to armed rebellion, 26-8, 32, 109-10, 241, 346-8;
+  in Rome, 9;
+  Sympathetic, 108, 109, 346;
+  Under a Socialist form of government, 276;
+  Winnipeg, 125, 229-30, 245-6.
+
+Struggle, See Class struggle.
+
+"Struggling Russia," magazine, 142.
+
+Students' warfare against Socialism, 380.
+
+Sugar refinery in Yucatan, 100, 102.
+
+Suicide, See Race suicide.
+
+Sunday schools, Socialist, 350-3.
+
+Sweden, Socialism in, 11.
+
+
+
+T
+
+
+Tactics of the Left Wing, 35.
+
+Teachers of public schools, Communists, 355.
+
+Teachers' Union of New York City, 354-5.
+
+Terrorism of I. W. W., 118.
+
+Theatrical plays, Socialist, 351, 360.
+
+Thomas, Albert, 6.
+
+Trial at Albany of Socialist Assemblymen, See New York State Socialist Assemblymen.
+
+
+
+U
+
+
+Underground, "Reds" working, 375-6.
+
+"Uniform, spit on it," 208.
+
+Union among Socialists of all nations, 17.
+
+Unionism, Industrial, See Industrial Unionism.
+
+United States, Socialism in, 13.
+
+
+
+V
+
+
+Vandervelde, Emil, 10, 270, 296.
+
+Varieties of Socialists, 79.
+
+Voting in Bolshevist Russia, 140, 145.
+
+
+
+W
+
+
+Wage courts under Socialism, 276-7.
+
+Wage system, abolition of, 107, 108.
+
+Wages under Socialism, 273-7.
+
+Walling's criticism of Socialist Party, 251.
+
+War, Socialist opposition to, 91-3.
+
+Wings, Right and Left, 23.
+
+Winnipeg general strike, 230-1.
+
+Work, assignment to, under Socialism, 273-7.
+
+Works, anti-Socialist, 378.
+
+Workingmen, beware of the Reds, 375-6, 378-9, 382.
+
+Women must work under Socialism, 84-5, 277.
+
+Wreckage resulting from Socialism, 101-2.
+
+Wynkoop, David, 10.
+
+
+
+Y
+
+
+"Yellow" Socialists, 63.
+
+"Yellows" and "Reds," 23-4, 58, 66.
+
+Young People's Socialist clubs, 350-1.
+
+Young, Teaching Socialism to, 350-5.
+
+Yucatan, Atheism of Socialists in, 298-9.
+
+Yucatan, Socialism in, 96.
+
+
+
+Z
+
+
+Zapata, Emiliano, 98, 101-2.
+
+Zeuch, letter to by Socialist professor, 356-7.
+
+Zimmerwald resolutions, 6.
+
+Zinovieff, 252-5.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES, MAY
+8-14, 1920
+
+
+
+After "The Red Conspiracy" went to press, this Convention was held at
+Finnish Hall, New York City. Of its 156 delegates, sixty were of foreign
+birth. By some newspapers the Convention was incorrectly styled "mild"
+and "conservative," so well were the avowed revolutionary designs of the
+Socialists camouflaged behind seemingly harmless innocuous phrases for
+the deception of the uninformed. "Vote-catching" was the key-note of the
+proceedings. As this book shows, the Socialist Party in 1919 lost the
+vast majority of its members to the Communists and the Communist
+Laborites and had, therefore, to seek new members. These, however, could
+be won only by concealing for the time being the true revolutionary
+objects of the Socialist Party. This covering-up of its conspiracy
+against the United States, and the resultant gathering into the
+conspirators' net of the timid halfway Socialists as yet members of
+other political Parties, could be accomplished only by the lure of a
+Convention Platform so worded as to convince the unwary that the
+Socialists as a Party had discarded their ultra radicalism and blatant
+un-Americanism.
+
+The Convention of May, 1920, therefore, was guided, under the adroit
+management of Morris Hillquit and Victor L. Berger, toward a Platform
+worded more mildly and conservatively than might have been expected. No
+thinking person, however, Socialist or decent American, will be deceived
+into believing that the beast of prey has changed its ugly spots because
+a gauzy veil of lies has been thrown over them.
+
+"The Red Conspiracy" has proven that the Socialists in the United States
+have been, almost to a man, in thorough accord with the principles and
+workings of the blackest Bolshevism. They have consistently and
+completely supported the I. W. W. They are avowed foes of the American
+Federation of Labor, though willing enough to use this organization by
+sending traitors to join it and to bore their rat-holes of corruption
+from within its respectable membership. One of the delegates to the
+Socialist Convention of May, 1920, George Bauer, of New Jersey, said:
+"We must remember that there are four or five million men in the A. F.
+of L., and I don't believe we can establish a co-operative commonwealth
+without them." The Convention, following this argument of expediency,
+adopted a resolution stating that the Socialist Party did not intend to
+interfere with the internal affairs of labor unions; but added a
+statement that the Party favored the organization of workers along the
+line of industrial unionism, acting as one organized working-class body.
+The I. W. W. is, of course, the leading industrial union in America, and
+the Convention's resolution set another seal to the sympathetic bond
+between Socialism and I. W. W.'ism, with the added encouragement of the
+Socialist Party's support of the less powerful industrial unions now
+within the American Federation of Labor.
+
+The Camouflagists at the Convention politely declared that the Socialist
+Party did not seek to interfere with the institution of the family. But
+Hilkovitz whitewash is not white enough to obscure the lurid red of the
+free-love and race-suicide propaganda carried on in the Socialist press,
+Hillquit's favorite sheet, "The New York Call," being one of the chief
+offenders. A visit to the Rand School in New York City and examination
+of the books for sale on its book-store shelves and the periodicals and
+pamphlets there for sale will present appalling and convincing evidence
+of the Socialist efforts to destroy elementary decency as well as the
+institutions of marriage and the family.
+
+Another declaration of the Camouflagists at the Socialist Convention of
+May, 1920, stated that the Socialist Party "recognizes the right of
+voluntary communities of citizens to maintain religious institutions and
+to worship freely according to the dictates of their conscience." As
+August Claessens warned the Convention: "Cry out against that which men
+cherish as holy, and you rouse an antagonism which no argument can
+defeat." This counsel of discretion is interesting side by side with
+another Convention statement, made by William Karlin of New York: "If
+the churches do stand for the old order, it will be a bad day for them
+when the new order comes, because the churches will go down with the old
+order." Mr. Karlin, however, accepting discretion as valor's better
+part, admitted that "There are many people to whom we can appeal if we
+don't arouse their religious prejudice;" while Delegate McIntyre, of the
+District of Columbia, prudently advised the members of the Convention to
+"get the voters first and talk religion out of them afterward." Again,
+a visit to the book-shop of the Rand School is suggested if proof is
+desired of the Socialist propaganda of atheism, sacrilege, and,
+specifically, hatred of Christianity. The reader of "The Red Conspiracy"
+will have noted enough of the Socialists' blasphemies to prevent the
+Convention Camouflagists' hedging on this subject from having any effect
+but added disgust at hypocrisy.
+
+The Convention declared in favor of political action for the attainment
+of the Socialists' ends. Exactly! Chapter XVI of this book, "The
+Conspiracy Against Our Country," has shown for what purposes political
+action and political power are to be used. Get traitors in office and
+when the Revolution comes the forces to coerce the American people and
+destroy the American Government will be in the traitors' control.
+
+Camouflagists[25] and their opponents of the Convention united in the
+nomination of Eugene V. Debs, convicted criminal, for President of the
+United States. Let us hear the words of this man whom Morris Hillquit
+stated resembles "the Nazarene," and who styles himself "a flaming
+revolutionist." A press report, from Atlanta, Georgia, dated May 14,
+1920, quotes him as saying:
+
+     "Personally I am a radical. I have always been one. My only fear
+     has always been that I might not be radical enough. In my own party
+     I always led the minority, but I hope to lead a united Socialist
+     Party to the polls this Fall. They are fighting within my own party
+     today. It is a good healthy sign. The radicals keep the
+     conservatives from giving away too much to popularize the movement.
+     That is what killed the Populist Party. The leaders sought to
+     popularize its political propaganda by pandering to more
+     conservative elements. They lost the radical support of their
+     party, which became the Socialist Party, and naturally the
+     conservatives had no further use for them. To begin to placate your
+     enemies is to invite decay."
+
+The radical minority in the Socialist Party formerly comprised the Left
+Wing members who later on became Communists and Communist Laborites. J.
+Louis Engdahl of Chicago at present leads a new Left Wing radical
+minority within the Party.
+
+The American public may at times be gullible, but hardly sufficiently so
+as to believe in the sincerity of Hillquit and Victor L. Berger, who
+filled the air at the Convention with phrases of moderation and disclaim
+of treason and revolution, following their gentle verbiage by nominating
+Debs who scores those who "sought to popularize" "political propaganda
+by pandering to more conservative elements." "Panderer" is not a pretty
+thing to be called, but the pleasant Messrs. Hilkovitz and Berger
+swallow it. That their conservative phraseology would fool no one was
+recognized at the Convention by Irwin St. John Tucker, who said: "You
+can disguise yourself by sprouting pink whiskers." Mr. Tucker, however,
+would not join the Camouflagists, remarking: "It may be that the
+American people are not yet ready to accept Socialist principles, but I
+would rather lose an election than lose those principles."
+
+Hillquit himself said in the Convention, on May 13, 1920, that the
+nomination of Debs "proves that we have not receded from our position of
+revolutionary Socialism and that we will be more effective and still
+more revolutionary than ever before."
+
+J. Louis Engdahl may be an enemy to the United States and to society in
+general, but he is man enough to say boldly what he really thinks. At
+the Convention he declared: "I say that it is time to inaugurate the
+revolution immediately. The time to prepare for victory is now.... We
+can't fool anybody here by decorating the walls with the flag of Wall
+St."
+
+Delegate Oneal, one of Hillquit's own faction of political actionists,
+volunteered to furnish a reason why camouflage was a useful policy for
+the Socialists to adopt until "The Day" arrived,--the black day when the
+United States of America should be gasping in the throes of death-agony,
+like wretched Russia. Oneal sapiently remarked at the Convention: "The
+time and conditions which favored the Russian revolution must be studied
+before we attempt to adopt them here."
+
+But the Camouflagists of the Convention did not sever and did not wish
+to sever the close bond of union between the Socialist Party of the
+United States and the Third or Moscow International, the Convention, in
+its majority report, stating that "The Moscow organization is virile and
+aggressive, inspired as it is by the militant idealism of the Russian
+revolution," the majority report further stating that the Socialist
+Party of the United States, "retaining its adherence to the Third
+International," "instructs its executive committee, its international
+secretary and international delegates to be elected" "To participate in
+movements looking to the union of all true Socialist forces in the world
+into one International and to initiate and further such movements
+whenever the opportunity is presented." The said majority report
+follows, as reported in "The New York Call," May 15, 1920:
+
+     "The international organization of Socialism has been disrupted as
+     a result of the world war.
+
+     "The old Second International is represented principally by the
+     majority party of Germany, the Socialist parties of the countries
+     carved out from the former Austro-Hungarian empire, and of most of
+     the countries of Europe that remained neutral during the war.
+
+     "The parties affiliated with this organization have largely
+     abandoned the revolutionary character and the militant methods of
+     working class Socialism. As a rule, they co-operate with the middle
+     class reform parties of their countries.
+
+     "The Third or Moscow International was organized by the Communist
+     party of Russia with the co-operation of several other Communist
+     organizations recruited in the main from the countries split off
+     from the former Russian empire and some Scandinavian and Balkan
+     countries. The Third International also includes the Labor party of
+     Norway and the Communist Labor party of Poland. Of the other
+     important countries, the Socialist parties of Switzerland, Italy
+     and the United States, and the British Socialist party have
+     expressed their intention to affiliate with it.
+
+     "The Moscow organization is virile and aggressive, inspired as it
+     is by the militant idealism of the Russian revolution. It is,
+     however, at this time only a nucleus of a Socialist International,
+     and its progress is largely impeded by the attitude of its present
+     governing committee, which seems inclined to impose upon all
+     affiliated bodies the formula of the Russian revolution 'The
+     dictatorship of the proletariat in the form of Soviet power.'
+
+     "The Independent Socialist party of Germany, the Socialist party of
+     France and the Independent Labor party of Great Britain are
+     unaffiliated. They have initiated a movement to unite all truly
+     Socialist parties of the world, including those represented in the
+     Moscow organization, into one International.
+
+     "At no time was an active and effective organization of a Socialist
+     International more vitally necessary for the success of Socialism
+     than at this crucial period of the world's history. Socialism is in
+     complete control in the great country of Russia. It is represented
+     in the bourgeois governments of several important countries of
+     Europe. The Socialists constitute the leading opposition parties in
+     most of the remaining modern countries. It should be the task of
+     the Socialist International to aid our Comrades in Russia to
+     maintain and fortify their political control and to improve and
+     stabilize the economic and social conditions of their country by
+     forcing the great powers of Europe and America to abandon the
+     dastardly policy of intrigue, war and starvation blockade against
+     Soviet Russia. It should be its task to help the Socialists in
+     countries of divided political control to institute full and true
+     Socialist governments, and to support the struggles of the
+     Socialists in the capitalist-controlled countries, so that they may
+     more speedily secure victory for the workers in their countries.
+
+     "But above all a true Socialist International would at this time
+     fulfill the all-important function of serving as the framework of
+     the coming world parliament.
+
+     "To accomplish these great tasks the International of Socialism
+     must be truly international.
+
+     "It cannot be truly Socialist if it is not based upon the program
+     of complete socialization of the industries, and upon the
+     principles of class struggle and uncompromising working class
+     politics. It cannot be truly international unless it accords to its
+     affiliated bodies full freedom in matters of policy and forms of
+     struggle on the basis of such program and principles, so that the
+     Socialists of each country may work out their problems in the light
+     of their own peculiar economic, political and social conditions as
+     well as the historic traditions.
+
+     "In view of the above considerations the Socialist party of the
+     United States, while retaining its adherence to the Third
+     International, instructs its executive committee, its international
+     secretary and international delegates to be elected
+
+     "(a) To insist that no formula such as 'the dictatorship of the
+     proletariat in the form of soviets' or any other formula for the
+     attainment of the Socialist commonwealth be imposed or exacted as
+     condition of affiliation with the Third International.
+
+     "(b) To participate in movements looking to the union of all true
+     Socialist forces in the world into one International, and to
+     initiate and further such movements whenever the opportunity is
+     presented."
+
+The brotherly sympathy between the Socialist Party of the United States
+and the Red Vandals of Soviet Russia is exhibited by the following, also
+from "The New York Call," May 15, 1920, reporting the proceedings of the
+Socialist Convention in Finnish Hall:
+
+     "A mission of three members was provided for to carry fraternal
+     greetings to Soviet Russia and to investigate and report on
+     conditions in the first working class republic, and the
+     international delegates were further instructed to get into
+     communication with Socialist organizations in North and South
+     America for the purpose of creating Socialist Pan-American
+     congresses."
+
+The majority reporters, or discreet Camouflagists, despite the prudent
+efforts of careful Mr. Hillquit to separate the Socialist Party of the
+United States from the Communists and other out-in-the-open enemies of
+our Country, evidently believed it wise to throw out a beckoning hand to
+all radicals in general, especially to the Red Left Wing Socialists who
+left the Party to become Communists and Communist Laborites in the fall
+of 1919. At the Convention of May, 1920, the following resolution was
+adopted:
+
+     "Resolved, that we, the national convention of the Socialist party,
+     in order to carry into effect this desire for unity, make the
+     following proposals:
+
+     "That any individual, branch, local or state or language federation
+     that left the party last fall because of tactical differences and
+     now desires to re-enter on the basis of the Socialist party
+     platform and constitution, be welcomed to return.
+
+     "That where Socialist party locals and other groups of the labor
+     movement exist side by side in the same locality, we propose the
+     creation of joint campaign committees for the management of a
+     working class electoral campaign upon the basis of our platform.
+
+     "That after the campaign is over, whenever the situation promises
+     practical results, steps be taken to confer with representatives of
+     other factions of the movement with a view to establishing possible
+     basis for organization unity.
+
+     "That a national advisory council of all working class
+     organizations for the purpose of combatting the reactionary forces
+     be formed so that wherever possible there be voluntary united
+     action by all political and economic organizations who take their
+     stand on the basis of the class struggle."
+
+There was a family fuss over a proposed clause, finally stricken out,
+that "due stamps or other evidence of membership in the groups formed by
+the split in the party shall be recognized as evidence of good standing"
+in the Socialist Party. In this connection, William Kruse of Illinois,
+who is far from a Camouflagist, said: "Debs believes that the Communist
+and Communist Labor members are as good Socialists as any." The
+authorities of our Nation have condemned membership in the Communist
+organization as illegal and have proven Debs a criminal. The Socialists
+welcome the Communists and Communist Laborites, "whenever the situation
+promises practical results" (when the time for "shooting," for "bullets"
+rather than "ballots," has arrived?), and the Socialists, Camouflagists
+as enthusiastically as their opponents, acclaim Debs the criminal, Debs
+the convicted enemy of the United States of America, and nominate this
+criminal enemy for President of the United States of America!
+
+The entire record of the May, 1920, Socialist Convention is a series of
+insincere, futile, clever attempts to whitewash the blood-red of the
+known and proved Socialist principles and aims, these attempts in turn
+combated by the more honest delegates, and the net result being the
+re-affirmation in tangible and important matters of these same menacing
+principles and aims, though set forth in wilier and more guarded
+language than has been heretofore the case.
+
+The Red Conspiracy has been proven, and every new move of the Socialists
+but confirms, in the minds of sane and loyal Americans, the extent and
+peril of the conspiracy, and intensifies our will to combat this evil
+thing in our midst until righteous combat has fought to glorious
+victory. Down with the Red Flag of Socialism, Communism, Bolshevism, I.
+W. W.'ism, and Anarchy! Victory and glory to the Stars and Stripes of
+our beloved Country!
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+
+[A] "The Bolsheviks--formerly a faction within the Social-Democratic
+Labor Party--have recently changed their name to Communist party to
+distinguish themselves from the other Social-Democratic groups.
+
+"The term Bolsheviks and Mensheviks date back to 1903, when at a
+congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party a difference arose
+on a seemingly unimportant question (editorial supervision of the party
+organ), when upon a vote which decided the question there naturally was
+a majority and minority. Those who were with the majority were nicknamed
+Bolsheviks and those with the minority Mensheviks, deriving their names
+from the Russian words Bolshinstvo and Menshinstvo, meaning majority and
+minority respectively." _"The Soviets at Work," by Nicolai Lenin,
+published, with foreword and footnotes by Alexander Trachtenberg, by the
+Rand School of Social Science._
+
+[B] It is a notable fact that throughout his three days' testimony on
+the witness stand at Albany, February 17, 18 and 19, 1920, in the case
+of the five suspended Socialist Assemblymen before the Judiciary
+Committee of the New York Assembly, Morris Hillquit, illustrious leader
+of the Red Rebels' Whitewash Squad, tried to save the five suspended
+Socialist Assemblymen and the damaged reputation of their organization,
+the Socialist Party of the United States, by tremendous applications of
+Debs' old recipe of quicklime and water, the special formula of which is
+to spell revolution and rifles without the "r," pistols without the "p"
+and bombs without the "b."
+
+[C] Engdahl was indicted at Chicago, February 2, 1918, as Editor of the
+Socialist Party's official publications, brought to trial before Judge
+Landis, December 9, 1918, and convicted on January 8, 1919. The four
+indicted, convicted and sentenced with him, each for twenty years, were
+Victor L. Berger, member of the Socialist Party's National Executive
+Committee; Adolph Germer, the Party's National Executive Secretary;
+William F. Kruse, Secretary of the Young People's Socialist League, and
+Irwin St. John Tucker, former head of the Party's Literature Department.
+
+[D] This reference to Left, Right and Center bears every earmark of
+familiarity with the use of these terms in the call to the Moscow
+Conference.
+
+[E] Thus Hillquit seems to have had his eye on the "call" to the Moscow
+Conference, although he swore on the stand at Albany, in February, 1920,
+that he had not read the Moscow manifesto when he wrote 90 per cent. or
+more of his Party's Chicago manifesto of September, 1919.
+
+[F] The reference is to Alexander Stoklitzky.
+
+[G] Article 3, Section 3 (a), of the "National Convention and Platform
+of the Socialist Party, 1917," as officially published, reads: "The call
+for the regular election of members of the National Executive Committee
+shall be issued on the first day of January, 1918, and on January first
+of each odd numbered year thereafter. _Members elected in 1918 shall
+retire July first, 1919._" But why should their own Constitution bother
+plotters who wish to dynamite that of the United States?
+
+[H] Gitlow was tried, convicted and sentenced in New York City early in
+1920, for inciting to anarchy.
+
+[I] The report brought back by this delegate, James Oneal, was the basis
+of the straddle resolution then adopted by a majority of the Executive
+Committee, the text of which we have given near the close of Chapter II.
+
+[J] As we have seen, the testimony of Morris Hillquit, February 19,
+1920, at the trial of the five Assemblymen at Albany, was, "At least
+ninety per cent. of the manifesto is my authorship."
+
+[K] See Chapter V of this book for an account of Referendum D, carried
+by a large majority in the spring or summer of 1919, by which the rank
+and file of the Socialist Party opposed its entrance into any
+international Socialist alignment except that of the Third (Moscow)
+International.
+
+[L] In its article on "The Russian Soviet Government Bureau in the
+United States" Trachtenberg's Labor Year Book, 1919-1920, pages 384-5,
+says: "The Legal Department, under the supervision of Morris Hillquit,
+advises the Bureau so that its actions may at all times conform to the
+laws of the United States.... The raid upon the Soviet Bureau by local
+authorities engaged the attention of the Legal Department."
+
+Again, the "Albany Argus" of February 19, 1920, describing Hillquit's
+testimony in the Socialist case on the preceding day, February 18, says:
+"It was brought out in cross-examination that Mr. Hillquit had acted as
+counsel for the Russian Soviet Bureau in this country.... The witness
+testified that he had advised Ludwig C. A. K. Martens to file his
+credentials with the Secretary of State; had aided him in the
+preparation of his statement and advised him generally in the
+organization of his office and in every effort undertaken by him for the
+establishment of trade connection with the United States."
+
+[M] Those willing to co-operate with the Committee should communicate
+with its Chairman, Mr. Frank Allaben, President of The National
+Historical Society, publishers of this book, 37 West 39th street, New
+York City.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER NOTES
+
+
+[1] Changed "Bolshevissm" to "Bolshevism".
+
+[2] Changed "Bolhevist" to "Bolshevist".
+
+[3] Changed "Forence" to "Florence".
+
+[4] Changed "circulaton" to "circulation".
+
+[5] Changed "constitutent" to "constituent".
+
+[6] Changed "form" to "from".
+
+[7] Changed "Ukrainains" to "Ukrainians".
+
+[8] Changed "renumeration" to "remuneration".
+
+[9] Changed "Procedings" to "Proceedings".
+
+[10] Changed "chidren" to "children".
+
+[11] Changed "futhermore" to "furthermore".
+
+[12] Changed "inauguarate" to "inaugurate".
+
+[13] Changed "Knickerobcker" to "Knickerbocker".
+
+[14] Changed "prevalance" to "prevalence".
+
+[15] Changed "Englisn" to "English".
+
+[16] Changed "neutriality" to "neutrality".
+
+[17] Changed "Interpretaion" to "Interpretation".
+
+[18] Changed "superstitution" to "superstition".
+
+[19] Changed "Pary" to "Party".
+
+[20] Changed "nowithstanding" to "notwithstanding".
+
+[21] Changed "camparatively" to "comparatively".
+
+[22] Changed "dailes" to "dailies".
+
+[23] Changed "insurrections" to "insurrection".
+
+[24] Changed "alied" to "allied".
+
+[25] Changed "Canouflagists" to "Camouflagists".
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Red Conspiracy, by Joseph J. Mereto
+
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