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+Project Gutenberg's Theory of Circulation by Respiration, by Emma Willard
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Theory of Circulation by Respiration
+       Synopsis of its Principles and History
+
+Author: Emma Willard
+
+Release Date: August 15, 2006 [EBook #19053]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THEORY OF CIRCULATION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Frank van Drogen, Laura Wisewell and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
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+material from the Google Print project.)
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+
+
+
+                                 THEORY
+
+                                   OF
+
+                      CIRCULATION BY RESPIRATION.
+
+                SYNOPSIS OF ITS PRINCIPLES AND HISTORY.
+
+
+                          WRITTEN, BY REQUEST,
+                 FOR THE "U. S. JOURNAL OF HOMŒOPATHY,"
+                            BY EMMA WILLARD.
+
+
+                               NEW-YORK:
+    FRANCIS HART & CO. PRINTERS AND STATIONERS, 63 CORTLANDT STREET.
+                                 1861.
+
+
+
+
+                                 THEORY
+
+                                   OF
+
+                      CIRCULATION BY RESPIRATION.
+
+
+
+
+SECTION I.
+
+First step in the discovery--Animal Heat the product of Respiration.
+    Second step--Heat evolved in the lungs by Respiration there produces
+    Expansion. Third step--Expansion; implied motion, which from the
+    organism must conduct the blood to the left ventricle of the Heart.
+    Theory imperfect, until the formation of sufficient vapor or steam
+    in the lungs is perceived and acknowledged.
+
+TO DR. MARCY.--In complying with your request to write for your journal
+an article embodying my theory of the motive powers which produce the
+circulation of the blood, together with some account of its rise and
+progress, I obey what I regard as a call of duty; and thus requested, do
+it with pleasure.
+
+But my theory, with its history, cannot thus be written without egotism.
+Logicians say, that the way to convince others is to retrace, in order,
+the steps by which you yourself became convinced, which is to be
+egotistic. But in this case, there is a further reason: the scientific
+discoverer must speak of the apparatus by which he experiments, and mine
+was often my own physical frame.
+
+Twenty years ago, while yet my mind, laboring with this great subject,
+was condemned
+
+                                "to drudge
+    Without a second and without a judge,"
+
+you, sir, comprehended the hypothesis which has now become a theory, and
+you waited not for others to speak, but you fully acknowledged its
+truth; and although, in Hartford, as now in New-York, you were thronged
+with practice, (then allopathic), you yet found time to furnish me with
+added experiments, made in your office, confirmatory of its truth, which
+by your permission were afterwards added in your name to my published
+work.
+
+The first step in the theory occurred to my mind in the winter of 1822,
+and while I was engaged in founding the Troy Female Seminary. Being in
+attendance on a course of lectures on chemistry, and at the same time
+teaching to a class Mrs. Marcett's excellent work on that subject, one
+cold morning, as I was walking briskly up a hill, I said to myself, Why
+do I grow warm? Whence comes this accession of caloric? It cannot be
+transmitted to me from any object without, because every thing which
+comes in contact with me is cold. Snow is under my feet, and frosty air
+surrounds me; and, as to clothing, even the softest furs _impart_ no
+warmth--they but keep from escaping that which comes from within. What
+other method besides transmission is there of gaining heat? There is the
+elimination of caloric, when, in substances chemically combining, weight
+is gained and bulk is lost. Is there any such combination going on in
+me? Yes; this atmospheric air, when I inspire it, has oxygen combined
+with nitrogen; but when I expire, the oxygen has disappeared, and
+heavier substances--carbonic acid gas and watery vapor--are returned in
+its place. Thus, it must be, animal heat is evolved. It is the product
+of respiration; and it is because I breathe faster and deeper, that more
+carbon is oxidized or burned, and more heat is set free in my lungs; and
+therefore I grow warm as I walk up this hill, though all around me is
+cold.
+
+The mind, excited by new and great thoughts, works with unwonted energy;
+and mine at once collected so many proofs, that I became perfectly
+convinced of the truth of the hypothesis. In searching books, I found
+that Lavoisier had taught the same; but he dying, his doctrine was
+discarded by English chemists, Dr. Black leading the way, and therefore
+it did not then appear in English systems of chemistry. But from that
+time, I cherished it with a mother's devotion, watched changes in my own
+physical frame relating to it, taught it to my pupils, and held warm
+disputes with the medical faculty, who opposed and contemned it.
+
+In the summer of 1832, the Asiatic cholera appeared among us, appalling
+every heart. This plague, I said, is a disease of coldness and
+obstruction; and these doctors, wrong as they are on the subject of
+animal heat, can never understand it--though, if Lavoisier were living,
+he might. Let me, then, as best I may, consider anew the problem of heat
+as produced by respiration, and see whether I cannot find out something
+which has a bearing on the fatal coldness of this fearful disease. It is
+into the lungs, and no where else, that breathing introduces atmospheric
+air; and it is there that the oxidation of carbon or animal combustion
+takes place. Thus must caloric be imparted to the blood in the lungs;
+and in them is one-fifth of the blood of the system, of which
+seven-eighths is water.
+
+The nature of heat is to expand all fluids. The blood in the lungs must,
+therefore, expand; and if it expands, it must move; and if it moves, it
+must, from the organism of the parts, move to the left ventricle of the
+heart, into which the valvular system opens to give it a free
+passage--whereas the valves of the right close against it. "Eureka!" I
+mentally exclaimed; "I have found the _primum mobile_ of the circulation
+of the blood." I had for years disbelieved that the heart's slight
+mechanical impulse was that cause. In teaching Paley's "Natural
+Theology," my mind had come in contact with the passage in which he
+describes the heart's more than Herculean labors; and I said, "This is
+altogether too much--the heart alone cannot perform all this--there must
+be some other power," and an abiding desire to know what that power
+could be, prepared me for receiving this great idea. But my mind was
+agitated by it, as the sea is, when a great rock is thrown into its
+waters.
+
+The cholera was then raging around me; and as I prepared to flee from it
+to a mountain air, I confided to a scientific friend, Professor Twiss of
+West Point, my hypothesis, which I regarded as probably the incipient
+germ of an important discovery.
+
+But there was first the former theory to be disproved; and then there
+were new points to be investigated and established. In the ensuing
+winters of 1833, 4, and 5, I gave much attention to the subject, and
+employed professors in my school in the departments of chemistry and
+natural philosophy, who assisted me,--particularly by their ingenuity in
+the construction of such simple pieces of apparatus as were needed.
+
+Thus we proved that, although the heart's action gives pulsation, it
+does not necessarily give circulation. By an endless india-rubber tube,
+filled with water, coiled upon a table and struck repeatedly at one
+point, a pulsation was produced throughout, but no circulation. By
+affixing the tube to a vessel of water, and laying it on an inclined
+plane, the water ran through it in an equable current, making
+circulation with pulsation. Clasping the hand upon the tube in
+successive contractions, the fluid passed on _per saltem_, producing
+circulation and pulsation united, but no acceleration of the current.
+Now, add valves to the tube on each side of the opening hand, and you
+will have the current--which is moving by gravitation, accelerated by
+the hand's impulse, as the blood's current, first moved by respiration,
+undoubtedly is by the heart's beat.
+
+The heart we regard as the grand regulator of the blood's flow; and it
+is admirably situated for measuring out a regular portion of blood at
+every contraction. John Bell, believing in the Harveian theory, said,
+"It is awful to think of the unfixed position of the heart;" and
+Dr. Arnott declared that "the heart, the heart alone, is the ragged
+anomaly in the laws of fitness in mechanics." The heart was now seen to
+have a right position; for it should swing loose that its moorings be
+not endangered; and, as whatever impugns the Creator's unerring wisdom
+must be wrong, so the presumption is, that whatever vindicates it must
+be right.
+
+My hypothesis assumed the principle, that, if an endless hollow tube be
+filled with a liquid, the liquid can be made to circulate perpetually,
+if it be heated at one point and cooled before its return. A drawing of
+the simple apparatus by which this problem was proved, is given in my
+published work on "the Motive Powers, &c." The figure which represents
+this apparatus gives the learner the most simple idea possible of the
+connection of the respiratory and circulatory systems, and of the
+combination of the two motive powers; the first, or chemical, coming
+from the lungs, and the second, or mechanical, from the heart.
+
+Suppose the heart divided into right and left hearts by dissection at
+the septum: the circulatory system might then be represented by an
+endless tube. Let such an one, nine or ten feet in length, and of one
+inch bore (to be filled with water) be placed upon a horizontal table.
+Let an enlargement of the tube be made by a tin vessel to represent the
+lungs, which shall contain about one-fifth part of the water. Let the
+tube connected with the right side of the vessel have, at a little
+distance from the vessel, a smaller enlargement, composed of
+india-rubber, which can be grasped by the hand, to represent the heart's
+right ventricle, with a valve on each side opening towards the tin
+vessel, the two to represent the tricuspid and semi-lunar valves. Let
+the whole be made nearly full of water; then, under the tin vessel
+(representing the lungs), let a fire be made. As the water heats, it
+will expand; and as the valve closes to the right, it will go off to the
+left side of the vessel. But, as no water will come in from the right,
+on account of the valves, there will be no current. Now let the hand
+grasp the india-rubber, and the fluid between the valves being displaced
+by its pressure, all the water will go towards the tin vessel, because,
+while the valve representing the tricuspid would close, that
+representing the semi-lunar (between the mimic heart and lungs) would
+open--and very freely; because the expansion made by the heat under the
+tin vessel had created a vacuum, and thus made a suction power to draw
+it forward, while there is a driving power behind to force it onward
+into the tin vessel. Then relaxing the hand, a vacuum will exist between
+the two valves; and the valve in the rear of the current now begun (the
+tricuspid) would open, and the water rush in to fill the vacuum in the
+india-rubber ventricle, to be again pressed forward by the next grasp of
+the hand; and thus--the fire (representing respiration) being kept up,
+and the alternate grasping and relaxing of the hand (representing the
+heart's regular impulse)--a perpetual circulation might be made to go
+on;[1] but not without another condition of the problem.
+
+And it was in performing this experiment that a truth was discovered,
+which, had it been known, many who have ignorantly lost their lives
+might have preserved them. When the fluid in the apparatus became
+equally, or nearly as much, heated at the extreme parts of the
+circulating tube as at the heating vessel, then the motive power of
+expansion ceased, and (the hand's impulse being too weak of itself to
+carry it on) circulation failed; but it was restored by putting snow or
+ice around the extreme parts of the tube. How often have we heard of
+ladies who, having gone into warm baths, have been found dead by their
+friends, or too nearly so, to be restored.[2] Through ignorance of the
+cause, no right means would be taken to restore them, such as dashing
+cold water upon the exterior, with simultaneous efforts to produce, in
+fresh air and in proper position, such artificial respiration as leads
+to the natural. Where no internal lesions have occurred, there is every
+reason to believe that such measures might produce restoration.
+
+My imperfect machines gave me to see how much might be done for this
+important part of physiology by a more perfect apparatus. Mine was
+merely horizontal--but one might be made to take as many positions as
+are natural to the human frame; and how many facts might such an one
+elicit concerning the effects of position on the circulation, by which
+lives might every day be saved! But skilful mechanicians, not ordinary
+mechanics, are needed, who are men of intellectual capacity, and are
+furnished with _carte-blanche_ for time and expense.[3]
+
+The years 1836-'7-'8 witnessed, on my part, several extraordinary and
+fruitless efforts to get before the public the theory, of whose truth
+and importance I was then fully convinced. In 1839, Dr. C. Smith, then
+of Troy, an able medical lecturer, became a convert to the theory; and
+showed me, in post mortem dissections, the organs of respiration and
+circulation. At the close of that year, having carefully corrected and
+made out copies of my manuscript theory, which I had before written, I
+sent two to Paris--one to the two brothers, Drs. Edwards, members of the
+French Institute, and one to my friend, Madame Belloc. I also sent one
+to Edinburgh, to Dr. Abercrombie. Dr. Milne Edwards soon after wrote a
+book, in which he made it a point to show that animals could live
+several minutes without breathing; and Dr. Frederic Edwards wrote me a
+short letter of objections to my theory, and adherence to that of
+Harvey. This letter was copied and answered in my work published in
+1846.
+
+About this time, Dr. Aikin, of Baltimore, wrote to me on the subject;
+and showed, by calculations, that the mere gradual expansion of the
+water of the blood was not sufficient, of itself, to produce a current
+as rapid as that of the blood was proved to be, even on the lowest
+estimate of its velocity. This did not shake my faith in the great fact
+that circulation was created by respiration. It must be so; for in life,
+such respiration as produces heat is the invariable antecedent of
+circulation, and nothing else is. There was something, then, which
+remained to be discovered. Again, I placed before me the conditions of
+the great problem, and set myself intently to its study; and I soon
+found what I thus sought, and then discerned for the first time that the
+blood moves, as does the railroad car, by steam. John Bell, my favorite
+author, had shown that the lungs work _in vacuo_. A great proportion of
+the blood is water, which, in a vacuum, springs into vapor at 67°, and
+the temperature of the blood in the lungs is 101°. Its expansion, then,
+was not merely the gradual increase of bulk by transmitted heat, but
+also that of instantaneous expansion, by the vaporization of so much of
+it as is needed; and what expanded water could not do, steam certainly
+could. At once, a throng of proofs came to my mind. The most apparent of
+these was the vapor _expired_ breathing. I recollected how, in former
+times, the stage horses, driven rapidly into my native village of a
+winter morning, had clouds of vapor wreathing upward from their
+nostrils, while the icicles of condensation were hanging below. The
+nurse, who stands over the dying, holds a mirror before the mouth and
+nose, and considers that life is only extinct when vapor ceases to be
+formed. Then came to mind the solution of that great mystery of
+physiology, why the arteries are empty at death, which so long hindered
+the discovery finally made by Harvey.
+
+In the state in which chemistry was, even as late as the time of John
+Bell, the chemical power of the heat produced by respiration at the
+lungs could not have been understood.
+
+
+SECTION II.
+
+Publication of the Theory, in 1846, in "A treatise on the Motive Powers
+    which produce the Circulation of the Blood." Its Reception: Critique
+    in the New York "Journal of Medicine," September, 1846. My Reply, in
+    the same Journal, March, 1847.
+
+TO DR. MARCY.--In the years immediately succeeding 1840, (in which year,
+as you will recollect, I had the honor to receive your countenance and
+advice respecting my theory,) I was almost exclusively devoted to the
+revision and enlargement of my historical works; but early is 1846,
+having determined on making the tour of the United States, I resolved
+first to prepare my theory for the press. In the introduction, I
+remarked, "The house of clay in which the mind dwells must receive a
+portion of its care; and that which I have bestowed on mine has
+proceeded on a belief in the truth of the theory herein advocated, as
+undoubting as that in the laws of gravitation; and when any new fact, or
+any remark of an author, relating to my theory came under my
+observation, I noted it down and laid it by with its kindred. About to
+set out on a long journey, and aware that my field of vision had thus
+enlarged, I felt it my duty to put together the principal of my remarks,
+that I might so leave the subject, that, in case anything should prevent
+my return, it would be in a form equal to the present slate in which the
+theory exists in my own mind."
+
+The time I had spent in devotion to this theory, the many rebuffs I had
+met in seeking to promulgate it--sometimes, unhappily, affecting my
+social life--had made painful the duty of publishing it. My historical
+works had been received with favor; but I believed that, in publishing
+this, it would be charged against me that I chose a subject unsuited to
+my sex. I therefore said, in my preface, "This is not so much a subject
+which I chose, as one which chooses me; and if the Father of Lights has
+been pleased to reveal to me from the book of his physical truth a
+sentence before unread, is it for me to suppose that it is for my
+individual benefit? or is it for you, my reader, to turn away your ear
+from hearing this truth, and charge its great Author with having
+ill-chosen his instrument to communicate it?"
+
+As I passed southward on my journey, I left, March, 1846, my
+manuscript in the hands of Wiley & Putnam, in N. York:[4] to be
+published at my expense. During the six months in which I was absent
+on my travels, my book was published; and the publishers sent copies,
+as directed by me, to many of my personal friends, and to several
+physicians. They sent other copies, which procured notices, some of
+which were favorable, particularly one from the _London Critic_, and
+others, the reverse. As few copies of the book sold, I was not
+remunerated for the cost of publication. The copies sent to physicians
+were mostly unacknowledged--received in cold, if not contemptuous,
+silence. But my family physician, the worthy and learned Dr. Robbins,
+to whom I dedicated the work, ever upheld me. He answered my questions,
+gave me instructions, and showed me post-mortem dissections; and to
+those who asked him if he believed in my theory, he wisely replied,
+"Mrs. Willard is right as far as she goes." He knew that I made no
+pretensions to understand the vast variety of medical subjects not
+connected with the circulation, and that I never doubted his skill or
+disputed his prescriptions. An honest man, and a skilful physician, he
+deserved and had my unfailing confidence. And if, by reason of what I
+knew, I had prolonged my life, he had the longer kept a good and
+faithful patient. Lady-friends, to whom I had sent my work, had
+sometimes referred it to their medical advisers; and thus Dr. Hiester,
+an eminent physician of Reading, Pa., became a believer. And in the same
+way, the eminent Dr. Cartwright, then of Natchez, and President of the
+State Medical Association of Mississippi, came to a knowledge of those
+principles, which, as we shall hereafter show, he so remarkably
+elucidated.
+
+In September, 1846, the _New York Journal of Medicine_, then edited by
+Dr. Charles A. Lee, contained a review or critique on my work, which, if
+the history of the theory shall hereafter become a matter of special
+interest, may, with my reply, contained in the March number of 1847,
+furnish any examiner with the full state of the question at that period.
+
+The learned reviewer showed himself acquainted with the subject as it
+then stood, and with its history in the past. He held that the heart's
+action, "the contractile power of the cardiac walls," is the main spring
+or _primum mobile_, from which the circulating force proceeds,
+notwithstanding the great discrepancies as to what that force is; and
+while he objected to my theory, that it did not show any distinct
+measure of force, he said that, while Borelli estimated the contractive
+power of the heart at 180,000 pounds, Keill stated it at five ounces,
+Sir Charles Bell at 51 pounds, Carpenter at 51½, and Hales at 50. He
+abandoned, however, Harvey's idea that the heart was the only organ of
+circulation. He believed that it was assisted by the contractile power
+of the arteries, by the movement of the ribs and chest in respiration,
+by capillary attraction, muscular contraction in exercise, and several
+other forces; one of which, the attraction of the venous blood for the
+pulmonary cells, had been recently pointed out by Dr. Draper. The author
+did not suppose he was bringing forward any new truths; "but," said he,
+as an introduction to his account of my theory, "are we not sometimes in
+danger of forsaking old truths for new theories?"
+
+Of my theory, he says: "The mere statement of it must satisfy our
+readers that it is wholly untenable. It is well known that heat is
+generated in every part of the system as well as the lungs. Whenever
+oxygen and carbon unite, there it is developed; but it is imparted to
+the _solids_ equally with the fluids; it maintains the temperature of
+the whole body by radiations from the points where it is generated." ...
+"It is believed that all those functions of the organism which are
+necessary for the preservation of life, contribute directly or
+indirectly to the production of animal heat; so that it is developed at
+every point at which metamorphosis is occurring, and therefore not
+merely in the lungs, but in the whole peripheral system."
+
+The writer then observes, that "the heat of the venous blood as it
+reaches the right side of the heart (according to Davy), varies only two
+or three degrees from that of the aorta. Granting, then, that the blood
+receives three degrees in the lungs, it is very evident that the
+expansion produced by it would be too small to be appreciable. The
+cause, then, is insufficient to produce the effects." The writer gives
+me credit for having ingeniously supported my theory, and then politely
+bows me out of the department of physiology into my more appropriate
+sphere of educating girls.
+
+In my reply, this sentence from Cuvier was chosen as a motto:
+"Respiration is the function essential to the constitution of an animal
+body; it is that which, in a manner, animalizes it; and we shall see
+that animals exercise their peculiar functions more completely according
+as they enjoy greater powers of respiration."[5] My reasoning was to
+this effect: "It is in vain to say that cannot be, which is." When
+two events are so conjoined in nature that one is the only invariable
+antecedent of the other, then, according to all logic, we are bound to
+conclude that the first is the physical cause of the second, even though
+we cannot understand how it should be. Of the circulation, such living
+respiration as produces heat is the invariable antecedent, and nothing
+else is. The heart's action, as stated by our reviewer himself, is not
+therefore respiration, and not the heart's action or anything else, is
+the cause of the circulation. This argument is upheld by the fact that
+circulation, varies not only as respiration, but as its products
+digestion, strength, and, according to Cuvier, animal vitality vary. All
+begin with respiration, end with it, and are as it is. If respiration
+ceases, restore it before the organism is deranged, and they are all
+restored. We must conclude, then, that respiration is the cause of
+circulation, although we could not see how it should be. Much more, when
+we discern a mighty power, that of expansion, and see how the Almighty
+has made our frame in reference to its production by caloric--the lungs
+allowing of heat within them like wet cloth, and the nerves, bones and
+muscles all made and arranged, so that oxygen shall be brought to them
+by respiration on the one hand, and carbon by the numerous digestive and
+circulatory organs on the other.
+
+As to any deficiency of power, my reviewer had omitted to notice that
+not only the ordinary expansion of the water of the blood by calorie had
+been assumed, but also its vaporization, or the change of such a portion
+as was needed into steam, the lungs being _in vacuo_; so that nature
+here had not failed of her usual abundance. And had not this power been
+kept in check by the pressure of the surrounding air hindering the
+perfect vacuum of the lungs, there was reason to fear, rather its excess
+than its deficiency. As to the reviewer's assertion that heat is
+generated in every part of the system, and imparted to the _solids_
+equally with the fluids--that I positively denied, in the name of common
+sense. For who does not know that, although there may be some heat
+elaborated in the stomach, and some during the processes by which the
+fluids change to solids, that the great source of heat to the system, is
+in the fluid blood, and not in solid flesh or bone? Our senses of sight
+and feeling show us, in the case of blushing, that heat comes and goes
+with the blood. No one believes that the solid parts of his leg warm the
+blood as much as it warms them. Finally, it discredited the old theory,
+that it showed no adequate use for the great primary function of
+respiration, and its constant attendant, animal heat. Breathing and
+warmth are not ultimate ends. Man breathes to live; he does not live to
+breathe. He is warm to live; he does not live merely to be warm. Our
+theory shows that it is these primary agencies which sustain his being;
+and it sets forth the manner in which they operate for this end. And
+thus, while it indicates the wisdom of the Almighty in the formation of
+the animal frame, it shows itself to be His true interpreter.
+
+
+SECTION III.
+
+Uses of the Theory--Proofs.--Publication of a Work, in 1849, entitled
+    "Respiration and its Effects, more, especially in relation to
+    Asiatic Cholera and other Sinking Diseases."--Examples.
+
+TO DR. MARCY.--The theory of the two chief motive powers which operate
+at the centre was, we conceive, completed by the addition of steam
+formed in the vacuum of the lungs, as available to give to the blood its
+due velocity. We also believe that complete proof _a priori_ had been
+adduced of the fallacy of the theory that the _primum mobile_ is in the
+heart; and, also, that proof _a priori_ had been given that it begins at
+the lungs, and is the product of respiration. It remained to apply this
+theory to use, and to find proofs _a posteriori_.
+
+Although some of my friends regarded my theory as an _ignis fatuus_
+which led me into nothing but evil, yet it has enabled me, by plans of
+exercise, to endure for many years, in-door sedentary labor--and yet
+enjoy health; and in unusual emergencies, more than once to save my own
+life and that of others.
+
+In the cold winter of 1835, I took, at Troy, the old summer stage, at
+midnight, to cross the Green Mountains. I was alone in the large and
+ill-closed vehicle; the thermometer was sinking as I proceeded on my
+way, until it had reached 25° below zero, a degree of cold to which I
+had never before been subjected. When I had traveled alone twenty miles,
+I found myself in imminent danger of perishing. Ordinary expedients to
+get warmth were no longer availing; numbness and cold at the vitals were
+overcoming me; and I knew that to give way to them was to die. I thought
+of my theory; but I was fearful that I should commit sin if I tampered
+with the sacred "breath of life." But my necessity was urgent, and I
+aroused, stood up, and breathed that dense air with violence. It felt
+for the moment cold to my lungs, but soon came heat with a rush, and
+with it pain, as if the whole surface of the throat and lungs were
+blistered; and my first thought was that I should die, justly punished
+for my temerity. But soon I was restored to genial warmth; and rejoiced
+in having successfully made an important physiological experiment.
+
+Afterwards, having been instrumental in relieving a woman who was
+perishing from having breathed the fumes of charcoal, I was led to
+reflect that in such cases there was something to be taken away from the
+lungs, as well as warmth to be added. This woman's extreme coldness, and
+feeble, fluttering pulse, showed that she was dying for want of right
+breathing; and in her case there was no doubt that the cause was the
+same as that of death by drowning. The carbonic acid gas which she had
+inspired, being heavier than atmospheric air, settled as water in her
+lungs, and in the same manner prevented the access of oxygen to their
+living tissues. And hence arose the reflection that the ordinary
+carbonic acid gas, which is always the residuum of respiration, might,
+from weakness, settle in the lungs, and thus become the cause of disease
+and death. The presence of carbonic acid in the lower bronchial tubes
+and cells, existing in quantities sufficient to prevent the natural
+combustion by breathing, was brought to my mind in March, 1847, while
+searching for the cause of an agonizing paroxysm of sick headache. The
+distressed feelings of obstructed life with which I was tossing and
+struggling, together with the agonizing pain in the head and pressure on
+the stomach, might well arise from such a cause. Standing (for position
+is important) in a full current of air from an open window, I commenced
+a species of violent artificial breathing, for the purpose of ejecting
+the supposed heavy gas, and filling my lungs with pure air. This was
+done by contracting the chest on every side to its smallest possible
+dimensions, and at the same time throwing out the air violently and from
+the bottom of the thorax, as if under the operation of an emetic; then
+alternating by opening the chest to its greatest capacity, and drawing
+in, by successive inhalations, all the fresh air possible, and pressing
+it down to the lowest depths of the lungs. This process at first gave
+such intensity and sharpness to the pain in the head, that it required
+much resolution to continue it; nevertheless it was persevered in. After
+a few minutes, the pain diminished, and soon entirely ceased. This was
+followed by free perspiration, and equalized, warmth and circulation.
+Perfect repose and quiet sleep ensued. Friends, who a short time before
+had seen a countenance like that of a dying person, and knew how slow
+was ordinary cure, were astonished, an hour afterwards, to behold, on my
+awaking, the full glow of restored health.[6]
+
+On the re-appearance of cholera, during the summer of 1849, my mind was
+peculiarly affected, from the belief that a false theory of circulation
+prevailed, although there was a true theory, which, if generally
+believed, might lead to the knowledge of the cause and cure of this
+terrific malady; and thus thousands of lives be saved which would
+otherwise be lost. This thought almost distracted me; and believing that
+my sex stood in the way of my theory's being acknowledged, I sometimes
+wished that it might please God to take me out of the world. Then coming
+to better thoughts; I cast away despondency as unworthy of me; and
+determined to proceed to the further investigation and development of
+the great truth, of which I had, as I believed, been made the unworthy
+recipient. I studied my theory anew, while I read the most approved
+works on cholera; and I came to the belief that imperfect respiration,
+caused by the want of due oxygen in the air, was the principal
+predisposing cause of the premonitory symptoms; while the death that
+supervened was often caused by the settling of carbonic acid gas, the
+residuum of animal combustion, in the lower air-cells of the lungs. The
+symptoms of the cholera, as treated by the best writers, were full of
+new proofs of the truth of my theory, especially of its last step, the
+formation of steam or vapor in the lungs. Without that, the collapse of
+cholera was a fearful mystery; with it, everything was plain. With a
+coldness that would collapse the lungs, the bowels must naturally be
+drawn up (and with dreadful pains) to supply their place. The ghastly
+change in the face must occur when cold has condensed its arterial
+vapor. If respiration could restore heat, before any lesions had taken
+place in the organism, the patient might recover. Then I began rewriting
+my theory in a work afterwards published, with the title, "Respiration
+and its Effects, especially in relation to Asiatic Cholera and other
+Sinking Diseases."
+
+While thus occupied, the debilitating air of the season weighed upon my
+health and spirits. I had been affected for about three days with what I
+regarded as the ordinary complaints of the season, when one night, after
+my family had retired, I found myself suddenly very ill--my symptoms
+being coldness, debility, and spasmodic pains. I believed myself to be
+attacked with cholera. I efficiently practised the artificial
+respiration in fresh air as before described. Gaining strength as I
+proceeded, I soon found a death-like coldness giving place to genial
+warmth. Violent exercise, with artificial breathing, was kept up some
+time, with such rests and full free breathings as nature required; after
+which, I slept, perspired profusely, and was well in the morning.
+
+This was an occurrence which sunk deep into my mind; and the more so, as
+I could not speak much of it, for the truth was too improbable to be
+believed. But the successful issue of this, my first experiment upon the
+dreaded disease, prepared me to act with boldness and efficiency in a
+case which occurred in my own house about a week after.
+
+On the 14th of August, 1849, Jane Phayre, an Irish woman in my service,
+of about twenty-five years of age, having been ill for four days with
+diarrhœa, was suddenly struck with what the French call cholera
+_foudroyant_--from fright. Alarmed by unwonted sounds near her window in
+a basement room, she mounted the window-seat to look out at the top
+sash, and found her face close to that of a man dying of cholera, who in
+his death-cramps was brought from a steamboat on a litter, and thus
+rested upon the pavement. The cover was lifted from his face, and the
+sight and the smell struck her with faintness and trembling; and with
+difficulty she reached her bed. I was called to go to her quickly by
+Eliza Fagan, who said that Jane was very bad. She had a clay-cold
+death-look, and a frightful blackness around her eyes. Her face, as I
+saw it, was livid, pinched in features, and corpse-like, and her pulse
+but a feeble flutter; and she seemed only to breathe from the top of her
+lungs. She tried, as she afterwards told me, to say, "I am dying," but
+her speech was husky and inarticulate. She says her sight and hearing
+were gone; and while Eliza and I were dragging her out of doors, she
+could not see the window, and did not feel her feet. We placed her in an
+upright position, with her back resting against a board-wall, a fresh
+breeze blowing full in her face. Her senses were now partially restored.
+I told her to breathe violently, for she must get the bad air out of her
+lungs and the good air in; and I showed her how she must do it. At first
+she said, "I can't, for something rises up in the inside." When I told
+her, sternly, that her life depended on it, and she must, she tried to
+obey me. At first, it gave her severe headache, but as soon as deep
+breathing was fairly begun, while I was watching her face with intense
+anxiety, the color changed from the clay-cold death-look to the full
+flush of the warm hue of life, and she joyfully exclaimed, "Oh! I feel
+well!"
+
+When the removal of carbonic acid gas had made way for oxygen to be
+brought to the yet uninjured lungs, the carbon of the venous blood
+ignited, the motive power was furnished, the blood was again moved
+forward into the arterial system, and the dammed up venous current,
+receiving the suction force, rushed on so violently as at times nearly
+to produce suffocation; but the struggle was soon over, and the lungs,
+free both from carbonic acid gas and an unnatural quantity of venous
+blood, once more received pure air--and to the relieved sufferer
+respiration became delightful--the circulation passed freely through an
+unbroken system--and THE CHOLERA WAS CURED.
+
+Was there, in the whole wide world, another person besides myself who
+would have taken such a living corpse, dragged it out of doors, and set
+it upright, on feet which could not feel, with the expectation that it
+might breathe out death, breathe in life, and be restored? The result is
+a proof, _a posteriori_; that the theory on which the experiment was
+made is true.
+
+Other cases occurred, where, under different circumstances, cures of
+cholera were effected. One, as instantaneous, and in some respects as
+remarkable as that of Jane Phayre, was that of my friend and former
+pupil, Mrs. Gen. Gould, of Rochester, who sent for me, believing herself
+to be dying of cholera. I have her letter, which, by permission, is
+published in my work on Respiration; and also a letter from her
+physician, Dr. Bloss, of Troy, testifying that her disease was cholera,
+and that he had little hope of her restoration. This letter is published
+in the appendix of a report on my theory, read in Buffalo, August 8th,
+1851, to a convention of the New York State Association of Teachers.
+
+In my journeying to New York city, to attend their previous convention
+in August, 1850, an accident obliged me to walk for some distance, in
+the middle of a hot day. The convention sat in Hope Chapel, which was
+poorly ventilated; and in the evening, I sat under a large gas-burner.
+On entering my room at the New-York Hotel, which was on the ground
+floor, situated where the only air was from a confined, central
+enclosure, I perceived at the only window a strong smell of fresh paint
+from the outer walls, so that I was obliged to close it. Being
+excessively fatigued, I slept heavily--till at early dawn I awaked to
+find myself in a dying state. Attempting to move my arms, they were like
+lead by my side--and my breath was but a feeble gasp. Without the
+knowledge of my theory--my bane, as many of my friends have thought--I
+should then have had no antidote. But I knew where was the destroying
+agent, and what was the only means by which I had a chance of removing
+it; and I used the little strength I had left to breathe deeper, and
+then to strive for a better position. Long and doubtful was the
+struggle. It was ten o'clock when, with tottering steps, I got into a
+carriage, and sought the free fresh air, which enabled me to take a
+little food. In the evening, I went into the Teacher's Convention,
+having first ordered from my publisher a sufficient number of my books
+on Respiration to present one to each member; and then, at my request, a
+Committee of Investigation was appointed by the convention to report on
+my theory. They reported favorably to the succeeding convention at
+Buffalo, which adopted the report, and I published and circulated it.
+This committee I had been allowed to choose, and it consisted of my
+friend, Prof. Twiss--the first believer in the theory--and Mr. Fellows,
+that Professor of Natural Philosophy, who formerly assisted in making my
+apparatus.
+
+Mr. Fellows carried the report to Buffalo, and when he read it in the
+convention, editors immediately came to him to request copies for the
+press. But, by the influence of physicians, they afterwards declined it
+when offered. It seemed to be the general plan of the regular faculty
+(in the Eastern, not the Western, States) to put the theory into a
+condition resembling the algide state of cholera, where it would die of
+coldness; but, by the aid of Divine Providence, it will, like its
+author, restore itself by its own inherent vitality--the vitality of
+immortal truth.
+
+
+SECTION IV.
+
+Proofs from Dr. Cartwright's Great Experiments on
+    Alligators--Resuscitation of Dr. Ely's Child--Dr. Bowling, Editor of
+    the Nashville Medical Journal, endorses Dr. Washington, who, in that
+    journal, "crushes out" all Opposition to the Theory--Dr. Draper's
+    Acknowledgment of it in New York--Homœopathists--Conclusion.
+
+TO DR. MARCY. Thus, for thirty years, had I maintained, not only without
+public support, but against discouragements, these great truths, of
+which I had been allowed for myself such life-giving evidence. But early
+in December, 1851, Dr. Cartwright, then of New Orleans, announced in a
+letter to me that he had publicly become my advocate. His name will ever
+be connected with the theory, on account of the remarkable experiments
+by which he demonstrated its truth. In the presence of eminent
+physicians, and other scientific persons, he resuscitated an alligator
+which had been killed by tying the trachea. After an hour, when neither
+fire nor the dissecting knife produced signs of pain, Dr. Dowler[7] laid
+bare the lungs and the heart. Then a hole was cut in the trachea, below
+the ligature, and a blow-pipe was introduced, which Professor Forshey[7]
+worked with violence. At length, a faint quivering of moving blood was
+seen in the diaphanous veins of the lungs. The inflating process being
+continued, the blood next began to run in streams from the lungs into
+the quiescent heart. The heart began first to quiver, then to pulsate;
+and signs of life elsewhere appearing, the animal began to move; and
+soon, strong men could not hold him. Again they bound him to the table,
+and kept the trachea tied until life was apparently extinct; when, again
+inflating his lungs, he so thoroughly revived that he became dangerous,
+snapping at everything, and breaking his cords. For the third time, the
+trachea was ligatured--the animal expired, and was resuscitated.
+
+Dr. Cartwright says in his letter to me, published in the Boston Medical
+Journal, January 7th, 1852, "By this resuscitation, your theory of the
+motive power of the circulation of the blood was established beyond all
+doubt or dispute." "This vivisection clearly proved that the _primum
+mobile_ of the circulation, and the chief motive powers of the blood,
+are in the lungs, and not in the heart." Dr. Cartwright mentioned, in
+the same letter, a case in which his faith in my theory had saved the
+life of a breathless infant--inducing him to unwonted perseverance in
+inflating its lungs.
+
+Able opposers to the theory, however, arose in New Orleans, some of whom
+believed that the resuscitation might have been effected by applications
+to the nerves. Dr. Cartwright procured, from Gen. Jackson's battle
+ground, another alligator, which was publicly killed and vivisected. The
+doctor's opponents first tried their means to bring the animal to life,
+and failed. Then he, by artificial respiration, restored the huge
+reptile as before;--thus proving that artificial respiration could
+restore suspended animation when nothing else could.
+
+Dr. Ely was one who had opposed and written against the theory. In the
+meantime, his infant son had cholera, and expired. His medical friends
+had left him, and crape was tied to the handle of the front door.
+Standing by the side of his lifeless babe, Dr. Ely said to himself, "If
+this theory should be true, I might yet save my child." And profiting by
+the example of Dr. Cartwright in restoring the dead alligator, he
+restored his child to life. Remitting his efforts too soon--again the
+infant ceased to breathe. And again, and yet the third time, the father
+restored him--when the resuscitation proved complete; and months after,
+the child was living and in perfect health. Dr. Ely then came promptly
+forward, and, like a nobly honest man, reported the case as convincing
+evidence of a truth which he had formerly opposed.[8]
+
+Whoever wishes to know the history of theories concerning the motive
+powers of the blood as they then stood, may learn them by looking over
+files of the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, edited by Dr. J. V. C.
+Smith, for the years 1852-'53, and a part of 1854. Dr. Cartwright wrote
+for it during those years; and, encouraged by his protection, I
+frequently answered objections, which flowed in from various medical
+opponents. The objection derived from the fœtal circulation, I answered
+thus, in the Journal, of May, 1852: "The change occurring at birth, so
+far from falsifying this theory, affords presumptive proof of its truth.
+When first the air enters the trachea of a new born infant, and animal
+combustion begins, the inflation of the lungs must open the vessels and
+vesicles prepared to receive the venous blood. To fill the new-made
+vacuum, the whole of the blood from the right ventricle rushes through
+the pulmonary tube, leaving none to go through the _ductus arteriosus_,
+thus made useless, and henceforth to be abolished. But what is to move
+the blood from the capillaries of the lungs? The heart's force,
+insufficient before without aid from the mother's respiration, is now
+divided, while its work is doubled. A new power must then be generated
+by the meeting of the air with the carbon of the blood, enkindled by the
+peculiar functional vitality of the lungs. Without such a power, no
+perceptible cause exists sufficient to move the blood onward to the left
+ventricle. But it is moved thither, and with a power which presses down
+and closes the valve of the _foramen ovale_, thus clearly manifesting
+that this current exceeds in force that in the right ventricle. Grant
+that the new function of respiration has furnished a new power, and this
+astonishing instantaneous metamorphosis from amphibious to mammalian
+life becomes perfectly intelligible, and the wisdom of the Creator is
+fully vindicated; showing that His work has been truly interpreted."
+
+In the _Boston Journal_, of April 21st, 1852, is an article from
+Dr. Cartwright, entitled "Confirmation of the Willardian, or Important
+American Discovery," in which the author endeavors to remove what
+doubtless has been one cause of the delay in acknowledging its truth.
+"Those members of the profession," he says, "whom science has only
+_perfumed_, are the most apt 'to look down with proud disdain' on any
+discovery originating 'with individuals not indoctrinated.' They do not
+make the proper distinction between selfish quacks who seek publicity
+'to line the pocket,' and those 'who, prompted by some mysterious
+power,' come forward against their interest, and at the risk of their
+reputation. 'Rather than to contemn and ridicule, it were better to
+study the manifestations of that mysterious power.' They do not consider
+that the truth thus brought to light, while they fail to acknowledge it,
+is affording 'to selfish quackery' a capital to trade on."
+
+To the same effect is the advice given to the profession by Dr. B. F.
+Washington, of Hannibal, Mo. He says, in the Nashville _Journal of
+Medicine_, July, 1854, "it is time for us to be acting; the honor of the
+profession is in danger. The theory of respiration is a truth which will
+cut its way; and if we do not take it up and teach it, in a few years we
+may see the mortifying spectacle of the community teaching the
+profession scientific truths. Quacks have already taken it up, and we
+have inhalers and air cures of various kinds."[9]
+
+The first appearance of Dr. Washington as the advocate of my theory was
+in the _Nashville Journal_, March, 1854; and his fertile genius had
+there brought a new illustration of its truth. It had, he said, opened
+his eyes to the explanation of a fact which had puzzled him from his
+boyhood. "In slaughtering animals, if the trachea was cut, scarcely any
+hæmorrhage resulted; while, if that was left untouched, full hæmorrhage
+occurred. By the Willardian theory, the fact is readily susceptible of
+explanation. The blood, filling the trachea, suspended respiration, and
+of course the impelling power of the blood was suspended, and the
+hæmorrhage ceased. The engine could not work without steam. When the
+trachea was not cut, respiration went on, and kept up the circulation,
+until the animal was nearly exsanguineous, and the powers of life gave
+way." This fact was clearly ascertained by Dr. W. K. Bowling, the
+well-known editor of the _Nashville Journal_, and able professor of the
+theory and practice of medicine in the university of that place. He sent
+me the Journal containing this welcome endorsement of my theory from one
+who was, as Dr. Bowling assured me, "an observer of superior tact and
+learning," known by his medical compositions as well in Europe as
+America. Since that time (March, 1854), that Journal, though not
+excluding articles which oppose, has been understood to be in favor of
+the theory. Dr. Washington has written repeatedly, answering all
+objections;[10] and he has, in the Journal (as I have been assured by
+one of the Editors), "crushed out all that would take up his glove, and
+is left in undisputed possession of the field--looking in vain for an
+opponent."
+
+In the meantime, in 1856, Dr. J. N. Draper, Professor of Chemistry and
+Physiology in the University of New-York, in an elaborate work on "Human
+Physiology," has agreed that Harvey's theory of the paramount power of
+the heart's action in the circulation must be abandoned; and that to
+respiration must be assigned "the great duty of originating the blood's
+circulation."[11]
+
+Dr. Washington has not only defended me in every important position
+which I have taken, and added new illustrations--but he has made the
+theory available to showing new proofs of the wisdom of God in the
+creation of man. Thus--steam is formed in the vacuum of the lungs at the
+low temperature of 67°, while, if there were no vacuum, 212° of heat
+would be required to produce it,--an impossible quantity, since it would
+coagulate the albumen of the blood. But form the vacuum, and the boiling
+of the blood with any degree of heat less than 101° could not cause any
+such disaster, while the steam going off from the lungs through the
+arterial system to the capillaries, gradually condenses, warming the
+body by giving off its latent heat; and the latent heat of vapor is the
+same however it is formed, and is always 1,114°. What divine wisdom and
+economy are thus displayed!
+
+Homœopathy has, we believe, never found any difficulty in receiving this
+theory. We know that, at one of its conventions held in Providence, it
+was ably supported; and Dr. Marcy, whom I have the honor to address,
+was, as we have seen, one of its earliest defenders. He has never,
+whether allopathist or homœopathist, been known to hesitate when his own
+mind brought him clear conclusions;--the distinguishing mark, according
+to Dugald Stewart, of intrepidity of character.
+
+                                    With profound respect,
+                                            EMMA WILLARD.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] It is here seen what an important work this theory does for the
+venous circulation, and why the blood moves into the lungs. We have read
+of a theory which maintains that it goes there because there is a mutual
+attraction between it and the capillaries of the lungs. But there is
+none between the water in our tube and that in the tin vessel where
+water is boiling; but it goes into it with a rush notwithstanding.
+Because there is a strong suction power produced by expansion, no other
+attraction is needed. The apparatus, as here described, goes no farther
+than to represent the circulation in single-hearted animals. But in my
+work is a drawing which shows the left heart on the opposite of the
+mimic lungs from the right; and then how the same tube, by being folded
+in the form of a figure eight (8), shows the two hearts united into one,
+and both ventricles working by the same contractions to perform their
+different tasks.
+
+[2] Mrs. B. Ogle Taylor, of Washington, formerly Miss Julia Dickinson,
+of Troy, was thus found dead; and the late Mrs. Cass thus lost her life.
+"She was seized," says a newspaper account, "in a hot bath, which she
+had taken soon after eating." She lived an hour, unconscious, and the
+physician said she died of congestion of the brain. How easily could
+these highly intelligent ladies have kept themselves from danger, or
+saved themselves when they felt it approaching, had they known and
+understood these principles. For two reasons, in case of the failure of
+the motive power from keeping the body too long in hot water, the blood
+would be congested in the head. First, the head would not be immersed,
+and, second, the last blood which the lungs sent forth would go to it.
+
+[3] What can the Smithsonian Institute do better to carry out the views
+with which the benevolent Smithson gave his fortune, than thus to teach
+mankind when life may, by free circulation, be made to confer
+enjoyment--how it may be inadvertently destroyed--and how it may be
+restored, when, by drowning or otherwise, it is suspended? Sudden deaths
+often occur by mal-position. That of the late Secretary Marcy is
+doubtless an example. After his blood was heated and his circulation
+quickened, he laid himself down on his back, his head not raised.
+Attention to the workings of such a piece of apparatus as might be made,
+would have shown the fatal effects of such a position at such a time.
+
+[4] A young physician, whom I paid for correcting the proofs, was not
+successful in preventing mistakes, especially in regard to numbers.
+
+[5] I had just been reading Cuvier, to see whether he believed in the
+Harveian theory of the circulation. I found he did not. "The circulation
+vortex," says he, "is sometimes simple, sometimes double and even triple
+(including that of the vena porta); the rapidity of its movements is
+often _aided_ by the contraction of a certain fleshy apparatus
+denominated hearts." Thus showing that my theory gave to the heart all
+the prominence that was given to it by this great philosopher, who had
+not, however, advanced any opinion as to the cause of the circulation.
+
+[6] One of them, my lamented niece, Jane Porter Lincoln, at my request,
+immediately wrote an account of the experiment, which is now in my
+possession.
+
+[7] These physicians gave certificates of their witnessing and assisting
+at this memorable experiment, which were published in the _Boston
+Medical Journal_, February 1852.
+
+[8] Dr. Cartwright also reported the case in a letter which was
+published in the _Boston Medical Journal_, September, 1852. This
+resuscitation was more wonderful than those detailed in my published
+work on "Respiration." All cases of life thus restored are proofs _a
+posteriori_ of the truth of this theory of the arterial circulation.
+
+[9] Good systems of exercise have been made in some respectable
+institutions for health, openly formed on the principles of this theory.
+Such is that by Dr. Hamilton, of Saratoga.
+
+[10] When the time shall come that, the truth of my discovery being no
+longer denied, its originality shall be contested, it will be a
+significant fact that, in the _Nashville Journal_, of September, 1854,
+is an article against it from a physician signing himself "Justicia,"
+which he thus heads, "The Willardian Notion." In evil report, it was
+indisputably mine. This article also shows, that the Harveian theory is
+still maintained by the opposers of mine.
+
+[11] See Draper's Physiology, p. 142.
+
+
+
+
+
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diff --git a/19053-0.zip b/19053-0.zip
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+Project Gutenberg's Theory of Circulation by Respiration, by Emma Willard
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Theory of Circulation by Respiration
+       Synopsis of its Principles and History
+
+Author: Emma Willard
+
+Release Date: August 15, 2006 [EBook #19053]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THEORY OF CIRCULATION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Frank van Drogen, Laura Wisewell and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                 THEORY
+
+                                   OF
+
+                      CIRCULATION BY RESPIRATION.
+
+                SYNOPSIS OF ITS PRINCIPLES AND HISTORY.
+
+
+                          WRITTEN, BY REQUEST,
+                 FOR THE "U. S. JOURNAL OF HOMOEOPATHY,"
+                            BY EMMA WILLARD.
+
+
+                               NEW-YORK:
+    FRANCIS HART & CO. PRINTERS AND STATIONERS, 63 CORTLANDT STREET.
+                                 1861.
+
+
+
+
+                                 THEORY
+
+                                   OF
+
+                      CIRCULATION BY RESPIRATION.
+
+
+
+
+SECTION I.
+
+First step in the discovery--Animal Heat the product of Respiration.
+    Second step--Heat evolved in the lungs by Respiration there produces
+    Expansion. Third step--Expansion; implied motion, which from the
+    organism must conduct the blood to the left ventricle of the Heart.
+    Theory imperfect, until the formation of sufficient vapor or steam
+    in the lungs is perceived and acknowledged.
+
+TO DR. MARCY.--In complying with your request to write for your journal
+an article embodying my theory of the motive powers which produce the
+circulation of the blood, together with some account of its rise and
+progress, I obey what I regard as a call of duty; and thus requested, do
+it with pleasure.
+
+But my theory, with its history, cannot thus be written without egotism.
+Logicians say, that the way to convince others is to retrace, in order,
+the steps by which you yourself became convinced, which is to be
+egotistic. But in this case, there is a further reason: the scientific
+discoverer must speak of the apparatus by which he experiments, and mine
+was often my own physical frame.
+
+Twenty years ago, while yet my mind, laboring with this great subject,
+was condemned
+
+                                "to drudge
+    Without a second and without a judge,"
+
+you, sir, comprehended the hypothesis which has now become a theory, and
+you waited not for others to speak, but you fully acknowledged its
+truth; and although, in Hartford, as now in New-York, you were thronged
+with practice, (then allopathic), you yet found time to furnish me with
+added experiments, made in your office, confirmatory of its truth, which
+by your permission were afterwards added in your name to my published
+work.
+
+The first step in the theory occurred to my mind in the winter of 1822,
+and while I was engaged in founding the Troy Female Seminary. Being in
+attendance on a course of lectures on chemistry, and at the same time
+teaching to a class Mrs. Marcett's excellent work on that subject, one
+cold morning, as I was walking briskly up a hill, I said to myself, Why
+do I grow warm? Whence comes this accession of caloric? It cannot be
+transmitted to me from any object without, because every thing which
+comes in contact with me is cold. Snow is under my feet, and frosty air
+surrounds me; and, as to clothing, even the softest furs _impart_ no
+warmth--they but keep from escaping that which comes from within. What
+other method besides transmission is there of gaining heat? There is the
+elimination of caloric, when, in substances chemically combining, weight
+is gained and bulk is lost. Is there any such combination going on in
+me? Yes; this atmospheric air, when I inspire it, has oxygen combined
+with nitrogen; but when I expire, the oxygen has disappeared, and
+heavier substances--carbonic acid gas and watery vapor--are returned in
+its place. Thus, it must be, animal heat is evolved. It is the product
+of respiration; and it is because I breathe faster and deeper, that more
+carbon is oxidized or burned, and more heat is set free in my lungs; and
+therefore I grow warm as I walk up this hill, though all around me is
+cold.
+
+The mind, excited by new and great thoughts, works with unwonted energy;
+and mine at once collected so many proofs, that I became perfectly
+convinced of the truth of the hypothesis. In searching books, I found
+that Lavoisier had taught the same; but he dying, his doctrine was
+discarded by English chemists, Dr. Black leading the way, and therefore
+it did not then appear in English systems of chemistry. But from that
+time, I cherished it with a mother's devotion, watched changes in my own
+physical frame relating to it, taught it to my pupils, and held warm
+disputes with the medical faculty, who opposed and contemned it.
+
+In the summer of 1832, the Asiatic cholera appeared among us, appalling
+every heart. This plague, I said, is a disease of coldness and
+obstruction; and these doctors, wrong as they are on the subject of
+animal heat, can never understand it--though, if Lavoisier were living,
+he might. Let me, then, as best I may, consider anew the problem of heat
+as produced by respiration, and see whether I cannot find out something
+which has a bearing on the fatal coldness of this fearful disease. It is
+into the lungs, and no where else, that breathing introduces atmospheric
+air; and it is there that the oxidation of carbon or animal combustion
+takes place. Thus must caloric be imparted to the blood in the lungs;
+and in them is one-fifth of the blood of the system, of which
+seven-eighths is water.
+
+The nature of heat is to expand all fluids. The blood in the lungs must,
+therefore, expand; and if it expands, it must move; and if it moves, it
+must, from the organism of the parts, move to the left ventricle of the
+heart, into which the valvular system opens to give it a free
+passage--whereas the valves of the right close against it. "Eureka!" I
+mentally exclaimed; "I have found the _primum mobile_ of the circulation
+of the blood." I had for years disbelieved that the heart's slight
+mechanical impulse was that cause. In teaching Paley's "Natural
+Theology," my mind had come in contact with the passage in which he
+describes the heart's more than Herculean labors; and I said, "This is
+altogether too much--the heart alone cannot perform all this--there must
+be some other power," and an abiding desire to know what that power
+could be, prepared me for receiving this great idea. But my mind was
+agitated by it, as the sea is, when a great rock is thrown into its
+waters.
+
+The cholera was then raging around me; and as I prepared to flee from it
+to a mountain air, I confided to a scientific friend, Professor Twiss of
+West Point, my hypothesis, which I regarded as probably the incipient
+germ of an important discovery.
+
+But there was first the former theory to be disproved; and then there
+were new points to be investigated and established. In the ensuing
+winters of 1833, 4, and 5, I gave much attention to the subject, and
+employed professors in my school in the departments of chemistry and
+natural philosophy, who assisted me,--particularly by their ingenuity in
+the construction of such simple pieces of apparatus as were needed.
+
+Thus we proved that, although the heart's action gives pulsation, it
+does not necessarily give circulation. By an endless india-rubber tube,
+filled with water, coiled upon a table and struck repeatedly at one
+point, a pulsation was produced throughout, but no circulation. By
+affixing the tube to a vessel of water, and laying it on an inclined
+plane, the water ran through it in an equable current, making
+circulation with pulsation. Clasping the hand upon the tube in
+successive contractions, the fluid passed on _per saltem_, producing
+circulation and pulsation united, but no acceleration of the current.
+Now, add valves to the tube on each side of the opening hand, and you
+will have the current--which is moving by gravitation, accelerated by
+the hand's impulse, as the blood's current, first moved by respiration,
+undoubtedly is by the heart's beat.
+
+The heart we regard as the grand regulator of the blood's flow; and it
+is admirably situated for measuring out a regular portion of blood at
+every contraction. John Bell, believing in the Harveian theory, said,
+"It is awful to think of the unfixed position of the heart;" and
+Dr. Arnott declared that "the heart, the heart alone, is the ragged
+anomaly in the laws of fitness in mechanics." The heart was now seen to
+have a right position; for it should swing loose that its moorings be
+not endangered; and, as whatever impugns the Creator's unerring wisdom
+must be wrong, so the presumption is, that whatever vindicates it must
+be right.
+
+My hypothesis assumed the principle, that, if an endless hollow tube be
+filled with a liquid, the liquid can be made to circulate perpetually,
+if it be heated at one point and cooled before its return. A drawing of
+the simple apparatus by which this problem was proved, is given in my
+published work on "the Motive Powers, &c." The figure which represents
+this apparatus gives the learner the most simple idea possible of the
+connection of the respiratory and circulatory systems, and of the
+combination of the two motive powers; the first, or chemical, coming
+from the lungs, and the second, or mechanical, from the heart.
+
+Suppose the heart divided into right and left hearts by dissection at
+the septum: the circulatory system might then be represented by an
+endless tube. Let such an one, nine or ten feet in length, and of one
+inch bore (to be filled with water) be placed upon a horizontal table.
+Let an enlargement of the tube be made by a tin vessel to represent the
+lungs, which shall contain about one-fifth part of the water. Let the
+tube connected with the right side of the vessel have, at a little
+distance from the vessel, a smaller enlargement, composed of
+india-rubber, which can be grasped by the hand, to represent the heart's
+right ventricle, with a valve on each side opening towards the tin
+vessel, the two to represent the tricuspid and semi-lunar valves. Let
+the whole be made nearly full of water; then, under the tin vessel
+(representing the lungs), let a fire be made. As the water heats, it
+will expand; and as the valve closes to the right, it will go off to the
+left side of the vessel. But, as no water will come in from the right,
+on account of the valves, there will be no current. Now let the hand
+grasp the india-rubber, and the fluid between the valves being displaced
+by its pressure, all the water will go towards the tin vessel, because,
+while the valve representing the tricuspid would close, that
+representing the semi-lunar (between the mimic heart and lungs) would
+open--and very freely; because the expansion made by the heat under the
+tin vessel had created a vacuum, and thus made a suction power to draw
+it forward, while there is a driving power behind to force it onward
+into the tin vessel. Then relaxing the hand, a vacuum will exist between
+the two valves; and the valve in the rear of the current now begun (the
+tricuspid) would open, and the water rush in to fill the vacuum in the
+india-rubber ventricle, to be again pressed forward by the next grasp of
+the hand; and thus--the fire (representing respiration) being kept up,
+and the alternate grasping and relaxing of the hand (representing the
+heart's regular impulse)--a perpetual circulation might be made to go
+on;[1] but not without another condition of the problem.
+
+And it was in performing this experiment that a truth was discovered,
+which, had it been known, many who have ignorantly lost their lives
+might have preserved them. When the fluid in the apparatus became
+equally, or nearly as much, heated at the extreme parts of the
+circulating tube as at the heating vessel, then the motive power of
+expansion ceased, and (the hand's impulse being too weak of itself to
+carry it on) circulation failed; but it was restored by putting snow or
+ice around the extreme parts of the tube. How often have we heard of
+ladies who, having gone into warm baths, have been found dead by their
+friends, or too nearly so, to be restored.[2] Through ignorance of the
+cause, no right means would be taken to restore them, such as dashing
+cold water upon the exterior, with simultaneous efforts to produce, in
+fresh air and in proper position, such artificial respiration as leads
+to the natural. Where no internal lesions have occurred, there is every
+reason to believe that such measures might produce restoration.
+
+My imperfect machines gave me to see how much might be done for this
+important part of physiology by a more perfect apparatus. Mine was
+merely horizontal--but one might be made to take as many positions as
+are natural to the human frame; and how many facts might such an one
+elicit concerning the effects of position on the circulation, by which
+lives might every day be saved! But skilful mechanicians, not ordinary
+mechanics, are needed, who are men of intellectual capacity, and are
+furnished with _carte-blanche_ for time and expense.[3]
+
+The years 1836-'7-'8 witnessed, on my part, several extraordinary and
+fruitless efforts to get before the public the theory, of whose truth
+and importance I was then fully convinced. In 1839, Dr. C. Smith, then
+of Troy, an able medical lecturer, became a convert to the theory; and
+showed me, in post mortem dissections, the organs of respiration and
+circulation. At the close of that year, having carefully corrected and
+made out copies of my manuscript theory, which I had before written, I
+sent two to Paris--one to the two brothers, Drs. Edwards, members of the
+French Institute, and one to my friend, Madame Belloc. I also sent one
+to Edinburgh, to Dr. Abercrombie. Dr. Milne Edwards soon after wrote a
+book, in which he made it a point to show that animals could live
+several minutes without breathing; and Dr. Frederic Edwards wrote me a
+short letter of objections to my theory, and adherence to that of
+Harvey. This letter was copied and answered in my work published in
+1846.
+
+About this time, Dr. Aikin, of Baltimore, wrote to me on the subject;
+and showed, by calculations, that the mere gradual expansion of the
+water of the blood was not sufficient, of itself, to produce a current
+as rapid as that of the blood was proved to be, even on the lowest
+estimate of its velocity. This did not shake my faith in the great fact
+that circulation was created by respiration. It must be so; for in life,
+such respiration as produces heat is the invariable antecedent of
+circulation, and nothing else is. There was something, then, which
+remained to be discovered. Again, I placed before me the conditions of
+the great problem, and set myself intently to its study; and I soon
+found what I thus sought, and then discerned for the first time that the
+blood moves, as does the railroad car, by steam. John Bell, my favorite
+author, had shown that the lungs work _in vacuo_. A great proportion of
+the blood is water, which, in a vacuum, springs into vapor at 67°, and
+the temperature of the blood in the lungs is 101°. Its expansion, then,
+was not merely the gradual increase of bulk by transmitted heat, but
+also that of instantaneous expansion, by the vaporization of so much of
+it as is needed; and what expanded water could not do, steam certainly
+could. At once, a throng of proofs came to my mind. The most apparent of
+these was the vapor _expired_ breathing. I recollected how, in former
+times, the stage horses, driven rapidly into my native village of a
+winter morning, had clouds of vapor wreathing upward from their
+nostrils, while the icicles of condensation were hanging below. The
+nurse, who stands over the dying, holds a mirror before the mouth and
+nose, and considers that life is only extinct when vapor ceases to be
+formed. Then came to mind the solution of that great mystery of
+physiology, why the arteries are empty at death, which so long hindered
+the discovery finally made by Harvey.
+
+In the state in which chemistry was, even as late as the time of John
+Bell, the chemical power of the heat produced by respiration at the
+lungs could not have been understood.
+
+
+SECTION II.
+
+Publication of the Theory, in 1846, in "A treatise on the Motive Powers
+    which produce the Circulation of the Blood." Its Reception: Critique
+    in the New York "Journal of Medicine," September, 1846. My Reply, in
+    the same Journal, March, 1847.
+
+TO DR. MARCY.--In the years immediately succeeding 1840, (in which year,
+as you will recollect, I had the honor to receive your countenance and
+advice respecting my theory,) I was almost exclusively devoted to the
+revision and enlargement of my historical works; but early is 1846,
+having determined on making the tour of the United States, I resolved
+first to prepare my theory for the press. In the introduction, I
+remarked, "The house of clay in which the mind dwells must receive a
+portion of its care; and that which I have bestowed on mine has
+proceeded on a belief in the truth of the theory herein advocated, as
+undoubting as that in the laws of gravitation; and when any new fact, or
+any remark of an author, relating to my theory came under my
+observation, I noted it down and laid it by with its kindred. About to
+set out on a long journey, and aware that my field of vision had thus
+enlarged, I felt it my duty to put together the principal of my remarks,
+that I might so leave the subject, that, in case anything should prevent
+my return, it would be in a form equal to the present slate in which the
+theory exists in my own mind."
+
+The time I had spent in devotion to this theory, the many rebuffs I had
+met in seeking to promulgate it--sometimes, unhappily, affecting my
+social life--had made painful the duty of publishing it. My historical
+works had been received with favor; but I believed that, in publishing
+this, it would be charged against me that I chose a subject unsuited to
+my sex. I therefore said, in my preface, "This is not so much a subject
+which I chose, as one which chooses me; and if the Father of Lights has
+been pleased to reveal to me from the book of his physical truth a
+sentence before unread, is it for me to suppose that it is for my
+individual benefit? or is it for you, my reader, to turn away your ear
+from hearing this truth, and charge its great Author with having
+ill-chosen his instrument to communicate it?"
+
+As I passed southward on my journey, I left, March, 1846, my
+manuscript in the hands of Wiley & Putnam, in N. York:[4] to be
+published at my expense. During the six months in which I was absent
+on my travels, my book was published; and the publishers sent copies,
+as directed by me, to many of my personal friends, and to several
+physicians. They sent other copies, which procured notices, some of
+which were favorable, particularly one from the _London Critic_, and
+others, the reverse. As few copies of the book sold, I was not
+remunerated for the cost of publication. The copies sent to physicians
+were mostly unacknowledged--received in cold, if not contemptuous,
+silence. But my family physician, the worthy and learned Dr. Robbins,
+to whom I dedicated the work, ever upheld me. He answered my questions,
+gave me instructions, and showed me post-mortem dissections; and to
+those who asked him if he believed in my theory, he wisely replied,
+"Mrs. Willard is right as far as she goes." He knew that I made no
+pretensions to understand the vast variety of medical subjects not
+connected with the circulation, and that I never doubted his skill or
+disputed his prescriptions. An honest man, and a skilful physician, he
+deserved and had my unfailing confidence. And if, by reason of what I
+knew, I had prolonged my life, he had the longer kept a good and
+faithful patient. Lady-friends, to whom I had sent my work, had
+sometimes referred it to their medical advisers; and thus Dr. Hiester,
+an eminent physician of Reading, Pa., became a believer. And in the same
+way, the eminent Dr. Cartwright, then of Natchez, and President of the
+State Medical Association of Mississippi, came to a knowledge of those
+principles, which, as we shall hereafter show, he so remarkably
+elucidated.
+
+In September, 1846, the _New York Journal of Medicine_, then edited by
+Dr. Charles A. Lee, contained a review or critique on my work, which, if
+the history of the theory shall hereafter become a matter of special
+interest, may, with my reply, contained in the March number of 1847,
+furnish any examiner with the full state of the question at that period.
+
+The learned reviewer showed himself acquainted with the subject as it
+then stood, and with its history in the past. He held that the heart's
+action, "the contractile power of the cardiac walls," is the main spring
+or _primum mobile_, from which the circulating force proceeds,
+notwithstanding the great discrepancies as to what that force is; and
+while he objected to my theory, that it did not show any distinct
+measure of force, he said that, while Borelli estimated the contractive
+power of the heart at 180,000 pounds, Keill stated it at five ounces,
+Sir Charles Bell at 51 pounds, Carpenter at 51½, and Hales at 50. He
+abandoned, however, Harvey's idea that the heart was the only organ of
+circulation. He believed that it was assisted by the contractile power
+of the arteries, by the movement of the ribs and chest in respiration,
+by capillary attraction, muscular contraction in exercise, and several
+other forces; one of which, the attraction of the venous blood for the
+pulmonary cells, had been recently pointed out by Dr. Draper. The author
+did not suppose he was bringing forward any new truths; "but," said he,
+as an introduction to his account of my theory, "are we not sometimes in
+danger of forsaking old truths for new theories?"
+
+Of my theory, he says: "The mere statement of it must satisfy our
+readers that it is wholly untenable. It is well known that heat is
+generated in every part of the system as well as the lungs. Whenever
+oxygen and carbon unite, there it is developed; but it is imparted to
+the _solids_ equally with the fluids; it maintains the temperature of
+the whole body by radiations from the points where it is generated." ...
+"It is believed that all those functions of the organism which are
+necessary for the preservation of life, contribute directly or
+indirectly to the production of animal heat; so that it is developed at
+every point at which metamorphosis is occurring, and therefore not
+merely in the lungs, but in the whole peripheral system."
+
+The writer then observes, that "the heat of the venous blood as it
+reaches the right side of the heart (according to Davy), varies only two
+or three degrees from that of the aorta. Granting, then, that the blood
+receives three degrees in the lungs, it is very evident that the
+expansion produced by it would be too small to be appreciable. The
+cause, then, is insufficient to produce the effects." The writer gives
+me credit for having ingeniously supported my theory, and then politely
+bows me out of the department of physiology into my more appropriate
+sphere of educating girls.
+
+In my reply, this sentence from Cuvier was chosen as a motto:
+"Respiration is the function essential to the constitution of an animal
+body; it is that which, in a manner, animalizes it; and we shall see
+that animals exercise their peculiar functions more completely according
+as they enjoy greater powers of respiration."[5] My reasoning was to
+this effect: "It is in vain to say that cannot be, which is." When
+two events are so conjoined in nature that one is the only invariable
+antecedent of the other, then, according to all logic, we are bound to
+conclude that the first is the physical cause of the second, even though
+we cannot understand how it should be. Of the circulation, such living
+respiration as produces heat is the invariable antecedent, and nothing
+else is. The heart's action, as stated by our reviewer himself, is not
+therefore respiration, and not the heart's action or anything else, is
+the cause of the circulation. This argument is upheld by the fact that
+circulation, varies not only as respiration, but as its products
+digestion, strength, and, according to Cuvier, animal vitality vary. All
+begin with respiration, end with it, and are as it is. If respiration
+ceases, restore it before the organism is deranged, and they are all
+restored. We must conclude, then, that respiration is the cause of
+circulation, although we could not see how it should be. Much more, when
+we discern a mighty power, that of expansion, and see how the Almighty
+has made our frame in reference to its production by caloric--the lungs
+allowing of heat within them like wet cloth, and the nerves, bones and
+muscles all made and arranged, so that oxygen shall be brought to them
+by respiration on the one hand, and carbon by the numerous digestive and
+circulatory organs on the other.
+
+As to any deficiency of power, my reviewer had omitted to notice that
+not only the ordinary expansion of the water of the blood by calorie had
+been assumed, but also its vaporization, or the change of such a portion
+as was needed into steam, the lungs being _in vacuo_; so that nature
+here had not failed of her usual abundance. And had not this power been
+kept in check by the pressure of the surrounding air hindering the
+perfect vacuum of the lungs, there was reason to fear, rather its excess
+than its deficiency. As to the reviewer's assertion that heat is
+generated in every part of the system, and imparted to the _solids_
+equally with the fluids--that I positively denied, in the name of common
+sense. For who does not know that, although there may be some heat
+elaborated in the stomach, and some during the processes by which the
+fluids change to solids, that the great source of heat to the system, is
+in the fluid blood, and not in solid flesh or bone? Our senses of sight
+and feeling show us, in the case of blushing, that heat comes and goes
+with the blood. No one believes that the solid parts of his leg warm the
+blood as much as it warms them. Finally, it discredited the old theory,
+that it showed no adequate use for the great primary function of
+respiration, and its constant attendant, animal heat. Breathing and
+warmth are not ultimate ends. Man breathes to live; he does not live to
+breathe. He is warm to live; he does not live merely to be warm. Our
+theory shows that it is these primary agencies which sustain his being;
+and it sets forth the manner in which they operate for this end. And
+thus, while it indicates the wisdom of the Almighty in the formation of
+the animal frame, it shows itself to be His true interpreter.
+
+
+SECTION III.
+
+Uses of the Theory--Proofs.--Publication of a Work, in 1849, entitled
+    "Respiration and its Effects, more, especially in relation to
+    Asiatic Cholera and other Sinking Diseases."--Examples.
+
+TO DR. MARCY.--The theory of the two chief motive powers which operate
+at the centre was, we conceive, completed by the addition of steam
+formed in the vacuum of the lungs, as available to give to the blood its
+due velocity. We also believe that complete proof _a priori_ had been
+adduced of the fallacy of the theory that the _primum mobile_ is in the
+heart; and, also, that proof _a priori_ had been given that it begins at
+the lungs, and is the product of respiration. It remained to apply this
+theory to use, and to find proofs _a posteriori_.
+
+Although some of my friends regarded my theory as an _ignis fatuus_
+which led me into nothing but evil, yet it has enabled me, by plans of
+exercise, to endure for many years, in-door sedentary labor--and yet
+enjoy health; and in unusual emergencies, more than once to save my own
+life and that of others.
+
+In the cold winter of 1835, I took, at Troy, the old summer stage, at
+midnight, to cross the Green Mountains. I was alone in the large and
+ill-closed vehicle; the thermometer was sinking as I proceeded on my
+way, until it had reached 25° below zero, a degree of cold to which I
+had never before been subjected. When I had traveled alone twenty miles,
+I found myself in imminent danger of perishing. Ordinary expedients to
+get warmth were no longer availing; numbness and cold at the vitals were
+overcoming me; and I knew that to give way to them was to die. I thought
+of my theory; but I was fearful that I should commit sin if I tampered
+with the sacred "breath of life." But my necessity was urgent, and I
+aroused, stood up, and breathed that dense air with violence. It felt
+for the moment cold to my lungs, but soon came heat with a rush, and
+with it pain, as if the whole surface of the throat and lungs were
+blistered; and my first thought was that I should die, justly punished
+for my temerity. But soon I was restored to genial warmth; and rejoiced
+in having successfully made an important physiological experiment.
+
+Afterwards, having been instrumental in relieving a woman who was
+perishing from having breathed the fumes of charcoal, I was led to
+reflect that in such cases there was something to be taken away from the
+lungs, as well as warmth to be added. This woman's extreme coldness, and
+feeble, fluttering pulse, showed that she was dying for want of right
+breathing; and in her case there was no doubt that the cause was the
+same as that of death by drowning. The carbonic acid gas which she had
+inspired, being heavier than atmospheric air, settled as water in her
+lungs, and in the same manner prevented the access of oxygen to their
+living tissues. And hence arose the reflection that the ordinary
+carbonic acid gas, which is always the residuum of respiration, might,
+from weakness, settle in the lungs, and thus become the cause of disease
+and death. The presence of carbonic acid in the lower bronchial tubes
+and cells, existing in quantities sufficient to prevent the natural
+combustion by breathing, was brought to my mind in March, 1847, while
+searching for the cause of an agonizing paroxysm of sick headache. The
+distressed feelings of obstructed life with which I was tossing and
+struggling, together with the agonizing pain in the head and pressure on
+the stomach, might well arise from such a cause. Standing (for position
+is important) in a full current of air from an open window, I commenced
+a species of violent artificial breathing, for the purpose of ejecting
+the supposed heavy gas, and filling my lungs with pure air. This was
+done by contracting the chest on every side to its smallest possible
+dimensions, and at the same time throwing out the air violently and from
+the bottom of the thorax, as if under the operation of an emetic; then
+alternating by opening the chest to its greatest capacity, and drawing
+in, by successive inhalations, all the fresh air possible, and pressing
+it down to the lowest depths of the lungs. This process at first gave
+such intensity and sharpness to the pain in the head, that it required
+much resolution to continue it; nevertheless it was persevered in. After
+a few minutes, the pain diminished, and soon entirely ceased. This was
+followed by free perspiration, and equalized, warmth and circulation.
+Perfect repose and quiet sleep ensued. Friends, who a short time before
+had seen a countenance like that of a dying person, and knew how slow
+was ordinary cure, were astonished, an hour afterwards, to behold, on my
+awaking, the full glow of restored health.[6]
+
+On the re-appearance of cholera, during the summer of 1849, my mind was
+peculiarly affected, from the belief that a false theory of circulation
+prevailed, although there was a true theory, which, if generally
+believed, might lead to the knowledge of the cause and cure of this
+terrific malady; and thus thousands of lives be saved which would
+otherwise be lost. This thought almost distracted me; and believing that
+my sex stood in the way of my theory's being acknowledged, I sometimes
+wished that it might please God to take me out of the world. Then coming
+to better thoughts; I cast away despondency as unworthy of me; and
+determined to proceed to the further investigation and development of
+the great truth, of which I had, as I believed, been made the unworthy
+recipient. I studied my theory anew, while I read the most approved
+works on cholera; and I came to the belief that imperfect respiration,
+caused by the want of due oxygen in the air, was the principal
+predisposing cause of the premonitory symptoms; while the death that
+supervened was often caused by the settling of carbonic acid gas, the
+residuum of animal combustion, in the lower air-cells of the lungs. The
+symptoms of the cholera, as treated by the best writers, were full of
+new proofs of the truth of my theory, especially of its last step, the
+formation of steam or vapor in the lungs. Without that, the collapse of
+cholera was a fearful mystery; with it, everything was plain. With a
+coldness that would collapse the lungs, the bowels must naturally be
+drawn up (and with dreadful pains) to supply their place. The ghastly
+change in the face must occur when cold has condensed its arterial
+vapor. If respiration could restore heat, before any lesions had taken
+place in the organism, the patient might recover. Then I began rewriting
+my theory in a work afterwards published, with the title, "Respiration
+and its Effects, especially in relation to Asiatic Cholera and other
+Sinking Diseases."
+
+While thus occupied, the debilitating air of the season weighed upon my
+health and spirits. I had been affected for about three days with what I
+regarded as the ordinary complaints of the season, when one night, after
+my family had retired, I found myself suddenly very ill--my symptoms
+being coldness, debility, and spasmodic pains. I believed myself to be
+attacked with cholera. I efficiently practised the artificial
+respiration in fresh air as before described. Gaining strength as I
+proceeded, I soon found a death-like coldness giving place to genial
+warmth. Violent exercise, with artificial breathing, was kept up some
+time, with such rests and full free breathings as nature required; after
+which, I slept, perspired profusely, and was well in the morning.
+
+This was an occurrence which sunk deep into my mind; and the more so, as
+I could not speak much of it, for the truth was too improbable to be
+believed. But the successful issue of this, my first experiment upon the
+dreaded disease, prepared me to act with boldness and efficiency in a
+case which occurred in my own house about a week after.
+
+On the 14th of August, 1849, Jane Phayre, an Irish woman in my service,
+of about twenty-five years of age, having been ill for four days with
+diarrhoea, was suddenly struck with what the French call cholera
+_foudroyant_--from fright. Alarmed by unwonted sounds near her window in
+a basement room, she mounted the window-seat to look out at the top
+sash, and found her face close to that of a man dying of cholera, who in
+his death-cramps was brought from a steamboat on a litter, and thus
+rested upon the pavement. The cover was lifted from his face, and the
+sight and the smell struck her with faintness and trembling; and with
+difficulty she reached her bed. I was called to go to her quickly by
+Eliza Fagan, who said that Jane was very bad. She had a clay-cold
+death-look, and a frightful blackness around her eyes. Her face, as I
+saw it, was livid, pinched in features, and corpse-like, and her pulse
+but a feeble flutter; and she seemed only to breathe from the top of her
+lungs. She tried, as she afterwards told me, to say, "I am dying," but
+her speech was husky and inarticulate. She says her sight and hearing
+were gone; and while Eliza and I were dragging her out of doors, she
+could not see the window, and did not feel her feet. We placed her in an
+upright position, with her back resting against a board-wall, a fresh
+breeze blowing full in her face. Her senses were now partially restored.
+I told her to breathe violently, for she must get the bad air out of her
+lungs and the good air in; and I showed her how she must do it. At first
+she said, "I can't, for something rises up in the inside." When I told
+her, sternly, that her life depended on it, and she must, she tried to
+obey me. At first, it gave her severe headache, but as soon as deep
+breathing was fairly begun, while I was watching her face with intense
+anxiety, the color changed from the clay-cold death-look to the full
+flush of the warm hue of life, and she joyfully exclaimed, "Oh! I feel
+well!"
+
+When the removal of carbonic acid gas had made way for oxygen to be
+brought to the yet uninjured lungs, the carbon of the venous blood
+ignited, the motive power was furnished, the blood was again moved
+forward into the arterial system, and the dammed up venous current,
+receiving the suction force, rushed on so violently as at times nearly
+to produce suffocation; but the struggle was soon over, and the lungs,
+free both from carbonic acid gas and an unnatural quantity of venous
+blood, once more received pure air--and to the relieved sufferer
+respiration became delightful--the circulation passed freely through an
+unbroken system--and THE CHOLERA WAS CURED.
+
+Was there, in the whole wide world, another person besides myself who
+would have taken such a living corpse, dragged it out of doors, and set
+it upright, on feet which could not feel, with the expectation that it
+might breathe out death, breathe in life, and be restored? The result is
+a proof, _a posteriori_; that the theory on which the experiment was
+made is true.
+
+Other cases occurred, where, under different circumstances, cures of
+cholera were effected. One, as instantaneous, and in some respects as
+remarkable as that of Jane Phayre, was that of my friend and former
+pupil, Mrs. Gen. Gould, of Rochester, who sent for me, believing herself
+to be dying of cholera. I have her letter, which, by permission, is
+published in my work on Respiration; and also a letter from her
+physician, Dr. Bloss, of Troy, testifying that her disease was cholera,
+and that he had little hope of her restoration. This letter is published
+in the appendix of a report on my theory, read in Buffalo, August 8th,
+1851, to a convention of the New York State Association of Teachers.
+
+In my journeying to New York city, to attend their previous convention
+in August, 1850, an accident obliged me to walk for some distance, in
+the middle of a hot day. The convention sat in Hope Chapel, which was
+poorly ventilated; and in the evening, I sat under a large gas-burner.
+On entering my room at the New-York Hotel, which was on the ground
+floor, situated where the only air was from a confined, central
+enclosure, I perceived at the only window a strong smell of fresh paint
+from the outer walls, so that I was obliged to close it. Being
+excessively fatigued, I slept heavily--till at early dawn I awaked to
+find myself in a dying state. Attempting to move my arms, they were like
+lead by my side--and my breath was but a feeble gasp. Without the
+knowledge of my theory--my bane, as many of my friends have thought--I
+should then have had no antidote. But I knew where was the destroying
+agent, and what was the only means by which I had a chance of removing
+it; and I used the little strength I had left to breathe deeper, and
+then to strive for a better position. Long and doubtful was the
+struggle. It was ten o'clock when, with tottering steps, I got into a
+carriage, and sought the free fresh air, which enabled me to take a
+little food. In the evening, I went into the Teacher's Convention,
+having first ordered from my publisher a sufficient number of my books
+on Respiration to present one to each member; and then, at my request, a
+Committee of Investigation was appointed by the convention to report on
+my theory. They reported favorably to the succeeding convention at
+Buffalo, which adopted the report, and I published and circulated it.
+This committee I had been allowed to choose, and it consisted of my
+friend, Prof. Twiss--the first believer in the theory--and Mr. Fellows,
+that Professor of Natural Philosophy, who formerly assisted in making my
+apparatus.
+
+Mr. Fellows carried the report to Buffalo, and when he read it in the
+convention, editors immediately came to him to request copies for the
+press. But, by the influence of physicians, they afterwards declined it
+when offered. It seemed to be the general plan of the regular faculty
+(in the Eastern, not the Western, States) to put the theory into a
+condition resembling the algide state of cholera, where it would die of
+coldness; but, by the aid of Divine Providence, it will, like its
+author, restore itself by its own inherent vitality--the vitality of
+immortal truth.
+
+
+SECTION IV.
+
+Proofs from Dr. Cartwright's Great Experiments on
+    Alligators--Resuscitation of Dr. Ely's Child--Dr. Bowling, Editor of
+    the Nashville Medical Journal, endorses Dr. Washington, who, in that
+    journal, "crushes out" all Opposition to the Theory--Dr. Draper's
+    Acknowledgment of it in New York--Homoeopathists--Conclusion.
+
+TO DR. MARCY. Thus, for thirty years, had I maintained, not only without
+public support, but against discouragements, these great truths, of
+which I had been allowed for myself such life-giving evidence. But early
+in December, 1851, Dr. Cartwright, then of New Orleans, announced in a
+letter to me that he had publicly become my advocate. His name will ever
+be connected with the theory, on account of the remarkable experiments
+by which he demonstrated its truth. In the presence of eminent
+physicians, and other scientific persons, he resuscitated an alligator
+which had been killed by tying the trachea. After an hour, when neither
+fire nor the dissecting knife produced signs of pain, Dr. Dowler[7] laid
+bare the lungs and the heart. Then a hole was cut in the trachea, below
+the ligature, and a blow-pipe was introduced, which Professor Forshey[7]
+worked with violence. At length, a faint quivering of moving blood was
+seen in the diaphanous veins of the lungs. The inflating process being
+continued, the blood next began to run in streams from the lungs into
+the quiescent heart. The heart began first to quiver, then to pulsate;
+and signs of life elsewhere appearing, the animal began to move; and
+soon, strong men could not hold him. Again they bound him to the table,
+and kept the trachea tied until life was apparently extinct; when, again
+inflating his lungs, he so thoroughly revived that he became dangerous,
+snapping at everything, and breaking his cords. For the third time, the
+trachea was ligatured--the animal expired, and was resuscitated.
+
+Dr. Cartwright says in his letter to me, published in the Boston Medical
+Journal, January 7th, 1852, "By this resuscitation, your theory of the
+motive power of the circulation of the blood was established beyond all
+doubt or dispute." "This vivisection clearly proved that the _primum
+mobile_ of the circulation, and the chief motive powers of the blood,
+are in the lungs, and not in the heart." Dr. Cartwright mentioned, in
+the same letter, a case in which his faith in my theory had saved the
+life of a breathless infant--inducing him to unwonted perseverance in
+inflating its lungs.
+
+Able opposers to the theory, however, arose in New Orleans, some of whom
+believed that the resuscitation might have been effected by applications
+to the nerves. Dr. Cartwright procured, from Gen. Jackson's battle
+ground, another alligator, which was publicly killed and vivisected. The
+doctor's opponents first tried their means to bring the animal to life,
+and failed. Then he, by artificial respiration, restored the huge
+reptile as before;--thus proving that artificial respiration could
+restore suspended animation when nothing else could.
+
+Dr. Ely was one who had opposed and written against the theory. In the
+meantime, his infant son had cholera, and expired. His medical friends
+had left him, and crape was tied to the handle of the front door.
+Standing by the side of his lifeless babe, Dr. Ely said to himself, "If
+this theory should be true, I might yet save my child." And profiting by
+the example of Dr. Cartwright in restoring the dead alligator, he
+restored his child to life. Remitting his efforts too soon--again the
+infant ceased to breathe. And again, and yet the third time, the father
+restored him--when the resuscitation proved complete; and months after,
+the child was living and in perfect health. Dr. Ely then came promptly
+forward, and, like a nobly honest man, reported the case as convincing
+evidence of a truth which he had formerly opposed.[8]
+
+Whoever wishes to know the history of theories concerning the motive
+powers of the blood as they then stood, may learn them by looking over
+files of the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, edited by Dr. J. V. C.
+Smith, for the years 1852-'53, and a part of 1854. Dr. Cartwright wrote
+for it during those years; and, encouraged by his protection, I
+frequently answered objections, which flowed in from various medical
+opponents. The objection derived from the foetal circulation, I answered
+thus, in the Journal, of May, 1852: "The change occurring at birth, so
+far from falsifying this theory, affords presumptive proof of its truth.
+When first the air enters the trachea of a new born infant, and animal
+combustion begins, the inflation of the lungs must open the vessels and
+vesicles prepared to receive the venous blood. To fill the new-made
+vacuum, the whole of the blood from the right ventricle rushes through
+the pulmonary tube, leaving none to go through the _ductus arteriosus_,
+thus made useless, and henceforth to be abolished. But what is to move
+the blood from the capillaries of the lungs? The heart's force,
+insufficient before without aid from the mother's respiration, is now
+divided, while its work is doubled. A new power must then be generated
+by the meeting of the air with the carbon of the blood, enkindled by the
+peculiar functional vitality of the lungs. Without such a power, no
+perceptible cause exists sufficient to move the blood onward to the left
+ventricle. But it is moved thither, and with a power which presses down
+and closes the valve of the _foramen ovale_, thus clearly manifesting
+that this current exceeds in force that in the right ventricle. Grant
+that the new function of respiration has furnished a new power, and this
+astonishing instantaneous metamorphosis from amphibious to mammalian
+life becomes perfectly intelligible, and the wisdom of the Creator is
+fully vindicated; showing that His work has been truly interpreted."
+
+In the _Boston Journal_, of April 21st, 1852, is an article from
+Dr. Cartwright, entitled "Confirmation of the Willardian, or Important
+American Discovery," in which the author endeavors to remove what
+doubtless has been one cause of the delay in acknowledging its truth.
+"Those members of the profession," he says, "whom science has only
+_perfumed_, are the most apt 'to look down with proud disdain' on any
+discovery originating 'with individuals not indoctrinated.' They do not
+make the proper distinction between selfish quacks who seek publicity
+'to line the pocket,' and those 'who, prompted by some mysterious
+power,' come forward against their interest, and at the risk of their
+reputation. 'Rather than to contemn and ridicule, it were better to
+study the manifestations of that mysterious power.' They do not consider
+that the truth thus brought to light, while they fail to acknowledge it,
+is affording 'to selfish quackery' a capital to trade on."
+
+To the same effect is the advice given to the profession by Dr. B. F.
+Washington, of Hannibal, Mo. He says, in the Nashville _Journal of
+Medicine_, July, 1854, "it is time for us to be acting; the honor of the
+profession is in danger. The theory of respiration is a truth which will
+cut its way; and if we do not take it up and teach it, in a few years we
+may see the mortifying spectacle of the community teaching the
+profession scientific truths. Quacks have already taken it up, and we
+have inhalers and air cures of various kinds."[9]
+
+The first appearance of Dr. Washington as the advocate of my theory was
+in the _Nashville Journal_, March, 1854; and his fertile genius had
+there brought a new illustration of its truth. It had, he said, opened
+his eyes to the explanation of a fact which had puzzled him from his
+boyhood. "In slaughtering animals, if the trachea was cut, scarcely any
+hæmorrhage resulted; while, if that was left untouched, full hæmorrhage
+occurred. By the Willardian theory, the fact is readily susceptible of
+explanation. The blood, filling the trachea, suspended respiration, and
+of course the impelling power of the blood was suspended, and the
+hæmorrhage ceased. The engine could not work without steam. When the
+trachea was not cut, respiration went on, and kept up the circulation,
+until the animal was nearly exsanguineous, and the powers of life gave
+way." This fact was clearly ascertained by Dr. W. K. Bowling, the
+well-known editor of the _Nashville Journal_, and able professor of the
+theory and practice of medicine in the university of that place. He sent
+me the Journal containing this welcome endorsement of my theory from one
+who was, as Dr. Bowling assured me, "an observer of superior tact and
+learning," known by his medical compositions as well in Europe as
+America. Since that time (March, 1854), that Journal, though not
+excluding articles which oppose, has been understood to be in favor of
+the theory. Dr. Washington has written repeatedly, answering all
+objections;[10] and he has, in the Journal (as I have been assured by
+one of the Editors), "crushed out all that would take up his glove, and
+is left in undisputed possession of the field--looking in vain for an
+opponent."
+
+In the meantime, in 1856, Dr. J. N. Draper, Professor of Chemistry and
+Physiology in the University of New-York, in an elaborate work on "Human
+Physiology," has agreed that Harvey's theory of the paramount power of
+the heart's action in the circulation must be abandoned; and that to
+respiration must be assigned "the great duty of originating the blood's
+circulation."[11]
+
+Dr. Washington has not only defended me in every important position
+which I have taken, and added new illustrations--but he has made the
+theory available to showing new proofs of the wisdom of God in the
+creation of man. Thus--steam is formed in the vacuum of the lungs at the
+low temperature of 67°, while, if there were no vacuum, 212° of heat
+would be required to produce it,--an impossible quantity, since it would
+coagulate the albumen of the blood. But form the vacuum, and the boiling
+of the blood with any degree of heat less than 101° could not cause any
+such disaster, while the steam going off from the lungs through the
+arterial system to the capillaries, gradually condenses, warming the
+body by giving off its latent heat; and the latent heat of vapor is the
+same however it is formed, and is always 1,114°. What divine wisdom and
+economy are thus displayed!
+
+Homoeopathy has, we believe, never found any difficulty in receiving this
+theory. We know that, at one of its conventions held in Providence, it
+was ably supported; and Dr. Marcy, whom I have the honor to address,
+was, as we have seen, one of its earliest defenders. He has never,
+whether allopathist or homoeopathist, been known to hesitate when his own
+mind brought him clear conclusions;--the distinguishing mark, according
+to Dugald Stewart, of intrepidity of character.
+
+                                    With profound respect,
+                                            EMMA WILLARD.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] It is here seen what an important work this theory does for the
+venous circulation, and why the blood moves into the lungs. We have read
+of a theory which maintains that it goes there because there is a mutual
+attraction between it and the capillaries of the lungs. But there is
+none between the water in our tube and that in the tin vessel where
+water is boiling; but it goes into it with a rush notwithstanding.
+Because there is a strong suction power produced by expansion, no other
+attraction is needed. The apparatus, as here described, goes no farther
+than to represent the circulation in single-hearted animals. But in my
+work is a drawing which shows the left heart on the opposite of the
+mimic lungs from the right; and then how the same tube, by being folded
+in the form of a figure eight (8), shows the two hearts united into one,
+and both ventricles working by the same contractions to perform their
+different tasks.
+
+[2] Mrs. B. Ogle Taylor, of Washington, formerly Miss Julia Dickinson,
+of Troy, was thus found dead; and the late Mrs. Cass thus lost her life.
+"She was seized," says a newspaper account, "in a hot bath, which she
+had taken soon after eating." She lived an hour, unconscious, and the
+physician said she died of congestion of the brain. How easily could
+these highly intelligent ladies have kept themselves from danger, or
+saved themselves when they felt it approaching, had they known and
+understood these principles. For two reasons, in case of the failure of
+the motive power from keeping the body too long in hot water, the blood
+would be congested in the head. First, the head would not be immersed,
+and, second, the last blood which the lungs sent forth would go to it.
+
+[3] What can the Smithsonian Institute do better to carry out the views
+with which the benevolent Smithson gave his fortune, than thus to teach
+mankind when life may, by free circulation, be made to confer
+enjoyment--how it may be inadvertently destroyed--and how it may be
+restored, when, by drowning or otherwise, it is suspended? Sudden deaths
+often occur by mal-position. That of the late Secretary Marcy is
+doubtless an example. After his blood was heated and his circulation
+quickened, he laid himself down on his back, his head not raised.
+Attention to the workings of such a piece of apparatus as might be made,
+would have shown the fatal effects of such a position at such a time.
+
+[4] A young physician, whom I paid for correcting the proofs, was not
+successful in preventing mistakes, especially in regard to numbers.
+
+[5] I had just been reading Cuvier, to see whether he believed in the
+Harveian theory of the circulation. I found he did not. "The circulation
+vortex," says he, "is sometimes simple, sometimes double and even triple
+(including that of the vena porta); the rapidity of its movements is
+often _aided_ by the contraction of a certain fleshy apparatus
+denominated hearts." Thus showing that my theory gave to the heart all
+the prominence that was given to it by this great philosopher, who had
+not, however, advanced any opinion as to the cause of the circulation.
+
+[6] One of them, my lamented niece, Jane Porter Lincoln, at my request,
+immediately wrote an account of the experiment, which is now in my
+possession.
+
+[7] These physicians gave certificates of their witnessing and assisting
+at this memorable experiment, which were published in the _Boston
+Medical Journal_, February 1852.
+
+[8] Dr. Cartwright also reported the case in a letter which was
+published in the _Boston Medical Journal_, September, 1852. This
+resuscitation was more wonderful than those detailed in my published
+work on "Respiration." All cases of life thus restored are proofs _a
+posteriori_ of the truth of this theory of the arterial circulation.
+
+[9] Good systems of exercise have been made in some respectable
+institutions for health, openly formed on the principles of this theory.
+Such is that by Dr. Hamilton, of Saratoga.
+
+[10] When the time shall come that, the truth of my discovery being no
+longer denied, its originality shall be contested, it will be a
+significant fact that, in the _Nashville Journal_, of September, 1854,
+is an article against it from a physician signing himself "Justicia,"
+which he thus heads, "The Willardian Notion." In evil report, it was
+indisputably mine. This article also shows, that the Harveian theory is
+still maintained by the opposers of mine.
+
+[11] See Draper's Physiology, p. 142.
+
+
+
+
+
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+Project Gutenberg's Theory of Circulation by Respiration, by Emma Willard
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+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
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+
+
+Title: Theory of Circulation by Respiration
+       Synopsis of its Principles and History
+
+Author: Emma Willard
+
+Release Date: August 15, 2006 [EBook #19053]
+
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+
+
+
+<h1>THEORY<br />
+<small>OF</small><br />
+<b style="letter-spacing:normal; font-size:larger;">Circulation by Respiration.</b><br /><!--This line was in a blackletter font-->
+<small><br />SYNOPSIS OF ITS PRINCIPLES AND HISTORY.</small></h1>
+
+<p class="title">WRITTEN, BY REQUEST,<br />
+<span class="smcap">For the &ldquo;U.&nbsp;S. JOURNAL OF HOM&#338;OPATHY,&rdquo;</span><br />
+BY EMMA WILLARD.</p>
+
+<p class="title"><b>New-York:</b><br /><!--This line was in a blackletter font-->
+FRANCIS HART &amp; CO. PRINTERS AND STATIONERS, 63 CORTLANDT STREET.<br />
+1861.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="major" />
+<h1><span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;3">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a>
+THEORY<br />
+OF<br />
+CIRCULATION BY RESPIRATION.
+</h1>
+<hr class="major" />
+
+<h2>SECTION I.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>First step in the discovery&mdash;Animal Heat the product of Respiration.
+Second step&mdash;Heat evolved in the lungs by Respiration there produces
+Expansion. Third step&mdash;Expansion; implied motion, which from the
+organism must conduct the blood to the left ventricle of the Heart.
+Theory imperfect, until the formation of sufficient vapor or steam
+in the lungs is perceived and acknowledged.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">To Dr.&nbsp;Marcy.</span>&mdash;In complying with your request to write for your journal
+an article embodying my theory of the motive powers which produce the
+circulation of the blood, together with some account of its rise and
+progress, I obey what I regard as a call of duty; and thus requested, do
+it with pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>But my theory, with its history, cannot thus be written without egotism.
+Logicians say, that the way to convince others is to retrace, in order,
+the steps by which you yourself became convinced, which is to be
+egotistic. But in this case, there is a further reason: the scientific
+discoverer must speak of the apparatus by which he experiments, and mine
+was often my own physical frame.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty years ago, while yet my mind, laboring with this great subject,
+was condemned</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="text-indent:12em;">
+&ldquo;to drudge<br />
+Without a second and without a judge,&rdquo;
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-indent:0;">you, sir, comprehended the hypothesis which has now become a theory, and
+you waited not for others to speak, but you fully acknowledged its
+truth; and although, in Hartford, as now in New-York, you were thronged
+with practice, (then allopathic), you yet found time to furnish me with
+added experiments, made in your office, confirmatory of its truth, which
+by your permission were afterwards added in your name to my published
+work.</p>
+
+<p>The first step in the theory occurred to my mind in the winter of 1822,
+and while I was engaged in founding the Troy Female Seminary. Being in
+attendance on a course of lectures on chemistry, and at the same time
+teaching to a class Mrs.&nbsp;Marcett&#8217;s excellent work on that subject, one
+cold morning, as I was walking briskly up a hill, I said to myself, Why
+do I grow warm? Whence comes this accession of caloric? It cannot be
+transmitted to me from any object without, because every thing which
+comes in contact with<span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;4">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a> me is cold. Snow is under my feet, and frosty air
+surrounds me; and, as to clothing, even the softest furs <i>impart</i> no
+warmth&mdash;they but keep from escaping that which comes from within. What
+other method besides transmission is there of gaining heat? There is the
+elimination of caloric, when, in substances chemically combining, weight
+is gained and bulk is lost. Is there any such combination going on in
+me? Yes; this atmospheric air, when I inspire it, has oxygen combined
+with nitrogen; but when I expire, the oxygen has disappeared, and
+heavier substances&mdash;carbonic acid gas and watery vapor&mdash;are returned in
+its place. Thus, it must be, animal heat is evolved. It is the product
+of respiration; and it is because I breathe faster and deeper, that more
+carbon is oxidized or burned, and more heat is set free in my lungs; and
+therefore I grow warm as I walk up this hill, though all around me is
+cold.</p>
+
+<p>The mind, excited by new and great thoughts, works with unwonted energy;
+and mine at once collected so many proofs, that I became perfectly
+convinced of the truth of the hypothesis. In searching books, I found
+that Lavoisier had taught the same; but he dying, his doctrine was
+discarded by English chemists, Dr.&nbsp;Black leading the way, and therefore
+it did not then appear in English systems of chemistry. But from that
+time, I cherished it with a mother&#8217;s devotion, watched changes in my own
+physical frame relating to it, taught it to my pupils, and held warm
+disputes with the medical faculty, who opposed and contemned it.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1832, the Asiatic cholera appeared among us, appalling
+every heart. This plague, I said, is a disease of coldness and
+obstruction; and these doctors, wrong as they are on the subject of
+animal heat, can never understand it&mdash;though, if Lavoisier were living,
+he might. Let me, then, as best I may, consider anew the problem of heat
+as produced by respiration, and see whether I cannot find out something
+which has a bearing on the fatal coldness of this fearful disease. It is
+into the lungs, and no where else, that breathing introduces atmospheric
+air; and it is there that the oxidation of carbon or animal combustion
+takes place. Thus must caloric be imparted to the blood in the lungs;
+and in them is one-fifth of the blood of the system, of which
+seven-eighths is water.</p>
+
+<p>The nature of heat is to expand all fluids. The blood in the lungs must,
+therefore, expand; and if it expands, it must move; and if it moves, it
+must, from the organism of the parts, move to the left ventricle of the
+heart, into which the valvular system opens to give it a free
+passage&mdash;whereas the valves of the right close against it. &ldquo;Eureka!&rdquo; I
+mentally exclaimed; &ldquo;I have found the <i>primum mobile</i> of the circulation
+of the blood.&rdquo; I had for years disbelieved that the heart&#8217;s slight
+mechanical impulse was that cause. In teaching Paley&#8217;s &ldquo;Natural
+Theology,&rdquo; my mind had come in contact with the passage in which he
+describes the heart&#8217;s more than Herculean labors; and I said, &ldquo;This is
+altogether too much&mdash;the heart alone cannot perform all this&mdash;there must
+be some other power,&rdquo; and an abiding desire to know what<span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;5">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a> that power
+could be, prepared me for receiving this great idea. But my mind was
+agitated by it, as the sea is, when a great rock is thrown into its
+waters.</p>
+
+<p>The cholera was then raging around me; and as I prepared to flee from it
+to a mountain air, I confided to a scientific friend, Professor Twiss of
+West Point, my hypothesis, which I regarded as probably the incipient
+germ of an important discovery.</p>
+
+<p>But there was first the former theory to be disproved; and then there
+were new points to be investigated and established. In the ensuing
+winters of 1833, 4, and 5, I gave much attention to the subject, and
+employed professors in my school in the departments of chemistry and
+natural philosophy, who assisted me,&mdash;particularly by their ingenuity in
+the construction of such simple pieces of apparatus as were needed.</p>
+
+<p>Thus we proved that, although the heart&#8217;s action gives pulsation, it
+does not necessarily give circulation. By an endless india-rubber tube,
+filled with water, coiled upon a table and struck repeatedly at one
+point, a pulsation was produced throughout, but no circulation. By
+affixing the tube to a vessel of water, and laying it on an inclined
+plane, the water ran through it in an equable current, making
+circulation with pulsation. Clasping the hand upon the tube in
+successive contractions, the fluid passed on <i>per saltem</i>, producing
+circulation and pulsation united, but no acceleration of the current.
+Now, add valves to the tube on each side of the opening hand, and you
+will have the current&mdash;which is moving by gravitation, accelerated by
+the hand&#8217;s impulse, as the blood&#8217;s current, first moved by respiration,
+undoubtedly is by the heart&#8217;s beat.</p>
+
+<p>The heart we regard as the grand regulator of the blood&#8217;s flow; and it
+is admirably situated for measuring out a regular portion of blood at
+every contraction. John Bell, believing in the Harveian theory, said,
+&ldquo;It is awful to think of the unfixed position of the heart;&rdquo; and
+Dr.&nbsp;Arnott declared that &ldquo;the heart, the heart alone, is the ragged
+anomaly in the laws of fitness in mechanics.&rdquo; The heart was now seen to
+have a right position; for it should swing loose that its moorings be
+not endangered; and, as whatever impugns the Creator&#8217;s unerring wisdom
+must be wrong, so the presumption is, that whatever vindicates it must
+be right.</p>
+
+<p>My hypothesis assumed the principle, that, if an endless hollow tube be
+filled with a liquid, the liquid can be made to circulate perpetually,
+if it be heated at one point and cooled before its return. A drawing of
+the simple apparatus by which this problem was proved, is given in my
+published work on &ldquo;the Motive Powers, &amp;c.&rdquo; The figure which represents
+this apparatus gives the learner the most simple idea possible of the
+connection of the respiratory and circulatory systems, and of the
+combination of the two motive powers; the first, or chemical, coming
+from the lungs, and the second, or mechanical, from the heart.</p>
+
+<p>Suppose the heart divided into right and left hearts by dissection at
+the<span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;6">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a> septum: the circulatory system might then be represented by an
+endless tube. Let such an one, nine or ten feet in length, and of one
+inch bore (to be filled with water) be placed upon a horizontal table.
+Let an enlargement of the tube be made by a tin vessel to represent the
+lungs, which shall contain about one-fifth part of the water. Let the
+tube connected with the right side of the vessel have, at a little
+distance from the vessel, a smaller enlargement, composed of
+india-rubber, which can be grasped by the hand, to represent the heart&#8217;s
+right ventricle, with a valve on each side opening towards the tin
+vessel, the two to represent the tricuspid and semi-lunar valves. Let
+the whole be made nearly full of water; then, under the tin vessel
+(representing the lungs), let a fire be made. As the water heats, it
+will expand; and as the valve closes to the right, it will go off to the
+left side of the vessel. But, as no water will come in from the right,
+on account of the valves, there will be no current. Now let the hand
+grasp the india-rubber, and the fluid between the valves being displaced
+by its pressure, all the water will go towards the tin vessel, because,
+while the valve representing the tricuspid would close, that
+representing the semi-lunar (between the mimic heart and lungs) would
+open&mdash;and very freely; because the expansion made by the heat under the
+tin vessel had created a vacuum, and thus made a suction power to draw
+it forward, while there is a driving power behind to force it onward
+into the tin vessel. Then relaxing the hand, a vacuum will exist between
+the two valves; and the valve in the rear of the current now begun (the
+tricuspid) would open, and the water rush in to fill the vacuum in the
+india-rubber ventricle, to be again pressed forward by the next grasp of
+the hand; and thus&mdash;the fire (representing respiration) being kept up,
+and the alternate grasping and relaxing of the hand (representing the
+heart&#8217;s regular impulse)&mdash;a perpetual circulation might be made to go
+on;<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> but not without another condition of the problem.</p>
+
+<p>And it was in performing this experiment that a truth was discovered,
+which, had it been known, many who have ignorantly lost their lives
+might have preserved them. When the fluid in the apparatus became
+equally, or nearly as much, heated at the extreme parts of the
+circulating tube as at the heating vessel, then the motive power of
+expansion ceased, and (the hand&#8217;s impulse being too weak of itself to
+carry it on) circulation failed; but it was<span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;7">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a> restored by putting snow or
+ice around the extreme parts of the tube. How often have we heard of
+ladies who, having gone into warm baths, have been found dead by their
+friends, or too nearly so, to be restored.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Through ignorance of the
+cause, no right means would be taken to restore them, such as dashing
+cold water upon the exterior, with simultaneous efforts to produce, in
+fresh air and in proper position, such artificial respiration as leads
+to the natural. Where no internal lesions have occurred, there is every
+reason to believe that such measures might produce restoration.</p>
+
+<p>My imperfect machines gave me to see how much might be done for this
+important part of physiology by a more perfect apparatus. Mine was
+merely horizontal&mdash;but one might be made to take as many positions as
+are natural to the human frame; and how many facts might such an one
+elicit concerning the effects of position on the circulation, by which
+lives might every day be saved! But skilful mechanicians, not ordinary
+mechanics, are needed, who are men of intellectual capacity, and are
+furnished with <i>carte-blanche</i> for time and expense.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>The years 1836-&#8217;7-&#8217;8 witnessed, on my part, several extraordinary and
+fruitless efforts to get before the public the theory, of whose truth
+and importance I was then fully convinced. In 1839, Dr.&nbsp;C. Smith, then
+of Troy, an able medical lecturer, became a convert to the theory; and
+showed me, in post mortem dissections, the organs of respiration and
+circulation. At the close of that year, having carefully corrected and
+made out copies of my manuscript theory, which I had before written, I
+sent two to Paris&mdash;one to the two brothers, Drs.&nbsp;Edwards, members of the
+French Institute, and one to my friend, Madame Belloc. I also sent one
+to Edinburgh, to Dr.&nbsp;Abercrombie. Dr.&nbsp;Milne Edwards soon after wrote a
+book, in which he made it a point to show that animals could live
+several minutes without breathing; and Dr.<span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;8">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a> Frederic Edwards wrote me a
+short letter of objections to my theory, and adherence to that of
+Harvey. This letter was copied and answered in my work published in
+1846.</p>
+
+<p>About this time, Dr.&nbsp;Aikin, of Baltimore, wrote to me on the subject;
+and showed, by calculations, that the mere gradual expansion of the
+water of the blood was not sufficient, of itself, to produce a current
+as rapid as that of the blood was proved to be, even on the lowest
+estimate of its velocity. This did not shake my faith in the great fact
+that circulation was created by respiration. It must be so; for in life,
+such respiration as produces heat is the invariable antecedent of
+circulation, and nothing else is. There was something, then, which
+remained to be discovered. Again, I placed before me the conditions of
+the great problem, and set myself intently to its study; and I soon
+found what I thus sought, and then discerned for the first time that the
+blood moves, as does the railroad car, by steam. John Bell, my favorite
+author, had shown that the lungs work <i>in vacuo</i>. A great proportion of
+the blood is water, which, in a vacuum, springs into vapor at 67&deg;, and
+the temperature of the blood in the lungs is 101&deg;. Its expansion, then,
+was not merely the gradual increase of bulk by transmitted heat, but
+also that of instantaneous expansion, by the vaporization of so much of
+it as is needed; and what expanded water could not do, steam certainly
+could. At once, a throng of proofs came to my mind. The most apparent of
+these was the vapor <i>expired</i> breathing. I recollected how, in former
+times, the stage horses, driven rapidly into my native village of a
+winter morning, had clouds of vapor wreathing upward from their
+nostrils, while the icicles of condensation were hanging below. The
+nurse, who stands over the dying, holds a mirror before the mouth and
+nose, and considers that life is only extinct when vapor ceases to be
+formed. Then came to mind the solution of that great mystery of
+physiology, why the arteries are empty at death, which so long hindered
+the discovery finally made by Harvey.</p>
+
+<p>In the state in which chemistry was, even as late as the time of John
+Bell, the chemical power of the heat produced by respiration at the
+lungs could not have been understood.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>SECTION II.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Publication of the Theory, in 1846, in &ldquo;A treatise on the Motive Powers
+which produce the Circulation of the Blood.&rdquo; Its Reception: Critique
+in the New York &ldquo;Journal of Medicine,&rdquo; September, 1846. My Reply, in
+the same Journal, March, 1847.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">To Dr.&nbsp;Marcy.</span>&mdash;In the years immediately succeeding 1840, (in which year,
+as you will recollect, I had the honor to receive your countenance and
+advice respecting my theory,) I was almost exclusively devoted to the
+revision and enlargement of my historical works; but early is 1846,
+having deter<span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;9">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a>mined on making the tour of the United States, I resolved
+first to prepare my theory for the press. In the introduction, I
+remarked, &ldquo;The house of clay in which the mind dwells must receive a
+portion of its care; and that which I have bestowed on mine has
+proceeded on a belief in the truth of the theory herein advocated, as
+undoubting as that in the laws of gravitation; and when any new fact, or
+any remark of an author, relating to my theory came under my
+observation, I noted it down and laid it by with its kindred. About to
+set out on a long journey, and aware that my field of vision had thus
+enlarged, I felt it my duty to put together the principal of my remarks,
+that I might so leave the subject, that, in case anything should prevent
+my return, it would be in a form equal to the present slate in which the
+theory exists in my own mind.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The time I had spent in devotion to this theory, the many rebuffs I had
+met in seeking to promulgate it&mdash;sometimes, unhappily, affecting my
+social life&mdash;had made painful the duty of publishing it. My historical
+works had been received with favor; but I believed that, in publishing
+this, it would be charged against me that I chose a subject unsuited to
+my sex. I therefore said, in my preface, &ldquo;This is not so much a subject
+which I chose, as one which chooses me; and if the Father of Lights has
+been pleased to reveal to me from the book of his physical truth a
+sentence before unread, is it for me to suppose that it is for my
+individual benefit? or is it for you, my reader, to turn away your ear
+from hearing this truth, and charge its great Author with having
+ill-chosen his instrument to communicate it?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>As I passed southward on my journey, I left, March, 1846, my manuscript
+in the hands of Wiley &amp; Putnam, in N. York:<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> to be published at my
+expense. During the six months in which I was absent on my travels, my
+book was published; and the publishers sent copies, as directed by me,
+to many of my personal friends, and to several physicians. They sent
+other copies, which procured notices, some of which were favorable,
+particularly one from the <i>London Critic</i>, and others, the reverse. As
+few copies of the book sold, I was not remunerated for the cost of
+publication. The copies sent to physicians were mostly
+unacknowledged&mdash;received in cold, if not contemptuous, silence. But my
+family physician, the worthy and learned Dr.&nbsp;Robbins, to whom I
+dedicated the work, ever upheld me. He answered my questions, gave me
+instructions, and showed me post-mortem dissections; and to those who
+asked him if he believed in my theory, he wisely replied, &ldquo;Mrs.&nbsp;Willard
+is right as far as she goes.&rdquo; He knew that I made no pretensions to
+understand the vast variety of medical subjects not connected with the
+circulation, and that I never doubted his skill or disputed his
+prescriptions. An honest man, and a skilful physician, he deserved and
+had my unfailing confidence. And if, by reason of what I knew, I had
+prolonged my life, he had the longer kept a good and faithful<span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;10">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a> patient.
+Lady-friends, to whom I had sent my work, had sometimes referred it to
+their medical advisers; and thus Dr.&nbsp;Hiester, an eminent physician of
+Reading, Pa., became a believer. And in the same way, the eminent
+Dr.&nbsp;Cartwright, then of Natchez, and President of the State Medical
+Association of Mississippi, came to a knowledge of those principles,
+which, as we shall hereafter show, he so remarkably elucidated.</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1846, the <i>New York Journal of Medicine</i>, then edited by
+Dr. Charles A. Lee, contained a review or critique on my work, which, if
+the history of the theory shall hereafter become a matter of special
+interest, may, with my reply, contained in the March number of 1847,
+furnish any examiner with the full state of the question at that period.</p>
+
+<p>The learned reviewer showed himself acquainted with the subject as it
+then stood, and with its history in the past. He held that the heart&#8217;s
+action, &ldquo;the contractile power of the cardiac walls,&rdquo; is the main spring
+or <i>primum mobile</i>, from which the circulating force proceeds,
+notwithstanding the great discrepancies as to what that force is; and
+while he objected to my theory, that it did not show any distinct
+measure of force, he said that, while Borelli estimated the contractive
+power of the heart at 180,000&nbsp;pounds, Keill stated it at five ounces,
+Sir Charles Bell at 51&nbsp;pounds, Carpenter at 51&frac12;, and Hales at 50. He
+abandoned, however, Harvey&#8217;s idea that the heart was the only organ of
+circulation. He believed that it was assisted by the contractile power
+of the arteries, by the movement of the ribs and chest in respiration,
+by capillary attraction, muscular contraction in exercise, and several
+other forces; one of which, the attraction of the venous blood for the
+pulmonary cells, had been recently pointed out by Dr.&nbsp;Draper. The author
+did not suppose he was bringing forward any new truths; &ldquo;but,&rdquo; said he,
+as an introduction to his account of my theory, &ldquo;are we not sometimes in
+danger of forsaking old truths for new theories?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Of my theory, he says: &ldquo;The mere statement of it must satisfy our
+readers that it is wholly untenable. It is well known that heat is
+generated in every part of the system as well as the lungs. Whenever
+oxygen and carbon unite, there it is developed; but it is imparted to
+the <i>solids</i> equally with the fluids; it maintains the temperature of
+the whole body by radiations from the points where it is generated.&rdquo; ...
+&ldquo;It is believed that all those functions of the organism which are
+necessary for the preservation of life, contribute directly or
+indirectly to the production of animal heat; so that it is developed at
+every point at which metamorphosis is occurring, and therefore not
+merely in the lungs, but in the whole peripheral system.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The writer then observes, that &ldquo;the heat of the venous blood as it
+reaches the right side of the heart (according to Davy), varies only two
+or three degrees from that of the aorta. Granting, then, that the blood
+receives three degrees in the lungs, it is very evident that the
+expansion produced by it would be too small to be appreciable. The
+cause, then, is insufficient to produce the effects.&rdquo; The writer gives
+me credit for having ingeniously supported<span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;11">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a> my theory, and then politely
+bows me out of the department of physiology into my more appropriate
+sphere of educating girls.</p>
+
+<p>In my reply, this sentence from Cuvier was chosen as a motto:
+&ldquo;Respiration is the function essential to the constitution of an animal
+body; it is that which, in a manner, animalizes it; and we shall see
+that animals exercise their peculiar functions more completely according
+as they enjoy greater powers of respiration.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> My reasoning was to
+this effect: <ins class="correction" title="Transcriber&#8217;s note: The original had no closing quotation mark; it is unclear where the quote was intended to end.">&ldquo;It is in vain to say that cannot be, which is.&rdquo;</ins> When
+two events are so conjoined in nature that one is the only invariable
+antecedent of the other, then, according to all logic, we are bound to
+conclude that the first is the physical cause of the second, even though
+we cannot understand how it should be. Of the circulation, such living
+respiration as produces heat is the invariable antecedent, and nothing
+else is. The heart&#8217;s action, as stated by our reviewer himself, is not
+therefore respiration, and not the heart&#8217;s action or anything else, is
+the cause of the circulation. This argument is upheld by the fact that
+circulation, varies not only as respiration, but as its products
+digestion, strength, and, according to Cuvier, animal vitality vary. All
+begin with respiration, end with it, and are as it is. If respiration
+ceases, restore it before the organism is deranged, and they are all
+restored. We must conclude, then, that respiration is the cause of
+circulation, although we could not see how it should be. Much more, when
+we discern a mighty power, that of expansion, and see how the Almighty
+has made our frame in reference to its production by caloric&mdash;the lungs
+allowing of heat within them like wet cloth, and the nerves, bones and
+muscles all made and arranged, so that oxygen shall be brought to them
+by respiration on the one hand, and carbon by the numerous digestive and
+circulatory organs on the other.</p>
+
+<p>As to any deficiency of power, my reviewer had omitted to notice that
+not only the ordinary expansion of the water of the blood by calorie had
+been assumed, but also its vaporization, or the change of such a portion
+as was needed into steam, the lungs being <i>in vacuo</i>; so that nature
+here had not failed of her usual abundance. And had not this power been
+kept in check by the pressure of the surrounding air hindering the
+perfect vacuum of the lungs, there was reason to fear, rather its excess
+than its deficiency. As to the reviewer&#8217;s assertion that heat is
+generated in every part of the system, and imparted to the <i>solids</i>
+equally with the fluids&mdash;that I positively denied, in the name of common
+sense. For who does not know that, although there may be some heat
+elaborated in the stomach, and some during the processes by which<span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;12">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a> the
+fluids change to solids, that the great source of heat to the system, is
+in the fluid blood, and not in solid flesh or bone? Our senses of sight
+and feeling show us, in the case of blushing, that heat comes and goes
+with the blood. No one believes that the solid parts of his leg warm the
+blood as much as it warms them. Finally, it discredited the old theory,
+that it showed no adequate use for the great primary function of
+respiration, and its constant attendant, animal heat. Breathing and
+warmth are not ultimate ends. Man breathes to live; he does not live to
+breathe. He is warm to live; he does not live merely to be warm. Our
+theory shows that it is these primary agencies which sustain his being;
+and it sets forth the manner in which they operate for this end. And
+thus, while it indicates the wisdom of the Almighty in the formation of
+the animal frame, it shows itself to be His true interpreter.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>SECTION III.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Uses of the Theory&mdash;Proofs.&mdash;Publication of a Work, in 1849, entitled
+&ldquo;Respiration and its Effects, more, especially in relation to
+Asiatic Cholera and other Sinking Diseases.&rdquo;&mdash;Examples.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">To Dr.&nbsp;Marcy.</span>&mdash;The theory of the two chief motive powers which operate
+at the centre was, we conceive, completed by the addition of steam
+formed in the vacuum of the lungs, as available to give to the blood its
+due velocity. We also believe that complete proof <i>a priori</i> had been
+adduced of the fallacy of the theory that the <i>primum mobile</i> is in the
+heart; and, also, that proof <i>a priori</i> had been given that it begins at
+the lungs, and is the product of respiration. It remained to apply this
+theory to use, and to find proofs <i>a posteriori</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Although some of my friends regarded my theory as an <i>ignis fatuus</i>
+which led me into nothing but evil, yet it has enabled me, by plans of
+exercise, to endure for many years, in-door sedentary labor&mdash;and yet
+enjoy health; and in unusual emergencies, more than once to save my own
+life and that of others.</p>
+
+<p>In the cold winter of 1835, I took, at Troy, the old summer stage, at
+midnight, to cross the Green Mountains. I was alone in the large and
+ill-closed vehicle; the thermometer was sinking as I proceeded on my
+way, until it had reached 25&deg; below zero, a degree of cold to which I
+had never before been subjected. When I had traveled alone twenty miles,
+I found myself in imminent danger of perishing. Ordinary expedients to
+get warmth were no longer availing; numbness and cold at the vitals were
+overcoming me; and I knew that to give way to them was to die. I thought
+of my theory; but I was fearful that I should commit sin if I tampered
+with the sacred &ldquo;breath of life.&rdquo; But my necessity was urgent, and I
+aroused, stood up, and breathed that dense air with violence. It felt
+for the moment cold to my lungs, but soon came heat<span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;13">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a> with a rush, and
+with it pain, as if the whole surface of the throat and lungs were
+blistered; and my first thought was that I should die, justly punished
+for my temerity. But soon I was restored to genial warmth; and rejoiced
+in having successfully made an important physiological experiment.</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards, having been instrumental in relieving a woman who was
+perishing from having breathed the fumes of charcoal, I was led to
+reflect that in such cases there was something to be taken away from the
+lungs, as well as warmth to be added. This woman&#8217;s extreme coldness, and
+feeble, fluttering pulse, showed that she was dying for want of right
+breathing; and in her case there was no doubt that the cause was the
+same as that of death by drowning. The carbonic acid gas which she had
+inspired, being heavier than atmospheric air, settled as water in her
+lungs, and in the same manner prevented the access of oxygen to their
+living tissues. And hence arose the reflection that the ordinary
+carbonic acid gas, which is always the residuum of respiration, might,
+from weakness, settle in the lungs, and thus become the cause of disease
+and death. The presence of carbonic acid in the lower bronchial tubes
+and cells, existing in quantities sufficient to prevent the natural
+combustion by breathing, was brought to my mind in March, 1847, while
+searching for the cause of an agonizing paroxysm of sick headache. The
+distressed feelings of obstructed life with which I was tossing and
+struggling, together with the agonizing pain in the head and pressure on
+the stomach, might well arise from such a cause. Standing (for position
+is important) in a full current of air from an open window, I commenced
+a species of violent artificial breathing, for the purpose of ejecting
+the supposed heavy gas, and filling my lungs with pure air. This was
+done by contracting the chest on every side to its smallest possible
+dimensions, and at the same time throwing out the air violently and from
+the bottom of the thorax, as if under the operation of an emetic; then
+alternating by opening the chest to its greatest capacity, and drawing
+in, by successive inhalations, all the fresh air possible, and pressing
+it down to the lowest depths of the lungs. This process at first gave
+such intensity and sharpness to the pain in the head, that it required
+much resolution to continue it; nevertheless it was persevered in. After
+a few minutes, the pain diminished, and soon entirely ceased. This was
+followed by free perspiration, and equalized, warmth and circulation.
+Perfect repose and quiet sleep ensued. Friends, who a short time before
+had seen a countenance like that of a dying person, and knew how slow
+was ordinary cure, were astonished, an hour afterwards, to behold, on my
+awaking, the full glow of restored health.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the re-appearance of cholera, during the summer of 1849, my mind was
+peculiarly affected, from the belief that a false theory of circulation
+prevailed, although there was a true theory, which, if generally
+believed, might lead to the knowledge of the cause and cure of this
+terrific malady; and thus thousands<span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;14">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a> of lives be saved which would
+otherwise be lost. This thought almost distracted me; and believing that
+my sex stood in the way of my theory&#8217;s being acknowledged, I sometimes
+wished that it might please God to take me out of the world. Then coming
+to better thoughts; I cast away despondency as unworthy of me; and
+determined to proceed to the further investigation and development of
+the great truth, of which I had, as I believed, been made the unworthy
+recipient. I studied my theory anew, while I read the most approved
+works on cholera; and I came to the belief that imperfect respiration,
+caused by the want of due oxygen in the air, was the principal
+predisposing cause of the premonitory symptoms; while the death that
+supervened was often caused by the settling of carbonic acid gas, the
+residuum of animal combustion, in the lower air-cells of the lungs. The
+symptoms of the cholera, as treated by the best writers, were full of
+new proofs of the truth of my theory, especially of its last step, the
+formation of steam or vapor in the lungs. Without that, the collapse of
+cholera was a fearful mystery; with it, everything was plain. With a
+coldness that would collapse the lungs, the bowels must naturally be
+drawn up (and with dreadful pains) to supply their place. The ghastly
+change in the face must occur when cold has condensed its arterial
+vapor. If respiration could restore heat, before any lesions had taken
+place in the organism, the patient might recover. Then I began rewriting
+my theory in a work afterwards published, with the title, &ldquo;Respiration
+and its Effects, especially in relation to Asiatic Cholera and other
+Sinking Diseases.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>While thus occupied, the debilitating air of the season weighed upon my
+health and spirits. I had been affected for about three days with what I
+regarded as the ordinary complaints of the season, when one night, after
+my family had retired, I found myself suddenly very ill&mdash;my symptoms
+being coldness, debility, and spasmodic pains. I believed myself to be
+attacked with cholera. I efficiently practised the artificial
+respiration in fresh air as before described. Gaining strength as I
+proceeded, I soon found a death-like coldness giving place to genial
+warmth. Violent exercise, with artificial breathing, was kept up some
+time, with such rests and full free breathings as nature required; after
+which, I slept, perspired profusely, and was well in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>This was an occurrence which sunk deep into my mind; and the more so, as
+I could not speak much of it, for the truth was too improbable to be
+believed. But the successful issue of this, my first experiment upon the
+dreaded disease, prepared me to act with boldness and efficiency in a
+case which occurred in my own house about a week after.</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th of August, 1849, Jane Phayre, an Irish woman in my service,
+of about twenty-five years of age, having been ill for four days with
+diarrh&#339;a, was suddenly struck with what the French call cholera
+<i>foudroyant</i>&mdash;from fright. Alarmed by unwonted sounds near her window in
+a basement room, she mounted the window-seat to look out at the top
+sash, and found her face close to that of a man dying of cholera, who in
+his death-cramps was brought from a steamboat on a litter, and thus
+rested upon the pavement.<span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;15">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a> The cover was lifted from his face, and the
+sight and the smell struck her with faintness and trembling; and with
+difficulty she reached her bed. I was called to go to her quickly by
+Eliza Fagan, who said that Jane was very bad. She had a clay-cold
+death-look, and a frightful blackness around her eyes. Her face, as I
+saw it, was livid, pinched in features, and corpse-like, and her pulse
+but a feeble flutter; and she seemed only to breathe from the top of her
+lungs. She tried, as she afterwards told me, to say, &ldquo;I am dying,&rdquo; but
+her speech was husky and inarticulate. She says her sight and hearing
+were gone; and while Eliza and I were dragging her out of doors, she
+could not see the window, and did not feel her feet. We placed her in an
+upright position, with her back resting against a board-wall, a fresh
+breeze blowing full in her face. Her senses were now partially restored.
+I told her to breathe violently, for she must get the bad air out of her
+lungs and the good air in; and I showed her how she must do it. At first
+she said, &ldquo;I can&#8217;t, for something rises up in the inside.&rdquo; When I told
+her, sternly, that her life depended on it, and she must, she tried to
+obey me. At first, it gave her severe headache, but as soon as deep
+breathing was fairly begun, while I was watching her face with intense
+anxiety, the color changed from the clay-cold death-look to the full
+flush of the warm hue of life, and she joyfully exclaimed, &ldquo;Oh! I feel
+well!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>When the removal of carbonic acid gas had made way for oxygen to be
+brought to the yet uninjured lungs, the carbon of the venous blood
+ignited, the motive power was furnished, the blood was again moved
+forward into the arterial system, and the dammed up venous current,
+receiving the suction force, rushed on so violently as at times nearly
+to produce suffocation; but the struggle was soon over, and the lungs,
+free both from carbonic acid gas and an unnatural quantity of venous
+blood, once more received pure air&mdash;and to the relieved sufferer
+respiration became delightful&mdash;the circulation passed freely through an
+unbroken system&mdash;and <span class="allsc">THE CHOLERA WAS CURED</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Was there, in the whole wide world, another person besides myself who
+would have taken such a living corpse, dragged it out of doors, and set
+it upright, on feet which could not feel, with the expectation that it
+might breathe out death, breathe in life, and be restored? The result is
+a proof, <i>a posteriori</i>; that the theory on which the experiment was
+made is true.</p>
+
+<p>Other cases occurred, where, under different circumstances, cures of
+cholera were effected. One, as instantaneous, and in some respects as
+remarkable as that of Jane Phayre, was that of my friend and former
+pupil, Mrs.&nbsp;Gen. Gould, of Rochester, who sent for me, believing herself
+to be dying of cholera. I have her letter, which, by permission, is
+published in my work on Respiration; and also a letter from her
+physician, Dr.&nbsp;Bloss, of Troy, testifying that her disease was cholera,
+and that he had little hope of her restoration. This letter is published
+in the appendix of a report on my theory, read in Buffalo, August 8th,
+1851, to a convention of the New York State Association of Teachers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;16">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a>In my journeying to New York city, to attend their previous convention
+in August, 1850, an accident obliged me to walk for some distance, in
+the middle of a hot day. The convention sat in Hope Chapel, which was
+poorly ventilated; and in the evening, I sat under a large gas-burner.
+On entering my room at the New-York Hotel, which was on the ground
+floor, situated where the only air was from a confined, central
+enclosure, I perceived at the only window a strong smell of fresh paint
+from the outer walls, so that I was obliged to close it. Being
+excessively fatigued, I slept heavily&mdash;till at early dawn I awaked to
+find myself in a dying state. Attempting to move my arms, they were like
+lead by my side&mdash;and my breath was but a feeble gasp. Without the
+knowledge of my theory&mdash;my bane, as many of my friends have thought&mdash;I
+should then have had no antidote. But I knew where was the destroying
+agent, and what was the only means by which I had a chance of removing
+it; and I used the little strength I had left to breathe deeper, and
+then to strive for a better position. Long and doubtful was the
+struggle. It was ten o&#8217;clock when, with tottering steps, I got into a
+carriage, and sought the free fresh air, which enabled me to take a
+little food. In the evening, I went into the Teacher&#8217;s Convention,
+having first ordered from my publisher a sufficient number of my books
+on Respiration to present one to each member; and then, at my request, a
+Committee of Investigation was appointed by the convention to report on
+my theory. They reported favorably to the succeeding convention at
+Buffalo, which adopted the report, and I published and circulated it.
+This committee I had been allowed to choose, and it consisted of my
+friend, Prof. Twiss&mdash;the first believer in the theory&mdash;and Mr.&nbsp;Fellows,
+that Professor of Natural Philosophy, who formerly assisted in making my
+apparatus.</p>
+
+<p>Mr.&nbsp;Fellows carried the report to Buffalo, and when he read it in the
+convention, editors immediately came to him to request copies for the
+press. But, by the influence of physicians, they afterwards declined it
+when offered. It seemed to be the general plan of the regular faculty
+(in the Eastern, not the Western, States) to put the theory into a
+condition resembling the algide state of cholera, where it would die of
+coldness; but, by the aid of Divine Providence, it will, like its
+author, restore itself by its own inherent vitality&mdash;the vitality of
+immortal truth.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;17">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a>SECTION IV.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Proofs from Dr.&nbsp;Cartwright&#8217;s Great Experiments on
+Alligators&mdash;Resuscitation of Dr.&nbsp;Ely&#8217;s Child&mdash;Dr.&nbsp;Bowling, Editor of
+the Nashville Medical Journal, endorses Dr.&nbsp;Washington, who, in that
+journal, &ldquo;crushes out&rdquo; all Opposition to the Theory&mdash;Dr.&nbsp;Draper&#8217;s
+Acknowledgment of it in New York&mdash;Hom&#339;opathists&mdash;Conclusion.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">To Dr.&nbsp;Marcy.</span> Thus, for thirty years, had I maintained, not only without
+public support, but against discouragements, these great truths, of
+which I had been allowed for myself such life-giving evidence. But early
+in December, 1851, Dr.&nbsp;Cartwright, then of New Orleans, announced in a
+letter to me that he had publicly become my advocate. His name will ever
+be connected with the theory, on account of the remarkable experiments
+by which he demonstrated its truth. In the presence of eminent
+physicians, and other scientific persons, he resuscitated an alligator
+which had been killed by tying the trachea. After an hour, when neither
+fire nor the dissecting knife produced signs of pain, Dr.&nbsp;Dowler<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> laid
+bare the lungs and the heart. Then a hole was cut in the trachea, below
+the ligature, and a blow-pipe was introduced, which Professor Forshey<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>
+worked with violence. At length, a faint quivering of moving blood was
+seen in the diaphanous veins of the lungs. The inflating process being
+continued, the blood next began to run in streams from the lungs into
+the quiescent heart. The heart began first to quiver, then to pulsate;
+and signs of life elsewhere appearing, the animal began to move; and
+soon, strong men could not hold him. Again they bound him to the table,
+and kept the trachea tied until life was apparently extinct; when, again
+inflating his lungs, he so thoroughly revived that he became dangerous,
+snapping at everything, and breaking his cords. For the third time, the
+trachea was ligatured&mdash;the animal expired, and was resuscitated.</p>
+
+<p>Dr.&nbsp;Cartwright says in his letter to me, published in the Boston Medical
+Journal, January 7th, 1852, &ldquo;By this resuscitation, your theory of the
+motive power of the circulation of the blood was established beyond all
+doubt or dispute.&rdquo; &ldquo;This vivisection clearly proved that the <i>primum
+mobile</i> of the circulation, and the chief motive powers of the blood,
+are in the lungs, and not in the heart.&rdquo; Dr.&nbsp;Cartwright mentioned, in
+the same letter, a case in which his faith in my theory had saved the
+life of a breathless infant&mdash;inducing him to unwonted perseverance in
+inflating its lungs.</p>
+
+<p>Able opposers to the theory, however, arose in New Orleans, some of whom
+believed that the resuscitation might have been effected by applications
+to the nerves. Dr.&nbsp;Cartwright procured, from Gen. Jackson&#8217;s battle
+ground, another alligator, which was publicly killed and vivisected. The
+doctor&#8217;s opponents first tried their means to bring the animal to life,
+and failed. Then he, by<span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;18">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a> artificial respiration, restored the huge
+reptile as before;&mdash;thus proving that artificial respiration could
+restore suspended animation when nothing else could.</p>
+
+<p>Dr.&nbsp;Ely was one who had opposed and written against the theory. In the
+meantime, his infant son had cholera, and expired. His medical friends
+had left him, and crape was tied to the handle of the front door.
+Standing by the side of his lifeless babe, Dr.&nbsp;Ely said to himself, &ldquo;If
+this theory should be true, I might yet save my child.&rdquo; And profiting by
+the example of Dr.&nbsp;Cartwright in restoring the dead alligator, he
+restored his child to life. Remitting his efforts too soon&mdash;again the
+infant ceased to breathe. And again, and yet the third time, the father
+restored him&mdash;when the resuscitation proved complete; and months after,
+the child was living and in perfect health. Dr.&nbsp;Ely then came promptly
+forward, and, like a nobly honest man, reported the case as convincing
+evidence of a truth which he had formerly opposed.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>Whoever wishes to know the history of theories concerning the motive
+powers of the blood as they then stood, may learn them by looking over
+files of the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, edited by Dr.&nbsp;J.&nbsp;V.&nbsp;C.
+Smith, for the years 1852-&#8217;53, and a part of 1854. Dr.&nbsp;Cartwright wrote
+for it during those years; and, encouraged by his protection, I
+frequently answered objections, which flowed in from various medical
+opponents. The objection derived from the f&#339;tal circulation, I answered
+thus, in the Journal, of May, 1852: &ldquo;The change occurring at birth, so
+far from falsifying this theory, affords presumptive proof of its truth.
+When first the air enters the trachea of a new born infant, and animal
+combustion begins, the inflation of the lungs must open the vessels and
+vesicles prepared to receive the venous blood. To fill the new-made
+vacuum, the whole of the blood from the right ventricle rushes through
+the pulmonary tube, leaving none to go through the <i>ductus arteriosus</i>,
+thus made useless, and henceforth to be abolished. But what is to move
+the blood from the capillaries of the lungs? The heart&#8217;s force,
+insufficient before without aid from the mother&#8217;s respiration, is now
+divided, while its work is doubled. A new power must then be generated
+by the meeting of the air with the carbon of the blood, enkindled by the
+peculiar functional vitality of the lungs. Without such a power, no
+perceptible cause exists sufficient to move the blood onward to the left
+ventricle. But it is moved thither, and with a power which presses down
+and closes the valve of the <i>foramen ovale</i>, thus clearly manifesting
+that this current exceeds in force that in the right ventricle. Grant
+that the new function of respiration has furnished a new power, and this
+astonishing instantaneous metamorphosis from amphibious to mammalian
+life becomes perfectly intelligible, and the<span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;19">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a> wisdom of the Creator is
+fully vindicated; showing that His work has been truly interpreted.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Boston Journal</i>, of April 21st, 1852, is an article from
+Dr.&nbsp;Cartwright, entitled &ldquo;Confirmation of the Willardian, or Important
+American Discovery,&rdquo; in which the author endeavors to remove what
+doubtless has been one cause of the delay in acknowledging its truth.
+&ldquo;Those members of the profession,&rdquo; he says, &ldquo;whom science has only
+<i>perfumed</i>, are the most apt &lsquo;to look down with proud disdain&rsquo; on any
+discovery originating &lsquo;with individuals not indoctrinated.&rsquo; They do not
+make the proper distinction between selfish quacks who seek publicity
+&lsquo;to line the pocket,&rsquo; and those &lsquo;who, prompted by some mysterious
+power,&rsquo; come forward against their interest, and at the risk of their
+reputation. &lsquo;Rather than to contemn and ridicule, it were better to
+study the manifestations of that mysterious power.&rsquo; They do not consider
+that the truth thus brought to light, while they fail to acknowledge it,
+is affording &lsquo;to selfish quackery&rsquo; a capital to trade on.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>To the same effect is the advice given to the profession by Dr.&nbsp;B.&nbsp;F.
+Washington, of Hannibal, Mo. He says, in the Nashville <i>Journal of
+Medicine</i>, July, 1854, &ldquo;it is time for us to be acting; the honor of the
+profession is in danger. The theory of respiration is a truth which will
+cut its way; and if we do not take it up and teach it, in a few years we
+may see the mortifying spectacle of the community teaching the
+profession scientific truths. Quacks have already taken it up, and we
+have inhalers and air cures of various kinds.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>The first appearance of Dr.&nbsp;Washington as the advocate of my theory was
+in the <i>Nashville Journal</i>, March, 1854; and his fertile genius had
+there brought a new illustration of its truth. It had, he said, opened
+his eyes to the explanation of a fact which had puzzled him from his
+boyhood. &ldquo;In slaughtering animals, if the trachea was cut, scarcely any
+h&aelig;morrhage resulted; while, if that was left untouched, full h&aelig;morrhage
+occurred. By the Willardian theory, the fact is readily susceptible of
+explanation. The blood, filling the trachea, suspended respiration, and
+of course the impelling power of the blood was suspended, and the
+h&aelig;morrhage ceased. The engine could not work without steam. When the
+trachea was not cut, respiration went on, and kept up the circulation,
+until the animal was nearly exsanguineous, and the powers of life gave
+way.&rdquo; This fact was clearly ascertained by Dr.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;K. Bowling, the
+well-known editor of the <i>Nashville Journal</i>, and able professor of the
+theory and practice of medicine in the university of that place. He sent
+me the Journal containing this welcome endorsement of my theory from one
+who was, as Dr.&nbsp;Bowling assured me, &ldquo;an observer of superior tact and
+learning,&rdquo; known by his medical compositions as well in<span class="pagenum" title="Page&nbsp;20">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a> Europe as
+America. Since that time (March, 1854), that Journal, though not
+excluding articles which oppose, has been understood to be in favor of
+the theory. Dr.&nbsp;Washington has written repeatedly, answering all
+objections;<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> and he has, in the Journal (as I have been assured by
+one of the Editors), &ldquo;crushed out all that would take up his glove, and
+is left in undisputed possession of the field&mdash;looking in vain for an
+opponent.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, in 1856, Dr.&nbsp;J.&nbsp;N. Draper, Professor of Chemistry and
+Physiology in the University of New-York, in an elaborate work on &ldquo;Human
+Physiology,&rdquo; has agreed that Harvey&#8217;s theory of the paramount power of
+the heart&#8217;s action in the circulation must be abandoned; and that to
+respiration must be assigned &ldquo;the great duty of originating the blood&#8217;s
+circulation.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p>Dr.&nbsp;Washington has not only defended me in every important position
+which I have taken, and added new illustrations&mdash;but he has made the
+theory available to showing new proofs of the wisdom of God in the
+creation of man. Thus&mdash;steam is formed in the vacuum of the lungs at the
+low temperature of 67&deg;, while, if there were no vacuum, 212&deg; of heat
+would be required to produce it,&mdash;an impossible quantity, since it would
+coagulate the albumen of the blood. But form the vacuum, and the boiling
+of the blood with any degree of heat less than 101&deg; could not cause any
+such disaster, while the steam going off from the lungs through the
+arterial system to the capillaries, gradually condenses, warming the
+body by giving off its latent heat; and the latent heat of vapor is the
+same however it is formed, and is always 1,114&deg;. What divine wisdom and
+economy are thus displayed!</p>
+
+<p>Hom&#339;opathy has, we believe, never found any difficulty in receiving this
+theory. We know that, at one of its conventions held in Providence, it
+was ably supported; and Dr.&nbsp;Marcy, whom I have the honor to address,
+was, as we have seen, one of its earliest defenders. He has never,
+whether allopathist or hom&#339;opathist, been known to hesitate when his own
+mind brought him clear conclusions;&mdash;the distinguishing mark, according
+to Dugald Stewart, of intrepidity of character.</p>
+
+<p class="quotsig">
+With profound respect,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Emma Willard.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_1_1">[1]</a></span> It is here seen what an important work this theory does for
+the venous circulation, and why the blood moves into the lungs. We have
+read of a theory which maintains that it goes there because there is a
+mutual attraction between it and the capillaries of the lungs. But there
+is none between the water in our tube and that in the tin vessel where
+water is boiling; but it goes into it with a rush notwithstanding.
+Because there is a strong suction power produced by expansion, no other
+attraction is needed. The apparatus, as here described, goes no farther
+than to represent the circulation in single-hearted animals. But in my
+work is a drawing which shows the left heart on the opposite of the
+mimic lungs from the right; and then how the same tube, by being folded
+in the form of a figure eight (8), shows the two hearts united into one,
+and both ventricles working by the same contractions to perform their
+different tasks.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_2_2">[2]</a></span> Mrs.&nbsp;B. Ogle Taylor, of Washington, formerly Miss Julia
+Dickinson, of Troy, was thus found dead; and the late Mrs.&nbsp;Cass thus
+lost her life. &ldquo;She was seized,&rdquo; says a newspaper account, &ldquo;in a hot
+bath, which she had taken soon after eating.&rdquo; She lived an hour,
+unconscious, and the physician said she died of congestion of the brain.
+How easily could these highly intelligent ladies have kept themselves
+from danger, or saved themselves when they felt it approaching, had they
+known and understood these principles. For two reasons, in case of the
+failure of the motive power from keeping the body too long in hot water,
+the blood would be congested in the head. First, the head would not be
+immersed, and, second, the last blood which the lungs sent forth would
+go to it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_3_3">[3]</a></span> What can the Smithsonian Institute do better to carry out
+the views with which the benevolent Smithson gave his fortune, than thus
+to teach mankind when life may, by free circulation, be made to confer
+enjoyment&mdash;how it may be inadvertently destroyed&mdash;and how it may be
+restored, when, by drowning or otherwise, it is suspended? Sudden deaths
+often occur by mal-position. That of the late Secretary Marcy is
+doubtless an example. After his blood was heated and his circulation
+quickened, he laid himself down on his back, his head not raised.
+Attention to the workings of such a piece of apparatus as might be made,
+would have shown the fatal effects of such a position at such a time.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_4_4">[4]</a></span> A young physician, whom I paid for correcting the proofs,
+was not successful in preventing mistakes, especially in regard to
+numbers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_5_5">[5]</a></span> I had just been reading Cuvier, to see whether he believed
+in the Harveian theory of the circulation. I found he did not. &ldquo;The
+circulation vortex,&rdquo; says he, &ldquo;is sometimes simple, sometimes double and
+even triple (including that of the vena porta); the rapidity of its
+movements is often <i>aided</i> by the contraction of a certain fleshy
+apparatus denominated hearts.&rdquo; Thus showing that my theory gave to the
+heart all the prominence that was given to it by this great philosopher,
+who had not, however, advanced any opinion as to the cause of the
+circulation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_6_6">[6]</a></span> One of them, my lamented niece, Jane Porter Lincoln, at my
+request, immediately wrote an account of the experiment, which is now in
+my possession.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_7_7">[7]</a></span> These physicians gave certificates of their witnessing and
+assisting at this memorable experiment, which were published in the
+<i>Boston Medical Journal</i>, February 1852.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_8_8">[8]</a></span> Dr.&nbsp;Cartwright also reported the case in a letter which was
+published in the <i>Boston Medical Journal</i>, September, 1852. This
+resuscitation was more wonderful than those detailed in my published
+work on &ldquo;Respiration.&rdquo; All cases of life thus restored are proofs <i>a
+posteriori</i> of the truth of this theory of the arterial circulation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_9_9">[9]</a></span> Good systems of exercise have been made in some respectable
+institutions for health, openly formed on the principles of this theory.
+Such is that by Dr.&nbsp;Hamilton, of Saratoga.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_10_10">[10]</a></span> When the time shall come that, the truth of my discovery
+being no longer denied, its originality shall be contested, it will be a
+significant fact that, in the <i>Nashville Journal</i>, of September, 1854,
+is an article against it from a physician signing himself &ldquo;Justicia,&rdquo;
+which he thus heads, &ldquo;The Willardian Notion.&rdquo; In evil report, it was
+indisputably mine. This article also shows, that the Harveian theory is
+still maintained by the opposers of mine.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_11_11">[11]</a></span> See Draper&#8217;s Physiology, p.&nbsp;142.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Theory of Circulation by Respiration, by 
+Emma Willard
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+Project Gutenberg's Theory of Circulation by Respiration, by Emma Willard
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Theory of Circulation by Respiration
+       Synopsis of its Principles and History
+
+Author: Emma Willard
+
+Release Date: August 15, 2006 [EBook #19053]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THEORY OF CIRCULATION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Frank van Drogen, Laura Wisewell and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
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+
+
+
+
+                                 THEORY
+
+                                   OF
+
+                      CIRCULATION BY RESPIRATION.
+
+                SYNOPSIS OF ITS PRINCIPLES AND HISTORY.
+
+
+                          WRITTEN, BY REQUEST,
+                 FOR THE "U. S. JOURNAL OF HOMOEOPATHY,"
+                            BY EMMA WILLARD.
+
+
+                               NEW-YORK:
+    FRANCIS HART & CO. PRINTERS AND STATIONERS, 63 CORTLANDT STREET.
+                                 1861.
+
+
+
+
+                                 THEORY
+
+                                   OF
+
+                      CIRCULATION BY RESPIRATION.
+
+
+
+
+SECTION I.
+
+First step in the discovery--Animal Heat the product of Respiration.
+    Second step--Heat evolved in the lungs by Respiration there produces
+    Expansion. Third step--Expansion; implied motion, which from the
+    organism must conduct the blood to the left ventricle of the Heart.
+    Theory imperfect, until the formation of sufficient vapor or steam
+    in the lungs is perceived and acknowledged.
+
+TO DR. MARCY.--In complying with your request to write for your journal
+an article embodying my theory of the motive powers which produce the
+circulation of the blood, together with some account of its rise and
+progress, I obey what I regard as a call of duty; and thus requested, do
+it with pleasure.
+
+But my theory, with its history, cannot thus be written without egotism.
+Logicians say, that the way to convince others is to retrace, in order,
+the steps by which you yourself became convinced, which is to be
+egotistic. But in this case, there is a further reason: the scientific
+discoverer must speak of the apparatus by which he experiments, and mine
+was often my own physical frame.
+
+Twenty years ago, while yet my mind, laboring with this great subject,
+was condemned
+
+                                "to drudge
+    Without a second and without a judge,"
+
+you, sir, comprehended the hypothesis which has now become a theory, and
+you waited not for others to speak, but you fully acknowledged its
+truth; and although, in Hartford, as now in New-York, you were thronged
+with practice, (then allopathic), you yet found time to furnish me with
+added experiments, made in your office, confirmatory of its truth, which
+by your permission were afterwards added in your name to my published
+work.
+
+The first step in the theory occurred to my mind in the winter of 1822,
+and while I was engaged in founding the Troy Female Seminary. Being in
+attendance on a course of lectures on chemistry, and at the same time
+teaching to a class Mrs. Marcett's excellent work on that subject, one
+cold morning, as I was walking briskly up a hill, I said to myself, Why
+do I grow warm? Whence comes this accession of caloric? It cannot be
+transmitted to me from any object without, because every thing which
+comes in contact with me is cold. Snow is under my feet, and frosty air
+surrounds me; and, as to clothing, even the softest furs _impart_ no
+warmth--they but keep from escaping that which comes from within. What
+other method besides transmission is there of gaining heat? There is the
+elimination of caloric, when, in substances chemically combining, weight
+is gained and bulk is lost. Is there any such combination going on in
+me? Yes; this atmospheric air, when I inspire it, has oxygen combined
+with nitrogen; but when I expire, the oxygen has disappeared, and
+heavier substances--carbonic acid gas and watery vapor--are returned in
+its place. Thus, it must be, animal heat is evolved. It is the product
+of respiration; and it is because I breathe faster and deeper, that more
+carbon is oxidized or burned, and more heat is set free in my lungs; and
+therefore I grow warm as I walk up this hill, though all around me is
+cold.
+
+The mind, excited by new and great thoughts, works with unwonted energy;
+and mine at once collected so many proofs, that I became perfectly
+convinced of the truth of the hypothesis. In searching books, I found
+that Lavoisier had taught the same; but he dying, his doctrine was
+discarded by English chemists, Dr. Black leading the way, and therefore
+it did not then appear in English systems of chemistry. But from that
+time, I cherished it with a mother's devotion, watched changes in my own
+physical frame relating to it, taught it to my pupils, and held warm
+disputes with the medical faculty, who opposed and contemned it.
+
+In the summer of 1832, the Asiatic cholera appeared among us, appalling
+every heart. This plague, I said, is a disease of coldness and
+obstruction; and these doctors, wrong as they are on the subject of
+animal heat, can never understand it--though, if Lavoisier were living,
+he might. Let me, then, as best I may, consider anew the problem of heat
+as produced by respiration, and see whether I cannot find out something
+which has a bearing on the fatal coldness of this fearful disease. It is
+into the lungs, and no where else, that breathing introduces atmospheric
+air; and it is there that the oxidation of carbon or animal combustion
+takes place. Thus must caloric be imparted to the blood in the lungs;
+and in them is one-fifth of the blood of the system, of which
+seven-eighths is water.
+
+The nature of heat is to expand all fluids. The blood in the lungs must,
+therefore, expand; and if it expands, it must move; and if it moves, it
+must, from the organism of the parts, move to the left ventricle of the
+heart, into which the valvular system opens to give it a free
+passage--whereas the valves of the right close against it. "Eureka!" I
+mentally exclaimed; "I have found the _primum mobile_ of the circulation
+of the blood." I had for years disbelieved that the heart's slight
+mechanical impulse was that cause. In teaching Paley's "Natural
+Theology," my mind had come in contact with the passage in which he
+describes the heart's more than Herculean labors; and I said, "This is
+altogether too much--the heart alone cannot perform all this--there must
+be some other power," and an abiding desire to know what that power
+could be, prepared me for receiving this great idea. But my mind was
+agitated by it, as the sea is, when a great rock is thrown into its
+waters.
+
+The cholera was then raging around me; and as I prepared to flee from it
+to a mountain air, I confided to a scientific friend, Professor Twiss of
+West Point, my hypothesis, which I regarded as probably the incipient
+germ of an important discovery.
+
+But there was first the former theory to be disproved; and then there
+were new points to be investigated and established. In the ensuing
+winters of 1833, 4, and 5, I gave much attention to the subject, and
+employed professors in my school in the departments of chemistry and
+natural philosophy, who assisted me,--particularly by their ingenuity in
+the construction of such simple pieces of apparatus as were needed.
+
+Thus we proved that, although the heart's action gives pulsation, it
+does not necessarily give circulation. By an endless india-rubber tube,
+filled with water, coiled upon a table and struck repeatedly at one
+point, a pulsation was produced throughout, but no circulation. By
+affixing the tube to a vessel of water, and laying it on an inclined
+plane, the water ran through it in an equable current, making
+circulation with pulsation. Clasping the hand upon the tube in
+successive contractions, the fluid passed on _per saltem_, producing
+circulation and pulsation united, but no acceleration of the current.
+Now, add valves to the tube on each side of the opening hand, and you
+will have the current--which is moving by gravitation, accelerated by
+the hand's impulse, as the blood's current, first moved by respiration,
+undoubtedly is by the heart's beat.
+
+The heart we regard as the grand regulator of the blood's flow; and it
+is admirably situated for measuring out a regular portion of blood at
+every contraction. John Bell, believing in the Harveian theory, said,
+"It is awful to think of the unfixed position of the heart;" and
+Dr. Arnott declared that "the heart, the heart alone, is the ragged
+anomaly in the laws of fitness in mechanics." The heart was now seen to
+have a right position; for it should swing loose that its moorings be
+not endangered; and, as whatever impugns the Creator's unerring wisdom
+must be wrong, so the presumption is, that whatever vindicates it must
+be right.
+
+My hypothesis assumed the principle, that, if an endless hollow tube be
+filled with a liquid, the liquid can be made to circulate perpetually,
+if it be heated at one point and cooled before its return. A drawing of
+the simple apparatus by which this problem was proved, is given in my
+published work on "the Motive Powers, &c." The figure which represents
+this apparatus gives the learner the most simple idea possible of the
+connection of the respiratory and circulatory systems, and of the
+combination of the two motive powers; the first, or chemical, coming
+from the lungs, and the second, or mechanical, from the heart.
+
+Suppose the heart divided into right and left hearts by dissection at
+the septum: the circulatory system might then be represented by an
+endless tube. Let such an one, nine or ten feet in length, and of one
+inch bore (to be filled with water) be placed upon a horizontal table.
+Let an enlargement of the tube be made by a tin vessel to represent the
+lungs, which shall contain about one-fifth part of the water. Let the
+tube connected with the right side of the vessel have, at a little
+distance from the vessel, a smaller enlargement, composed of
+india-rubber, which can be grasped by the hand, to represent the heart's
+right ventricle, with a valve on each side opening towards the tin
+vessel, the two to represent the tricuspid and semi-lunar valves. Let
+the whole be made nearly full of water; then, under the tin vessel
+(representing the lungs), let a fire be made. As the water heats, it
+will expand; and as the valve closes to the right, it will go off to the
+left side of the vessel. But, as no water will come in from the right,
+on account of the valves, there will be no current. Now let the hand
+grasp the india-rubber, and the fluid between the valves being displaced
+by its pressure, all the water will go towards the tin vessel, because,
+while the valve representing the tricuspid would close, that
+representing the semi-lunar (between the mimic heart and lungs) would
+open--and very freely; because the expansion made by the heat under the
+tin vessel had created a vacuum, and thus made a suction power to draw
+it forward, while there is a driving power behind to force it onward
+into the tin vessel. Then relaxing the hand, a vacuum will exist between
+the two valves; and the valve in the rear of the current now begun (the
+tricuspid) would open, and the water rush in to fill the vacuum in the
+india-rubber ventricle, to be again pressed forward by the next grasp of
+the hand; and thus--the fire (representing respiration) being kept up,
+and the alternate grasping and relaxing of the hand (representing the
+heart's regular impulse)--a perpetual circulation might be made to go
+on;[1] but not without another condition of the problem.
+
+And it was in performing this experiment that a truth was discovered,
+which, had it been known, many who have ignorantly lost their lives
+might have preserved them. When the fluid in the apparatus became
+equally, or nearly as much, heated at the extreme parts of the
+circulating tube as at the heating vessel, then the motive power of
+expansion ceased, and (the hand's impulse being too weak of itself to
+carry it on) circulation failed; but it was restored by putting snow or
+ice around the extreme parts of the tube. How often have we heard of
+ladies who, having gone into warm baths, have been found dead by their
+friends, or too nearly so, to be restored.[2] Through ignorance of the
+cause, no right means would be taken to restore them, such as dashing
+cold water upon the exterior, with simultaneous efforts to produce, in
+fresh air and in proper position, such artificial respiration as leads
+to the natural. Where no internal lesions have occurred, there is every
+reason to believe that such measures might produce restoration.
+
+My imperfect machines gave me to see how much might be done for this
+important part of physiology by a more perfect apparatus. Mine was
+merely horizontal--but one might be made to take as many positions as
+are natural to the human frame; and how many facts might such an one
+elicit concerning the effects of position on the circulation, by which
+lives might every day be saved! But skilful mechanicians, not ordinary
+mechanics, are needed, who are men of intellectual capacity, and are
+furnished with _carte-blanche_ for time and expense.[3]
+
+The years 1836-'7-'8 witnessed, on my part, several extraordinary and
+fruitless efforts to get before the public the theory, of whose truth
+and importance I was then fully convinced. In 1839, Dr. C. Smith, then
+of Troy, an able medical lecturer, became a convert to the theory; and
+showed me, in post mortem dissections, the organs of respiration and
+circulation. At the close of that year, having carefully corrected and
+made out copies of my manuscript theory, which I had before written, I
+sent two to Paris--one to the two brothers, Drs. Edwards, members of the
+French Institute, and one to my friend, Madame Belloc. I also sent one
+to Edinburgh, to Dr. Abercrombie. Dr. Milne Edwards soon after wrote a
+book, in which he made it a point to show that animals could live
+several minutes without breathing; and Dr. Frederic Edwards wrote me a
+short letter of objections to my theory, and adherence to that of
+Harvey. This letter was copied and answered in my work published in
+1846.
+
+About this time, Dr. Aikin, of Baltimore, wrote to me on the subject;
+and showed, by calculations, that the mere gradual expansion of the
+water of the blood was not sufficient, of itself, to produce a current
+as rapid as that of the blood was proved to be, even on the lowest
+estimate of its velocity. This did not shake my faith in the great fact
+that circulation was created by respiration. It must be so; for in life,
+such respiration as produces heat is the invariable antecedent of
+circulation, and nothing else is. There was something, then, which
+remained to be discovered. Again, I placed before me the conditions of
+the great problem, and set myself intently to its study; and I soon
+found what I thus sought, and then discerned for the first time that the
+blood moves, as does the railroad car, by steam. John Bell, my favorite
+author, had shown that the lungs work _in vacuo_. A great proportion of
+the blood is water, which, in a vacuum, springs into vapor at 67 deg., and
+the temperature of the blood in the lungs is 101 deg.. Its expansion, then,
+was not merely the gradual increase of bulk by transmitted heat, but
+also that of instantaneous expansion, by the vaporization of so much of
+it as is needed; and what expanded water could not do, steam certainly
+could. At once, a throng of proofs came to my mind. The most apparent of
+these was the vapor _expired_ breathing. I recollected how, in former
+times, the stage horses, driven rapidly into my native village of a
+winter morning, had clouds of vapor wreathing upward from their
+nostrils, while the icicles of condensation were hanging below. The
+nurse, who stands over the dying, holds a mirror before the mouth and
+nose, and considers that life is only extinct when vapor ceases to be
+formed. Then came to mind the solution of that great mystery of
+physiology, why the arteries are empty at death, which so long hindered
+the discovery finally made by Harvey.
+
+In the state in which chemistry was, even as late as the time of John
+Bell, the chemical power of the heat produced by respiration at the
+lungs could not have been understood.
+
+
+SECTION II.
+
+Publication of the Theory, in 1846, in "A treatise on the Motive Powers
+    which produce the Circulation of the Blood." Its Reception: Critique
+    in the New York "Journal of Medicine," September, 1846. My Reply, in
+    the same Journal, March, 1847.
+
+TO DR. MARCY.--In the years immediately succeeding 1840, (in which year,
+as you will recollect, I had the honor to receive your countenance and
+advice respecting my theory,) I was almost exclusively devoted to the
+revision and enlargement of my historical works; but early is 1846,
+having determined on making the tour of the United States, I resolved
+first to prepare my theory for the press. In the introduction, I
+remarked, "The house of clay in which the mind dwells must receive a
+portion of its care; and that which I have bestowed on mine has
+proceeded on a belief in the truth of the theory herein advocated, as
+undoubting as that in the laws of gravitation; and when any new fact, or
+any remark of an author, relating to my theory came under my
+observation, I noted it down and laid it by with its kindred. About to
+set out on a long journey, and aware that my field of vision had thus
+enlarged, I felt it my duty to put together the principal of my remarks,
+that I might so leave the subject, that, in case anything should prevent
+my return, it would be in a form equal to the present slate in which the
+theory exists in my own mind."
+
+The time I had spent in devotion to this theory, the many rebuffs I had
+met in seeking to promulgate it--sometimes, unhappily, affecting my
+social life--had made painful the duty of publishing it. My historical
+works had been received with favor; but I believed that, in publishing
+this, it would be charged against me that I chose a subject unsuited to
+my sex. I therefore said, in my preface, "This is not so much a subject
+which I chose, as one which chooses me; and if the Father of Lights has
+been pleased to reveal to me from the book of his physical truth a
+sentence before unread, is it for me to suppose that it is for my
+individual benefit? or is it for you, my reader, to turn away your ear
+from hearing this truth, and charge its great Author with having
+ill-chosen his instrument to communicate it?"
+
+As I passed southward on my journey, I left, March, 1846, my
+manuscript in the hands of Wiley & Putnam, in N. York:[4] to be
+published at my expense. During the six months in which I was absent
+on my travels, my book was published; and the publishers sent copies,
+as directed by me, to many of my personal friends, and to several
+physicians. They sent other copies, which procured notices, some of
+which were favorable, particularly one from the _London Critic_, and
+others, the reverse. As few copies of the book sold, I was not
+remunerated for the cost of publication. The copies sent to physicians
+were mostly unacknowledged--received in cold, if not contemptuous,
+silence. But my family physician, the worthy and learned Dr. Robbins,
+to whom I dedicated the work, ever upheld me. He answered my questions,
+gave me instructions, and showed me post-mortem dissections; and to
+those who asked him if he believed in my theory, he wisely replied,
+"Mrs. Willard is right as far as she goes." He knew that I made no
+pretensions to understand the vast variety of medical subjects not
+connected with the circulation, and that I never doubted his skill or
+disputed his prescriptions. An honest man, and a skilful physician, he
+deserved and had my unfailing confidence. And if, by reason of what I
+knew, I had prolonged my life, he had the longer kept a good and
+faithful patient. Lady-friends, to whom I had sent my work, had
+sometimes referred it to their medical advisers; and thus Dr. Hiester,
+an eminent physician of Reading, Pa., became a believer. And in the same
+way, the eminent Dr. Cartwright, then of Natchez, and President of the
+State Medical Association of Mississippi, came to a knowledge of those
+principles, which, as we shall hereafter show, he so remarkably
+elucidated.
+
+In September, 1846, the _New York Journal of Medicine_, then edited by
+Dr. Charles A. Lee, contained a review or critique on my work, which, if
+the history of the theory shall hereafter become a matter of special
+interest, may, with my reply, contained in the March number of 1847,
+furnish any examiner with the full state of the question at that period.
+
+The learned reviewer showed himself acquainted with the subject as it
+then stood, and with its history in the past. He held that the heart's
+action, "the contractile power of the cardiac walls," is the main spring
+or _primum mobile_, from which the circulating force proceeds,
+notwithstanding the great discrepancies as to what that force is; and
+while he objected to my theory, that it did not show any distinct
+measure of force, he said that, while Borelli estimated the contractive
+power of the heart at 180,000 pounds, Keill stated it at five ounces,
+Sir Charles Bell at 51 pounds, Carpenter at 511/2, and Hales at 50. He
+abandoned, however, Harvey's idea that the heart was the only organ of
+circulation. He believed that it was assisted by the contractile power
+of the arteries, by the movement of the ribs and chest in respiration,
+by capillary attraction, muscular contraction in exercise, and several
+other forces; one of which, the attraction of the venous blood for the
+pulmonary cells, had been recently pointed out by Dr. Draper. The author
+did not suppose he was bringing forward any new truths; "but," said he,
+as an introduction to his account of my theory, "are we not sometimes in
+danger of forsaking old truths for new theories?"
+
+Of my theory, he says: "The mere statement of it must satisfy our
+readers that it is wholly untenable. It is well known that heat is
+generated in every part of the system as well as the lungs. Whenever
+oxygen and carbon unite, there it is developed; but it is imparted to
+the _solids_ equally with the fluids; it maintains the temperature of
+the whole body by radiations from the points where it is generated." ...
+"It is believed that all those functions of the organism which are
+necessary for the preservation of life, contribute directly or
+indirectly to the production of animal heat; so that it is developed at
+every point at which metamorphosis is occurring, and therefore not
+merely in the lungs, but in the whole peripheral system."
+
+The writer then observes, that "the heat of the venous blood as it
+reaches the right side of the heart (according to Davy), varies only two
+or three degrees from that of the aorta. Granting, then, that the blood
+receives three degrees in the lungs, it is very evident that the
+expansion produced by it would be too small to be appreciable. The
+cause, then, is insufficient to produce the effects." The writer gives
+me credit for having ingeniously supported my theory, and then politely
+bows me out of the department of physiology into my more appropriate
+sphere of educating girls.
+
+In my reply, this sentence from Cuvier was chosen as a motto:
+"Respiration is the function essential to the constitution of an animal
+body; it is that which, in a manner, animalizes it; and we shall see
+that animals exercise their peculiar functions more completely according
+as they enjoy greater powers of respiration."[5] My reasoning was to
+this effect: "It is in vain to say that cannot be, which is." When
+two events are so conjoined in nature that one is the only invariable
+antecedent of the other, then, according to all logic, we are bound to
+conclude that the first is the physical cause of the second, even though
+we cannot understand how it should be. Of the circulation, such living
+respiration as produces heat is the invariable antecedent, and nothing
+else is. The heart's action, as stated by our reviewer himself, is not
+therefore respiration, and not the heart's action or anything else, is
+the cause of the circulation. This argument is upheld by the fact that
+circulation, varies not only as respiration, but as its products
+digestion, strength, and, according to Cuvier, animal vitality vary. All
+begin with respiration, end with it, and are as it is. If respiration
+ceases, restore it before the organism is deranged, and they are all
+restored. We must conclude, then, that respiration is the cause of
+circulation, although we could not see how it should be. Much more, when
+we discern a mighty power, that of expansion, and see how the Almighty
+has made our frame in reference to its production by caloric--the lungs
+allowing of heat within them like wet cloth, and the nerves, bones and
+muscles all made and arranged, so that oxygen shall be brought to them
+by respiration on the one hand, and carbon by the numerous digestive and
+circulatory organs on the other.
+
+As to any deficiency of power, my reviewer had omitted to notice that
+not only the ordinary expansion of the water of the blood by calorie had
+been assumed, but also its vaporization, or the change of such a portion
+as was needed into steam, the lungs being _in vacuo_; so that nature
+here had not failed of her usual abundance. And had not this power been
+kept in check by the pressure of the surrounding air hindering the
+perfect vacuum of the lungs, there was reason to fear, rather its excess
+than its deficiency. As to the reviewer's assertion that heat is
+generated in every part of the system, and imparted to the _solids_
+equally with the fluids--that I positively denied, in the name of common
+sense. For who does not know that, although there may be some heat
+elaborated in the stomach, and some during the processes by which the
+fluids change to solids, that the great source of heat to the system, is
+in the fluid blood, and not in solid flesh or bone? Our senses of sight
+and feeling show us, in the case of blushing, that heat comes and goes
+with the blood. No one believes that the solid parts of his leg warm the
+blood as much as it warms them. Finally, it discredited the old theory,
+that it showed no adequate use for the great primary function of
+respiration, and its constant attendant, animal heat. Breathing and
+warmth are not ultimate ends. Man breathes to live; he does not live to
+breathe. He is warm to live; he does not live merely to be warm. Our
+theory shows that it is these primary agencies which sustain his being;
+and it sets forth the manner in which they operate for this end. And
+thus, while it indicates the wisdom of the Almighty in the formation of
+the animal frame, it shows itself to be His true interpreter.
+
+
+SECTION III.
+
+Uses of the Theory--Proofs.--Publication of a Work, in 1849, entitled
+    "Respiration and its Effects, more, especially in relation to
+    Asiatic Cholera and other Sinking Diseases."--Examples.
+
+TO DR. MARCY.--The theory of the two chief motive powers which operate
+at the centre was, we conceive, completed by the addition of steam
+formed in the vacuum of the lungs, as available to give to the blood its
+due velocity. We also believe that complete proof _a priori_ had been
+adduced of the fallacy of the theory that the _primum mobile_ is in the
+heart; and, also, that proof _a priori_ had been given that it begins at
+the lungs, and is the product of respiration. It remained to apply this
+theory to use, and to find proofs _a posteriori_.
+
+Although some of my friends regarded my theory as an _ignis fatuus_
+which led me into nothing but evil, yet it has enabled me, by plans of
+exercise, to endure for many years, in-door sedentary labor--and yet
+enjoy health; and in unusual emergencies, more than once to save my own
+life and that of others.
+
+In the cold winter of 1835, I took, at Troy, the old summer stage, at
+midnight, to cross the Green Mountains. I was alone in the large and
+ill-closed vehicle; the thermometer was sinking as I proceeded on my
+way, until it had reached 25 deg. below zero, a degree of cold to which I
+had never before been subjected. When I had traveled alone twenty miles,
+I found myself in imminent danger of perishing. Ordinary expedients to
+get warmth were no longer availing; numbness and cold at the vitals were
+overcoming me; and I knew that to give way to them was to die. I thought
+of my theory; but I was fearful that I should commit sin if I tampered
+with the sacred "breath of life." But my necessity was urgent, and I
+aroused, stood up, and breathed that dense air with violence. It felt
+for the moment cold to my lungs, but soon came heat with a rush, and
+with it pain, as if the whole surface of the throat and lungs were
+blistered; and my first thought was that I should die, justly punished
+for my temerity. But soon I was restored to genial warmth; and rejoiced
+in having successfully made an important physiological experiment.
+
+Afterwards, having been instrumental in relieving a woman who was
+perishing from having breathed the fumes of charcoal, I was led to
+reflect that in such cases there was something to be taken away from the
+lungs, as well as warmth to be added. This woman's extreme coldness, and
+feeble, fluttering pulse, showed that she was dying for want of right
+breathing; and in her case there was no doubt that the cause was the
+same as that of death by drowning. The carbonic acid gas which she had
+inspired, being heavier than atmospheric air, settled as water in her
+lungs, and in the same manner prevented the access of oxygen to their
+living tissues. And hence arose the reflection that the ordinary
+carbonic acid gas, which is always the residuum of respiration, might,
+from weakness, settle in the lungs, and thus become the cause of disease
+and death. The presence of carbonic acid in the lower bronchial tubes
+and cells, existing in quantities sufficient to prevent the natural
+combustion by breathing, was brought to my mind in March, 1847, while
+searching for the cause of an agonizing paroxysm of sick headache. The
+distressed feelings of obstructed life with which I was tossing and
+struggling, together with the agonizing pain in the head and pressure on
+the stomach, might well arise from such a cause. Standing (for position
+is important) in a full current of air from an open window, I commenced
+a species of violent artificial breathing, for the purpose of ejecting
+the supposed heavy gas, and filling my lungs with pure air. This was
+done by contracting the chest on every side to its smallest possible
+dimensions, and at the same time throwing out the air violently and from
+the bottom of the thorax, as if under the operation of an emetic; then
+alternating by opening the chest to its greatest capacity, and drawing
+in, by successive inhalations, all the fresh air possible, and pressing
+it down to the lowest depths of the lungs. This process at first gave
+such intensity and sharpness to the pain in the head, that it required
+much resolution to continue it; nevertheless it was persevered in. After
+a few minutes, the pain diminished, and soon entirely ceased. This was
+followed by free perspiration, and equalized, warmth and circulation.
+Perfect repose and quiet sleep ensued. Friends, who a short time before
+had seen a countenance like that of a dying person, and knew how slow
+was ordinary cure, were astonished, an hour afterwards, to behold, on my
+awaking, the full glow of restored health.[6]
+
+On the re-appearance of cholera, during the summer of 1849, my mind was
+peculiarly affected, from the belief that a false theory of circulation
+prevailed, although there was a true theory, which, if generally
+believed, might lead to the knowledge of the cause and cure of this
+terrific malady; and thus thousands of lives be saved which would
+otherwise be lost. This thought almost distracted me; and believing that
+my sex stood in the way of my theory's being acknowledged, I sometimes
+wished that it might please God to take me out of the world. Then coming
+to better thoughts; I cast away despondency as unworthy of me; and
+determined to proceed to the further investigation and development of
+the great truth, of which I had, as I believed, been made the unworthy
+recipient. I studied my theory anew, while I read the most approved
+works on cholera; and I came to the belief that imperfect respiration,
+caused by the want of due oxygen in the air, was the principal
+predisposing cause of the premonitory symptoms; while the death that
+supervened was often caused by the settling of carbonic acid gas, the
+residuum of animal combustion, in the lower air-cells of the lungs. The
+symptoms of the cholera, as treated by the best writers, were full of
+new proofs of the truth of my theory, especially of its last step, the
+formation of steam or vapor in the lungs. Without that, the collapse of
+cholera was a fearful mystery; with it, everything was plain. With a
+coldness that would collapse the lungs, the bowels must naturally be
+drawn up (and with dreadful pains) to supply their place. The ghastly
+change in the face must occur when cold has condensed its arterial
+vapor. If respiration could restore heat, before any lesions had taken
+place in the organism, the patient might recover. Then I began rewriting
+my theory in a work afterwards published, with the title, "Respiration
+and its Effects, especially in relation to Asiatic Cholera and other
+Sinking Diseases."
+
+While thus occupied, the debilitating air of the season weighed upon my
+health and spirits. I had been affected for about three days with what I
+regarded as the ordinary complaints of the season, when one night, after
+my family had retired, I found myself suddenly very ill--my symptoms
+being coldness, debility, and spasmodic pains. I believed myself to be
+attacked with cholera. I efficiently practised the artificial
+respiration in fresh air as before described. Gaining strength as I
+proceeded, I soon found a death-like coldness giving place to genial
+warmth. Violent exercise, with artificial breathing, was kept up some
+time, with such rests and full free breathings as nature required; after
+which, I slept, perspired profusely, and was well in the morning.
+
+This was an occurrence which sunk deep into my mind; and the more so, as
+I could not speak much of it, for the truth was too improbable to be
+believed. But the successful issue of this, my first experiment upon the
+dreaded disease, prepared me to act with boldness and efficiency in a
+case which occurred in my own house about a week after.
+
+On the 14th of August, 1849, Jane Phayre, an Irish woman in my service,
+of about twenty-five years of age, having been ill for four days with
+diarrhoea, was suddenly struck with what the French call cholera
+_foudroyant_--from fright. Alarmed by unwonted sounds near her window in
+a basement room, she mounted the window-seat to look out at the top
+sash, and found her face close to that of a man dying of cholera, who in
+his death-cramps was brought from a steamboat on a litter, and thus
+rested upon the pavement. The cover was lifted from his face, and the
+sight and the smell struck her with faintness and trembling; and with
+difficulty she reached her bed. I was called to go to her quickly by
+Eliza Fagan, who said that Jane was very bad. She had a clay-cold
+death-look, and a frightful blackness around her eyes. Her face, as I
+saw it, was livid, pinched in features, and corpse-like, and her pulse
+but a feeble flutter; and she seemed only to breathe from the top of her
+lungs. She tried, as she afterwards told me, to say, "I am dying," but
+her speech was husky and inarticulate. She says her sight and hearing
+were gone; and while Eliza and I were dragging her out of doors, she
+could not see the window, and did not feel her feet. We placed her in an
+upright position, with her back resting against a board-wall, a fresh
+breeze blowing full in her face. Her senses were now partially restored.
+I told her to breathe violently, for she must get the bad air out of her
+lungs and the good air in; and I showed her how she must do it. At first
+she said, "I can't, for something rises up in the inside." When I told
+her, sternly, that her life depended on it, and she must, she tried to
+obey me. At first, it gave her severe headache, but as soon as deep
+breathing was fairly begun, while I was watching her face with intense
+anxiety, the color changed from the clay-cold death-look to the full
+flush of the warm hue of life, and she joyfully exclaimed, "Oh! I feel
+well!"
+
+When the removal of carbonic acid gas had made way for oxygen to be
+brought to the yet uninjured lungs, the carbon of the venous blood
+ignited, the motive power was furnished, the blood was again moved
+forward into the arterial system, and the dammed up venous current,
+receiving the suction force, rushed on so violently as at times nearly
+to produce suffocation; but the struggle was soon over, and the lungs,
+free both from carbonic acid gas and an unnatural quantity of venous
+blood, once more received pure air--and to the relieved sufferer
+respiration became delightful--the circulation passed freely through an
+unbroken system--and THE CHOLERA WAS CURED.
+
+Was there, in the whole wide world, another person besides myself who
+would have taken such a living corpse, dragged it out of doors, and set
+it upright, on feet which could not feel, with the expectation that it
+might breathe out death, breathe in life, and be restored? The result is
+a proof, _a posteriori_; that the theory on which the experiment was
+made is true.
+
+Other cases occurred, where, under different circumstances, cures of
+cholera were effected. One, as instantaneous, and in some respects as
+remarkable as that of Jane Phayre, was that of my friend and former
+pupil, Mrs. Gen. Gould, of Rochester, who sent for me, believing herself
+to be dying of cholera. I have her letter, which, by permission, is
+published in my work on Respiration; and also a letter from her
+physician, Dr. Bloss, of Troy, testifying that her disease was cholera,
+and that he had little hope of her restoration. This letter is published
+in the appendix of a report on my theory, read in Buffalo, August 8th,
+1851, to a convention of the New York State Association of Teachers.
+
+In my journeying to New York city, to attend their previous convention
+in August, 1850, an accident obliged me to walk for some distance, in
+the middle of a hot day. The convention sat in Hope Chapel, which was
+poorly ventilated; and in the evening, I sat under a large gas-burner.
+On entering my room at the New-York Hotel, which was on the ground
+floor, situated where the only air was from a confined, central
+enclosure, I perceived at the only window a strong smell of fresh paint
+from the outer walls, so that I was obliged to close it. Being
+excessively fatigued, I slept heavily--till at early dawn I awaked to
+find myself in a dying state. Attempting to move my arms, they were like
+lead by my side--and my breath was but a feeble gasp. Without the
+knowledge of my theory--my bane, as many of my friends have thought--I
+should then have had no antidote. But I knew where was the destroying
+agent, and what was the only means by which I had a chance of removing
+it; and I used the little strength I had left to breathe deeper, and
+then to strive for a better position. Long and doubtful was the
+struggle. It was ten o'clock when, with tottering steps, I got into a
+carriage, and sought the free fresh air, which enabled me to take a
+little food. In the evening, I went into the Teacher's Convention,
+having first ordered from my publisher a sufficient number of my books
+on Respiration to present one to each member; and then, at my request, a
+Committee of Investigation was appointed by the convention to report on
+my theory. They reported favorably to the succeeding convention at
+Buffalo, which adopted the report, and I published and circulated it.
+This committee I had been allowed to choose, and it consisted of my
+friend, Prof. Twiss--the first believer in the theory--and Mr. Fellows,
+that Professor of Natural Philosophy, who formerly assisted in making my
+apparatus.
+
+Mr. Fellows carried the report to Buffalo, and when he read it in the
+convention, editors immediately came to him to request copies for the
+press. But, by the influence of physicians, they afterwards declined it
+when offered. It seemed to be the general plan of the regular faculty
+(in the Eastern, not the Western, States) to put the theory into a
+condition resembling the algide state of cholera, where it would die of
+coldness; but, by the aid of Divine Providence, it will, like its
+author, restore itself by its own inherent vitality--the vitality of
+immortal truth.
+
+
+SECTION IV.
+
+Proofs from Dr. Cartwright's Great Experiments on
+    Alligators--Resuscitation of Dr. Ely's Child--Dr. Bowling, Editor of
+    the Nashville Medical Journal, endorses Dr. Washington, who, in that
+    journal, "crushes out" all Opposition to the Theory--Dr. Draper's
+    Acknowledgment of it in New York--Homoeopathists--Conclusion.
+
+TO DR. MARCY. Thus, for thirty years, had I maintained, not only without
+public support, but against discouragements, these great truths, of
+which I had been allowed for myself such life-giving evidence. But early
+in December, 1851, Dr. Cartwright, then of New Orleans, announced in a
+letter to me that he had publicly become my advocate. His name will ever
+be connected with the theory, on account of the remarkable experiments
+by which he demonstrated its truth. In the presence of eminent
+physicians, and other scientific persons, he resuscitated an alligator
+which had been killed by tying the trachea. After an hour, when neither
+fire nor the dissecting knife produced signs of pain, Dr. Dowler[7] laid
+bare the lungs and the heart. Then a hole was cut in the trachea, below
+the ligature, and a blow-pipe was introduced, which Professor Forshey[7]
+worked with violence. At length, a faint quivering of moving blood was
+seen in the diaphanous veins of the lungs. The inflating process being
+continued, the blood next began to run in streams from the lungs into
+the quiescent heart. The heart began first to quiver, then to pulsate;
+and signs of life elsewhere appearing, the animal began to move; and
+soon, strong men could not hold him. Again they bound him to the table,
+and kept the trachea tied until life was apparently extinct; when, again
+inflating his lungs, he so thoroughly revived that he became dangerous,
+snapping at everything, and breaking his cords. For the third time, the
+trachea was ligatured--the animal expired, and was resuscitated.
+
+Dr. Cartwright says in his letter to me, published in the Boston Medical
+Journal, January 7th, 1852, "By this resuscitation, your theory of the
+motive power of the circulation of the blood was established beyond all
+doubt or dispute." "This vivisection clearly proved that the _primum
+mobile_ of the circulation, and the chief motive powers of the blood,
+are in the lungs, and not in the heart." Dr. Cartwright mentioned, in
+the same letter, a case in which his faith in my theory had saved the
+life of a breathless infant--inducing him to unwonted perseverance in
+inflating its lungs.
+
+Able opposers to the theory, however, arose in New Orleans, some of whom
+believed that the resuscitation might have been effected by applications
+to the nerves. Dr. Cartwright procured, from Gen. Jackson's battle
+ground, another alligator, which was publicly killed and vivisected. The
+doctor's opponents first tried their means to bring the animal to life,
+and failed. Then he, by artificial respiration, restored the huge
+reptile as before;--thus proving that artificial respiration could
+restore suspended animation when nothing else could.
+
+Dr. Ely was one who had opposed and written against the theory. In the
+meantime, his infant son had cholera, and expired. His medical friends
+had left him, and crape was tied to the handle of the front door.
+Standing by the side of his lifeless babe, Dr. Ely said to himself, "If
+this theory should be true, I might yet save my child." And profiting by
+the example of Dr. Cartwright in restoring the dead alligator, he
+restored his child to life. Remitting his efforts too soon--again the
+infant ceased to breathe. And again, and yet the third time, the father
+restored him--when the resuscitation proved complete; and months after,
+the child was living and in perfect health. Dr. Ely then came promptly
+forward, and, like a nobly honest man, reported the case as convincing
+evidence of a truth which he had formerly opposed.[8]
+
+Whoever wishes to know the history of theories concerning the motive
+powers of the blood as they then stood, may learn them by looking over
+files of the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, edited by Dr. J. V. C.
+Smith, for the years 1852-'53, and a part of 1854. Dr. Cartwright wrote
+for it during those years; and, encouraged by his protection, I
+frequently answered objections, which flowed in from various medical
+opponents. The objection derived from the foetal circulation, I answered
+thus, in the Journal, of May, 1852: "The change occurring at birth, so
+far from falsifying this theory, affords presumptive proof of its truth.
+When first the air enters the trachea of a new born infant, and animal
+combustion begins, the inflation of the lungs must open the vessels and
+vesicles prepared to receive the venous blood. To fill the new-made
+vacuum, the whole of the blood from the right ventricle rushes through
+the pulmonary tube, leaving none to go through the _ductus arteriosus_,
+thus made useless, and henceforth to be abolished. But what is to move
+the blood from the capillaries of the lungs? The heart's force,
+insufficient before without aid from the mother's respiration, is now
+divided, while its work is doubled. A new power must then be generated
+by the meeting of the air with the carbon of the blood, enkindled by the
+peculiar functional vitality of the lungs. Without such a power, no
+perceptible cause exists sufficient to move the blood onward to the left
+ventricle. But it is moved thither, and with a power which presses down
+and closes the valve of the _foramen ovale_, thus clearly manifesting
+that this current exceeds in force that in the right ventricle. Grant
+that the new function of respiration has furnished a new power, and this
+astonishing instantaneous metamorphosis from amphibious to mammalian
+life becomes perfectly intelligible, and the wisdom of the Creator is
+fully vindicated; showing that His work has been truly interpreted."
+
+In the _Boston Journal_, of April 21st, 1852, is an article from
+Dr. Cartwright, entitled "Confirmation of the Willardian, or Important
+American Discovery," in which the author endeavors to remove what
+doubtless has been one cause of the delay in acknowledging its truth.
+"Those members of the profession," he says, "whom science has only
+_perfumed_, are the most apt 'to look down with proud disdain' on any
+discovery originating 'with individuals not indoctrinated.' They do not
+make the proper distinction between selfish quacks who seek publicity
+'to line the pocket,' and those 'who, prompted by some mysterious
+power,' come forward against their interest, and at the risk of their
+reputation. 'Rather than to contemn and ridicule, it were better to
+study the manifestations of that mysterious power.' They do not consider
+that the truth thus brought to light, while they fail to acknowledge it,
+is affording 'to selfish quackery' a capital to trade on."
+
+To the same effect is the advice given to the profession by Dr. B. F.
+Washington, of Hannibal, Mo. He says, in the Nashville _Journal of
+Medicine_, July, 1854, "it is time for us to be acting; the honor of the
+profession is in danger. The theory of respiration is a truth which will
+cut its way; and if we do not take it up and teach it, in a few years we
+may see the mortifying spectacle of the community teaching the
+profession scientific truths. Quacks have already taken it up, and we
+have inhalers and air cures of various kinds."[9]
+
+The first appearance of Dr. Washington as the advocate of my theory was
+in the _Nashville Journal_, March, 1854; and his fertile genius had
+there brought a new illustration of its truth. It had, he said, opened
+his eyes to the explanation of a fact which had puzzled him from his
+boyhood. "In slaughtering animals, if the trachea was cut, scarcely any
+haemorrhage resulted; while, if that was left untouched, full haemorrhage
+occurred. By the Willardian theory, the fact is readily susceptible of
+explanation. The blood, filling the trachea, suspended respiration, and
+of course the impelling power of the blood was suspended, and the
+haemorrhage ceased. The engine could not work without steam. When the
+trachea was not cut, respiration went on, and kept up the circulation,
+until the animal was nearly exsanguineous, and the powers of life gave
+way." This fact was clearly ascertained by Dr. W. K. Bowling, the
+well-known editor of the _Nashville Journal_, and able professor of the
+theory and practice of medicine in the university of that place. He sent
+me the Journal containing this welcome endorsement of my theory from one
+who was, as Dr. Bowling assured me, "an observer of superior tact and
+learning," known by his medical compositions as well in Europe as
+America. Since that time (March, 1854), that Journal, though not
+excluding articles which oppose, has been understood to be in favor of
+the theory. Dr. Washington has written repeatedly, answering all
+objections;[10] and he has, in the Journal (as I have been assured by
+one of the Editors), "crushed out all that would take up his glove, and
+is left in undisputed possession of the field--looking in vain for an
+opponent."
+
+In the meantime, in 1856, Dr. J. N. Draper, Professor of Chemistry and
+Physiology in the University of New-York, in an elaborate work on "Human
+Physiology," has agreed that Harvey's theory of the paramount power of
+the heart's action in the circulation must be abandoned; and that to
+respiration must be assigned "the great duty of originating the blood's
+circulation."[11]
+
+Dr. Washington has not only defended me in every important position
+which I have taken, and added new illustrations--but he has made the
+theory available to showing new proofs of the wisdom of God in the
+creation of man. Thus--steam is formed in the vacuum of the lungs at the
+low temperature of 67 deg., while, if there were no vacuum, 212 deg. of heat
+would be required to produce it,--an impossible quantity, since it would
+coagulate the albumen of the blood. But form the vacuum, and the boiling
+of the blood with any degree of heat less than 101 deg. could not cause any
+such disaster, while the steam going off from the lungs through the
+arterial system to the capillaries, gradually condenses, warming the
+body by giving off its latent heat; and the latent heat of vapor is the
+same however it is formed, and is always 1,114 deg.. What divine wisdom and
+economy are thus displayed!
+
+Homoeopathy has, we believe, never found any difficulty in receiving this
+theory. We know that, at one of its conventions held in Providence, it
+was ably supported; and Dr. Marcy, whom I have the honor to address,
+was, as we have seen, one of its earliest defenders. He has never,
+whether allopathist or homoeopathist, been known to hesitate when his own
+mind brought him clear conclusions;--the distinguishing mark, according
+to Dugald Stewart, of intrepidity of character.
+
+                                    With profound respect,
+                                            EMMA WILLARD.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] It is here seen what an important work this theory does for the
+venous circulation, and why the blood moves into the lungs. We have read
+of a theory which maintains that it goes there because there is a mutual
+attraction between it and the capillaries of the lungs. But there is
+none between the water in our tube and that in the tin vessel where
+water is boiling; but it goes into it with a rush notwithstanding.
+Because there is a strong suction power produced by expansion, no other
+attraction is needed. The apparatus, as here described, goes no farther
+than to represent the circulation in single-hearted animals. But in my
+work is a drawing which shows the left heart on the opposite of the
+mimic lungs from the right; and then how the same tube, by being folded
+in the form of a figure eight (8), shows the two hearts united into one,
+and both ventricles working by the same contractions to perform their
+different tasks.
+
+[2] Mrs. B. Ogle Taylor, of Washington, formerly Miss Julia Dickinson,
+of Troy, was thus found dead; and the late Mrs. Cass thus lost her life.
+"She was seized," says a newspaper account, "in a hot bath, which she
+had taken soon after eating." She lived an hour, unconscious, and the
+physician said she died of congestion of the brain. How easily could
+these highly intelligent ladies have kept themselves from danger, or
+saved themselves when they felt it approaching, had they known and
+understood these principles. For two reasons, in case of the failure of
+the motive power from keeping the body too long in hot water, the blood
+would be congested in the head. First, the head would not be immersed,
+and, second, the last blood which the lungs sent forth would go to it.
+
+[3] What can the Smithsonian Institute do better to carry out the views
+with which the benevolent Smithson gave his fortune, than thus to teach
+mankind when life may, by free circulation, be made to confer
+enjoyment--how it may be inadvertently destroyed--and how it may be
+restored, when, by drowning or otherwise, it is suspended? Sudden deaths
+often occur by mal-position. That of the late Secretary Marcy is
+doubtless an example. After his blood was heated and his circulation
+quickened, he laid himself down on his back, his head not raised.
+Attention to the workings of such a piece of apparatus as might be made,
+would have shown the fatal effects of such a position at such a time.
+
+[4] A young physician, whom I paid for correcting the proofs, was not
+successful in preventing mistakes, especially in regard to numbers.
+
+[5] I had just been reading Cuvier, to see whether he believed in the
+Harveian theory of the circulation. I found he did not. "The circulation
+vortex," says he, "is sometimes simple, sometimes double and even triple
+(including that of the vena porta); the rapidity of its movements is
+often _aided_ by the contraction of a certain fleshy apparatus
+denominated hearts." Thus showing that my theory gave to the heart all
+the prominence that was given to it by this great philosopher, who had
+not, however, advanced any opinion as to the cause of the circulation.
+
+[6] One of them, my lamented niece, Jane Porter Lincoln, at my request,
+immediately wrote an account of the experiment, which is now in my
+possession.
+
+[7] These physicians gave certificates of their witnessing and assisting
+at this memorable experiment, which were published in the _Boston
+Medical Journal_, February 1852.
+
+[8] Dr. Cartwright also reported the case in a letter which was
+published in the _Boston Medical Journal_, September, 1852. This
+resuscitation was more wonderful than those detailed in my published
+work on "Respiration." All cases of life thus restored are proofs _a
+posteriori_ of the truth of this theory of the arterial circulation.
+
+[9] Good systems of exercise have been made in some respectable
+institutions for health, openly formed on the principles of this theory.
+Such is that by Dr. Hamilton, of Saratoga.
+
+[10] When the time shall come that, the truth of my discovery being no
+longer denied, its originality shall be contested, it will be a
+significant fact that, in the _Nashville Journal_, of September, 1854,
+is an article against it from a physician signing himself "Justicia,"
+which he thus heads, "The Willardian Notion." In evil report, it was
+indisputably mine. This article also shows, that the Harveian theory is
+still maintained by the opposers of mine.
+
+[11] See Draper's Physiology, p. 142.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Theory of Circulation by Respiration, by
+Emma Willard
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