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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 18947 ***
+
+
+
+
+               THE YOUNGER EDDA:
+
+                  also called
+
+       SNORRE’S EDDA, OR THE PROSE EDDA.
+
+      An English Version of the Foreword;
+     The Fooling of Gylfe, The Afterword;
+ Brage’s Talk, The Afterword to Brage’s Talk,
+       and the Important Passages in the
+       Poetical Diction (Skaldskaparmal).
+
+                    with an
+
+  Introduction, Notes, Vocabulary, and Index.
+
+         By RASMUS B. ANDERSON, LL.D.,
+
+Formerly Professor of the Scandinavian Languages
+        in the University of Wisconsin,
+          Ex-U.S. Minister to Denmark,
+ Author of “America Not Discovered By Columbus,”
+“Norse Mythology,” “Viking Tales Of The North,” etc.
+
+
+                    Chicago
+          Scott, Foresman and Company
+                      1901
+
+
+
+
+               Copyright, 1879,
+          By S. C. Griggs and Company.
+
+
+                    Press of
+           The Henry O. Shepard Co.
+                    Chicago.
+
+
+
+
+                       To
+
+             HON. THOS. F. BAYARD,
+
+     Ambassador to the Court of St. James,
+           in Grateful Recollection
+        of Pleasant Official Relations.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In the beginning, before the heaven and the earth and the sea were
+created, the great abyss Ginungagap was without form and void, and the
+spirit of Fimbultyr moved upon the face of the deep, until the ice-cold
+rivers, the Elivogs, flowing from Niflheim, came in contact with the
+dazzling flames from Muspelheim. This was before Chaos.
+
+And Fimbultyr said: Let the melted drops of vapor quicken into life, and
+the giant Ymer was born in the midst of Ginungagap. He was not a god,
+but the father of all the race of evil giants. This was Chaos.
+
+And Fimbultyr said: Let Ymer be slain and let order be established. And
+straightway Odin and his brothers--the bright sons of Bure--gave Ymer a
+mortal wound, and from his body made they the universe; from his flesh,
+the earth; from his blood, the sea; from his bones, the rocks; from
+his hair, the trees; from his skull, the vaulted heavens; from his
+eye-brows, the bulwark called Midgard. And the gods formed man and woman
+in their own image of two trees, and breathed into them the breath of
+life. Ask and Embla became living souls, and they received a garden in
+Midgard as a dwelling-place for themselves and their children until the
+end of time. This was Cosmos.
+
+The world’s last day approaches. All bonds and fetters that bound the
+forces of heaven and earth together are severed, and the powers of good
+and of evil are brought together in an internecine feud. Loke advances
+with the Fenris-wolf and the Midgard-serpent, his own children, with
+all the hosts of the giants, and with Surt, who flings fire and flame
+over the world. Odin advances with all the asas and all the blessed
+einherjes. They meet, contend, and fall. The wolf swallows Odin but
+Vidar, the Silent, sets his foot upon the monster’s lower jaw, he
+seizes the other with his hand, and thus rends him till he dies. Frey
+encounters Surt, and terrible blows are given ere Frey falls. Heimdal
+and Loke fight and kill each other, and so do Tyr and the dog Garm from
+the Gnipa Cave. Asa-Thor fells the Midgard-serpent with his Mjolner, but
+he retreats only nine paces when he himself falls dead, suffocated by
+the serpent’s venom. Then smoke wreathes up around the ash Ygdrasil,
+the high flames play against the heavens, the graves of the gods, of
+the giants and of men are swallowed up by the sea, and the end has come.
+This is Ragnarok, the twilight of the gods.
+
+But the radiant dawn follows the night. The earth, completely green,
+rises again from the sea, and where the mews have but just been rocking
+on restless waves, rich fields unplowed and unsown, now wave their
+golden harvests before the gentle breezes. The asas awake to a new life,
+Balder is with them again. Then comes the mighty Fimbultyr, the god who
+is from everlasting to everlasting; the god whom the Edda skald dared
+not name. The god of gods comes to the asas. He comes to the great
+judgment and gathers all the good into Gimle to dwell there forever, and
+evermore delights enjoy; but the perjurers and murderers and adulterers
+he sends to Nastrand, that terrible hall, to be torn by Nidhug until
+they are purged from their wickedness. This is Regeneration.
+
+These are the outlines of the Teutonic religion. Such were the doctrines
+established by Odin among our ancestors. Thus do we find it recorded in
+the Eddas of Iceland.
+
+The present volume contains all of the Younger Edda that can possibly be
+of any importance to English readers. In fact, it gives more than has
+ever before been presented in any translation into English, German or
+any of the modern Scandinavian tongues.
+
+We would recommend our readers to omit the Forewords and Afterwords
+until they have perused the Fooling of Gylfe and Brage’s Speech. The
+Forewords and Afterwords, it will readily be seen, are written by a
+later and less skillful hand, and we should be sorry to have anyone lay
+the book aside and lose the pleasure of reading Snorre’s and Olaf’s
+charming work, because he became disgusted with what seemed to him mere
+silly twaddle. And yet these Forewords and Afterwords become interesting
+enough when taken up in connection with a study of the historical
+anthropomorphized Odin. With a view of giving a pretty complete outline
+of the founder of the Teutonic race we have in our notes given all the
+Heimskringla sketch of the Black Sea Odin. We have done this, not only
+on account of the material it furnishes as the groundwork of a Teutonic
+epic, which we trust the muses will ere long direct some one to write,
+but also on account of the vivid picture it gives of Teutonic life as
+shaped and controlled by the Odinic faith.
+
+All the poems quoted in the Younger Edda have in this edition been
+traced back to their sources in the Elder Edda and elsewhere.
+
+Where the notes seem to the reader insufficient, we must refer him to
+our Norse Mythology, where he will, we trust, find much of the
+additional information he may desire.
+
+Well aware that our work has many imperfections, and begging our readers
+to deal generously with our shortcomings, we send the book out into the
+world with the hope that it may aid some young son or daughter of Odin
+to find his way to the fountains of Urd and Mimer and to Idun’s
+rejuvenating apples. The son must not squander, but husband wisely, what
+his father has accumulated. The race must cherish and hold fast and add
+to the thought that the past has bequeathed to it. Thus does it grow
+greater and richer with each new generation. The past is the mirror that
+reflects the future.
+
+  R. B. ANDERSON.
+  University of Wisconsin,
+  Madison, Wis., _September, 1879_.
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+Preface                                          5
+
+Introduction                                    15
+
+Foreword                                        33
+
+
+THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+Gefjun’s Plowing                                49
+
+CHAPTER II.
+Gylfe’s Journey to Asgard                       51
+
+CHAPTER III.
+Of the Highest God                              54
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+The Creation of the World                       56
+
+CHAPTER V.
+The Creation (continued)                        64
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+The First Works of the Asas--The Golden Age     69
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+On the Wonderful Things in Heaven               72
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+The Asas                                        79
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+Loke and his Offspring                          91
+
+CHAPTER X.
+The Goddesses (Asynjes)                         97
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+The Giantess Gerd and Skirner’s Journey        101
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+Life in Valhal                                 104
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+Odin’s Horse and Frey’s Ship                   109
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+Thor’s Adventures                              113
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+The Death of Balder                            131
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+Ragnarok                                       140
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+Regeneration                                   147
+
+Afterword to the Fooling of Gylfe              151
+
+
+BRAGE’S TALK.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+Æger’s Journey to Asgard                       152
+
+CHAPTER II.
+Idun and her Apples                            155
+
+CHAPTER III.
+How Njord got Skade to Wife                    158
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+The Origin of Poetry                           160
+
+Afterword to Brage’s Talk                      166
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM THE POETICAL DICTION.
+
+Thor and Hrungner                              169
+Thor’s Journey to Geirrod’s                    176
+Idun                                           184
+Æger’s Feast                                   187
+Loke’s Wager with the Dwarfs                   189
+The Niflungs and Gjukungs                      193
+Menja and Fenja                                206
+The Grottesong                                 208
+Rolf Krake                                     214
+Hogne and Hild                                 218
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+Enea                                           221
+Herikon                                        221
+The Historical Odin                            221
+Fornjot and the Settlement of Norway           239
+Notes to the Fooling of Gylfe                  242
+Note on the Niflungs and Gjukungs              266
+Note on Menja and Fenja                        267
+Why the Sea is Salt                            268
+
+
+VOCABULARY                                     275
+
+INDEX                                          291
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+               THE YOUNGER EDDA.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The records of our Teutonic past have hitherto received but slight
+attention from the English-speaking branch of the great world-ash
+Ygdrasil. This indifference is the more deplorable, since a knowledge of
+our heroic forefathers would naturally operate as a most powerful means
+of keeping alive among us, and our posterity, that spirit of courage,
+enterprise and independence for which the old Teutons were so
+distinguished.
+
+The religion of our ancestors forms an important chapter in the history
+of the childhood of our race, and this fact has induced us to offer the
+public an English translation of the Eddas. The purely mythological
+portion of the Elder Edda was translated and published by A. S. Cottle,
+in Bristol, in 1797, and the whole work was translated by Benjamin
+Thorpe, and published in London in 1866. Both these works are now out of
+print. Of the Younger Edda we have likewise had two translations into
+English,--the first by Dasent in 1842, the second by Blackwell, in his
+edition of Mallet’s Northern Antiquities, in 1847. The former has long
+been out of print, the latter is a poor imitation of Dasent’s. Both of
+them are very incomplete. These four books constitute all the Edda
+literature we have had in the English language, excepting, of course,
+single lays and chapters translated by Gray, Henderson, W. Taylor,
+Herbert, Jamieson, Pigott, William and Mary Howitt, and others.
+
+The Younger Edda (also called Snorre’s Edda, or the Prose Edda), of
+which we now have the pleasure of presenting our readers an English
+version, contains, as usually published in the original, the following
+divisions:
+
+1. The Foreword.
+
+2. Gylfaginning (The Fooling of Gylfe).
+
+3. The Afterword to Gylfaginning.
+
+4. Brage’s Speech.
+
+5. The Afterword.
+
+6. Skaldskaparmal (a collection of poetic paraphrases, and denominations
+in Skaldic language without paraphrases).
+
+7. Hattatal (an enumeration of metres; a sort of Clavis Metrica).
+
+In some editions there are also found six additional chapters on the
+alphabet, grammar, figures of speech, etc.
+
+There are three important parchment manuscripts of the Younger Edda,
+viz:
+
+1. _Codex Regius_, the so-called King’s Book. This was presented to the
+Royal Library in Copenhagen, by Bishop Brynjulf Sveinsson, in the year
+1640, where it is still kept.
+
+2. _Codex Wormianus_. This is found in the University Library in
+Copenhagen, in the Arne Magnæan collection. It takes its name from
+Professor Ole Worm [died 1654], to whom it was presented by the learned
+Arngrim Jonsson. Christian Worm, the grandson of Ole Worm, and Bishop of
+Seeland [died 1737], afterward presented it to Arne Magnusson.
+
+3. _Codex Upsaliensis_. This is preserved in the Upsala University
+Library. Like the other two, it was found in Iceland, where it was given
+to Jon Rugmann. Later it fell into the hands of Count Magnus Gabriel de
+la Gardie, who in the year 1669 presented it to the Upsala University.
+Besides these three chief documents, there exist four fragmentary
+parchments, and a large number of paper manuscripts.
+
+The first printed edition of the Younger Edda, in the original, is the
+celebrated “Edda Islandorum,” published by Peter Johannes Resen, in
+Copenhagen, in the year 1665. It contains a translation into Latin, made
+partly by Resen himself, and partly also by Magnus Olafsson, Stephan
+Olafsson and Thormod Torfason.
+
+Not until eighty years later, that is in 1746, did the second edition of
+the Younger Edda appear in Upsala under the auspices of Johannes
+Goransson. This was printed from the Codex Upsaliensis.
+
+In the present century we find a third edition by Rasmus Rask, published
+in Stockholm in 1818. This is very complete and critical. The fourth
+edition was issued by Sveinbjorn Egilsson, in Reykjavik, 1849; the fifth
+by the Arne-Magnæan Commission in Copenhagen, 1852.[1] All these five
+editions have long been out of print, and in place of them we have a
+sixth edition by Thorleif Jonsson (Copenhagen, 1875), and a seventh by
+Ernst Wilkin (Paderborn, 1877). Both of these, and especially the
+latter, are thoroughly critical and reliable.
+
+    [Footnote 1: The third volume of this work has not yet appeared.]
+
+Of translations, we must mention in addition to those into English by
+Dasent and Blackwell, R. Nyerup’s translation into Danish (Copenhagen,
+1808); Karl Simrock’s into German (Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1851); and
+Fr. Bergmann’s into French (Paris, 1871). Among the chief authorities to
+be consulted in the study of the Younger Edda may be named, in addition
+to those already mentioned, Fr. Dietrich, Th. Mobius, Fr. Pfeiffer,
+Ludw. Ettmuller, K. Hildebrand, Ludw. Uhland, P. E. Muller, Adolf
+Holzmann, Sophus Bugge, P. A. Munch and Rudolph Keyser. For the material
+in our introduction and notes, we are chiefly indebted to Simrock,
+Wilkin and Keyser. While we have had no opportunity of making original
+researches, the published works have been carefully studied, and all we
+claim for our work is, that it shall contain the results of the latest
+and most thorough investigations by scholars who live nearer the
+fountains of Urd and Mimer than do we. Our translations are made from
+Egilsson’s, Jonsson’s and Wilkins’ editions of the original. We have not
+translated any of the Hattatal, and only the narrative part of
+Skaldskaparmal, and yet our version contains more of the Younger Edda
+than any English, German, French or Danish translation that has hitherto
+been published. The parts omitted cannot possibly be of any interest to
+any one who cannot read them in the original. All the paraphrases of the
+asas and asynjes, of the world, the earth, the sea, the sun, the wind,
+fire, summer, man, woman, gold, of war, arms, of a ship, emperor, king,
+ruler, etc., are of interest only as they help to explain passages of
+Old Norse poems. The same is true of the enumeration of metres, which
+contains a number of epithets and metaphors used by the scalds,
+illustrated by specimens of their poetry, and also by a poem of Snorre
+Sturleson, written in one hundred different metres.
+
+There has been a great deal of learned discussion in regard to the
+authorship of the Younger Edda. Readers specially interested in this
+knotty subject we must refer to Wilkins’ elaborate treatise,
+Untersuchungen zur Snorra Edda (Paderborn, 1878), and to P. E. Muller’s,
+Die Æchtheit der Asalehre (Copenhagen, 1811).
+
+Two celebrated names that without doubt are intimately connected with
+the work are Snorre Sturleson and Olaf Thordsson Hvitaskald. Both of
+these are conspicuous, not only in the literary, but also in the
+political history of Iceland.
+
+    [Footnote 2: Keyser.]
+
+Snorre Sturleson[2] was born in Iceland in the year 1178. Three years
+old, he came to the house of the distinguished chief, Jon Loptsson, at
+Odde, a grandson of Sæmund the Wise, the reputed collector of the Elder
+Edda, where he appears to have remained until Jon Loptsson’s death, in
+the year 1197. Soon afterward Snorre married into a wealthy family, and
+in a short time he became one of the most distinguished leaders in
+Iceland, He was several times elected chief magistrate, and no man in
+the land was his equal in riches and prominence. He and his two elder
+brothers, Thord and Sighvat, who were but little inferior to him in
+wealth and power, were at one time well-nigh supreme in Iceland, and
+Snorre sometimes appeared at the Althing at Thingvols accompanied by
+from eight hundred to nine hundred armed men.
+
+Snorre and his brothers did not only have bitter feuds with other
+families, but a deadly hatred also arose between themselves, making
+their lives a perpetual warfare. Snorre was shrewd as a politician and
+magistrate, and eminent as an orator and skald, but his passions were
+mean, and many of his ways were crooked. He was both ambitious and
+avaricious. He is said to have been the first Icelander who laid plans
+to subjugate his fatherland to Norway, and in this connection is
+supposed to have expected to become a jarl under the king of Norway.
+In this effort he found himself outwitted by his brother’s son, Sturle
+Thordsson, and thus he came into hostile relations with the latter. In
+this feud Snorre was defeated, but when Sturle shortly after fell in a
+battle against his foes, Snorre’s star of hope rose again, and he began
+to occupy himself with far-reaching, ambitious plans. He had been for
+the first time in Norway during the years 1218-1220, and had been well
+received by King Hakon, and especially by Jarl Skule, who was then the
+most influential man in the country. In the year 1237 Snorre visited
+Norway again, and entered, as it is believed, into treasonable
+conspiracies with Jarl Skule. In 1239 he left Norway against the wishes
+of King Hakon, whom he owed obedience, and thereby incurred the king’s
+greatest displeasure. When King Hakon, in 1240, had crushed Skule’s
+rebellion and annihilated this dangerous opponent, it became Snorre’s
+turn to feel the effects of the king’s wrath. At the instigation of King
+Hakon, several chiefs of Iceland united themselves against Snorre and
+murdered him at Reykholt, where ruins of his splendid mansion are still
+to be seen. This event took place on the 22d of September, 1241, and
+Snorre Sturleson was then sixty-three years old. Snorre was Iceland’s
+most distinguished skald and sagaman. As a writer of history he deserves
+to be compared with Herodotos or Thukydides. His Heimskringla, embracing
+an elaborate history of the kings of Norway, is famous throughout the
+civilized world, and Emerson calls it the Iliad and Odyssey of our race.
+An English translation of this work was published by Samuel Laing, in
+London, in 1844. Carlyle’s Early Kings of Norway (London, 1875) was
+inspired by the Heimskringla.
+
+Olaf Thordsson, surnamed Hvitaskald,[3] to distinguish him from his
+contemporary, Olaf Svartaskald,[4] was a son of Snorre’s brother. Though
+not as prominent and influential as his uncle, he took an active part in
+all the troubles of his native island during the first half of the
+thirteenth century. He visited Norway in 1236, whence he went to
+Denmark, where he was a guest at the court of King Valdemar, and is said
+to have enjoyed great esteem. In 1240 we find him again in Norway, where
+he espoused the cause of King Hakon against Skule. On his return to
+Iceland he served four years as chief magistrate of the island. His
+death occurred in the year 1259, and he is numbered among the great
+skalds of Iceland.
+
+    [Footnote 3: White Skald.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: Black Skald.]
+
+Snorre Sturleson and Olaf Hvitaskald are the two names to whom the
+authorship of the Younger Edda has generally been attributed, and the
+work is by many, even to this day, called Snorra Edda--that is, Snorre’s
+Edda. We do not propose to enter into any elaborate discussion of this
+complicated subject, but we will state briefly the reasons given by
+Keyser and others for believing that these men had a hand in preparing
+the Prose Edda. In the first place, we find that the writer of the
+grammatical and rhetorical part of the Younger Edda distinctly mentions
+Snorre as author of Hattatal (the Clavis Metrica), and not only of the
+poem itself, but also of the treatise in prose. In the second place, the
+Arne Magnæan parchment manuscript, which dates back to the close of the
+thirteenth or beginning of the fourteenth century, has the following
+note prefaced to the Skaldskaparmal. “Here ends that part of the book
+which Olaf Thordsson put together, and now begins Skaldskaparmal and the
+Kenningar, according to that which has been found in the lays of the
+chief skalds, and which Snorre afterward suffered to be brought
+together.” In the third place, the Upsala manuscript of the Younger
+Edda, which is known with certainty to have been written in the
+beginning of the fourteenth century, contains this preface, written with
+the same hand as the body of the work: “This book hight Edda. Snorre has
+compiled it in the manner in which it is arranged: first, in regard to
+the asas and Ymer, then Skaldskaparmal and the denominations of many
+things, and finally that Hattatal, which Snorre composed about King
+Hakon and Duke Skule.” In the fourth place, there is a passage in the
+so-called Annales Breviores, supposed to have been written about the
+year 1400. The passage relates to the year 1241, and reads thus: “Snorre
+Sturleson died at Reykholt. He was a wise and very learned man, a great
+chief and shrewd. He was the first man in this land who brought property
+into the hands of the king (the king of Norway). He compiled Edda and
+many other learned historical works and Icelandic sagas. He was murdered
+at Reykholt by Jarl Gissur’s men.”
+
+It seems, then, that there is no room for any doubt that these two men
+have had a share in the authorship of the Younger Edda. How great a
+share each has had is another and more difficult problem to solve.
+Rudolf Keyser’s opinion is (and we know no higher authority on the
+subject), that Snorre is the author, though not in so strict a sense as
+we now use the word, of Gylfaginning, Brage’s Speech, Skaldskaparmal and
+Hattatal. This part of the Younger Edda may thus be said to date back to
+the year 1230, though the material out of which the mythological system
+is constructed is of course much older. We find it in the ancient Vala’s
+Prophecy, of the Elder Edda, a poem that breathes in every line the
+purest asa-faith, and is, without the least doubt, much older than the
+introduction of christianity in the north, or the discovery and
+settlement of Iceland. It is not improbable that the religious system of
+the Odinic religion had assumed a permanent prose form in the memories
+of the people long before the time of Snorre, and that he merely was the
+means of having it committed to writing almost without verbal change.
+
+Olaf Thordsson is unmistakably the author of the grammatical and
+rhetorical portion of the Younger Edda, and its date can therefore
+safely be put at about 1250. The author of the treatise on the alphabet
+is not known, but Professor Keyser thinks it must have been written, its
+first chapter, about the year 1150, and its second chapter about the
+year 1200. The forewords and afterwords are evidently also from another
+pen. Their author is unknown, but they are thought to have been written
+about the year 1300. To sum up, then, we arrive at this conclusion: The
+mythological material of the Younger Edda is as old as the Teutonic
+race. Parts of it are written by authors unknown to fame. A small
+portion is the work of Olaf Thordsson. The most important portion is
+written, or perhaps better, compiled, by Snorre Sturleson, and the whole
+is finally edited and furnished with forewords and afterwords, early in
+the fourteenth century,--according to Keyser, about 1320-1330.
+
+About the name Edda there has also been much learned discussion. Some
+have suggested that it may be a mutilated form of the word Odde, the
+home of Sæmund the Wise, who was long supposed to be the compiler of the
+Elder Edda. In this connection, it has been argued that possibly Sæmund
+had begun the writing of the Younger Edda, too. Others derive the word
+from _óðr_ (mind, soul), which in poetical usage also means song,
+poetry. Others, again, connect Edda with the Sanscrit word Veda, which
+is supposed to mean knowledge. Finally, others adopt the meaning which
+the word has where it is actually used in the Elder Edda, and where it
+means great-grandmother. Vigfusson adopts this definition, and it is
+certainly both scientific and poetical. What can be more beautiful than
+the idea that our great ancestress teaches her descendants the sacred
+traditions, the concentrated wisdom, of the race? To sum up, then,
+we say the Younger, or Prose, or Snorre’s Edda has been produced at
+different times by various hands, and the object of its authors has been
+to produce a manual for the skalds. In addition to the forewords and
+afterwords, it contains two books, one greater (Gylfaginning) and one
+lesser (Brage’s Speech), giving a tolerably full account of Norse
+mythology. Then follows Skaldskaparmal, wherein is an analysis of the
+various circumlocutions practiced by the skalds, all illustrated by
+copious quotations from the poets. How much of these three parts is
+written by Snorre is not certain, but on the other hand, there is no
+doubt that he is the author of Hattatal (Clavis Metrica), which gives an
+enumeration of metres. To these four treatises are added four chapters
+on grammar and rhetoric. The writer of the oldest grammatical treatise
+is thought to be one Thorodd Runemaster, who lived in the middle of the
+twelfth century; and the third treatise is evidently written by Olaf
+Thordsson Hvitaskald, the nephew of Snorre, a scholar who spent some
+time at the court of the Danish king, Valdemar the Victorious.
+
+The Younger Edda contains the systematized theogony and cosmogony of our
+forefathers, while the Elder Edda presents the Odinic faith in a series
+of lays or rhapsodies. The Elder Edda is poetry, while the Younger Edda
+is mainly prose. The Younger Edda may in one sense be regarded as the
+sequel or commentary of the Elder Edda. Both complement each other, and
+both must be studied in connection with the sagas and all the Teutonic
+traditions and folk-lore in order to get a comprehensive idea of the
+asa-faith. The two Eddas constitute, as it were, the Odinic Bible. The
+Elder Edda is the Old Testament, the Younger Edda the New. Like the Old
+Testament, the Elder Edda is in poetry. It is prophetic and enigmatical.
+Like the New Testament, the Younger Edda is in prose; it is lucid, and
+gives a clue to the obscure passages in the Elder Edda. Nay, in many
+respects do the two Eddas correspond with the two Testaments of the
+Christian Bible.
+
+It is a deplorable fact that the religion of our forefathers seems to be
+but little cared for in this country. The mythologies of other nations
+every student manifests an interest for. He reads with the greatest zeal
+all the legends of Rome and Greece, of India and China. He is familiar
+with every room in the labyrinth of Crete, while when he is introduced
+to the shining halls of Valhal and Gladsheim he gropes his way like a
+blind man. He does not know that Idun, with her beautiful apples, might,
+if applied to, render even greater services than Ariadne with her
+wonderful thread. When we inquire whom Tuesday and Wednesday and
+Thursday and Friday are named after, and press questions in reference to
+Tyr, Odin, Thor and Freyja, we get at best but a wise and knowing look.
+Are we, then, as a nation, like the ancient Jews, and do we bend the
+knee before the gods of foreign nations and forsake the altars of our
+own gods? What if we then should suffer the fate of that unhappy
+people--be scattered over all the world and lose our fatherland? In
+these Eddas our fathers have bequeathed unto us all their profoundest,
+all their sublimest, all their best thought. They are the concentrated
+result of their greatest intellectual and spiritual effort, and it
+behooves us to cherish this treasure and make it the fountain at which
+the whole American branch of the Ygdrasil ash may imbibe a united
+national sentiment. It is not enough to brush the dust off these gods
+and goddesses of our ancestors and put them up on pedestals as ornaments
+in our museums and libraries. These coins of the past are not to be laid
+away in numismatic collections. The grandson must use what he has
+inherited from his grandfather. If the coin is not intelligible, then it
+will have to be sent to the mint and stamped anew, in order that it may
+circulate freely. Our ancestral deities want a place in our hearts and
+in our songs.
+
+On the European continent and in England the zeal of the priests in
+propagating Christianity was so great that they sought to root out every
+trace of the asa-faith. They left but unintelligible fragments of the
+heathen religious structure. Our gods and goddesses and heroes were
+consigned to oblivion, and all knowledge of the Odinic religion and of
+the Niblung-story would have been well nigh totally obliterated had not
+a more lucky star hovered over the destinies of Iceland. In this
+remotest corner of the world the ancestral spirit was preserved like the
+glowing embers of Hekla beneath the snow and ice of the glacier. From
+the farthest Thule the spirit of our fathers rises and shines like an
+aurora over all Teutondom. It was in the year 860 that Iceland was
+discovered. In 874 the Teutonic spirit fled thither for refuge from
+tyranny. Here a government based on the principles of old Teutonic
+liberty was established. From here went forth daring vikings, who
+discovered Greenland and Vinland, and showed Columbus the way to
+America. From here the courts of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, England and
+Germany were supplied with skalds to sing their praises. Here was put in
+writing the laws and sagas that give us a clue to the form of old
+Teutonic institutions. Here was preserved the Old Norse language, and in
+it a record of the customs, the institutions and the religion of our
+fathers. Its literature does not belong to that island alone,--it
+belongs to the whole Teutonic race! Iceland is for the Teutons what
+Greece and Rome are for the south of Europe, and she accomplished her
+mission with no less efficiency and success. Cato the Elder used to end
+all his speeches with these words: _“Præterea censeo Carthaginem esse
+delendam.”_ In these days, when so many worship at the shrine of
+Romanism, we think it perfectly just to adopt Cato’s sentence in this
+form: _Præterea censeo Romam esse delendam_.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD.
+
+
+1. In the beginning Almighty God created heaven and earth, and all
+things that belong to them, and last he made two human beings, from whom
+the races are descended (Adam and Eve), and their children multiplied
+and spread over all the world. But in the course of time men became
+unequal; some were good and right-believing, but many more turned them
+after the lusts of the world and heeded not God’s laws; and for this
+reason God drowned the world in the flood, and all that was quick in the
+world, except those who were in the ark with Noah. After the flood of
+Noah there lived eight men, who inhabited the world, and from them the
+races are descended; and now, as before, they increased and filled the
+world, and there were very many men who loved to covet wealth and power,
+but turned away from obedience to God, and so much did they do this that
+they would not name God. And who could then tell their sons of the
+wonderful works of God? So it came to pass that they lost God’s name;
+and in the wide world the man was not to be found who could tell of his
+Maker. But, nevertheless, God gave them earthly-gifts, wealth and
+happiness, that should be with them in the world; he also shared wisdom
+among them, so that they understood all earthly things, and all kinds
+that might be seen in the air and on the earth. This they thought upon,
+and wondered at, how it could come to pass that the earth and the beasts
+and the birds had the same nature in some things but still were unlike
+in manners.
+
+One evidence of this nature was that the earth might be dug into upon
+high mountain-peaks and water would spring up there, and it was not
+necessary to dig deeper for water there than in deep dales; thus, also,
+in beasts and birds it is no farther to the blood in the head than in
+the feet. Another proof of this nature is, that every year there grow on
+the earth grass and flowers, and the same year it falls and withers;
+thus, also, on beasts and birds do hair and feathers grow and fall off
+each year. The third nature of the earth is, that when it is opened and
+dug into, then grass grows on the mould which is uppermost on the earth.
+Rocks and stones they explained to correspond to the teeth and bones of
+living things. From these things they judged that the earth must be
+quick and must have life in some way, and they knew that it was of a
+wonderfully great age and of a mighty nature. It nourished all that was
+quick and took to itself all that died. On this account they gave it a
+name, and numbered their ancestors back to it This they also learned
+from their old kinsmen, that when many hundred winters were numbered,
+the course of the heavenly bodies was uneven; some had a longer course
+than others. From such things they suspected that some one must be the
+ruler of the heavenly bodies who could stay their course at his own
+will, and he must be strong and mighty; and of him they thought that, if
+he ruled the prime elements, he must also have been before the heavenly
+bodies, and they saw that, if he ruled the course of the heavenly
+bodies, he must rule the sunshine, and the dew of the heavens, and the
+products of the earth that follow them; and thus, also, the winds of the
+air and therewith the storms of the sea. They knew not where his realm
+was, but they believed that he ruled over all things on the earth and in
+the air, over the heavens and the heavenly bodies, the seas and the
+weather. But in order that these things might be better told and
+remembered, they gave him the same name with themselves, and this belief
+has been changed in many ways, as the peoples have been separated and
+the tongues have been divided.
+
+2. In his old age Noah shared the world with his sons: for Ham he
+intended the western region, for Japheth the northern region, but for
+Shem the southern region, with those parts which will hereafter be
+marked out in the division of the earth into three parts. In the time
+that the sons of these men were in the world, then increased forthwith
+the desire for riches and power, from the fact that they knew many
+crafts that had not been discovered before, and each one was exalted
+with his own handiwork; and so far did they carry their pride, that the
+Africans, descended from Ham, harried in that part of the world which
+the offspring of Shem, their kinsman, inhabited. And when they had
+conquered them, the world seemed to them too small, and they smithied a
+tower with tile and stone, which they meant should reach to heaven, on
+the plain called Sennar. And when this building was so far advanced that
+it extended above the air, and they were no less eager to continue the
+work, and when God saw how their pride waxed high, then he sees that he
+will have to strike it down in some way. And the same God, who is
+almighty, and who might have struck down all their work in the twinkling
+of an eye, and made themselves turn into dust, still preferred to
+frustrate their purpose by making them realize their own littleness, in
+that none of them should understand what the other talked; and thus no
+one knew what the other commanded, and one broke what the other wished
+to build up, until they came to strife among themselves, and therewith
+was frustrated, in the beginning, their purpose of building a tower. And
+he who was foremost, hight Zoroaster, he laughed before he wept when he
+came into the world; but the master-smiths were seventy-two, and so many
+tongues have spread over the world since the giants were dispersed over
+the land, and the nations became numerous. In this same place was built
+the most famous city, which took its name from the tower, and was called
+Babylon. And when the confusion of tongues had taken place, then
+increased the names of men and of other things, and this same Zoroaster
+had many names; and although he understood that his pride was laid low
+by the said building, still he worked his way unto worldly power, and
+had himself chosen king over many peoples of the Assyrians. From him
+arose the error of idolatry; and when he was worshiped he was called
+Baal; we call him Bel; he also had many other names. But as the names
+increased in number, so was truth lost; and from this first error every
+following man worshiped his head-master, beasts or birds, the air and
+the heavenly bodies, and various lifeless things, until the error at
+length spread over the whole world; and so carefully did they lose the
+truth that no one knew his maker, excepting those men alone who spoke
+the Hebrew tongue,--that which flourished before the building of the
+tower,--and still they did not lose the bodily endowments that were
+given them, and therefore they judged of all things with earthly
+understanding, for spiritual wisdom was not given unto them. They deemed
+that all things were smithied of some one material.
+
+3. The world was divided into three parts, one from the south, westward
+to the Mediterranean Sea, which part was called Africa; but the southern
+portion of this part is hot and scorched by the sun. The second part,
+from the west and to the north and to the sea, is that called Europe, or
+Enea. The northern portion of this is cold, so that grass grows not, nor
+can anyone dwell there. From the north around the east region, and all
+to the south, that is called Asia. In that part of the world is all
+beauty and pomp, and wealth of the earth’s products, gold and precious
+stones. There is also the mid-world, and as the earth there is fairer
+and of a better quality than elsewhere, so are also the people there
+most richly endowed with all gifts, with wisdom and strength, with
+beauty and with all knowledge.
+
+4. Near the middle of the world was built the house and inn, the most
+famous that has been made, which was called Troy, in the land which we
+call Turkey. This city was built much larger than others, with more
+skill in many ways, at great expense, and with such means as were at
+hand. There were twelve kingdoms and one over-king, and many lands and
+nations belonged to each kingdom; there were in the city twelve chief
+languages.[5] Their chiefs have surpassed all men who have been in the
+world in all heroic things. No scholar who has ever told of these things
+has ever disputed this fact, and for this reason, that all rulers of the
+north region trace their ancestors back thither, and place in the number
+of the gods all who were rulers of the city. Especially do they place
+Priamos himself in the stead of Odin; nor must that be called wonderful,
+for Priamos was sprung from Saturn, him whom the north region for a long
+time believed to be God himself.
+
+    [Footnote 5: Dasent translates “hövuðtungur” (chief or head
+    tongues) with “lords,” which is certainly an error.]
+
+5. This Saturn grew up in that island in Greece which hight Crete. He
+was greater and stronger and fairer than other men. As in other natural
+endowments, so he excelled all men in wisdom. He invented many crafts
+which had not before been discovered. He was also so great in the art of
+magic that he was certain about things that had not yet come to pass. He
+found, too, that red thing in the earth from which he smelted gold, and
+from such things he soon became very mighty. He also foretold harvests
+and many other secret things, and for such, and many other deeds, he was
+chosen chief of the island. And when he had ruled it a short time, then
+there speedily enough became a great abundance of all things. No money
+circulated excepting gold coins, so plentiful was this metal; and though
+there was famine in other lands, the crops never failed in Crete, so
+that people might seek there all the things which they needed to have.
+And from this and many other secret gifts of power that he had, men
+believed him to be God, and from him arose another error among the
+Cretans and Macedonians like the one before mentioned among the
+Assyrians and Chaldeans from Zoroaster. And when Saturn finds how great
+strength the people think they have in him, he calls himself God, and
+says that he rules heaven and earth and all things.
+
+6. Once he went to Greece in a ship, for there was a king’s daughter on
+whom he had set his heart. He won her love in this way, that one day
+when she was out with her maid-servants, he took upon himself the
+likeness of a bull, and lay before her in the wood, and so fair was he
+that the hue of gold was on every hair; and when the king’s daughter saw
+him she patted his lips. He sprang up and threw off the bull’s likeness
+and took her into his arms and bore her to the ship and took her to
+Crete. But his wife, Juno, found this out, so he turned her (the king’s
+daughter) into the likeness of a heifer and sent her east to the arms of
+the great river (that is, of the Nile, to the Nile country), and let the
+thrall, who hight Argulos, take care of her. She was there twelve months
+before he changed her shape again. Many things did he do like this,
+or even more wonderful He had three sons: one hight Jupiter, another
+Neptune, the third Pluto. They were all men of the greatest
+accomplishments, and Jupiter was by far the greatest; he was a warrior
+and won many kingdoms; he was also crafty like his father, and took upon
+himself the likeness of many animals, and thus he accomplished many
+things which are impossible for mankind; and on account of this, and
+other things, he was held in awe by all nations. Therefore Jupiter is
+put in the place of Thor, since all evil wights fear him.
+
+7. Saturn had built in Crete seventy-two burgs, and when he thought
+himself firmly established in his kingdom, he shared it with his sons,
+whom he set up with himself as gods; and to Jupiter he gave the realm of
+heaven; to Neptune, the realm of the earth, and to Pluto, hell; and this
+last seemed to him the worst to manage, and therefore he gave to him his
+dog, the one whom he called Cerberos, to guard hell. This Cerberos, the
+Greeks say, Herakles dragged out of hell and upon earth. And although
+Saturn had given the realm of heaven to Jupiter, the latter nevertheless
+desired to possess the realm of the earth, and so he harried his
+father’s kingdom, and it is said that he had him taken and emasculated,
+and for such great achievements he declared himself to be god, and the
+Macedonians say that he had the members taken and cast into the sea, and
+therefore they believed for ages that therefrom had come a woman; her
+they called Venus, and numbered among the gods, and she has in all ages
+since been called goddess of love, for they believed she was able to
+turn the hearts of all men and women to love. When Saturn was
+emasculated by Jupiter, his son, he fled from the east out of Crete and
+west into Italy. There dwelt at that time such people as did not work,
+and lived on acorns and grass, and lay in caves or holes in the earth.
+And when Saturn came there he changed his name and called himself Njord,
+for the reason that he thought that Jupiter, his son, might afterward
+seek him out. He was the first there to teach men to plow and plant
+vineyards. There the soil was good and fresh, and it soon produced heavy
+crops. He was made chief and thus he got possession of all the realms
+there and built many burgs.
+
+8. Jupiter, his son, had many sons, from whom races have descended; his
+son was Dardanos, his son Herikon, his son Tros, his son Ilos, his son
+Laomedon, the father of the chief king Priamos. Priamos had many sons;
+one of them was Hektor, who was the most famous of all men in the world
+for strength, and stature and accomplishments, and for all manly deeds
+of a knightly kind; and it is found written that when the Greeks and all
+the strength of the north and east regions fought with the Trojans, they
+would never have become victors had not the Greeks invoked the gods; and
+it is also stated that no human strength would conquer them unless they
+were betrayed by their own men, which afterward was done. And from their
+fame men that came after gave themselves titles, and especially was this
+done by the Romans, who were the most famous in many things after their
+days; and it is said that, when Rome was built, the Romans adapted their
+customs and laws as nearly as possible to those of the Trojans, their
+forefathers. And so much power accompanied these men for many ages
+after, that when Pompey, a Roman chieftain, harried in the east region,
+Odin fled out of Asia and hither to the north country, and then he gave
+to himself and his men their names, and said that Priamos had hight Odin
+and his queen Frigg, and from this the realm afterward took its name and
+was called Frigia where the burg stood. And whether Odin said this of
+himself out of pride, or that it was wrought by the changing of tongues;
+nevertheless many wise men have regarded it a true saying, and for a
+long time after every man who was a great chieftain followed his
+example.
+
+9. A king in Troy hight Munon or Mennon, his wife was a daughter of the
+head-king Priamos and hight Troan; they had a son who hight Tror, him we
+call Thor. He was fostered in Thrace by the duke, who is called Loricos.
+But when he was ten winters old he took his father’s weapons. So fair of
+face was he, when he stood by other men, as when ivory is set in oak;
+his hair was fairer than gold. When he was twelve winters old he had
+full strength; then he lifted from the ground ten bear skins all at
+once, and then he slew Loricos, the duke, his foster-father and his
+wife, Lora or Glora, and took possession of Thrace; this we call
+Thrudheim. Then he visited many lands and knew the countries of the
+world, and conquered single-handed all the berserks and all the giants,
+and one very big dragon and many beasts. In the north region he found
+that prophetess who hight Sibyl, whom we call Sif, and married her. None
+can tell the genealogy of Sif; she was the fairest of all women, her
+hair was like gold. Their son was Loride (Hloride), who was like his
+father; his son was Henrede; his son Vingethor (Vingthor); his son
+Vingener (Vingner); his son Moda (Mode); his son Magi (Magne); his son
+Kesfet; his son Bedvig; his son Atra, whom we call Annan; his son
+Itrman; his son Heremod (Hermod); his son Skjaldun, whom we call Skjold;
+his son Bjaf, whom we call Bjar; his son Jat; his son Gudolf, his son
+Fjarlaf, whom we call Fridleif; he had the son who is called Vodin, whom
+we call Odin; he was a famous man for wisdom and all accomplishments.
+His wife hight Frigida, whom we call Frigg.
+
+10. Odin had the power of divination, and so had his wife, and from this
+knowledge he found out that his name would be held high in the north
+part of the world, and honored beyond that of all kings. For this reason
+he was eager to begin his journey from Turkey, and he had with him very
+many people, young and old, men and women, and he had with him many
+costly things. But wherever they fared over the lands great fame was
+spoken of them, and they were said to be more like gods than men. And
+they stopped not on their journey before they came north into that land
+which is now called Saxland; there Odin remained a long time, and
+subjugated the country far and wide. There Odin established his three
+sons as a defense of the land. One is named Veggdegg; he was a strong
+king and ruled over East Saxland. His son was Vitrgils, and his sons
+were Ritta, the father of Heingest (Hengist), and Sigar, the father of
+Svebdegg, whom we call Svipdag. Another son of Odin hight Beldegg, whom
+we call Balder; he possessed the land which now hight Vestfal; his son
+was Brander, and his son Frjodigar, whom we call Froda (Frode). His son
+was Freovit, his son Yvigg, his son Gevis, whom we call Gave. The third
+son of Odin is named Sigge, his son Verer. These forefathers ruled the
+land which is now called Frankland, and from them is come the race that
+is called the Volsungs. From all of these many and great races are
+descended.
+
+11. Then Odin continued his journey northward and came into the country
+which was called Reidgotaland, and in that land he conquered all that he
+desired. He established there his son, who hight Skjold; his son hight
+Fridleif; from him is descended the race which hight Skjoldungs; these
+are the Dane kings, and that land hight now Jutland, which then was
+called Reidgotaland.
+
+12. Thereupon he fared north to what is now called Svithjod (Sweden),
+there was the king who is called Gylfe. But when he heard of the coming
+of those Asiamen, who were called asas, he went to meet them, and
+offered Odin such things in his kingdom as he himself might desire. And
+such good luck followed their path, that wherever they stopped in the
+lands, there were bountiful crops and good peace; and all believed that
+they were the cause thereof. The mighty men of the kingdom saw that they
+were unlike other men whom they had seen, both in respect to beauty and
+understanding. The land there seemed good to Odin, and he chose there
+for himself a place for a burg, which is now called Sigtuna.[6] He there
+established chiefs, like unto what had formerly existed in Troy; he
+appointed twelve men in the burg to be judges of the law of the land,
+and made all rights to correspond with what had before been in Troy, and
+to what the Turks had been accustomed.
+
+    [Footnote 6: Near Upsala.]
+
+13. Thereupon he fared north until he reached the sea, which they
+thought surrounded all lands, and there he established his son in the
+kingdom, which is now called Norway; he is hight Saming, and the kings
+of Norway count their ancestors back to him, and so do the jarls and
+other mighty men, as it is stated in the Haleygjatal.[7] But Odin had
+with him that son who is called Yngve, who was king in Sweden, and from
+him is descended the families called Ynglings (Yngvelings). The asas
+took to themselves wives there within the land. But some took wives for
+their sons, and these families became so numerous that they spread over
+Saxland, and thence over the whole north region, and the tongue of these
+Asiamen became the native tongue of all these lands. And men think they
+can understand from the way in which the names of their forefathers is
+written, that these names have belonged to this tongue, and that the
+asas have brought this tongue hither to the north, to Norway, to Sweden
+and to Saxland. But in England are old names of places and towns which
+can be seen to have been given in another tongue than this.
+
+    [Footnote 7: A heroic poem, giving the pedigree (tal) of Norse
+    kings.]
+
+
+
+
+THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+GEFJUN’S PLOWING.
+
+1. King Gylfe ruled the lands that are now called Svithjod (Sweden). Of
+him it is said that he gave to a wayfaring woman, as a reward for the
+entertainment she had afforded him by her story-telling, a plow-land in
+his realm, as large as four oxen could plow it in a day and a night But
+this woman was of the asa-race; her name was Gefjun. She took from the
+north, from Jotunheim, four oxen, which were the sons of a giant and
+her, and set them before the plow. Then went the plow so hard and deep
+that it tore up the land, and the oxen drew it westward into the sea,
+until it stood still in a sound. There Gefjun set the land, gave it a
+name and called it Seeland. And where the land had been taken away
+became afterward a sea, which in Sweden is now called Logrinn (the Lake,
+the Malar Lake in Sweden). And in the Malar Lake the bays correspond to
+the capes in Seeland. Thus Brage, the old skald:
+
+  Gefjun glad
+  Drew from Gylfe
+  The excellent land,
+  Denmark’s increase,
+  So that it reeked
+  From the running beasts.
+  Four heads and eight eyes
+  Bore the oxen
+  As they went before the wide
+  Robbed land of the grassy isle.[8]
+
+    [Footnote 8: Heimskringla: Ynglinga Saga, ch. v.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+GYLFE’S JOURNEY TO ASGARD.
+
+
+2. King Gylfe was a wise man and skilled in the black art. He wondered
+much that the asa-folk was so mighty in knowledge, that all things went
+after their will. He thought to himself whether this could come from
+their own nature, or whether the cause must be sought for among the gods
+whom they worshiped. He therefore undertook a journey to Asgard. He went
+secretly, having assumed the likeness of an old man, and striving thus
+to disguise himself. But the asas were wiser, for they see into the
+future, and, foreseeing his journey before he came, they received him
+with an eye-deceit. So when he came into the burg he saw there a hall so
+high that he could hardly look over it. Its roof was thatched with
+golden shields as with shingles. Thus says Thjodolf of Hvin, that Valhal
+was thatched with shields:
+
+  Thinking thatchers
+  Thatched the roof;
+  The beams of the burg
+  Beamed with gold.[9]
+
+    [Footnote 9: Heimskringla: Harald Harfager’s Saga, ch. xix.]
+
+In the door of the hall Gylfe saw a man who played with swords so
+dexterously that seven were in the air at one time. That man asked him
+what his name was. Gylfe answered that his name was Ganglere;[10] that
+he had come a long way, and that he sought lodgings for the night. He
+also asked who owned the burg. The other answered that it belonged to
+their king: I will go with you to see him and then you may ask him for
+his name yourself. Then the man turned and led the way into the hall.
+Ganglere followed, and suddenly the doors closed behind him. There he
+saw many rooms and a large number of people, of whom some were playing,
+others were drinking, and some were fighting with weapons. He looked
+around him, and much of what he saw seemed to him incredible. Then
+quoth he:
+
+  Gates all,
+  Before in you go,
+  You must examine well;
+  For you cannot know
+  Where enemies sit
+  In the house before you.[11]
+
+    [Footnote 10: The walker.]
+
+    [Footnote 11: Elder Edda: Havamal.]
+
+He saw three high-seats, one above the other, and in each sat a man. He
+asked what the names of these chiefs were. He, who had conducted him in,
+answered that the one who sat in the lowest high-seat was king, and
+hight Har; the one next above him, Jafnhar; but the one who sat on the
+highest throne, Thride. Har asked the comer what more his errand was,
+and added that food and drink was there at his service, as for all in
+Har’s hall. Ganglere answered that he first would like to ask whether
+there was any wise man. Answered Har: You will not come out from here
+hale unless you are wiser.
+
+  And stand now forth
+  While you ask;
+  He who answers shall sit.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+OF THE HIGHEST GOD.
+
+
+3. Ganglere then made the following question: Who is the highest and
+oldest of all the gods? Made answer Har: Alfather he is called in our
+tongue, but in Asgard of old he had twelve names. The first is Alfather,
+the second is Herran or Herjan, the third Nikar or Hnikar, the fourth
+Nikuz or Hnikud, the fifth Fjolner, the sixth Oske, the seventh Ome, the
+eighth Biflide or Biflinde, the ninth Svidar, the tenth Svidrer, the
+eleventh Vidrer, the twelfth Jalg or Jalk. Ganglere asks again: Where is
+this god? What can he do? What mighty works has he accomplished?
+Answered Har: He lives from everlasting to everlasting, rules over all
+his realm, and governs all things, great and small. Then remarked
+Jafnhar: He made heaven and earth, the air and all things in them.
+Thride added: What is most important, he made man and gave him a spirit,
+which shall live, and never perish, though the body may turn to dust or
+burn to ashes. All who live a life of virtue shall dwell with him in
+Gimle or Vingolf. The wicked, on the other hand, go to Hel, and from her
+to Niflhel, that is, down into the ninth world. Then asked Ganglere:
+What was he doing before heaven and earth were made? Har gave answer:
+Then was he with the frost-giants.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE CREATION OF THE WORLD.
+
+
+4. Said Ganglere: How came the world into existence, or how did it rise?
+What was before? Made answer to him Har: Thus is it said in the Vala’s
+Prophecy:
+
+  It was Time’s morning,
+  When there nothing was;
+  Nor sand, nor sea,
+  Nor cooling billows.
+  Earth there was not,
+  Nor heaven above.
+  The Ginungagap was,
+  But grass nowhere.[12]
+
+    [Footnote 12: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 6.]
+
+Jafnhar remarked: Many ages before the earth was made, Niflheim had
+existed, in the midst of which is the well called Hvergelmer, whence
+flow the following streams: Svol, Gunnthro, Form, Fimbul, Thul, Slid and
+Hrid, Sylg and Ylg, Vid, Leipt and Gjoll, the last of which is nearest
+the gate of Hel. Then added Thride: Still there was before a world to
+the south which hight Muspelheim. It is light and hot, and so bright
+and dazzling that no stranger, who is not a native there, can stand it.
+Surt is the name of him who stands on its border guarding it. He has a
+flaming sword in his hand, and at the end of the world he will come and
+harry, conquer all the gods, and burn up the whole world with fire. Thus
+it is said in the Vala’s Prophecy:
+
+  Surt from the south fares
+  With blazing flames;
+  From the sword shines
+  The sun of the war-god.
+  Rocks dash together
+  And witches collapse,
+  Men go the way to Hel
+  And the heavens are cleft.[13]
+
+    [Footnote 13: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 56.]
+
+5. Said Ganglere: What took place before the races came into existence,
+and men increased and multiplied? Replied Har, explaining, that as soon
+as the streams, that are called the Elivogs, had come so far from their
+source that the venomous yeast which flowed with them hardened, as does
+dross that runs from the fire, then it turned into ice. And when this
+ice stopped and flowed no more, then gathered over it the drizzling rain
+that arose from the venom and froze into rime, and one layer of ice was
+laid upon the other clear into Ginungagap. Then said Jafnhar: All that
+part of Ginungagap that turns toward the north was filled with thick
+and heavy ice and rime, and everywhere within were drizzling rains and
+gusts. But the south part of Ginungagap was lighted up by the glowing
+sparks that flew out of Muspelheim. Added Thride: As cold and all things
+grim proceeded from Niflheim, so that which bordered on Muspelheim was
+hot and bright, and Ginungagap was as warm and mild as windless air. And
+when the heated blasts from Muspelheim met the rime, so that it melted
+into drops, then, by the might of him who sent the heat, the drops
+quickened into life and took the likeness of a man, who got the name
+Ymer. But the Frost giants call him Aurgelmer. Thus it is said in the
+short Prophecy of the Vala (the Lay of Hyndla):
+
+  All the valas are
+  From Vidolf descended;
+  All wizards are
+  Of Vilmeide’s race;
+  All enchanters
+  Are sons of Svarthofde;
+  All giants have
+  Come from Ymer.[14]
+
+    [Footnote 14: Elder Edda: Hyndla’a Lay, 34.]
+
+And on this point, when Vafthrudner, the giant, was asked by Gangrad:
+
+  Whence came Aurgelmer
+  Originally to the sons
+  Of the giants?--thou wise giant![15]
+
+he said
+
+  From the Elivogs
+  Sprang drops of venom,
+  And grew till a giant was made.
+  Thence our race
+  Are all descended,
+  Therefore are we all so fierce.[16]
+
+    [Footnote 15: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 30.]
+
+    [Footnote 16: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 31.]
+
+Then asked Ganglere: How were the races developed from him? Or what was
+done so that more men were made? Or do you believe him to be god of whom
+you now spake? Made answer Har: By no means do we believe him to be god;
+evil was he and all his offspring, them we call frost-giants. It is said
+that when he slept he fell into a sweat, and then there grew under his
+left arm a man and a woman, and one of his feet begat with the other a
+son. From these come the races that are called frost-giants. The old
+frost-giant we call Ymer.
+
+6. Then said Ganglere: Where did Ymer dwell, and on what did he live?
+Answered Har: The next thing was that when the rime melted into drops,
+there was made thereof a cow, which hight Audhumbla. Four milk-streams
+ran from her teats, and she fed Ymer. Thereupon asked Ganglere: On what
+did the cow subsist? Answered Har: She licked the salt-stones that were
+covered with rime, and the first day that she licked the stones there
+came out of them in the evening a man’s hair, the second day a man’s
+head, and the third day the whole man was there. This man’s name was
+Bure; he was fair of face, great and mighty, and he begat a son whose
+name was Bor. This Bor married a woman whose name was Bestla, the
+daughter of the giant Bolthorn; they had three sons,--the one hight
+Odin, the other Vile, and the third Ve. And it is my belief that this
+Odin and his brothers are the rulers of heaven and earth. We think that
+he must be so called. That is the name of the man whom we know to be the
+greatest and most famous, and well may men call him by that name.
+
+7. Ganglere asked: How could these keep peace with Ymer, or who was the
+stronger? Then answered Har: The sons of Bor slew the giant Ymer, but
+when he fell, there flowed so much blood from his wounds that they
+drowned therein the whole race of frost giants; excepting one, who
+escaped with his household. Him the giants call Bergelmer. He and his
+wife went on board his ark and saved themselves in it. From them are
+come new races of frost-giants, as is here said:
+
+  Countless winters
+  Ere the earth was made,
+  Was born Bergelmer.
+  This first I call to mind
+  How that crafty giant
+  Safe in his ark lay.[17]
+
+    [Footnote 17: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 35.]
+
+8. Then said Ganglere: What was done then by the sons of Bor, since you
+believe that they were gods? Answered Har: About that there is not a
+little to be said. They took the body of Ymer, carried it into the midst
+of Ginungagap and made of him the earth. Of his blood they made the seas
+and lakes; of his flesh the earth was made, but of his bones the rocks;
+of his teeth and jaws, and of the bones that were broken, they made
+stones and pebbles. Jafnhar remarked: Of the blood that flowed from the
+wounds, and was free, they made the ocean; they fastened the earth
+together and around it they laid this ocean in a ring without, and it
+must seem to most men impossible to cross it. Thride added: They took
+his skull and made thereof the sky, and raised it over the earth with
+four sides. Under each corner they set a dwarf, and the four dwarfs were
+called Austre (east), Vestre (West), Nordre (North), Sudre (South). Then
+they took glowing sparks, that were loose and had been cast out from
+Muspelheim, and placed them in the midst of the boundless heaven, both
+above and below, to light up heaven and earth. They gave resting-places
+to all fires, and set some in heaven; some were made to go free under
+heaven, but they gave them a place and shaped their course. In old songs
+it is said that from that time days and years were reckoned. Thus in the
+Prophecy of the Vala:
+
+  The sun knew not
+  Where her hall she had;
+  The moon knew not
+  What might he had;
+  The stars knew not
+  Their resting-places.[18]
+
+    [Footnote 18: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 8. In Old Norse the
+    sun is feminine, and the moon masculine. See below, sections 11
+    and 12.]
+
+Thus it was before these things were made. Then said Ganglere: Wonderful
+tidings are these I now hear; a wondrous great building is this, and
+deftly constructed. How was the earth fashioned? Made answer Har: The
+earth is round, and without it round about lies the deep ocean, and
+along the outer strand of that sea they gave lands for the giant races
+to dwell in; and against the attack of restless giants they built a burg
+within the sea and around the earth. For this purpose they used the
+giant Ymer’s eyebrows, and they called the burg Midgard. They also took
+his brains and cast them into the air, and made therefrom the clouds,
+as is here said:
+
+  Of Ymer’s flesh
+  The earth was made,
+  And of his sweat the seas;
+  Rocks of his bones,
+  Trees of his hair,
+  And the sky of his skull;
+  But of his eyebrows
+  The blithe powers
+  Made Midgard for the sons of men.
+  Of his brains
+  All the melancholy
+  Clouds were made.[19]
+
+    [Footnote 19: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 40, 41. Comp.
+    Vafthrudner’s Lay, 21.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE CREATION--(CONTINUED.)
+
+
+9. Then said Ganglere: Much had been done, it seemed to me, when heaven
+and earth were made, when sun and moon were set in their places, and
+when days were marked out; but whence came the people who inhabit the
+world? Har answered as follows: As Bor’s sons went along the sea-strand,
+they found two trees. These trees they took up and made men of them. The
+first gave them spirit and life; the second endowed them with reason and
+power of motion; and the third gave them form, speech, hearing and
+eyesight. They gave them clothes and names; the man they called Ask, and
+the woman Embla. From them all mankind is descended, and a
+dwelling-place was given them under Midgard. In the next place, the sons
+of Bor made for themselves in the middle of the world a burg, which is
+called Asgard, and which we call Troy. There dwelt the gods and their
+race, and thence were wrought many tidings and adventures, both on earth
+and in the sky. In Asgard is a place called Hlidskjalf, and when Odin
+seated himself there in the high-seat, he saw over the whole world, and
+what every man was doing, and he knew all things that he saw. His wife
+hight Frigg, and she was the daughter of Fjorgvin, and from their
+offspring are descended the race that we call asas, who inhabited Asgard
+the old and the realms that lie about it, and all that race are known to
+be gods. And for this reason Odin is called Alfather, that he is the
+father of all gods and men, and of all things that were made by him and
+by his might. Jord (earth) was his daughter and his wife; with her he
+begat his first son, and that is Asa-Thor. To him was given force and
+strength, whereby he conquers all things quick.
+
+10. Norfe, or Narfe, hight a giant, who dwelt in Jotunheim. He had a
+daughter by name Night. She was swarthy and dark like the race she
+belonged to. She was first married to a man who hight Naglfare. Their
+son was Aud. Afterward she was married to Annar. Jord hight their
+daughter. Her last husband was Delling (Daybreak), who was of asa-race.
+Their son was Day, who was light and fair after his father. Then took
+Alfather Night and her son Day, gave them two horses and two cars, and
+set them up in heaven to drive around the earth, each in twelve hours by
+turns. Night rides first on the horse which is called Hrimfaxe, and
+every morning he bedews the earth with the foam from his bit. The horse
+on which Day rides is called Skinfaxe, and with his mane he lights up
+all the sky and the earth.
+
+11. Then said Ganglere: How does he steer the course of the sun and the
+moon? Answered Har: Mundilfare hight the man who had two children. They
+were so fair and beautiful that he called his son Moon, and his
+daughter, whom he gave in marriage to a man by name Glener, he called
+Sun. But the gods became wroth at this arrogance, took both the brother
+and the sister, set them up in heaven, and made Sun drive the horses
+that draw the car of the sun, which the gods had made to light up the
+world from sparks that flew out of Muspelheim. These horses hight Arvak
+and Alsvid. Under their withers the gods placed two wind-bags to cool
+them, but in some songs it is called ironcold (ísarnkol). Moon guides
+the course of the moon, and rules its waxing and waning. He took from
+the earth two children, who hight Bil and Hjuke, as they were going from
+the well called Byrger, and were carrying on their shoulders the bucket
+called Sager and the pole Simul. Their father’s name is Vidfin. These
+children always accompany Moon, as can be seen from the earth.
+
+12. Then said Ganglere: Swift fares Sun, almost as if she were afraid,
+and she could make no more haste in her course if she feared her
+destroyer. Then answered Har: Nor is it wonderful that she speeds with
+all her might. Near is he who pursues her, and there is no escape for
+her but to run before him. Then asked Ganglere: Who causes her this
+toil? Answered Har: It is two wolves. The one hight Skol, he runs after
+her; she fears him and he will one day overtake her. The other hight
+Hate, Hrodvitner’s son; he bounds before her and wants to catch the
+moon, and so he will at last.[20] Then asked Ganglere: Whose offspring
+are these wolves? Said Har; A hag dwells east of Midgard, in the forest
+called Jarnved (Ironwood), where reside the witches called Jarnvidjes.
+The old hag gives birth to many giant sons, and all in wolf’s likeness.
+Thence come these two wolves. It is said that of this wolf-race one is
+the mightiest, and is called Moongarm. He is filled with the life-blood
+of all dead men. He will devour the moon, and stain the heavens and all
+the sky with blood. Thereby the sun will be darkened, the winds will
+grow wild, and roar hither and thither, as it is said in the Prophecy of
+the Vala:
+
+  In the east dwells the old hag,
+  In the Jarnved forest;
+  And brings forth there
+  Fenrer’s offspring.
+  There comes of them all
+  One the worst,
+  The moon’s devourer
+  In a troll’s disguise.
+
+  He is filled with the life-blood
+  Of men doomed to die;
+  The seats of the gods
+  He stains with red gore;
+  Sunshine grows black
+  The summer thereafter,
+  All weather gets fickle.
+  Know you yet or not?[21]
+
+    [Footnote 20: That wolves follow the sun and moon, is a
+    wide-spread popular superstition. In Sweden, a parhelion is
+    called Solvarg (sun-wolf).]
+
+    [Footnote 21: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 43, 44.]
+
+13. Then asked Ganglere: What is the path from earth to heaven? Har
+answered, laughing: Foolishly do you now ask. Have you not been told
+that the gods made a bridge from earth to heaven, which is called
+Bifrost? You must have seen it. It may be that you call it the rainbow.
+It has three colors, is very strong, and is made with more craft and
+skill than other structures. Still, however strong it is, it will break
+when the sons of Muspel come to ride over it, and then they will have to
+swim their horses over great rivers in order to get on. Then said
+Ganglere: The gods did not, it seems to me, build that bridge honestly,
+if it shall be able to break to pieces, since they could have done so,
+had they desired. Then made answer Har: The gods are worthy of no blame
+for this structure. Bifrost is indeed a good bridge, but there is no
+thing in the world that is able to stand when the sons of Muspel come to
+the fight.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+THE FIRST WORKS OF THE ASAS. THE GOLDEN AGE.
+
+
+14. Then said Ganglere: What did Alfather do when Asgard had been built?
+Said Har: In the beginning he appointed rulers in a place in the middle
+of the burg which is called Idavold, who were to judge with him the
+disputes of men and decide the affairs of the burg. Their first work was
+to erect a court, where there were seats for all the twelve, and,
+besides, a high-seat for Alfather. That is the best and largest house
+ever built on earth, and is within and without like solid gold. This
+place is called Gladsheim. Then they built another hall as a home for
+the goddesses, which also is a very beautiful mansion, and is called
+Vingolf. Thereupon they built a forge; made hammer, tongs, anvil, and
+with these all other tools. Afterward they worked in iron, stone and
+wood, and especially in that metal which is called gold. All their
+household wares were of gold. That age was called the golden age, until
+it was lost by the coming of those women from Jotunheim. Then the gods
+set themselves in their high-seats and held counsel. They remembered how
+the dwarfs had quickened in the mould of the earth like maggots in
+flesh. The dwarfs had first been created and had quickened in Ymer’s
+flesh, and were then maggots; but now, by the decision of the gods, they
+got the understanding and likeness of men, but still had to dwell in the
+earth and in rocks. Modsogner was one dwarf and Durin another. So it is
+said in the Vala’s Prophecy:
+
+  Then went all the gods,
+  The all-holy gods,
+  On their judgment seats,
+  And thereon took counsel
+  Who should the race
+  Of dwarfs create
+  From the bloody sea
+  And from Blain’s bones.
+  In the likeness of men
+  Made they many
+  Dwarfs in the earth,
+  As Durin said.
+
+And these, says the Vala, are the names of the dwarfs:
+
+  Nye, Nide,
+  Nordre, Sudre,
+  Austre, Vestre,
+  Althjof, Dvalin,
+  Na, Nain,
+  Niping, Dain,
+  Bifur, Bafur,
+  Bombor, Nore,
+  Ore, Onar,
+  Oin, Mjodvitner,
+  Vig, Gandalf,
+  Vindalf, Thorin,
+  File, Kile,
+  Fundin, Vale,
+  Thro, Throin,
+  Thek, Lit, Vit,
+  Ny, Nyrad,
+  Rek, Radsvid.
+
+But the following are also dwarfs and dwell in the rocks, while the
+above-named dwell in the mould:
+
+  Draupner, Dolgthvare,
+  Hor, Hugstare,
+  Hledjolf, Gloin,
+  Dore, Ore,
+  Duf, Andvare,
+  Hepte, File,
+  Har, Siar.
+
+But the following come from Svarin’s How to Aurvang on Joruvold, and
+from them is sprung Lovar. Their names are:
+
+  Skirfer, Virfir,
+  Skafid, Ae,
+  Alf, Inge,
+  Eikinslgalde,
+  Fal, Froste,
+  Fid, Ginnar.[22]
+
+    [Footnote 22: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 12, 14-16, 18, 19.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+ON THE WONDERFUL THINGS IN HEAVEN.
+
+
+15. Then said Ganglere: Where is the chief or most holy place of the
+gods? Har answered: That is by the ash Ygdrasil. There the gods meet in
+council every day. Said Ganglere: What is said about this place?
+Answered Jafnhar: This ash is the best and greatest of all trees; its
+branches spread over all the world, and reach up above heaven. Three
+roots sustain the tree and stand wide apart; one root is with the asas
+and another with the frost-giants, where Ginungagap formerly was; the
+third reaches into Niflheim; under it is Hvergelmer, where Nidhug gnaws
+the root from below. But under the second root, which extends to the
+frost-giants, is the well of Mimer, wherein knowledge and wisdom are
+concealed. The owner of the well hight Mimer. He is full of wisdom, for
+he drinks from the well with the Gjallar-horn. Alfather once came there
+and asked for a drink from the well, but he did not get it before he
+left one of his eyes as a pledge. So it is said in the Vala’s Prophecy:
+
+  Well know I, Odin,
+  Where you hid your eye:
+  In the crystal-clear
+  Well of Mimer.
+  Mead drinks Mimer
+  Every morning
+  From Valfather’s pledge.
+  Know you yet or not?[23]
+
+    [Footnote 23: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 24.]
+
+The third root of the ash is in heaven, and beneath it is the most
+sacred fountain of Urd. Here the gods have their doomstead. The asas
+ride hither every day over Bifrost, which is also called Asa-bridge. The
+following are the names of the horses of the gods: Sleipner is the best
+one; he belongs to Odin, and he has eight feet. The second is Glad, the
+third Gyller, the fourth Gler, the fifth Skeidbrimer, the sixth
+Silfertop, the seventh Siner, the eighth Gisl, the ninth Falhofner, the
+tenth Gulltop, the eleventh Letfet. Balder’s horse was burned with him.
+Thor goes on foot to the doomstead, and wades the following rivers:
+
+  Kormt and Ormt
+  And the two Kerlaugs;
+  These shall Thor wade
+  Every day
+  When he goes to judge
+  Near the Ygdrasil ash;
+  For the Asa-bridge
+  Burns all ablaze,--
+  The holy waters roar.[24]
+
+    [Footnote 24: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 29.]
+
+Then asked Ganglere: Does fire burn over Bifrost? Har answered: The red
+which you see in the rainbow is burning fire. The frost-giants and the
+mountain-giants would go up to heaven if Bifrost were passable for all
+who desired to go there. Many fair places there are in heaven, and they
+are all protected by a divine defense. There stands a beautiful hall
+near the fountain beneath the ash. Out of it come three maids, whose
+names are Urd, Verdande and Skuld. These maids shape the lives of men,
+and we call them norns. There are yet more norns, namely those who come
+to every man when he is born, to shape his life, and these are known to
+be of the race of gods; others, on the other hand, are of the race of
+elves, and yet others are of the race of dwarfs. As is here said:
+
+  Far asunder, I think,
+  The norns are born,
+  They are not of the same race.
+  Some are of the asas,
+  Some are of the elves,
+  Some are daughters of Dvalin.[25]
+
+    [Footnote 25: Elder Edda: Fafner’s Lay, 13.]
+
+Then said Ganglere: If the norns rule the fortunes of men, then they
+deal them out exceedingly unevenly. Some live a good life and are rich;
+some get neither wealth nor praise. Some have a long, others a short
+life. Har answered: Good norns and of good descent shape good lives, and
+when some men are weighed down with misfortune, the evil norns are the
+cause of it.
+
+16. Then said Ganglere: What other remarkable things are there to be
+said about the ash? Har answered: Much is to be said about it. On one of
+the boughs of the ash sits an eagle, who knows many things. Between his
+eyes sits a hawk that is called Vedfolner. A squirrel, by name Ratatosk,
+springs up and down the tree, and carries words of envy between the
+eagle and Nidhug. Four stags leap about in the branches of the ash and
+bite the leaves.[26] Their names are: Dain, Dvalin, Duney and Durathro.
+In Hvergelmer with Nidhug are more serpents than tongue can tell. As is
+here said:
+
+  The ash Ygdrasil
+  Bears distress
+  Greater than men know.
+  Stags bite it above,
+  At the side it rots,
+  Nidhug gnaws it below.
+
+    [Footnote 26: The Icelandic barr. See Vigfusson, _sub voce_.]
+
+And so again it is said:
+
+  More serpents lie
+  ’Neath the Ygdrasil ash
+  Than is thought of
+  By every foolish ape.
+  Goin and Moin
+  (They are sons of Grafvitner),
+  Grabak and Grafvollud,
+  Ofner and Svafner
+  Must for aye, methinks,
+  Gnaw the roots of that tree.[27]
+
+    [Footnote 27: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 35, 34.]
+
+Again, it is said that the norns, that dwell in the fountain of Urd,
+every day take water from the fountain and take the clay that lies
+around the fountain and sprinkle therewith the ash, in order that its
+branches may not wither or decay. This water is so holy that all things
+that are put into the fountain become as white as the film of an
+egg-shell As is here said:
+
+  An ash I know
+  Hight Ygdrasil;
+  A high, holy tree
+  With white clay sprinkled.
+  Thence come the dews
+  That fall in the dales.
+  Green forever it stands
+  Over Urd’s fountain.[28]
+
+    [Footnote 28: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 22.]
+
+The dew which falls on the earth from this tree men call honey-fall, and
+it is the food of bees. Two birds are fed in Urd’s fountain; they are
+called swans, and they are the parents of the race of swans.
+
+17. Then said Ganglere: Great tidings you are able to tell of the
+heavens. Are there other remarkable places than the one by Urd’s
+fountain? Answered Har: There are many magnificent dwellings. One is
+there called Alfheim. There dwell the folk that are called light-elves;
+but the dark-elves dwell down in the earth, and they are unlike the
+light-elves in appearance, but much more so in deeds. The light-elves
+are fairer than the sun to look upon, but the dark-elves are blacker
+than pitch. Another place is called Breidablik, and no place is fairer.
+There is also a mansion called Glitner, of which the walls and pillars
+and posts are of red gold, and the roof is of silver. Furthermore, there
+is a dwelling, by name Himinbjorg, which stands at the end of heaven,
+where the Bifrost-bridge is united with heaven. And there is a great
+dwelling called Valaskjalf, which belongs to Odin. The gods made it and
+thatched it with, sheer silver. In this hall is the high-seat, which is
+called Hlidskjalf, and when Alfather sits in this seat, he sees over all
+the world. In the southern end of the world is the palace, which is the
+fairest of all, and brighter than the sun; its name is Gimle. It shall
+stand when both heaven and earth shall have passed away. In this hall
+the good and the righteous shall dwell through all ages. Thus says the
+Prophecy of the Vala:
+
+  A hall I know, standing
+  Than the sun fairer,
+  Than gold better,
+  Gimle by name.
+  There shall good
+  People dwell,
+  And forever
+  Delights enjoy.[29]
+
+Then said Ganglere: Who guards this palace when Surt’s fire burns up
+heaven and earth? Har answered: It is said that to the south and above
+this heaven is another heaven, which is called Andlang. But there is a
+third, which is above these, and is called Vidblain, and in this heaven
+we believe this mansion (Gimle) to be situated; but we deem that the
+light-elves alone dwell in it now.
+
+    [Footnote 29: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 70.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE ASAS.
+
+
+18. Then said Ganglere: Whence comes the wind? It is so strong that it
+moves great seas, and fans fires to flame, and yet, strong as it is,
+it cannot be seen. Therefore it is wonderfully made. Then answered Har:
+That I can tell you well. At the northern end of heaven sits a giant,
+who hight Hrasvelg. He is clad in eagles’ plumes, and when he spreads
+his wings for flight, the winds arise from under them. Thus is it here
+said:
+
+  Hrasvelg hight he
+  Who sits at the end of heaven,
+  A giant in eagle’s disguise.
+  From his wings, they say,
+  The wind does come
+  Over all mankind.[30]
+
+    [Footnote 30: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 37.]
+
+19. Then said Ganglere: How comes it that summer is so hot, but the
+winter so cold? Har answered: A wise man would not ask such a question,
+for all are able to tell this; but if you alone have become so stupid
+that you have not heard of it, then I would rather forgive you for
+asking unwisely once than that you should go any longer in ignorance of
+what you ought to know. Svasud is the name of him who is father of
+summer, and he lives such a life of enjoyment, that everything that is
+mild is from him called sweet (svasligt). But the father of winter has
+two names, Vindlone and Vindsval. He is the son of Vasad, and all that
+race are grim and of icy breath, and winter is like them.
+
+20. Then asked Ganglere: Which are the asas, in whom men are bound to
+believe? Har answered him: Twelve are the divine asas. Jafnhar said:
+No less holy are the asynjes (goddesses), nor is their power less. Then
+added Thride: Odin is the highest and oldest of the asas. He rules all
+things, but the other gods, each according to his might, serve him as
+children a father. Frigg is his wife, and she knows the fate of men,
+although she tells not thereof, as it is related that Odin himself said
+to Asa-Loke:
+
+  Mad are you, Loke!
+  And out of your senses;
+  Why do you not stop?
+  Fortunes all,
+  Methinks, Frigg knows,
+  Though she tells them not herself.[31]
+
+    [Footnote 31: Elder Edda. Loke’s Quarrel, 29, 47.]
+
+Odin is called Alfather, for he is the father of all the gods; he is
+also called Valfather, for all who fall in fight are his chosen sons.
+For them he prepares Valhal and Vingolf, where they are called einherjes
+(heroes). He is also called Hangagod, Haptagod, Farmagod; and he gave
+himself still more names when he came to King Geirrod:
+
+  Grim is my name,
+  And Ganglare,
+  Herjan, Hjalmbore,
+  Thek, Thride,
+  Thud, Ud,
+  Helblinde, Har,
+  Sad, Svipal,
+  Sangetal,
+  Herteit, Hnikar,
+  Bileyg, Baleyg,
+  Bolverk, Fjolner,
+  Grimner, Glapsvid, Fjolsvid,
+  Sidhot, Sidskeg,
+  Sigfather, Hnikud,
+  Alfather, Atrid, Farmatyr,
+  Oske, Ome,
+  Jafnhar, Biflinde,
+  Gondler, Harbard,
+  Svidur, Svidrir,
+  Jalk, Kjalar, Vidur,
+  Thro, Yg, Thund,
+  Vak, Skilfing,
+  Vafud, Hroptatyr,
+  Gaut, Veratyr.[32]
+
+    [Footnote 32: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 46-50.]
+
+Then said Ganglere: A very great number of names you have given him; and
+this I know, forsooth, that he must be a very wise man who is able to
+understand and decide what chances are the causes of all these names.
+Har answered: Much knowledge is needed to explain it all rightly, but
+still it is shortest to tell you that most of these names have been
+given him for the reason that, as there are many tongues in the world,
+so all peoples thought they ought to turn his name into their tongue, in
+order that they might be able to worship him and pray to him each in its
+own language. Other causes of these names must be sought in his
+journeys, which are told of in old sagas; and you can lay no claim to
+being called a wise man if you are not able to tell of these wonderful
+adventures.
+
+21. Then said Ganglere: What are the names of the other asas? What is
+their occupation, and what works have they wrought? Har answered: Thor
+is the foremost of them. He is called Asa-Thor, or Oku-Thor.[33] He is
+the strongest of all gods and men, and rules over the realm which is
+called Thrudvang. His hall is called Bilskirner. Therein are five
+hundred and forty floors, and it is the largest house that men have
+made. Thus it is said in Grimner’s Lay:
+
+  Five hundred floors
+  And forty more,
+  Methinks, has bowed Bilskirner.
+  Of houses all
+  That I know roofed
+  I know my son’s is the largest.[34]
+
+    [Footnote 33: Oku is derived from the Finnish thunder-god, Ukko.]
+
+    [Footnote 34: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 24.]
+
+Thor has two goats, by name Tangnjost and Tangrisner, and a chariot,
+wherein he drives. The goats draw the chariot; wherefore he is called
+Oku-Thor.[35] He possesses three valuable treasures. One of them is the
+hammer Mjolner, which the frost-giants and mountain-giants well know
+when it is raised; and this is not to be wondered at, for with it he has
+split many a skull of their fathers or friends. The second treasure he
+possesses is Megingjarder (belt of strength); when he girds himself with
+it his strength is doubled. His third treasure that is of so great value
+is his iron gloves; these he cannot do without when he lays hold of the
+hammer’s haft. No one is so wise that he can tell all his great works;
+but I can tell you so many tidings of him that it will grow late before
+all is told that I know.
+
+    [Footnote 35: The author of the Younger Edda is here mistaken. See
+    note on page 82 {Footnote 33}.]
+
+22. Thereupon said Ganglere: I wish to ask tidings of more of the asas.
+Har gave him answer: Odin’s second son is Balder, and of him good things
+are to be told. He is the best, and all praise him. He is so fair of
+face and so bright that rays of light issue from him; and there is a
+plant so white that it is likened unto Balder’s brow, and it is the
+whitest of all plants. From this you can judge of the beauty both of his
+hair and of his body. He is the wisest, mildest and most eloquent of all
+the asas; and such is his nature that none can alter the judgment he has
+pronounced. He inhabits the place in heaven called Breidablik, and there
+nothing unclean can enter. As is here said:
+
+  Breidablik it is called,
+  Where Balder has
+  Built for himself a hall
+  In the land
+  Where I know is found
+  The least of evil.[36]
+
+    [Footnote 36: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 12.]
+
+23. The third asa is he who is called Njord. He dwells in Noatun, which
+is in heaven. He rules the course of the wind and checks the fury of the
+sea and of fire. He is invoked by seafarers and by fishermen. He is so
+rich and wealthy that he can give broad lands and abundance to those who
+call on him for them. He was fostered in Vanaheim, but the vans[37] gave
+him as a hostage to the gods, and received in his stead as an
+asa-hostage the god whose name is Honer. He established peace between
+the gods and vans. Njord took to wife Skade, a daughter of the giant
+Thjasse. She wished to live where her father had dwelt, that is, on the
+mountains in Thrymheim; Njord, on the other hand, preferred to be near
+the sea. They therefore agreed to pass nine nights in Thrymheim and
+three in Noatun. But when Njord came back from the mountains to Noatun
+he sang this:
+
+    [Footnote 37: Compare Vainamoinen, the son of Ukko, in the Finnish
+    epic Kalevala.]
+
+  Weary am I of the mountains,
+  Not long was I there,
+  Only nine nights.
+  The howl of the wolves
+  Methought sounded ill
+  To the song of the swans.
+
+Skade then sang this:
+
+  Sleep I could not
+  On my sea-strand couch,
+  For the scream of the sea-fowl.
+  _There_ wakes me,
+  As he comes from the sea,
+  Every morning the mew.
+
+Then went Skade up on the mountain, and dwelt in Thrymheim. She often
+goes on skees (snow-shoes), with her bow, and shoots wild beasts. She is
+called skee-goddess or skee-dis. Thus it is said:
+
+  Thrymheim it is called
+  Where Thjasse dwelt,
+  That mightiest giant.
+  But now dwells Skade,
+  Pure bride of the gods,
+  In her father’s old homestead.[38]
+
+    [Footnote 38: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 11.]
+
+24. Njord, in Noatun, afterward begat two children: a son, by name Frey,
+and a daughter, by name Freyja. They were fair of face, and mighty. Frey
+is the most famous of the asas. He rules over rain and sunshine, and
+over the fruits of the earth. It is good to call on him for harvests and
+peace. He also sways the wealth of men. Freyja is the most famous of the
+goddesses. She has in heaven a dwelling which is called Folkvang, and
+when she rides to the battle, one half of the slain belong to her, and
+the other half to Odin. As is here said:
+
+  Folkvang it is called,
+  And there rules Freyja.
+  For the seats in the hall
+  Half of the slain
+  She chooses each day;
+  The other half is Odin’s.[39]
+
+    [Footnote 39: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 14.]
+
+Her hall is Sesrynmer, and it is large and beautiful. When she goes
+abroad, she drives in a car drawn by two cats. She lends a favorable ear
+to men who call upon her, and it is from her name the title has come
+that women of birth and wealth are called frur.[40] She is fond of love
+ditties, and it is good to call on her in love affairs.
+
+    [Footnote 40: Icel. _frú_ (Ger. _frau_; Dan. _frue_), pl. _frúr_,
+    means a lady. It is used of the wives of men of rank or title.
+    It is derived from Freyja.]
+
+25. Then said Ganglere: Of great importance these asas seem to me to be,
+and it is not wonderful that you have great power, since you have such
+excellent knowledge of the gods, and know to which of them to address
+your prayers on each occasion. But what other gods are there? Har
+answered: There is yet an asa, whose name is Tyr. He is very daring and
+stout-hearted. He sways victory in war, wherefore warriors should call
+on him. There is a saw, that he who surpasses others in bravery, and
+never yields, is Tyr-strong. He is also so wise, that it is said of
+anyone who is specially intelligent, that he is Tyr-learned. A proof of
+his daring is, that when the asas induced the wolf Fenrer to let himself
+be bound with the chain Gleipner, he would not believe that they would
+loose him again until Tyr put his hand in his mouth as a pledge. But
+when the asas would not loose the Fenris-wolf, he bit Tyr’s hand off at
+the place of the wolf’s joint (the wrist; Icel. _úlfliðr_[41]). From
+that time Tyr is one-handed, and he is now called a peacemaker among
+men.
+
+    [Footnote 41: This etymology is, however, erroneous, for the word
+    is derived from _oln_ or _öln_, and the true form of the word is
+    _ölnliðr_ = the ell-joint (wrist); thus we have _ölnboge_--the
+    elbow; _öln_ = _alin_ (Gr. ὠδίνη; Lat. _ulna_; cp. A.-S.
+    _el-boga_; Eng. _elbow_) is the arm from the elbow to the end of
+    the middle finger, hence an ell in long measure.]
+
+26. Brage is the name of another of the asas. He is famous for his
+wisdom, eloquence and flowing speech. He is a master-skald, and from him
+song-craft is called brag (poetry), and such men or women as distinguish
+themselves by their eloquence are called brag-men[42] and brag-women.
+His wife is Idun. She keeps in a box those apples of which the gods eat
+when they grow old, and then they become young again, and so it will be
+until Ragnarok (the twilight of the gods). Then said Ganglere: Of great
+importance to the gods it must be, it seems to me, that Idun preserves
+these apples with care and honesty. Har answered, and laughed: They ran
+a great risk on one occasion, whereof I might tell you more, but you
+shall first hear the names of more asas.
+
+    [Footnote 42: Compare the Anglo-Saxon _brego_ = princeps, chief.]
+
+27. Heimdal is the name of one. He is also called the white-asa. He is
+great and holy; born of nine maidens, all of whom were sisters. He hight
+also Hallinskide and Gullintanne, for his teeth were of gold. His horse
+hight Gulltop (Gold-top). He dwells in a place called Himinbjorg, near
+Bifrost. He is the ward of the gods, and sits at the end of heaven,
+guarding the bridge against the mountain-giants. He needs less sleep
+than a bird; sees an hundred miles around him, and as well by night as
+by day. He hears the grass grow and the wool on the backs of the sheep,
+and of course all things that sound louder than these. He has a trumpet
+called the Gjallarhorn, and when he blows it it can be heard in all the
+worlds. The head is called Heimdal’s sword. Thus it is here said:
+
+  Himinbjorg it is called,
+  Where Heimdal rules
+  Over his holy halls;
+  There drinks the ward of the gods
+  In his delightful dwelling
+  Glad the good mead.[43]
+
+    [Footnote 43: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 13.]
+
+And again, in Heimdal’s Song, he says himself:
+
+  Son I am of maidens nine,
+  Born I am of sisters nine.
+
+28. Hoder hight one of the asas, who is blind, but exceedingly strong;
+and the gods would wish that this asa never needed to be named, for the
+work of his hand will long be kept in memory both by gods and men.
+
+29. Vidar is the name of the silent asa. He has a very thick shoe, and
+he is the strongest next after Thor. From him the gods have much help in
+all hard tasks.
+
+30. Ale, or Vale, is the son of Odin and Rind. He is daring in combat,
+and a good shot.
+
+31. Uller is the name of one, who is a son of Sif, and a step-son of
+Thor. He is so good an archer, and so fast on his skees, that no one can
+contend with him. He is fair of face, and possesses every quality of a
+warrior. Men should invoke him in single combat.
+
+32. Forsete is a son of Balder and Nanna, Nep’s daughter. He has in
+heaven the hall which hight Glitner. All who come to him with disputes
+go away perfectly reconciled. No better tribunal is to be found among
+gods and men. Thus it is here said:
+
+  Glitner hight the hall,
+  On gold pillars standing,
+  And roofed with silver.
+  There dwells Forsete
+  Throughout all time,
+  And settles all disputes.[44]
+
+    [Footnote 44: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 15.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+LOKE AND HIS OFFSPRING.
+
+
+33. There is yet one who is numbered among the asas, but whom some call
+the backbiter of the asas. He is the originator of deceit, and the
+disgrace of all gods and men. His name is Loke, or Lopt. His father is
+the giant Farbaute, but his mother’s name is Laufey, or Nal. His
+brothers are Byleist and Helblinde. Loke is fair and beautiful of face,
+but evil in disposition, and very fickle-minded. He surpasses other men
+in the craft called cunning, and cheats in all things. He has often
+brought the asas into great trouble, and often helped them out again,
+with his cunning contrivances. His wife hight Sygin, and their son,
+Nare, or Narfe.
+
+34. Loke had yet more children. A giantess in Jotunheim, hight
+Angerboda. With her he begat three children. The first was the
+Fenris-wolf; the second, Jormungand, that is, the Midgard-serpent, and
+the third, Hel. When the gods knew that these three children were being
+fostered in Jotunheim, and were aware of the prophecies that much woe
+and misfortune would thence come to them, and considering that much evil
+might be looked for from them on their mother’s side, and still more on
+their father’s, Alfather sent some of the gods to take the children and
+bring them to him. When they came to him he threw the serpent into the
+deep sea which surrounds all lands. There waxed the serpent so that he
+lies in the midst of the ocean, surrounds all the earth, and bites his
+own tail. Hel he cast into Niflheim, and gave her power over nine
+worlds,[45] that she should appoint abodes to them that are sent to her,
+namely, those who die from sickness or old age. She has there a great
+mansion, and the walls around it are of strange height, and the gates
+are huge. Eljudner is the name of her hall. Her table hight famine; her
+knife, starvation. Her man-servant’s name is Ganglate; her
+maid-servant’s, Ganglot.[46] Her threshold is called stumbling-block;
+her bed, care; the precious hangings of her bed, gleaming bale. One-half
+of her is blue, and the other half is of the hue of flesh; hence she is
+easily known. Her looks are very stern and grim.
+
+    [Footnote 45: Possibly this ought to read the ninth world, which
+    would correspond with what we read on page 72, and in the Vala’s
+    Prophecy. See also notes. It may be a mistake of the transcriber.]
+
+    [Footnote 46: Both these words mean sloth.]
+
+35. The wolf was fostered by the asas at home, and Tyr was the only one
+who had the courage to go to him and give him food. When the gods saw
+how much he grew every day, and all prophecies declared that he was
+predestined to become fatal to them, they resolved to make a very strong
+fetter, which they called Lading. They brought it to the wolf, and bade
+him try his strength on the fetter. The wolf, who did not think it would
+be too strong for him, let them do therewith as they pleased. But as
+soon as he spurned against it the fetter burst asunder, and he was free
+from Lading. Then the asas made another fetter, by one-half stronger,
+and this they called Drome. They wanted the wolf to try this also,
+saying to him that he would become very famous for his strength, if so
+strong a chain was not able to hold him. The wolf thought that this
+fetter was indeed very strong, but also that his strength had increased
+since he broke Lading. He also took into consideration that it was
+necessary to expose one’s self to some danger if he desired to become
+famous; so he let them put the fetter on him. When the asas said they
+were ready, the wolf shook himself, spurned against and dashed the
+fetter on the ground, so that the broken pieces flew a long distance.
+Thus he broke loose out of Drome. Since then it has been held as a
+proverb, “to get loose out of Lading” or “to dash out of Drome,”
+whenever anything is extraordinarily hard. The asas now began to fear
+that they would not get the wolf bound. So Alfather sent the youth, who
+is called Skirner, and is Frey’s messenger, to some dwarfs in
+Svartalfaheim, and had them make the fetter which is called Gleipner. It
+was made of six things: of the footfall of cats, of the beard of woman,
+of the roots of the mountain, of the sinews of the bear, of the breath
+of the fish, and of the spittle of the birds. If you have not known this
+before, you can easily find out that it is true and that there is no lie
+about it, since you must have observed that a woman has no beard, that a
+cat’s footfall cannot be heard, and that mountains have no roots; and I
+know, forsooth, that what I have told you is perfectly true, although
+there are some things that you do not understand. Then said Ganglere:
+This I must surely understand to be true. I can see these things which
+you have taken as proof. But how was the fetter smithied? Answered Har:
+That I can well explain to you. It was smooth and soft as a silken
+string. How strong and trusty it was you shall now hear. When the fetter
+was brought to the asas, they thanked the messenger for doing his errand
+so well. Then they went out into the lake called Amsvartner, to the holm
+(rocky island) called Lyngve, and called the wolf to go with them. They
+showed him the silken band and bade him break it, saying that it was
+somewhat stronger than its thinness would lead one to suppose. Then they
+handed it from one to the other and tried its strength with their hands,
+but it did not break. Still they said the wolf would be able to snap it.
+The wolf answered: It seems to me that I will get no fame though I break
+asunder so slender a thread as this is. But if it is made with craft and
+guile, then, little though it may look, that band will never come on my
+feet. Then said the asas that he would easily be able to break a slim
+silken band, since he had already burst large iron fetters asunder. But
+even if you are unable to break this band, you have nothing to fear from
+the gods, for we will immediately loose you again. The wolf answered: If
+you get me bound so fast that I am not able to loose myself again, you
+will skulk away, and it will be long before I get any help from you,
+wherefore I am loth to let this band be laid on me; but in order that
+you may not accuse me of cowardice, let some one of you lay his hand in
+my mouth as a pledge that this is done without deceit. The one asa
+looked at the other, and thought there now was a choice of two evils,
+and no one would offer his hand, before Tyr held out his right hand and
+laid it in the wolf’s mouth. But when the wolf now began to spurn
+against it the band grew stiffer, and the more he strained the tighter
+it got. They all laughed except Tyr; he lost his hand. When the asas saw
+that the wolf was sufficiently well bound, they took the chain which was
+fixed to the fetter, and which was called Gelgja, and drew it through a
+large rock which is called Gjol, and fastened this rock deep down in the
+earth. Then they took a large stone, which is called Tvite, and drove it
+still deeper into the ground, and used this stone for a fastening-pin.
+The wolf opened his mouth terribly wide, raged and twisted himself with
+all his might, and wanted to bite them; but they put a sword in his
+mouth, in such a manner that the hilt stood in his lower jaw and the
+point in the upper, that is his gag. He howls terribly, and the saliva
+which runs from his mouth forms a river called Von. There he will lie
+until Ragnarok. Then said Ganglere: Very bad are these children of Loke,
+but they are strong and mighty. But why did not the asas kill the wolf
+when they have evil to expect from him? Har answered: So great respect
+have the gods for their holiness and peace-stead, that they would not
+stain them with the blood of the wolf, though prophecies foretell that
+he must become the bane of Odin.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE GODDESSES (ASYNJES).
+
+
+36. Ganglere asked: Which are the goddesses? Har answered: Frigg is the
+first; she possesses the right lordly dwelling which is called Fensaler.
+The second is Saga, who dwells in Sokvabek, and this is a large
+dwelling. The third is Eir, who is the best leech. The fourth is Gefjun,
+who is a may, and those who die maids become her hand-maidens. The fifth
+is Fulla, who is also a may, she wears her hair flowing and has a golden
+ribbon about her head; she carries Frigg’s chest, takes care of her
+shoes and knows her secrets. The sixth is Freyja, who is ranked with
+Frigg. She is wedded to the man whose name is Oder; their daughter’s
+name is Hnos, and she is so fair that all things fair and precious are
+called, from her name, Hnos. Oder went far away. Freyja weeps for him,
+but her tears are red gold. Freyja has many names, and the reason
+therefor is that she changed her name among the various nations to which
+she came in search of Oder. She is called Mardol, Horn, Gefn, and Syr.
+She has the necklace Brising, and she is called Vanadis. The seventh is
+Sjofn, who is fond of turning men’s and women’s hearts to love, and it
+is from her name that love is called Sjafne. The eighth is Lofn, who is
+kind and good to those who call upon her, and she has permission from
+Alfather or Frigg to bring together men and women, no matter what
+difficulties may stand in the way; therefore “love” is so called from
+her name, and also that which is much loved by men. The ninth is Var.
+She hears the oaths and troths that men and women plight to each other.
+Hence such vows are called vars, and she takes vengeance on those who
+break their promises. The tenth is Vor, who is so wise and searching
+that nothing can be concealed from her. It is a saying that a woman
+becomes vor (ware) of what she becomes wise. The eleventh is Syn, who
+guards the door of the hall, and closes it against those who are not to
+enter. In trials she guards those suits in which anyone tries to make
+use of falsehood. Hence is the saying that “syn is set against it,” when
+anyone tries to deny ought. The twelfth is Hlin, who guards those men
+whom Frigg wants to protect from any danger. Hence is the saying that he
+hlins who is forewarned. The thirteenth is Snotra, who is wise and
+courtly. After her, men and women who are wise are called Snotras. The
+fourteenth is Gna, whom Frigg sends on her errands into various worlds.
+She rides upon a horse called Hofvarpner, that runs through the air and
+over the sea. Once, when she was riding, some vans saw her faring
+through the air. Then said one of them:
+
+  What flies there?
+  What fares there?
+  What glides in the air?
+
+She answered
+
+  I fly not,
+  Though I fare
+  And glide through the air
+  On Hofvarpner,
+  That Hamskerper,
+  Begat with Gardrofa.[47]
+
+From Gna’s name it is said that anything that fares high in the air
+gnas. Sol and Bil are numbered among the goddesses, but their nature has
+already been described.[48]
+
+    [Footnote 47: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 36]
+
+    [Footnote 48: See page 66.]
+
+37. There are still others who are to serve in Valhal, bear the drink
+around, wait upon the table and pass the ale-horns. Thus they are named
+in Grimner’s Lay:
+
+  Hrist and Mist
+  I want my horn to bring to me;
+  Skeggold and Skogul,
+  Hild and Thrud,
+  Hlok and Heifjoter,
+  Gol and Geirahod,
+  Randgrid and Radgrid,
+  And Reginleif;
+  These bear ale to the einherjes.[49]
+
+    [Footnote 49: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 36.]
+
+These are called valkyries. Odin sends them to all battles, where they
+choose those who are to be slain, and rule over the victory. Gud and
+Rosta, and the youngest norn, Skuld, always ride to sway the battle and
+choose the slain. Jord, the mother of Thor, and Rind, Vale’s mother, are
+numbered among the goddesses.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE GIANTESS GERD AND SKIRNER’S JOURNEY.[50]
+
+38. Gymer hight a man whose wife was Orboda, of the race of the mountain
+giants. Their daughter was Gerd, the fairest of all women. One day when
+Frey had gone into Hlidskjalf, and was looking out upon all the worlds,
+he saw toward the north a hamlet wherein was a large and beautiful
+house. To this house went a woman, and when she raised her hands to open
+the door, both the sky and the sea glistened therefrom, and she made all
+the world bright. As a punishment for his audacity in seating himself in
+that holy seat, Frey went away full of grief. When he came home, he
+neither spake, slept, nor drank, and no one dared speak to him. Then
+Njord sent for Skirner, Frey’s servant, bade him go to Frey and ask him
+with whom he was so angry, since he would speak to nobody. Skirner said
+that he would go, though he was loth to do so, as it was probable that
+he would get evil words in reply. When he came to Frey and asked him why
+he was so sad that he would not talk, Frey answered that he had seen a
+beautiful woman, and for her sake he had become so filled with grief,
+that he could not live any longer if he could not get her. And now you
+must go, he added, and ask her hand for me and bring her home to me,
+whether it be with or without the consent of her father. I will reward
+you well for your trouble. Skirner answered saying that he would go on
+this errand, but Frey must give him his sword, that was so excellent
+that it wielded itself in fight. Frey made no objection to this and gave
+him the sword. Skirner went on his journey, courted Gerd for him, and
+got the promise of her that she nine nights thereafter should come to
+Bar-Isle and there have her wedding with Frey. When Skirner came back
+and gave an account of his journey, Frey said:
+
+  Long is one night,
+  Long are two nights,
+  How can I hold out three?
+  Oft to me one month
+  Seemed less
+  Than this half night of love.[51]
+
+    [Footnote 50: This is the Niblung story in a nut-shell.]
+
+    [Footnote 51: Elder Edda: Skirner’s Journey, 42.]
+
+This is the reason why Frey was unarmed when he fought with Bele, and
+slew him with a hart’s horn. Then said Ganglere: It is a great wonder
+that such a lord as Frey would give away his sword, when he did not have
+another as good. A great loss it was to him when he fought with Bele;
+and this I know, forsooth, that he must have repented of that gift. Har
+answered: Of no great account was his meeting with Bele. Frey could have
+slain him with his hand. But the time will come when he will find
+himself in a worse plight for not having his sword, and that will be
+when the sons of Muspel sally forth to the fight.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+LIFE IN VALHAL.
+
+
+39. Then said Ganglere: You say that all men who since the beginning of
+the world have fallen in battle have come to Odin in Valhal. What does
+he have to give them to eat? It seems to me there must be a great throng
+of people. Har answered: It is true, as you remark, that there is a
+great throng; many more are yet to come there, and still they will be
+thought too few when the wolf[52] comes. But however great may be the
+throng in Valhal, they will get plenty of flesh of the boar Sahrimner.
+He is boiled every day and is whole again in the evening. But as to the
+question you just asked, it seems to me there are but few men so wise
+that they are able to answer it correctly. The cook’s name is
+Andhrimner, and the kettle is called Eldhrimner as is here said:
+
+  Andhrimner cooks
+  In Eldhrimner
+  Sahrimner.
+  ’Tis the best of flesh.
+  There are few who know
+  What the einherjes eat.[53]
+
+    [Footnote 52: The Fenris-wolf in Ragnarok.]
+
+    [Footnote 53: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 18.]
+
+Ganglere asked: Does Odin have the same kind of food as the einherjes?
+Har answered: The food that is placed on his table he gives to his two
+wolves, which hight Gere and Freke. He needs no food himself. Wine is to
+him both food and drink, as is here said:
+
+  Gere and Freke
+  Sates the warfaring,
+  Famous father of hosts;
+  But on wine alone
+  Odin in arms renowned
+  Forever lives.[54]
+
+    [Footnote 54: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 19.]
+
+Two ravens sit on Odin’s shoulders, and bring to his ears all that they
+hear and see. Their names are Hugin and Munin. At dawn he sends them out
+to fly over the whole world, and they come back at breakfast time. Thus
+he gets information about many things, and hence he is called Rafnagud
+(raven-god). As is here said:
+
+  Hugin and Munin
+  Fly every day
+  Over the great earth.
+  I fear for Hugin
+  That he may not return,
+  Yet more am I anxious for Munin.[55]
+
+    [Footnote 55: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 20.]
+
+40. Then asked Ganglere: What do the einherjes have to drink that is
+furnished them as bountifully as the food? Or do they drink water? Har
+answered: That is a wonderful question. Do you suppose that Alfather
+invites kings, jarls, or other great men, and gives them water to drink?
+This I know, forsooth, that many a one comes to Valhal who would think
+he was paying a big price for his water-drink, if there were no better
+reception to be found there,--persons, namely, who have died from wounds
+and pain. But I can tell you other tidings. A she-goat, by name Heidrun,
+stands up in Valhal and bites the leaves off the branches of that famous
+tree called Lerad. From her teats runs so much mead that she fills every
+day a vessel in the hall from which the horns are filled, and which is
+so large that all the einherjes get all the drink they want out of it.
+Then said Ganglere: That is a most useful goat, and a right excellent
+tree that must be that she feeds upon. Then said Har: Still more
+remarkable is the hart Eikthyrner, which stands over Valhal and bites
+the branches of the same tree. From his horns fall so many drops down
+into Hvergelmer, that thence flow the rivers that are called Sid, Vid,
+Sekin, Ekin, Svol, Gunthro, Fjorm, Fimbulthul, Gipul, Gopul, Gomul and
+Geirvimul, all of which fall about the abodes of the asas. The following
+are also named: Thyn, Vin, Thol, Bol, Grad, Gunthrain, Nyt, Not, Non,
+Hron, Vina, Vegsvin, Thjodnuma.
+
+41. Then said Ganglere: That was a wonderful tiding that you now told
+me. A mighty house must Valhal be, and a great crowd there must often be
+at the door. Then answered Har: Why do you not ask how many doors there
+are in Valhal, and how large they are? When you find that out, you will
+confess that it would rather be wonderful if everybody could not easily
+go in and out. It is also a fact that it is no more difficult to find
+room within than to get in. Of this you may hear what the Lay of Grimner
+says:
+
+  Five hundred doors
+  And forty more,
+  I trow, there are in Valhal.
+  Eight hundred einherjes
+  Go at a time through one door
+  When they fare to fight with the wolf.[56]
+
+    [Footnote 56: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 23.]
+
+42. Then said Ganglere: A mighty band of men there is in Valhal, and,
+forsooth, I know that Odin is a very great chief, since he commands so
+mighty a host. But what is the pastime of the einherjes when they do not
+drink? Har answered: Every morning, when they have dressed themselves,
+they take their weapons and go out into the court and fight and slay
+each other. That is their play. Toward breakfast-time they ride home to
+Valhal and sit down to drink. As is here said:
+
+  All the einherjes
+  In Odin’s court
+  Hew daily each other.
+  They choose the slain
+  And ride from the battle-field,
+  Then sit they in peace together.[57]
+
+But true it is, as you said, that Odin is a great chief. There are many
+proofs of that. Thus it is said in the very words of the asas
+themselves:
+
+  The Ygdrasil ash
+  Is the foremost of trees,
+  But Skidbladner of ships,
+  Odin of asas,
+  Sleipner of steeds,
+  Bifrost of bridges,
+  Brage of Skalds,
+  Habrok of hows,
+  But Garm of dogs.[58]
+
+    [Footnote 57: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 41.]
+
+    [Footnote 58: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 44.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+ODIN’S HORSE AND FREY’S SHIP.
+
+
+43. Ganglere asked: Whose is that horse Sleipner, and what is there to
+say about it? Har answered: You have no knowledge of Sleipner, nor do
+you know the circumstances attending his birth; but it must seem to you
+worth the telling. In the beginning, when the town of the gods was
+building, when the gods had established Midgard and made Valhal, there
+came a certain builder and offered to make them a burg, in three half
+years, so excellent that it should be perfectly safe against the
+mountain-giants and frost-giants, even though they should get within
+Midgard. But he demanded as his reward, that he should have Freyja, and
+he wanted the sun and moon besides. Then the asas came together and held
+counsel, and the bargain was made with the builder that he should get
+what he demanded if he could get the burg done in one winter; but if on
+the first day of summer any part of the burg was unfinished, then the
+contract should be void. It was also agreed that no man should help him
+with the work. When they told him these terms, he requested that they
+should allow him to have the help of his horse, called Svadilfare, and
+at the suggestion of Loke this was granted him.
+
+On the first day of winter he began to build the burg, but by night he
+hauled stone for it with his horse. But it seemed a great wonder to the
+asas what great rocks that horse drew, and the horse did one half more
+of the mighty task than the builder. The bargain was firmly established
+with witnesses and oaths, for the giant did not deem it safe to be among
+the asas without truce if Thor should come home, who now was on a
+journey to the east fighting trolls. Toward the end of winter the burg
+was far built, and it was so high and strong that it could in nowise be
+taken. When there were three days left before summer, the work was all
+completed excepting the burg gate. Then went the gods to their
+judgment-seats and held counsel, and asked each other who could have
+advised to give Freyja in marriage in Jotunheim, or to plunge the air
+and the heavens in darkness by taking away the sun and the moon and
+giving them to the giant; and all agreed that this must have been
+advised by him who gives the most bad counsels, namely, Loke, son of
+Laufey, and they threatened him with a cruel death if he could not
+contrive some way of preventing the builder from fulfilling his part of
+the bargain, and they proceeded to lay hands on Loke. He in his fright
+then promised with an oath that he should so manage that the builder
+should lose his wages, let it cost him what it would. And the same
+evening, when the builder drove out after stone with his horse
+Svadilfare, a mare suddenly ran out of the woods to the horse and began
+to neigh at him. The steed, knowing what sort of horse this was, grew
+excited, burst the reins asunder and ran after the mare, but she ran
+from him into the woods. The builder hurried after them with all his
+might, and wanted to catch the steed, but these horses kept running all
+night, and thus the time was lost, and at dawn the work had not made the
+usual progress. When the builder saw that his work was not going to be
+completed, he resumed his giant form. When the asas thus became sure
+that it was really a mountain-giant that had come among them, they did
+not heed their oaths, but called on Thor. He came straightway, swung his
+hammer, Mjolner, and paid the workman his wages,--not with the sun and
+moon, but rather by preventing him from dwelling in Jotunheim; and this
+was easily done with the first blow of the hammer, which broke his skull
+into small pieces and sent him down to Niflhel. But Loke had run such a
+race with Svadilfare that he some time after bore a foal. It was gray,
+and had eight feet, and this is the best horse among gods and men. Thus
+it is said in the Vala’s Prophecy:
+
+  Then went the gods.
+  The most holy gods,
+  Onto their judgment-seats,
+  And counseled together
+  Who all the air
+  With guile had blended
+  Or to the giant race
+  Oder’s may had given.
+  Broken were oaths,
+  And words and promises,--
+  All mighty speech
+  That had passed between them.
+  Thor alone did this,
+  Swollen with anger.
+  Seldom sits he still
+  When such things he hears.[59]
+
+44. Then asked Ganglere: What is there to be said of Skidbladner, which
+you say is the best of ships? Is there no ship equally good, or equally
+great? Made answer Har: Skidbladner is the best of ships, and is made
+with the finest workmanship; but Naglfare, which is in Muspel, is the
+largest. Some dwarfs, the sons of Ivalde, made Skidbladner and gave it
+to Frey. It is so large that all the asas, with their weapons and
+war-gear, can find room on board it, and as soon as the sails are
+hoisted it has fair wind, no matter whither it is going. When it is not
+wanted for a voyage, it is made of so many pieces and with so much
+skill, that Frey can fold it together like a napkin and carry it in his
+pocket.
+
+    [Footnote 59: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 29, 30.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+THOR’S ADVENTURES.
+
+
+Then said Ganglere: A good ship is Skidbladner, but much black art must
+have been resorted to ere it was so fashioned. Has Thor never come where
+he has found anything so strong and mighty that it has been superior to
+him either in strength or in the black art? Har answered: Few men, I
+know, are able to tell thereof, but still he has often been in difficult
+straits. But though there have been things so mighty and strong that
+Thor has not been able to gain the victory, they are such as ought not
+to be spoken of; for there are many proofs which all must accept that
+Thor is the mightiest. Then said Ganglere: It seems to me that I have
+now asked about something that no one can answer. Said Jafnhar: We have
+heard tell of adventures that seem to us incredible, but here sits one
+near who is able to tell true tidings thereof, and you may believe that
+he will not lie for the first time now, who never told a lie before.
+Then said Ganglere: I will stand here and listen, to see if any answer
+is to be had to this question. But if you cannot answer my question I
+declare you to be defeated. Then answered Thride: It is evident that he
+now is bound to know, though it does not seem proper for us to speak
+thereof. The beginning of this adventure is that Oku-Thor went on a
+journey with his goats and chariot, and with him went the asa who is
+called Loke. In the evening they came to a bonde[60] and got there
+lodgings for the night. In the evening Thor took his goats and killed
+them both, whereupon he had them flayed and borne into a kettle. When
+the flesh was boiled, Thor and his companion sat down to supper. Thor
+invited the bonde, his wife and their children, a son by name Thjalfe,
+and a daughter by name Roskva, to eat with them. Then Thor laid the
+goat-skins away from the fire-place, and requested the bonde and his
+household to cast the bones onto the skins. Thjalfe, the bonde’s son,
+had the thigh of one of the goats, which he broke asunder with his
+knife, in order to get at the marrow, Thor remained there over night. In
+the morning, just before daybreak, he arose, dressed himself, took the
+hammer Mjolner, lifted it and hallowed the goat-skins. Then the goats
+arose, but one of them limped on one of its hind legs. When Thor saw
+this he said that either the bonde or one of his folk had not dealt
+skillfully with the goat’s bones, for he noticed that the thigh was
+broken. It is not necessary to dwell on this part of the story. All can
+understand how frightened the bonde became when he saw that Thor let his
+brows sink down over his eyes. When he saw his eyes he thought he must
+fall down at the sight of them alone. Thor took hold of the handle of
+his hammer so hard that his knuckles grew white. As might be expected,
+the bonde and all his household cried aloud and sued for peace, offering
+him as an atonement all that they possessed. When he saw their fear, his
+wrath left him. He was appeased, and took as a ransom the bonders
+children, Thjalfe and Roskva. They became his servants, and have always
+accompanied him since that time.
+
+    [Footnote 60: Bonde = peasant.]
+
+46. He left his goats there and went on his way east into Jotunheim,
+clear to the sea, and then he went on across the deep ocean, and went
+ashore on the other side, together with Loke and Thjalfe and Roskva.
+When they had proceeded a short distance, there stood before them a
+great wood, through which they kept going the whole day until dark.
+Thjalfe, who was of all men the fleetest of foot, bore Thor’s bag, but
+the wood was no good place for provisions. When it had become dark, they
+sought a place for their night lodging, and found a very large hall. At
+the end of it was a door as wide as the hall. Here they remained through
+the night. About midnight there was a great earthquake; the ground
+trembled beneath them, and the house shook. Then Thor stood up and
+called his companions. They looked about them and found an adjoining
+room to the right, in the midst of the hall, and there they went in.
+Thor seated himself in the door; the others went farther in and were
+very much frightened. Thor held his hammer by the handle, ready to
+defend himself. Then they heard a great groaning and roaring. When it
+began to dawn, Thor went out and saw a man lying not far from him in the
+wood. He was very large, lay sleeping, and snored loudly. Then Thor
+thought he had found out what noise it was that they had heard in the
+night. He girded himself with his Megingjarder, whereby his asa-might
+increased. Meanwhile the man woke, and immediately arose. It is said
+that Thor this once forbore to strike him with the hammer, and asked him
+for his name. He called himself Skrymer; but, said he, I do not need to
+ask you what your name is,--I know that you are Asa-Thor. But what have
+you done with my glove? He stretched out his hand and picked up his
+glove. Then Thor saw that the glove was the hall in which he had spent
+the night, and that the adjoining room was the thumb of the glove.
+Skrymer asked whether they would accept of his company. Thor said yes.
+Skrymer took and loosed his provision-sack and began to eat his
+breakfast; but Thor and his fellows did the same in another place.
+Skrymer proposed that they should lay their store of provisions
+together, to which Thor consented. Then Skrymer bound all their
+provisions into one bag, laid it on his back, and led the way all the
+day, taking gigantic strides. Late in the evening he sought out a place
+for their night quarters under a large oak. Then Skrymer said to Thor
+that he wanted to lie down to sleep; they might take the provision-sack
+and make ready their supper. Then Skrymer fell asleep and snored
+tremendously. When Thor took the provision-sack and was to open it, then
+happened what seems incredible, but still it must be told,--that he
+could not get one knot loosened, nor could he stir a single end of the
+strings so that it was looser than before. When he saw that all his
+efforts were in vain he became wroth, seized his hammer Mjolner with
+both his hands, stepped with one foot forward to where Skrymer was lying
+and dashed the hammer at his head. Skrymer awoke and asked whether some
+leaf had fallen upon his head; whether they had taken their supper, and
+were ready to go to sleep. Thor answered that they were just going to
+sleep. Then they went under another oak. But the truth must be told,
+that there was no fearless sleeping. About midnight Thor heard that
+Skrymer was snoring and sleeping so fast that it thundered in the wood.
+He arose and went over to him, clutched the hammer tight and hard, and
+gave him a blow in the middle of the crown, so that he knew that the
+head of the hammer sank deep into his head. But just then Skrymer awoke
+and asked: What is that? Did an acorn fall onto my head? How is it with
+you, Thor? Thor hastened back, answered that he had just waked up, and
+said that it was midnight and still time to sleep. Then Thor made up his
+mind that if he could get a chance to give him the third blow, he should
+never see him again, and he now lay watching for Skrymer to sleep fast.
+Shortly before daybreak he heard that Skrymer had fallen asleep. So he
+arose and ran over to him. He clutched the hammer with all his might and
+dashed it at his temples, which he saw uppermost. The hammer sank up to
+the handle. Skrymer sat up, stroked his temples, and said: Are there any
+birds sitting in the tree above me? Methought, as I awoke, that some
+moss from the branches fell on my head. What! are you awake, Thor? It is
+now time to get up and dress; but you have not far left to the burg that
+is called Utgard. I have heard that you have been whispering among
+yourselves that I am not small of stature, but you will see greater men
+when you come to Utgard. Now I will give you wholesome advice. Do not
+brag too much of yourselves, for Utgard-Loke’s thanes will not brook the
+boasting of such insignificant little fellows as you are; otherwise turn
+back, and that is, in fact, the best thing for you to do. But if you are
+bound to continue your journey, then keep straight on eastward; my way
+lies to the north, to those mountains that you there see. Skrymer then
+took the provision-sack and threw it on his back, and, leaving them,
+turned into the wood, and it has not been learned whether the asas
+wished to meet him again in health.
+
+47. Thor and his companions went their way and continued their journey
+until noon. Then they saw a burg standing on a plain, and it was so high
+that they had to bend their necks clear back before they could look over
+it. They drew nearer and came to the burg-gate, which was closed. Thor
+finding himself unable to open it, and being anxious to get within the
+burg, they crept between the bars and so came in. They discovered a
+large hall and went to it. Finding the door open they entered, and saw
+there many men, the most of whom were immensely large, sitting on two
+benches. Thereupon they approached the king, Utgard-Loke, and greeted
+him. He scarcely deigned to look at them, smiled scornfully and showed
+his teeth, saying: It is late to ask for tidings of a long journey, but
+if I am not mistaken this stripling is Oku-Thor, is it not? It may be,
+however, that you are really bigger than you look For what feats are you
+and your companions prepared? No one can stay with us here, unless he is
+skilled in some craft or accomplishment beyond the most of men. Then
+answered he who came in last, namely Loke: I know the feat of which I am
+prepared to give proof, that there is no one present who can eat his
+food faster than I. Then said Utgard-Loke: That is a feat, indeed,
+if you can keep your word, and you shall try it immediately. He then
+summoned from the bench a man by name Loge, and requested him to come
+out on the floor and try his strength against Loke. They took a trough
+full of meat and set it on the floor, whereupon Loke seated himself at
+one end and Loge at the other. Both ate as fast as they could, and met
+at the middle of the trough. Loke had eaten all the flesh off from the
+bones, but Loge had consumed both the flesh and the bones, and the
+trough too. All agreed that Loke had lost the wager. Then Utgard-Loke
+asked what game that young man knew? Thjalfe answered that he would try
+to run a race with anyone that Utgard-Loke might designate. Utgard-Loke
+said this was a good feat, and added that it was to be hoped that he
+excelled in swiftness if he expected to win in this game, but he would
+soon have the matter decided. He arose and went out. There was an
+excellent race-course along the flat plain. Utgard-Loke then summoned a
+young man, whose name was Huge, and bade him run a race with Thjalfe.
+Then they took the first heat, and Huge was so much ahead that when he
+turned at the goal he met Thjalfe. Said Utgard-Loke: You must lay
+yourself more forward, Thjalfe, if you want to win the race; but this I
+confess, that there has never before come anyone hither who was swifter
+of foot than you. Then they took a second heat, and when Huge came to
+the goal and turned, there was a long bolt-shot to Thjalfe. Then said
+Utgard-Loke: Thjalfe seems to me to run well; still I scarcely think he
+will win the race, but this will be proven when they run the third heat.
+Then they took one more heat. Huge ran to the goal and turned back, but
+Thjalfe had not yet gotten to the middle of the course. Then all said
+that this game had been tried sufficiently. Utgard-Loke now asked Thor
+what feats there were that he would be willing to exhibit before them,
+corresponding to the tales that men tell of his great works. Thor
+replied that he preferred to compete with someone in drinking.
+Utgard-Loke said there would be no objection to this. He went into the
+hall, called his cup-bearer, and requested him to take the sconce-horn
+that his thanes were wont to drink from. The cup-bearer immediately
+brought forward the horn and handed it to Thor. Said Utgard-Loke: From
+this horn it is thought to be well drunk if it is emptied in one
+draught, some men empty it in two draughts, but there is no drinker so
+wretched that he cannot exhaust it in three. Thor looked at the horn and
+did not think it was very large, though it seemed pretty long, but he
+was very thirsty. He put it to his lips and swallowed with all his
+might, thinking that he should not have to bend over the horn a second
+time. But when his breath gave out, and he looked into the horn to see
+how it had gone with his drinking, it seemed to him difficult to
+determine whether there was less in it than before. Then said
+Utgard-Loke: That is well drunk, still it is not very much. I could
+never have believed it, if anyone had told me, that Asa-Thor could not
+drink more, but I know you will be able to empty it in a second draught.
+Thor did not answer, but set the horn to his lips, thinking that he
+would now take a larger draught. He drank as long as he could and drank
+deep, as he was wont, but still he could not make the tip of the horn
+come up as much as he would like. And when he set the horn away and
+looked into it, it seemed to him that he had drunk less than the first
+time; but the horn could now be borne without spilling. Then said
+Utgard-Loke: How now, Thor! Are you not leaving more for the third
+draught than befits your skill? It seems to me that if you are to empty
+the horn with the third draught, then this will be the greatest. You
+will not be deemed so great a man here among us as the asas call you, if
+you do not distinguish yourself more in other feats than you seem to me
+to have done in this. Then Thor became wroth, set the horn to his mouth
+and drank with all his might and kept on as long as he could, and when
+he looked into it its contents had indeed visibly diminished, but he
+gave back the horn and would not drink any more. Said Utgard-Loke: It is
+clear that your might is not so great as we thought. Would you like to
+try other games? It is evident that you gained nothing by the first.
+Answered Thor: I should like to try other games, but I should be
+surprised if such a drink at home among the asas would be called small.
+What game will you now offer me? Answered Utgard-Loke: Young lads here
+think it nothing but play to lift my cat up from the ground, and I
+should never have dared to offer such a thing to Asa-Thor had I not
+already seen that you are much less of a man than I thought. Then there
+sprang forth on the floor a gray cat, and it was rather large. Thor went
+over to it, put his hand under the middle of its body and tried to lift
+it up, but the cat bent its back in the same degree as Thor raised his
+hands; and when he had stretched them up as far as he was able the cat
+lifted one foot, and Thor did not carry the game any further. Then said
+Utgard-Loke: This game ended as I expected. The cat is rather large, and
+Thor is small, and little compared with the great men that are here with
+us. Said Thor: Little as you call me, let anyone who likes come hither
+and wrestle with me, for now I am wroth. Answered Utgard-Loke, looking
+about him on the benches: I do not see anyone here who would not think
+it a trifle to wrestle with you. And again he said: Let me see first!
+Call hither that old woman, Elle, my foster-mother, and let Thor wrestle
+with her if he wants to. She has thrown to the ground men who have
+seemed to me no less strong than Thor. Then there came into the hall an
+old woman. Utgard-Loke bade her take a wrestle with Asa-Thor. The tale
+is not long. The result of the grapple was, that the more Thor tightened
+his grasp, the firmer she stood. Then the woman began to bestir herself,
+and Thor lost his footing. They had some very hard tussles, and before
+long Thor was brought down on one knee. Then Utgard-Loke stepped
+forward, bade them cease the wrestling, and added that Thor did not need
+to challenge anybody else to wrestle with him in his hall, besides it
+was now getting late. He showed Thor and his companions to seats, and
+they spent the night there enjoying the best of hospitality.
+
+48. At daybreak the next day Thor and his companions arose, dressed
+themselves and were ready to depart. Then came Utgard-Loke and had the
+table spread for them, and there was no lack of feasting both in food
+and in drink. When they had breakfasted, they immediately departed from
+the burg. Utgard-Loke went with them out of the burg, but at parting he
+spoke to Thor and asked him how he thought his journey had turned out,
+or whether he had ever met a mightier man than himself. Thor answered
+that he could not deny that he had been greatly disgraced in this
+meeting; and this I know, he added, that you will call me a man of
+little account, whereat I am much mortified. Then said Utgard-Loke: Now
+I will tell you the truth, since you have come out of the burg, that if
+I live, and may have my way, you shall never enter it again; and this I
+know, forsooth, that you should never have come into it had I before
+known that you were so strong, and that you had come so near bringing us
+into great misfortune. Know, then, that I have deceived you with
+illusions. When I first found you in the woods I came to meet you, and
+when you were to loose the provision-sack I had bound it with iron
+threads, but you did not find where it was to be untied. In the next
+place, you struck me three times with the hammer. The first blow was the
+least, and still it was so severe that it would have been my death if it
+had hit me. You saw near my burg a mountain cloven at the top into three
+square dales, of which one was the deepest,--these were the dints made
+by your hammer. The mountain I brought before the blows without your
+seeing it. In like manner I deceived you in your contests with my
+courtiers. In regard to the first, in which Loke took part, the facts
+were as follows: He was very hungry and ate fast; but he whose name was
+Loge was wildfire, and he burned the trough no less rapidly than the
+meat. When Thjalfe ran a race with him whose name was Huge, that was my
+thought, and it was impossible for him to keep pace with its swiftness.
+When you drank from the horn, and thought that it diminished so little,
+then, by my troth, it was a great wonder, which I never could have
+deemed possible.. One end of the horn stood in the sea, but that you did
+not see. When you come to the sea-shore you will discover how much the
+sea has sunk by your drinking; that is now called the ebb. Furthermore
+he said: Nor did it seem less wonderful to me that you lifted up the
+cat; and, to tell you the truth, all who saw it were frightened when
+they saw that you raised one of its feet from the ground, for it was not
+such a cat as you thought. It was in reality the Midgard-serpent, which
+surrounds all lands. It was scarcely long enough to touch the earth with
+its tail and head, and you raised it so high that your hand nearly
+reached to heaven. It was also a most astonishing feat when you wrestled
+with Elle, for none has ever been, and none shall ever be, that Elle
+(eld, old age) will not get the better of him, though he gets to be old
+enough to abide her coming. And now the truth is that we must part; and
+it will be better for us both that you do not visit me again. I will
+again defend my burg with similar or other delusions, so that you will
+get no power over me. When Thor heard this tale he seized his hammer and
+lifted it into the air, but when he was about to strike he saw
+Utgard-Loke nowhere; and when he turned back to the burg and was going
+to dash that to pieces, he saw a beautiful and large plain, but no burg.
+So he turned and went his way back to Thrudvang. But it is truthfully
+asserted that he then resolved in his own mind to seek that meeting with
+the Midgard-serpent, which afterward took place. And now I think that no
+one can tell you truer tidings of this journey of Thor.
+
+49. Then said Ganglere: A most powerful man is Utgard-Loke, though he
+deals much with delusions and sorcery. His power is also proven by the
+fact that he had thanes who were so mighty. But has not Thor avenged
+himself for this? Made answer Har: It is not unknown, though no wise men
+tell thereof, how Thor made amends for the journey that has now been
+spoken of. He did not remain long at home, before he busked himself so
+suddenly for a new journey, that he took neither chariot, nor goats nor
+any companions with him. He went out of Midgard in the guise of a young
+man, and came in the evening to a giant by name Hymer.[61] Thor tarried
+there as a guest through the night. In the morning Hymer arose, dressed
+himself, and busked himself to row out upon the sea to fish. Thor also
+sprang up, got ready in a hurry and asked Hymer whether he might row out
+with him. Hymer answered that he would get but little help from Thor, as
+he was so small and young; and he added, you will get cold if I row as
+far out and remain as long as I am wont. Thor said that he might row as
+far from shore as he pleased, for all that, and it was yet to be seen
+who would be the first to ask to row back to land. And Thor grew so
+wroth at the giant that he came near letting the hammer ring on his head
+straightway, but he restrained himself, for he intended to try his
+strength elsewhere. He asked Hymer what they were to have for bait, but
+Hymer replied that he would have to find his own bait. Then Thor turned
+away to where he saw a herd of oxen, that belonged to Hymer. He took the
+largest ox, which was called Himinbrjot, twisted his head off and
+brought it down to the sea-strand. Hymer had then shoved the boat off.
+Thor went on board and seated himself in the stern; he took two oars and
+rowed so that Hymer had to confess that the boat sped fast from his
+rowing. Hymer plied the oars in the bow, and thus the rowing soon ended.
+Then said Hymer that they had come to the place where he was wont to sit
+and catch flat-fish, but Thor said he would like to row much farther
+out, and so they made another swift pull. Then said Hymer that they had
+come so far out that it was dangerous to stay there, for the
+Midgard-serpent. Thor said he wished to row a while longer, and so he
+did; but Hymer was by no means in a happy mood. Thor took in the oars,
+got ready a very strong line, and the hook was neither less nor weaker.
+When he had put on the ox-head for bait, he cast it overboard and it
+sank to the bottom. It must be admitted that Thor now beguiled the
+Midgard-serpent not a whit less than Utgard-Loke mocked him when he was
+to lift the serpent with his hand. The Midgard-serpent took the ox-head
+into his mouth, whereby the hook entered his palate, but when the
+serpent perceived this he tugged so hard that both Thor’s hands were
+dashed against the gunwale. Now Thor became angry, assumed his asa-might
+and spurned so hard that both his feet went through the boat and he
+stood on the bottom of the sea. He pulled the serpent up to the gunwale;
+and in truth no one has ever seen a more terrible sight than when Thor
+whet his eyes on the serpent, and the latter stared at him and spouted
+venom. It is said that the giant Hymer changed hue and grew pale from
+fear when he saw the serpent and beheld the water flowing into the boat;
+but just at the moment when Thor grasped the hammer and lifted it in the
+air, the giant fumbled for his fishing-knife and cut off Thor’s line at
+the gunwale, whereby the serpent sank back into the sea. Thor threw the
+hammer after it, and it is even said that he struck off his head at the
+bottom, but I think the truth is that the Midgard-serpent still lives
+and lies in the ocean. Thor clenched his fist and gave the giant a box
+on the ear so that he fell backward into the sea, and he saw his heels
+last, but Thor waded ashore.
+
+    [Footnote 61: Called Ymer in the Younger Edda, but the Elder Edda
+    calls him Hymer.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+THE DEATH OF BALDER.
+
+
+50. Then asked Ganglere: Have there happened any other remarkable things
+among the asas? A great deed it was, forsooth, that Thor wrought on this
+journey. Har answered: Yes, indeed, there are tidings to be told that
+seemed of far greater importance to the asas. The beginning of this tale
+is, that Balder dreamed dreams great and dangerous to his life. When he
+told these dreams to the asas they took counsel together, and it was
+decided that they should seek peace for Balder against all kinds of
+harm. So Frigg exacted an oath from fire, water, iron and all kinds of
+metal, stones, earth, trees, sicknesses, beasts, birds and creeping
+things, that they should not hurt Balder. When this was done and made
+known, it became the pastime of Balder and the asas that he should stand
+up at their meetings while some of them should shoot at him, others
+should hew at him, while others should throw stones at him; but no
+matter what they did, no harm came to him, and this seemed to all a
+great honor. When Loke, Laufey’s son, saw this, it displeased him very
+much that Balder was not scathed. So he went to Frigg, in Fensal, having
+taken on himself the likeness of a woman. Frigg asked this woman whether
+she knew what the asas were doing at their meeting. She answered that
+all were shooting at Balder, but that he was not scathed thereby. Then
+said Frigg: Neither weapon nor tree can hurt Balder, I have taken an
+oath from them all. Then asked the woman: Have all things taken an oath
+to spare Balder? Frigg answered: West of Valhal there grows a little
+shrub that is called the mistletoe, that seemed to me too young to exact
+an oath from. Then the woman suddenly disappeared. Loke went and pulled
+up the mistletoe and proceeded to the meeting. Hoder stood far to one
+side in the ring of men, because he was blind. Loke addressed himself to
+him, and asked: Why do you not shoot at Balder? He answered: Because I
+do not see where he is, and furthermore I have no weapons. Then said
+Loke: Do like the others and show honor to Balder; I will show you where
+he stands; shoot at him with this wand. Hoder took the mistletoe and
+shot at Balder under the guidance of Loke. The dart pierced him and he
+fell dead to the ground. This is the greatest misfortune that has ever
+happened to gods and men. When Balder had fallen, the asas were struck
+speechless with horror, and their hands failed them to lay hold of the
+corpse. One looked at the other, and all were of one mind toward him who
+had done the deed, but being assembled in a holy peace-stead, no one
+could take vengeance. When the asas at length tried to speak, the
+wailing so choked their voices that one could not describe to the other
+his sorrow. Odin took this misfortune most to heart, since he best
+comprehended how great a loss and injury the fall of Balder was to the
+asas. When the gods came to their senses, Frigg spoke and asked who
+there might be among the asas who desired to win all her love and good
+will by riding the way to Hel and trying to find Balder, and offering
+Hel a ransom if she would allow Balder to return home again to Asgard.
+But he is called Hermod, the Nimble, Odin’s swain, who undertook this
+journey. Odin’s steed, Sleipner, was led forth. Hermod mounted him and
+galloped away.
+
+51. The asas took the corpse of Balder and brought it to the sea-shore.
+Hringhorn was the name of Balder’s ship, and it was the largest of all
+ships. The gods wanted to launch it and make Balder’s bale-fire thereon,
+but they could not move it. Then they sent to Jotunheim after the
+giantess whose name is Hyrrokken. She came riding on a wolf, and had
+twisted serpents for reins. When she alighted, Odin appointed four
+berserks to take care of her steed, but they were unable to hold him
+except by throwing him down on the ground. Hyrrokken went to the prow
+and launched the ship with one single push, but the motion was so
+violent that fire sprang from the underlaid rollers and all the earth
+shook. Then Thor became wroth, grasped his hammer, and would forthwith
+have crushed her skull, had not all the gods asked peace for her.
+Balder’s corpse was borne out on the ship; and when his wife, Nanna,
+daughter of Nep, saw this, her heart was broken with grief and she died.
+She was borne to the funeral-pile and cast on the fire. Thor stood by
+and hallowed the pile with Mjolner. Before his feet ran a dwarf, whose
+name is Lit. Him Thor kicked with his foot and dashed him into the fire,
+and he, too, was burned. But this funeral-pile was attended by many
+kinds of folk. First of all came Odin, accompanied by Frigg and the
+valkyries and his ravens. Frey came riding in his chariot drawn by the
+boar called Gullinburste or Slidrugtanne. Heimdal rode his steed
+Gulltop, and Freyja drove her cats. There was a large number of
+frost-giants and mountain-giants. Odin laid on the funeral-pile his gold
+ring, Draupner, which had the property of producing, every ninth night,
+eight gold rings of equal weight. Balder’s horse, fully caparisoned, was
+led to his master’s pile.
+
+52. But of Hermod it is to be told that he rode nine nights through deep
+and dark valleys, and did not see light until he came to the
+Gjallar-river and rode on the Gjallar-bridge, which is thatched with
+shining gold. Modgud is the name of the may who guards the bridge. She
+asked him for his name, and of what kin he was, saying that the day
+before there rode five fylkes (kingdoms, bands) of dead men over the
+bridge; but she added, it does not shake less under you alone, and you
+do not have the hue of dead men. Why do you ride the way to Hel? He
+answered: I am to ride to Hel to find Balder. Have you seen him pass
+this way? She answered that Balder had ridden over the Gjallar-bridge;
+adding: But downward and northward lies the way to Hel. Then Hermod rode
+on till he came to Hel’s gate. He alighted from his horse, drew the
+girths tighter, remounted him, clapped the spurs into him, and the horse
+leaped over the gate with so much force that he never touched it.
+Thereupon Hermod proceeded to the hall and alighted from his steed. He
+went in, and saw there sitting on the foremost seat his brother Balder.
+He tarried there over night. In the morning he asked Hel whether Balder
+might ride home with him, and told how great weeping there was among the
+asas. But Hel replied that it should now be tried whether Balder was so
+much beloved as was said. If all things, said she, both quick and dead,
+will weep for him, then he shall go back to the asas, but if anything
+refuses to shed tears, then he shall remain with Hel. Hermod arose, and
+Balder accompanied him out of the hall. He took the ring Draupner and
+sent it as a keepsake to Odin. Nanna sent Frigg a kerchief and other
+gifts, and to Fulla she sent a ring. Thereupon Hermod rode back and came
+to Asgard, where he reported the tidings he had seen and heard.
+
+53. Then the asas sent messengers over all the world, praying that
+Balder might be wept out of Hel’s power. All things did so,--men and
+beasts, the earth, stones, trees and all metals, just as you must have
+seen that these things weep when they come out of frost and into heat.
+When the messengers returned home and had done their errand well, they
+found a certain cave wherein sat a giantess (gygr = ogress) whose name
+was Thok. They requested her to weep Balder from Hel; but she answered:
+
+  Thok will weep
+  With dry tears
+  For Balder’s burial;
+  Neither in life nor in death
+  Gave he me gladness.
+  Let Hel keep what she has!
+
+It is generally believed that this Thok was Loke, Laufey’s son, who has
+wrought most evil among the asas.
+
+54. Then said Ganglere: A very great wrong did Loke perpetrate; first of
+all in causing Balder’s death, and next in standing in the way of his
+being loosed from Hel. Did he get no punishment for this misdeed? Har
+answered: Yes, he was repaid for this in a way that he will long
+remember. The gods became exceedingly wroth, as might be expected. So he
+ran away and hid himself in a rock. Here he built a house with four
+doors, so that he might keep an outlook on all sides. Oftentimes in the
+daytime he took on him the likeness of a salmon and concealed himself in
+Frananger Force. Then he thought to himself what stratagems the asas
+might have recourse to in order to catch him. Now, as he was sitting in
+his house, he took flax and yarn and worked them into meshes, in the
+manner that nets have since been made; but a fire was burning before
+him. Then he saw that the asas were not far distant. Odin had seen from
+Hlidskjalf where Loke kept himself. Loke immediately sprang up, cast the
+net on the fire and leaped into the river. When the asas came to the
+house, he entered first who was wisest of them all, and whose name was
+Kvaser; and when he saw in the fire the ashes of the net that had been
+burned, he understood that this must be a contrivance for catching fish,
+and this he told to the asas. Thereupon they took flax and made
+themselves a net after the pattern of that which they saw in the ashes
+and which Loke had made. When the net was made, the asas went to the
+river and cast it into the force. Thor held one end of the net, and all
+the other asas laid hold on the other, thus jointly drawing it along the
+stream. Loke went before it and laid himself down between two stones,
+so that they drew the net over him, although they perceived that some
+living thing touched the meshes. They went up to the force again and
+cast out the net a second time. This time they hung a great weight to
+it, making it so heavy that nothing could possibly pass under it. Loke
+swam before the net, but when he saw that he was near the sea he sprang
+over the top of the net and hastened back to the force. When the asas
+saw whither he went they proceeded up to the force, dividing themselves
+into two bands, but Thor waded in the middle of the stream, and so they
+dragged the net along to the sea. Loke saw that he now had only two
+chances of escape,--either to risk his life and swim out to sea, or to
+leap again over the net. He chose the latter, and made a tremendous leap
+over the top line of the net. Thor grasped after him and caught him, but
+he slipped in his hand so that Thor did not get a firm hold before he
+got to the tail, and this is the reason why the salmon has so slim a
+tail. Now Loke was taken without truce and was brought to a cave. The
+gods took three rocks and set them up on edge, and bored a hole through
+each rock. Then they took Loke’s sons, Vale and Nare or Narfe. Vale they
+changed into the likeness of a wolf, whereupon he tore his brother Narfe
+to pieces, with whose intestines the asas bound Loke over the three
+rocks. One stood under his shoulders, another under his loins, and the
+third under his hams, and the fetters became iron. Skade took a serpent
+and fastened up over him, so that the venom should drop from the serpent
+into his face. But Sigyn, his wife, stands by him, and holds a dish
+under the venom-drops. Whenever the dish becomes full, she goes and
+pours away the venom, and meanwhile the venom drops onto Loke’s face.
+Then he twists his body so violently that the whole earth shakes, and
+this you call earthquakes. There he will lie bound until Ragnarok.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+RAGNAROK.
+
+
+55. Then said Ganglere: What tidings are to be told of Ragnarok? Of this
+I have never heard before. Har answered: Great things are to be said
+thereof. First, there is a winter called the Fimbul-winter, when snow
+drives from all quarters, the frosts are so severe, the winds so keen
+and piercing, that there is no joy in the sun. There are three such
+winters in succession, without any intervening summer. But before these
+there are three other winters, during which great wars rage over all the
+world. Brothers slay each other for the sake of gain, and no one spares
+his father or mother in that manslaughter and adultery. Thus says the
+Vala’s Prophecy:
+
+  Brothers will fight together
+  And become each other’s bane;
+  Sisters’ children
+  Their sib shall spoil.[62]
+  Hard is the world,
+  Sensual sins grow huge.
+  There are ax-ages, sword-ages--
+  Shields are cleft in twain,--
+  There are wind-ages, wolf-ages,
+  Ere the world falls dead.[63]
+
+    [Footnote 62: Commit adultery.]
+
+    [Footnote 63: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 48, 49.]
+
+Then happens what will seem a great miracle, that the wolf[64] devours
+the sun, and this will seem a great loss. The other wolf will devour the
+moon, and this too will cause great mischief. The stars shall be Hurled
+from heaven. Then it shall come to pass that the earth and the mountains
+will shake so violently that trees will be torn up by the roots, the
+mountains will topple down, and all bonds and fetters will be broken and
+snapped. The Fenris-wolf gets loose. The sea rushes over the earth, for
+the Midgard-serpent writhes in giant rage and seeks to gain the land.
+The ship that is called Naglfar also becomes loose. It is made of the
+nails of dead men; wherefore it is worth warning that, when a man dies
+with unpared nails, he supplies a large amount of materials for the
+building of this ship, which both gods and men wish may be finished as
+late as possible. But in this flood Naglfar gets afloat. The giant Hrym
+is its steersman. The Fenris-wolf advances with wide open mouth; the
+upper jaw reaches to heaven and the lower jaw is on the earth. He would
+open it still wider had he room. Fire flashes from his eyes and
+nostrils. The Midgard-serpent vomits forth venom, defiling all the air
+and the sea; he is very terrible, and places himself by the side of the
+wolf. In the midst of this clash and din the heavens are rent in twain,
+and the sons of Muspel come riding through the opening. Surt rides
+first, and before him and after him flames burning fire. He has a very
+good sword, which shines brighter than the sun. As they ride over
+Bifrost it breaks to pieces, as has before been stated. The sons of
+Muspel direct their course to the plain which is called Vigrid. Thither
+repair also the Fenris-wolf and the Midgard-serpent. To this place have
+also come Loke and Hrym, and with him all the frost-giants. In Loke’s
+company are all the friends of Hel. The sons of Muspel have there
+effulgent bands alone by themselves. The plain Vigrid is one hundred
+miles (rasts) on each side.
+
+    [Footnote 64: Fenris-wolf.]
+
+56. While these things are happening, Heimdal stands up, blows with all
+his might in the Gjallar-horn and awakens all the gods, who thereupon
+hold counsel. Odin rides to Mimer’s well to ask advice of Mimer for
+himself and his folk. Then quivers the ash Ygdrasil, and all things in
+heaven and earth fear and tremble. The asas and the einherjes arm
+themselves and speed forth to the battle-field. Odin rides first; with
+his golden helmet, resplendent byrnie, and his spear Gungner, he
+advances against the Fenris-wolf. Thor stands by his side, but can give
+him no assistance, for he has his hands full in his struggle with the
+Midgard-serpent. Frey encounters Surt, and heavy blows are exchanged ere
+Frey falls. The cause of his death is that he has not that good sword
+which he gave to Skirner. Even the dog Garm, that was bound before the
+Gnipa-cave, gets loose. He is the greatest plague. He contends with Tyr,
+and they kill each other. Thor gets great renown by slaying the
+Midgard-serpent, but retreats only nine paces when he falls to the earth
+dead, poisoned by the venom that the serpent blows on him. The wolf
+swallows Odin, and thus causes his death; but Vidar immediately turns
+and rushes at the wolf, placing one foot on his nether jaw. On this foot
+he has the shoe for which materials have been gathering through all
+ages, namely, the strips of leather which men cut off for the toes and
+heels of shoes; wherefore he who wishes to render assistance to the asas
+must cast these strips away. With one hand Vidar seizes the upper jaw of
+the wolf, and thus rends asunder his mouth. Thus the wolf perishes. Loke
+fights with Heimdal, and they kill each other. Thereupon Surt flings
+fire over the earth and burns up all the world. Thus it is said in the
+Vala’s Prophecy:
+
+  Loud blows Heimdal
+  His uplifted horn.
+  Odin speaks
+  With Mimer’s head.
+  The straight-standing ash
+  Ygdrasil quivers,
+  The old tree groans,
+  And the giant gets loose.
+
+  How fare the asas?
+  How fare the elves?
+  All Jotunheim roars.
+  The asas hold counsel;
+  Before their stone-doors
+  Groan the dwarfs,
+  The guides of the wedge-rock.
+  Know you now more or not?
+
+  From the east drives Hrym,
+  Bears his shield before him.
+  Jormungand welters
+  In giant rage
+  And smites the waves.
+  The eagle screams,
+  And with pale beak tears corpses,
+  Naglfar gets loose.
+
+  A ship comes from the east,
+  The hosts of Muspel
+  Come o’er the main,
+  And Loke is steersman.
+  All the fell powers
+  Are with the wolf;
+  Along with them
+  Is Byleist’s brother.[65]
+
+  From the south comes Surt
+  With blazing fire-brand,--
+  The sun of the war-god
+  Shines from his sword.
+  Mountains dash together,
+  Giant maids are frightened,
+  Heroes go the way to Hel,
+  And heaven is rent in twain.
+
+  Then comes to Hlin
+  Another woe,
+  When Odin goes
+  With the wolf to fight,
+  And Bele’s bright slayer[66]
+  To contend with Surt.
+  There will fall
+  Frigg’s beloved.
+
+  Odin’s son goes
+  To fight with the wolf,
+  And Vidar goes on his way
+  To the wild beast.[67]
+  With his hand he thrusts
+  His sword to the heart
+  Of the giant’s child,
+  And avenges his father.
+
+  Then goes the famous
+  Son[68] of Hlodyn
+  To fight with the serpent.
+  Though about to die,
+  He fears not the contest;
+  All men
+  Abandon their homesteads
+  When the warder of Midgard
+  In wrath slays the serpent.
+
+  The sun grows dark,
+  The earth sinks into the sea,
+  The bright stars
+  From heaven vanish;
+  Fire rages,
+  Heat blazes,
+  And high flames play
+  ’Gainst heaven itself.[69]
+
+    [Footnote 65: Loke.]
+
+    [Footnote 66: Frey.]
+
+    [Footnote 67: The Fenris-wolf.]
+
+    [Footnote 68: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 69: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 50-52, 54-57, 59,
+    60, 62, 63.]
+
+And again it is said as follows:
+
+  Vigrid is the name of the plain
+  Where in fight shall meet
+  Surt and the gentle god.
+  A hundred miles
+  It is every way.
+  This field is marked out for them.[70]
+
+    [Footnote 70: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 18.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+REGENERATION.
+
+
+57. Then asked Ganglere: What happens when heaven and earth and all the
+world are consumed in flames, and when all the gods and all the
+einherjes and all men are dead? You have already said that all men shall
+live in some world through all ages. Har answered: There are many good
+and many bad abodes. Best it is to be in Gimle, in heaven. Plenty is
+there of good drink for those who deem this a joy in the hall called
+Brimer. That is also in heaven. There is also an excellent hall which
+stands on the Nida mountains. It is built of red gold, and is called
+Sindre. In this hall good and well-minded men shall dwell. Nastrand is a
+large and terrible hall, and its doors open to the north. It is built of
+serpents wattled together, and all the heads of the serpents turn into
+the hall and vomit forth venom that flows in streams along the hall, and
+in these streams wade perjurers and murderers. So it is here said:
+
+  A hall I know standing
+  Far from the sun
+  On the strand of dead bodies.
+  Drops of venom
+  Fall through the loop-holes.
+  Of serpents’ backs
+  The hall is made.
+
+  There shall wade
+  Through heavy streams
+  Perjurers
+  And murderers.
+
+But in Hvergelmer it is worst.
+
+  There tortures Nidhug
+  The bodies of the dead.[71]
+
+    [Footnote 71: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 40, 41.]
+
+58. Then said Ganglere: Do any gods live then? Is there any earth or
+heaven? Har answered: The earth rises again from the sea, and is green
+and fair. The fields unsown produce their harvests. Vidar and Vale live.
+Neither the sea nor Surfs fire has harmed them, and they dwell on the
+plains of Ida, where Asgard was before. Thither come also the sons of
+Thor, Mode and Magne, and they have Mjolner. Then come Balder and Hoder
+from Hel. They all sit together and talk about the things that happened
+aforetime,--about the Midgard-serpent and the Fenris-wolf. They find in
+the grass those golden tables which the asas once had. Thus it is said:
+
+  Vidar and Vale
+  Dwell in the house of the gods,
+  When quenched is the fire of Surt.
+  Mode and Magne
+  Vingner’s Mjolner shall have
+  When the fight is ended.[72]
+
+    [Footnote 72: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 51.]
+
+In a place called Hodmimer’s-holt[73] are concealed two persons during
+Surt’s fire, called Lif and Lifthraser. They feed on the morning dew.
+From these so numerous a race is descended that they fill the whole
+world with people, as is here said:
+
+  Lif and Lifthraser
+  Will lie hid
+  In Hodmimer’s-holt.
+  The morning dew
+  They have for food.
+  From them are the races descended.[74]
+
+    [Footnote 73: Holt = grove.]
+
+    [Footnote 74: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 45.]
+
+But what will seem wonderful to you is that the sun has brought forth a
+daughter not less fair than herself, and she rides in the heavenly
+course of her mother, as is here said:
+
+  A daughter
+  Is born of the sun
+  Ere Fenrer takes her.
+  In her mother’s course
+  When the gods are dead
+  This maid shall ride.[75]
+
+    [Footnote 75: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 47.]
+
+And if you now can ask more questions, said Har to Ganglere, I know not
+whence that power came to you. I have never heard any one tell further
+the fate of the world. Make now the best use you can of what has been
+told you.
+
+59. Then Ganglere heard a terrible noise on all sides, and when he
+looked about him he stood out-doors on a level plain. He saw neither
+hall nor burg. He went his way and came back to his kingdom, and told
+the tidings which he had seen and heard, and ever since those tidings
+have been handed down from man to man.
+
+
+
+
+AFTERWORD
+
+TO THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.
+
+
+The asas now sat down to talk, and held their counsel, and remembered
+all the tales that were told to Gylfe. They gave the very same names
+that had been named before to the men and places that were there. This
+they did for the reason that, when a long time has elapsed, men should
+not doubt that those asas of whom these tales were now told and those to
+whom the same names were given were all identical. There was one who is
+called Thor, and he is Asa-Thor, the old. He is Oku-Thor, and to him are
+ascribed the great deeds done by Hektor in Troy. But men think that the
+Turks have told of Ulysses, and have called him Loke, for the Turks were
+his greatest enemies.
+
+
+
+
+BRAGE’S TALK.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+ÆGER’S JOURNEY TO ASGARD.
+
+
+1. A man by name Æger, or Hler, who dwelt on the island called Hler’s
+Isle, was well skilled in the black art. He made a journey to Asgard.
+But the asas knew of his coming and gave him a friendly reception; but
+they also made use of many sorts of delusions. In the evening, when the
+feast began, Odin had swords brought into the hall, and they were so
+bright that it glistened from them so that there was no need of any
+other light while they sat drinking. Then went the asas to their feast,
+and the twelve asas who were appointed judges seated themselves in their
+high-seats. These are their names: Thor, Njord, Frey, Tyr, Heimdal,
+Brage, Vidar, Vale, Uller, Honer, Forsete, Loke. The asynjes (goddesses)
+also were with them: Frigg, Freyja, Gefjun, Idun, Gerd, Sigyn, Fulla,
+Nanna. Æger thought all that he saw looked very grand. The panels of the
+walls were all covered with beautiful shields. The mead was very strong,
+and they drank deep. Next to Æger sat Brage, and they talked much
+together over their drink. Brage spoke to Æger of many things that had
+happened to the asas.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+IDUN AND HER APPLES.
+
+
+2. Brage began his tale by telling how three asas, Odin, Loke and Honer,
+went on a journey over mountains and heaths, where they could get
+nothing to eat. But when they came down into a valley they saw a herd of
+cattle. From this herd they took an ox and went to work to boil it. When
+they deemed that it must be boiled enough they uncovered the broth, but
+it was not yet done. After a little while they lifted the cover off
+again, but it was not yet boiled. They talked among themselves about how
+this could happen. Then they heard a voice in the oak above them, and he
+who sat there said that he was the cause that the broth did not get
+boiled. They looked up and saw an eagle, and it was not a small one.
+Then said the eagle: If you will give me my fill of the ox, then the
+broth will be boiled. They agreed to this. So he flew down from the
+tree, seated himself beside the boiling broth, and immediately snatched
+up first the two thighs of the ox and then both the shoulders. This made
+Loke wroth: he grasped a large pole, raised it with all his might and
+dashed it at the body of the eagle. The eagle shook himself after the
+blow and flew up. One end of the pole fastened itself to the body of the
+eagle, and the other end stuck to Loke’s hands. The eagle flew just high
+enough so that Loke’s feet were dragged over stones and rocks and trees,
+and it seemed to him that his arms would be torn from his
+shoulder-blades. He calls and prays the eagle most earnestly for peace,
+but the latter declares that Loke shall never get free unless he will
+pledge himself to bring Idun and her apples out of Asgard. When Loke had
+promised this, he was set free and went to his companions again; and no
+more is related of this journey, except that they returned home. But at
+the time agreed upon, Loke coaxed Idun out of Asgard into a forest,
+saying that he had found apples that she would think very nice, and he
+requested her to take with her her own apples in order to compare them.
+Then came the giant Thjasse in the guise of an eagle, seized Idun and
+flew away with her to his home in Thrymheim. The asas were ill at ease
+on account of the disappearance of Idun,--they became gray-haired and
+old. They met in council and asked each other who last had seen Idun.
+The last that had been seen of her was that she had gone out of Asgard
+in company with Loke. Then Loke was seized and brought into the council,
+and he was threatened with death or torture. But he became frightened,
+and promised to bring Idun back from Jotunheim if Freyja would lend him
+the falcon-guise that she had. He got the falcon-guise, flew north into
+Jotunheim, and came one day to the giant Thjasse. The giant had rowed
+out to sea, and Idun was at home alone. Loke turned her into the
+likeness of a nut, held her in his claws and flew with all his might.
+But when Thjasse returned home and missed Idun, he took on his
+eagle-guise, flew after Loke, gaining on the latter with his eagle
+wings. When the asas saw the falcon coming flying with the nut, and how
+the eagle flew, they went to the walls of Asgard and brought with them
+bundles of plane-shavings. When the falcon flew within the burg, he let
+himself drop down beside the burg-wall. Then the asas kindled a fire in
+the shavings; and the eagle, being unable to stop himself when he missed
+the falcon, caught fire in his feathers, so that he could not fly any
+farther. The asas were on hand and slew the giant Thjasse within the
+gates of Asgard, and that slaughter is most famous.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+HOW NJORD GOT SKADE TO WIFE.
+
+
+Skade, the daughter of the giant Thjasse, donned her helmet, and byrnie,
+and all her war-gear, and betook herself to Asgard to avenge her
+father’s death. The asas offered her ransom and atonement; and it was
+agreed to, in the first place, that she should choose herself a husband
+among the asas, but she was to make her choice by the feet, which was
+all she was to see of their persons. She saw one man’s feet that were
+wonderfully beautiful, and exclaimed: This one I choose! On Balder there
+are few blemishes. But it was Njord, from Noatun. In the second place,
+it was stipulated that the asas were to do what she did not deem them
+capable of, and that was to make her laugh. Then Loke tied one end of a
+string fast to the beard of a goat and the other around his own body,
+and one pulled this way and the other that, and both of them shrieked
+out loud. Then Loke let himself fall on Skade’s knees, and this made her
+laugh. It is said that Odin did even more than was asked, in that he
+took Thjasse’s eyes and cast them up into heaven, and made two stars of
+them. Then said Æger: This Thjasse seems to me to have been considerable
+of a man; of what kin was he? Brage answered: His father’s name was
+Olvalde, and if I told you of him, you would deem it very remarkable.
+He was very rich in gold, and when he died and his sons were to divide
+their heritage, they had this way of measuring the gold, that each
+should take his mouthful of gold, and they should all take the same
+number of mouthfuls. One of them was Thjasse, another Ide, and the third
+Gang. But we now have it as a saw among us, that we call gold the
+mouth-number of these giants. In runes and songs we wrap the gold up by
+calling it the measure, or word, or tale, of these giants. Then said
+Æger: It seems to me that it will be well hidden in the runes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE ORIGIN OF POETRY.
+
+
+3. And again said Æger: Whence originated the art that is called
+skaldship? Made answer Brage: The beginning of this was, that the gods
+had a war with the people that are called vans. They agreed to hold a
+meeting for the purpose of making peace, and settled their dispute in
+this wise, that they both went to a jar and spit into it. But at parting
+the gods, being unwilling to let this mark of peace perish, shaped it
+into a man whose name was Kvaser, and who was so wise that no one could
+ask him any question that he could not answer. He traveled much about in
+the world to teach men wisdom. Once he came to the home of the dwarfs
+Fjalar and Galar. They called him aside, saying they wished to speak
+with him alone, slew him and let his blood run into two jars called Son
+and Bodn, and into a kettle called Odrarer. They mixed honey with the
+blood, and thus was produced such mead that whoever drinks from it
+becomes a skald and sage. The dwarfs told the asas that Kvaser had
+choked in his wisdom, because no one was so wise that he could ask him
+enough about learning.
+
+4. Then the dwarfs invited to themselves the giant whose name is
+Gilling, and his wife; and when he came they asked him to row out to sea
+with them. When they had gotten a short distance from shore, the dwarfs
+rowed onto a blind rock and capsized the boat. Gilling, who was unable
+to swim, was drowned, but the dwarfs righted the boat again and rowed
+ashore. When they told of this mishap to his wife she took it much to
+heart, and began to cry aloud. Then Fjalar asked her whether it would
+not lighten her sorrow if she could look out upon the sea where her
+husband had perished, and she said it would. He then said to his brother
+Galar that he should go up over the doorway, and as she passed out he
+should let a mill-stone drop onto her head, for he said he was tired of
+her bawling, Galar did so. When the giant Suttung, the son of Gilling,
+found this out he came and seized the dwarfs, took them out to sea and
+left them on a rocky island, which was flooded at high tide. They prayed
+Suttung to spare their lives, and offered him in atonement for their
+father’s blood the precious mead, which he accepted. Suttung brought the
+mead home with him, and hid it in a place called Hnitbjorg. He set his
+daughter Gunlad to guard it. For these reasons we call songship Kvaser’s
+blood; the drink of the dwarfs; the dwarfs’ fill; some kind of liquor of
+Odrarer, or Bodn or Son; the ship of the dwarfs (because this mead
+ransomed their lives from the rocky isle); the mead of Suttung, or the
+liquor of Hnitbjorg.
+
+5. Then remarked Æger: It seems dark to me to call songship by these
+names; but how came the asas by Suttung’s mead? Answered Brage: The saga
+about this is, that Odin set out from home and came to a place where
+nine thralls were mowing hay. He asked them whether they would like to
+have him whet their scythes. To this they said yes. Then he took a
+whet-stone from his belt and whetted the scythes. They thought their
+scythes were much improved, and asked whether the whet-stone was for
+sale. He answered that he who would buy it must pay a fair price for it.
+All said they were willing to give the sum demanded, and each wanted
+Odin to sell it to him. But he threw the whet-stone up in the air, and
+when all wished to catch it they scrambled about it in such a manner
+that each brought his scythe onto the other’s neck. Odin sought lodgings
+for the night at the house of the giant Bauge, who was a brother of
+Suttung. Bauge complained of what had happened to his household, saying
+that his nine thralls had slain each other, and that he did not know
+where he should get other workmen. Odin called himself Bolverk. He
+offered to undertake the work of the nine men for Bauge, but asked in
+payment therefor a drink of Suttung’s mead. Bauge answered that he had
+no control over the mead, saying that Suttung was bound to keep that for
+himself alone. But he agreed to go with Bolverk and try whether they
+could get the mead. During the summer Bolverk did the work of the nine
+men for Bauge, but when winter came he asked for his pay. Then they both
+went to Suttung. Bauge explained to Suttung his bargain with Bolverk,
+but Suttung stoutly refused to give even a drop of the mead. Bolverk
+then proposed to Bauge that they should try whether they could not get
+at the mead by the aid of some trick, and Bauge agreed to this. Then
+Bolverk drew forth the auger which is called Rate, and requested Bauge
+to bore a hole through the rock, if the auger was sharp enough. He did
+so. Then said Bauge that there was a hole through the rock; but Bolverk
+blowed into the hole that the auger had made, and the chips flew back
+into his face. Thus he saw that Bauge intended to deceive him, and
+commanded him to bore through. Bauge bored again, and when Bolverk blew
+a second time the chips flew inward. Now Bolverk changed himself into
+the likeness of a serpent and crept into the auger-hole. Bauge thrust
+after him with the auger, but missed him. Bolverk went to where Gunlad
+was, and shared her couch for three nights. She then promised to give
+him three draughts from the mead. With the first draught he emptied
+Odrarer, in the second Bodn, and in the third Son, and thus he had all
+the mead. Then he took on the guise of an eagle, and flew off as fast as
+he could. When Suttung saw the flight of the eagle, he also took on the
+shape of an eagle and flew after him. When the asas saw Odin coming,
+they set their jars out in the yard. When Odin reached Asgard, he spewed
+the mead up into the jars. He was, however, so near being caught by
+Suttung, that he sent some of the mead after him backward, and as no
+care was taken of this, anybody that wished might have it. This we call
+the share of poetasters. But Suttung’s mead Odin gave to the asas and to
+those men who are able to make verses. Hence we call songship Odin’s
+prey, Odin’s find, Odin’s drink, Odin’s gift, and the drink of the asas.
+
+6. Then said Æger: In how many ways do you vary the poetical
+expressions, or how many kinds of poetry are there? Answered Brage:
+There are two kinds, and all poetry falls into one or the other of these
+classes. Æger asks: Which two? Brage answers: Diction and meter. What
+diction is used in poetry? There are three sorts of poetic diction.
+Which? One is to name everything by its own name; another is to name it
+with a pronoun, but the third sort of diction is called _kenning_ (a
+poetical periphrasis or descriptive name); and this sort is so managed
+that when we name Odin, or Thor or Tyr, or any other of the asas or
+elves, we add to their name a reference to some other asa, or we make
+mention of some of his works. Then the appellation belongs to him who
+corresponds to the whole phrase, and not to him who was actually named.
+Thus we speak of Odin as Sigtyr, Hangatyr or Farmatyr, and such names we
+call simple appellatives. In the same manner he is called Reidartyr.
+
+
+
+
+AFTERWORD
+
+TO BRAGE’S TALK.
+
+
+Now it is to be said to young skalds who are desirous of acquiring the
+diction of poetry, or of increasing their store of words with old names,
+or, on the other hand, are eager to understand what is obscurely sung,
+that they must master this book for their instruction and pastime. These
+sagas are not to be so forgotten or disproved as to take away from
+poetry old periphrases which great skalds have been pleased with. But
+christian men should not believe in heathen gods, nor in the truth of
+these sagas, otherwise than is explained in the beginning of this book,
+where the events are explained which led men away from the true faith,
+and where it, in the next place, is told of the Turks how the men from
+Asia, who are called asas, falsified the tales of the things that
+happened in Troy, in order that the people should believe them to be
+gods.
+
+King Priam in Troy was a great chief over all the Turkish host, and his
+sons were the most distinguished men in his whole army. That excellent
+hall, which the asas called Brime’s Hall, or beer-hall, was King Priam’s
+palace. As for the long tale that they tell of Ragnarok, that is the
+wars of the Trojans. When it is said that Oku-Thor angled with an
+ox-head and drew on board the Midgard-serpent, but that the serpent kept
+his life and sank back into the sea, then this is another version of the
+story that Hektor slew Volukrontes, a famous hero, in the presence of
+Achilleus, and so drew the latter onto him with the head of the slain,
+which they likened unto the head of an ox, which Oku-Thor had torn off.
+When Achilleus was drawn into this danger, on account of his daring,
+it was the salvation of his life that he fled from the fatal blows of
+Hektor, although he was wounded. It is also said that Hektor waged the
+war so mightily, and that his rage was so great when he caught sight of
+Achilleus, that nothing was so strong that it could stand before him.
+When he missed Achilleus, who had fled, he soothed his wrath by slaying
+the champion called Roddros. But the asas say that when Oku-Thor missed
+the serpent, he slew the giant Hymer. In Ragnarok the Midgard serpent
+came suddenly upon Thor and blew venom onto him, and thus struck him
+dead. But the asas could not make up their minds to say that this had
+been the fate of Oku-Thor, that anyone stood over him dead, though this
+had so happened. They rushed headlong over old sagas more than was true
+when they said that the Midgard-serpent there got his death; and they
+added this to the story, that Achilleus reaped the fame of Hektor’s
+death, though he lay dead on the same battle-field on that account. This
+was the work of Elenus and Alexander, and Elenus the asas call Ale. They
+say that he avenged his brother, and that he lived when all the gods
+were dead, and after the fire was quenched that burned up Asgard and all
+the possessions of the gods. Pyrrhos they compared with the Fenris-wolf.
+He slew Odin, and Pyrrhos might be called a wolf according to their
+belief, for he did not spare the peace-steads, when he slew the king in
+the temple before the altar of Thor. The burning of Troy they call the
+flame of Surt. Mode and Magne, the sons of Oku-Thor, came to crave the
+land of Ale or Vidar. He is Æneas. He came away from Troy, and wrought
+thereupon great works. It is said that the sons of Hektor came to
+Frigialand and established themselves in that kingdom, but banished
+Elenus.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM
+
+THE POETICAL DICTION.
+
+(SKALDSKAPARMAL.)[76]
+
+    [Footnote 76: This part of the Younger Edda corresponds to the
+    Latin Ars Poetica, and contains the rules and laws of ancient
+    poetry.]
+
+
+THOR AND HRUNGNER.
+
+Brage told Æger that Thor had gone eastward to crush trolls. Odin rode
+on his horse Sleipner to Jotunheim, and came to the giant whose name is
+Hrungner. Then asked Hrungner what man that was who with a golden helmet
+rode both through the air and over the sea, and added that he had a
+remarkably good horse. Odin said that he would wager his head that so
+good a horse could not be found in Jotunheim. Hrungner admitted that it
+was indeed an excellent horse, but he had one, called Goldfax, that
+could take much longer paces; and in his wrath he immediately sprang
+upon his horse and galloped after Odin, intending to pay him for his
+insolence. Odin rode so fast that he was a good distance ahead, but
+Hrungner had worked himself into such a giant rage that, before he was
+aware of it, he had come within the gates of Asgard. When he came to the
+hall door, the asas invited him to drink with them. He entered the hall
+and requested a drink. They then took the bowls that Thor was accustomed
+to drink from, and Hrungner emptied them all. When he became drunk, he
+gave the freest vent to his loud boastings. He said he was going to take
+Valhal and move it to Jotunheim, demolish Asgard and kill all the gods
+except Freyja and Sif, whom he was going to take home with him. When
+Freyja went forward to refill the bowls for him, he boasted that he was
+going to drink up all the ale of the asas. But when the asas grew weary
+of his arrogance, they named Thor’s name. At once Thor was in the hall,
+swung his hammer in the air, and, being exceedingly wroth, asked who was
+to blame that dog-wise giants were permitted to drink there, who had
+given Hrungner permission to be in Valhal, and why Freyja should pour
+ale for him as she did in the feasts of the asas. Then answered
+Hrungner, looking with anything but friendly eyes at Thor, and said that
+Odin had invited him to drink, and that he was there under his
+protection. Thor replied that he should come to rue that invitation
+before he came out. Hrungner again answered that it would be but little
+credit to Asa-Thor to kill him, unarmed as he was. It would be a greater
+proof of his valor if he dared fight a duel with him at the boundaries
+of his territory, at Grjottungard. It was very foolish of me, he said,
+that I left my shield and my flint-stone at home; had I my weapons here,
+you and I would try a holmgang (duel on a rocky island); but as this is
+not the case, I declare you a coward if you kill me unarmed. Thor was by
+no means the man to refuse to fight a duel when he was challenged, an
+honor which never had been shown him before. Then Hrungner went his way,
+and hastened with all his might back to Jotunheim. His journey became
+famous among the giants, and the proposed meeting with Thor was much
+talked of. They regarded it very important who should gain the victory,
+and they feared the worst from Thor if Hrungner should be defeated, for
+he was the strongest among them. Thereupon the giants made at
+Grjottungard a man of clay, who was nine rasts tall and three rasts
+broad under the arms, but being unable to find a heart large enough to
+be suitable for him, they took the heart from a mare, but even this
+fluttered and trembled when Thor came. Hrungner had, as is well known,
+a heart of stone, sharp and three-sided; just as the rune has since been
+risted that is called Hrungner’s heart. Even his head was of stone. His
+shield was of stone, and was broad and thick, and he was holding this
+shield before him as he stood at Grjottungard waiting for Thor. His
+weapon was a flint-stone, which he swung over his shoulders, and
+altogether he presented a most formidable aspect. On one side of him
+stood the giant of clay, who was named Mokkerkalfe. He was so
+exceedingly terrified, that it is said that he wet himself when he saw
+Thor. Thor proceeded to the duel, and Thjalfe was with him. Thjalfe ran
+forward to where Hrungner was standing, and said to him: You stand illy
+guarded, giant; you hold the shield before you, but Thor has seen you;
+he goes down into the earth and will attack you from below. Then
+Hrungner thrust the shield under his feet and stood on it, but the
+flint-stone he seized with both his hands. The next that he saw were
+flashes of lightning, and he heard loud crashings; and then he saw Thor
+in his asa-might advancing with impetuous speed, swinging his hammer and
+hurling it from afar at Hrungner. Hrungner seized the flint-stone with
+both his hands and threw it against the hammer. They met in the air, and
+the flint-stone broke. One part fell to the earth, and from it have come
+the flint-mountains; the other part hit Thor’s head with such force that
+he fell forward to the ground. But the hammer Mjolner hit Hrungner right
+in the head, and crushed his skull in small pieces. He himself fell
+forward over Thor, so that his foot lay upon Thor’s neck. Meanwhile
+Thjalfe attacked Mokkerkalfe, who fell with but little honor. Then
+Thjalfe went to Thor and was to take Hrungner’s foot off from him, but
+he had not the strength to do it. When the asas learned that Thor had
+fallen, they all came to take the giant’s foot off, but none of them was
+able to move it. Then came Magne, the son of Thor and Jarnsaxa. He was
+only three nights of age. He threw Hrungner’s foot off Thor, and said It
+was a great mishap, father, that I came so late. I think I could have
+slain this giant with my fist, had I met him. Then Thor arose, greeted
+his son lovingly, saying that he would become great and powerful; and,
+added he, I will give you the horse Goldfax, that belonged to Hrungner.
+Odin said that Thor did wrong in giving so fine a horse to the son of a
+giantess, instead of to his father. Thor went home to Thrudvang, but the
+flint-stone still stuck fast in his head. Then came the vala whose name
+is Groa, the wife of Orvandel the Bold. She sang her magic songs over
+Thor until the flint-stone became loose. But when Thor perceived this,
+and was just expecting that the flint-stone would disappear, he desired
+to reward Groa for her healing, and make her heart glad. So he related
+to her how he had waded from the north over the Elivogs rivers, and had
+borne in a basket on his back Orvandel from Jotunheim; and in evidence
+of this he told her how that one toe of his had protruded from the
+basket and had frozen, wherefore Thor had broken it off and had cast it
+up into the sky, and made of it the star which is called Orvandel’s toe.
+Finally he added that it would not be long before Orvandel would come
+home. But Groa became so glad that she forgot her magic songs, and so
+the flint-stone became no looser than it was, and it sticks fast in
+Thor’s head yet. For this reason it is forbidden to throw a flint-stone
+across the floor, for then the stone in Thor’s head is moved. Out of
+this saga Thjodolf of Hvin has made a song:
+
+  We have ample evidence
+  Of the giant-terrifier’s[77] journey
+  To Grjottungard, to the giant Hrungner,
+  In the midst of encircling flames.
+  The courage waxed high in Meile’s brother;[78]
+  The moon-way trembled
+  When Jord’s son[79] went
+  To the steel-gloved contest.
+
+  The heavens stood all in flames
+  For Uller’s step-father,[80]
+  And the earth rocked.
+  Svolne’s[81] widow[82] burst asunder
+  When the span of goats
+  Drew the sublime chariot
+  And its divine master
+  To the meeting with Hrungner.
+
+  Balder’s brother[83] did not tremble
+  Before the greedy fiend of men;
+  Mountains quaked and rocks broke;
+  The heavens were wrapped in flames.
+  Much did the giant
+  Get frightened, I learn,
+  When his bane man he saw
+  Ready to slay him.
+
+  Swiftly the gray shield flew
+  ’Neath the heels of the giant.
+  So the gods willed it,
+  So willed it the valkyries.
+  Hrungner the giant,
+  Eager for slaughter,
+  Needed not long to wait for blows
+  From the valiant friend of the hammer.
+
+  The slayer[84] of Bele’s evil race
+  Made fall the bear of the loud-roaring mountain;[85]
+  On his shield
+  Bite the dust
+  Must the giant
+  Before the sharp-edged hammer,
+  When the giant-crusher
+  Stood against the mighty Hrungner,
+
+  And the flint-stone
+  (So hard to break)
+  Of the friend of the troll-women
+  Into the skull did whiz
+  Of Jord’s son,[86]
+  And this flinty piece
+  Fast did stick
+  In Eindride’s[87] blood;
+
+  Until Orvandel’s wife,
+  Magic songs singing,
+  From the head of Thor
+  Removed the giant’s
+  Excellent flint-stone.
+  All do I know
+  About that shield-journey.
+  A shield adorned
+  With hues most splendid
+  I received from Thorleif.
+
+    [Footnote 77: Thor’s.]
+
+    [Footnote 78: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 79: Jord’s (= earth’s) son = Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 80: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 81: Odin’s.]
+
+    [Footnote 82: The earth.]
+
+    [Footnote 83: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 84: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 85: The giant Hrungner.]
+
+    [Footnote 86: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 87: Thor’s.]
+
+
+THOR’S JOURNEY TO GEIRROD’S.
+
+Then said Æger: Much of a man, it seems to me, was that Hrungner. Has
+Thor accomplished any other great deeds in his intercourse with trolls
+(giants)? Then answered Brage: It is worth giving a full account of how
+Thor made a journey to Geirrodsgard. He had with him neither the hammer
+Mjolner, nor his belt of strength, Megingjard, nor his steel gloves; and
+that was Loke’s fault,--he was with him. For it had happened to Loke,
+when he once flew out to amuse himself in Frigg’s falcon-guise, that he,
+out of curiosity, flew into Geirrodsgard, where he saw a large hall. He
+sat down and looked in through the window, but Geirrod discovered him,
+and ordered the bird to be caught and brought to him. The servant had
+hard work to climb up the wall of the hall, so high was it. It amused
+Loke that it gave the servant so much trouble to get at him, and he
+thought it would be time enough to fly away when he had gotten over the
+worst. When the latter now caught at him, Loke spread his wings and
+spurned with his feet, but these were fast, and so Loke was caught and
+brought to the giant. When the latter saw his eyes he suspected that it
+was a man. He put questions to him and bade him answer, but Loke refused
+to speak. Then Geirrod locked him down in a chest, and starved him for
+three months; and when Geirrod finally took him up again, and asked him
+to speak, Loke confessed who he was, and to save his life he swore an
+oath to Geirrod that he would get Thor to come to Geirrodsgard without
+his hammer or his belt of strength.
+
+On his way Thor visited the giantess whose name is Grid. She was the
+mother of Vidar the Silent. She told Thor the truth concerning Geirrod,
+that he was a dog-wise and dangerous giant; and she lent him her own
+belt of strength and steel gloves, and her staff, which is called
+Gridarvol. Then went Thor to the river which is called Vimer, and which
+is the largest of all rivers. He buckled on the belt of strength and
+stemmed the wild torrent with Gridarvol, but Loke held himself fast in
+Megingjard. When Thor had come into the middle of the stream, the river
+waxed so greatly that the waves dashed over his shoulders. Then quoth
+Thor:
+
+  Wax not Vimer,
+  Since I intend to wade
+  To the gards of giants.
+  Know, if you wax,
+  Then waxes my asa-might
+  As high, as the heavens.
+
+Then Thor looked up and saw in a cleft Gjalp, the daughter of Geirrod,
+standing on both sides of the stream, and causing its growth. Then took
+he up out of the river a huge stone and threw at her, saying: At its
+source the stream must be stemmed.[88] He was not wont to miss his mark.
+At the same time he reached the river bank and got hold of a shrub, and
+so he got out of the river. Hence comes the adage that _a shrub saved
+Thor_.[89] When Thor came to Geirrod, he and his companion were shown to
+the guest-room, where lodgings were given them, but there was but one
+seat, and on that Thor sat down. Then he became aware that the seat was
+raised under him toward the roof. He put the Gridarvol against the
+rafters, and pressed himself down against the seat. Then was heard a
+great crash, which was followed by a loud screaming. Under the seat were
+Geirrod’s daughters, Gjalp and Greip, and he had broken the backs of
+both of them. Then quoth Thor:
+
+  Once I employed
+  My asa-might
+  In the gards of the giants.
+  When Gjalp and Greip,
+  Geirrod’s daughters,
+  Wanted to lift me to heaven.
+
+    [Footnote 88: Icelandic proverb.]
+
+    [Footnote 89: Icelandic proverb.]
+
+Then Geirrod had Thor invited into the hall to the games. Large fires
+burned along the whole length of the hall. When Thor came into the hall,
+and stood opposite Geirrod, the latter seized with a pair of tongs a
+red-hot iron wedge and threw it at Thor. But he caught it with his steel
+gloves, and lifted it up in the air. Geirrod sprang behind an iron post
+to guard himself. But Thor threw the wedge with so great force that it
+struck through the post, through Geirrod, through the wall, and then
+went out and into the ground. From this saga, Eilif, son of Gudrun, made
+the following song, called Thor’s Drapa:
+
+  The Midgard-serpent’s father exhorted
+  Thor, the victor of giants,
+  To set out from home.
+  A great liar was Loke.
+  Not quite confident,
+  The companion of the war-god
+  Declared green paths to lie
+  To the gard of Geirrod.
+
+  Thor did not long let Loke
+  Invite him to the arduous journey.
+  They were eager to crush
+  Thorn’s descendants.
+  When he, who is wont to swing Megingjard,
+  Once set out from Odin’s home
+  To visit Ymer’s children in Gandvik,
+
+  The giantess Gjalp,
+  Perjured Geirrod’s daughter,
+  Sooner got ready magic to use
+  Than the god of war and Loke.
+  A song I recite.
+  Those gods noxious to the giants
+  Planted their feet
+  In Endil’s land,
+
+  And the men wont to battle
+  Went forth.
+  The message of death
+  Came of the moon-devourer’s women,
+  When the cunning and wrathful
+  Conqueror of Loke
+  Challenged to a contest
+  The giantess.
+
+  And the troll-woman’s disgracer
+  Waded across the roaring stream,--
+  Rolling full of drenched snow over its banks.
+  He who puts giants to flight
+  Rapidly advanced
+  O’er the broad watery way,
+  Where the noisy stream’s
+  Venom belched forth.
+
+  Thor and his companions
+  Put before him the staff;
+  Thereon he rested
+  Whilst over they waded:
+  Nor sleep did the stones,--
+  The sonorous staff striking the rapid wave
+  Made the river-bed ring,--
+  The mountain-torrent rang with stones.
+
+  The wearer of Megingjard
+  Saw the flood fall
+  On his hard-waxed shoulders:
+  He could do no better.
+  The destroyer of troll-children
+  Let his neck-strength
+  Wax heaven high,
+  Till the mighty stream should diminish.
+
+  But the warriors,
+  The oath-bound protectors of Asgard,--
+  The experienced vikings,--
+  Waded fast and the stream sped on.
+  Thou god of the bow!
+  The billows
+  Blown by the mountain-storm
+  Powerfully rushed
+  Over Thor’s shoulders.
+
+  Thjalfe and his companion,
+  With their heads above water,
+  Got over the river,--
+  To Thor’s belt they clung.
+  Their strength was tested,--
+  Geirrod’s daughters made hard the stream
+  For the iron rod.
+  Angry fared Thor with the Gridarvol.
+
+  Nor did courage fail
+  Those foes of the giant
+  In the seething vortex.
+  Those sworn companions
+  Regarded a brave heart
+  Better than gold.
+  Neither Thor’s nor Thjalfe’s heart
+  From fear did tremble.
+
+  And the war companions--
+  Weapons despising--
+  ’Mong the giants made havoc,
+  Until, O woman!
+  The giant destroyers
+  The conflict of helmets
+  With the warlike race
+  Did commence.
+
+  The giants of Iva’s[90] capes
+  Made a rush with Geirrod;
+  The foes of the cold Svithiod
+  Took to flight.
+  Geirrod’s giants
+  Had to succumb
+  When the lightning wielder’s[91] kinsmen
+  Closely pursued them.
+
+  Wailing was ’mongst the cave-dwellers
+  When the giants,
+  With warlike spirit endowed,
+  Went forward.
+  There was war.
+  The slayer of troll-women,
+  By foes surrounded,
+  The giant’s hard head hit.
+
+  With violent pressure
+  Were pressed the vast eyes
+  Of Gjalp and Greip
+  Against the high roof.
+  The fire-chariot’s driver
+  The old backs broke
+  Of both these maids
+  For the cave-woman.
+
+  The man of the rocky way
+  But scanty knowledge got;
+  Nor able were the giants
+  To enjoy perfect gladness.
+  Thou man of the bow-string!
+  The dwarf’s kinsman
+  An iron beam, in the forge heated,
+  Threw against Odin’s dear son.
+
+  But the battle-hastener,
+  Freyja’s old friend,
+  With swift hands caught
+  In the air the beam
+  As it flew from the hands
+  Of the father of Greip,--
+  His breast with anger swollen
+  Against Thruda’s[92] father.
+
+  Geirrod’s hall trembled
+  When he struck,
+  With his broad head,
+  ’Gainst the old column of the house-wall.
+  Uller’s splendid flatterer
+  Swung the iron beam
+  Straight ’gainst the head
+  Of the knavish giant.
+
+  The crusher of the hall-wont troll-women
+  A splendid victory won
+  Over Glam’s descendants;
+  With gory hammer fared Thor.
+  Gridarvol-staff,
+  Which made disaster
+  ’Mong Geirrod’s companion,
+  Was not used ’gainst that giant himself.
+
+  The much worshiped thunderer,
+  With all his might, slew
+  The dwellers in Alfheim
+  With that little willow-twig,
+  And no shield
+  Was able to resist
+  The strong age-diminisher
+  Of the mountain-king.
+
+    [Footnote 90: A river in Jotunheim.]
+
+    [Footnote 91: Thor’s kinsmen = the asas.]
+
+    [Footnote 92: Thruda was a daughter of Thor and Sif.]
+
+
+IDUN.
+
+How shall Idun be named? She is called the wife of Brage, the keeper of
+the apples; but the apples are called the medicine to bar old age
+(ellilyf, elixir vitæ). She is also called the booty of the giant
+Thjasse, according to what has before been said concerning how he took
+her away from the asas. From this saga Thjodolf, of Hvin, composed the
+following song in his Haustlong:
+
+  How shall the tongue
+  Pay an ample reward
+  For the sonorous shield
+  Which I received from Thorleif,
+  Foremost ’mong soldiers?
+  On the splendidly made shield
+  I see the unsafe journey
+  Of three gods and Thjasse.
+
+  Idun’s robber flew long ago
+  The asas to meet
+  In the giant’s old eagle-guise.
+  The eagle perched
+  Where the asas bore
+  Their food to be cooked.
+  Ye women! The mountain-giant
+  Was not wont to be timid.
+
+  Suspected of malice
+  Was the giant toward the gods.
+  Who causes this?
+  Said the chief of the gods.
+  The wise-worded giant-eagle
+  From the old tree began to speak.
+  The friend of Honer
+  Was not friendly to him.
+
+  The mountain-wolf from Honer
+  Asked for his fill
+  From the holy table:
+  It fell to Honer to blow the fire.
+  The giant, eager to kill,
+  Glided down
+  Where the unsuspecting gods,
+  Odin, Loke and Honer, were sitting.
+
+  The fair lord of the earth
+  Bade Farbaute’s son
+  Quickly to share
+  The ox with the giant;
+  But the cunning foe of the asas
+  Thereupon laid
+  The four parts of the ox
+  Upon the broad table.
+
+  And the huge father of Morn[93]
+  Afterward greedily ate
+  The ox at the tree-root.
+  That was long ago,
+  Until the profound
+  Loke the hard rod laid
+  ’Twixt the shoulders
+  Of the giant Thjasse.
+
+  Then clung with his hands
+  The husband of Sigyn
+  To Skade’s foster-son,
+  In the presence of all the gods.
+  The pole stuck fast
+  To Jotunheim’s strong fascinator,
+  But the hands of Honer’s dear friend
+  Stuck to the other end.
+
+  Flew then with the wise god
+  The voracious bird of prey
+  Far away; so the wolf’s father
+  To pieces must be torn.
+  Odin’s friend got exhausted.
+  Heavy grew Lopt.
+  Odin’s companion
+  Must sue for peace.
+
+  Hymer’s kinsman demanded
+  That the leader of hosts
+  The sorrow-healing maid,
+  Who the asas’ youth-preserving apples keeps,
+  Should bring to him.
+  Brisingamen’s thief
+  Afterward brought Idun
+  To the gard of the giant.
+
+  Sorry were not the giants
+  After this had taken place,
+  Since from the south
+  Idun had come to the giants.
+  All the race
+  Of Yngve-Frey, at the Thing,
+  Grew old and gray,--
+  Ugly-looking were the gods.
+
+  Until the gods found the blood-dog,
+  Idun’s decoying thrall,
+  And bound the maid’s deceiver,
+  You shall, cunning Loke,
+  Spake Thor, die;
+  Unless back you lead,
+  With your tricks, that
+  Good joy-increasing maid.
+
+  Heard have I that thereupon
+  The friend of Honer flew
+  In the guise of a falcon
+  (He often deceived the asas with his cunning);
+  And the strong fraudulent giant,
+  The father of Morn,
+  With the wings of the eagle
+  Sped after the hawk’s child.
+
+  The holy gods soon built a fire--
+  They shaved off kindlings--
+  And the giant was scorched.
+  This is said in memory
+  Of the dwarf’s heel-bridge.[94]
+  A shield adorned with splendid lines
+  From Thorleif I received.
+
+    [Footnote 93: A troll-woman.]
+
+    [Footnote 94: Shield.]
+
+
+ÆGER’S FEAST.
+
+How shall gold be named? It may be called fire; the needles of Glaser;
+Sif’s hair; Fulla’s head-gear; Freyja’s tears; the chatter, talk or word
+of the giants; Draupner’s drop; Draupner’s rain or shower; Freyja’s
+eyes; the otter-ransom, or stroke-ransom, of the asas; the seed of
+Fyrisvold; Holge’s how-roof; the fire of all waters and of the hand;
+or the stone, rock or gleam of the hand.
+
+Why is gold called Æger’s fire? The saga relating to this is, as has
+before been told, that Æger made a visit to Asgard, but when he was
+ready to return home he invited Odin and all the asas to come and pay
+him a visit after the lapse of three months. On this journey went Odin,
+Njord, Frey, Tyr, Brage, Vidar, Loke; and also the asynjes, Frigg,
+Freyja, Gefjun, Skade, Idun, Sif. Thor was not there, for he had gone
+eastward to fight trolls. When the gods had taken their seats, Æger let
+his servants bring in on the hall floor bright gold, which shone and
+lighted up the whole hall like fire, just as the swords in Valhal are
+used instead of fire. Then Loke bandied hasty words with all the gods,
+and slew Æger’s thrall who was called Fimafeng. The name of his other
+thrall is Elder. The name of Æger’s wife is Ran, and they have nine
+daughters, as has before been written. At this feast all things passed
+around spontaneously, both food and ale and all the utensils needed for
+the feasting. Then the asas became aware that Ran had a net in which she
+caught all men who perish at sea. Then the saga goes on telling how it
+happens that gold is called the fire, or light or brightness of Æger, of
+Ran, or of Æger’s daughters; and from these periphrases it is allowed to
+call gold the fire of the sea, or of any of the periphrases of the sea,
+since Æger and Ran are found in periphrases of the sea; and thus gold is
+now called the fire of waters, of rivers, or of all the periphrases of
+rivers. But these names have fared like other periphrases. The younger
+skald has composed poetry after the pattern of the old skalds, imitating
+their songs; but afterward they have expanded the metaphors whenever
+they thought they could improve upon what was sung before; and thus the
+water is the sea, the river is the lakes, the brook is the river. Hence
+all the figures that are expanded more than what has before been found
+are called new tropes, and all seem good that contain likelihood and are
+natural. Thus sang the skald Brage:
+
+  From the king I received
+  The fire of the brook.
+  This the king gave to me
+  And a head with song.
+
+Why is gold called the needles or leaves of Glaser? In Asgard, before
+the doors of Valhal, stands a grove which is called Glaser, and all its
+leaves are of red gold, as is here sung:
+
+  Glaser stands
+  With golden leaves
+  Before Sigtyr’s halls.
+
+This is the fairest forest among gods and men.
+
+
+LOKE’S WAGER WITH THE DWARFS.
+
+Why is gold called Sif’s hair? Loke Laufey’s son had once craftily cut
+all the hair off Sif; but when Thor found it out he seized Loke, and
+would have broken every bone in him, had he not pledged himself with an
+oath to get the swarthy elves to make for Sif a hair of gold that should
+grow like other hair. Then went Loke to the dwarfs that are called
+Ivald’s sons, and they made the hair and Skidbladner, and the spear that
+Odin owned and is called Gungner. Thereupon Loke wagered his head with
+the dwarf, who hight Brok, that his brother Sindre would not be able to
+make three other treasures equally as good as these were. But when they
+came to the smithy, Sindre laid a pig-skin in the furnace and requested
+Brok to blow the bellows, and not to stop blowing before he (Sindre) had
+taken out of the furnace what he had put into it. As soon, however, as
+Sindre had gone out of the smithy and Brok was blowing, a fly lighted on
+his hand and stung him; but he kept on blowing as before until the smith
+had taken the work out of the furnace. That was now a boar, and its
+bristles were of gold. Thereupon he laid gold in the furnace, and
+requested Brok to blow, and not to stop plying the bellows before he
+came back. He went out; but then came the fly and lighted on his neck
+and stung him still worse; but he continued to work the bellows until
+the smith took out of the furnace the gold ring called Draupner. Then
+Sindre placed iron in the furnace, and requested Brok to work the
+bellows, adding that otherwise all would be worthless. Now the fly
+lighted between his eyes and stung his eye-lids, and as the blood ran
+down into his eyes so that he could not see, he let go of the bellows
+just for a moment and drove the fly away with his hands. Then the smith
+came back and said that all that lay in the furnace came near being
+entirely spoiled. Thereupon he took a hammer out of the furnace. All
+these treasures he then placed in the hands of his brother Brok, and
+bade him go with Loke to Asgard to fetch the wager. When Loke and Brok
+brought forth the treasures, the gods seated themselves upon their
+doom-steads. It was agreed to abide by the decision which should be
+pronounced by Odin, Thor and Frey. Loke gave to Odin the spear Gungner,
+to Thor the hair, which Sif was to have, and to Frey, Skidbladner; and
+he described the qualities of all these treasures, stating that the
+spear never would miss its mark, that the hair would grow as soon as it
+was placed on Sif s head, and that Skidbladner would always have fair
+wind as soon as the sails were hoisted, no matter where its owner
+desired to go; besides, the ship could be folded together like a napkin
+and be carried in his pocket if he desired. Then Brok produced his
+treasures. He gave to Odin the ring, saying that every ninth night eight
+other rings as heavy as it would drop from it; to Frey he gave the boar,
+stating that it would run through the air and over seas, by night or by
+day, faster than any horse; and never could it become so dark in the
+night, or in the worlds of darkness, but that it would be light where
+this boar was present, so bright shone his bristles. Then he gave to
+Thor the hammer, and said that he might strike with it as hard as he
+pleased; no matter what was before him, the hammer would take no scathe,
+and wherever he might throw it he would never lose it; it would never
+fly so far that it did not return to his hand; and if he desired, it
+would become so small that he might conceal it in his bosom; but it had
+one fault, which was, that the handle was rather short. The decision of
+the gods was, that the hammer was the best of all these treasures and
+the greatest protection against the frost-giants, and they declared that
+the dwarf had fairly won the wager. Then Loke offered to ransom his
+head. The dwarf answered saying there was no hope for him on that score.
+Take me, then! said Loke; but when the dwarf was to seize him Loke was
+far away, for he had the shoes with which he could run through the air
+and over the sea. Then the dwarf requested Thor to seize him, and he did
+so. Now the dwarf wanted to cut the head off Loke, but Loke said that
+the head was his, but not the neck. Then the dwarf took thread and a
+knife and wanted to pierce holes in Loke’s lips, so as to sew his mouth
+together, but the knife would not cut. Then said he, it would be better
+if he had his brother’s awl, and as soon as he named it the awl was
+there and it pierced Loke’s lips. Now Brok sewed Loke’s mouth together,
+and broke off the thread at the end of the sewing. The thread with which
+the mouth of Loke was sewed together is called Vartare (a strap).
+
+
+THE NIFLUNGS AND GJUKUNGS.
+
+The following is the reason why gold is called otter-ransom: It is
+related that three asas went abroad to learn to know the whole world,
+Odin, Honer and Loke. They came to a river, and walked along the
+river-bank to a force, and near the force was an otter. The otter had
+caught a salmon in the force, and sat eating it with his eyes closed.
+Loke picked up a stone, threw it at the otter and hit him in the head.
+Loke bragged of his chase, for he had secured an otter and a salmon with
+one throw. They took the salmon and the otter with them, and came to a
+byre, where they entered. But the name of the bonde who lived there was
+Hreidmar. He was a mighty man, and thoroughly skilled in the black art.
+The asas asked for night-lodgings, stating that they had plenty of food,
+and showed the bonde their game. But when Hreidmar saw the otter he
+called his sons, Fafner and Regin, and said that Otter, their brother,
+was slain, and also told who had done it. Then the father and the sons
+attacked the asas, seized them and bound them, and then said, in
+reference to the otter, that he was Hreidmar’s son. The asas offered,
+as a ransom for their lives, as much money as Hreidmar himself might
+demand, and this was agreed to, and confirmed with an oath. Then the
+otter was flayed. Hreidmar took the otter-belg and said to them that
+they should fill the belg with red gold, and then cover it with the same
+metal, and when this was done they should be set free. Thereupon Odin
+sent Loke to the home of the swarthy elves, and he came to the dwarf
+whose name is Andvare, and who lived as a fish, in the water. Loke
+caught him in his hands, and demanded of him, as a ransom for his life,
+all the gold that he had in his rock. And when they entered the rock,
+the dwarf produced all the gold that he owned, and that was a very large
+amount. Then the dwarf concealed in his hand a small gold ring. Loke saw
+this, and requested him to hand forth the ring. The dwarf begged him not
+to take the ring away from him, for with this ring he could increase his
+wealth again if he kept it. Loke said the dwarf should not keep as much
+as a penny, took the ring from him and went out. But the dwarf said that
+that ring should be the bane of every one who possessed it. Loke replied
+that he was glad of this, and said that all should be fulfilled
+according to his prophecy: he would take care to bring the curse to the
+ears of him who was to receive it. He went to Hreidmar and showed Odin
+the gold; but when the latter saw the ring, it seemed to him a fair one,
+and he took it and put it aside, giving Hreidmar the rest of the gold.
+They filled the otter-belg as full as it would hold, and raised it up
+when it was full. Then came Odin, and was to cover the belg with gold;
+and when this was done, he requested Hreidmar to come and see whether
+the belg was sufficiently covered. But Hreidmar looked at it, examined
+it closely, and saw a mouth-hair, and demanded that it should be
+covered, too, otherwise the agreement would be broken. Then Odin brought
+forth the ring and covered with it the mouth-hair, saying that now they
+had paid the otter-ransom. But when Odin had taken his spear, and Loke
+his shoes, so that they had nothing more to fear, Loke said that the
+curse that Andvare had pronounced should be fulfilled, and that the ring
+and that gold should be the bane of its possessor; and this curse was
+afterward fulfilled. This explains why gold is called the otter-ransom,
+or forced payment of the asas, or strife-metal.
+
+What more is there to be told of this gold? Hreidmar accepted the gold
+as a ransom for his son, but Fafner and Regin demanded their share of it
+as a ransom for their brother. Hreidmar was, however, unwilling to give
+them as much as a penny of it. Then the brothers made an agreement to
+kill their father for the sake of the gold. When this was done, Regin
+demanded that Fafner should give him one half of it. Fafner answered
+that there was but little hope that he would share the gold with his
+brother, since he had himself slain his father to obtain it; and he
+commanded Regin to get him gone, for else the same thing would happen to
+him as had happened to Hreidmar. Fafner had taken the sword hight
+Hrotte, and the helmet which had belonged to his father, and the latter
+he had placed on his head. This was called the Æger’s helmet, and it was
+a terror to all living to behold it. Regin had the sword called Refil.
+With it he fled. But Fafner went to Gnita-heath (the glittering heath),
+where he made himself a bed, took on him the likeness of a serpent
+(dragon), and lay brooding over the gold.
+
+Regin then went to Thjode, to king Hjalprek, and became his smith. There
+he undertook the fostering of Sigurd (Sigfrid), the son of Sigmund, the
+son of Volsung and the son of Hjordis, the daughter of Eylime. Sigurd
+was the mightiest of all the kings of hosts, in respect to both family
+and power and mind. Regin explained to him where Fafner was lying on the
+gold, and egged him on to try to get possession thereof. Then Regin made
+the sword which is hight Gram (wrath), and which was so sharp that when
+Sigurd held it in the flowing stream it cut asunder a tuft of wool which
+the current carried down against the sword’s edge. In the next place,
+Sigurd cut with his sword Regin’s anvil in twain. Thereupon Sigurd and
+Regin repaired to Gnita-heath. Here Sigurd dug a ditch in Fafner’s path
+and sat down in it; so when Fafner crept to the water and came directly
+over this ditch, Sigurd pierced him with the sword, and this thrust
+caused his death. Then Regin came and declared that Sigurd had slain his
+brother, and demanded of him as a ransom that he should cut out Fafner’s
+heart and roast it on the fire; but Regin kneeled down, drank Fafner’s
+blood, and laid himself down to sleep. While Sigurd was roasting the
+heart, and thought that it must be done, he touched it with his finger
+to see how tender it was; but the fat oozed out of the heart and onto
+his finger and burnt it, so that he thrust his finger into his mouth.
+The heart-blood came in contact with his tongue, which made him
+comprehend the speech of birds, and he understood what the eagles said
+that were sitting in the trees. One of the birds said:
+
+  There sits Sigurd,
+  Stained with blood.
+  On the fire is roasting
+  Fafner’s heart.
+  Wise seemed to me
+  The ring-destroyer,
+  If he the shining
+  Heart would eat.
+
+Another eagle sang:
+
+  There lies Regin,
+  Contemplating
+  How to deceive the man
+  Who trusts him;
+  Thinks in his wrath
+  Of false accusations.
+  The evil smith plots
+  Revenge ’gainst the brother.[95]
+
+    [Footnote 95: Elder Edda: the Lay of Fafner, 32, 33.]
+
+Then Sigurd went to Regin and slew him, and thereupon he mounted his
+horse hight Grane, and rode until he came to Fafner’s bed, took out all
+the gold, packed it in two bags and laid it on Grane’s back, then got on
+himself and rode away. Now is told the saga according to which gold is
+called Fafner’s bed or lair, the metal of Gnita-heath, or Grane’s
+burden.
+
+Then Sigurd rode on until he found a house on the mountain. In it slept
+a woman clad in helmet and coat-of-mail. He drew his sword and cut the
+coat-of-mail off from her. Then she awaked and called herself Hild. Her
+name was Brynhild, and she was a valkyrie. Thence Sigurd rode on and
+came to the king whose name was Gjuke. His wife was called Grimhild, and
+their children were Gunnar, Hogne, Gudrun, Gudny; Gothorm was Gjuke’s
+step-son. Here Sigurd remained a long time. Then he got the hand of
+Gudrun, Gjuke’s daughter, and Gunnar and Hogne entered into a sworn
+brotherhood with Sigurd. Afterward Sigurd and the sons of Gjuke went to
+Atle, Budle’s son, to ask for his sister, Brynhild, for Gunnar’s wife.
+She sat on Hindfell, and her hall was surrounded by the bickering flame
+called the Vafurloge, and she had made a solemn promise not to wed any
+other man than him who dared to ride through the bickering flame. Then
+Sigurd and the Gjukungs (they are also called Niflungs) rode upon the
+mountain, and there Gunnar was to ride through the Vafurloge. He had the
+horse that was called Gote, but this horse did not dare to run into the
+flame. So Sigurd and Gunnar changed form and weapons, for Grane would
+not take a step under any other man than Sigurd. Then Sigurd mounted
+Grane and rode through the bickering flame. That same evening he held a
+wedding with Brynhild; but when they went to bed he drew his sword Gram
+from the sheath and placed it between them. In the morning when he had
+arisen, and had donned his clothes, he gave to Brynhild, as a bridal
+gift, the gold ring that Loke had taken from Andvare, and he received
+another ring as a memento from her. Then Sigurd mounted his horse and
+rode to his companions. He and Gunnar exchanged forms again and went
+back to Gjuke with Brynhild. Sigurd had two children with Gudrun. Their
+names were Sigmund and Swanhild.
+
+Once it happened that Brynhild and Gudrun went to the water to wash
+their hair. When they came to the river Brynhild waded from the river
+bank into the stream, and said that she could not bear to have that
+water in her hair that ran from Gudrun’s hair, for she had a more
+high-minded husband. Then Gudrun followed her into the stream, and said
+that she was entitled to wash her hair farther up the stream than
+Brynhild, for the reason that she had the husband who was bolder than
+Gunnar, or any other man in the world; for it was he who slew Fafner and
+Regin, and inherited the wealth of both. Then answered Brynhild: A
+greater deed it was that Gunnar rode through the Vafurloge, which Sigurd
+did not dare to do. Then laughed Gudrun and said: Do you think it was
+Gunnar who rode through the bickering flame? Then I think you shared the
+bed with him who gave me this gold ring. The gold ring which you have on
+your finger, and which you received as a bridal-gift, is called
+Andvaranaut (Andvare’s Gift), and I do not think Gunnar got it on
+Gnita-heath. Then Brynhild became silent and went home. Thereupon she
+egged Gunnar and Hogne to kill Sigurd; but being sworn brothers of
+Sigurd, they egged Guthorm, their brother, to slay Sigurd. Guthorm
+pierced him with his sword while he was sleeping; but as soon as Sigurd
+was wounded he threw his sword, Gram, after Guthorm, so that it cut him
+in twain through the middle. There Sigurd fell, and his son, three
+winters old, by name Sigmund, whom they also killed. Then Brynhild
+pierced herself with the sword and was cremated with Sigurd. But Gunnar
+and Hogne inherited Fafner’s gold and the Gift of Andvare, and now ruled
+the lands.
+
+King Atle, Budle’s son, Brynhild’s brother, then got in marriage Gudrun,
+who had been Sigurd’s wife, and they had children. King Atle invited
+Gunnar and Hogne to visit him, and they accepted his invitation. But
+before they started on their journey they concealed Fafner’s hoard in
+the Rhine, and that gold has never since been found. King Atle had
+gathered together an army and fought a battle with Gunnar and Hogne, and
+they were captured. Atle had the heart cut out of Hogne alive. This was
+his death. Gunnar he threw into a den of snakes, but a harp was secretly
+brought to him, and he played the harp with his toes (for his hands were
+fettered), so that all the snakes fell asleep excepting the adder, which
+rushed at him and bit him in the breast, and then thrust its head into
+the wound and clung to his liver until he died. Gunnar and Hogne are
+called Niflungs (Niblungs) and Gjukungs. Hence gold is called the
+Niflung treasure or inheritance. A little later Gudrun slew her two sons
+and made from their skulls goblets trimmed with gold, and thereupon the
+funeral ceremonies took place. At the feast, Gudrun poured for King Atle
+in these goblets mead that was mixed with the blood of the youths. Their
+hearts she roasted and gave to the king to eat. When this was done she
+told him all about it, with many unkind words. There was no lack of
+strong mead, so that the most of the people sitting there fell asleep.
+On that night she went to the king when he had fallen asleep, and had
+with her her son Hogne. They slew him, and thus he ended his life. Then
+they set fire to the hall, and with it all the people who were in it
+were burned. Then she went to the sea and sprang into the water to drown
+herself; but she was carried across the fjord, and came to the land
+which belonged to King Jonaker. When he saw her he took her home and
+made her his wife. They had three children, whose names were Sorle,
+Hamder and Erp. They all had hair as black as ravens, like Gunnar and
+Hogne and the other Niflungs.
+
+There was fostered Swanhild, the daughter of Sigurd, and she was the
+fairest of all women. That Jormunrek, the rich, found out. He sent his
+son, Randver, to ask for her hand for him; and when he came to Jonaker,
+Swanhild was delivered to him, so that he might bring her to King
+Jormunrek. Then said Bikke that it would be more fitting that Randver
+should marry Swanhild, he being young and she too, but Jormunrek being
+old. This plan pleased the two young people well. Soon afterward Bikke
+informed the king of it, and so King Jormunrek seized his son and had
+him brought to the gallows. Then Randver took his hawk, plucked the
+feathers off him, and requested that it should be sent to his father,
+whereupon he was hanged. But when King Jormunrek saw the hawk, it came
+to his mind that as the hawk was flightless and featherless, so his
+kingdom was without preservation; for he was old and sonless. Then King
+Jormunrek riding out of the woods from the chase with his courtiers,
+while Queen Swanhild sat dressing her hair, had the courtiers ride onto
+her, and she was trampled to death beneath the feet of the horses. When
+Gudrun heard of this, she begged her sons to avenge Swanhild. While they
+were busking themselves for the journey, she brought them byrnies and
+helmets, so strong that iron could not scathe them. She laid the plan
+for them, that when they came to King Jormunrek, they should attack him
+in the night whilst he was sleeping. Sorle and Hamder should cut off his
+hands and feet, and Erp his head. On the way they asked Erp what
+assistance they were to get from him, when they came to King Jormunrek.
+He answered them that he would give them such assistance as the hand
+gives the foot. They said that the feet got no support from the hands
+whatsoever. They were angry at their mother, because she had forced them
+to undertake this journey with harsh words, and hence they were going to
+do that which would displease her most. So they killed Erp, for she
+loved him the most. A little later, while Sorle was walking, he slipped
+with one foot, and in falling supported himself with his hands. Then
+said he: Now the hands helped the foot; better were it now if Erp were
+living. When they came to Jormunrek, the king, in the night, while he
+was sleeping, they cut off both his hands and his feet. Then he awaked,
+called his men and bade them arise. Said Hamder then: The head would now
+have been off had Erp lived. The courtiers got up, attacked them, but
+could not overcome them with weapons. Then Jormunrek cried to them that
+they should stone them to death. This was done, Sorle and Hamder fell,
+and thus perished the last descendants of Gjuke.
+
+After King Sigurd lived a daughter hight Aslaug, who was fostered at
+Heimer’s in Hlymdaler. From her mighty races are descended. It is said
+that Sigmund, the son of Volsung, was so powerful, that he drank venom
+and received no harm therefrom. But Sinfjotle, his son, and Sigurd, were
+so hard-skinned that no venom coming onto them could harm them.
+Therefore the skald Brage has sung as follows:
+
+  When the tortuous serpent,
+  Full of the drink of the Volsungs,[96]
+  Hung in coils
+  On the bait of the giant-slayer,[97]
+
+Upon these sagas very many skalds have made lays, and from them they
+have taken various themes. Brage the Old made the following song about
+the fall of Sorle and Hamder in the drapa, which he composed about
+Ragnar Lodbrok:
+
+  Jormunrek once,
+  In an evil dream, waked
+  In that sword-contest
+  Against the blood-stained kings.
+  A clashing of arms was heard
+  In the house of Randver’s father,
+  When the raven-blue brothers of Erp
+  The insult avenged.
+
+  Sword-dew flowed
+  Off the bed on the floor.
+  Bloody hands and feet of the king
+  One saw cut off.
+  On his head fell Jormunrek,
+  Frothing in blood.
+  On the shield
+  This is painted.
+
+  The king saw
+  Men so stand
+  That a ring they made
+  ’Round his house.
+  Sorle and Hamder
+  Were both at once,
+  With slippery stones,
+  Struck to the ground.
+
+  King Jormunrek
+  Ordered Gjuke’s descendants
+  Violently to be stoned
+  When they came to take the life
+  Of Swanhild’s husband.
+  All sought to pay
+  Jonaker’s sons
+  With blows and wounds.
+
+  This fall of men
+  And sagas many
+  On the fair shield I see.
+  Ragnar gave me the shield.
+
+    [Footnote 96: The drink of the Volsungs = venom; the tortuous
+    venom-serpent = the Midgard-serpent.]
+
+    [Footnote 97: Thor.]
+
+
+MENJA AND FENJA.
+
+Why is gold called Frode’s meal? The saga giving rise to this is the
+following:
+
+Odin had a son by name Skjold, from whom the Skjoldungs are descended.
+He had his throne and ruled in the lands that are now called Denmark,
+but were then called Gotland. Skjold had a son by name Fridleif, who
+ruled the lands after him. Fridleif’s son was Frode. He took the kingdom
+after his father, at the time when the Emperor Augustus established
+peace in all the earth and Christ was born. But Frode being the
+mightiest king in the northlands, this peace was attributed to him by
+all who spake the Danish tongue, and the Norsemen called it the peace of
+Frode. No man injured the other, even though he might meet, loose or in
+chains, his father’s or brother’s bane. There was no thief or robber,
+so that a gold ring would be a long time on Jalanger’s heath. King Frode
+sent messengers to Svithjod, to the king whose name was Fjolner, and
+bought there two maid-servants, whose names were Fenja and Menja. They
+were large and strong. About this time were found in Denmark two
+mill-stones, so large that no one had the strength to turn them. But the
+nature belonged to these mill-stones that they ground whatever was
+demanded of them by the miller. The name of this mill was Grotte. But
+the man to whom King Frode gave the mill was called Hengekjapt. King
+Frode had the maid-servants led to the mill, and requested them to grind
+for him gold and peace, and Frode’s happiness. Then he gave them no
+longer time to rest or sleep than while the cuckoo was silent or while
+they sang a song. It is said that they sang the song called the
+Grottesong, and before they ended it they ground out a host against
+Frode; so that on the same night there came the sea-king, whose name was
+Mysing, and slew Frode and took a large amount of booty. Therewith the
+Frode-peace ended. Mysing took with him Grotte, and also Fenja and
+Menja, and bade them grind salt, and in the middle of the night they
+asked Mysing whether he did not have salt enough. He bade them grind
+more. They ground only a short time longer before the ship sank. But in
+the ocean arose a whirlpool (Maelstrom, mill-stream) in the place where
+the sea runs into the mill-eye. Thus the sea became salt.
+
+
+THE GROTTESONG.
+
+  Now are come
+  To the house of the king
+  The prescient two,
+  Fenja and Menja.
+  There must the mighty
+  Maidens toil
+  For King Frode,
+  Fridleif’s son.
+
+  Brought to the mill
+  Soon they were;
+  The gray stones
+  They had to turn.
+  Nor rest nor peace
+  He gave to them:
+  He would hear the maidens
+  Turn the mill.
+
+  They turned the mill,
+  The prattling stones
+  The mill ever rattling.
+  What a noise it made!
+  Lay the planks!
+  Lift the stones![98]
+  But he[99] bade the maids
+  Yet more to grind.
+
+  They sang and swung
+  The swift mill-stone,
+  So that Frode’s folk
+  Fell asleep.
+  Then, when she came
+  To the mill to grind,
+  With a hard heart
+  And with loud voice
+  Did Menja sing:
+
+  We grind for Frode
+  Wealth and happiness,
+  And gold abundant
+  On the mill of luck.
+  Dance on roses!
+  Sleep on down!
+  Wake when you please!
+  That is well ground.
+
+  Here shall no one
+  Hurt the other,
+  Nor in ambush lie,
+  Nor seek to kill;
+  Nor shall any one
+  With sharp sword hew,
+  Though bound he should find
+  His brother’s bane.
+
+  They stood in the hall,
+  Their hands were resting;
+  Then was it the first
+  Word that he spoke:
+  Sleep not longer
+  Than the cuckoo on the hall,
+  Or only while
+  A song I sing:
+
+  Frode! you were not
+  Wary enough,--
+  You friend of men,--
+  When maids you bought!
+  At their strength you looked,
+  And at their fair faces,
+  But you asked no questions
+  About their descent.
+
+  Hard was Hrungner
+  And his father;
+  Yet was Thjasse
+  Stronger than they,
+  And Ide and Orner,
+  Our friends, and
+  The mountain-giants’ brothers,
+  Who fostered us two.
+
+  Not would Grotte have come
+  From the mountain gray,
+  Nor this hard stone
+  Out from the earth;
+  The maids of the mountain-giants
+  Would not thus be grinding
+  If we two knew
+  Nothing of the mill.
+
+  Through winters nine
+  Our strength increased,
+  While below the sod
+  We played together.
+  Great deeds were the maids
+  Able to perform;
+  Mountains they
+  From their places moved.
+
+  The stone we rolled
+  From the giants’ dwelling,
+  So that all the earth
+  Did rock and quake.
+  So we hurled
+  The rattling stone,
+  The heavy block,
+  That men caught it.
+
+  In Svithjod’s land
+  Afterward we
+  Fire-wise women,
+  Fared to the battle,
+  Byrnies we burst,
+  Shields we cleaved,
+  Made our way
+  Through gray-clad hosts.
+
+  One chief we slew,
+  Another we aided,--
+  To Guthorm the Good
+  Help we gave.
+  Ere Knue had fallen
+  Nor rest we got.
+  Then bound we were
+  And taken prisoners.
+
+  Such were our deeds
+  In former days,
+  That we heroes brave
+  Were thought to be.
+  With spears sharp
+  Heroes we pierced,
+  So the gore did run
+  And our swords grew red.
+
+  Now we are come
+  To the house of the king,
+  No one us pities.
+  Bond-women are we.
+  Dirt eats our feet,
+  Our limbs are cold,
+  The peace-giver[100] we turn.
+  Hard it is at Frode’s.
+
+  The hands shall stop,
+  The stone shall stand;
+  Now have I ground
+  For my part enough.
+  Yet to the hands
+  No rest must be given,
+  ’Till Frode thinks
+  Enough has been ground.
+
+  Now hold shall the hands
+  The lances hard,
+  The weapons bloody,--
+  Wake now, Frode!
+  Wake now, Frode!
+  If you would listen
+  To our songs,--
+  To sayings old.
+
+  Fire I see burn
+  East of the burg,--
+  The warnews are awake.
+  That is called warning.
+  A host hither
+  Hastily approaches
+  To burn the king’s
+  Lofty dwelling.
+
+  No longer you will sit
+  On the throne of Hleidra
+  And rule o’er red
+  Rings and the mill.
+  Now must we grind
+  With all our might,
+  No warmth will we get
+  From the blood of the slain.
+
+  Now my father’s daughter
+  Bravely turns the mill.
+  The death of many
+  Men she sees.
+  Now broke the large
+  Braces ’neath the mill,--
+  The iron-bound braces.
+  Let us yet grind!
+
+  Let us yet grind!
+  Yrsa’s son
+  Shall on Frode revenge
+  Halfdan’s death.
+  He shall Yrsa’s
+  Offspring be named,
+  And yet Yrsa’s brother.
+  Both of us know it.
+
+  The mill turned the maidens,--
+  Their might they tested;
+  Young they were,
+  And giantesses wild.
+  The braces trembled.
+  Then fell the mill,--
+  In twain was broken
+  The heavy stone.
+
+  All the old world
+  Shook and trembled,
+  But the giant’s maid
+  Speedily said:
+  We have turned the mill, Frode!
+  Now we may stop.
+  By the mill long enough
+  The maidens have stood.
+
+    [Footnote 98: These words are spoken by the maidens while they put
+    the mill together.]
+
+    [Footnote 99: Frode.]
+
+    [Footnote 100: The mill.]
+
+
+ROLF KRAKE.
+
+A king in Denmark hight Rolf Krake, and was the most famous of all kings
+of olden times; moreover, he was more mild, brave and condescending than
+all other men. A proof of his condescension, which is very often spoken
+of in olden stories, was the following: There was a poor little fellow
+by name Vog. He once came into King Rolf’s hall while the king was yet a
+young man, and of rather delicate growth. Then Vog went before him and
+looked up at him. Then said the king: What do you mean to say, my
+fellow, by looking so at me? Answered Vog: When I was at home I heard
+people say that King Rolf, at Hleidra, was the greatest man in the
+northlands, but now sits here in the high-seat a little crow (krake),
+and it they call their king. Then made answer the king: You, my fellow,
+have given me a name, and I shall henceforth be called Rolf Krake, but
+it is customary that a gift accompanies the name. Seeing that you have
+no gift that you can give me with the name, or that would be suitable to
+me, then he who has must give to the other. Then he took a gold ring off
+his hand and gave it to the churl. Then said Vog: You give as the best
+king of all, and therefore I now pledge myself to become the bane of him
+who becomes your bane. Said the king, laughing: A small thing makes Vog
+happy.
+
+Another example is told of Rolf Krake’s bravery. In Upsala reigned a
+king by name Adils, whose wife was Yrsa, Rolf Krake’s mother. He was
+engaged in a war with Norway’s king, Ale. They fought a battle on the
+ice of the lake called Wenern. King Adils sent a message to Rolf Krake,
+his stepson, asking him to come and help him, and promising to furnish
+pay for his whole army during the campaign. Furthermore King Rolf
+himself should have any three treasures that he might choose in Sweden.
+But Rolf Krake could not go to his assistance, on account of the war
+which he was then waging against the Saxons. Still he sent twelve
+berserks to King Adils. Among them were Bodvar Bjarke, Hjalte the
+Valiant, Hvitserk the Keen, Vot, Vidsete, and the brothers Svipday and
+Beigud. In that war fell King Ale and a large part of his army. Then
+King Adils took from the dead King Ale the helmet called Hildesvin, and
+his horse called Rafn. Then the berserks each demanded three pounds of
+gold in pay for their service, and also asked for the treasures which
+they had chosen for Rolf Krake, and which they now desired to bring to
+him. These were the helmet Hildegolt; the byrnie Finnsleif, which no
+steel could scathe; and the gold ring called Sviagris, which had
+belonged to Adils’ forefathers. But the king refused to surrender any of
+these treasures, nor did he give the berserks any pay. The berserks then
+returned home, and were much dissatisfied. They reported all to King
+Rolf, who straightway busked himself to fare against Upsala; and when he
+came with his ships into the river Fyre, he rode against Upsala, and
+with him his twelve berserks, all peaceless. Yrsa, his mother, received
+him and took him to his lodgings, but not to the king’s hall. Large
+fires were kindled for them, and ale was brought them to drink. Then
+came King Adils’ men in and bore fuel onto the fireplace, and made a
+fire so great that it burnt the clothes of Rolf and his berserks,
+saying: Is it true that neither fire nor steel will put Rolf Krake and
+his berserks to flight? Then Rolf Krake and all his men sprang up, and
+he said:
+
+  Let us increase the blaze
+  In Adils’ chambers.
+
+He took his shield and cast it into the fire, and sprang over the fire
+while the shield was burning, and cried:
+
+  From the fire flees not he
+  Who over it leaps.
+
+The same did also his men, one after the other, and then they took those
+who had put fuel on the fire and cast them into it. Now Yrsa came and
+handed Rolf Krake a deer’s horn full of gold, and with it she gave him
+the ring Sviagris, and requested them to ride straightway to their army.
+They sprang upon their horses and rode away over the Fyrisvold. Then
+they saw that King Adils was riding after them with his whole army, all
+armed, and was going to slay them. Rolf Krake took gold out of the horn
+with his right hand, and scattered it over the whole way. But when the
+Swedes saw it they leaped out of their saddles, and each one took as
+much as he could. King Adils bade them ride, and he himself rode on with
+all his might. The name of his horse was Slungner, the fastest of all
+horses. When Rolf Krake saw that King Adils was riding near him, he took
+the ring Sviagris and threw it to him, asking him to take it as a gift.
+King Adils rode to the ring, picked it up with the end of his spear, and
+let it slide down to his hand. Then Rolf Krake turned round and saw that
+the other was stooping. Said he: Like a swine I have now bended the
+foremost of all Swedes. Thus they parted. Hence gold is called the seed
+of Krake or of Fyrisvold.
+
+
+HOGNE AND HILD.
+
+A king by name Hogne had a daughter by name Hild. Her a king, by name
+Hedin, son of Hjarrande, made a prisoner of war, while King Hogne had
+fared to the trysting of the kings. But when he learned that there had
+been harrying in his kingdom, and that his daughter had been taken away,
+he rode with his army in search of Hedin, and learned that he had sailed
+northward along the coast. When King Hogne came to Norway, he found out
+that Hedin had sailed westward into the sea. Then Hogne sailed after him
+to the Orkneys. And when he came to the island called Ha, then Hedin was
+there before him with his host. Then Hild went to meet her father, and
+offered him as a reconciliation from Hedin a necklace; but if he was not
+willing to accept this, she said that Hedin was prepared for a battle,
+and Hogne might expect no clemency from him. Hogne answered his daughter
+harshly. When she returned to Hedin, she told him that Hogne would not
+be reconciled, and bade him busk himself for the battle. And so both
+parties did; they landed on the island and marshaled their hosts. Then
+Hedin called to Hogne, his father-in-law, offering him a reconciliation
+and much gold as a ransom. Hogne answered: Too late do you offer to make
+peace with me, for now I have drawn the sword Dainsleif, which was
+smithied by the dwarfs, and must be the death of a man whenever it is
+drawn; its blows never miss the mark, and the wounds made by it never
+heal. Said Hedin: You boast the sword, but not the victory. That I call
+a good sword that is always faithful to its master. Then they began the
+battle which is called the Hjadninga-vig (the slaying of the
+Hedin_ians_); they fought the whole day, and in the evening the kings
+fared back to their ships. But in the night Hild went to the
+battlefield, and waked up with sorcery all the dead that had fallen. The
+next day the kings went to the battlefield and fought, and so did also
+all they who had fallen the day before. Thus the battle continued from
+day to day; and all they who fell, and all the swords that lay on the
+field of battle, and all the shields, became stone. But as soon as day
+dawned all the dead arose again and fought, and all the weapons became
+new again, and in songs it is said that the Hjadnings will so continue
+until Ragnarok.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+ENEA.
+
+The Enea mentioned in the Foreword to Gylfe’s Fooling refers to the
+settlement of western Europe, where Æneas is said to have founded a city
+on the Tiber. Bergmann, however, in his Fascination de Gulfi, page 28,
+refers it to the Thracian town Ainos.
+
+
+HERIKON.
+
+Herikon is undoubtedly a mutilated form for Erichthonios. The genealogy
+here given corresponds with the one given in the Iliad, Book 20, 215.
+
+
+THE HISTORICAL ODIN.
+
+The historical or anthropomorphized Odin, described in the Foreword to
+the Fooling of Gylfe, becomes interesting when we compare it with
+Snorre’s account of that hero in Heimskringla, and then compare both
+accounts with the Roman traditions about Æneas. Of course the whole
+story is only a myth; but we should remember that in the minds and
+hearts of our ancestors it served every purpose of genuine history. Our
+fathers accepted it in as good faith as any Christian ever believed in
+the gospel of Christ, and so it had a similar influence in moulding the
+social, religious, political and literary life of our ancestors. We
+become interested in this legend as much as if it were genuine history,
+on account of the influence it wielded upon the minds and hearts of a
+race destined to act so great a part in the social, religious and
+political drama of Europe. We look into this and other ancestral myths,
+and see mirrored in them all that we afterward find to be reliable
+history of the old Teutons. In the same manner we are interested in the
+story told about Romulus and Remus, about Mars and the wolf. This Roman
+myth is equally prophetic in reference to the future career of Rome. The
+warlike Mars, the rapacity of the wolf, and the fratricide Romulus, form
+a mirror in which we see reflected the whole historical development of
+the Romans; so that the story of Romulus is a vest-pocket edition of the
+history of Rome.
+
+There are many points of resemblance between this old story of Odin and
+the account that Virgil gives us of Æneas, the founder of the Latin
+race; and it is believed that, while Virgil imitated Homer, he based his
+poem upon a legend current among his countrymen. The Greeks in Virgil’s
+poem are Pompey and the Romans in our Teutonic story. The Trojans
+correspond to Mithridates and his allies. Æneas and Odin are identical.
+Just as Odin, a heroic defender of Mithridates, after traversing various
+unknown countries, finally reaches the north of Europe, organizes the
+various Teutonic kingdoms, settles his sons upon the thrones of Germany,
+England, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, and instructs his people to gather
+strength and courage, so as eventually to take revenge on the cursed
+Romans; so Æneas, one of the most valiant defenders of Troy, after many
+adventures in various lands, at length settles in Italy, and becomes the
+founder of a race that in course of time is to wreak vengeance upon the
+Greeks. The prophecy contained in the Roman legend was fulfilled by
+Metellus and Mummius, in the years 147 and 146 before Christ, when the
+Romans became the conquerors of Greece. The prophecy contained in our
+Teutonic legend foreshadowed with no less unrelenting necessity the
+downfall of proud Rome, when the Teutonic commander Odoacer, in the year
+476 after Christ, dethroned, not Romulus, brother of Remus, but Romulus
+Augustulus, son of Orestes. Thus history repeats itself. Roman history
+begins and ends with Romulus; and we fancy we can see some connection
+between Od-in and Od-oacer. “As the twig is bent the tree is inclined.”
+
+It might be interesting to institute a similar comparison between our
+Teutonic race-founder Odin and Ulysses, king of Ithaca, but the reader
+will have to do this for himself.
+
+In one respect our heroes differ. The fall of Troy and the wanderings of
+Ulysses became the theme of two great epic poems among the Greeks. The
+wanderings and adventures of Æneas, son of Anchises, were fashioned into
+a lordly epic by Virgil for the Romans. But the much-traveled man, the
+ἀνὴρ πολύτροπος, the weapons and the hero, Odin, who, driven by the
+norns, first came to Teutondom and to the Baltic shores, has not yet
+been sung. This wonderful expedition of our race-founder, which, by
+giving a historic cause to all the later hostilities and conflicts
+between the Teutons and the Romans, might, as suggested by Gibbon,
+supply the noble ground-work of an epic poem as thrilling as the Æneid
+of Virgil, has not yet been woven into a song for our race, and we give
+our readers this full account of Odin from the Heimskringla in
+connection with the Foreword to Gylfe’s Fooling, with the hope that
+among our readers there may be found some descendant of Odin, whose
+skaldic wings are but just fledged for the flights he hopes to take,
+who will take a draught, first from Mimer’s gushing fountain, then from
+Suttung’s mead, brought by Odin to Asgard, and consecrate himself and
+his talents to this legend with all the ardor of his soul. For, as
+William Morris so beautifully says of the Volsung Saga, this is the
+great story of the Teutonic race, and should be to us what the tale of
+Troy was to the Greeks, and what the tale of Æneas was to the Romans,
+to all our race first and afterward, when the evolution of the world has
+made the Teutonic race nothing more than a name of what it has been; a
+story, too, then, should it be to the races that come after us, no less
+than the Iliad, and the Odyssey and the Æneid have been to us.[101] We
+sincerely trust that we shall see Odin wrought into a Teutonic epic,
+that will present in grand outline the contrast between the Roman and
+the Teuton. And now we are prepared to give the Heimskringla account of
+the historical Odin. We have adopted Samuel Laing’s translation, with a
+few verbal alterations where such seemed necessary.
+
+    [Footnote 101: Quoted from memory.]
+
+It is said that the earth’s circle (Heimskringla), which the human race
+inhabits, is torn across into many bights, so that great seas run into
+the land from the out-ocean. Thus it is known that a great sea goes into
+Njorvasound,[102] and up to the land of Jerusalem. From the same sea a
+long sea-bight stretches toward the northeast, and is called the Black
+Sea, and divides the three parts of the earth; of which the eastern part
+is called Asia, and the western is called by some Europe, by some
+Enea.[103] Northward of the Black Sea lies Svithjod the Great,[104] or
+the Cold. The Great Svithjod is reckoned by some not less than the
+Saracens’ land,[105] others compare it to the Great Blueland.[106] The
+northern part of Svithjod lies uninhabited on account of frost and cold,
+as likewise the southern parts of Blueland are waste from the burning
+sun. In Svithjod are many great domains, and many wonderful races of
+men, and many kinds of languages. There are giants,[107] and there are
+dwarfs,[108] and there are also blue men.[109] There are wild beasts and
+dreadfully large dragons. On the north side of the mountains, which lie
+outside of all inhabited lands, runs a river through Svithjod, which is
+properly called by the name of Tanais,[110] but was formerly called
+Tanaquisl or Vanaquisl, and which falls into the ocean at the Black Sea.
+The country of the people on the Vanaquisl was called Vanaland or
+Vanaheim, and the river separates the three parts of the world, of which
+the easternmost is called Asia and the westernmost Europe.
+
+    [Footnote 102: Njorvasound, the Straits of Gibraltar; so called
+    from the first Norseman who sailed through them. His name was
+    Njorve. See Ann. for nordisk Oldkyndighed, Vol. I, p. 58.]
+
+    [Footnote 103: See note, page 221.]
+
+      [Transcriber’s Note:
+      The reference is to the first “Note”, on Enea.]
+
+    [Footnote 104: Svithjod the Great, or the Cold, is the ancient
+    Sarmatia and Scythia Magna, and formed the great part of the
+    present European Russia. In the mythological sagas it is also
+    called Godheim; that is, the home of Odin and the other gods.
+    Svithjod the Less is Sweden proper, and is called Mannheim; that
+    is, the home of the kings, the descendants of the gods.]
+
+    [Footnote 105: The Saracens’ land (Serkland) means North Africa
+    and Spain, and the Saracen countries in Asia; that is, Persia,
+    Assyria, etc.]
+
+    [Footnote 106: Blueland, the country of the blacks in Africa, the
+    country south of Serkland, the modern Ethiopia.]
+
+    [Footnote 107: Tartareans.]
+
+    [Footnote 108: Kalmuks.]
+
+    [Footnote 109: Mongolians.]
+
+    [Footnote 110: The Tanais is the present Don river, which empties
+    into the Sea of Asov.]
+
+The country east of the Tanaquisl in Asia was called Asaland or Asaheim,
+and the chief city in that land was called Asgard.[111] In that city was
+a chief called Odin, and it was a great place for sacrifice. It was the
+custom there that twelve temple-priests[112] should both direct the
+sacrifices and also judge the people. They were called priests or
+masters, and all the people served and obeyed them. Odin was a great and
+very far-traveled warrior, who conquered many kingdoms, and so
+successful was he that in every battle the victory was on his side.
+It was the belief of his people that victory belonged to him in every
+battle. It was his custom when he sent his men into battle, or on any
+expedition, that he first laid his hand upon their heads, and called
+down a blessing upon them; and then they believed their undertaking
+would be successful. His people also were accustomed, whenever they fell
+into danger by land or sea, to call upon his name; and they thought that
+always they got comfort and aid by it, for where he was they thought
+help was near. Often he went away so long that he passed many seasons on
+his journeys.
+
+    [Footnote 111: Asgard is supposed, by those who look for
+    historical fact in mythological tales, to be the present Assor;
+    others, that it is Chasgar in the Caucasian ridge, called by
+    Strabo Aspargum the Asburg, or castle of the asas. We still have
+    in the Norse tongue the word Aas, meaning a ridge of high land.
+    The word asas is not derived from Asia, as Snorre supposed. It is
+    the O.H. Ger. _ans_; Anglo-Sax. _os_ = a hero. The word also
+    means a pillar; and in this latter sense the gods are the pillars
+    of the universe. Connected with the word is undoubtedly Aas, a
+    mountain-ridge, as supporter of the skies; and this reminds us of
+    _Atlas_, as bearer of the world.]
+
+    [Footnote 112: The temple-priests performed the functions of
+    priest and judge, and their office continued hereditary throughout
+    the heathen period of Norse history.]
+
+Odin had two brothers, the one hight Ve, the other Vile,[113] and they
+governed the kingdom when he was absent. It happened once when Odin had
+gone to a great distance, and had been so long away that the people of
+Asia doubted if he would ever return home, that his two brothers took it
+upon themselves to divide his estate; but both of them took his wife
+Frigg to themselves. Odin soon after returned home, and took his wife
+back.
+
+    [Footnote 113: See Norse Mythology, page 174.]
+
+Odin went out with a great army against the Vanaland people; but they
+were well prepared, and defended their land, so that victory was
+changeable, and they ravaged the lands of each other and did great
+damage. They tired of this at last, and, on both sides appointing a
+meeting for establishing peace, made a truce and exchanged hostages. The
+Vanaland people sent their best men,--Njord the Rich and his son Frey;
+the people of Asaland sent a man hight Hœner,[114] as he was a stout and
+very handsome man, and with him they sent a man of great understanding,
+called Mimer; and on the other side the Vanaland people sent the wisest
+man in their community, who was called Quaser. Now when Hœner came to
+Vanaheim he was immediately made a chief, and Mimer came to him with
+good counsel on all occasions. But when Hœner stood in the Things, or
+other meetings, if Mimer was not near him, and any difficult matter was
+laid before him, he always answered in one way: Now let others give
+their advice; so that the Vanaland people got a suspicion that the
+Asaland people had deceived them in the exchange of men. They took
+Mimer, therefore, and beheaded him, and sent his head to the Asaland
+people. Odin took the head, smeared it with herbs, so that it should not
+rot, and sang incantations over it. Thereby he gave it the power that it
+spoke to him, and discovered to him many secrets.[115] Odin placed Njord
+and Frey as priests of the sacrifices, and they became deities of the
+Asaland people. Njord’s daughter, Freyja, was priestess of the
+sacrifices, and first taught the Asaland people the magic art, as it was
+in use and fashion among the Vanaland people. While Njord was with the
+Vanaland people he had taken his own sister in marriage, for that was
+allowed by their law; and their children were Frey and Freyja. But among
+the Asaland people it was forbidden to come together in so near
+relationship.[116]
+
+    [Footnote 114: See Brage’s Talk, p. 160; and Norse Mythology,
+    pp. 247 and 342.]
+
+    [Footnote 115: In the Vala’s Prophecy of the Elder Edda it is
+    said that Odin talks with the head of Mimer before the coming of
+    Ragnarok. See Norse Mythology, p. 421.]
+
+    [Footnote 116: This shows that the vans must have belonged to the
+    mythological system of some older race that, like the ancient
+    Romans (Liber and Libera), recognized the propriety of marriage
+    between brothers and sisters, at least among their gods. Such
+    marriages were not allowed among our Odinic ancestors. Hence we
+    see that when Njord, Frey and Freyja were admitted to Asgard, they
+    entered into new marriage relations. Njord married Skade, Frey
+    married Gerd, and Freyja married Oder. Our ancestors were never
+    savages!]
+
+There goes a great mountain barrier from northeast to southwest, which
+divides the Great Svithjod from other kingdoms. South of this mountain
+ridge is not far to Turkland, where Odin had great possessions.[117] But
+Odin, having foreknowledge and magic-sight, knew that his posterity
+would come to settle and dwell in the northern half of the world. In
+those times the Roman chiefs went wide around the world, subduing to
+themselves all people; and on this account many chiefs fled from their
+domains.[118] Odin set his brothers Vile and Ve over Asgard, and he
+himself, with all the gods and a great many other people, wandered out,
+first westward to Gardarike (Russia), and then south to Saxland
+(Germany). He had many sons, and after having subdued an extensive
+kingdom in Saxland he set his sons to defend the country. He himself
+went northward to the sea, and took up his abode in an island which is
+called Odinse (see note below), in Funen. Then he sent Gefjun across the
+sound to the north to discover new countries, and she came to King
+Gylfe, who gave her a ploughland. Then she went to Jotunheim and bore
+four sons to a giant, and transformed them into a yoke of oxen, and
+yoked them to a plough and broke out the land into the ocean, right
+opposite to Odinse, which was called Seeland, where she afterward
+settled and dwelt.[119] Skjold, a son of Odin, married her, and they
+dwelt at Leidre.[120] Where the ploughed land was, is a lake or sea
+called Laage.[121] In the Swedish land the fjords of Laage correspond to
+the nesses of Seeland. Brage the old sings thus of it:
+
+  Gefjun glad
+  Drew from Gylfe
+  The excellent land,
+  Denmark’s increase,
+  So that it reeked
+  From the running beasts.
+  Four heads and eight eyes
+  Bore the oxen,
+  As they went before the wide
+  Robbed land of the grassy isle.[122]
+
+    [Footnote 117: Turkland was usually supposed to mean Moldau and
+    Wallachia. Some, who regard the great mountain barrier as being
+    the Ural Mountains, think Turkland is Turkistan in Asia. Asia
+    Minor is also frequently styled Turkland.]
+
+    [Footnote 118: Ancient Norse writers connect this event with
+    Mithridates and Pompey the Great. They tell how Odin was a heroic
+    prince who, with his twelve peers or apostles, dwelt in the Black
+    Sea region. He became straightened for room, and so led the asas
+    out of Asia into eastern Europe. Then they go on to tell how the
+    Roman empire had arrived at its highest point of power, and saw
+    all the then known world--the orbis terrarum--subject to its laws,
+    when an unforeseen event raised up enemies against it from the
+    very heart of the forests of Scythia, and on the banks of the Don
+    river. The leader was Mithridates the Great, against whom the
+    Romans waged three wars, and the Romans looked upon him as the
+    most formidable enemy the empire had ever had to contend with.
+    Cicero delivered his famous oration, Pro lege Manilia, and
+    succeeded in getting Pompey appointed commander of the third war
+    against Mithridates. The latter, by flying, had drawn Pompey after
+    him into the wilds of Scythia. Here the king of Pontus sought
+    refuge and new means of vengeance. He hoped to arm against the
+    ambition of Rome all his neighboring nations whose liberties she
+    threatened. He was successful at first, but all those Scythian
+    peoples, ill-united as allies, ill-armed as soldiers, and still
+    worse disciplined, were at length forced to yield to the genius of
+    the great general Pompey. And here traditions tell us that Odin
+    and the other asas were among the allies of Mithridates. Odin had
+    been one of the gallant defenders of Troy, and at the same time,
+    with Æneas and Anchises, he had taken flight out of the burning
+    and falling city. Now he was obliged to withdraw a second time by
+    flight, but this time it was not from the Greeks, but from the
+    Romans, whom he had offended by assisting Mithridates. He was now
+    compelled to go and seek, in lands unknown to his enemies, that
+    safety which he could no longer find in the Scythian forests. He
+    then proceeded to the north of Europe, and laid the foundations of
+    the Teutonic nations. As fast as he subdued the countries in the
+    west and north of Europe he gave them to one or another of his
+    sons to govern. Thus it comes to pass that so many sovereign
+    families throughout Teutondom are said to be descended from Odin.
+    Hengist and Horsa, the chiefs of those Saxons who conquered
+    Britain in the fifth century, counted Odin in the number of their
+    ancestors. The traditions go on to tell how he conquered Denmark,
+    founded Odinse (Odinsve = Odin’s Sanctuary; comp. _ve_ with the
+    German _Wei_ in _Weinacht_), and gave the kingdom to his son
+    Skjold (shield); how he conquered Sweden, founded the Sigtuna
+    temple, and gave the country to his son Yngve; how finally Norway
+    had to submit to him, and be ruled by a third son of Odin, Saming.
+
+    It has been seriously contended,--and it would form an important
+    element in an epic based on the historical Odin,--that a desire of
+    being revenged on the Romans was one of the ruling principles of
+    Odin’s whole conduct. Driven by those foes of universal liberty
+    from his former home in the east, his resentment was the more
+    violent, since the Teutons thought it a sacred duty to revenge all
+    injuries, especially those offered to kinsmen or country. Odin had
+    no other view in traversing so many distant lands, and in
+    establishing with so much zeal his doctrines of valor, than to
+    arouse all Teutonic nations, and unite them against so formidable
+    and odious a race as the Romans. And we, who live in the light of
+    the nineteenth century, and with the records before us, can read
+    the history of the convulsions of Europe during the decline of the
+    Roman empire; we can understand how that leaven, which Odin left
+    in the bosoms of the believers in the asa-faith, first fermented a
+    long time in secret; but we can also see how in the fullness of
+    time, the signal given, the descendants of Odin fell like a swarm
+    of locusts upon this unhappy empire, and, after giving it many
+    terrible shocks, eventually overturned it, thus completely
+    avenging the insult offered so many centuries before by Pompey to
+    their founder Odin. We can understand how it became possible for
+    “those vast multitudes, which the populous north poured from her
+    frozen loins, to pass the Rhine and the Danube, and come like a
+    deluge on the south, and spread beneath Gibraltar and the Libyan
+    sands;” how it were possible, we say, for them so largely to
+    remodel and invigorate a considerable part of Europe, nay, how
+    they could succeed in overrunning and overturning “the rich but
+    rotten, the mighty but marrowless, the disciplined but diseased,
+    Roman empire; that gigantic and heartless and merciless usurpation
+    of soulless materialism and abject superstition of universal
+    despotism, of systemized and relentless plunder, and of depravity
+    deep as hell.” In connection with this subject we would refer our
+    readers to Mallet’s Northern Antiquities, pp. 79-83, where
+    substantially the same account is given; to Norse Mythology, pp.
+    232-236; to George Stephen’s Runic Monuments, Vol. I; and to
+    Charles Kingsley’s The Roman and the Teuton.]
+
+    [Footnote 119: Compare this version of the myth with the one given
+    in the first chapter of The Fooling of Gylfe. Many explain the
+    myth to mean the breaking through of the Baltic between Sweden and
+    Denmark.]
+
+    [Footnote 120: Leidre or Leire, at the end of Isefjord, in the
+    county of Lithraborg, is considered the oldest royal seat in
+    Denmark.]
+
+    [Footnote 121: Laage is a general name for lakes and rivers. It
+    here stands for Lake Malar, in Sweden.]
+
+    [Footnote 122: The grassy isle is Seeland.]
+
+Now when Odin heard that things were in a prosperous condition in the
+land to the east beside Gylfe, he went thither, and Gylfe made a peace
+with him, for Gylfe thought he had no strength to oppose the people of
+Asaland. Odin and Gylfe had many tricks and enchantments against each
+other; but the Asaland people had always the superiority. Odin took up
+his residence at the Malar lake, at the place now called Sigtun.[123]
+There he erected a large temple, where there were sacrifices according
+to the customs of the Asaland people. He appropriated to himself the
+whole of that district of country, and called it Sigtun. To the temple
+gods he gave also domains. Njord dwelt in Noatun, Frey in Upsal, Heimdal
+in Himinbjorg, Thor in Thrudvang, Balder in Breidablik;[124] to all of
+them he gave good domains.
+
+    [Footnote 123: Sigtun. _Sige_, Ger. Sieg, (comp. Sigfrid,) means
+    victory, and is one of Odin’s names; _tun_ means an inclosure, and
+    is the same word as our modern English _town_. Thus Sigtun would,
+    in modern English, be called Odinstown; like our Johnstown,
+    Williamstown, etc.]
+
+    [Footnote 124: Noatun, Thrudvang, Breidablik and Himinbjorg are
+    purely mythological names, and for their significance the reader
+    is referred to The Fooling of Gylfe. Snorre follows the lay of
+    Grimner in the Elder Edda.]
+
+When Odin of Asaland came to the north, and the gods with him, he began
+to exercise and to teach others the arts which the people long afterward
+have practiced. Odin was the cleverest of all, and from him all others
+learned their magic arts; and he knew them first, and knew many more
+than other people. But now, to tell why he is held in such high respect,
+we must mention various causes that contributed to it. When sitting
+among his friends his countenance was so beautiful and friendly, that
+the spirits of all were exhilarated by it; but when he was in war, he
+appeared fierce and dreadful. This arose from his being able to change
+his color and form in any way he liked. Another cause was, that he
+conversed so cleverly and smoothly, that all who heard were persuaded.
+He spoke everything in rhyme, such as is now composed, and which we call
+skald-craft. He and his temple gods were called song-smiths, for from
+them came that art of song into the northern countries. Odin could make
+his enemies in battle blind or deaf, or terror-struck, and their weapons
+so blunt that they could no more cut than a willow-twig; on the other
+hand, his men rushed forward without armor, were as mad as dogs or
+wolves, bit their shields, and were strong as bears or wild bulls, and
+killed people at a blow, and neither fire nor iron told upon them. These
+were called berserks.[125]
+
+    [Footnote 125: Berserk. The etymology of this word has been much
+    contested. Some, upon the authority of Snorre in the above quoted
+    passage, derive it from berr (_bare_) and serkr (comp. _sark_,
+    Scotch for shirt); but this etymology is inadmissible, because
+    serkr is a substantive, not an adjective. Others derive it from
+    berr (Germ. _Bär_ = _ursus_), which is greatly to be preferred,
+    for in olden ages athletes and champions used to wear hides of
+    bears, wolves and reindeer (as skins of lions in the south), hence
+    the names Bjalfe, Bjarnhedinn, Ulfhedinn (hedinn, _pellis_),--
+    “pellibus aut parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur.” Cæsar, Bell.
+    Gall. VI, 22. Even the old poets understood the name so, as may be
+    seen in the poem of Hornklofi (beginning of the 10th century),
+    a dialogue between a valkyrie and a raven, where the valkyrie says
+    at berserkja reiðu vil ek þik spyrja, to which the raven replies,
+    Ulfhednar heita, _they are called wolf coats_. In battle the
+    berserks were subject to fits of frenzy, called _berserksgangr_
+    (_furor bersercicus_), when they howled like wild beasts, foamed at
+    the mouth, and gnawed the iron rim of their shields. During these
+    fits they were, according to a popular belief, proof against steel
+    and fire, and made great havoc in the ranks of the enemy. But when
+    the fever abated they were weak and tame. Vigfusson Cleasby’s
+    Icelandic-English Dictionary, _sub voce_.]
+
+Odin could transform his shape; his body would lie as if dead or asleep,
+but then he would be in the shape of a fish, or worm, or bird, or beast,
+and be off in a twinkling to distant lands upon his own or other
+peoples’ business. With words alone he could quench fire, still the
+ocean in tempest, and turn the wind to any quarter he pleased. Odin had
+a ship, which he called Skidbladner,[126] in which he sailed over wide
+seas, and which he could roll up like a cloth. Odin carried with him
+Mimer’s head, which told him all the news of other countries. Sometimes
+even he called the dead out of the earth, or set himself beside the
+burial-mounds; whence he was called the ghost-sovereign, and the lord of
+the mounds. He had two ravens,[127] to whom he had taught the speech of
+man; and they flew far and wide through the land, and brought him the
+news. In all such things he was preëminently wise. He taught all these
+arts in runes and songs, which are called incantations, and therefore
+the Asaland people are called incantation-smiths. Odin also understood
+the art in which the greatest power is lodged, and which he himself
+practiced, namely, what is called magic. By means of this he could know
+beforehand the predestined fate[128] of men, or their not yet completed
+lot, and also bring on the death, ill-luck or bad health of people, or
+take away the strength or wit from one person and give it to another.
+But after such witchcraft followed such weakness and anxiety, that it
+was not thought respectable for men to practice it; and therefore the
+priestesses were brought up in this art. Odin knew definitely where all
+missing cattle were concealed under the earth, and understood the songs
+by which the earth, the hills, the stones and mounds were opened to him;
+and he bound those who dwell in them by the power of his word, and went
+in and took what he pleased. From these arts he became very celebrated.
+His enemies dreaded him; his friends put their trust in him, and relied
+on his power and on himself. He taught the most of his arts to his
+priests of the sacrifices, and they came nearest to himself in all
+wisdom and witch-knowledge. Many others, however, occupied themselves
+much with it; and from that time witchcraft spread far and wide, and
+continued long. People sacrificed to Odin, and the twelve chiefs of
+Asaland,--called them their gods, and believed in them long after. From
+Odin’s name came the name Audun, which people gave to his sons; and from
+Thor’s name came Thorer, also Thorarinn; and it was also sometimes
+augmented by other additions, as Steinthor, Hafthor, and many kinds of
+alterations.
+
+    [Footnote 126: In the mythology this ship belongs to Frey, having
+    been made for him by the dwarfs.]
+
+    [Footnote 127: Hugin and Munin.]
+
+    [Footnote 128: The old Norse word is órlög, which is plural, (from
+    ör = Ger. _ur_, and lög, _laws_,) and means the primal law, fate,
+    weird, doom; the Greek μοῖρα. The idea of predestination was a
+    salient feature in the Odinic religion. The word örlog, O.H.G.
+    _urlac_, M.H.G. _urlone_, Dutch _orlog_, had special reference to
+    a man’s fate in war. Hence Orlogschiffe in German means a naval
+    fleet. The Danish orlog means warfare at sea.]
+
+Odin established the same law in his land that had been before in
+Asaland. Thus he established by law that all dead men should be burned,
+and their property laid with them upon the pile, and the ashes be cast
+into the sea or buried in the earth. Thus, said he, everyone will come
+to Valhal with the riches he had with him upon the pile; and he would
+also enjoy whatever he himself had buried in the earth. For men of
+consequence a mound should be raised to their memory, and for all other
+warriors who had been distinguished for manhood, a standing stone; which
+custom remained long after Odin’s time. Toward winter there should be a
+blood-sacrifice for a good year, and in the middle of winter for a good
+crop; and the third sacrifice should be in summer, for victory in
+battle. Over all Svithjod[129] the people paid Odin a scatt, or tax,--so
+much on each head; but he had to defend the country from enemy or
+disturbance, and pay the expense of the sacrifice-feasts toward winter
+for a good year.
+
+    [Footnote 129: Svithjod, which here means Sweden, is derived from
+    Odin’s name, Svidr and thjod = folk, people. Svithjod thus means
+    Odin’s people, and the country takes its name from the people.]
+
+Njord took a wife hight Skade; but she would not live with him, but
+married afterward Odin, and had many sons by him, of whom one was called
+Saming, and of this Eyvind Skaldespiller sings thus:
+
+  To Asason[130] Queen Skade bore
+  Saming, who dyed his shield in gore,--
+  The giant queen of rock and snow
+  Who loves to dwell on earth below,
+  The iron pine-tree’s daughter she,
+  Sprung from the rocks that rib the sea,
+  To Odin bore full many a son,--
+  Heroes of many a battle won.
+
+    [Footnote 130: Odin.]
+
+To Saming Jarl Hakon the Great reckoned up his pedigree.[131] This
+Svithjod (Sweden) they call Mannheim, but the great Svithjod they call
+Godheim, and of Godheim great wonders and novelties were related.
+
+    [Footnote 131: Norway was given to Saming by Odin.]
+
+Odin died in his bed in Sweden; and when he was near his death he made
+himself be marked with the point of a spear,[132] and said he was going
+to Godheim, and would give a welcome there to all his friends, and all
+brave warriors should be dedicated to him; and the Swedes believed that
+he was gone to the ancient Asgard, and would live there eternally. Then
+began the belief in Odin, and the calling upon him. The Swedes believed
+that he often showed himself to them before any great battle. To some he
+gave victory, others he invited to himself; and they reckoned both of
+these to be well off in their fate. Odin was burnt, and at his pile
+there was great splendor. It was their faith that the higher the smoke
+arose in the air, the higher would he be raised whose pile it was; and
+the richer he would be the more property that was consumed with him.
+
+    [Footnote 132: He gave himself nine wounds in the form of the head
+    of a spear, or Thor’s hammer; that is, he marked himself with the
+    sign of the _cross_, an ancient heathen custom.]
+
+Njord of Noatun was then the sole sovereign of the Swedes; and he
+continued the sacrifices, and was called the drot, or sovereign, by the
+Swedes, and he received scatt and gifts from them. In his days were
+peace and plenty, and such good years in all respects that the Swedes
+believed Njord ruled over the growth of seasons and the prosperity of
+the people. In his time all the diars, or gods, died, and
+blood-sacrifices were made for them. Njord died on a bed of sickness,
+and before he died made himself be marked for Odin with the spear-point.
+The Swedes burned him, and all wept over his grave-mound.
+
+Frey took the kingdom after Njord, and was called drot by the Swedes,
+and they paid taxes to him. He was like his father, fortunate in friends
+and in good seasons. Frey built a great temple at Upsala, made it his
+chief seat, and gave it all his taxes, his land and goods. Then began
+the Upsala domains, which have remained ever since. Then began in his
+day the Frode-peace; and then there were good seasons in all the land,
+which the Swedes ascribed to Frey, so that he was more worshiped than
+the other gods, as the people became much richer in his days by reason
+of the peace and good seasons. His wife was called Gerd, daughter of
+Gymer, and their son was called Fjolner. Frey was called by another
+name, Yngve; and this name Yngve was considered long after in his race
+as a name of honor, so that his descendants have since been called
+Ynglings (_i.e._ Yngve-lings). Frey fell into a sickness, and as his
+illness took the upper hand, his men took the plan of letting few
+approach him. In the meantime they raised a great mound, in which they
+placed a door with three holes in it. Now when Frey died they bore him
+secretly into the mound, but told the Swedes he was alive, and they kept
+watch over him for three years. They brought all the taxes into the
+mound, and through the one hole they put in the gold, through the other
+the silver, and through the third the copper money that was paid. Peace
+and good seasons continued.
+
+Freyja alone remained of the gods, and she became on this account so
+celebrated that all women of distinction were called by her name, whence
+they now have the title Frue (Germ. _Frau_), so that every woman is
+called frue (that is, mistress) over her property, and the wife is
+called the house-frue. Freyja continued the blood-sacrifices. Freyja had
+also many other names. Her husband was called Oder, and her daughters
+Hnos and Gersame. They were so very beautiful that afterward the most
+precious jewels were called by their names.
+
+When it became known to the Swedes that Frey was dead, and yet peace and
+good seasons continued, they believed that it must be so as long as Frey
+remained in Sweden, and therefore they would not burn his remains, but
+called him the god of this world, and afterward offered continually
+blood-sacrifices to him, principally for peace and good seasons.[133]
+
+    [Footnote 133: Here ends Snorre’s account of the asas in
+    Heimskringla. The reader will, of course, compare the account here
+    given of Odin, Njord, Frey, Freyja, etc., with the purely
+    mythological description of them in the Younger Edda, and with
+    that in Norse Mythology. Upon the whole, Snorre has striven to
+    accommodate his sketch to the Eddas, while he has had to clothe
+    mythical beings with the characteristics of human kings. Like
+    Saxo-Grammaticus, Snorre has striven to show that the deities,
+    which we now recognize as personified forces and phenomena of
+    nature, were extraordinary and enterprising persons, who formerly
+    ruled in the North, and inaugurated the customs, government and
+    religion of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, England, and the
+    other Teutonic lands.]
+
+
+FORNJOT AND THE SETTLEMENT OF NORWAY.
+
+In the asa-faith we find various foreign elements introduced. Thus, for
+example, the vans did not originally belong to the Odinic system. As the
+Teutons came in contact with other races, the religious ideas of the
+latter were frequently adopted in some modified form. Especially do
+Finnish elements enter into the asa-system. The Finnish god of thunder
+was Ukko. He is supposed to have been confounded with our Thor, whence
+the latter got the name Öku-Thor (Ukko-Thor). The vans may be connected
+with the Finnish Wainamoinen, and in the same manner a number of Celtic
+elements have been mixed with Teutonic mythology. And this is not all.
+There must have flourished a religious system in the North before the
+arrival of Odin and his apostles. This was probably either Tshudic or
+Celtic, or a mixture of the two. The asa-doctrine superseded it, but
+there still remain traces in some of the oldest records of the North.
+Thus we have in the prehistoric sagas of Iceland an account of the
+finding of Norway, wherein it is related that Fornjot,[134] in Jotland,
+which is also called Finland or Quenland, east of the Gulf of Bothnia,
+had three sons: Hler, also called Æger, Loge and Kare.[135] Of Loge it
+is related that he was of giant descent, and, being very tall of
+stature, he was called Haloge, that is High Loge; and after him the
+northern part of Norway is called Halogaland (now Helgeland). He was
+married to Glod (a red-hot coal), and had with her two daughters, Eysa
+and Eimyrja; both words meaning glowing embers. Haloge had two jarls,
+Vifil (the one taking a vif = wife) and Vesete (the one who sits at the
+ve = the sanctuary, that is, the dweller by the hearth, the first
+sanctuary), who courted his daughters; the former addressing himself to
+Eimyrja, the latter to Eysa, but the king refusing to give his consent,
+they carried them away secretly. Vesete settled in Borgundarholm
+(Bornholm), and had a son, Bue (one who settles on a farm); Vifil sailed
+further east and settled on the island Vifilsey, on the coast of Sweden,
+and had a son, Viking (the pirate).
+
+    [Footnote 134: The word fornjot can be explained in two ways:
+    either as for-njot = the first enjoyer, possessor; or as forn-jot,
+    the ancient giant. He would then correspond to Ymer.]
+
+    [Footnote 135: Notice this trinity: Hler is the sea (comp. the
+    Welsh word _llyr_ = sea); Loge is fire (comp. the Welsh _llwg_),
+    he reminds us both by his name and his nature of Loke; Kare is the
+    wind.]
+
+The third son, Kare, had a numerous offspring. He had one son by name
+Jokul (iceberg), another Froste (frost), and Froste’s son was named Sna
+(snow). He had a third son, by name Thorri (bare frost), after whom the
+mid-winter month, Thorra-month, was called; and his daughters hight Fonn
+(packed snow), Drifa (snow-drift), and Mjoll (meal, fine snow). All
+these correspond well to Kare’s name, which, as stated, means wind.
+Thorri had two sons, Nor and Gor, and a daughter, Goe. The story goes on
+to tell how Goe, the sister, was lost, and how the brothers went to
+search for her, until they finally found him who had robbed her. He was
+Hrolf, from the mountain, a son of the giant Svade, and a grandson of
+Asa-Thor. They settled their trouble, and thereupon Hrolf married Goe,
+and Nor married Hrolf’s sister, settled in the land and called it after
+his own name, Norvegr, that is, Norway. By this story we are reminded of
+Kadmos, who went to seek his lost sister Europa. In the Younger Edda the
+winds are called the sons of Fornjot, the sea is called the son of
+Fornjot, and the brother of the fire and of the winds, and Fornjot is
+named among the old giants. This makes it clear that Fornjot and his
+offspring are not historical persons, but cosmological impersonations.
+And additional proof of this is found by an examination of the beginning
+of the Saga of Thorstein, Viking’s Son. (See Viking Tales of the North,
+pp. 1 and 2).
+
+
+THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+This story about the ploughing of Gylfe reminds us of the legend told in
+the first book of Virgil’s Æneid, about the founding of Carthage by
+Dido, who bought from the Libyan king as much ground as she could cover
+with a bull’s hide. Elsewhere it is related that she cut the bull’s hide
+into narrow strips and encircled therewith all the ground upon which
+Carthage was afterward built. Thus Dido deceived the Libyan king nearly
+as effectually as Gefjun deluded King Gylfe. The story is also told by
+Snorre in Heimskringla, see p. 231.
+
+The passage in verse, which has given translators so much trouble in a
+transposed form, would read as follows: Gefjun glad drew that excellent
+land (djúpródul = the deep sun = gold; öðla = udal = property; djúpródul
+öðla = the golden property), Denmark’s increase (Seeland), so that it
+reeked (steamed) from the running oxen. The oxen bore four heads and
+eight eyes, as they went before the wide piece of robbed land of the
+isle so rich in grass.
+
+Gefjun is usually interpreted as a goddess of agriculture, and her name
+is by some derived from γῆ; and _fjon_, that is, _terræ separatio_;
+others compare it with the Anglo-Saxon _geofon_ = the sea. The etymology
+remains very uncertain.
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+It is to the delusion or eye-deceit mentioned in this chapter that
+Snorre Sturlasson refers in his Heimskringla, in Chapter VI of Ynglinga
+Saga.
+
+Thjodolf of Hvin was a celebrated skald at the court of Harald Fairhair.
+
+Thinking thatchers, etc. Literally transposed, this passage would read:
+Reflecting men let shields (literally Svafner’s, that is Odin’s
+roof-trees,) glisten on the back. They were smitten with stones. To let
+shields glisten on the back, is said of men who throw their shields on
+their backs to protect themselves against those who pursue the flying
+host.
+
+Har means the High One, Jafnhar the Equally High One, and Thride the
+Third One. By these three may be meant the three chief gods of the
+North: Odin, Thor and Frey; or they may be simply an expression of the
+Eddic trinity. This trinity is represented in a number of ways: by Odin,
+Vile and Ve in the creation of the world, and by Odin, Hœner and Loder
+in the creation of Ask and Embla, the first human pair. The number three
+figures extensively in all mythological systems. In the pre-chaotic
+state we have Muspelheim, Niflheim and Ginungagap. Fornjot had three
+sons: Hler, Loge and Kare. There are three norns: Urd, Verdande and
+Skuld. There are three fountains: Hvergelmer, Urd’s and Mimer’s; etc.
+(See Norse Mythology, pp. 183, 195, 196.)
+
+Har being Odin, Har’s Hall will be Valhal. You will not come out from
+this hall unless you are wiser. In the lay of Vafthrudner, of the Elder
+Edda, we have a similar challenge, where Vafthrudner says to Odin:
+
+  Out will you not come
+  From our halls
+  Unless I find you to be wiser (than I am).
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+This chapter gives twelve names of Odin. In the Eddas and in the skaldic
+lays he has in all nearly two hundred names. His most common name is
+Odin (in Anglo-Saxon and in Old High German _Wodan_), and this is
+thought by many to be of the same origin as our word _god_. The other
+Old Norse word for god, _tivi_, is identical in root with Lat. _divus_;
+Sansk. _dwas_; Gr. Διός (Ζεύς); and this is again connected with _Tyr_,
+the Tivisco in the Germania of Tacitus. (See Max Müller’s Lectures on
+the Science of Language, 2d series, p. 425). Paulus Diakonus states that
+Wodan, or Gwodan, was worshiped by all branches of the Teutons. Odin has
+also been sought and found in the Scythian _Zalmoxis_, in the Indian
+_Buddha_, in the Celtic Budd, and in the Mexican Votan. Zalmoxis,
+derived from the Gr. Ζαλμός, helmet, reminds us of Odin as the
+helmet-bearer (Grimm, Gesch. der Deutschen Sprache). According to
+Humboldt, a race in Guatemala, Mexico, claim to be descended from
+Votan (Vues des Cordillères, 1817, I, 208). This suggests the question
+whether Odin’s name may not have been brought to America by the Norse
+discoverers in the 10th and 11th centuries, and adopted by some of the
+native races. In the Lay of Grimner (Elder Edda) the following names of
+Odin are enumerated:
+
+  Grim is my name
+  And Ganglere,
+  Herjan and Helmet-bearer,
+  Thekk and Thride,
+  Thud and Ud,
+  Helblinde and Har,
+
+  Sad and Svipal,
+  And Sanngetal,
+  Herteit and Hnikar,
+  Bileyg and Baleyg,
+  Bolverk, Fjolner,
+  Grim and Grimner,
+  Glapsvid and Fjolsvid,
+
+  Sidhot, Sidskeg,
+  Sigfather, Hnikud,
+  Alfather, Valfather,
+  Atrid and Farmatyr.
+  With one name
+  Was I never named
+  When I fared ’mong the peoples.
+
+  Grimner they called me
+  Here at Geirrod’s,
+  But Jalk at Asmund’s,
+  And Kjalar the time
+  When sleds (kjalka) I drew,
+  And Thror at the Thing,
+  Vidur on the battle-field,
+  Oske and Ome,
+  Jafnhar and Biflinde,
+  Gondler and Harbard ’mong the gods.
+
+  Svidur and Svidre
+  Hight I at Sokmimer’s,
+  And fooled the ancient giant
+  When I alone Midvitne’s,
+  The mighty son’s,
+  Bane had become.
+
+  Odin I now am called,
+  Ygg was my name before,
+  Before that I hight Thund,
+  Yak and Skilfing,
+  Vafud and Hroptatyr,
+  Got and Jalk ’mong the gods,
+  Ofner and Svafner.
+  All these names, I trow,
+  Have to me alone been given.
+
+What the etymology of all these names is, it is not easy to tell. The
+most of them are clearly Norse words, and express the various activities
+of their owner. It is worthy of notice that it is added when and where
+Odin bore this or that name (his name was Grim at Geirrod’s, Jalk at
+Asmund’s, etc.), and that the words sometimes indicate a progressive
+development, as Thund, then Ygg, and then Odin. First he was a mere
+sound in the air (Thund), then he took to thinking (Ygg), and at last he
+became the inspiring soul of the universe. Although we are unable to
+define all these names, they certainly each have a distinct meaning, and
+our ancestors certainly understood them perfectly. Har = the High One;
+Jafn-har = the Equally High One; Thride = the Third (Ζεὺς ἄλλος and
+Τρίτος); Alfather probably contracted from _Alda_father = the Father of
+the Ages and the Creations; Veratyr = the Lord of Beings; Rögner = the
+Ruler (from regin); Got (Gautr, from _gjóta_, to cast) = the Creator,
+Lat. Instillator; Mjotud = the Creator, the word being allied to
+Anglo-Saxon _meotod_, _metod_, Germ. _Messer_, and means originally
+cutter; but to cut and to make are synonymous. Such names as these have
+reference to Odin’s divinity as creator, arranger and ruler of gods and
+men. Svid and Fjolsvid = the swift, the wise; Ganglere, Gangrad and
+Vegtam = the wanderer, the waywont; Vidrer = the weather-ruler, together
+with serpent-names like Ofner, Svafner, etc., refer to Odin’s knowledge,
+his journeys, the various shapes he assumes. Permeating all nature, he
+appears in all its forms. Names like Sidhot = the slouchy hat; Sidskeg =
+the long-beard; Baleyg = the burning-eye; Grimner = the masked; Jalk
+(Jack) = the youth, etc., express the various forms in which he was
+thought to appear,--to his slouchy hat, his long beard, or his age, etc.
+Such names as Sanngetal = the true investigator; Farmatyr = the
+cargo-god, etc., refer to his various occupations as inventor,
+discoverer of runes, protector of trade and commerce, etc. Finally, all
+such names as Herfather = father of hosts; Herjan = the devastator;
+Sigfather = the father of victory; Sigtyr = god of victory; Skilfing =
+producing trembling; Hnikar = the breaker, etc., represent Odin as the
+god of war and victory. Oske = wish, is thus called because he gratifies
+our desires. Gimle, as will be seen later, is the abode of the blessed
+after Ragnarok. Vingolf (Vin and golf) means _friends’ floor_, and is
+the hall of the goddesses. Hel is the goddess of death, and from her
+name our word _hell_ is derived.
+
+Our ancestors divided the universe into nine worlds: the uppermost was
+Muspelheim (the world of light); the lowest was Niflheim (the world of
+darkness). Compare the Greek word νεφέλη = mist. (See Norse Mythology,
+p. 187.)
+
+GINUNGAGAP. Ginn means wide, large, far-reaching, perhaps also void
+(compare the Anglo-Saxon _gin_ = gaping, open, spacious; ginian = to
+gap; and ginnung = a yawning). Ginungagap thus means the yawning gap or
+abyss, and represents empty space. The poets use ginnung in the sense of
+a fish and of a hawk, and in geographical saga-fragments it is used as
+the name of the Polar Sea.
+
+HVERGELMER. This word is usually explained as a transposition for
+Hvergemler, which would then be derived from Hver and gamall (old) = the
+old kettle; but Petersen shows that gelmir must be taken from galm,
+which is still found in the Jutland dialect, and means a gale (compare
+Golmstead = a windy place, and _golme_ = to roar, blow). Gelmer is then
+the one producing galm, and Hvergelmer thus means the roaring kettle.
+The twelve rivers proceeding from Hvergelmer are called the Elivogs
+(Élivágar) in the next chapter. Éli-vágar means, according to Vigfusson,
+ice-waves. The most of the names occur in the long list of river names
+given in the Lay of Grimner, of the Elder Edda. Svol = the cool;
+Gunnthro = the battle-trough. Slid is also mentioned in the Vala’s
+Prophecy, where it is represented as being full of mud and swords. Sylg
+(from _svelgja_ = to swallow) = the devourer; Ylg (from _yla_ = to roar)
+= the roaring one; Leipt = the glowing, is also mentioned in the Lay of
+Helge Hunding’s Bane, where it is stated that they swore by it (compare
+Styx); Gjoll (from _gjalla_ = to glisten and clang) = the shining,
+clanging one. The meaning of the other words is not clear, but they
+doubtless all, like those explained, express cold, violent motion, etc.
+The most noteworthy of these rivers are Leipt and Gjoll. In the Lay of
+Grimner they are said to flow nearest to the abode of man, and fall
+thence into Hel’s realm. Over Gjoll was the bridge which Hermod, after
+the death of Balder, crossed on his way to Hel. It is said to be
+thatched with shining gold, and a maid by name Modgud watches it. In the
+song of Sturle Thordson, on the death of Skule Jarl, it is said that
+“the king’s kinsman went over the Gjoll-bridge.” The farther part of the
+horizon, which often appears like a broad bright stream, may have
+suggested this river.
+
+SURT means the swarthy or black one. Many have regarded him as the
+unknown (dark) god, but this is probably an error. But there was some
+one in Muspelheim who sent the heat, and gave life to the frozen drops
+of rime. The latter, and not Surt, who is a giant, is the eternal god,
+the mighty one, whom the skald in the Lay of Hyndla dare not name. It is
+interesting to notice that our ancestors divided the evolution of the
+world into three distinct periods: (1) a pre-chaotic condition
+(Niflheim, Muspelheim and Ginungagap); (2) a chaotic condition (Ymer and
+the cow Audhumbla); (3) and finally the three gods, Odin (spirit), Vile
+(will) and Ve (sanctity), transformed chaos into cosmos. And away back
+in this pre-chaotic state of the world we find this mighty being who
+sends the heat. It is not definitely stated, but it can be inferred from
+other passages, that just as the good principle existed from everlasting
+in Muspelheim, so the evil principle existed co-eternally with it in
+Hvergelmer in Niflheim. Hvergelmer is the source out of which all matter
+first proceeded, and the dragon or devil Nidhug, who dwells in
+Hvergelmer, is, in our opinion, the evil principle who is from eternity.
+The good principle shall continue forever, but the evil shall cease to
+exist after Ragnarok.
+
+YMER is the noisy one, and his name is derived from _ymja_ = to howl
+(compare also the Finnish deity Jumo, after whom the town Umea takes its
+name, like Odinse).
+
+AURGELMER, THRUDGELMER and BERGELMER express the gradual development
+from aur (clay) to thrud (that which is compressed), and finally to berg
+(rock).
+
+VIDOLF, VILMEIDE and SVARTHOFDE are mentioned nowhere else in the
+mythology.
+
+BURE and BORE mean the bearing and the born; that is, father and son.
+
+BOLTHORN means the miserable one, from bol = evil; and Bestla may mean
+that which is best. The idea then is that Bor united himself with that
+which was best of the miserable material at hand.
+
+That the flood caused by the slaying of Ymer reminds us of Noah and his
+ark, and of the Greek flood, needs only to be suggested.
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+ASK means an ash-tree, and EMBLA an elm-tree.
+
+While the etymology of the names in the myths are very obscure, the
+myths themselves are clear enough. Similar myths abound in Greek
+mythology. The story about Bil and Hjuke is our old English rhyme about
+Jack and Gill, who went up the hill to fetch a pail of water.
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+In reference to the golden age, see Norse Mythology, pp. 182 and 197.
+
+In the appendix to the German so-called Hero-Book we are told that the
+dwarfs were first created to cultivate the desert lands and the
+mountains; thereupon the giants, to subdue the wild beasts; and finally
+the heroes, to assist the dwarfs against the treacherous giants. While
+the giants are always hostile to the gods, the dwarfs are usually
+friendly to them.
+
+DWARFS. Both giants and dwarfs shun the light. If surprised by the
+breaking forth of day, they become changed to stone. In one of the poems
+of the Elder Edda (the Alvismál), Thor amuses the dwarf Alvis with
+various questions till daylight, and then cooly says to him: With great
+artifices, I tell you, you have been deceived; you are surprised here,
+dwarf, by daylight! The sun now shines in the hall. In the Helgakvida
+Atle says to the giantess Hrimgerd: It is now day, Hrimgerd! But Atle
+has detained you, to your life’s perdition. It will appear a laughable
+harbor-mark, where you stand as a stone-image.
+
+In the German tales the dwarfs are described as deformed and diminutive,
+coarsely clad and of dusky hue: “a little black man,” “a little gray
+man.” They are sometimes of the height of a child of four years,
+sometimes as two spans high, a thumb high (hence, Tom Thumb). The old
+Danish ballad of Eline of Villenwood mentions a troll not bigger than an
+ant. Dvergmál (the speech of the dwarfs) is the Old Norse expression for
+the echo in the mountains.
+
+In the later popular belief, the dwarfs are generally called the
+subterraneans, the brown men in the moor, etc. They make themselves
+invisible by a hat or hood. The women spin and weave, the men are
+smiths. In Norway rock-crystal is called dwarf-stone. Certain stones are
+in Denmark called dwarf-hammers. They borrow things and seek advice from
+people, and beg aid for their wives when in labor, all which services
+they reward. But they also lame cattle, are thievish, and will carry off
+damsels. There have been instances of dwarf females having married and
+had children with men. (Thorpe’s Northern Mythology.)
+
+WAR. It was the first warfare in the world, says the Elder Edda, when
+they pierced Gullveig (gold-thirst) through with a spear, and burned her
+in Odin’s hall. Thrice they burned her, thrice she was born anew: again
+and again, but still she lives. When she comes to a house they call her
+Heide (the bright, the welcome), and regard her as a propitious vala or
+prophetess. She can tame wolves, understands witchcraft, and delights
+wicked women. Hereupon the gods consulted together whether they should
+punish this misdeed, or accept a blood-fine, when Odin cast forth a
+spear among mankind, and now began war and slaughter in the world. The
+defenses of the burgh of the asas was broken down. The vans anticipated
+war, and hastened over the field. The valkyries came from afar, ready to
+ride to the gods’ people: Skuld with the shield, Skogul, Gunn, Hild,
+Gondul and Geirr Skogul. (Quoted by Thorpe.)
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+In reference to Ygdrasil, we refer our readers to Norse Mythology, pp.
+205-211, and to Thomas Carlyle’s Heroes and Hero-worship.
+
+A connection between the norns Urd, Verdande and Skuld and the weird
+sisters in Shakspeare’s _Macbeth_ has long since been recognized; but
+new light has recently been thrown upon the subject by the philosopher
+Karl Blind, who has contributed valuable articles on the subject in the
+German periodical “Die Gegenwart” and in the “London Academy.” We take
+the liberty of reproducing here an abstract of his article in the
+“Academy”:
+
+      *    *    *    *    *    *
+
+  The fact itself of these Witches being simply transfigurations, or
+  later disguises, of the Teutonic Norns is fully established--as may
+  be seen from Grimm or Simrock. In delineating these hags, Shakspeare
+  has practically drawn upon old Germanic sources, perhaps upon
+  current folk-lore of his time.
+
+  It has always struck me as noteworthy that in the greater part of
+  the scene between the Weird Sisters, Macbeth and Banquo, and
+  wherever the Witches come in, Shakspeare uses the staff-rime in a
+  remarkable manner. Not only does this add powerfully to the archaic
+  impressiveness and awe, but it also seems to bring the form and
+  figure of the Sisters of Fate more closely within the circle of the
+  Teutonic idea. I have pointed out this striking use of the
+  alliterative system in _Macbeth_ in an article on “An old German
+  Poem and a Vedic Hymn,” which appeared in _Fraser_ in June, 1877,
+  and in which the derivation of the Weird Sisters from the Germanic
+  Norns is mentioned.
+
+  The very first scene in the first act of _Macbeth_ opens strongly
+  with the staff-rime:
+
+    _1st Witch_. When shall we three meet again--
+    In thunder, lightning or in rain?
+
+    _2d Witch_. When the hurly-burly’s done,
+    When the battle’s lost and won.
+
+    _3d Witch_. That will be ere set of sun.
+
+    _1st Witch_. Where the place?
+
+    _2d Witch_.              Upon the heath.
+
+    _3d Witch_. There to meet with Macbeth.
+
+    _1st Witch_. I come, Graymalkin!
+
+    _All_. Paddock calls. Anon.
+    Fair is foul, and foul is fair.
+    Hover through the fog and filthy air.
+
+  Not less marked is the adoption of the fullest staff-rime--together
+  (as above) with the end-rime--in the third scene, when the Weird
+  Sisters speak. Again, there is the staff-rime when Banquo addresses
+  them. Again, the strongest alliteration, combined with the end-rime,
+  runs all through the Witches’ spell-song in Act iv, scene 1. This
+  feature in Shakspeare appears to me to merit closer investigation;
+  all the more so because a less regular alliteration, but still a
+  marked one, is found in not a few passages of a number of his plays.
+  Only one further instance of the systematic employment of
+  alliteration may here be noted in passing. It is in Ariel’s songs in
+  the _Tempest_, Act i, scene 2. Schlegel and Tieck evidently did not
+  observe this alliterative peculiarity. Their otherwise excellent
+  translation does not render it, except so far as the obvious
+  similarity of certain English and German words involuntarily made
+  them do so. But in the notes to their version of _Macbeth_ the
+  character of the Weird Sisters is also misunderstood, though
+  Warburton is referred to, who had already suggested their
+  derivations from the Valkyrs or Norns.
+
+  It is an error to say that the Witches in _Macbeth_ “are never
+  called witches” (compare Act i, scene 3: “‘Give me!’ quoth I.
+  ‘A-roint thee, _witch_!’ the rump-fed ronyon cries”). However, their
+  designation as Weird Sisters fully settles the case of their
+  Germanic origin.
+
+  This name “Weird” is derived from the Anglo-Saxon Norn Wyrd (Sax.
+  _Wurth_; O.H. Ger. _Wurd_; Norse, _Urd_), who represents the Past,
+  as her very name shows. Wurd is _die Gewordene_--the “Has Been,” or
+  rather the “Has Become,” if one could say so in English.
+
+      *    *    *    *    *    *
+
+  In Shakspeare the Witches are three in number--even as in Norse,
+  German, as well as in Keltic and other mythologies. Urd, properly
+  speaking, is the Past. Skuld is the Future, or “That Which shall
+  Be.” Verdandi, usually translated as the Present, has an even deeper
+  meaning. Her name is not to be derived from _vera_ (to be), but from
+  _verda_ (Ger. _werden_). This verb, which has a mixed meaning of “to
+  be,” “to become,” or to “grow,” has been lost in English. Verdandi
+  is, therefore, not merely a representative of present Being, but of
+  the process of Growing, or of Evolution--which gives her figure a
+  profounder aspect. Indeed, there is generally more significance in
+  mythological tales than those imagine who look upon them chiefly as
+  a barren play of fancy.
+
+  Incidentally it may be remarked that, though Shakspeare’s Weird
+  Sisters are three in number--corresponding to Urd, Verdandi and
+  Skuld--German and Northern mythology and folk-lore occasionally
+  speak of twelve or seven of them. In the German tale of
+  _Dornröschen_, or the Sleeping Beauty, there are twelve good fays;
+  and a thirteenth, who works the evil spell. Once, in German
+  folk-lore, we meet with but two Sisters of Fate--one of them called
+  _Kann_, the other _Muss_. Perhaps these are representatives of man’s
+  measure of free will (that which he “can”), and of that which is his
+  inevitable fate--or, that which he “must” do.
+
+  Though the word “Norn” has been lost in England and Germany, it is
+  possibly preserved in a German folk-lore ditty, which speaks of
+  three Sisters of Fate as “Nuns.” Altogether, German folk-lore is
+  still full of rimes about three Weird Sisters. They are sometimes
+  called Wild Women, or Wise Women, or the Measurers
+  (_Metten_)--namely, of Fate; or, euphemistically, like the
+  Eumenides, the Advisers of Welfare (_Heil-Räthinnen_), reminding us
+  of the counsels given to Macbeth in the apparition scene; or the
+  Quick Judges (_Gach-Schepfen_). Even as in the Edda, these German
+  fays weave and twist threads or ropes, and attach them to distant
+  parts, thus fixing the weft of Fate. One of these fays is sometimes
+  called Held, and described as black, or as half dark half
+  white--like Hel, the Mistress of the Nether World. That German fay
+  is also called Rachel, clearly a contraction of Rach-Hel, i.e. the
+  Avengeress Hel.
+
+  Now, in _Macbeth_ also the Weird Sisters are described as “black.”
+  The coming up of Hekate with them in the cave-scene might not
+  unfitly be looked upon as a parallel with the German Held, or
+  Rach-Hel, and the Norse Hel; these Teutonic deities being originally
+  Goddesses of Nocturnal Darkness, and of the Nether World, even as
+  Hekate.
+
+  In German folk-lore, three Sisters of Fate bear the names of Wilbet,
+  Worbet and Ainbet. Etymologically these names seem to refer to the
+  well-disposed nature of a fay representing the Past; to the warring
+  or worrying troubles of the Present; and to the terrors (_Ain_ =
+  _Agin_) of the Future. All over southern Germany, from Austria to
+  Alsace and Rhenish Hesse, the three fays are known under various
+  names besides Wilbet, Worbet, and Ainbet--for instance, as Mechtild,
+  Ottilia, and Gertraud; as Irmina, Adela, and Chlothildis, and so
+  forth. The fay in the middle of this trio is always a good fay,
+  a white fay--but blind. Her treasure (the very names of Ottilia and
+  Adela point to a treasure) is continually being taken from her by
+  the third fay, a dark and evil one, as well as by the first. This
+  myth has been interpreted as meaning that the Present, being blinded
+  as to its own existence, is continually being encroached upon,
+  robbed as it were, by the dark Future and the Past. Of this
+  particular trait there is no vestige in Shakspeare’s Weird Sisters.
+  They, like the Norns, “go hand in hand.” But there is another point
+  which claims attention Shakspeare’s Witches are bearded. (“You
+  should be women, and yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you
+  are so.” Act i, scene 3.)
+
+  It need scarcely be brought to recollection that a commingling of
+  the female and male character occurs in the divine and semi-divine
+  figures of various mythological systems--including the Bearded
+  Venus. Of decisive importance is, however, the fact of a bearded
+  Weird Sister having apparently been believed in by our heathen
+  German forefathers.
+
+  Near Wessobrunn, in Upper Bavaria, where the semi-heathen fragment
+  of a cosmogonic lay, known as “Wessobrunn Prayer,” was discovered,
+  there has also been found, of late, a rudely-sculptured three-headed
+  image. It is looked upon as an ancient effigy of the German Norns.
+  The Cloister of the three Holy Bournes, or Fountains, which stands
+  close by the place of discovery, is supposed to have been set up on
+  ground that had once served for pagan worship. Probably the later
+  monkish establishment of the Three Holy Bournes had taken the place
+  of a similarly named heathen sanctuary where the three Sisters of
+  Fate were once adored. Indeed, the name of all the corresponding
+  fays in yet current German folk-lore is connected with holy wells.
+  This quite fits in with the three Eddic Bournes near the great Tree
+  of Existence, at one of which--apparently at the oldest, which is
+  the very Source of Being--the Norns live, “the maidens that over the
+  Sea of Age travel in deep foreknowledge,” and of whom it is said
+  that:
+
+    They laid the lots, they ruled the life
+    To the sons of men, their fate foretelling.
+
+  Now, curiously enough, the central head of the slab found near
+  Wessobrunn, in the neighborhood of the Cloister of the Three Holy
+  Bournes, is _bearded_. This has puzzled our archæologists. Some of
+  them fancied that what appears to be a beard might after all be the
+  hair of one of the fays or Norns, tied round the chin. By the light
+  of the description of the Weird Sisters in Shakspeare’s _Macbeth_
+  we, however, see at once the true connection.
+
+  In every respect, therefore, his “Witches” are an echo from the
+  ancient Germanic creed--an echo, moreover, coming to us in the
+  oldest Teutonic verse-form; that is, in the staff-rime.
+
+      KARL BLIND.
+
+ELVES. The elves of later times seem a sort of middle thing between the
+light and dark elves. They are fair and lively, but also bad and
+mischievous. In some parts of Norway the peasants describe them as
+diminutive naked boys with hats on. Traces of their dance are sometimes
+to be seen on the wet grass, especially on the banks of rivers. Their
+exhalation is injurious, and is called _alfgust_ or _elfblæst_, causing
+a swelling, which is easily contracted by too nearly approaching places
+where they have spat, etc. They have a predilection for certain spots,
+but particularly for large trees, which on that account the owners do
+not venture to meddle with, but look on them as something sacred, on
+which the weal or woe of the place depends. Certain diseases among their
+cattle are attributed to the elves, and are, therefore, called elf-fire
+or elf-shot. The dark elves are often confounded with the dwarfs, with
+whom they, indeed, seem identical, although they are distinguished in
+Odin’s Raven’s Song. The Norwegians also make a distinction between
+dwarfs and elves, believing the former to live solitary and in quiet,
+while the latter love music and dancing. (Faye, p. 48; quoted by
+Thorpe.)
+
+The fairies of Scotland are precisely identical with the above. They are
+described as a diminutive race of beings of a mixed or rather dubious
+nature, capricious in their dispositions and mischievous in their
+resentment. They inhabit the interior of green hills, chiefly those of a
+conical form, in Gaelic termed _Sighan_, on which they lead their dances
+by moonlight; impressing upon the surface the marks of circles, which
+sometimes appear yellow and blasted, sometimes of a deep green hue, and
+within which it is dangerous to sleep, or to be found after sunset.
+Cattle which are suddenly seized with the cramp, or some similar
+disorder, are said to be _elf-shot_. (Scott’s Minstrelsy of the Scottish
+Border; quoted by Thorpe.)
+
+Of the Swedish elves, Arndt gives the following sketch: Of giants, of
+dwarfs, of the alp, of dragons, that keep watch over treasures, they
+have the usual stories; nor are the kindly elves forgotten. How often
+has my postillion, when he observed a circular mark in the dewy grass,
+exclaimed: See! there the elves have been dancing. These elf-dances play
+a great part in the spinning-room. To those who at midnight happen to
+enter one of these circles, the elves become visible, and may then play
+all kinds of pranks with them; though in general they are little, merry,
+harmless beings, both male and female. They often sit in small stones,
+that are hollowed out in circular form, and which are called elf-querns
+or mill-stones. Their voice is said to be soft like the air. If a loud
+cry is heard in the forest, it is that of the Skogsrå (spirit of the
+wood), which should be answered only by a _He!_ when it can do no harm.
+(Reise durch Sweden; quoted by Thorpe.)
+
+The elf-shot was known in England in very remote times, as appears from
+the Anglo-Saxon incantation, printed by Grimm in his Deutsche
+Mythologie, and in the appendix to Kemble’s Saxons in England: Gif hit
+wœre esa gescot oððe hit wœre ylfa gescot; that is, if it were an
+asa-shot or an elf-shot. On this subject Grimm says: It is a very old
+belief that dangerous arrows were shot by the elves from the air. The
+thunder-bolt is also called elf-shot, and in Scotland a hard, sharp,
+wedge-shaped stone is known by the name of elf-arrow, elf-flint,
+elf-bolt, which, it is supposed, has been sent by the spirits. (Quoted
+by Thorpe.)
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Our ancestors divided the universe into nine worlds, and these again
+into three groups:
+
+1. Over the earth. Muspelheim, Ljosalfaheim and Asaheim.
+
+2. On the earth. Jotunheim, Midgard and Vanheim.
+
+3. Below the earth. Svartalfaheim, Niflheim and Niflhel.
+
+The gods had twelve abodes:
+
+1. THRUDHEIM. The abode of Thor. His realm is Thrudvang, and his palace
+is Bilskirner.
+
+2. YDALER. Uller’s abode.
+
+3. VALASKJALF. Odin’s hall.
+
+4. SOKVABEK. The abode of Saga.
+
+5. GLADSHEIM, where there are twelve seats for the gods, besides the
+throne occupied by Alfather.
+
+6. THRYMHEIM. Skade’s abode.
+
+7. BREIDABLIK. Balder’s abode.
+
+8. HIMMINBJORG. Heimdal’s abode.
+
+9. FOLKVANG. Freyja’s abode.
+
+10. GLITNER. Forsete’s abode.
+
+11. NOATUN. Njord’s abode.
+
+12. LANDVIDE. Vidar’s abode.
+
+According to the Lay of Grimner, the gods had twelve horses, but the
+owner of each horse is not given:
+
+(1) Sleipner (Odin’s), (2) Goldtop (Heimdal’s), (3) Glad, (4) Gyller,
+(5) Gler, (6) Skeidbrimer, (7) Silvertop, (8) Siner, (9) Gisl, (10)
+Falhofner, (11) Lightfoot, (12) Blodughofdi (Frey’s).
+
+The owners of nine of them are not given, and, moreover, it is stated
+that Thor had no horse, but always either went on foot or drove his
+goats.
+
+The favorite numbers are three, nine and twelve. Monotheism was
+recognized in the unknown god, who is from everlasting to everlasting.
+A number of trinities were established, and the nine worlds were
+classified into three groups. The week had nine days, and originally
+there were probably but nine gods, that is, before the vans were united
+with the asas. The number nine occurs where Heimdal is said to have nine
+mothers, Menglad is said to have nine maid-servants, Æger had nine
+daughters, etc. When the vans were united with the asas, the number rose
+to twelve:
+
+(1) Odin, (2) Thor, (3) Tyr, (4) Balder, (5) Hoder, (6) Heimdal, (7)
+Hermod, (8) Njord, (9) Frey, (10) Uller, (11) Vidar, (12) Forsete.
+
+If we add to this list Brage, Vale and Loke, we get fifteen; but the
+Eddas everywhere declare that there are twelve gods, who were entitled
+to divine worship.
+
+The number of the goddesses is usually given as twenty-six.
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Loke and his offspring are so fully treated in our Norse Mythology, that
+we content ourselves by referring our readers to that work.
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Freyja’s ornament Brising. In the saga of Olaf Tryggvason, there is a
+rather awkward story of the manner in which Freyja became possessed of
+her ornament. Freyja, it is told, was a mistress of Odin. Not far from
+the palace dwelt four dwarfs, whose names were Alfrig, Dvalin, Berling
+and Grer; they were skillful smiths. Looking one day into their stony
+dwelling, Freyja saw them at work on a beautiful golden necklace, or
+collar, which she offered to buy, but which they refused to part with,
+except on conditions quite incompatible with the fidelity she owed to
+Odin, but to which she, nevertheless, was tempted to accede. Thus the
+ornament became hers. By some means this transaction came to the
+knowledge of Loke, who told it to Odin. Odin commanded him to get
+possession of the ornament. This was no easy task, for no one could
+enter Freyja’s bower without her consent. He went away whimpering, but
+most were glad on seeing him in such tribulation. When he came to the
+locked bower, he could nowhere find an entrance, and, it being cold
+weather, he began to shiver. He then transformed himself into a fly and
+tried every opening, but in vain; there was nowhere air enough to make
+him to get through [Loke (fire) requires air]. At length he found a hole
+in the roof, but not bigger than the prick of a needle. Through this he
+slipt. On his entrance he looked around to see if anyone were awake, but
+all were buried in sleep. He peeped in at Freyja’s bed, and saw that she
+had the ornament round her neck, but that the lock was on the side she
+lay on. He then transformed himself to a flea, placed himself on
+Freyja’s cheek, and stung her so that she awoke, but only turned herself
+round and slept again. He then laid aside his assumed form, cautiously
+took the ornament, unlocked the bower, and took his prize to Odin. In
+the morning, on waking, Freyja seeing the door open, without having been
+forced, and that her ornament was gone, instantly understood the whole
+affair. Having dressed herself, she repaired to Odin’s hall, and
+upbraided him with having stolen her ornament, and insisted on its
+restoration, which she finally obtained. (Quoted by Thorpe.)
+
+Mention is also made of the Brósinga-men in the Beowulf (verse 2394).
+Here it is represented as belonging to Hermanric, but the legend
+concerning it has never been found.
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+This myth about Frey and Gerd is the subject of one of the most
+fascinating poems in the Elder Edda, the Journey of Skirner. It is, as
+Auber Forestier, in Echoes from Mistland, says, the germ of the Niblung
+story. Frey is Sigurd or Sigfrid, and Gerd is Brynhild. The myth is also
+found in another poem of the Elder Edda, the Lay of Fjolsvin, in which
+the god himself--there called Svipday (the hastener of the
+day)--undertakes the journey to arouse from the winter sleep the cold
+giant nature of the maiden Menglad (the sun-radiant daughter), who is
+identical with Freyja (the goddess of spring, promise, or of love
+between man and woman, and who can easily be compared with Gerd). Before
+the bonds which enchain the maiden can in either case be broken, Bele
+(the giant of spring storms, corresponding to the dragon Fafner in the
+Niblung story,) must be conquered, and Wafurloge (the wall of bickering
+flames that surrounded the castle) must be penetrated. The fanes
+symbolize the funeral pyre, for whoever enters the nether world must
+scorn the fear of death. (Auber Forestier’s Echoes from Mistland;
+Introduction, xliii, xliv.) We also find this story repeated again and
+again, in numberless variations, in Teutonic folk-lore; for instance,
+in The Maiden on the Glass Mountain, where the glass mountain takes the
+place of the bickering flame.
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+The tree Lerad (furnishing protection) must be regarded as a branch of
+Ygdrasil.
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+In Heimskringla Skidbladner is called Odin’s ship. This is correct. All
+that belonged to the gods was his also.
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+For a thorough analysis of Thor as a spring god, as the god who dwells
+in the clouds, as the god of thunder and lightning, as the god of
+agriculture, in short, as the god of culture, we can do no better than
+to refer our readers to Der Mythus von Thor, nach Nordischen Quellen,
+von Ludwig Uhland, Stuttgart, 1836; and to Handbuch der Deutschen
+Mythologie, mit Einschluss der Nordischen, von Karl Simrock, Vierte
+Auflage, Bonn, 1874.
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+The death of Balder is justly regarded as the most beautiful myth in
+Teutonic mythology. It is connected with the Lay of Vegtam in the Elder
+Edda. Like so many other myths (Frey and Gerd, The Robbing of Idun,
+etc.) the myth symbolizes originally the end of summer and return of
+spring. Thus Balder dies every year and goes to Hel. But in the
+following spring he returns to the asas, and gladdens all things living
+and dead with his pure shining light. Gradually, however, the myth was
+changed from a symbol of the departing and returning summer, and applied
+to the departing and returning of the world year, and thus the death of
+Balder prepares the way for Ragnarok and Regeneration. Balder goes to
+Hel and does not return to this world. Thokk refuses to weep for him.
+His return is promised after Ragnarok. The next spring does not bring
+him back, but the rejuvenated earth. Thus the death of Balder becomes
+the central thought in the drama of the fate of the gods and of the
+world. It is inseparably connected with the punishment of Loke and the
+twilight of the gods. The winter following the death of Balder is not an
+ordinary winter, but the Fimbul-winter, which is followed by no summer,
+but by the destruction of the world. The central idea in the Odinic
+religion, the destruction and regeneration of the world, has taken this
+beautiful sun-myth of Balder into its service. Balder is then no more
+merely the pure holy light of heaven; he symbolizes at the same time the
+purity and innocence of the gods; he is changed from a physical to an
+ethical myth. He impersonated all that was good and holy in the life of
+the gods; and so it came to pass that when the golden age had ceased,
+when thirst for gold (Gulveig), when sin and crime had come into the
+world, he was too good to live in it. As in Genesis fratricide (Cain and
+Abel) followed upon the eating of the forbidden fruit, and the loss of
+paradise; so, when the golden age (paradise) had ended among the asas,
+Loke (the serpent) brought fratricide (Hoder and Balder) among the gods;
+themselves and our ancestors regarded fratricide as the lowest depth of
+moral depravity. After the death of Balder
+
+  Brothers slay brothers,
+  Sisters’ children
+  Shed each other’s blood,
+  Hard grows the world,
+  Sensual sin waxes huge.
+
+  There are sword-ages, ax-ages--
+  Shields are cleft in twain,--
+  Storm-ages, murder-ages,--
+  Till the world falls dead,
+  And men no longer spare
+  Or pity one another.
+
+Upon the whole we may say that a sun-myth first represents the death of
+the day at sunset, when the sky is radiant as if dyed in blood. In the
+flushing morn light wins its victory again. Then this same myth becomes
+transferred to the death and birth of summer. Once more it is lifted
+into a higher sphere, while still holding on to its physical
+interpretation, and is applied to the world year. Finally, it is clothed
+with ethical attributes, becomes thoroughly anthropomorphized, and
+typifies the good and the evil, the virtues and vices (light and
+darkness), in the character and life of gods and of men. Thus we get
+four stages in the development of the myth.
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+RAGNAROK. The word is found written in two ways, Ragnarok and ragnarökr.
+Ragna is genitive plural, from the word regin (god), and means of the
+gods. Rok means reason, ground, origin, a wonder, sign, marvel. It is
+allied to the O.H.G. _rahha_ = sentence, judgment. Ragnarök would then
+mean _the history of the gods_, and applied to the dissolution of the
+world, might be translated _the last judgment_, _doomsday_, _weird of
+gods and the world_. Rokr means _twilight_, and Ragnarokr, as the
+Younger Edda has it, thus means _the twilight of the gods_, and the
+latter is adopted by nearly all modern writers, although Gudbr.
+Vigfusson declares that Ragnarok (doomsday) is no doubt the correct
+form. And this is also to be said in favor of doomsday, that Ragnarok
+does not involve only the _twilight_, but the whole _night_ of the gods
+and the world.
+
+
+THE NIFLUNGS AND GJUKUNGS.
+
+This chapter of _Skaldskaparmal_ contains much valuable material for a
+correct understanding of the Nibelungen-Lied, especially as to the
+origin of the Niblung hoard, and the true character of Brynhild. The
+material given here, and in the Icelandic Volsunga Saga, has been used
+by Wm. Morris in his Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs.
+In the Nibelungen-Lied, as transposed by Auber Forestier, in Echoes from
+Mist-Land, we have a perfect gem of literature from the middle high
+German period, but its author had lost sight of the divine and mythical
+origin of the material that he wove into his poem. It is only by
+combining the German Nibelungen-Lied with the mythical materials found
+in Norseland that our national Teutonic epic can be restored to us.
+Wagner has done this for us in his famous drama; Jordan has done it in
+his Sigfrid’s saga; Morris has done it in the work mentioned above; but
+will not Auber Forestier gather up all the scattered fragments relating
+to Sigurd and Brynhild, and weave them together into a prose narrative,
+that shall delight the young and the old of this great land?
+
+We are glad to welcome at this time a new book in the field of Niblung
+literature. We refer to Geibel’s Brunhild, translated, with introduction
+and notes, by Prof. G. Theo. Dippold, and recently published in Boston.
+
+
+MENJA AND FENJA.
+
+This is usually called the peace of Frode, which corresponds to the
+golden age in the life of the asas. Avarice is the root of crime, and
+all other evils. Avarice is at the bottom of all the endless woes of the
+Niblung story. The myth explaining why the sea is salt is told in a
+variety of forms in different countries. In Germany there are several
+folk-lore stories and traditions in regard to it. In Norway, where
+folk-lore tales are so abundant, we find the myth about Menja and Fenja
+recurring in the following form:
+
+
+WHY THE SEA IS SALT.
+
+Long, long ago there were two brothers, the one was rich and the other
+was poor. On Christmas eve the poor one had not a morsel of bread or
+meat in his house, and so he went to his brother and asked him for
+mercy’s sake to give him something for Christmas. It was not the first
+time the brother had had to give him, and he was not very much pleased
+to see him this time either.
+
+“If you will do what I ask of you, I will give you a whole ham of pork,”
+said he.
+
+The poor man promised immediately, and was very thankful besides.
+
+“There you have it, now go to hell,” said the rich one, and threw the
+ham at him.
+
+“What I have promised, I suppose, I must keep,” said the other. He took
+the ham and started. He walked and walked the whole day, and at twilight
+he came to a place where everything looked so bright and splendid.
+
+“This must be the place,” thought the man with the ham.
+
+Out in the wood-shed stood an old man with a long white beard, cutting
+wood for Christmas.
+
+“Good evening,” said the man with the ham.
+
+“Good evening, sir. Where are you going so late?” said the man.
+
+“I am on my way to hell, if I am on the right road,” said the poor man.
+
+“Yes, you have taken the right road; it is here,” said the old man. “Now
+when you get in, they will all want to buy your ham, for pork is rare
+food in hell; but you must not sell it, unless you get the hand-mill
+that stands back of the door for it. When you come out again I will show
+you how to regulate it. You will find it useful in more than one
+respect.”
+
+The man with the ham thanked the old man for this valuable information,
+and rapped at the devil’s door.
+
+When he came in it happened as the old man had said. All the devils,
+both the large ones and the small ones, crowded around him like ants
+around a worm, and the one bid higher than the other for the ham.
+
+“It is true my wife and I were to have it for our Christmas dinner, but,
+seeing that you are so eager for it, I suppose I will have to let you
+have it,” said the man. “But if I am to sell it, I want that hand-mill
+that stands behind the door there for it.”
+
+The devil did not like to spare it, and kept dickering and bantering
+with the man, but he insisted, and so the devil had to give him the
+hand-mill. When the man came out in the yard he asked the old
+wood-chopper how he should regulate the mill; and when he had learned
+how to do it, he said “thank you,” and made for home as fast as he
+could. But still he did not reach home before twelve o’clock in the
+night Christmas eve.
+
+“Why, where in the world have you been?” said the woman. “Here I have
+been sitting hour after hour waiting and waiting, and I haven’t as much
+as two sticks to put on the fire so as to cook the Christmas porridge.”
+
+“Oh, I could not come any sooner. I had several errands to do, and I had
+a long way to go too. But now I will show you,” said the man. He set the
+mill on the table, and had it first grind light, then a table-cloth,
+then food and ale and all sorts of good things for Christmas, and as he
+commanded the mill ground. The woman expressed her great astonishment
+again and again, and wanted to know where her husband had gotten the
+mill, but this he would not tell.
+
+“It makes no difference where I have gotten it; you see the mill is a
+good one, and that the water does not freeze,” said the man.
+
+Then he ground food and drink, and all good things, for the whole
+Christmas week, and on the third day he invited his friends: he was
+going to have a party. When the rich brother saw all the nice and good
+things at the party, he became very wroth, for he could not bear to see
+his brother have anything.
+
+“Christmas eve he was so needy that he came to me and asked me for
+mercy’s sake to give him a little food, and now he gives a feast as
+though he were both count and king,” said he to the others.
+
+“But where in hell have you gotten all your riches from?” said he to his
+brother.
+
+“Behind the door,” answered he who owned the mill. He did not care to
+give any definite account, but later in the evening, when he began to
+get a little tipsy, he could not help himself and brought out the mill.
+
+“There you see the one that has given me all the riches,” said he, and
+then he let the mill grind both one thing and another. When the brother
+saw this he was bound to have the mill, and after a long bantering about
+it, he finally was to have it; but he was to pay three hundred dollars
+for it, and his brother was to keep it until harvest.
+
+“When I keep it until then, I shall have ground food enough to last many
+years,” thought he.
+
+Of course the mill got no chance to grow rusty during the next six
+months, and when harvest-time came, the rich brother got it; but the
+other man had taken good care not to show him how to regulate it. It was
+in the evening that the rich man brought the mill home, and in the
+morning he bade his wife go and spread the hay after the mowers,--he
+would get dinner ready, he said. Toward dinner he put the mill on the
+table.
+
+“Grind fish and gruel: Grind both well and fast!” said the man, and the
+mill began to grind fish and gruel. It first filled all the dishes and
+tubs full, and after that it covered the whole floor with fish and
+gruel. The man kept puttering and tinkering, and tried to get the mill
+to stop; but no matter how he turned it and fingered at it, the mill
+kept on, and before long the gruel got so deep in the room that the man
+was on the point of drowning. Then he opened the door to the
+sitting-room, but before long that room was filled too, and the man had
+all he could do to get hold of the door-latch down in this flood of
+gruel. When he got the door open he did not remain long in the room. He
+ran out as fast as he could, and there was a perfect flood of fish gruel
+behind, deluging the yard and his fields.
+
+The wife, who was in the meadow making hay, began to think that it took
+a long time to get dinner ready. “Even if husband does not call us, we
+will have to go anyway. I suppose he does not know much about making
+gruel; I will have to go and help him,” said the woman to the mowers.
+
+They went homeward, but on coming up the hill they met the flood of fish
+and gruel and bread, the one mixed up with the other, and the man came
+running ahead of the flood.
+
+“Would that each one of you had an hundred stomachs, but have a care
+that you do not drown in the gruel flood,” cried the husband. He ran by
+them as though the devil had been after him, and hastened down to his
+brother. He begged him in the name of everything sacred to come and take
+the mill away immediately.
+
+“If it grinds another hour the whole settlement will perish in fish and
+gruel,” said he.
+
+But the brother would not take it unless he got three hundred dollars,
+and this money had to be paid to him.
+
+Now the poor brother had both money and the mill, and so it did not take
+long before he got himself a farm, and a much nicer one than his
+brother’s. With his mill he ground out so much gold that he covered his
+house all over with sheets of gold. The house stood down by the
+sea-shore, and it glistened far out upon the sea. All who sailed past
+had to go ashore and visit the rich man in the golden house, and all
+wanted to see the wonderful mill, for its fame spread far and wide, and
+there was none who had not heard speak of it.
+
+After a long time there came a sea-captain who wished to see the mill.
+He asked whether it could grind salt.
+
+“Yes, it can grind salt,” said he who owned the mill; and when the
+captain heard this, he was bound to have it, let it cost what it will.
+For if he had that, thought he, he would not have to sail far off over
+dangerous waters after cargoes of salt. At first the man did not wish to
+sell it, but the captain teased and begged and finally the man sold it,
+and got many thousand dollars for it. When the captain had gotten the
+mill on his back, he did not stay there long, for he was afraid the man
+might reconsider the bargain and back out again. He had no time to ask
+how to regulate it; he went to his ship as fast as he could, and when he
+had gotten some distance out upon the sea, he got his mill out.
+
+“Grind salt both fast and well,” said the captain. The mill began to
+grind salt, and that with all its might. When the captain had gotten the
+ship full he wanted to stop the mill; but no matter how he worked, and
+no matter how he handled it, the mill kept grinding as fast as ever, and
+the heap of salt kept growing larger and larger, and at last the ship
+sank. The mill stands on the bottom of the sea grinding this very day,
+and so it comes that the sea is salt.
+
+
+
+
+VOCABULARY.
+
+
+ADILS. A king who reigned in Upsala.
+AE. A dwarf.
+ÆGER. The god presiding over the stormy sea.
+ALF. A dwarf.
+ALFATHER. A name of Odin.
+ALFHEIM. The home of the elves.
+ALFRIG. A dwarf.
+ALSVID. One of the horses of the sun.
+ALTHJOF. A dwarf.
+ALVIS. A dwarf.
+AMSVARTNER. The name of the lake in which the island was situated where
+  the wolf Fenrer was chained.
+ANDHRIMNER. The cook in Valhal.
+ANDLANG. The second heaven.
+ANDVARE. A dwarf.
+ANDVARE-NAUT. The ring in the Niblung story.
+ANGERBODA. A giantess; mother of the Fenris-wolf.
+ANNAR. Husband of Night and father of Jord.
+ARVAK. The name of one of the horses of the sun.
+ASAHEIM. The home of the asas.
+ASALAND. The land of the asas.
+ASAS. The Teutonic gods.
+ASA-THOR. A common name for Thor.
+ASGARD. The residence of the gods.
+ASK. The name of the first man created by Odin, Honer and Loder.
+ASLAUG. Daughter of Sigurd and Brynhild.
+ASMUND. A man visited by Odin.
+ASYNJES. The Teutonic goddesses.
+ATLE. Gudrun’s husband after the death of Sigurd.
+ATRID. A name of Odin.
+AUD. The son of Night and Naglfare.
+AUDHUMBLA. The cow that nourished the giant Ymer.
+AUDUN. A name derived from Odin.
+AURGELMER. A giant; grandfather of Bergelmer; the same as Ymer.
+AURVANG. A dwarf.
+AUSTRE. A dwarf.
+
+BAFUR. A dwarf.
+BALDER. Son of Odin and Frigg, slain by Hoder.
+BALEYG. A name of Odin.
+BAR-ISLE. A cool grove in which Gerd agreed with Skirner to meet Frey.
+BAUGE. A brother of Suttung. Odin worked for him one summer, in order to
+  get his help in obtaining Suttung’s mead of poetry.
+BEIGUD. One of Rolf Krake’s berserks.
+BELE. A giant, brother of Gerd, slain by Frey.
+BERGELMER. A giant; son of Thrudgelmer and grandson of Aurgelmer.
+BERLING. A dwarf.
+BESTLA. Wife of Bure and mother of Odin.
+BIFLIDE. A name of Odin.
+BIFLINDE. A name of Odin.
+BIFROST. The rainbow.
+BIFUR. A dwarf.
+BIKKE. A minister of Jormunrek; causes Randver to be hanged, and
+  Svanhild trodden to death by horses.
+BIL. One of the children that accompany Moon.
+BILEYG. A name of Odin.
+BILSKIRNER. Thor’s abode.
+BLAIN. A dwarf.
+BLODUGHOFDE. Frey’s horse.
+BODN. One of the three jars in which the poetic mead is kept.
+BODVAR BJARKE. One of Rolf Krake’s berserks.
+BOL. One of the rivers flowing out of Hvergelmer.
+BOLTHORN. A giant; father of Bestla, mother of Odin.
+BOLVERK. A name of Odin.
+BOMBUR. A dwarf.
+BOR. Son of Bure; father of Odin.
+BRAGE. A son of Odin; the best of skalds.
+BREIDABLIK. The abode of Balder.
+BRIMER. One of the heavenly halls after Ragnarok.
+BRISING. Freyja’s necklace.
+BROK. A dwarf.
+BRYNHILD. One of the chief heroines in the Niblung story.
+BUDLE. Father of Atle and Brynhild.
+BUE. A son of Vesete, who settled in Borgundarholm.
+BURE. Grandfather of Odin.
+BYLEIST. A brother of Loke.
+BYRGER. A well from which Bil and Hjuke were going when they were taken
+  by Moon.
+
+DAIN. A dwarf.
+DAIN. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.
+DAINSLEIF. Hogne’s sword.
+DAY. Son of Delling.
+DAYBREAK. The father of Day.
+DELLING. Daybreak.
+DOLGTHVARE. A dwarf.
+DORE. A dwarf.
+DRAUPNER. Odin’s ring.
+DROME. One of the fetters with which the Fenris-wolf was chained.
+DUF. A dwarf.
+DUNEY. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.
+DURATHRO. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.
+DURIN. A dwarf.
+DVALIN. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.
+DVALIN. A dwarf.
+
+EIKINSKJALDE. A dwarf.
+EIKTHYRNER. A hart that stands over Odin’s hall.
+EILIF. Son of Gudrun; a skald.
+EIMYRJA. One of the daughters of Haloge and Glod.
+EINDRIDE. A name of Thor.
+EIR. An attendant of Menglod, and the best of all in the healing art.
+EKIN. One of the rivers flowing from Hvergelmer.
+ELDER. A servant of Æger.
+ELDHRIMNER. The kettle in which the boar Sahrimner is cooked in Valhal.
+ELIVOGS. The ice-cold streams that flow out of Niflheim.
+ELJUDNER. Hel’s hall.
+ELLE. An old woman (old age) with whom Thor wrestled in Jotunheim.
+EMBLA. The first woman created by Odin, Honer and Loder.
+ENDIL. The name of a giant.
+ERP. A son of Jonaker, murdered by Sorle and Hamder.
+EYLIME. The father of Hjordis, mother of Volsung.
+EYSA. One of the daughters of Haloge and Glod.
+
+FAFNER. Son of Hreidmar, killed by Sigurd.
+FAL. A dwarf.
+FALHOFNER. One of the horses of the gods.
+FARBAUTE. The father of Loke.
+FARMAGOD. One of the names of Odin.
+FARMATYR. One of the names of Odin.
+FENJA. A female slave who ground at Frode’s mill.
+FENRIS-WOLF. The monster wolf, son of Loke.
+FENSALER. The abode of Frigg.
+FID. A dwarf.
+FILE. A dwarf.
+FIMAFENG. Æger’s servant.
+FIMBUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+FIMBULTHUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+FIMBUL-TYR. The unknown god.
+FIMBUL-WINTER. The great and awful winter of three years duration
+  preceding Ragnarok.
+FINNSLEIF. A byrnie belonging to King Adils, of Upsala.
+FJALAR. A dwarf.
+FJOLNER. A name of Odin.
+FJOLSVID. A name of Odin.
+FJORGVIN. The mother of Frigg and of Thor.
+FJORM. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+FOLKVANG. Freyja’s abode.
+FORM. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+FORNJOT. The ancient giant; the father of Æger.
+FORSETE. The peace-maker; son of Balder and Nanna.
+FRANANGER FORCE. The waterfall into which Loke cast himself in the
+  likeness of a salmon.
+FREKE. One of Odin’s wolves.
+FREY. Son of Njord and husband of Skade.
+FREYJA. The daughter of Njord and sister of Frey.
+FRIDLEIF. A son of Skjold.
+FRIGG. Wife of Odin and mother of the gods.
+FRODE. Grandson of Skjold.
+FROSTE. A dwarf.
+FULLA. Frigg’s attendant.
+FUNDIN. A dwarf.
+FYRE. A river in Sweden.
+
+GAGNRAD. A name of Odin.
+GALAR. A dwarf.
+GANDOLF. A dwarf.
+GANG. A giant.
+GANGLARE. A name of Odin.
+GANGLATE. Hel’s man-servant.
+GANGLERE. A name of Odin.
+GANGLOT. Hel’s maid-servant.
+GANGRAD. A name of Odin.
+GARDROFA. A horse.
+GARM. A dog that barks at Ragnarok.
+GAUT. A name of Odin.
+GEFJUN. A goddess; she is present at Æger’s feast.
+GEFN. One of the names of Freyja.
+GEIRAHOD. A valkyrie.
+GEIRROD. A giant visited by Thor.
+GEIR SKOGUL. A valkyrie.
+GEIRVIMUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GELGJA. The fetter with which the Fenris-wolf was chained.
+GERD. A beautiful giantess, daughter of Gymer.
+GERE. One of Odin’s wolves.
+GERSAME. One of the daughters of Freyja.
+GILLING. Father of Suttung, who possessed the poetic mead.
+GIMLE. The abode of the righteous after Ragnarok.
+GINNAR. A dwarf.
+GINUNGAGAP. The premundane abyss.
+GIPUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GISL. One of the horses of the gods.
+GJALLAR-BRIDGE. The bridge across the river Gjol, near Helheim.
+GJALLAR-HORN. Heimdal’s horn.
+GJALLAR-RIVER. The river near Helheim.
+GJALP. One of the daughters of Geirrod.
+GJUKE. A king in Germany, visited by Sigurd.
+GLADSHEIM. Odin’s dwelling.
+GLAM. The name of a giant.
+GLAPSVID. A name of Odin.
+GLASER. A grove in Asgard.
+GLEIPNER. The last fetter with which the wolf Fenrer was bound.
+GLENER. The husband of Sol (sun).
+GLER. One of the horses of the gods.
+GLITNER. Forsete’s hall.
+GLOIN. A dwarf.
+GNA. Frigg’s messenger.
+GNIPA-CAVE. The cave before which the dog Garm barks.
+GNITA-HEATH. Fafner’s abode, where he kept the treasure of the Niblungs.
+GOIN. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+GOL. A valkyrie.
+GOLDFAX. The giant Hrungner’s horse.
+GOMUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GONDLER. One of the names of Odin.
+GONDUL. A valkyrie.
+GOPUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GOT. A name of Odin.
+GOTE. Gunnar’s horse.
+GOTHORM. A son of Gjuke; murders Sigurd, and is slain by him.
+GRABAK. One of the serpents under Ygdrasil.
+GRAD. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GRAFVITNER. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+GRAFVOLLUD. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+GRAM. Sigurd’s sword.
+GRANE. Sigurd’s horse.
+GREIP. One of the daughters of Geirrod.
+GRID. A giantess visited by Thor.
+GRIDARVOL. Grid’s staff.
+GRIM. A name of Odin.
+GRIMHILD. Gjuke’s queen.
+GRIMNER. One of the names of Odin.
+GRJOTTUNGARD. The place where Thor fought with Hrungner.
+GROA. A giantess, mother of Orvandel.
+GROTTE. The name of King Frode’s mill.
+GUD. A valkyrie.
+GUDNY. One of the children of Gjuke.
+GUDRUN. The famous daughter of Gjuke.
+GULLINBURSTE. The name of Frey’s boar.
+GULLINTANNE. A name of Heimdal.
+GULLTOP. Heimdal’s horse.
+GULLVEIG. A personification of gold; she is pierced and burnt.
+GUNGNER. Odin’s spear.
+GUNLAT. The daughter of the giant Suttung.
+GUNN. A valkyrie.
+GUNNAR. The famous son of Gjuke.
+GUNTHRAIN. One of the rivers flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GWODAN. An old name for Odin.
+GYLFE. A king of Svithjod, who visited Asgard under the name of
+  Ganglere.
+GYLLER. One of the horses of the gods.
+GYMER. Another name of the ocean divinity Æger.
+
+HABROK. A celebrated hero.
+HALLINSKIDE. Another name of Heimdal.
+HALOGE. A giant, son of Fornjot; also called Loge.
+HAMDER. Son of Jonaker and Gudrun, incited by his mother to avenge his
+  sister’s death.
+HAMSKERPER. A horse; the sire of Hofvarpner, which was Gna’s horse.
+HANGAGOD. A name of Odin.
+HANGATYR. A name of Odin.
+HAPTAGOD. A name of Odin.
+HAR. The High One; applied to Odin.
+HARBARD. A name assumed by Odin.
+HATE. The wolf bounding before the sun, and will at last catch the moon.
+HEIDE. Another name for Gullveig.
+HEIDRUN. A goat that stands over Valhal.
+HEIMDAL. The god of the rainbow.
+HEIMER. Brynhild’s foster-father.
+HEL. The goddess of death; daughter of Loke.
+HELBLINDE. A name of Odin.
+HELMET-BEARER. A name of Odin.
+HENGEKJAPT. The man to whom King Frode gave his mill.
+HEPTE. A dwarf.
+HERAN. A name of Odin.
+HERFATHER. A name of Odin.
+HERJAN. A name of Odin.
+HERMOD. The god who rode on Sleipner to Hel, to get Balder back.
+HERTEIT. A name of Odin.
+HILD. A valkyrie.
+HILDESVIN. A helmet, which King Adils took from King Ale.
+HIMINBJORG. Heimdal’s dwelling.
+HINDFELL. The place where Brynhild sat in her hall, surrounded by the
+  Vafurloge.
+HJALMBORE. A name of Odin.
+HJALPREK. A king in Denmark; collects a fleet for Sigurd.
+HJATLE THE VALIANT. One of Rolf Krake’s berserks.
+HJORDIS. Married to Sigmund, and mother of Sigurd.
+HJUKE. One of the children that accompany Moon.
+HLEDJOLF. A dwarf.
+HLER. Another name of Æger.
+HLIDSKJALF. The seat of Odin, whence he looked out over all the world.
+HLIN. One of the attendants of Frigg; Frigg herself is sometimes called
+  by this name.
+HLODYN. Thor’s mother.
+HLOK. A valkyrie.
+HLORIDE. A name of Thor.
+HNIKER. A name of Odin.
+HNIKUD. A name of Odin.
+HNITBJORG. The place where Suttung hid the poetic mead.
+HNOS. Freyja’s daughter.
+HODER. The slayer of Balder; he is blind.
+HODMIMER’S-HOLT. The grove where the two human beings, Lif and
+  Lifthraser, were preserved during Ragnarok.
+HOFVARPNER. Gna’s horse.
+HOGNE. A son of Gjuke.
+HONER. One of the three creating gods; with Odin and Loder he creates
+  Ask and Embla.
+HOR. A dwarf.
+HORN. A name of Freyja.
+HRASVELG. A giant in an eagle’s plumage, who produces the wind.
+HREIDMAR. The father of Regin and Fafner.
+HRIB. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+HRIMFAXE. The horse of Night.
+HRINGHORN. The ship upon which Balder’s body was burned.
+HRIST. A valkyrie.
+HRODVITNER. A wolf; father of the wolf Hate.
+HRON. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+HROPTATYR. A name of Odin.
+HROTTE. Fafner’s sword.
+HRUNGNER. A giant; Thor slew him.
+HRYM. A giant, who steers the ship Naglfar at Ragnarok.
+HVERGELMER. The fountain in the middle of Niflheim.
+HUGE. A person (Thought) who ran a race with Thjalfe, in Jotunheim.
+HUGIST. One of Odin’s ravens.
+HUGSTORE. A dwarf.
+HYMER. A giant with whom Thor went fishing when he caught the
+  Midgard-serpent.
+HYNDLA. A vala visited by Freyja.
+HYRROKEN. A giantess who launched the ship on which Balder was burned.
+
+IDA. A plain where the gods first assemble, and where they assemble
+  again after Ragnarok.
+IDAVOLD. The same.
+IDE. A giant, son of Olvalde.
+IDUN. Wife of Brage; she kept the rejuvenating apples.
+IRONWOOD. The abode of giantesses called Jarnveds.
+IVA. A river in Jotunheim.
+IVALD. The father of the dwarfs that made Sif’s hair, the ship
+  Skidbladner, and Odin’s spear Gungner.
+
+JAFNHAR. A name of Odin.
+JALG. A name of Odin.
+JALK. A name of Odin.
+JARNSAXA. One of Heimdal’s nine giant mothers.
+JARNVED. The same as Ironwood.
+JARNVIDJES. The giantesses dwelling in Ironwood.
+JORD. Wife of Odin, mother of Thor.
+JORMUNGAND. The Midgard-serpent.
+JORMUNREK. King of Goths, marries Svanhild.
+JORUVOLD. The country where Aurvang is situated. Thence come several
+  dwarfs.
+JOTUNHEIM. The home of the giants.
+
+KERLAUGS. The rivers that Thor every day must cross.
+KILE. A dwarf.
+KJALER. A name of Odin.
+KORMT. A river which Thor every day must cross.
+KVASER. The hostage given by the vans to the asas; his blood, when
+  slain, was the poetical meed kept by Suttung.
+
+LADING. One of the fetters with which the Fenris-wolf was bound.
+LANDVIDE. Vidar’s abode.
+LAUFEY. Loke’s mother.
+LEIPT. One of the rivers flowing out of Hvergelmer.
+LERAD. A tree near Valhal.
+LETFET. One of the horses of the gods.
+LIF.       } The two persons preserved in Hodmimer’s-holt during
+LIFTHRASER.}   Ragnarok.
+LIT. A dwarf.
+LJOSALFAHEIM. The home of the light elves.
+LODER. One of the three gods who created Ask and Embla.
+LOFN. One of the asynjes.
+LOGE. A giant who tried his strength at eating with Loke in Jotunheim.
+LOKE. The giant-god of the Norse mythology.
+LOPT. Another name for Loke.
+LOVAR. A dwarf.
+LYNGVE. The island where the Fenris-wolf was chained.
+
+MAGNE. A son of Thor.
+MANNHEIM. The home of man; our earth.
+MARDOL. One of the names of Freyja.
+MEGINGJARDER. Thor’s belt.
+MEILE. A son of Odin.
+MENGLAD. Svipdag’s betrothed.
+MENJA. A female slave who ground at Frode’s mill.
+MIDGARD. The name of the earth in the mythology.
+MIDVITNE. A giant.
+MIMER. The name of the wise giant; keeper of the holy well.
+MIST. A valkyrie.
+MJODVITNER. A dwarf.
+MJOLNER. Thorn’s hammer.
+MJOTUD. A name of Odin.
+MODE. One of Thor’s sons.
+MODGUD. The may who guards the Gjallar-bridge.
+MODSOGNER. A dwarf.
+MOIN. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+MOKKERKALFE. A clay giant in the myth of Thor and Hrungner.
+MOON, brother of Sun. Both children of Mundilfare.
+MOONGARM. A wolf of Loke’s offspring; he devours the moon.
+MORN. A troll-woman.
+MUNDILFARE. Father of the sun and moon.
+MUNIN. One of Odin’s ravens.
+MUSPEL. The name of an abode of fire.
+MUSPELHEIM. The world of blazing light before the creation.
+
+NA. A dwarf.
+NAGLFAR. A mythical ship made of nail-parings; it appears in Ragnarok.
+NAIN. A dwarf.
+NAL. Mother of Loke.
+NANNA. Daughter of Nep; mother of Forsete, and wife of Balder.
+NARE. Sod of Loke; also called Narfe.
+NARFE. _See_ Nare.
+NASTRAND. A place of punishment for the wicked after Ragnarok.
+NEP. Father of Nanna.
+NIBLUNGS. Identical with Gjukungs.
+NIDA MOUNTAINS. A place where there is, after Ragnarok, a golden hall
+  for the race of Sindre (the dwarfs).
+NIDE. A dwarf.
+NIDHUG. A serpent in the nether world.
+NIFLHEIM. The world of mist before the creation.
+NIFLUNGS. Identical with Niblungs.
+NIGHT. Daughter of Norfe.
+NIKAR. A name of Odin.
+NIKUZ. A name of Odin.
+NIPING. A dwarf.
+NJORD. A van; husband of Skade, and father of Frey and Freyja.
+NOATUN. Njord’s dwelling.
+NON. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+NOR. The man after whom Norway was supposed to have been named.
+NORDRE. A dwarf.
+NORFE. A giant, father of Night.
+NORNS. The weird sisters.
+NOT. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+NY. A dwarf.
+NYE. A dwarf.
+NYRAD. A dwarf.
+
+ODER. Freyja’s husband.
+ODIN. Son of Bor and Bestla; the chief of Teutonic gods.
+ODRARER. One of the vessels in which the poetic mead was kept.
+OFNER. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+OIN. A dwarf.
+OKU-THOR. A name of Thor.
+OLVALDE. A giant; father of Thjasse, Ide and Gang.
+OME. A name of Odin.
+ONAR. A dwarf.
+ORBODA. Wife of the giant Gymer.
+ORE. A dwarf.
+ORMT. One of the rivers that Thor has to cross.
+ORNER. The name of a giant.
+ORVANDEL. The husband of Groa, the vala who sang magic songs over Thor
+  after he had fought with Hrungner.
+OSKE. A name of Odin.
+OTTER. A son of Hreidmar; in the form of an otter he was killed by Loke.
+
+QUASER. _See_ Kvaser.
+
+RADGRID. A valkyrie.
+RADSVID. A dwarf.
+RAFNAGUD. A name of Odin.
+RAGNAROK. The last day; the dissolution of the gods and the world; the
+  twilight of the gods.
+RAN. The goddess of the sea; wife of Æger.
+RANDGRID. A valkyrie.
+RANDVER. A son of Jormunrek.
+RATATOSK. A squirrel in Ygdrasil.
+RATE. An auger used by Odin in obtaining the poetic mead.
+REGIN. Son of Hreidmar.
+REGINLEIF. A valkyrie.
+REIDARTYR. A name of Odin.
+REK. A dwarf.
+RIND. Mother of Vale.
+ROGNER. A name of Odin.
+ROSKVA. Thor’s maiden follower.
+
+SAHRIMNER. The boar on which the gods and heroes in Valhal live.
+SAD. A name of Odin.
+SAGA. The goddess of history.
+SAGER. The bucket carried by Bil and Hjuke.
+SANGETAL. A name of Odin.
+SEKIN. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+SESSRYMNER. Freyja’s palace.
+SIAR. A dwarf.
+SID. A stream flowing from Hvergelmer.
+SIDHOT. A name of Odin.
+SIDSKEG. A name of Odin.
+SIF. Thor’s wife.
+SIGFATHER. A name of Odin.
+SIGFRID. The hero in the Niblung story; the same as Sigurd.
+SIGMUND. Son of Volsung. Also son of Sigurd and Gudrun.
+SINDRE. A dwarf.
+SIGTYR. A name of Odin.
+SIGYN. Loke’s wife.
+SIGURD. The hero in the Niblung story; identical with Sigfrid.
+SILVERTOP. One of the horses of the gods.
+SIMUL. The pole on which Bil and Hjuke carried the bucket.
+SINFJOTLE. Son of Sigmund.
+SINER. One of the horses of the gods.
+SJOFN. One of the asynjes.
+SKADE. A giantess; daughter of Thjasse and wife of Njord.
+SKEGGOLD. A valkyrie.
+SKEIDBRIMER. One of the horses of the gods.
+SKIDBLADNER. Frey’s ship.
+SKIFID. A dwarf.
+SKIFIR. A dwarf.
+SKILFING. A name of Odin.
+SKINFAXE. The horse of Day.
+SKIRNER. Frey’s messenger.
+SKOGUL. A valkyrie.
+SKOL. The wolf that pursues the sun.
+SKRYMER. The name assumed by Utgard-Loke; a giant.
+SKULD. The norn of the future.
+SLEIPNER. Odin’s eight-footed steed.
+SLID. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+SLIDRUGTANNE. Frey’s boar.
+SNOTRA. One of the asynjes.
+SOKMIMER. A giant slain by Odin.
+SOKVABEK. A mansion, where Odin and Saga quaff from golden beakers.
+SOL. Daughter of Mundilfare.
+SON. One of the vessels containing the poetic mead.
+SORLE. Son of Jonaker and Gudrun; avenges the death of Svanhild.
+SUDRE. A dwarf.
+SUN. Identical with Sol.
+SURT. Guards Muspelheim. A fire-giant in Ragnarok.
+SUTTUNG. The giant possessing the poetic mead.
+SVADE. A giant.
+SVADILFARE. A horse, the sire of Sleipner.
+SVAFNER. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+SVANHILD. Daughter of Sigurd and Gudrun.
+SVARIN. A dwarf.
+SVARTALFAHEIM. The home of the swarthy elves.
+SVARTHOFDE. The ancestor of all enchanters.
+SVASUD. The name of a giant; father of summer.
+SVIAGRIS. A ring demanded by the berserks for Rolf Krake.
+SVID. A name of Odin.
+SVIDAR. A name of Odin.
+SVIDR. A name of Odin.
+SVIDRE. A name of Odin.
+SVIDRIR. A name of Odin.
+SVIDUR. A name of Odin.
+SVIPDAG. The betrothed of Menglad.
+SVIPOL. A name of Odin.
+SVOL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+SVOLNE. A name of Odin.
+SYLG. A stream flowing from Hvergelmer.
+SYN. A minor goddess.
+SYR. A name of Freyja.
+
+TANGNJOST.  } Thor’s goats.
+TANGRISNER. }
+THEK. A dwarf; also a name of Odin.
+THJALFE. The name of Thor’s man-servant.
+THJASSE. A giant; the father of Njord’s wife, Skade.
+THJODNUMA. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+THOK. Loke in the disguise of a woman.
+THOL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+THOR. Son of Odin and Fjorgyn. The god of thunder.
+THORIN. A dwarf.
+THORN. A giant.
+THRIDE. A name of Odin.
+THRO. A dwarf; also a name of Odin.
+THROIN. A dwarf.
+THROR. A name of Odin.
+THRUD. A valkyrie.
+THUD. A name of Odin.
+THUL. A stream flowing from Hvergelmer.
+THUND. A name of Odin.
+THVITE. A stone used in chaining the Fenris-wolf.
+THYN. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+TYR. The one-armed god of war.
+
+UD. A name of Odin.
+UKKO. The god of thunder in Tshudic mythology.
+UKKO-THOR. A name for Thor.
+ULLER. Son of Sif and step-son of Thor.
+URD. The norn of the past.
+UTGARD. The abode of the giant Utgard-Loke.
+UTGARD-LOKE. A giant visited by Thor; identical with Skrymer.
+
+VAFTHRUDNER. A giant visited by Odin.
+VAFUD. A name of Odin.
+VAFURLOGE. The bickering flame surrounding Brynhild on Hindfell.
+VAK. A name of Odin.
+VALASKJALF. One of Odin’s dwellings.
+VALE. Brother of Balder; kills Hoder.
+VALFATHER. A name of Odin.
+VALHAL. The hall to which Odin invites those slain in battle.
+VANADIS. A name of Freyja.
+VANAHEIM. The home of the vans.
+VAR. The goddess of betrothals and marriages.
+VARTARE. The thread with which the mouth of Loke was sewed together.
+VASAD. The grandfather of Winter.
+VE. A brother of Odin. (Odin, Vile and Ve).
+VEDFOLNER. A hawk in Ygdrasil.
+VEGSVIN. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+VEGTAM. A name of Odin.
+VERATYR. A name of Odin.
+VERDANDE. The norn of the present.
+VESTRE. A dwarf.
+VID. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+VIDAR. Son of Odin and the giantess Grid.
+VIDBLAIN. The third heaven.
+VIDFIN. The father of Bil and Hjuke.
+VIDOLF. The ancestor of the valas.
+VIDRER. A name of Odin.
+VIDUR. A name of Odin.
+VIG. A dwarf.
+VIGRID. The field of battle where the gods and the hosts of Surt meet in
+  Ragnarok.
+VILE. Brother of Odin and Ve.
+VILMEIDE. The ancestor of all wizards.
+VIMER. A river that Thor crosses.
+VIN. A river that flows from Hvergelmer.
+VINA. A river that flows from Hvergelmer.
+VINDALF. A dwarf.
+VINDLONG. One of the names of the father of winter.
+VINDSVAL. One of the names of the father of winter.
+VINGNER. A name of Thor.
+VINGOLF. The palace of the asynjes.
+VINGTHOR. A name of Thor.
+VIRFIR. A dwarf.
+VIT. A dwarf.
+VOLSUNGS. The descendants of Volsung.
+VON. A river formed by the saliva running from the mouth of the chained
+  Fenris-wolf.
+VOR. One of the asynjes.
+
+WODAN. A name of Odin.
+
+YDALER. Uller’s dwelling.
+YG. A name of Odin.
+YGDRASIL. The world-embracing ash-tree.
+YLG. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+YMER. The huge giant out of whose body the world was created.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+  [Transcriber’s Note:
+
+  Page references in the 5-10 range do not correspond reliably to actual
+  citations; pages 5 and 6 do not exist at all. It is possible that the
+  Preface was rewritten and repaginated between 1879 (the original date
+  of the book) and 1901 (the date of the printing used as the basis for
+  this e-text).]
+
+
+A
+
+Abel, 265.
+Academy (London), 252.
+Achilleus, 167, 168.
+Adam, 33.
+Adela, 255.
+Adils, 215, 217.
+Ae, 71.
+Æger, 153, 154, 159, 160, 162, 164, 169, 176-189, 196, 240, 260.
+Æneas, 168, 221-224, 229, 242.
+Africa and Africans, 36, 38, 225.
+Ainbet, 255.
+Ainos, 221.
+Aldafather, 246.
+Ale, 89, 168, 215.
+Alf, 71.
+Alfather, 65, 69, 72, 77, 80, 81, 92, 94, 98, 106, 245, 246, 259.
+Alfheim, 77, 183.
+Alfrig, 261.
+Alsace, 255.
+Alsvid, 66.
+Althjof, 70.
+Alvis, 251.
+America, 30, 244.
+Amsvartner, 94.
+Anchises, 223, 229.
+Andhrimner, 104.
+Andlang, 78.
+Andvare, 71, 194, 195, 199-201.
+Andvarenaut, 200.
+Angerboda, 91.
+Anglo-Saxon, 258.
+Annan, 45.
+Annar, 65.
+Argulos, 41.
+Ariadne, 29.
+Ariel, 253.
+Ark, 33.
+Arndt, 257, 258.
+Arvak, 66.
+Asaheim, 226, 259.
+Asaland, 226, 234.
+Asas, 79-90.
+Asa-Thor, 241.
+Asburg, 226.
+Asgard, 6, 7, 51, 54, 64, 65, 69, 133, 136, 148, 153, 156-158, 164,
+  168-176, 181, 189, 191, 224, 226, 228, 230, 237.
+Asia, 38, 43, 166, 225-229.
+Asiamen, 46, 48.
+Ask, 5, 64, 243, 250.
+Aslaug, 204.
+Asmund, 245, 246.
+Aspargum, 226.
+Asov, 225.
+Assor, 229.
+Asynjes, 97-100.
+Assyrians, 37, 40, 225.
+Atlas, 226.
+Atle, 198-202, 251.
+Atra, 45.
+Atrid, 81, 245.
+Aud, 65.
+Audhumbla, 59, 246.
+Audun, 235.
+Aurgelmer, 58, 250.
+Aurvang, 71.
+Austre, 61, 70.
+Austria, 255.
+
+
+B
+
+Baal, 37.
+Babylon, 39.
+Bafur, 70.
+Balder, 6, 7, 8, 46, 83, 84, 89, 131-136, 148, 158, 175, 232, 249, 259,
+  260, 264, 265.
+Baleyg, 81, 245, 247.
+Baltic, 223, 231.
+Banquo, 253.
+Bar, 61, 64, 250.
+Bar-Isle, 102.
+Bauge, 162, 163.
+Bavaria, 256.
+Bedvig, 45.
+Beigud, 215.
+Bel, 37.
+Beldegg, 46.
+Bele, 102, 103, 145, 175, 262.
+Beowulf, 262.
+Bergelmer, 60, 250.
+Bergmann, Fr., 18, 221.
+Berling, 261.
+Bestla, 60, 250.
+Biflide, 54.
+Biflinde, 54, 81, 245.
+Bifrost, 68, 73, 74, 77, 88, 108, 142.
+Bifur, 70.
+Bikke, 202, 203.
+Bil, 66, 99, 250.
+Bileyg, 81, 245.
+Bilskirner, 82, 259.
+Bjaf, 45.
+Bjalfe, 233.
+Bjar, 45.
+Bjarnhedinn, 233.
+Black Sea, 225, 229.
+Blackwell, W. L., 15, 18.
+Blain, 70.
+Blind, Karl, 252-256.
+Blodughofde, 260.
+Blueland, 225, 226.
+Bodn, 160-165.
+Bodvar Bjarke, 215.
+Bol, 106.
+Bolthorn, 60, 250.
+Bolverk, 81, 162, 163, 245.
+Bombur, 70.
+Bor, 50, 61, 64, 250.
+Borgundarholm, 240.
+Bornholm, 240.
+Bothnia, 240.
+Brage, 6, 9, 16, 25, 50, 87, 108, 153, 154, 159, 160, 164, 166, 169,
+  184, 187, 189, 205, 231, 260.
+Brander, 46.
+Breidablik, 77, 84, 232, 259.
+Brimer, 147, 166.
+Brising, 97, 186, 261, 262.
+Britain, 230.
+Brok, 190-192.
+Brynhild, 198-201, 262, 267.
+Budd, 244.
+Buddha, 244.
+Budle, 198, 201.
+Bue, 240.
+Bugge, Sophus, 18.
+Bure, 5, 60, 250.
+Byleist, 91, 144.
+Byrger, 66.
+
+
+C
+
+Cæsar, 233.
+Cain, 265.
+Carlyle, Sir Thomas, 22, 252.
+Carthage, 31, 242.
+Cato, the Elder, 31.
+Caucasian, 226.
+Celtic, 239, 240, 244.
+Cerberos, 41.
+Chaldeans, 40.
+Chasgar, 226.
+China, 28.
+Chlotildis, 255.
+Christ, 201, 221, 223.
+Cicero, 229.
+Columbus, 30.
+Cottle, A. S., 15.
+Crete, 28, 39-42.
+
+
+D
+
+Dain, 70, 75.
+Dainsleif, 219.
+Dane, 46.
+Danube, 230.
+Dardanos, 42.
+Dasent, G. W., 15, 16, 18.
+Day, 65, 66.
+Daybreak, 65.
+Delling, 65.
+Denmark, 50, 206, 207, 214, 222, 230, 231, 239, 242, 251.
+Dido, 242.
+Dietrich, Fr., 18.
+Dippold, G. Theo., 267.
+Dolgthvare, 71.
+Don, 225, 229.
+Dore, 71.
+Dornröschen, 254.
+Draupner, 71, 134, 136, 187.
+Drome, 93.
+Duf, 71.
+Duney, 75.
+Durathro, 75.
+Durin, 70.
+Dvalin, 70, 74, 75, 261.
+
+
+E
+
+Egilsson, S., 18, 19.
+Eikenskjalde, 71.
+Eikthyrner, 106.
+Eilif, 179.
+Eimyrja, 240.
+Eindride, 175.
+Eir, 97.
+Ekin, 106.
+Elder, 188.
+Eldhrimner, 104.
+Elenus, 168.
+Eline, 251.
+Elivogs, 5, 57, 59, 173, 248.
+Eljudner, 92.
+Elle, 124, 127.
+Embla, 5, 64, 243, 250.
+Emerson, R. W., 22.
+Endil, 180.
+Enea, 38, 221, 225.
+England, 30, 48, 222, 232, 239, 250, 258.
+Erichthonios, 221.
+Erp, 202-205.
+Ethiopia, 225.
+Ettmüller, Ludw., 18.
+Europe, 38, 221-230, 241, 254.
+Eve, 33.
+Eylime, 196.
+Eysa, 240.
+Eyvind Skaldespiller, 236.
+
+
+F
+
+Fafner, 193-201, 263.
+Fal, 71.
+Falhofner, 73, 260.
+Farbaute, 91, 185.
+Farmagod, 81, 247.
+Farmatyr, 81, 165, 245.
+Faye, A., 257.
+Fenja, 206-208, 267.
+Fenris-wolf, 8, 87, 91-96, 104, 141, 142, 148, 149, 168.
+Fensaler, 97, 132.
+Fid, 71.
+File, 71.
+Fimafeng, 188.
+Fimbul, 56.
+Fimbulthul, 106.
+Fimbul-tyr, 5, 6, 8.
+Fimbul-winter, 7, 140, 264.
+Finnish, 239, 240, 241, 250.
+Finnsleif, 215.
+Fjalar, 160, 161.
+Fjarlaf, 45.
+Fjolner, 54, 81, 207, 238, 245.
+Fjolsvid, 81, 245, 246.
+Fjorgvin, 65.
+Fjorm, 106.
+Folkvang, 86, 259.
+Forestier, Auber, 262, 263, 266, 267.
+Form, 56, 241.
+Fornjot, 239-243.
+Forsete, 89, 90, 153, 259, 260.
+Frananger Force, 137.
+Frankland, 46.
+Fraser’s Magazine, 253.
+Freke, 105.
+Freovit, 46.
+Frey, 6, 7, 8, 85, 86, 94, 101-103, 109-112, 134, 142, 143, 153, 187,
+  191, 192, 227, 228, 237-239, 243, 260, 262, 264.
+Freyja, 6, 7, 29, 85, 86, 97, 110, 134, 153, 157, 170, 183, 187, 228,
+  232, 239, 259, 261, 262.
+Fridleif, 45, 46, 206, 218.
+Frigialand, 168.
+Frigg, 6, 7, 43, 45, 65, 80, 94, 97, 98, 131-136, 145, 153, 176, 187,
+  227.
+Frigia, 43.
+Frigida, 45.
+Frjodiger, 46.
+Frode, 41, 206-213, 238, 267.
+Froste, 71, 240, 241.
+Fulla, 97, 136, 153, 187.
+Fundin, 71.
+Funen, 231.
+Fyre, 216.
+Fyrisvold, 187, 217.
+
+
+G
+
+Gaelic, 257.
+Gagnrad, 247.
+Galar, 160, 161.
+Gandolf, 70.
+Gandvik, 179.
+Gang, 159.
+Ganglare, 81.
+Ganglate, 92.
+Ganglere, 245, 246, 247.
+Ganglot, 92.
+Gangrad, 58.
+Gardarike, 230.
+Gardie, de la, 17.
+Gardrofa, 99.
+Garm, 8, 108, 143.
+Gaut, 81.
+Gave, 46.
+Gefjun, 49, 50, 97, 153, 187, 231, 242.
+Gefn, 97.
+Gegenwart, Die, 252.
+Geibel, Em., 267.
+Geir, 46.
+Geirabod, 99.
+Geirrod, 81, 176-183, 245, 246.
+Geir Skogul, 252.
+Geirvimul, 106.
+Gelgja, 96.
+Gelmer, 248.
+Gerd, 101-113, 153, 228, 238, 262, 265.
+Gere, 105, 261.
+Germania (of Tacitus), 244.
+Germany, 30, 222, 230, 239, 250-256.
+Gersame, 238.
+Gertraud, 255.
+Gibraltar, 225, 230.
+Gill, 250.
+Gilling, 161.
+Gimle, 9, 54, 77, 78, 147, 247.
+Ginnar, 71.
+Ginungagap, 5, 56, 57, 58, 61, 72, 243, 247-249.
+Gipul, 106.
+Gisl, 73, 260.
+Gissur, Jarl, 24.
+Gjallar-bridge, 135, 249.
+Gjallarhorn, 72, 88, 142.
+Gjallar-river, 135.
+Gjalp, 178, 179, 180, 182.
+Gjoll, 56, 96, 248.
+Gjuke, 199, 204, 206, 266.
+Gjukungs, 193-201.
+Glad, 73, 260.
+Gladsheim, 28, 69, 259.
+Glam, 183.
+Glapsvid, 81, 245.
+Glaser, 187, 199.
+Gleipner, 87, 94.
+Glener, 66.
+Gler, 73, 260.
+Glitner, 77, 89, 90, 259.
+Glod, 240.
+Gloin, 71.
+Glora, 44.
+Gna, 98, 99.
+Gnipa-cave, 8, 143.
+Gnita-heath, 196-200.
+God, 33-40, 54.
+Godheim, 225, 236.
+Goe, 241.
+Goin, 75.
+Gol, 99.
+Golden Age, 69-71.
+Goldfax, 169, 176.
+Gomul, 106.
+Gondler, 81, 245.
+Gondul, 252.
+Gopul, 106.
+Gor, 241.
+Got, 246.
+Gote, 199.
+Gothorm, 198-211.
+Gotland, 206.
+Goransson, J., 18.
+Grabak, 76.
+Grad, 106.
+Grafvitner, 75.
+Grafvollud, 76.
+Gram, 199, 200.
+Grane, 198.
+Grave, 199.
+Gray, 16.
+Greece and Greeks, 28, 31, 39-43, 222-229, 250.
+Greenland, 30.
+Greip, 178-183.
+Grid, 177.
+Gridarvol, 177, 181.
+Grim, 81, 245, 246.
+Grimhild, 198.
+Grimm (Brothers), 244, 253, 258.
+Grimner, 81, 244, 245, 247, 248.
+Grjottungard, 171, 174.
+Groa, 173, 174.
+Grotte, 207, 210.
+Grottesong, 207, 208.
+Guatemala, 88, 244.
+Gud, 100.
+Gudny, 198.
+Gudolf, 45.
+Gudrun, 179-203.
+Gullinburste, 134.
+Gullintanne, 88.
+Gulltop, 73, 88, 134, 259.
+Gullveig, 252, 265.
+Gungner, 142, 189-192.
+Gunlad, 160-165.
+Gunn, 252.
+Gunnar, 198-203.
+Gunnthro, 56, 248.
+Gunthrain, 106.
+Gwodan, 244.
+Gylfe, 9, 16, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 151, 221, 224, 231, 232, 242.
+Gyller, 73, 260.
+Gymer, 101, 103, 238.
+
+
+H
+
+Ha, 218.
+Habrok, 108.
+Hafthor, 235.
+Hakon, 21-24, 236.
+Haleygjatal, 47.
+Halfdan, 213.
+Hallinskide, 88.
+Haloge, 240.
+Halogeland, 240.
+Ham, 35, 36.
+Hamder, 202, 206.
+Hamskerper, 99.
+Hangagod, 81.
+Hangatyr, 165.
+Haptagod, 81.
+Har, 71, 81, 243-246.
+Harald Harfager, 51, 243.
+Harbard, 245.
+Hate, 67.
+Haustlong, 184.
+Hebrew, 37.
+Hedin, 218, 219.
+Hedinians, 219.
+Heide, 252.
+Heidrun, 106.
+Heimdal, 6, 8, 88, 89, 134, 142, 143, 153, 232, 259, 260.
+Heimer, 204.
+Heimskringla, 10, 22, 50, 57, 221, 224, 239, 242, 243, 263.
+Hekate, 255.
+Hektor, 43, 151, 167, 168.
+Hel, 6, 7, 55, 56, 57, 91-96, 133, 135-137, 142, 144, 148, 248, 255,
+  264.
+Helblinde, 81, 91, 245.
+Held, 255.
+Helge Hundings-Bane, 248.
+Helgeland, 240.
+Helmet-bearer, 245.
+Henderson, 16.
+Hendride, 44.
+Hengekjapt, 207.
+Hengist, 46, 229.
+Hepte, 71.
+Herakles, 41.
+Heran, 54.
+Herbert, 16.
+Herfather, 247.
+Herfjoter, 99.
+Herikon, 43, 221.
+Herjan, 54, 81, 245, 247.
+Hermanric, 262.
+Hermod, 45, 133, 135, 136, 249, 260.
+Hero-book, 250.
+Herodotos, 22.
+Herteit, 81, 245.
+Hesse (Rhenish), 255.
+Hild, 99, 198, 218, 219, 252.
+Hildebrand, Karl, 18.
+Hildesvin, 215.
+Himminbjorg, 77, 88, 89, 232, 259.
+Hindfell, 199.
+Hjaddingavig, 219.
+Hjalmbore, 81.
+Hjalprek, 196.
+Hjalte the Valiant, 215.
+Hjarrande, 218.
+Hjordis, 196.
+Hjuke, 66, 250.
+Hledjolf, 71.
+Hleidre, 212, 214.
+Hler, 153, 240, 243.
+Hlidskjalf, 64, 77, 101, 137.
+Hlin, 98, 145.
+Hlodyn, 145.
+Hlok, 99.
+Hloride, 44.
+Hlymdaler, 204.
+Hnikar, 54, 81, 245, 247.
+Hnikud, 54, 81, 245.
+Hnitbjorg, 161, 162.
+Hnos, 97, 238.
+Hoder, 7, 89, 132, 148, 260, 265.
+Hodmimer’s-holt, 149.
+Hofvarpner, 99.
+Hogne, 198-218.
+Holge, 187.
+Holzmann, A., 18.
+Homer, 222.
+Honer, 84, 153, 155, 157, 184-186, 193, 227, 243.
+Hor, 71.
+Horn, 97.
+Hornklofe, 233.
+Horsa, 229.
+Howitts, the, 16.
+Hrasvelg, 79.
+Hreidmar, 193-196.
+Hrid, 56.
+Hrimfaxe, 65.
+Hrimgerd, 251.
+Hringhorn, 133.
+Hrist, 99.
+Hrodvitner, 67.
+Hrolf, 241.
+Hron, 106.
+Hroptatyr, 81, 246.
+Hrotte, 196.
+Hrungner, 7, 169-176, 210.
+Hrym, 141-144.
+Hvergelmer, 56, 72, 75, 106, 148, 243, 248, 249.
+Hvitserk, 215.
+Huge, 121, 126.
+Hugin, 105.
+Hugstare, 71.
+Humboldt, 244.
+Hymer, 128-133, 167, 186.
+Hyndla, 249.
+Hyrrokken, 133, 134.
+
+
+I
+
+Iceland, 240.
+Ida, 148.
+Idavold, 69.
+Ide, 159.
+Idun, 6, 7, 10, 28, 87, 88, 153, 155, 157, 184-187, 264.
+Iliad, 22, 221, 224.
+Ilos, 43.
+India, 28, 244.
+Irmina, 255.
+Ironwood, 57.
+Isefjord, 231.
+Italy, 42, 222.
+Ithaca, 223.
+Itrman, 45.
+Iva, 182.
+Ivalde, 112, 189.
+
+
+J
+
+Jack, 247, 250.
+Jafnhar, 81, 243, 245, 246.
+Jalanger, 207.
+Jalg, 54.
+Jalk, 54, 81, 245-247.
+Jamieson, 16.
+Japhet, 35.
+Jarnsaxa, 173.
+Jarnved, 67.
+Jarnvidjes, 67.
+Jat, 45.
+Jerusalem, 225.
+Jews, 29.
+Johnstown, 232.
+Jokul, 240.
+Jonaker, 202, 206.
+Jonsson (Arngrim), 17.
+Jonsson (Th.), 18, 19.
+Jord, 65, 100, 174, 175.
+Jormungand, 91-96, 144.
+Jormunrek, 202-206.
+Joruvold, 71.
+Jotland, 240.
+Jotunheim, 49, 65, 69, 91, 110, 111, 115, 133, 144, 157, 169, 176, 185,
+  187, 231, 259.
+Juno, 40, 250.
+Jupiter, 41, 42.
+Jutland, 46, 247.
+
+
+K
+
+Kadmos, 241.
+Kalevala, 84.
+Kalmuks, 225.
+Kann, 254.
+Kare, 240-243.
+Kemble, 258.
+Kerlangs, 73.
+Keyser (Rud.), 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26.
+Kesfet, 45.
+Kile, 71.
+Kingsley (Chas.), 230.
+Kjalar, 81, 245.
+Knue, 211.
+Kormt, 73.
+Kvaser, 137, 160-165, 227.
+
+
+L
+
+Laage, 231.
+Lading, 93.
+Laing (Samuel), 22, 224.
+Landvide, 259.
+Laomedon, 43.
+Latin, 222.
+Laufey, 91, 110, 113, 137.
+Leidre (See Hleidre), 231.
+Leipt, 56, 248.
+Lerad, 106, 263.
+Letfet, 73, 260.
+Liber, 228.
+Libera, 228.
+Lif, 149.
+Lifthraser, 149.
+Lit, 71, 134.
+Lithraborg, 231.
+Ljosalfaheim, 259.
+Loder, 243.
+Lofn, 98.
+Loge, 120, 126, 240, 243.
+Logrinn, 49.
+Loke, 6-8, 80, 91-96, 109-145, 151, 153, 155-158, 176-187, 188-199, 240,
+  260, 261, 264, 265.
+Lopt, 91, 186.
+Loptsson (Jon), 20.
+Lora, 44.
+Loricos, 44.
+Loride, 44.
+Lovar, 71.
+Lybia, 230, 242.
+Lyngve, 94.
+
+
+M
+
+Macbeth, 252-265.
+Macedonians, 39, 40, 42.
+Maelstrom, 208.
+Magi, 45.
+Magne, 45, 48, 149, 168, 173.
+Magnusson (Arne), 17, 18, 23.
+Malar, 49, 231, 232.
+Mallet, 16, 230.
+Manilius, 229.
+Mannheim, 225, 236.
+Mardol, 97.
+Mars, 222.
+Mechtild, 255.
+Mediterranean Sea, 38.
+Megingjarder, 83, 106, 176, 180.
+Meile, 174.
+Menglad, 260, 262.
+Menja, 206-209, 267.
+Menon, 44.
+Metellus, 223.
+Mexican, 244.
+Midgard, 5, 62, 63, 67, 109, 128, 145, 259.
+Midvitne, 245.
+Mimer, 10, 19, 72, 73, 142, 143, 224, 227, 228, 234, 243.
+Mist, 99.
+Mithridates, 222, 229.
+Mjodvitner, 70.
+Mjoll, 241.
+Mjolner, 6-8, 64, 83, 111-130, 134, 148, 149, 171, 176.
+Mjotud, 246.
+Möbius (Th.), 18.
+Mode, 45, 148, 149, 168.
+Modgud, 135, 249.
+Modsogner, 70.
+Moin, 75.
+Mokkerkalfe, 171, 173.
+Moldau, 228.
+Mongolians, 225.
+Moon, 66.
+Moongarm, 67.
+Morn, 185, 186.
+Morris (Wm.), 224, 266.
+Müller (Max), 244.
+Müller (P. E.), 18, 20.
+Mummius, 223.
+Munch (P. A.), 18.
+Mundilfare, 66.
+Munin, 105.
+Munon, 44.
+Muspel, 68, 103, 112, 142, 144.
+Muspelheim, 5, 56, 58, 61, 66, 243, 247, 249, 259.
+Muss, 254.
+Mysing, 207.
+
+
+N
+
+Na, 70.
+Naglfar, 65, 112, 141, 144.
+Nain, 70.
+Nal, 91.
+Nanna, 81, 134, 136, 153.
+Nare, 91, 139.
+Narfe, 65, 91, 139.
+Nastrand, 9, 147.
+Nep, 89, 134.
+Neptune, 41.
+Niblungs, 101, 193, 199, 201, 202, 262, 263, 266.
+Niblung Story, 30, 266, 267.
+Nida Mountains, 147.
+Nide, 70.
+Nidhug, 9, 72, 75, 148, 249.
+Niflheim, 5, 56, 58, 72, 92, 243, 247, 249, 259.
+Niflhel, 55, 111, 259.
+Niflungs, 193-199, 201, 202, 266.
+Night,65.
+Nikar, 54.
+Nikuz, 54.
+Nile, 41.
+Niping, 70.
+Njord, 6, 42, 84, 85, 101, 153, 158, 159, 187, 227, 228, 232, 236, 237,
+  239, 259, 260.
+Njorvasnud, 225.
+Njorve, 225.
+Noah, 33, 35, 225.
+Noatun, 84, 85, 158, 232, 237, 259.
+Non, 106.
+Nor, 241.
+Nordre, 61, 70.
+Norfe, 65.
+Norns, 73-78.
+Norway, 215, 218, 222, 230, 236, 239, 240, 241, 251, 256, 257.
+Not, 106.
+Ny, 71.
+Nye, 70.
+Nyrad, 71.
+Nyerup (R.), 18.
+
+
+O
+
+Oder, 97, 112, 228, 238.
+Odin, 5-10, 29, 39, 43, 45-47, 60, 65, 73, 77, 80, 83, 86, 89, 96, 100,
+  104-112, 132-134, 137, 142, 143, 145, 153, 155, 157, 158, 160-165,
+  168-176, 181, 185, 186, 187, 189-192, 194, 195, 206, 221, 239, 240,
+  243-263.
+Odinse, 230, 231, 250.
+Odinstown, 232.
+Odoacer, 223.
+Odrarer, 160-165.
+Odyssey, 22, 224.
+Ofner, 76, 245, 247.
+Oin, 70.
+Oku-Thor, 82, 151, 167, 168, 209.
+Olafsson (Magnus), 17.
+Olafsson (Stephan), 17.
+Olaf (Thordsson), 9, 20, 22, 23-27.
+Olaf (Tryggvason), 261.
+Olvalde, 159.
+Ome, 54, 81, 245.
+Onar, 70.
+Orboda, 101.
+Ore, 70, 71.
+Orestes, 223.
+Orkneys, 218.
+Ormt, 73.
+Orner, 210.
+Orvandel, 173-175.
+Oske, 54, 81, 245, 247.
+Otter, 193.
+Ottilia, 255.
+
+
+P
+
+Paulus (Diakonos), 244.
+Persia, 225.
+Petersen (N. M.), 248.
+Pfeiffer (Fr.), 18.
+Pigott, 16.
+Pluto, 49.
+Poetry (origin of), 161-165.
+Polar Sea, 248.
+Pompey, 43, 222, 229, 230.
+Pontus, 229.
+Priamos, 39, 43, 44, 166, 167.
+Pyrrhus, 168.
+
+
+Q
+
+Quaser (see Kvaser).
+Quenland, 240.
+
+
+R
+
+Rachel, 255.
+Radgrid, 99.
+Redsvid, 71.
+Rafn, 215.
+Rafnagud, 105.
+Ragnar, 206.
+Ragnar (Lodbrok), 205.
+Ragnarok, 8, 88, 96, 104, 139-145, 167, 219, 228, 247, 249, 264, 266.
+Ran, 188.
+Randgrid, 99.
+Randver, 202-205.
+Rask (Rasmus), 18.
+Ratatosk, 75.
+Rate, 163.
+Refil, 196.
+Regin, 193-200.
+Reginleif, 99.
+Reidartyr, 165.
+Reidgotaland, 46.
+Rek, 71.
+Remus, 222, 223.
+Resen (P. J.), 17.
+Rhine, 201, 230.
+Rind, 89, 100.
+Ritta, 46.
+Roddros, 167.
+Rolf Krake, 214-217.
+Rogner, 246.
+Rome, 31, 43, 221-230.
+Romulus, 222, 223.
+Romulus (Augustulus), 223.
+Roskva, 114, 115.
+Rosta, 100.
+Rugman (Jon), 17.
+Russia, 225, 230.
+
+
+S
+
+Sad, 81, 245.
+Saga, 97, 259.
+Sager, 66.
+Sahrimner, 104.
+Saming, 47, 230, 236.
+Samund the Wise, 20, 26.
+Sangetal, 81, 245, 247.
+Saracens, 225.
+Sarmatia, 225.
+Saturn, 38, 40, 41, 42.
+Saxland, 45, 48, 230, 231.
+Saxo-Grammaticus, 239.
+Saxons, 215, 229.
+Schlegel, 253.
+Scotland, 257, 258.
+Scott (Walter), 257, 258.
+Scythia (Magna), 225, 229, 244.
+Seeland, 49, 50, 231, 242.
+Sekin, 106.
+Sennar, 36.
+Serkland, 225.
+Sessrymner, 86.
+Shakspeare, 252-256.
+Shem, 36.
+Siar, 71.
+Sibyl, 44.
+Sid, 106.
+Sidhot, 81, 245, 247.
+Sidskeg, 81, 245, 247.
+Sif, 44, 89, 170, 187, 189-192.
+Sigar, 46.
+Sigfather, 81, 245, 247.
+Sigfrid, 19, 232, 263.
+Sigge, 46.
+Sighan, 257.
+Sighvat, 20.
+Sigmund, 196-204.
+Sigtuna, 47, 230, 232.
+Sigtyr, 165, 189, 247.
+Sigurd, 196-204, 262, 267.
+Sigyn, 139, 153, 185.
+Silvertop, 73, 260.
+Simrock (K.), 18, 19, 253, 263.
+Simul, 66.
+Sindre, 147, 190-192.
+Siner, 73, 260.
+Sinfjotle, 204.
+Sjafne, 98.
+Sjofn, 98.
+Skade, 84, 85, 139, 158, 159, 185, 187, 228, 236, 259.
+Skeggold, 99.
+Skeidbrimer, 73, 200.
+Skidbladner, 108-113, 189-192, 234, 263.
+Skifid, 71.
+Skilfing, 81, 246, 247.
+Skinfaxe, 66.
+Skirfir, 71.
+Skirner, 94, 101-103, 143, 263.
+Skjaldun, 45.
+Skjold, 45, 46, 206, 230, 231.
+Skogul, 99, 252.
+Skol, 67.
+Skrymer, 116-127.
+Skuld, 74, 100, 243, 252, 256.
+Skule (Jarl), 21-24, 249.
+Sleeping Beauty, 254.
+Sleipner, 73, 108-112, 133, 169-176, 259.
+Slid, 56, 248.
+Slidrugtanne, 134.
+Sna, 241.
+Snorre, 9, 19-27, 221, 226, 233, 239, 242, 243.
+Snotra, 98.
+Sokmimer, 245.
+Sokvabek, 97, 259.
+Sol, 99.
+Solvarg, 67.
+Son, 164, 165.
+Sorle, 202-206
+Spain, 225.
+Steinthor, 235.
+Stephens (Geo.), 230.
+Strabo, 226.
+Sturle (Thordsson), 21, 249.
+Styx, 248.
+Sudre, 61, 70.
+Sun, 66.
+Surt, 8, 57, 78, 142-149, 168, 249.
+Suttung, 164, 165.
+Svade, 241.
+Svadilfare, 110, 111.
+Svafner, 76, 243, 246, 247.
+Svanhild, 199-206.
+Svarin, 71, 259.
+Svartalfaheim, 94.
+Svarthofde, 58, 250.
+Svasud, 80.
+Sveinsson (Br.), 17.
+Sviagris, 215, 217.
+Svid, 246.
+Svidar, 54.
+Svidr, 236.
+Svidrer, 54, 245.
+Svidrir, 81.
+Svidur, 245.
+Svipdag, 46, 215, 262.
+Svipol, 81, 245.
+Svithjod, 46, 49, 181, 207, 211, 225, 228, 236.
+Svebdegg, 46.
+Svol, 56, 106, 248.
+Svolne, 174.
+Sylg, 56, 248.
+Syn, 98.
+Syr, 97.
+
+
+T
+
+Tacitus, 244.
+Tanais, 225.
+Tanaquisl, 225, 226.
+Tangnjost, 83.
+Tangrisner, 83.
+Tartareans, 225.
+Taylor (W.), 16.
+Testament (New), 28.
+Testament (Old), 28.
+Teutons, 222-224, 229, 230, 239, 244, 253, 263, 264.
+Thek, 71, 81, 245.
+Thjalfe, 114, 115, 120, 121, 126, 171, 173, 181.
+Thjasse, 84, 85, 155-158, 184-187, 210.
+Thjode, 196.
+Thjodnuma, 106.
+Thjodolf, 51, 174, 184, 243.
+Thok, 136, 137, 264.
+Thol, 106.
+Thor, 6, 8, 29, 41, 44, 65, 73, 82, 83, 89, 100, 109-153, 165-192,
+  205-243, 251, 259, 260, 263.
+Thorarin, 235.
+Thord, 20.
+Thorer, 235.
+Thorin, 70.
+Thorleif, 176, 184, 187.
+Thorn, 179.
+Thorodd (Runemaster), 27.
+Thorpe (Benjamin), 15, 252, 257, 259, 262.
+Thorre, 241.
+Thorstein (Viking’s son), 241.
+Thrace, 44, 221.
+Thride, 81, 243-246.
+Thro, 71, 81.
+Throin, 71.
+Thror, 245.
+Thrud, 99.
+Thruda, 183.
+Thrudgelmer, 250.
+Thrudheim, 44, 259.
+Thrudvang, 82, 127, 173, 232, 259.
+Thrym, 7.
+Thrymheim, 84, 85, 156, 259.
+Thucydides, 22.
+Thud, 81, 245.
+Thul, 56.
+Thule, 30.
+Thund, 81, 246.
+Thvite, 96.
+Thyn, 106.
+Tiber, 221.
+Tieck, 250.
+Tivisco, 244.
+Tom Thumb, 251.
+Torfason (T.), 17.
+Tror, 44.
+Tros, 43.
+Troy, 38, 43, 44, 47, 64, 151, 166, 167, 168, 222-224, 229.
+Tshudic, 240.
+Turkey, 38, 45, 47, 151, 166.
+Turkistan, 228, 229.
+Turkland, 229.
+Tyr, 6, 8, 29, 87, 92, 95, 143, 153, 165, 187, 244, 260.
+
+
+U
+
+Ud, 81, 245.
+Uhland (Ludw.), 18, 263.
+Ukko, 82, 84, 239.
+Ukko-Thor, 239.
+Ulfhedinn, 233.
+Uller, 89, 153, 174, 183, 259, 260.
+Ulysses, 151, 223.
+Umea, 250.
+Upsala, 47, 215, 216, 232, 237.
+Ural Mountains, 229.
+Urd, 10, 19, 73, 74, 76, 243, 252-256.
+Utgard, 118-127.
+Utgard-Loke, 119-130.
+
+
+V
+
+Vafthrudner, 58, 243, 244.
+Vafud, 81, 246.
+Vafurloge, 199, 200.
+Vag, 214, 215.
+Vainamoinen, 84.
+Vak, 81, 246.
+Valaskjalf, 77, 80, 259.
+Valdemar (King), 23, 27.
+Vale, 71, 89, 100, 139, 148, 153, 260.
+Valfather, 73, 243.
+Valhal, 6, 7, 28, 51, 81, 99, 104-109, 132, 170-176, 188, 235, 243.
+Vanadis, 97.
+Vanaheim, 226, 227, 259.
+Vanaland, 226-228.
+Vanaquisl, 225-226.
+Var, 98.
+Vartare, 192.
+Vasad, 80.
+Ve, 60, 227, 230, 243, 249.
+Vedas, 253.
+Vedfolner, 75.
+Veggdegg, 45.
+Vegsvin, 106.
+Vegtam, 247, 264.
+Venus, 42, 256.
+Veratyr, 81, 247.
+Verdande, 74, 243, 252, 256.
+Verer, 46.
+Vesete, 240.
+Vestfal, 46.
+Vestre, 61.
+Vid, 56, 106.
+Vidar, 8, 89, 143, 145, 148, 153, 168, 177, 187, 259, 260.
+Vidblain, 78.
+Vidfin, 66.
+Vidolf, 58, 250.
+Vidrer, 54, 247.
+Vidsete, 215.
+Vidur, 81.
+Vifil, 240.
+Vifilsey, 240.
+Vig, 70.
+Vigfusson (G.), 9, 26, 75, 223, 248, 265.
+Vigrid, 142, 146.
+Viking, 240.
+Vile, 60, 230, 243, 249, 277.
+Villenwood, 251.
+Vilmeide, 58, 250.
+Vimer, 177, 178.
+Vin, 106.
+Vina, 106.
+Vindalf, 70.
+Vindlone, 80.
+Vindsval, 80.
+Vingener, 45, 149.
+Vingethor, 44.
+Vingolf, 54, 69, 81, 247.
+Vinland, 30.
+Virfir, 71.
+Virgil, 222, 223, 242.
+Vit, 71.
+Vitrgils, 46.
+Vodin, 45.
+Vog, 214, 215.
+Volsungs, 46, 196-205.
+Volsung saga, 224, 266.
+Volukrontes, 167.
+Von, 96.
+Vor, 98.
+Vot, 215.
+Votan, 244.
+
+
+W
+
+Wafurloge, 263.
+Wainamoinen, 239.
+Wallachia, 228.
+Warburton, 253.
+Weird Sisters, 253-256.
+Welsh, 240.
+Wenern, 215.
+Wessebrun Prayer, 256.
+Wilbet, 255.
+Wilkin (E.), 18, 19, 20.
+Williamstown, 232.
+Witches, 253-256.
+Wodan, 244.
+Worbet, 255.
+Worm (Chr.), 17.
+Worm (Ole), 17.
+
+
+Y
+
+Ydaler, 259.
+Yg, 81, 246.
+Ygdrasil, 6, 8, 15, 29, 72, 73-78, 108, 142, 143, 252, 263.
+Ylg, 56, 248.
+Ymer, 5, 24, 58-63, 70, 128, 179, 240, 249, 250.
+Ynglinga saga, 50, 243.
+Ynglings, 47, 238.
+Yngve, 47, 230, 238.
+Yngve-Frey, 186.
+Yrsa, 213-216.
+Yvigg, 46.
+
+
+Z
+
+Zalmoxis, 244.
+Zeus, 244, 246.
+Zoroaster, 37, 40.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Errors and anomalies noted by transcriber:
+
+A few paragraph-ending periods (full stops) have been supplied.
+
+The author omitted vowel modifiers and diacritics from all names in
+the body text: Hakon, Malar, Mjolnir. The footnotes are generally more
+linguistically precise.
+
+The name “Svanhild/Swanhild” is spelled “Swanhild” in the body text,
+“Svanhild” in the Vocabulary (all occurrences) and Index. The spelling
+“skees” is used consistently.
+
+
+Ambiguous stanzas in verse:
+    The king saw
+    ...
+    ’Round his house.
+    ...
+    Struck to the ground.
+    ...
+    With blows and wounds.
+  _page break after “his house”; no stanza break in printed text until
+  after “blows and wounds”_
+
+
+Typographical errors (all from “Notes”, Vocabulary and Index):
+
+a great sea goes into / Njorvasound
+Footnote 102: Njorvasound ...
+  _spelling as in original: should probably be “Njorvasund”_
+
+Chapter VI of Ynglinga / Saga
+  _text reads “Ynglingla”_
+
+the much-traveled man, the / ἀνὴρ πολύτροπος
+  _text reads “πολύθροπος”_
+
+the valkyrie says / at berserkja reiðu vil ek þik spyrja
+  _text reads “pik spyrja”_
+
+identical in root with Lat. _divus_; / Sansk. _dwas_
+  _so in original; the Sanskrit is usually given as “dyaus”_
+
+Zalmoxis, derived from the Gr. Ζαλμός, helmet
+  _so in original. Ζαλμός is defined by Liddell and Scott--
+  a dictionary available to the author-- as Thracian for “a skin.”_
+
+Compare the Greek word νεφέλη = mist.
+  _text reads “νεφέλγ”_
+
+and then cooly says to him
+  _spelling as in original_
+
+Through this he / slipt.
+  _variant spelling in original_
+
+He impersonated all that was good and holy
+  _text reads “al”_
+
+This chapter of _Skaldskaparmal_
+  _text reads “Skaldkaparmal”_
+
+Echoes from Mistland; Echoes from Mist-Land
+  _inconsistent forms in original_
+
+JARNVIDJES. The giantesses dwelling in Ironwood.
+  _text reads “JARNVIDJIS”_
+
+JORMUNGAND. The Midgard-serpent.
+  _text reads “JORMUNDGAND”_
+
+... from the mouth {of the} chained Fenris-wolf.
+... out of whose body the world was cr{eated.}
+  _page image incomplete; words and letters in braces supplied from
+  context_
+
+Randver, 202-205.
+  _text reads “22-205”_
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 18947 ***
diff --git a/18947-h/18947-h.htm b/18947-h/18947-h.htm
new file mode 100644
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+<title>The Younger Edda | Project Gutenberg</title>
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+</head>
+
+<body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 18947 ***</div>
+
+<div class = "mynote">
+A few paragraph-ending periods (full stops) have been supplied.<br>
+The author omitted vowel modifiers and diacritics from all names in
+the body text: Hakon, Malar, Mjolnir. The footnotes are generally more
+linguistically precise.<br>
+The name “Svanhild/Swanhild” is spelled “Swanhild” in the body text,
+“Svanhild” in the Vocabulary (all occurrences) and Index. The spelling
+“skees” is used consistently.<br>
+<p class = "contents">
+<a href = "#preface">Translator’s Preface</a><br>
+<a href = "#gylfe">The Fooling of Gylfe</a><br>
+<a href = "#brage">Brage’s Talk</a><br>
+<a href = "#poet">The Poetical Diction</a><br>
+<a href = "#notes">Notes</a><br>
+<a href = "#vocab">Vocabulary</a><br>
+<a href = "#index">Index</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h1>THE YOUNGER EDDA:</h1>
+
+<h6>ALSO CALLED</h6>
+
+<h3>SNORRE’S EDDA, OR THE PROSE EDDA.</h3>
+
+<h5>AN ENGLISH VERSION OF THE FOREWORD; THE FOOLING OF GYLFE,<br>
+THE AFTERWORD; BRAGE’S TALK, THE AFTERWORD<br>
+TO BRAGE’S TALK, AND THE IMPORTANT<br>
+PASSAGES IN THE POETICAL DICTION<br>
+(SKALDSKAPARMAL).</h5>
+
+<h6>WITH AN</h6>
+
+<h3>INTRODUCTION, NOTES, VOCABULARY, AND INDEX.</h3>
+
+<h3 class = "smallcaps">By RASMUS B. ANDERSON, LL.D.,</h3>
+
+<h6>FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF THE SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY
+OF WISCONSIN, EX-U.S. MINISTER TO DENMARK, AUTHOR OF “AMERICA NOT
+DISCOVERED BY COLUMBUS,” “NORSE MYTHOLOGY,” “VIKING TALES OF THE NORTH,”
+ETC.</h6>
+
+
+<h4 class = "chapter">Chicago<br>
+Scott, Foresman and Company<br>
+1901</h4>
+
+
+<h5 class = "chapter smallcaps">Copyright, 1879,<br>
+By S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY.</h5>
+
+
+<h6 class = "section">PRESS OF<br>
+THE HENRY O. SHEPARD CO.
+CHICAGO.</h6>
+
+
+<h5 class = "chapter">TO</h5>
+
+<h4>HON. THOS. F. BAYARD,</h4>
+
+<h6>AMBASSADOR TO THE COURT OF ST. JAMES, IN GRATEFUL<br>
+RECOLLECTION OF PLEASANT OFFICIAL<br>
+RELATIONS.</h6>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">7</span>
+<a name = "page7"> </a>
+<h4 class = "chapter"><a name = "preface">PREFACE.</a></h4>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">In</span> the beginning, before the heaven
+and the earth and the sea were created, the great abyss Ginungagap was
+without form and void, and the spirit of Fimbultyr moved upon the face
+of the deep, until the ice-cold rivers, the Elivogs, flowing from
+Niflheim, came in contact with the dazzling flames from Muspelheim. This
+was before Chaos.</p>
+
+<p>And Fimbultyr said: Let the melted drops of vapor quicken into life,
+and the giant Ymer was born in the midst of Ginungagap. He was not a
+god, but the father of all the race of evil giants. This was Chaos.</p>
+
+<p>And Fimbultyr said: Let Ymer be slain and let order be established.
+And straightway Odin and his brothers&mdash;the bright sons of
+Bure&mdash;gave Ymer a mortal wound, and from his body made they the
+universe; from his flesh, the earth; from his blood, the sea; from his
+bones, the rocks; from his hair, the trees; from his skull, the vaulted
+heavens; from his eye-brows, the bulwark called Midgard. And the gods
+formed man and woman in their own image of two trees, and breathed into
+them the breath of life. Ask and Embla became living souls, and they
+received a garden in Midgard as a dwelling-place for themselves and
+their children until the end of time. This was Cosmos.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">8</span>
+<a name = "page8"> </a>
+The world’s last day approaches. All bonds and fetters that bound the
+forces of heaven and earth together are severed, and the powers of good
+and of evil are brought together in an internecine feud. Loke advances
+with the Fenris-wolf and the Midgard-serpent, his own children, with all
+the hosts of the giants, and with Surt, who flings fire and flame over
+the world. Odin advances with all the asas and all the blessed
+einherjes. They meet, contend, and fall. The wolf swallows Odin, but
+Vidar, the Silent, sets his foot upon the monster’s lower jaw, he seizes
+the other with his hand, and thus rends him till he dies. Frey
+encounters Surt, and terrible blows are given ere Frey falls. Heimdal
+and Loke fight and kill each other, and so do Tyr and the dog Garm from
+the Gnipa Cave. Asa-Thor fells the Midgard-serpent with his Mjolner, but
+he retreats only nine paces when he himself falls dead, suffocated by
+the serpent’s venom. Then smoke wreathes up around the ash Ygdrasil, the
+high flames play against the heavens, the graves of the gods, of the
+giants and of men are swallowed up by the sea, and the end has come.
+This is Ragnarok, the twilight of the gods.</p>
+
+<p>But the radiant dawn follows the night. The earth, completely green,
+rises again from the sea, and where the mews have but just been rocking
+on restless waves, rich fields unplowed and unsown, now wave their
+golden harvests before the gentle breezes. The asas awake to a new life,
+Balder is with them again. Then comes the mighty Fimbultyr, the god who
+is from everlasting to
+<span class = "pagenum">9</span>
+<a name = "page9"> </a>
+everlasting; the god whom the Edda skald dared not name. The god of gods
+comes to the asas. He comes to the great judgment and gathers all the
+good into Gimle to dwell there forever, and evermore delights enjoy; but
+the perjurers and murderers and adulterers he sends to Nastrand, that
+terrible hall, to be torn by Nidhug until they are purged from their
+wickedness. This is Regeneration.</p>
+
+<p>These are the outlines of the Teutonic religion. Such were the
+doctrines established by Odin among our ancestors. Thus do we find it
+recorded in the Eddas of Iceland.</p>
+
+<p>The present volume contains all of the Younger Edda that can possibly
+be of any importance to English readers. In fact, it gives more than has
+ever before been presented in any translation into English, German or
+any of the modern Scandinavian tongues.</p>
+
+<p>We would recommend our readers to omit the Forewords and Afterwords
+until they have perused the Fooling of Gylfe and Brage’s Speech. The
+Forewords and Afterwords, it will readily be seen, are written by a
+later and less skillful hand, and we should be sorry to have anyone lay
+the book aside and lose the pleasure of reading Snorre’s and Olaf’s
+charming work, because he became disgusted with what seemed to him mere
+silly twaddle. And yet these Forewords and Afterwords become interesting
+enough when taken up in connection with a study of the historical
+anthropomorphized Odin. With a view of giving a pretty complete outline
+<span class = "pagenum">10</span>
+<a name = "page10"> </a>
+of the founder of the Teutonic race we have in our notes given all the
+Heimskringla sketch of the Black Sea Odin. We have done this, not only
+on account of the material it furnishes as the groundwork of a Teutonic
+epic, which we trust the muses will ere long direct some one to write,
+but also on account of the vivid picture it gives of Teutonic life as
+shaped and controlled by the Odinic faith.</p>
+
+<p>All the poems quoted in the Younger Edda have in this edition been
+traced back to their sources in the Elder Edda and elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>Where the notes seem to the reader insufficient, we must refer him to
+our Norse Mythology, where he will, we trust, find much of the
+additional information he may desire.</p>
+
+<p>Well aware that our work has many imperfections, and begging our
+readers to deal generously with our shortcomings, we send the book out
+into the world with the hope that it may aid some young son or daughter
+of Odin to find his way to the fountains of Urd and Mimer and to Idun’s
+rejuvenating apples. The son must not squander, but husband wisely, what
+his father has accumulated. The race must cherish and hold fast and add
+to the thought that the past has bequeathed to it. Thus does it grow
+greater and richer with each new generation. The past is the mirror that
+reflects the future.</p>
+
+<p align = "right">
+R. B. ANDERSON.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class = "smallcaps">University of Wisconsin,<br>
+<span class = "inset">
+Madison, Wis.</span>,</span>
+<i>September, 1879</i>.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">11</span>
+<a name = "page11"> </a>
+<h4 class = "chapter">CONTENTS.</h4>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<table class = "index">
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#preface">
+Preface</a></td>
+<td class = "number">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#intro">
+Introduction</a></td>
+<td class = "number">15</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#foreword">
+Foreword</a></td>
+<td class = "number">33</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapgroup" colspan = "2">
+THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER I.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_I">
+Gefjun’s Plowing</a></td>
+<td class = "number">49</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER II.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_II">
+Gylfe’s Journey to Asgard</a></td>
+<td class = "number">51</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER III.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_III">
+Of the Highest God</a></td>
+<td class = "number">54</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER IV.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_IV">
+The Creation of the World</a></td>
+<td class = "number">56</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER V.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_V">
+The Creation (continued)</a></td>
+<td class = "number">64</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER VI.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_VI">
+The First Works of the Asas&mdash;The Golden Age</a></td>
+<td class = "number">69</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER VII.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_VII">
+On the Wonderful Things in Heaven</a></td>
+<td class = "number">72</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<span class = "pagenum">12</span>
+<a name = "page12"> </a>
+CHAPTER VIII.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_VIII">
+The Asas</a></td>
+<td class = "number">79</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER IX.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_IX">
+Loke and his Offspring</a></td>
+<td class = "number">91</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER X.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_X">
+The Goddesses (Asynjes)</a></td>
+<td class = "number">97</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER XI.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XI">
+The Giantess Gerd and Skirner’s Journey</a></td>
+<td class = "number">101</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER XII.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XII">
+Life in Valhal</a></td>
+<td class = "number">104</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER XIII.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XIII">
+Odin’s Horse and Frey’s Ship</a></td>
+<td class = "number">109</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER XIV.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XIV">
+Thor’s Adventures</a></td>
+<td class = "number">113</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER XV.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XV">
+The Death of Balder</a></td>
+<td class = "number">131</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER XVI.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XVI">
+Ragnarok</a></td>
+<td class = "number">140</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER XVII.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XVII">
+Regeneration</a></td>
+<td class = "number">147</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_after">
+Afterword to the Fooling of Gylfe</a></td>
+<td class = "number">151</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapgroup" colspan = "2">
+<span class = "pagenum">13</span>
+<a name = "page13"> </a>
+BRAGE’S TALK
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER I.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#brage_I">
+Æger’s Journey to Asgard</a></td>
+<td class = "number">152</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER II.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#brage_II">
+Idun and her Apples</a></td>
+<td class = "number">155</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER III.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#brage_III">
+How Njord got Skade to Wife</a></td>
+<td class = "number">158</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER IV.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#brage_IV">
+The Origin of Poetry</a></td>
+<td class = "number">160</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#brage_after">
+Afterword to Brage’s Talk</a></td>
+<td class = "number">166</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapgroup" colspan = "2">
+EXTRACTS FROM THE POETICAL DICTION.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_hrungner">
+Thor and Hrungner</a></td>
+<td class = "number">169</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_journey">
+Thor’s Journey to Geirrod’s</a></td>
+<td class = "number">176</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_idun">
+Idun</a></td>
+<td class = "number">184</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_feast">
+Æger’s Feast</a></td>
+<td class = "number">187</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_wager">
+Loke’s Wager with the Dwarfs</a></td>
+<td class = "number">189</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_niflungs">
+The Niflungs and Gjukungs</a></td>
+<td class = "number">193</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_menja">
+Menja and Fenja</a></td>
+<td class = "number">206</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_grottesong">
+The Grottesong</a></td>
+<td class = "number">208</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_rolf">
+Rolf Krake</a></td>
+<td class = "number">214</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_hogne">
+Hogne and Hild</a></td>
+<td class = "number">218</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapgroup" colspan = "2">
+<span class = "pagenum">14</span>
+<a name = "page14"> </a>
+NOTES
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_enea">
+Enea</a></td>
+<td class = "number">221</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_herikon">
+Herikon</a></td>
+<td class = "number">221</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_historical">
+The Historical Odin</a></td>
+<td class = "number">221</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_fornjot">
+Fornjot and the Settlement of Norway</a></td>
+<td class = "number">239</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_gylfe">
+Notes to the Fooling of Gylfe</a></td>
+<td class = "number">242</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_niflungs">
+Note on the Niflungs and Gjukungs</a></td>
+<td class = "number">266</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_menja">
+Note on Menja and Fenja</a></td>
+<td class = "number">267</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_salt">
+Why the Sea is Salt</a></td>
+<td class = "number">268</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname toppad"><a class = "plain" href = "#vocab">
+VOCABULARY</a></td>
+<td class = "number toppad">275</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#index">
+INDEX</a></td>
+<td class = "number">291</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">15</span>
+<a name = "page15"> </a>
+<h3 class = "chapter">THE YOUNGER EDDA.</h3>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<h4><a name = "intro">INTRODUCTION.</a></h4>
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">The</span> records of our Teutonic past
+have hitherto received but slight attention from the English-speaking
+branch of the great world-ash Ygdrasil. This indifference is the more
+deplorable, since a knowledge of our heroic forefathers would naturally
+operate as a most powerful means of keeping alive among us, and our
+posterity, that spirit of courage, enterprise and independence for which
+the old Teutons were so distinguished.</p>
+
+<p>The religion of our ancestors forms an important chapter in the
+history of the childhood of our race, and this fact has induced us to
+offer the public an English translation of the Eddas. The purely
+mythological portion of the Elder Edda was translated and published by
+A.&nbsp;S. Cottle, in Bristol, in 1797, and the whole work was
+translated by Benjamin Thorpe, and published in London in 1866. Both
+these works are now out of print. Of the Younger Edda we have likewise
+had two translations into English,&mdash;the first by Dasent in 1842,
+the second by Blackwell, in his
+<span class = "pagenum">16</span>
+<a name = "page16"> </a>
+edition of Mallet’s Northern Antiquities, in 1847. The former has long
+been out of print, the latter is a poor imitation of Dasent’s. Both of
+them are very incomplete. These four books constitute all the Edda
+literature we have had in the English language, excepting, of course,
+single lays and chapters translated by Gray, Henderson, W. Taylor,
+Herbert, Jamieson, Pigott, William and Mary Howitt, and others.</p>
+
+<p>The Younger Edda (also called Snorre’s Edda, or the Prose Edda), of
+which we now have the pleasure of presenting our readers an English
+version, contains, as usually published in the original, the following
+divisions:</p>
+
+<p>1. The Foreword.</p>
+
+<p>2. Gylfaginning (The Fooling of Gylfe).</p>
+
+<p>3. The Afterword to Gylfaginning.</p>
+
+<p>4. Brage’s Speech.</p>
+
+<p>5. The Afterword.</p>
+
+<p>6. Skaldskaparmal (a collection of poetic paraphrases, and
+denominations in Skaldic language without paraphrases).</p>
+
+<p>7. Hattatal (an enumeration of metres; a sort of Clavis Metrica).</p>
+
+<p>In some editions there are also found six additional chapters on the
+alphabet, grammar, figures of speech, etc.</p>
+
+<p>There are three important parchment manuscripts of the Younger Edda,
+viz:</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">17</span>
+<a name = "page17"> </a>
+1. <i>Codex Regius</i>, the so-called King’s Book. This was presented to
+the Royal Library in Copenhagen, by Bishop Brynjulf Sveinsson, in the
+year 1640, where it is still kept.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Codex Wormianus</i>. This is found in the University Library in
+Copenhagen, in the Arne Magnæan collection. It takes its name from
+Professor Ole Worm [died 1654], to whom it was presented by the learned
+Arngrim Jonsson. Christian Worm, the grandson of Ole Worm, and Bishop of
+Seeland [died 1737], afterward presented it to Arne Magnusson.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Codex Upsaliensis</i>. This is preserved in the Upsala
+University Library. Like the other two, it was found in Iceland, where
+it was given to Jon Rugmann. Later it fell into the hands of Count
+Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie, who in the year 1669 presented it to the
+Upsala University. Besides these three chief documents, there exist four
+fragmentary parchments, and a large number of paper manuscripts.</p>
+
+<p>The first printed edition of the Younger Edda, in the original, is
+the celebrated “Edda Islandorum,” published by Peter Johannes Resen, in
+Copenhagen, in the year 1665. It contains a translation into Latin, made
+partly by Resen himself, and partly also by Magnus Olafsson, Stephan
+Olafsson and Thormod Torfason.</p>
+
+<p>Not until eighty years later, that is in 1746, did
+<span class = "pagenum">18</span>
+<a name = "page18"> </a>
+the second edition of the Younger Edda appear in Upsala under the
+auspices of Johannes Goransson. This was printed from the Codex
+Upsaliensis.</p>
+
+<p>In the present century we find a third edition by Rasmus Rask,
+published in Stockholm in 1818. This is very complete and critical. The
+fourth edition was issued by Sveinbjorn Egilsson, in Reykjavik, 1849;
+the fifth by the Arne-Magnæan Commission in Copenhagen, 1852.<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag1" href = "#note1">1</a> All these five editions have
+long been out of print, and in place of them we have a sixth edition by
+Thorleif Jonsson (Copenhagen, 1875), and a seventh by Ernst Wilkin
+(Paderborn, 1877). Both of these, and especially the latter, are
+thoroughly critical and reliable.</p>
+
+<p>Of translations, we must mention in addition to those into English by
+Dasent and Blackwell, R.&nbsp;Nyerup’s translation into Danish
+(Copenhagen, 1808); Karl Simrock’s into German (Stuttgart and Tübingen,
+1851); and Fr. Bergmann’s into French (Paris, 1871). Among the chief
+authorities to be consulted in the study of the Younger Edda may be
+named, in addition to those already mentioned, Fr. Dietrich, Th. Mobius,
+Fr. Pfeiffer, Ludw. Ettmuller, K.&nbsp;Hildebrand, Ludw. Uhland,
+P.&nbsp;E. Muller, Adolf Holzmann, Sophus Bugge, P.&nbsp;A. Munch and
+Rudolph Keyser. For the material in our introduction and notes, we are
+chiefly
+<span class = "pagenum">19</span>
+<a name = "page19"> </a>
+indebted to Simrock, Wilkin and Keyser. While we have had no opportunity
+of making original researches, the published works have been carefully
+studied, and all we claim for our work is, that it shall contain the
+results of the latest and most thorough investigations by scholars who
+live nearer the fountains of Urd and Mimer than do we. Our translations
+are made from Egilsson’s, Jonsson’s and Wilkins’ editions of the
+original. We have not translated any of the Hattatal, and only the
+narrative part of Skaldskaparmal, and yet our version contains more of
+the Younger Edda than any English, German, French or Danish translation
+that has hitherto been published. The parts omitted cannot possibly be
+of any interest to any one who cannot read them in the original. All the
+paraphrases of the asas and asynjes, of the world, the earth, the sea,
+the sun, the wind, fire, summer, man, woman, gold, of war, arms, of a
+ship, emperor, king, ruler, etc., are of interest only as they help to
+explain passages of Old Norse poems. The same is true of the enumeration
+of metres, which contains a number of epithets and metaphors used by the
+scalds, illustrated by specimens of their poetry, and also by a poem of
+Snorre Sturleson, written in one hundred different metres.</p>
+
+<p>There has been a great deal of learned discussion in regard to the
+authorship of the Younger
+<span class = "pagenum">20</span>
+<a name = "page20"> </a>
+Edda. Readers specially interested in this knotty subject we must refer
+to Wilkins’ elaborate treatise, Untersuchungen zur Snorra Edda
+(Paderborn, 1878), and to P.&nbsp;E. Muller’s, Die Æchtheit der Asalehre
+(Copenhagen, 1811).</p>
+
+<p>Two celebrated names that without doubt are intimately connected with
+the work are Snorre Sturleson and Olaf Thordsson Hvitaskald. Both of
+these are conspicuous, not only in the literary, but also in the
+political history of Iceland.</p>
+
+<p>Snorre Sturleson<a class = "tag" name = "tag2" href = "#note2">2</a>
+was born in Iceland in the year 1178. Three years old, he came to the
+house of the distinguished chief, Jon Loptsson, at Odde, a grandson of
+Sæmund the Wise, the reputed collector of the Elder Edda, where he
+appears to have remained until Jon Loptsson’s death, in the year 1197.
+Soon afterward Snorre married into a wealthy family, and in a short time
+he became one of the most distinguished leaders in Iceland, He was
+several times elected chief magistrate, and no man in the land was his
+equal in riches and prominence. He and his two elder brothers, Thord and
+Sighvat, who were but little inferior to him in wealth and power, were
+at one time well-nigh supreme in Iceland, and Snorre sometimes appeared
+at the Althing at Thingvols accompanied by from eight hundred to nine
+hundred armed&nbsp;men.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">21</span>
+<a name = "page21"> </a>
+Snorre and his brothers did not only have bitter feuds with other
+families, but a deadly hatred also arose between themselves, making
+their lives a perpetual warfare. Snorre was shrewd as a politician and
+magistrate, and eminent as an orator and skald, but his passions were
+mean, and many of his ways were crooked. He was both ambitious and
+avaricious. He is said to have been the first Icelander who laid plans
+to subjugate his fatherland to Norway, and in this connection is
+supposed to have expected to become a jarl under the king of Norway. In
+this effort he found himself outwitted by his brother’s son, Sturle
+Thordsson, and thus he came into hostile relations with the latter. In
+this feud Snorre was defeated, but when Sturle shortly after fell in a
+battle against his foes, Snorre’s star of hope rose again, and he began
+to occupy himself with far-reaching, ambitious plans. He had been for
+the first time in Norway during the years 1218-1220, and had been well
+received by King Hakon, and especially by Jarl Skule, who was then the
+most influential man in the country. In the year 1237 Snorre visited
+Norway again, and entered, as it is believed, into treasonable
+conspiracies with Jarl Skule. In 1239 he left Norway against the wishes
+of King Hakon, whom he owed obedience, and thereby incurred the king’s
+greatest displeasure. When King Hakon, in
+<span class = "pagenum">22</span>
+<a name = "page22"> </a>
+1240, had crushed Skule’s rebellion and annihilated this dangerous
+opponent, it became Snorre’s turn to feel the effects of the king’s
+wrath. At the instigation of King Hakon, several chiefs of Iceland
+united themselves against Snorre and murdered him at Reykholt, where
+ruins of his splendid mansion are still to be seen. This event took
+place on the 22d of September, 1241, and Snorre Sturleson was then
+sixty-three years old. Snorre was Iceland’s most distinguished skald and
+sagaman. As a writer of history he deserves to be compared with
+Herodotos or Thukydides. His Heimskringla, embracing an elaborate
+history of the kings of Norway, is famous throughout the civilized
+world, and Emerson calls it the Iliad and Odyssey of our race. An
+English translation of this work was published by Samuel Laing, in
+London, in 1844. Carlyle’s Early Kings of Norway (London, 1875) was
+inspired by the Heimskringla.</p>
+
+<p>Olaf Thordsson, surnamed Hvitaskald,<a class = "tag" name = "tag3"
+href = "#note3">3</a> to distinguish him from his contemporary, Olaf
+Svartaskald,<a class = "tag" name = "tag4" href = "#note4">4</a> was a
+son of Snorre’s brother. Though not as prominent and influential as his
+uncle, he took an active part in all the troubles of his native island
+during the first half of the thirteenth century. He visited Norway in
+1236, whence he went to Denmark, where he was a guest at the
+<span class = "pagenum">23</span>
+<a name = "page23"> </a>
+court of King Valdemar, and is said to have enjoyed great esteem. In
+1240 we find him again in Norway, where he espoused the cause of King
+Hakon against Skule. On his return to Iceland he served four years as
+chief magistrate of the island. His death occurred in the year 1259, and
+he is numbered among the great skalds of Iceland.</p>
+
+<p>Snorre Sturleson and Olaf Hvitaskald are the two names to whom the
+authorship of the Younger Edda has generally been attributed, and the
+work is by many, even to this day, called Snorra Edda&mdash;that is,
+Snorre’s Edda. We do not propose to enter into any elaborate discussion
+of this complicated subject, but we will state briefly the reasons given
+by Keyser and others for believing that these men had a hand in
+preparing the Prose Edda. In the first place, we find that the writer of
+the grammatical and rhetorical part of the Younger Edda distinctly
+mentions Snorre as author of Hattatal (the Clavis Metrica), and not only
+of the poem itself, but also of the treatise in prose. In the second
+place, the Arne Magnæan parchment manuscript, which dates back to the
+close of the thirteenth or beginning of the fourteenth century, has the
+following note prefaced to the Skaldskaparmal. “Here ends that part of
+the book which Olaf Thordsson put together, and now begins
+Skaldskaparmal and the Kenningar,
+<span class = "pagenum">24</span>
+<a name = "page24"> </a>
+according to that which has been found in the lays of the chief skalds,
+and which Snorre afterward suffered to be brought together.” In the
+third place, the Upsala manuscript of the Younger Edda, which is known
+with certainty to have been written in the beginning of the fourteenth
+century, contains this preface, written with the same hand as the body
+of the work: “This book hight Edda. Snorre has compiled it in the manner
+in which it is arranged: first, in regard to the asas and Ymer, then
+Skaldskaparmal and the denominations of many things, and finally that
+Hattatal, which Snorre composed about King Hakon and Duke Skule.” In the
+fourth place, there is a passage in the so-called Annales Breviores,
+supposed to have been written about the year 1400. The passage relates
+to the year 1241, and reads thus: “Snorre Sturleson died at Reykholt. He
+was a wise and very learned man, a great chief and shrewd. He was the
+first man in this land who brought property into the hands of the king
+(the king of Norway). He compiled Edda and many other learned historical
+works and Icelandic sagas. He was murdered at Reykholt by Jarl
+Gissur’s&nbsp;men.”</p>
+
+<p>It seems, then, that there is no room for any doubt that these two
+men have had a share in the authorship of the Younger Edda. How great a
+share each has had is another and more difficult
+<span class = "pagenum">25</span>
+<a name = "page25"> </a>
+problem to solve. Rudolf Keyser’s opinion is (and we know no higher
+authority on the subject), that Snorre is the author, though not in so
+strict a sense as we now use the word, of Gylfaginning, Brage’s Speech,
+Skaldskaparmal and Hattatal. This part of the Younger Edda may thus be
+said to date back to the year 1230, though the material out of which the
+mythological system is constructed is of course much older. We find it
+in the ancient Vala’s Prophecy, of the Elder Edda, a poem that breathes
+in every line the purest asa-faith, and is, without the least doubt,
+much older than the introduction of christianity in the north, or the
+discovery and settlement of Iceland. It is not improbable that the
+religious system of the Odinic religion had assumed a permanent prose
+form in the memories of the people long before the time of Snorre, and
+that he merely was the means of having it committed to writing almost
+without verbal change.</p>
+
+<p>Olaf Thordsson is unmistakably the author of the grammatical and
+rhetorical portion of the Younger Edda, and its date can therefore
+safely be put at about 1250. The author of the treatise on the alphabet
+is not known, but Professor Keyser thinks it must have been written, its
+first chapter, about the year 1150, and its second chapter about the
+year 1200. The forewords and afterwords are evidently also from another
+pen.
+<span class = "pagenum">26</span>
+<a name = "page26"> </a>
+Their author is unknown, but they are thought to have been written about
+the year 1300. To sum up, then, we arrive at this conclusion: The
+mythological material of the Younger Edda is as old as the Teutonic
+race. Parts of it are written by authors unknown to fame. A small
+portion is the work of Olaf Thordsson. The most important portion is
+written, or perhaps better, compiled, by Snorre Sturleson, and the whole
+is finally edited and furnished with forewords and afterwords, early in
+the fourteenth century,&mdash;according to Keyser, about 1320-1330.</p>
+
+<p>About the name Edda there has also been much learned discussion. Some
+have suggested that it may be a mutilated form of the word Odde, the
+home of Sæmund the Wise, who was long supposed to be the compiler of the
+Elder Edda. In this connection, it has been argued that possibly Sæmund
+had begun the writing of the Younger Edda, too. Others derive the word
+from <i>óðr</i> (mind, soul), which in poetical usage also means song,
+poetry. Others, again, connect Edda with the Sanscrit word Veda, which
+is supposed to mean knowledge. Finally, others adopt the meaning which
+the word has where it is actually used in the Elder Edda, and where it
+means great-grandmother. Vigfusson adopts this definition, and it is
+certainly both scientific and poetical. What can be more beautiful than
+the idea
+<span class = "pagenum">27</span>
+<a name = "page27"> </a>
+that our great ancestress teaches her descendants the sacred traditions,
+the concentrated wisdom, of the race? To sum up, then, we say the
+Younger, or Prose, or Snorre’s Edda has been produced at different times
+by various hands, and the object of its authors has been to produce a
+manual for the skalds. In addition to the forewords and afterwords, it
+contains two books, one greater (Gylfaginning) and one lesser (Brage’s
+Speech), giving a tolerably full account of Norse mythology. Then
+follows Skaldskaparmal, wherein is an analysis of the various
+circumlocutions practiced by the skalds, all illustrated by copious
+quotations from the poets. How much of these three parts is written by
+Snorre is not certain, but on the other hand, there is no doubt that he
+is the author of Hattatal (Clavis Metrica), which gives an enumeration
+of metres. To these four treatises are added four chapters on grammar
+and rhetoric. The writer of the oldest grammatical treatise is thought
+to be one Thorodd Runemaster, who lived in the middle of the twelfth
+century; and the third treatise is evidently written by Olaf Thordsson
+Hvitaskald, the nephew of Snorre, a scholar who spent some time at the
+court of the Danish king, Valdemar the Victorious.</p>
+
+<p>The Younger Edda contains the systematized theogony and cosmogony of
+our forefathers, while the Elder Edda presents the Odinic faith in a
+<span class = "pagenum">28</span>
+<a name = "page28"> </a>
+series of lays or rhapsodies. The Elder Edda is poetry, while the
+Younger Edda is mainly prose. The Younger Edda may in one sense be
+regarded as the sequel or commentary of the Elder Edda. Both complement
+each other, and both must be studied in connection with the sagas and
+all the Teutonic traditions and folk-lore in order to get a
+comprehensive idea of the asa-faith. The two Eddas constitute, as it
+were, the Odinic Bible. The Elder Edda is the Old Testament, the Younger
+Edda the New. Like the Old Testament, the Elder Edda is in poetry. It is
+prophetic and enigmatical. Like the New Testament, the Younger Edda is
+in prose; it is lucid, and gives a clue to the obscure passages in the
+Elder Edda. Nay, in many respects do the two Eddas correspond with the
+two Testaments of the Christian Bible.</p>
+
+<p>It is a deplorable fact that the religion of our forefathers seems to
+be but little cared for in this country. The mythologies of other
+nations every student manifests an interest for. He reads with the
+greatest zeal all the legends of Rome and Greece, of India and China. He
+is familiar with every room in the labyrinth of Crete, while when he is
+introduced to the shining halls of Valhal and Gladsheim he gropes his
+way like a blind man. He does not know that Idun, with her beautiful
+apples, might, if applied to, render even
+<span class = "pagenum">29</span>
+<a name = "page29"> </a>
+greater services than Ariadne with her wonderful thread. When we inquire
+whom Tuesday and Wednesday and Thursday and Friday are named after, and
+press questions in reference to Tyr, Odin, Thor and Freyja, we get at
+best but a wise and knowing look. Are we, then, as a nation, like the
+ancient Jews, and do we bend the knee before the gods of foreign nations
+and forsake the altars of our own gods? What if we then should suffer
+the fate of that unhappy people&mdash;be scattered over all the world
+and lose our fatherland? In these Eddas our fathers have bequeathed unto
+us all their profoundest, all their sublimest, all their best thought.
+They are the concentrated result of their greatest intellectual and
+spiritual effort, and it behooves us to cherish this treasure and make
+it the fountain at which the whole American branch of the Ygdrasil ash
+may imbibe a united national sentiment. It is not enough to brush the
+dust off these gods and goddesses of our ancestors and put them up on
+pedestals as ornaments in our museums and libraries. These coins of the
+past are not to be laid away in numismatic collections. The grandson
+must use what he has inherited from his grandfather. If the coin is not
+intelligible, then it will have to be sent to the mint and stamped anew,
+in order that it may circulate freely. Our
+<span class = "pagenum">30</span>
+<a name = "page30"> </a>
+ancestral deities want a place in our hearts and in our songs.</p>
+
+<p>On the European continent and in England the zeal of the priests in
+propagating Christianity was so great that they sought to root out every
+trace of the asa-faith. They left but unintelligible fragments of the
+heathen religious structure. Our gods and goddesses and heroes were
+consigned to oblivion, and all knowledge of the Odinic religion and of
+the Niblung-story would have been well nigh totally obliterated had not
+a more lucky star hovered over the destinies of Iceland. In this
+remotest corner of the world the ancestral spirit was preserved like the
+glowing embers of Hekla beneath the snow and ice of the glacier. From
+the farthest Thule the spirit of our fathers rises and shines like an
+aurora over all Teutondom. It was in the year 860 that Iceland was
+discovered. In 874 the Teutonic spirit fled thither for refuge from
+tyranny. Here a government based on the principles of old Teutonic
+liberty was established. From here went forth daring vikings, who
+discovered Greenland and Vinland, and showed Columbus the way to
+America. From here the courts of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, England and
+Germany were supplied with skalds to sing their praises. Here was put in
+writing the laws and sagas that give us a clue to the form of old
+Teutonic institutions. Here was
+<span class = "pagenum">31</span>
+<a name = "page31"> </a>
+preserved the Old Norse language, and in it a record of the customs, the
+institutions and the religion of our fathers. Its literature does not
+belong to that island alone,&mdash;it belongs to the whole Teutonic
+race! Iceland is for the Teutons what Greece and Rome are for the south
+of Europe, and she accomplished her mission with no less efficiency and
+success. Cato the Elder used to end all his speeches with these words:
+<i>“Præterea censeo Carthaginem esse delendam.”</i> In these days, when
+so many worship at the shrine of Romanism, we think it perfectly just to
+adopt Cato’s sentence in this form: <i>Præterea censeo Romam esse
+delendam</i>.</p>
+
+
+<a name = "page32"> </a>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">33</span>
+<a name = "page33"> </a>
+<h4 class = "chapter"><a name = "foreword">FOREWORD.</a></h4>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<p>1. <span class = "firstword">In</span> the beginning Almighty God
+created heaven and earth, and all things that belong to them, and last
+he made two human beings, from whom the races are descended (Adam and
+Eve), and their children multiplied and spread over all the world. But
+in the course of time men became unequal; some were good and
+right-believing, but many more turned them after the lusts of the world
+and heeded not God’s laws; and for this reason God drowned the world in
+the flood, and all that was quick in the world, except those who were in
+the ark with Noah. After the flood of Noah there lived eight men, who
+inhabited the world, and from them the races are descended; and now, as
+before, they increased and filled the world, and there were very many
+men who loved to covet wealth and power, but turned away from obedience
+to God, and so much did they do this that they would not name God. And
+who could then tell their sons of the wonderful works of God? So it came
+to pass that they lost God’s name; and in the wide world the man was not
+to be found who could tell of his
+<span class = "pagenum">34</span>
+<a name = "page34"> </a>
+Maker. But, nevertheless, God gave them earthly-gifts, wealth and
+happiness, that should be with them in the world; he also shared wisdom
+among them, so that they understood all earthly things, and all kinds
+that might be seen in the air and on the earth. This they thought upon,
+and wondered at, how it could come to pass that the earth and the beasts
+and the birds had the same nature in some things but still were unlike
+in manners.</p>
+
+<p>One evidence of this nature was that the earth might be dug into upon
+high mountain-peaks and water would spring up there, and it was not
+necessary to dig deeper for water there than in deep dales; thus, also,
+in beasts and birds it is no farther to the blood in the head than in
+the feet. Another proof of this nature is, that every year there grow on
+the earth grass and flowers, and the same year it falls and withers;
+thus, also, on beasts and birds do hair and feathers grow and fall off
+each year. The third nature of the earth is, that when it is opened and
+dug into, then grass grows on the mould which is uppermost on the earth.
+Rocks and stones they explained to correspond to the teeth and bones of
+living things. From these things they judged that the earth must be
+quick and must have life in some way, and they knew that it was of a
+wonderfully great age and of a mighty nature. It nourished all that was
+quick and took to itself
+<span class = "pagenum">35</span>
+<a name = "page35"> </a>
+all that died. On this account they gave it a name, and numbered their
+ancestors back to it This they also learned from their old kinsmen, that
+when many hundred winters were numbered, the course of the heavenly
+bodies was uneven; some had a longer course than others. From such
+things they suspected that some one must be the ruler of the heavenly
+bodies who could stay their course at his own will, and he must be
+strong and mighty; and of him they thought that, if he ruled the prime
+elements, he must also have been before the heavenly bodies, and they
+saw that, if he ruled the course of the heavenly bodies, he must rule
+the sunshine, and the dew of the heavens, and the products of the earth
+that follow them; and thus, also, the winds of the air and therewith the
+storms of the sea. They knew not where his realm was, but they believed
+that he ruled over all things on the earth and in the air, over the
+heavens and the heavenly bodies, the seas and the weather. But in order
+that these things might be better told and remembered, they gave him the
+same name with themselves, and this belief has been changed in many
+ways, as the peoples have been separated and the tongues have been
+divided.</p>
+
+<p>2. In his old age Noah shared the world with his sons: for Ham he
+intended the western region, for Japheth the northern region, but for
+<span class = "pagenum">36</span>
+<a name = "page36"> </a>
+Shem the southern region, with those parts which will hereafter be
+marked out in the division of the earth into three parts. In the time
+that the sons of these men were in the world, then increased forthwith
+the desire for riches and power, from the fact that they knew many
+crafts that had not been discovered before, and each one was exalted
+with his own handiwork; and so far did they carry their pride, that the
+Africans, descended from Ham, harried in that part of the world which
+the offspring of Shem, their kinsman, inhabited. And when they had
+conquered them, the world seemed to them too small, and they smithied a
+tower with tile and stone, which they meant should reach to heaven, on
+the plain called Sennar. And when this building was so far advanced that
+it extended above the air, and they were no less eager to continue the
+work, and when God saw how their pride waxed high, then he sees that he
+will have to strike it down in some way. And the same God, who is
+almighty, and who might have struck down all their work in the twinkling
+of an eye, and made themselves turn into dust, still preferred to
+frustrate their purpose by making them realize their own littleness, in
+that none of them should understand what the other talked; and thus no
+one knew what the other commanded, and one broke what the other wished
+to build up, until they came
+<span class = "pagenum">37</span>
+<a name = "page37"> </a>
+to strife among themselves, and therewith was frustrated, in the
+beginning, their purpose of building a tower. And he who was foremost,
+hight Zoroaster, he laughed before he wept when he came into the world;
+but the master-smiths were seventy-two, and so many tongues have spread
+over the world since the giants were dispersed over the land, and the
+nations became numerous. In this same place was built the most famous
+city, which took its name from the tower, and was called Babylon. And
+when the confusion of tongues had taken place, then increased the names
+of men and of other things, and this same Zoroaster had many names; and
+although he understood that his pride was laid low by the said building,
+still he worked his way unto worldly power, and had himself chosen king
+over many peoples of the Assyrians. From him arose the error of
+idolatry; and when he was worshiped he was called Baal; we call him Bel;
+he also had many other names. But as the names increased in number, so
+was truth lost; and from this first error every following man worshiped
+his head-master, beasts or birds, the air and the heavenly bodies, and
+various lifeless things, until the error at length spread over the whole
+world; and so carefully did they lose the truth that no one knew his
+maker, excepting those men alone who spoke the Hebrew tongue,&mdash;that
+which
+<span class = "pagenum">38</span>
+<a name = "page38"> </a>
+flourished before the building of the tower,&mdash;and still they did
+not lose the bodily endowments that were given them, and therefore they
+judged of all things with earthly understanding, for spiritual wisdom
+was not given unto them. They deemed that all things were smithied of
+some one material.</p>
+
+<p>3. The world was divided into three parts, one from the south,
+westward to the Mediterranean Sea, which part was called Africa; but the
+southern portion of this part is hot and scorched by the sun. The second
+part, from the west and to the north and to the sea, is that called
+Europe, or Enea. The northern portion of this is cold, so that grass
+grows not, nor can anyone dwell there. From the north around the east
+region, and all to the south, that is called Asia. In that part of the
+world is all beauty and pomp, and wealth of the earth’s products, gold
+and precious stones. There is also the mid-world, and as the earth there
+is fairer and of a better quality than elsewhere, so are also the people
+there most richly endowed with all gifts, with wisdom and strength, with
+beauty and with all knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>4. Near the middle of the world was built the house and inn, the most
+famous that has been made, which was called Troy, in the land which we
+call Turkey. This city was built much larger than others, with more
+skill in many ways, at
+<span class = "pagenum">39</span>
+<a name = "page39"> </a>
+great expense, and with such means as were at hand. There were twelve
+kingdoms and one over-king, and many lands and nations belonged to each
+kingdom; there were in the city twelve chief languages.<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag5" href = "#note5">5</a> Their chiefs have surpassed all men
+who have been in the world in all heroic things. No scholar who has ever
+told of these things has ever disputed this fact, and for this reason,
+that all rulers of the north region trace their ancestors back thither,
+and place in the number of the gods all who were rulers of the city.
+Especially do they place Priamos himself in the stead of Odin; nor must
+that be called wonderful, for Priamos was sprung from Saturn, him whom
+the north region for a long time believed to be God himself.</p>
+
+<p>5. This Saturn grew up in that island in Greece which hight Crete. He
+was greater and stronger and fairer than other men. As in other natural
+endowments, so he excelled all men in wisdom. He invented many crafts
+which had not before been discovered. He was also so great in the art of
+magic that he was certain about things that had not yet come to pass. He
+found, too, that red thing in the earth from which he smelted gold, and
+from such things he soon became very mighty. He also foretold harvests
+<span class = "pagenum">40</span>
+<a name = "page40"> </a>
+and many other secret things, and for such, and many other deeds, he was
+chosen chief of the island. And when he had ruled it a short time, then
+there speedily enough became a great abundance of all things. No money
+circulated excepting gold coins, so plentiful was this metal; and though
+there was famine in other lands, the crops never failed in Crete, so
+that people might seek there all the things which they needed to have.
+And from this and many other secret gifts of power that he had, men
+believed him to be God, and from him arose another error among the
+Cretans and Macedonians like the one before mentioned among the
+Assyrians and Chaldeans from Zoroaster. And when Saturn finds how great
+strength the people think they have in him, he calls himself God, and
+says that he rules heaven and earth and all things.</p>
+
+<p>6. Once he went to Greece in a ship, for there was a king’s daughter
+on whom he had set his heart. He won her love in this way, that one day
+when she was out with her maid-servants, he took upon himself the
+likeness of a bull, and lay before her in the wood, and so fair was he
+that the hue of gold was on every hair; and when the king’s daughter saw
+him she patted his lips. He sprang up and threw off the bull’s likeness
+and took her into his arms and bore her to the ship and took her to
+Crete. But his wife, Juno,
+<span class = "pagenum">41</span>
+<a name = "page41"> </a>
+found this out, so he turned her (the king’s daughter) into the likeness
+of a heifer and sent her east to the arms of the great river (that is,
+of the Nile, to the Nile country), and let the thrall, who hight
+Argulos, take care of her. She was there twelve months before he changed
+her shape again. Many things did he do like this, or even more wonderful
+He had three sons: one hight Jupiter, another Neptune, the third Pluto.
+They were all men of the greatest accomplishments, and Jupiter was by
+far the greatest; he was a warrior and won many kingdoms; he was also
+crafty like his father, and took upon himself the likeness of many
+animals, and thus he accomplished many things which are impossible for
+mankind; and on account of this, and other things, he was held in awe by
+all nations. Therefore Jupiter is put in the place of Thor, since all
+evil wights fear&nbsp;him.</p>
+
+<p>7. Saturn had built in Crete seventy-two burgs, and when he thought
+himself firmly established in his kingdom, he shared it with his sons,
+whom he set up with himself as gods; and to Jupiter he gave the realm of
+heaven; to Neptune, the realm of the earth, and to Pluto, hell; and this
+last seemed to him the worst to manage, and therefore he gave to him his
+dog, the one whom he called Cerberos, to guard hell. This Cerberos, the
+Greeks say, Herakles dragged out of hell and
+<span class = "pagenum">42</span>
+<a name = "page42"> </a>
+upon earth. And although Saturn had given the realm of heaven to
+Jupiter, the latter nevertheless desired to possess the realm of the
+earth, and so he harried his father’s kingdom, and it is said that he
+had him taken and emasculated, and for such great achievements he
+declared himself to be god, and the Macedonians say that he had the
+members taken and cast into the sea, and therefore they believed for
+ages that therefrom had come a woman; her they called Venus, and
+numbered among the gods, and she has in all ages since been called
+goddess of love, for they believed she was able to turn the hearts of
+all men and women to love. When Saturn was emasculated by Jupiter, his
+son, he fled from the east out of Crete and west into Italy. There dwelt
+at that time such people as did not work, and lived on acorns and grass,
+and lay in caves or holes in the earth. And when Saturn came there he
+changed his name and called himself Njord, for the reason that he
+thought that Jupiter, his son, might afterward seek him out. He was the
+first there to teach men to plow and plant vineyards. There the soil was
+good and fresh, and it soon produced heavy crops. He was made chief and
+thus he got possession of all the realms there and built many burgs.</p>
+
+<p>8. Jupiter, his son, had many sons, from whom races have descended;
+his son was Dardanos, his
+<span class = "pagenum">43</span>
+<a name = "page43"> </a>
+son Herikon, his son Tros, his son Ilos, his son Laomedon, the father of
+the chief king Priamos. Priamos had many sons; one of them was Hektor,
+who was the most famous of all men in the world for strength, and
+stature and accomplishments, and for all manly deeds of a knightly kind;
+and it is found written that when the Greeks and all the strength of the
+north and east regions fought with the Trojans, they would never have
+become victors had not the Greeks invoked the gods; and it is also
+stated that no human strength would conquer them unless they were
+betrayed by their own men, which afterward was done. And from their fame
+men that came after gave themselves titles, and especially was this done
+by the Romans, who were the most famous in many things after their days;
+and it is said that, when Rome was built, the Romans adapted their
+customs and laws as nearly as possible to those of the Trojans, their
+forefathers. And so much power accompanied these men for many ages
+after, that when Pompey, a Roman chieftain, harried in the east region,
+Odin fled out of Asia and hither to the north country, and then he gave
+to himself and his men their names, and said that Priamos had hight Odin
+and his queen Frigg, and from this the realm afterward took its name and
+was called Frigia where the burg stood. And whether Odin said
+<span class = "pagenum">44</span>
+<a name = "page44"> </a>
+this of himself out of pride, or that it was wrought by the changing of
+tongues; nevertheless many wise men have regarded it a true saying, and
+for a long time after every man who was a great chieftain followed his
+example.</p>
+
+<p>9. A king in Troy hight Munon or Mennon, his wife was a daughter of
+the head-king Priamos and hight Troan; they had a son who hight Tror,
+him we call Thor. He was fostered in Thrace by the duke, who is called
+Loricos. But when he was ten winters old he took his father’s weapons.
+So fair of face was he, when he stood by other men, as when ivory is set
+in oak; his hair was fairer than gold. When he was twelve winters old he
+had full strength; then he lifted from the ground ten bear skins all at
+once, and then he slew Loricos, the duke, his foster-father and his
+wife, Lora or Glora, and took possession of Thrace; this we call
+Thrudheim. Then he visited many lands and knew the countries of the
+world, and conquered single-handed all the berserks and all the giants,
+and one very big dragon and many beasts. In the north region he found
+that prophetess who hight Sibyl, whom we call Sif, and married her. None
+can tell the genealogy of Sif; she was the fairest of all women, her
+hair was like gold. Their son was Loride (Hloride), who was like his
+father; his son was Henrede; his son Vingethor (Vingthor);
+<span class = "pagenum">45</span>
+<a name = "page45"> </a>
+his son Vingener (Vingner); his son Moda (Mode); his son Magi (Magne);
+his son Kesfet; his son Bedvig; his son Atra, whom we call Annan; his
+son Itrman; his son Heremod (Hermod); his son Skjaldun, whom we call
+Skjold; his son Bjaf, whom we call Bjar; his son Jat; his son Gudolf,
+his son Fjarlaf, whom we call Fridleif; he had the son who is called
+Vodin, whom we call Odin; he was a famous man for wisdom and all
+accomplishments. His wife hight Frigida, whom we call Frigg.</p>
+
+<p>10. Odin had the power of divination, and so had his wife, and from
+this knowledge he found out that his name would be held high in the
+north part of the world, and honored beyond that of all kings. For this
+reason he was eager to begin his journey from Turkey, and he had with
+him very many people, young and old, men and women, and he had with him
+many costly things. But wherever they fared over the lands great fame
+was spoken of them, and they were said to be more like gods than men.
+And they stopped not on their journey before they came north into that
+land which is now called Saxland; there Odin remained a long time, and
+subjugated the country far and wide. There Odin established his three
+sons as a defense of the land. One is named Veggdegg; he was a strong
+king and ruled over East Saxland. His son was
+<span class = "pagenum">46</span>
+<a name = "page46"> </a>
+Vitrgils, and his sons were Ritta, the father of Heingest (Hengist), and
+Sigar, the father of Svebdegg, whom we call Svipdag. Another son of Odin
+hight Beldegg, whom we call Balder; he possessed the land which now
+hight Vestfal; his son was Brander, and his son Frjodigar, whom we call
+Froda (Frode). His son was Freovit, his son Yvigg, his son Gevis, whom
+we call Gave. The third son of Odin is named Sigge, his son Verer. These
+forefathers ruled the land which is now called Frankland, and from them
+is come the race that is called the Volsungs. From all of these many and
+great races are descended.</p>
+
+<p>11. Then Odin continued his journey northward and came into the
+country which was called Reidgotaland, and in that land he conquered all
+that he desired. He established there his son, who hight Skjold; his son
+hight Fridleif; from him is descended the race which hight Skjoldungs;
+these are the Dane kings, and that land hight now Jutland, which then
+was called Reidgotaland.</p>
+
+<p>12. Thereupon he fared north to what is now called Svithjod (Sweden),
+there was the king who is called Gylfe. But when he heard of the coming
+of those Asiamen, who were called asas, he went to meet them, and
+offered Odin such things in his kingdom as he himself might desire.
+<span class = "pagenum">47</span>
+<a name = "page47"> </a>
+And such good luck followed their path, that wherever they stopped in
+the lands, there were bountiful crops and good peace; and all believed
+that they were the cause thereof. The mighty men of the kingdom saw that
+they were unlike other men whom they had seen, both in respect to beauty
+and understanding. The land there seemed good to Odin, and he chose
+there for himself a place for a burg, which is now called Sigtuna.<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag6" href = "#note6">6</a> He there established
+chiefs, like unto what had formerly existed in Troy; he appointed twelve
+men in the burg to be judges of the law of the land, and made all rights
+to correspond with what had before been in Troy, and to what the Turks
+had been accustomed.</p>
+
+<p>13. Thereupon he fared north until he reached the sea, which they
+thought surrounded all lands, and there he established his son in the
+kingdom, which is now called Norway; he is hight Saming, and the kings
+of Norway count their ancestors back to him, and so do the jarls and
+other mighty men, as it is stated in the Haleygjatal.<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag7" href = "#note7">7</a> But Odin had with him that son who
+is called Yngve, who was king in Sweden, and from him is descended the
+families called Ynglings (Yngvelings). The asas took to themselves wives
+there within the land. But some took
+<span class = "pagenum">48</span>
+<a name = "page48"> </a>
+wives for their sons, and these families became so numerous that they
+spread over Saxland, and thence over the whole north region, and the
+tongue of these Asiamen became the native tongue of all these lands. And
+men think they can understand from the way in which the names of their
+forefathers is written, that these names have belonged to this tongue,
+and that the asas have brought this tongue hither to the north, to
+Norway, to Sweden and to Saxland. But in England are old names of places
+and towns which can be seen to have been given in another tongue than
+this.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">49</span>
+<a name = "page49"> </a>
+<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "gylfe">THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<h4><a name = "gylfe_I">CHAPTER I.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>GEFJUN’S PLOWING.</h6>
+
+<p>1. King Gylfe ruled the lands that are now called Svithjod (Sweden).
+Of him it is said that he gave to a wayfaring woman, as a reward for the
+entertainment she had afforded him by her story-telling, a plow-land in
+his realm, as large as four oxen could plow it in a day and a night But
+this woman was of the asa-race; her name was Gefjun. She took from the
+north, from Jotunheim, four oxen, which were the sons of a giant and
+her, and set them before the plow. Then went the plow so hard and deep
+that it tore up the land, and the oxen drew it westward into the sea,
+until it stood still in a sound. There Gefjun set the land, gave it a
+name and called it Seeland. And where the land had been taken away
+became afterward a sea, which in Sweden is now called Logrinn (the Lake,
+the Malar Lake in Sweden). And in the Malar Lake the bays correspond
+<span class = "pagenum">50</span>
+<a name = "page50"> </a>
+to the capes in Seeland. Thus Brage, the old skald:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Gefjun glad<br>
+Drew from Gylfe<br>
+The excellent land,<br>
+Denmark’s increase,<br>
+So that it reeked<br>
+From the running beasts.<br>
+Four heads and eight eyes<br>
+Bore the oxen<br>
+As they went before the wide<br>
+Robbed land of the grassy isle.<a class = "tag" name = "tag8" href =
+"#note8">8</a></p>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">51</span>
+<a name = "page51"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_II">CHAPTER II.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>GYLFE’S JOURNEY TO ASGARD.</h6>
+
+<p>2. King Gylfe was a wise man and skilled in the black art. He
+wondered much that the asa-folk was so mighty in knowledge, that all
+things went after their will. He thought to himself whether this could
+come from their own nature, or whether the cause must be sought for
+among the gods whom they worshiped. He therefore undertook a journey to
+Asgard. He went secretly, having assumed the likeness of an old man, and
+striving thus to disguise himself. But the asas were wiser, for they see
+into the future, and, foreseeing his journey before he came, they
+received him with an eye-deceit. So when he came into the burg he saw
+there a hall so high that he could hardly look over it. Its roof was
+thatched with golden shields as with shingles. Thus says Thjodolf of
+Hvin, that Valhal was thatched with shields:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Thinking thatchers<br>
+Thatched the roof;<br>
+The beams of the burg<br>
+Beamed with gold.<a class = "tag" name = "tag9" href = "#note9">9</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">52</span>
+<a name = "page52"> </a>
+In the door of the hall Gylfe saw a man who played with swords so
+dexterously that seven were in the air at one time. That man asked him
+what his name was. Gylfe answered that his name was Ganglere;<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag10" href = "#note10">10</a> that he had come a long
+way, and that he sought lodgings for the night. He also asked who owned
+the burg. The other answered that it belonged to their king: I will go
+with you to see him and then you may ask him for his name yourself. Then
+the man turned and led the way into the hall. Ganglere followed, and
+suddenly the doors closed behind him. There he saw many rooms and a
+large number of people, of whom some were playing, others were drinking,
+and some were fighting with weapons. He looked around him, and much of
+what he saw seemed to him incredible. Then quoth he:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Gates all,<br>
+Before in you go,<br>
+You must examine well;<br>
+For you cannot know<br>
+Where enemies sit<br>
+In the house before you.<a class = "tag" name = "tag11" href =
+"#note11">11</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>He saw three high-seats, one above the other, and in each sat a man.
+He asked what the names of these chiefs were. He, who had conducted him
+in, answered that the one who sat
+<span class = "pagenum">53</span>
+<a name = "page53"> </a>
+in the lowest high-seat was king, and hight Har; the one next above him,
+Jafnhar; but the one who sat on the highest throne, Thride. Har asked
+the comer what more his errand was, and added that food and drink was
+there at his service, as for all in Har’s hall. Ganglere answered that
+he first would like to ask whether there was any wise man. Answered Har:
+You will not come out from here hale unless you are wiser.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+And stand now forth<br>
+While you ask;<br>
+He who answers shall sit.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">54</span>
+<a name = "page54"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_III">CHAPTER III.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>OF THE HIGHEST GOD.</h6>
+
+<p>3. Ganglere then made the following question: Who is the highest and
+oldest of all the gods? Made answer Har: Alfather he is called in our
+tongue, but in Asgard of old he had twelve names. The first is Alfather,
+the second is Herran or Herjan, the third Nikar or Hnikar, the fourth
+Nikuz or Hnikud, the fifth Fjolner, the sixth Oske, the seventh Ome, the
+eighth Biflide or Biflinde, the ninth Svidar, the tenth Svidrer, the
+eleventh Vidrer, the twelfth Jalg or Jalk. Ganglere asks again: Where is
+this god? What can he do? What mighty works has he accomplished?
+Answered Har: He lives from everlasting to everlasting, rules over all
+his realm, and governs all things, great and small. Then remarked
+Jafnhar: He made heaven and earth, the air and all things in them.
+Thride added: What is most important, he made man and gave him a spirit,
+which shall live, and never perish, though the body may turn to dust or
+burn to ashes. All who live a life of virtue shall dwell with him in
+Gimle or Vingolf. The wicked,
+<span class = "pagenum">55</span>
+<a name = "page55"> </a>
+on the other hand, go to Hel, and from her to Niflhel, that is, down
+into the ninth world. Then asked Ganglere: What was he doing before
+heaven and earth were made? Har gave answer: Then was he with the
+frost-giants.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">56</span>
+<a name = "page56"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE CREATION OF THE WORLD.</h6>
+
+<p>4. Said Ganglere: How came the world into existence, or how did it
+rise? What was before? Made answer to him Har: Thus is it said in the
+Vala’s Prophecy:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+It was Time’s morning,<br>
+When there nothing was;<br>
+Nor sand, nor sea,<br>
+Nor cooling billows.<br>
+Earth there was not,<br>
+Nor heaven above.<br>
+The Ginungagap was,<br>
+But grass nowhere.<a class = "tag" name = "tag12" href =
+"#note12">12</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Jafnhar remarked: Many ages before the earth was made, Niflheim had
+existed, in the midst of which is the well called Hvergelmer, whence
+flow the following streams: Svol, Gunnthro, Form, Fimbul, Thul, Slid and
+Hrid, Sylg and Ylg, Vid, Leipt and Gjoll, the last of which is nearest
+the gate of Hel. Then added Thride: Still there was before a world to
+the south which hight Muspelheim. It is light and hot, and so bright and
+dazzling that no stranger, who is not a
+<span class = "pagenum">57</span>
+<a name = "page57"> </a>
+native there, can stand it. Surt is the name of him who stands on its
+border guarding it. He has a flaming sword in his hand, and at the end
+of the world he will come and harry, conquer all the gods, and burn up
+the whole world with fire. Thus it is said in the Vala’s Prophecy:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Surt from the south fares<br>
+With blazing flames;<br>
+From the sword shines<br>
+The sun of the war-god.<br>
+Rocks dash together<br>
+And witches collapse,<br>
+Men go the way to Hel<br>
+And the heavens are cleft.<a class = "tag" name = "tag13" href =
+"#note13">13</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>5. Said Ganglere: What took place before the races came into
+existence, and men increased and multiplied? Replied Har, explaining,
+that as soon as the streams, that are called the Elivogs, had come so
+far from their source that the venomous yeast which flowed with them
+hardened, as does dross that runs from the fire, then it turned into
+ice. And when this ice stopped and flowed no more, then gathered over it
+the drizzling rain that arose from the venom and froze into rime, and
+one layer of ice was laid upon the other clear into Ginungagap. Then
+said Jafnhar: All that part of Ginungagap that turns toward the north
+was filled with thick and heavy ice and rime, and everywhere within were
+<span class = "pagenum">58</span>
+<a name = "page58"> </a>
+drizzling rains and gusts. But the south part of Ginungagap was lighted
+up by the glowing sparks that flew out of Muspelheim. Added Thride: As
+cold and all things grim proceeded from Niflheim, so that which bordered
+on Muspelheim was hot and bright, and Ginungagap was as warm and mild as
+windless air. And when the heated blasts from Muspelheim met the rime,
+so that it melted into drops, then, by the might of him who sent the
+heat, the drops quickened into life and took the likeness of a man, who
+got the name Ymer. But the Frost giants call him Aurgelmer. Thus it is
+said in the short Prophecy of the Vala (the Lay of Hyndla):</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+All the valas are<br>
+From Vidolf descended;<br>
+All wizards are<br>
+Of Vilmeide’s race;<br>
+All enchanters<br>
+Are sons of Svarthofde;<br>
+All giants have<br>
+Come from Ymer.<a class = "tag" name = "tag14" href = "#note14">14</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>And on this point, when Vafthrudner, the giant, was asked by
+Gangrad:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Whence came Aurgelmer<br>
+Originally to the sons<br>
+Of the giants?&mdash;thou wise giant!<a class = "tag" name = "tag15"
+href = "#note15">15</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">59</span>
+<a name = "page59"> </a>
+he said</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+From the Elivogs<br>
+Sprang drops of venom,<br>
+And grew till a giant was made.<br>
+Thence our race<br>
+Are all descended,<br>
+Therefore are we all so fierce.<a class = "tag" name = "tag16" href =
+"#note16">16</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Then asked Ganglere: How were the races developed from him? Or what
+was done so that more men were made? Or do you believe him to be god of
+whom you now spake? Made answer Har: By no means do we believe him to be
+god; evil was he and all his offspring, them we call frost-giants. It is
+said that when he slept he fell into a sweat, and then there grew under
+his left arm a man and a woman, and one of his feet begat with the other
+a son. From these come the races that are called frost-giants. The old
+frost-giant we call Ymer.</p>
+
+<p>6. Then said Ganglere: Where did Ymer dwell, and on what did he live?
+Answered Har: The next thing was that when the rime melted into drops,
+there was made thereof a cow, which hight Audhumbla. Four milk-streams
+ran from her teats, and she fed Ymer. Thereupon asked Ganglere: On what
+did the cow subsist? Answered Har: She licked the salt-stones that were
+covered with rime, and the first day that she
+<span class = "pagenum">60</span>
+<a name = "page60"> </a>
+licked the stones there came out of them in the evening a man’s hair,
+the second day a man’s head, and the third day the whole man was there.
+This man’s name was Bure; he was fair of face, great and mighty, and he
+begat a son whose name was Bor. This Bor married a woman whose name was
+Bestla, the daughter of the giant Bolthorn; they had three
+sons,&mdash;the one hight Odin, the other Vile, and the third Ve. And it
+is my belief that this Odin and his brothers are the rulers of heaven
+and earth. We think that he must be so called. That is the name of the
+man whom we know to be the greatest and most famous, and well may men
+call him by that name.</p>
+
+<p>7. Ganglere asked: How could these keep peace with Ymer, or who was
+the stronger? Then answered Har: The sons of Bor slew the giant Ymer,
+but when he fell, there flowed so much blood from his wounds that they
+drowned therein the whole race of frost giants; excepting one, who
+escaped with his household. Him the giants call Bergelmer. He and his
+wife went on board his ark and saved themselves in it. From them are
+come new races of frost-giants, as is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Countless winters<br>
+Ere the earth was made,<br>
+Was born Bergelmer.
+<span class = "pagenum">61</span>
+<a name = "page61"> </a><br>
+This first I call to mind<br>
+How that crafty giant<br>
+Safe in his ark lay.<a class = "tag" name = "tag17" href =
+"#note17">17</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>8. Then said Ganglere: What was done then by the sons of Bor, since
+you believe that they were gods? Answered Har: About that there is not a
+little to be said. They took the body of Ymer, carried it into the midst
+of Ginungagap and made of him the earth. Of his blood they made the seas
+and lakes; of his flesh the earth was made, but of his bones the rocks;
+of his teeth and jaws, and of the bones that were broken, they made
+stones and pebbles. Jafnhar remarked: Of the blood that flowed from the
+wounds, and was free, they made the ocean; they fastened the earth
+together and around it they laid this ocean in a ring without, and it
+must seem to most men impossible to cross it. Thride added: They took
+his skull and made thereof the sky, and raised it over the earth with
+four sides. Under each corner they set a dwarf, and the four dwarfs were
+called Austre (east), Vestre (West), Nordre (North), Sudre (South). Then
+they took glowing sparks, that were loose and had been cast out from
+Muspelheim, and placed them in the midst of the boundless heaven, both
+above and below, to light up heaven and earth. They gave resting-places
+to all fires, and set some in heaven;
+<span class = "pagenum">62</span>
+<a name = "page62"> </a>
+some were made to go free under heaven, but they gave them a place and
+shaped their course. In old songs it is said that from that time days
+and years were reckoned. Thus in the Prophecy of the Vala:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The sun knew not<br>
+Where her hall she had;<br>
+The moon knew not<br>
+What might he had;<br>
+The stars knew not<br>
+Their resting-places.<a class = "tag" name = "tag18" href =
+"#note18">18</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Thus it was before these things were made. Then said Ganglere:
+Wonderful tidings are these I now hear; a wondrous great building is
+this, and deftly constructed. How was the earth fashioned? Made answer
+Har: The earth is round, and without it round about lies the deep ocean,
+and along the outer strand of that sea they gave lands for the giant
+races to dwell in; and against the attack of restless giants they built
+a burg within the sea and around the earth. For this purpose they used
+the giant Ymer’s eyebrows, and they called the burg Midgard. They also
+took his brains and cast them into the air, and made therefrom the
+clouds, as is here said:</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">63</span>
+<a name = "page63"> </a></p>
+<p class = "verse">
+Of Ymer’s flesh<br>
+The earth was made,<br>
+And of his sweat the seas;<br>
+Rocks of his bones,<br>
+Trees of his hair,<br>
+And the sky of his skull;<br>
+But of his eyebrows<br>
+The blithe powers<br>
+Made Midgard for the sons of men.<br>
+Of his brains<br>
+All the melancholy<br>
+Clouds were made.<a class = "tag" name = "tag19" href = "#note19">19</a>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">64</span>
+<a name = "page64"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_V">CHAPTER V.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE CREATION&mdash;(CONTINUED.)</h6>
+
+<p>9. Then said Ganglere: Much had been done, it seemed to me, when
+heaven and earth were made, when sun and moon were set in their places,
+and when days were marked out; but whence came the people who inhabit
+the world? Har answered as follows: As Bor’s sons went along the
+sea-strand, they found two trees. These trees they took up and made men
+of them. The first gave them spirit and life; the second endowed them
+with reason and power of motion; and the third gave them form, speech,
+hearing and eyesight. They gave them clothes and names; the man they
+called Ask, and the woman Embla. From them all mankind is descended, and
+a dwelling-place was given them under Midgard. In the next place, the
+sons of Bor made for themselves in the middle of the world a burg, which
+is called Asgard, and which we call Troy. There dwelt the gods and their
+race, and thence were wrought many tidings and adventures, both on earth
+and in the sky. In Asgard is a place called Hlidskjalf, and when
+<span class = "pagenum">65</span>
+<a name = "page65"> </a>
+Odin seated himself there in the high-seat, he saw over the whole world,
+and what every man was doing, and he knew all things that he saw. His
+wife hight Frigg, and she was the daughter of Fjorgvin, and from their
+offspring are descended the race that we call asas, who inhabited Asgard
+the old and the realms that lie about it, and all that race are known to
+be gods. And for this reason Odin is called Alfather, that he is the
+father of all gods and men, and of all things that were made by him and
+by his might. Jord (earth) was his daughter and his wife; with her he
+begat his first son, and that is Asa-Thor. To him was given force and
+strength, whereby he conquers all things quick.</p>
+
+<p>10. Norfe, or Narfe, hight a giant, who dwelt in Jotunheim. He had a
+daughter by name Night. She was swarthy and dark like the race she
+belonged to. She was first married to a man who hight Naglfare. Their
+son was Aud. Afterward she was married to Annar. Jord hight their
+daughter. Her last husband was Delling (Daybreak), who was of asa-race.
+Their son was Day, who was light and fair after his father. Then took
+Alfather Night and her son Day, gave them two horses and two cars, and
+set them up in heaven to drive around the earth, each in twelve hours by
+turns. Night rides first on the horse which is called Hrimfaxe, and
+every morning he bedews
+<span class = "pagenum">66</span>
+<a name = "page66"> </a>
+the earth with the foam from his bit. The horse on which Day rides is
+called Skinfaxe, and with his mane he lights up all the sky and the
+earth.</p>
+
+<p>11. Then said Ganglere: How does he steer the course of the sun and
+the moon? Answered Har: Mundilfare hight the man who had two children.
+They were so fair and beautiful that he called his son Moon, and his
+daughter, whom he gave in marriage to a man by name Glener, he called
+Sun. But the gods became wroth at this arrogance, took both the brother
+and the sister, set them up in heaven, and made Sun drive the horses
+that draw the car of the sun, which the gods had made to light up the
+world from sparks that flew out of Muspelheim. These horses hight Arvak
+and Alsvid. Under their withers the gods placed two wind-bags to cool
+them, but in some songs it is called ironcold (ísarnkol). Moon guides
+the course of the moon, and rules its waxing and waning. He took from
+the earth two children, who hight Bil and Hjuke, as they were going from
+the well called Byrger, and were carrying on their shoulders the bucket
+called Sager and the pole Simul. Their father’s name is Vidfin. These
+children always accompany Moon, as can be seen from the earth.</p>
+
+<p>12. Then said Ganglere: Swift fares Sun, almost as if she were
+afraid, and she could make no more haste in her course if she feared her
+destroyer.
+<span class = "pagenum">67</span>
+<a name = "page67"> </a>
+Then answered Har: Nor is it wonderful that she speeds with all her
+might. Near is he who pursues her, and there is no escape for her but to
+run before him. Then asked Ganglere: Who causes her this toil? Answered
+Har: It is two wolves. The one hight Skol, he runs after her; she fears
+him and he will one day overtake her. The other hight Hate, Hrodvitner’s
+son; he bounds before her and wants to catch the moon, and so he will at
+last.<a class = "tag" name = "tag20" href = "#note20">20</a> Then asked
+Ganglere: Whose offspring are these wolves? Said Har; A hag dwells east
+of Midgard, in the forest called Jarnved (Ironwood), where reside the
+witches called Jarnvidjes. The old hag gives birth to many giant sons,
+and all in wolf’s likeness. Thence come these two wolves. It is said
+that of this wolf-race one is the mightiest, and is called Moongarm. He
+is filled with the life-blood of all dead men. He will devour the moon,
+and stain the heavens and all the sky with blood. Thereby the sun will
+be darkened, the winds will grow wild, and roar hither and thither, as
+it is said in the Prophecy of the Vala:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+In the east dwells the old hag,<br>
+In the Jarnved forest;<br>
+And brings forth there<br>
+Fenrer’s offspring.<br>
+There comes of them all<br>
+One the worst,
+<span class = "pagenum">68</span>
+<a name = "page68"> </a><br>
+The moon’s devourer<br>
+In a troll’s disguise.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+He is filled with the life-blood<br>
+Of men doomed to die;<br>
+The seats of the gods<br>
+He stains with red gore;<br>
+Sunshine grows black<br>
+The summer thereafter,<br>
+All weather gets fickle.<br>
+Know you yet or not?<a class = "tag" name = "tag21" href =
+"#note21">21</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>13. Then asked Ganglere: What is the path from earth to heaven? Har
+answered, laughing: Foolishly do you now ask. Have you not been told
+that the gods made a bridge from earth to heaven, which is called
+Bifrost? You must have seen it. It may be that you call it the rainbow.
+It has three colors, is very strong, and is made with more craft and
+skill than other structures. Still, however strong it is, it will break
+when the sons of Muspel come to ride over it, and then they will have to
+swim their horses over great rivers in order to get on. Then said
+Ganglere: The gods did not, it seems to me, build that bridge honestly,
+if it shall be able to break to pieces, since they could have done so,
+had they desired. Then made answer Har: The gods are worthy of no blame
+for this structure. Bifrost is indeed a good bridge, but there is no
+thing in the world that is able to stand when the sons of Muspel come to
+the fight.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">69</span>
+<a name = "page69"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE FIRST WORKS OF THE ASAS. THE GOLDEN AGE.</h6>
+
+<p>14. Then said Ganglere: What did Alfather do when Asgard had been
+built? Said Har: In the beginning he appointed rulers in a place in the
+middle of the burg which is called Idavold, who were to judge with him
+the disputes of men and decide the affairs of the burg. Their first work
+was to erect a court, where there were seats for all the twelve, and,
+besides, a high-seat for Alfather. That is the best and largest house
+ever built on earth, and is within and without like solid gold. This
+place is called Gladsheim. Then they built another hall as a home for
+the goddesses, which also is a very beautiful mansion, and is called
+Vingolf. Thereupon they built a forge; made hammer, tongs, anvil, and
+with these all other tools. Afterward they worked in iron, stone and
+wood, and especially in that metal which is called gold. All their
+household wares were of gold. That age was called the golden age, until
+it was lost by the coming of those women from Jotunheim. Then the gods
+set themselves in their high-seats and held counsel.
+<span class = "pagenum">70</span>
+<a name = "page70"> </a>
+They remembered how the dwarfs had quickened in the mould of the earth
+like maggots in flesh. The dwarfs had first been created and had
+quickened in Ymer’s flesh, and were then maggots; but now, by the
+decision of the gods, they got the understanding and likeness of men,
+but still had to dwell in the earth and in rocks. Modsogner was one
+dwarf and Durin another. So it is said in the Vala’s Prophecy:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Then went all the gods,<br>
+The all-holy gods,<br>
+On their judgment seats,<br>
+And thereon took counsel<br>
+Who should the race<br>
+Of dwarfs create<br>
+From the bloody sea<br>
+And from Blain’s bones.<br>
+In the likeness of men<br>
+Made they many<br>
+Dwarfs in the earth,<br>
+As Durin said.
+</p>
+
+<p>And these, says the Vala, are the names of the dwarfs:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Nye, Nide,<br>
+Nordre, Sudre,<br>
+Austre, Vestre,<br>
+Althjof, Dvalin,<br>
+Na, Nain,<br>
+Niping, Dain,<br>
+Bifur, Bafur,<br>
+Bombor, Nore,<br>
+Ore, Onar,<br>
+Oin, Mjodvitner,<br>
+Vig, Gandalf,<br>
+Vindalf, Thorin,
+<span class = "pagenum">71</span>
+<a name = "page71"> </a><br>
+File, Kile,<br>
+Fundin, Vale,<br>
+Thro, Throin,<br>
+Thek, Lit, Vit,<br>
+Ny, Nyrad,<br>
+Rek, Radsvid.
+</p>
+
+<p>But the following are also dwarfs and dwell in the rocks, while the
+above-named dwell in the mould:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Draupner, Dolgthvare,<br>
+Hor, Hugstare,<br>
+Hledjolf, Gloin,<br>
+Dore, Ore,<br>
+Duf, Andvare,<br>
+Hepte, File,<br>
+Har, Siar.
+</p>
+
+<p>But the following come from Svarin’s How to Aurvang on Joruvold, and
+from them is sprung Lovar. Their names are:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Skirfer, Virfir,<br>
+Skafid, Ae,<br>
+Alf, Inge,<br>
+Eikinslgalde,<br>
+Fal, Froste,<br>
+Fid, Ginnar.<a class = "tag" name = "tag22" href = "#note22">22</a>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">72</span>
+<a name = "page72"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>ON THE WONDERFUL THINGS IN HEAVEN.</h6>
+
+<p>15. Then said Ganglere: Where is the chief or most holy place of the
+gods? Har answered: That is by the ash Ygdrasil. There the gods meet in
+council every day. Said Ganglere: What is said about this place?
+Answered Jafnhar: This ash is the best and greatest of all trees; its
+branches spread over all the world, and reach up above heaven. Three
+roots sustain the tree and stand wide apart; one root is with the asas
+and another with the frost-giants, where Ginungagap formerly was; the
+third reaches into Niflheim; under it is Hvergelmer, where Nidhug gnaws
+the root from below. But under the second root, which extends to the
+frost-giants, is the well of Mimer, wherein knowledge and wisdom are
+concealed. The owner of the well hight Mimer. He is full of wisdom, for
+he drinks from the well with the Gjallar-horn. Alfather once came there
+and asked for a drink from the well, but he did not get it before he
+left one of his eyes as a pledge. So it is said in the Vala’s
+Prophecy:</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">73</span>
+<a name = "page73"> </a></p>
+<p class = "verse">
+Well know I, Odin,<br>
+Where you hid your eye:<br>
+In the crystal-clear<br>
+Well of Mimer.<br>
+Mead drinks Mimer<br>
+Every morning<br>
+From Valfather’s pledge.<br>
+Know you yet or not?<a class = "tag" name = "tag23" href =
+"#note23">23</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>The third root of the ash is in heaven, and beneath it is the most
+sacred fountain of Urd. Here the gods have their doomstead. The asas
+ride hither every day over Bifrost, which is also called Asa-bridge. The
+following are the names of the horses of the gods: Sleipner is the best
+one; he belongs to Odin, and he has eight feet. The second is Glad, the
+third Gyller, the fourth Gler, the fifth Skeidbrimer, the sixth
+Silfertop, the seventh Siner, the eighth Gisl, the ninth Falhofner, the
+tenth Gulltop, the eleventh Letfet. Balder’s horse was burned with him.
+Thor goes on foot to the doomstead, and wades the following rivers:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Kormt and Ormt<br>
+And the two Kerlaugs;<br>
+These shall Thor wade<br>
+Every day<br>
+When he goes to judge<br>
+Near the Ygdrasil ash;<br>
+For the Asa-bridge<br>
+Burns all ablaze,&mdash;<br>
+The holy waters roar.<a class = "tag" name = "tag24" href =
+"#note24">24</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">74</span>
+<a name = "page74"> </a>
+Then asked Ganglere: Does fire burn over Bifrost? Har answered: The red
+which you see in the rainbow is burning fire. The frost-giants and the
+mountain-giants would go up to heaven if Bifrost were passable for all
+who desired to go there. Many fair places there are in heaven, and they
+are all protected by a divine defense. There stands a beautiful hall
+near the fountain beneath the ash. Out of it come three maids, whose
+names are Urd, Verdande and Skuld. These maids shape the lives of men,
+and we call them norns. There are yet more norns, namely those who come
+to every man when he is born, to shape his life, and these are known to
+be of the race of gods; others, on the other hand, are of the race of
+elves, and yet others are of the race of dwarfs. As is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Far asunder, I think,<br>
+The norns are born,<br>
+They are not of the same race.<br>
+Some are of the asas,<br>
+Some are of the elves,<br>
+Some are daughters of Dvalin.<a class = "tag" name = "tag25" href =
+"#note25">25</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Then said Ganglere: If the norns rule the fortunes of men, then they
+deal them out exceedingly unevenly. Some live a good life and are rich;
+some get neither wealth nor praise. Some have a long, others a short
+life. Har answered:
+<span class = "pagenum">75</span>
+<a name = "page75"> </a>
+Good norns and of good descent shape good lives, and when some men are
+weighed down with misfortune, the evil norns are the cause
+of&nbsp;it.</p>
+
+<p>16. Then said Ganglere: What other remarkable things are there to be
+said about the ash? Har answered: Much is to be said about it. On one of
+the boughs of the ash sits an eagle, who knows many things. Between his
+eyes sits a hawk that is called Vedfolner. A squirrel, by name Ratatosk,
+springs up and down the tree, and carries words of envy between the
+eagle and Nidhug. Four stags leap about in the branches of the ash and
+bite the leaves.<a class = "tag" name = "tag26" href = "#note26">26</a>
+Their names are: Dain, Dvalin, Duney and Durathro. In Hvergelmer with
+Nidhug are more serpents than tongue can tell. As is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The ash Ygdrasil<br>
+Bears distress<br>
+Greater than men know.<br>
+Stags bite it above,<br>
+At the side it rots,<br>
+Nidhug gnaws it below.
+</p>
+
+<p>And so again it is said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+More serpents lie<br>
+’Neath the Ygdrasil ash<br>
+Than is thought of<br>
+By every foolish ape.<br>
+Goin and Moin<br>
+(They are sons of Grafvitner),
+<span class = "pagenum">76</span>
+<a name = "page76"> </a><br>
+Grabak and Grafvollud,<br>
+Ofner and Svafner<br>
+Must for aye, methinks,<br>
+Gnaw the roots of that tree.<a class = "tag" name = "tag27" href =
+"#note27">27</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Again, it is said that the norns, that dwell in the fountain of Urd,
+every day take water from the fountain and take the clay that lies
+around the fountain and sprinkle therewith the ash, in order that its
+branches may not wither or decay. This water is so holy that all things
+that are put into the fountain become as white as the film of an
+egg-shell As is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+An ash I know<br>
+Hight Ygdrasil;<br>
+A high, holy tree<br>
+With white clay sprinkled.<br>
+Thence come the dews<br>
+That fall in the dales.<br>
+Green forever it stands<br>
+Over Urd’s fountain.<a class = "tag" name = "tag28" href =
+"#note28">28</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>The dew which falls on the earth from this tree men call honey-fall,
+and it is the food of bees. Two birds are fed in Urd’s fountain; they
+are called swans, and they are the parents of the race of swans.</p>
+
+<p>17. Then said Ganglere: Great tidings you are able to tell of the
+heavens. Are there other remarkable places than the one by Urd’s
+fountain? Answered Har: There are many magnificent
+<span class = "pagenum">77</span>
+<a name = "page77"> </a>
+dwellings. One is there called Alfheim. There dwell the folk that are
+called light-elves; but the dark-elves dwell down in the earth, and they
+are unlike the light-elves in appearance, but much more so in deeds. The
+light-elves are fairer than the sun to look upon, but the dark-elves are
+blacker than pitch. Another place is called Breidablik, and no place is
+fairer. There is also a mansion called Glitner, of which the walls and
+pillars and posts are of red gold, and the roof is of silver.
+Furthermore, there is a dwelling, by name Himinbjorg, which stands at
+the end of heaven, where the Bifrost-bridge is united with heaven. And
+there is a great dwelling called Valaskjalf, which belongs to Odin. The
+gods made it and thatched it with, sheer silver. In this hall is the
+high-seat, which is called Hlidskjalf, and when Alfather sits in this
+seat, he sees over all the world. In the southern end of the world is
+the palace, which is the fairest of all, and brighter than the sun; its
+name is Gimle. It shall stand when both heaven and earth shall have
+passed away. In this hall the good and the righteous shall dwell through
+all ages. Thus says the Prophecy of the Vala:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+A hall I know, standing<br>
+Than the sun fairer,<br>
+Than gold better,<br>
+Gimle by name.
+<span class = "pagenum">78</span>
+<a name = "page78"> </a><br>
+There shall good<br>
+People dwell,<br>
+And forever<br>
+Delights enjoy.<a class = "tag" name = "tag29" href = "#note29">29</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Then said Ganglere: Who guards this palace when Surt’s fire burns up
+heaven and earth? Har answered: It is said that to the south and above
+this heaven is another heaven, which is called Andlang. But there is a
+third, which is above these, and is called Vidblain, and in this heaven
+we believe this mansion (Gimle) to be situated; but we deem that the
+light-elves alone dwell in it&nbsp;now.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">79</span>
+<a name = "page79"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE ASAS.</h6>
+
+<p>18. Then said Ganglere: Whence comes the wind? It is so strong that
+it moves great seas, and fans fires to flame, and yet, strong as it is,
+it cannot be seen. Therefore it is wonderfully made. Then answered Har:
+That I can tell you well. At the northern end of heaven sits a giant,
+who hight Hrasvelg. He is clad in eagles’ plumes, and when he spreads
+his wings for flight, the winds arise from under them. Thus is it here
+said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Hrasvelg hight he<br>
+Who sits at the end of heaven,<br>
+A giant in eagle’s disguise.<br>
+From his wings, they say,<br>
+The wind does come<br>
+Over all mankind.<a class = "tag" name = "tag30" href = "#note30">30</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>19. Then said Ganglere: How comes it that summer is so hot, but the
+winter so cold? Har answered: A wise man would not ask such a question,
+for all are able to tell this; but if you alone have become so stupid
+that you have not heard of it, then I would rather forgive you for
+<span class = "pagenum">80</span>
+<a name = "page80"> </a>
+asking unwisely once than that you should go any longer in ignorance of
+what you ought to know. Svasud is the name of him who is father of
+summer, and he lives such a life of enjoyment, that everything that is
+mild is from him called sweet (svasligt). But the father of winter has
+two names, Vindlone and Vindsval. He is the son of Vasad, and all that
+race are grim and of icy breath, and winter is like them.</p>
+
+<p>20. Then asked Ganglere: Which are the asas, in whom men are bound to
+believe? Har answered him: Twelve are the divine asas. Jafnhar said: No
+less holy are the asynjes (goddesses), nor is their power less. Then
+added Thride: Odin is the highest and oldest of the asas. He rules all
+things, but the other gods, each according to his might, serve him as
+children a father. Frigg is his wife, and she knows the fate of men,
+although she tells not thereof, as it is related that Odin himself said
+to Asa-Loke:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Mad are you, Loke!<br>
+And out of your senses;<br>
+Why do you not stop?<br>
+Fortunes all,<br>
+Methinks, Frigg knows,<br>
+Though she tells them not herself.<a class = "tag" name = "tag31" href =
+"#note31">31</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Odin is called Alfather, for he is the father of all the gods; he is
+also called Valfather, for all
+<span class = "pagenum">81</span>
+<a name = "page81"> </a>
+who fall in fight are his chosen sons. For them he prepares Valhal and
+Vingolf, where they are called einherjes (heroes). He is also called
+Hangagod, Haptagod, Farmagod; and he gave himself still more names when
+he came to King Geirrod:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Grim is my name,<br>
+And Ganglare,<br>
+Herjan, Hjalmbore,<br>
+Thek, Thride,<br>
+Thud, Ud,<br>
+Helblinde, Har,<br>
+Sad, Svipal,<br>
+Sangetal,<br>
+Herteit, Hnikar,<br>
+Bileyg, Baleyg,<br>
+Bolverk, Fjolner,<br>
+Grimner, Glapsvid, Fjolsvid,<br>
+Sidhot, Sidskeg,<br>
+Sigfather, Hnikud,<br>
+Alfather, Atrid, Farmatyr,<br>
+Oske, Ome,<br>
+Jafnhar, Biflinde,<br>
+Gondler, Harbard,<br>
+Svidur, Svidrir,<br>
+Jalk, Kjalar, Vidur,<br>
+Thro, Yg, Thund,<br>
+Vak, Skilfing,<br>
+Vafud, Hroptatyr,<br>
+Gaut, Veratyr.<a class = "tag" name = "tag32" href = "#note32">32</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Then said Ganglere: A very great number of names you have given him;
+and this I know, forsooth, that he must be a very wise man who is able
+to understand and decide what chances are
+<span class = "pagenum">82</span>
+<a name = "page82"> </a>
+the causes of all these names. Har answered: Much knowledge is needed to
+explain it all rightly, but still it is shortest to tell you that most
+of these names have been given him for the reason that, as there are
+many tongues in the world, so all peoples thought they ought to turn his
+name into their tongue, in order that they might be able to worship him
+and pray to him each in its own language. Other causes of these names
+must be sought in his journeys, which are told of in old sagas; and you
+can lay no claim to being called a wise man if you are not able to tell
+of these wonderful adventures.</p>
+
+<p>21. Then said Ganglere: What are the names of the other asas? What is
+their occupation, and what works have they wrought? Har answered: Thor
+is the foremost of them. He is called Asa-Thor, or Oku-Thor.<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag33" href = "#note33">33</a> He is the strongest of all
+gods and men, and rules over the realm which is called Thrudvang. His
+hall is called Bilskirner. Therein are five hundred and forty floors,
+and it is the largest house that men have made. Thus it is said in
+Grimner’s Lay:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Five hundred floors<br>
+And forty more,<br>
+Methinks, has bowed Bilskirner.<br>
+Of houses all<br>
+That I know roofed<br>
+I know my son’s is the largest.<a class = "tag" name = "tag34" href =
+"#note34">34</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">83</span>
+<a name = "page83"> </a>
+Thor has two goats, by name Tangnjost and Tangrisner, and a chariot,
+wherein he drives. The goats draw the chariot; wherefore he is called
+Oku-Thor.<a class = "tag" name = "tag35" href = "#note35">35</a> He
+possesses three valuable treasures. One of them is the hammer Mjolner,
+which the frost-giants and mountain-giants well know when it is raised;
+and this is not to be wondered at, for with it he has split many a skull
+of their fathers or friends. The second treasure he possesses is
+Megingjarder (belt of strength); when he girds himself with it his
+strength is doubled. His third treasure that is of so great value is his
+iron gloves; these he cannot do without when he lays hold of the
+hammer’s haft. No one is so wise that he can tell all his great works;
+but I can tell you so many tidings of him that it will grow late before
+all is told that I know.</p>
+
+<p>22. Thereupon said Ganglere: I wish to ask tidings of more of the
+asas. Har gave him answer: Odin’s second son is Balder, and of him good
+things are to be told. He is the best, and all praise him. He is so fair
+of face and so bright that rays of light issue from him; and there is a
+plant so white that it is likened unto Balder’s brow, and it is the
+whitest of all plants. From this you can judge of the beauty both of his
+hair and of his body. He is the wisest, mildest and
+<span class = "pagenum">84</span>
+<a name = "page84"> </a>
+most eloquent of all the asas; and such is his nature that none can
+alter the judgment he has pronounced. He inhabits the place in heaven
+called Breidablik, and there nothing unclean can enter. As is here
+said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Breidablik it is called,<br>
+Where Balder has<br>
+Built for himself a hall<br>
+In the land<br>
+Where I know is found<br>
+The least of evil.<a class = "tag" name = "tag36" href =
+"#note36">36</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>23. The third asa is he who is called Njord. He dwells in Noatun,
+which is in heaven. He rules the course of the wind and checks the fury
+of the sea and of fire. He is invoked by seafarers and by fishermen. He
+is so rich and wealthy that he can give broad lands and abundance to
+those who call on him for them. He was fostered in Vanaheim, but the
+vans<a class = "tag" name = "tag37" href = "#note37">37</a> gave him as
+a hostage to the gods, and received in his stead as an asa-hostage the
+god whose name is Honer. He established peace between the gods and vans.
+Njord took to wife Skade, a daughter of the giant Thjasse. She wished to
+live where her father had dwelt, that is, on the mountains in Thrymheim;
+Njord, on the other hand, preferred to be near the sea. They therefore
+agreed to pass nine
+<span class = "pagenum">85</span>
+<a name = "page85"> </a>
+nights in Thrymheim and three in Noatun. But when Njord came back from
+the mountains to Noatun he sang this:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Weary am I of the mountains,<br>
+Not long was I there,<br>
+Only nine nights.<br>
+The howl of the wolves<br>
+Methought sounded ill<br>
+To the song of the swans.
+</p>
+
+<p>Skade then sang this:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Sleep I could not<br>
+On my sea-strand couch,<br>
+For the scream of the sea-fowl.<br>
+<i>There</i> wakes me,<br>
+As he comes from the sea,<br>
+Every morning the mew.
+</p>
+
+<p>Then went Skade up on the mountain, and dwelt in Thrymheim. She often
+goes on skees (snow-shoes), with her bow, and shoots wild beasts. She is
+called skee-goddess or skee-dis. Thus it is said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Thrymheim it is called<br>
+Where Thjasse dwelt,<br>
+That mightiest giant.<br>
+But now dwells Skade,<br>
+Pure bride of the gods,<br>
+In her father’s old homestead.<a class = "tag" name = "tag38" href =
+"#note38">38</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>24. Njord, in Noatun, afterward begat two children: a son, by name
+Frey, and a daughter, by name Freyja. They were fair of face, and
+<span class = "pagenum">86</span>
+<a name = "page86"> </a>
+mighty. Frey is the most famous of the asas. He rules over rain and
+sunshine, and over the fruits of the earth. It is good to call on him
+for harvests and peace. He also sways the wealth of men. Freyja is the
+most famous of the goddesses. She has in heaven a dwelling which is
+called Folkvang, and when she rides to the battle, one half of the slain
+belong to her, and the other half to Odin. As is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Folkvang it is called,<br>
+And there rules Freyja.<br>
+For the seats in the hall<br>
+Half of the slain<br>
+She chooses each day;<br>
+The other half is Odin’s.<a class = "tag" name = "tag39" href =
+"#note39">39</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Her hall is Sesrynmer, and it is large and beautiful. When she goes
+abroad, she drives in a car drawn by two cats. She lends a favorable ear
+to men who call upon her, and it is from her name the title has come
+that women of birth and wealth are called frur.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag40" href = "#note40">40</a> She is fond of love ditties, and it is
+good to call on her in love affairs.</p>
+
+<p>25. Then said Ganglere: Of great importance these asas seem to me to
+be, and it is not wonderful that you have great power, since you have
+such excellent knowledge of the gods, and know to which of them to
+address your prayers on each
+<span class = "pagenum">87</span>
+<a name = "page87"> </a>
+occasion. But what other gods are there? Har answered: There is yet an
+asa, whose name is Tyr. He is very daring and stout-hearted. He sways
+victory in war, wherefore warriors should call on him. There is a saw,
+that he who surpasses others in bravery, and never yields, is
+Tyr-strong. He is also so wise, that it is said of anyone who is
+specially intelligent, that he is Tyr-learned. A proof of his daring is,
+that when the asas induced the wolf Fenrer to let himself be bound with
+the chain Gleipner, he would not believe that they would loose him again
+until Tyr put his hand in his mouth as a pledge. But when the asas would
+not loose the Fenris-wolf, he bit Tyr’s hand off at the place of the
+wolf’s joint (the wrist; Icel. <i>úlfliðr</i><a class = "tag" name =
+"tag41" href = "#note41">41</a>). From that time Tyr is one-handed, and
+he is now called a peacemaker among&nbsp;men.</p>
+
+<p>26. Brage is the name of another of the asas. He is famous for his
+wisdom, eloquence and flowing speech. He is a master-skald, and from him
+song-craft is called brag (poetry), and such men or women as distinguish
+themselves by their eloquence are called brag-men<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag42" href = "#note42">42</a> and brag-women. His wife is Idun. She
+keeps in a box those
+<span class = "pagenum">88</span>
+<a name = "page88"> </a>
+apples of which the gods eat when they grow old, and then they become
+young again, and so it will be until Ragnarok (the twilight of the
+gods). Then said Ganglere: Of great importance to the gods it must be,
+it seems to me, that Idun preserves these apples with care and honesty.
+Har answered, and laughed: They ran a great risk on one occasion,
+whereof I might tell you more, but you shall first hear the names of
+more asas.</p>
+
+<p>27. Heimdal is the name of one. He is also called the white-asa. He
+is great and holy; born of nine maidens, all of whom were sisters. He
+hight also Hallinskide and Gullintanne, for his teeth were of gold. His
+horse hight Gulltop (Gold-top). He dwells in a place called Himinbjorg,
+near Bifrost. He is the ward of the gods, and sits at the end of heaven,
+guarding the bridge against the mountain-giants. He needs less sleep
+than a bird; sees an hundred miles around him, and as well by night as
+by day. He hears the grass grow and the wool on the backs of the sheep,
+and of course all things that sound louder than these. He has a trumpet
+called the Gjallarhorn, and when he blows it it can be heard in all the
+worlds. The head is called Heimdal’s sword. Thus it is here said:</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">89</span>
+<a name = "page89"> </a></p>
+<p class = "verse">
+Himinbjorg it is called,<br>
+Where Heimdal rules<br>
+Over his holy halls;<br>
+There drinks the ward of the gods<br>
+In his delightful dwelling<br>
+Glad the good mead.<a class = "tag" name = "tag43" href =
+"#note43">43</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>And again, in Heimdal’s Song, he says himself:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Son I am of maidens nine,<br>
+Born I am of sisters nine.
+</p>
+
+<p>28. Hoder hight one of the asas, who is blind, but exceedingly
+strong; and the gods would wish that this asa never needed to be named,
+for the work of his hand will long be kept in memory both by gods
+and&nbsp;men.</p>
+
+<p>29. Vidar is the name of the silent asa. He has a very thick shoe,
+and he is the strongest next after Thor. From him the gods have much
+help in all hard tasks.</p>
+
+<p>30. Ale, or Vale, is the son of Odin and Rind. He is daring in
+combat, and a good shot.</p>
+
+<p>31. Uller is the name of one, who is a son of Sif, and a step-son of
+Thor. He is so good an archer, and so fast on his skees, that no one can
+contend with him. He is fair of face, and possesses every quality of a
+warrior. Men should invoke him in single combat.</p>
+
+<p>32. Forsete is a son of Balder and Nanna, Nep’s daughter. He has in
+heaven the hall which hight
+<span class = "pagenum">90</span>
+<a name = "page90"> </a>
+Glitner. All who come to him with disputes go away perfectly reconciled.
+No better tribunal is to be found among gods and men. Thus it is here
+said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Glitner hight the hall,<br>
+On gold pillars standing,<br>
+And roofed with silver.<br>
+There dwells Forsete<br>
+Throughout all time,<br>
+And settles all disputes.<a class = "tag" name = "tag44" href =
+"#note44">44</a>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">91</span>
+<a name = "page91"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>LOKE AND HIS OFFSPRING.</h6>
+
+<p>33. There is yet one who is numbered among the asas, but whom some
+call the backbiter of the asas. He is the originator of deceit, and the
+disgrace of all gods and men. His name is Loke, or Lopt. His father is
+the giant Farbaute, but his mother’s name is Laufey, or Nal. His
+brothers are Byleist and Helblinde. Loke is fair and beautiful of face,
+but evil in disposition, and very fickle-minded. He surpasses other men
+in the craft called cunning, and cheats in all things. He has often
+brought the asas into great trouble, and often helped them out again,
+with his cunning contrivances. His wife hight Sygin, and their son,
+Nare, or Narfe.</p>
+
+<p>34. Loke had yet more children. A giantess in Jotunheim, hight
+Angerboda. With her he begat three children. The first was the
+Fenris-wolf; the second, Jormungand, that is, the Midgard-serpent, and
+the third, Hel. When the gods knew that these three children were being
+fostered in Jotunheim, and were aware of the prophecies that much woe
+and misfortune would thence come to
+<span class = "pagenum">92</span>
+<a name = "page92"> </a>
+them, and considering that much evil might be looked for from them on
+their mother’s side, and still more on their father’s, Alfather sent
+some of the gods to take the children and bring them to him. When they
+came to him he threw the serpent into the deep sea which surrounds all
+lands. There waxed the serpent so that he lies in the midst of the
+ocean, surrounds all the earth, and bites his own tail. Hel he cast into
+Niflheim, and gave her power over nine worlds,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag45" href = "#note45">45</a> that she should appoint abodes to them
+that are sent to her, namely, those who die from sickness or old age.
+She has there a great mansion, and the walls around it are of strange
+height, and the gates are huge. Eljudner is the name of her hall. Her
+table hight famine; her knife, starvation. Her man-servant’s name is
+Ganglate; her maid-servant’s, Ganglot.<a class = "tag" name = "tag46"
+href = "#note46">46</a> Her threshold is called stumbling-block; her
+bed, care; the precious hangings of her bed, gleaming bale. One-half of
+her is blue, and the other half is of the hue of flesh; hence she is
+easily known. Her looks are very stern and grim.</p>
+
+<p>35. The wolf was fostered by the asas at home, and Tyr was the only
+one who had the courage to go to him and give him food. When the gods
+<span class = "pagenum">93</span>
+<a name = "page93"> </a>
+saw how much he grew every day, and all prophecies declared that he was
+predestined to become fatal to them, they resolved to make a very strong
+fetter, which they called Lading. They brought it to the wolf, and bade
+him try his strength on the fetter. The wolf, who did not think it would
+be too strong for him, let them do therewith as they pleased. But as
+soon as he spurned against it the fetter burst asunder, and he was free
+from Lading. Then the asas made another fetter, by one-half stronger,
+and this they called Drome. They wanted the wolf to try this also,
+saying to him that he would become very famous for his strength, if so
+strong a chain was not able to hold him. The wolf thought that this
+fetter was indeed very strong, but also that his strength had increased
+since he broke Lading. He also took into consideration that it was
+necessary to expose one’s self to some danger if he desired to become
+famous; so he let them put the fetter on him. When the asas said they
+were ready, the wolf shook himself, spurned against and dashed the
+fetter on the ground, so that the broken pieces flew a long distance.
+Thus he broke loose out of Drome. Since then it has been held as a
+proverb, “to get loose out of Lading” or “to dash out of Drome,”
+whenever anything is extraordinarily hard. The asas now began to fear
+that they would not get the wolf bound.
+<span class = "pagenum">94</span>
+<a name = "page94"> </a>
+So Alfather sent the youth, who is called Skirner, and is Frey’s
+messenger, to some dwarfs in Svartalfaheim, and had them make the fetter
+which is called Gleipner. It was made of six things: of the footfall of
+cats, of the beard of woman, of the roots of the mountain, of the sinews
+of the bear, of the breath of the fish, and of the spittle of the birds.
+If you have not known this before, you can easily find out that it is
+true and that there is no lie about it, since you must have observed
+that a woman has no beard, that a cat’s footfall cannot be heard, and
+that mountains have no roots; and I know, forsooth, that what I have
+told you is perfectly true, although there are some things that you do
+not understand. Then said Ganglere: This I must surely understand to be
+true. I can see these things which you have taken as proof. But how was
+the fetter smithied? Answered Har: That I can well explain to you. It
+was smooth and soft as a silken string. How strong and trusty it was you
+shall now hear. When the fetter was brought to the asas, they thanked
+the messenger for doing his errand so well. Then they went out into the
+lake called Amsvartner, to the holm (rocky island) called Lyngve, and
+called the wolf to go with them. They showed him the silken band and
+bade him break it, saying that it was somewhat stronger than its
+thinness would lead one to suppose.
+<span class = "pagenum">95</span>
+<a name = "page95"> </a>
+Then they handed it from one to the other and tried its strength with
+their hands, but it did not break. Still they said the wolf would be
+able to snap it. The wolf answered: It seems to me that I will get no
+fame though I break asunder so slender a thread as this is. But if it is
+made with craft and guile, then, little though it may look, that band
+will never come on my feet. Then said the asas that he would easily be
+able to break a slim silken band, since he had already burst large iron
+fetters asunder. But even if you are unable to break this band, you have
+nothing to fear from the gods, for we will immediately loose you again.
+The wolf answered: If you get me bound so fast that I am not able to
+loose myself again, you will skulk away, and it will be long before I
+get any help from you, wherefore I am loth to let this band be laid on
+me; but in order that you may not accuse me of cowardice, let some one
+of you lay his hand in my mouth as a pledge that this is done without
+deceit. The one asa looked at the other, and thought there now was a
+choice of two evils, and no one would offer his hand, before Tyr held
+out his right hand and laid it in the wolf’s mouth. But when the wolf
+now began to spurn against it the band grew stiffer, and the more he
+strained the tighter it got. They all laughed except Tyr; he lost his
+hand. When the asas saw that the
+<span class = "pagenum">96</span>
+<a name = "page96"> </a>
+wolf was sufficiently well bound, they took the chain which was fixed to
+the fetter, and which was called Gelgja, and drew it through a large
+rock which is called Gjol, and fastened this rock deep down in the
+earth. Then they took a large stone, which is called Tvite, and drove it
+still deeper into the ground, and used this stone for a fastening-pin.
+The wolf opened his mouth terribly wide, raged and twisted himself with
+all his might, and wanted to bite them; but they put a sword in his
+mouth, in such a manner that the hilt stood in his lower jaw and the
+point in the upper, that is his gag. He howls terribly, and the saliva
+which runs from his mouth forms a river called Von. There he will lie
+until Ragnarok. Then said Ganglere: Very bad are these children of Loke,
+but they are strong and mighty. But why did not the asas kill the wolf
+when they have evil to expect from him? Har answered: So great respect
+have the gods for their holiness and peace-stead, that they would not
+stain them with the blood of the wolf, though prophecies foretell that
+he must become the bane of Odin.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">97</span>
+<a name = "page97"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_X">CHAPTER X.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE GODDESSES (ASYNJES).</h6>
+
+<p>36. Ganglere asked: Which are the goddesses? Har answered: Frigg is
+the first; she possesses the right lordly dwelling which is called
+Fensaler. The second is Saga, who dwells in Sokvabek, and this is a
+large dwelling. The third is Eir, who is the best leech. The fourth is
+Gefjun, who is a may, and those who die maids become her hand-maidens.
+The fifth is Fulla, who is also a may, she wears her hair flowing and
+has a golden ribbon about her head; she carries Frigg’s chest, takes
+care of her shoes and knows her secrets. The sixth is Freyja, who is
+ranked with Frigg. She is wedded to the man whose name is Oder; their
+daughter’s name is Hnos, and she is so fair that all things fair and
+precious are called, from her name, Hnos. Oder went far away. Freyja
+weeps for him, but her tears are red gold. Freyja has many names, and
+the reason therefor is that she changed her name among the various
+nations to which she came in search of Oder. She is called Mardol, Horn,
+Gefn, and Syr. She has the necklace Brising, and she is called Vanadis.
+The
+<span class = "pagenum">98</span>
+<a name = "page98"> </a>
+seventh is Sjofn, who is fond of turning men’s and women’s hearts to
+love, and it is from her name that love is called Sjafne. The eighth is
+Lofn, who is kind and good to those who call upon her, and she has
+permission from Alfather or Frigg to bring together men and women, no
+matter what difficulties may stand in the way; therefore “love” is so
+called from her name, and also that which is much loved by men. The
+ninth is Var. She hears the oaths and troths that men and women plight
+to each other. Hence such vows are called vars, and she takes vengeance
+on those who break their promises. The tenth is Vor, who is so wise and
+searching that nothing can be concealed from her. It is a saying that a
+woman becomes vor (ware) of what she becomes wise. The eleventh is Syn,
+who guards the door of the hall, and closes it against those who are not
+to enter. In trials she guards those suits in which anyone tries to make
+use of falsehood. Hence is the saying that “syn is set against it,” when
+anyone tries to deny ought. The twelfth is Hlin, who guards those men
+whom Frigg wants to protect from any danger. Hence is the saying that he
+hlins who is forewarned. The thirteenth is Snotra, who is wise and
+courtly. After her, men and women who are wise are called Snotras. The
+fourteenth is Gna, whom Frigg sends on her errands into various worlds.
+She rides upon a
+<span class = "pagenum">99</span>
+<a name = "page99"> </a>
+horse called Hofvarpner, that runs through the air and over the sea.
+Once, when she was riding, some vans saw her faring through the air.
+Then said one of them:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+What flies there?<br>
+What fares there?<br>
+What glides in the air?
+</p>
+
+<p>She answered</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+I fly not,<br>
+Though I fare<br>
+And glide through the air<br>
+On Hofvarpner,<br>
+That Hamskerper,<br>
+Begat with Gardrofa.<a class = "tag" name = "tag47" href =
+"#note47">47</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>From Gna’s name it is said that anything that fares high in the air
+gnas. Sol and Bil are numbered among the goddesses, but their nature has
+already been described.<a class = "tag" name = "tag48" href =
+"#note48">48</a></p>
+
+<p>37. There are still others who are to serve in Valhal, bear the drink
+around, wait upon the table and pass the ale-horns. Thus they are named
+in Grimner’s Lay:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Hrist and Mist<br>
+I want my horn to bring to me;<br>
+Skeggold and Skogul,<br>
+Hild and Thrud,<br>
+Hlok and Heifjoter,<br>
+Gol and Geirahod,<br>
+Randgrid and Radgrid,<br>
+And Reginleif;<br>
+These bear ale to the einherjes.<a class = "tag" name = "tag49" href =
+"#note49">49</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">100</span>
+<a name = "page100"> </a>
+These are called valkyries. Odin sends them to all battles, where they
+choose those who are to be slain, and rule over the victory. Gud and
+Rosta, and the youngest norn, Skuld, always ride to sway the battle and
+choose the slain. Jord, the mother of Thor, and Rind, Vale’s mother, are
+numbered among the goddesses.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">101</span>
+<a name = "page101"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE GIANTESS GERD AND SKIRNER’S JOURNEY.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag50" href = "#note50">50</a></h6>
+
+<p>38. Gymer hight a man whose wife was Orboda, of the race of the
+mountain giants. Their daughter was Gerd, the fairest of all women. One
+day when Frey had gone into Hlidskjalf, and was looking out upon all the
+worlds, he saw toward the north a hamlet wherein was a large and
+beautiful house. To this house went a woman, and when she raised her
+hands to open the door, both the sky and the sea glistened therefrom,
+and she made all the world bright. As a punishment for his audacity in
+seating himself in that holy seat, Frey went away full of grief. When he
+came home, he neither spake, slept, nor drank, and no one dared speak to
+him. Then Njord sent for Skirner, Frey’s servant, bade him go to Frey
+and ask him with whom he was so angry, since he would speak to nobody.
+Skirner said that he would go, though he was loth to do so, as it was
+probable that he would get evil words in reply. When he came to Frey and
+asked him why he was so sad that he would not
+<span class = "pagenum">102</span>
+<a name = "page102"> </a>
+talk, Frey answered that he had seen a beautiful woman, and for her sake
+he had become so filled with grief, that he could not live any longer if
+he could not get her. And now you must go, he added, and ask her hand
+for me and bring her home to me, whether it be with or without the
+consent of her father. I will reward you well for your trouble. Skirner
+answered saying that he would go on this errand, but Frey must give him
+his sword, that was so excellent that it wielded itself in fight. Frey
+made no objection to this and gave him the sword. Skirner went on his
+journey, courted Gerd for him, and got the promise of her that she nine
+nights thereafter should come to Bar-Isle and there have her wedding
+with Frey. When Skirner came back and gave an account of his journey,
+Frey said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Long is one night,<br>
+Long are two nights,<br>
+How can I hold out three?<br>
+Oft to me one month<br>
+Seemed less<br>
+Than this half night of love.<a class = "tag" name = "tag51" href =
+"#note51">51</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>This is the reason why Frey was unarmed when he fought with Bele, and
+slew him with a hart’s horn. Then said Ganglere: It is a great wonder
+that such a lord as Frey would give away his sword, when he did not have
+another as good.
+<span class = "pagenum">103</span>
+<a name = "page103"> </a>
+A great loss it was to him when he fought with Bele; and this I know,
+forsooth, that he must have repented of that gift. Har answered: Of no
+great account was his meeting with Bele. Frey could have slain him with
+his hand. But the time will come when he will find himself in a worse
+plight for not having his sword, and that will be when the sons of
+Muspel sally forth to the fight.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">104</span>
+<a name = "page104"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XII">CHAPTER XII.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>LIFE IN VALHAL.</h6>
+
+<p>39. Then said Ganglere: You say that all men who since the beginning
+of the world have fallen in battle have come to Odin in Valhal. What
+does he have to give them to eat? It seems to me there must be a great
+throng of people. Har answered: It is true, as you remark, that there is
+a great throng; many more are yet to come there, and still they will be
+thought too few when the wolf<a class = "tag" name = "tag52" href =
+"#note52">52</a> comes. But however great may be the throng in Valhal,
+they will get plenty of flesh of the boar Sahrimner. He is boiled every
+day and is whole again in the evening. But as to the question you just
+asked, it seems to me there are but few men so wise that they are able
+to answer it correctly. The cook’s name is Andhrimner, and the kettle is
+called Eldhrimner as is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Andhrimner cooks<br>
+In Eldhrimner<br>
+Sahrimner.<br>
+’Tis the best of flesh.<br>
+There are few who know<br>
+What the einherjes eat.<a class = "tag" name = "tag53" href =
+"#note53">53</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">105</span>
+<a name = "page105"> </a>
+Ganglere asked: Does Odin have the same kind of food as the einherjes?
+Har answered: The food that is placed on his table he gives to his two
+wolves, which hight Gere and Freke. He needs no food himself. Wine is to
+him both food and drink, as is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Gere and Freke<br>
+Sates the warfaring,<br>
+Famous father of hosts;<br>
+But on wine alone<br>
+Odin in arms renowned<br>
+Forever lives.<a class = "tag" name = "tag54" href = "#note54">54</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Two ravens sit on Odin’s shoulders, and bring to his ears all that
+they hear and see. Their names are Hugin and Munin. At dawn he sends
+them out to fly over the whole world, and they come back at breakfast
+time. Thus he gets information about many things, and hence he is called
+Rafnagud (raven-god). As is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Hugin and Munin<br>
+Fly every day<br>
+Over the great earth.<br>
+I fear for Hugin<br>
+That he may not return,<br>
+Yet more am I anxious for Munin.<a class = "tag" name = "tag55" href =
+"#note55">55</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>40. Then asked Ganglere: What do the einherjes have to drink that is
+furnished them as bountifully as the food? Or do they drink water? Har
+answered: That is a wonderful question.
+<span class = "pagenum">106</span>
+<a name = "page106"> </a>
+Do you suppose that Alfather invites kings, jarls, or other great men,
+and gives them water to drink? This I know, forsooth, that many a one
+comes to Valhal who would think he was paying a big price for his
+water-drink, if there were no better reception to be found
+there,&mdash;persons, namely, who have died from wounds and pain. But I
+can tell you other tidings. A she-goat, by name Heidrun, stands up in
+Valhal and bites the leaves off the branches of that famous tree called
+Lerad. From her teats runs so much mead that she fills every day a
+vessel in the hall from which the horns are filled, and which is so
+large that all the einherjes get all the drink they want out of it. Then
+said Ganglere: That is a most useful goat, and a right excellent tree
+that must be that she feeds upon. Then said Har: Still more remarkable
+is the hart Eikthyrner, which stands over Valhal and bites the branches
+of the same tree. From his horns fall so many drops down into
+Hvergelmer, that thence flow the rivers that are called Sid, Vid, Sekin,
+Ekin, Svol, Gunthro, Fjorm, Fimbulthul, Gipul, Gopul, Gomul and
+Geirvimul, all of which fall about the abodes of the asas. The following
+are also named: Thyn, Vin, Thol, Bol, Grad, Gunthrain, Nyt, Not, Non,
+Hron, Vina, Vegsvin, Thjodnuma.</p>
+
+<p>41. Then said Ganglere: That was a wonderful tiding that you now told
+me. A mighty
+<span class = "pagenum">107</span>
+<a name = "page107"> </a>
+house must Valhal be, and a great crowd there must often be at the door.
+Then answered Har: Why do you not ask how many doors there are in
+Valhal, and how large they are? When you find that out, you will confess
+that it would rather be wonderful if everybody could not easily go in
+and out. It is also a fact that it is no more difficult to find room
+within than to get in. Of this you may hear what the Lay of Grimner
+says:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Five hundred doors<br>
+And forty more,<br>
+I trow, there are in Valhal.<br>
+Eight hundred einherjes<br>
+Go at a time through one door<br>
+When they fare to fight with the wolf.<a class = "tag" name = "tag56"
+href = "#note56">56</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>42. Then said Ganglere: A mighty band of men there is in Valhal, and,
+forsooth, I know that Odin is a very great chief, since he commands so
+mighty a host. But what is the pastime of the einherjes when they do not
+drink? Har answered: Every morning, when they have dressed themselves,
+they take their weapons and go out into the court and fight and slay
+each other. That is their play. Toward breakfast-time they ride home to
+Valhal and sit down to drink. As is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+All the einherjes<br>
+In Odin’s court<br>
+Hew daily each other.
+<span class = "pagenum">108</span>
+<a name = "page108"> </a><br>
+They choose the slain<br>
+And ride from the battle-field,<br>
+Then sit they in peace together.<a class = "tag" name = "tag57" href =
+"#note57">57</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>But true it is, as you said, that Odin is a great chief. There are
+many proofs of that. Thus it is said in the very words of the asas
+themselves:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The Ygdrasil ash<br>
+Is the foremost of trees,<br>
+But Skidbladner of ships,<br>
+Odin of asas,<br>
+Sleipner of steeds,<br>
+Bifrost of bridges,<br>
+Brage of Skalds,<br>
+Habrok of hows,<br>
+But Garm of dogs.<a class = "tag" name = "tag58" href = "#note58">58</a>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">109</span>
+<a name = "page109"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>ODIN’S HORSE AND FREY’S SHIP.</h6>
+
+<p>43. Ganglere asked: Whose is that horse Sleipner, and what is there
+to say about it? Har answered: You have no knowledge of Sleipner, nor do
+you know the circumstances attending his birth; but it must seem to you
+worth the telling. In the beginning, when the town of the gods was
+building, when the gods had established Midgard and made Valhal, there
+came a certain builder and offered to make them a burg, in three half
+years, so excellent that it should be perfectly safe against the
+mountain-giants and frost-giants, even though they should get within
+Midgard. But he demanded as his reward, that he should have Freyja, and
+he wanted the sun and moon besides. Then the asas came together and held
+counsel, and the bargain was made with the builder that he should get
+what he demanded if he could get the burg done in one winter; but if on
+the first day of summer any part of the burg was unfinished, then the
+contract should be void. It was also agreed that no man should help him
+with the work. When they told him these terms, he requested
+<span class = "pagenum">110</span>
+<a name = "page110"> </a>
+that they should allow him to have the help of his horse, called
+Svadilfare, and at the suggestion of Loke this was granted&nbsp;him.</p>
+
+<p>On the first day of winter he began to build the burg, but by night
+he hauled stone for it with his horse. But it seemed a great wonder to
+the asas what great rocks that horse drew, and the horse did one half
+more of the mighty task than the builder. The bargain was firmly
+established with witnesses and oaths, for the giant did not deem it safe
+to be among the asas without truce if Thor should come home, who now was
+on a journey to the east fighting trolls. Toward the end of winter the
+burg was far built, and it was so high and strong that it could in
+nowise be taken. When there were three days left before summer, the work
+was all completed excepting the burg gate. Then went the gods to their
+judgment-seats and held counsel, and asked each other who could have
+advised to give Freyja in marriage in Jotunheim, or to plunge the air
+and the heavens in darkness by taking away the sun and the moon and
+giving them to the giant; and all agreed that this must have been
+advised by him who gives the most bad counsels, namely, Loke, son of
+Laufey, and they threatened him with a cruel death if he could not
+contrive some way of preventing the builder from fulfilling his part of
+the bargain, and they proceeded
+<span class = "pagenum">111</span>
+<a name = "page111"> </a>
+to lay hands on Loke. He in his fright then promised with an oath that
+he should so manage that the builder should lose his wages, let it cost
+him what it would. And the same evening, when the builder drove out
+after stone with his horse Svadilfare, a mare suddenly ran out of the
+woods to the horse and began to neigh at him. The steed, knowing what
+sort of horse this was, grew excited, burst the reins asunder and ran
+after the mare, but she ran from him into the woods. The builder hurried
+after them with all his might, and wanted to catch the steed, but these
+horses kept running all night, and thus the time was lost, and at dawn
+the work had not made the usual progress. When the builder saw that his
+work was not going to be completed, he resumed his giant form. When the
+asas thus became sure that it was really a mountain-giant that had come
+among them, they did not heed their oaths, but called on Thor. He came
+straightway, swung his hammer, Mjolner, and paid the workman his
+wages,&mdash;not with the sun and moon, but rather by preventing him
+from dwelling in Jotunheim; and this was easily done with the first blow
+of the hammer, which broke his skull into small pieces and sent him down
+to Niflhel. But Loke had run such a race with Svadilfare that he some
+time after bore a foal. It was gray, and had eight feet, and this is the
+<span class = "pagenum">112</span>
+<a name = "page112"> </a>
+best horse among gods and men. Thus it is said in the Vala’s
+Prophecy:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Then went the gods.<br>
+The most holy gods,<br>
+Onto their judgment-seats,<br>
+And counseled together<br>
+Who all the air<br>
+With guile had blended<br>
+Or to the giant race<br>
+Oder’s may had given.<br>
+Broken were oaths,<br>
+And words and promises,&mdash;<br>
+All mighty speech<br>
+That had passed between them.<br>
+Thor alone did this,<br>
+Swollen with anger.<br>
+Seldom sits he still<br>
+When such things he hears.<a class = "tag" name = "tag59" href =
+"#note59">59</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>44. Then asked Ganglere: What is there to be said of Skidbladner,
+which you say is the best of ships? Is there no ship equally good, or
+equally great? Made answer Har: Skidbladner is the best of ships, and is
+made with the finest workmanship; but Naglfare, which is in Muspel, is
+the largest. Some dwarfs, the sons of Ivalde, made Skidbladner and gave
+it to Frey. It is so large that all the asas, with their weapons and
+war-gear, can find room on board it, and as soon as the sails are
+hoisted it has fair wind, no matter whither it is going. When it is not
+wanted for a voyage, it is made of so many pieces and with so much
+skill, that Frey can fold it together like a napkin and carry it in his
+pocket.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">113</span>
+<a name = "page113"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THOR’S ADVENTURES.</h6>
+
+<p>Then said Ganglere: A good ship is Skidbladner, but much black art
+must have been resorted to ere it was so fashioned. Has Thor never come
+where he has found anything so strong and mighty that it has been
+superior to him either in strength or in the black art? Har answered:
+Few men, I know, are able to tell thereof, but still he has often been
+in difficult straits. But though there have been things so mighty and
+strong that Thor has not been able to gain the victory, they are such as
+ought not to be spoken of; for there are many proofs which all must
+accept that Thor is the mightiest. Then said Ganglere: It seems to me
+that I have now asked about something that no one can answer. Said
+Jafnhar: We have heard tell of adventures that seem to us incredible,
+but here sits one near who is able to tell true tidings thereof, and you
+may believe that he will not lie for the first time now, who never told
+a lie before. Then said Ganglere: I will stand here and listen, to see
+if any answer is to be had to this question. But if you cannot
+<span class = "pagenum">114</span>
+<a name = "page114"> </a>
+answer my question I declare you to be defeated. Then answered Thride:
+It is evident that he now is bound to know, though it does not seem
+proper for us to speak thereof. The beginning of this adventure is that
+Oku-Thor went on a journey with his goats and chariot, and with him went
+the asa who is called Loke. In the evening they came to a bonde<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag60" href = "#note60">60</a> and got there lodgings
+for the night. In the evening Thor took his goats and killed them both,
+whereupon he had them flayed and borne into a kettle. When the flesh was
+boiled, Thor and his companion sat down to supper. Thor invited the
+bonde, his wife and their children, a son by name Thjalfe, and a
+daughter by name Roskva, to eat with them. Then Thor laid the goat-skins
+away from the fire-place, and requested the bonde and his household to
+cast the bones onto the skins. Thjalfe, the bonde’s son, had the thigh
+of one of the goats, which he broke asunder with his knife, in order to
+get at the marrow, Thor remained there over night. In the morning, just
+before daybreak, he arose, dressed himself, took the hammer Mjolner,
+lifted it and hallowed the goat-skins. Then the goats arose, but one of
+them limped on one of its hind legs. When Thor saw this he said that
+either the bonde or one of his folk had not dealt skillfully with the
+goat’s bones, for he noticed that
+<span class = "pagenum">115</span>
+<a name = "page115"> </a>
+the thigh was broken. It is not necessary to dwell on this part of the
+story. All can understand how frightened the bonde became when he saw
+that Thor let his brows sink down over his eyes. When he saw his eyes he
+thought he must fall down at the sight of them alone. Thor took hold of
+the handle of his hammer so hard that his knuckles grew white. As might
+be expected, the bonde and all his household cried aloud and sued for
+peace, offering him as an atonement all that they possessed. When he saw
+their fear, his wrath left him. He was appeased, and took as a ransom
+the bonders children, Thjalfe and Roskva. They became his servants, and
+have always accompanied him since that time.</p>
+
+<p>46. He left his goats there and went on his way east into Jotunheim,
+clear to the sea, and then he went on across the deep ocean, and went
+ashore on the other side, together with Loke and Thjalfe and Roskva.
+When they had proceeded a short distance, there stood before them a
+great wood, through which they kept going the whole day until dark.
+Thjalfe, who was of all men the fleetest of foot, bore Thor’s bag, but
+the wood was no good place for provisions. When it had become dark, they
+sought a place for their night lodging, and found a very large hall. At
+the end of it was a door as wide as the
+<span class = "pagenum">116</span>
+<a name = "page116"> </a>
+hall. Here they remained through the night. About midnight there was a
+great earthquake; the ground trembled beneath them, and the house shook.
+Then Thor stood up and called his companions. They looked about them and
+found an adjoining room to the right, in the midst of the hall, and
+there they went in. Thor seated himself in the door; the others went
+farther in and were very much frightened. Thor held his hammer by the
+handle, ready to defend himself. Then they heard a great groaning and
+roaring. When it began to dawn, Thor went out and saw a man lying not
+far from him in the wood. He was very large, lay sleeping, and snored
+loudly. Then Thor thought he had found out what noise it was that they
+had heard in the night. He girded himself with his Megingjarder, whereby
+his asa-might increased. Meanwhile the man woke, and immediately arose.
+It is said that Thor this once forbore to strike him with the hammer,
+and asked him for his name. He called himself Skrymer; but, said he, I
+do not need to ask you what your name is,&mdash;I know that you are
+Asa-Thor. But what have you done with my glove? He stretched out his
+hand and picked up his glove. Then Thor saw that the glove was the hall
+in which he had spent the night, and that the adjoining room was the
+thumb of the glove. Skrymer asked whether
+<span class = "pagenum">117</span>
+<a name = "page117"> </a>
+they would accept of his company. Thor said yes. Skrymer took and loosed
+his provision-sack and began to eat his breakfast; but Thor and his
+fellows did the same in another place. Skrymer proposed that they should
+lay their store of provisions together, to which Thor consented. Then
+Skrymer bound all their provisions into one bag, laid it on his back,
+and led the way all the day, taking gigantic strides. Late in the
+evening he sought out a place for their night quarters under a large
+oak. Then Skrymer said to Thor that he wanted to lie down to sleep; they
+might take the provision-sack and make ready their supper. Then Skrymer
+fell asleep and snored tremendously. When Thor took the provision-sack
+and was to open it, then happened what seems incredible, but still it
+must be told,&mdash;that he could not get one knot loosened, nor could
+he stir a single end of the strings so that it was looser than before.
+When he saw that all his efforts were in vain he became wroth, seized
+his hammer Mjolner with both his hands, stepped with one foot forward to
+where Skrymer was lying and dashed the hammer at his head. Skrymer awoke
+and asked whether some leaf had fallen upon his head; whether they had
+taken their supper, and were ready to go to sleep. Thor answered that
+they were just going to sleep. Then they went under another oak. But the
+<span class = "pagenum">118</span>
+<a name = "page118"> </a>
+truth must be told, that there was no fearless sleeping. About midnight
+Thor heard that Skrymer was snoring and sleeping so fast that it
+thundered in the wood. He arose and went over to him, clutched the
+hammer tight and hard, and gave him a blow in the middle of the crown,
+so that he knew that the head of the hammer sank deep into his head. But
+just then Skrymer awoke and asked: What is that? Did an acorn fall onto
+my head? How is it with you, Thor? Thor hastened back, answered that he
+had just waked up, and said that it was midnight and still time to
+sleep. Then Thor made up his mind that if he could get a chance to give
+him the third blow, he should never see him again, and he now lay
+watching for Skrymer to sleep fast. Shortly before daybreak he heard
+that Skrymer had fallen asleep. So he arose and ran over to him. He
+clutched the hammer with all his might and dashed it at his temples,
+which he saw uppermost. The hammer sank up to the handle. Skrymer sat
+up, stroked his temples, and said: Are there any birds sitting in the
+tree above me? Methought, as I awoke, that some moss from the branches
+fell on my head. What! are you awake, Thor? It is now time to get up and
+dress; but you have not far left to the burg that is called Utgard. I
+have heard that you have been whispering among yourselves that I
+<span class = "pagenum">119</span>
+<a name = "page119"> </a>
+am not small of stature, but you will see greater men when you come to
+Utgard. Now I will give you wholesome advice. Do not brag too much of
+yourselves, for Utgard-Loke’s thanes will not brook the boasting of such
+insignificant little fellows as you are; otherwise turn back, and that
+is, in fact, the best thing for you to do. But if you are bound to
+continue your journey, then keep straight on eastward; my way lies to
+the north, to those mountains that you there see. Skrymer then took the
+provision-sack and threw it on his back, and, leaving them, turned into
+the wood, and it has not been learned whether the asas wished to meet
+him again in health.</p>
+
+<p>47. Thor and his companions went their way and continued their
+journey until noon. Then they saw a burg standing on a plain, and it was
+so high that they had to bend their necks clear back before they could
+look over it. They drew nearer and came to the burg-gate, which was
+closed. Thor finding himself unable to open it, and being anxious to get
+within the burg, they crept between the bars and so came in. They
+discovered a large hall and went to it. Finding the door open they
+entered, and saw there many men, the most of whom were immensely large,
+sitting on two benches. Thereupon they approached the king, Utgard-Loke,
+and greeted him. He scarcely deigned to look at them, smiled scornfully
+and
+<span class = "pagenum">120</span>
+<a name = "page120"> </a>
+showed his teeth, saying: It is late to ask for tidings of a long
+journey, but if I am not mistaken this stripling is Oku-Thor, is it not?
+It may be, however, that you are really bigger than you look For what
+feats are you and your companions prepared? No one can stay with us
+here, unless he is skilled in some craft or accomplishment beyond the
+most of men. Then answered he who came in last, namely Loke: I know the
+feat of which I am prepared to give proof, that there is no one present
+who can eat his food faster than I. Then said Utgard-Loke: That is a
+feat, indeed, if you can keep your word, and you shall try it
+immediately. He then summoned from the bench a man by name Loge, and
+requested him to come out on the floor and try his strength against
+Loke. They took a trough full of meat and set it on the floor, whereupon
+Loke seated himself at one end and Loge at the other. Both ate as fast
+as they could, and met at the middle of the trough. Loke had eaten all
+the flesh off from the bones, but Loge had consumed both the flesh and
+the bones, and the trough too. All agreed that Loke had lost the wager.
+Then Utgard-Loke asked what game that young man knew? Thjalfe answered
+that he would try to run a race with anyone that Utgard-Loke might
+designate. Utgard-Loke said this was a good feat, and added that it was
+to be
+<span class = "pagenum">121</span>
+<a name = "page121"> </a>
+hoped that he excelled in swiftness if he expected to win in this game,
+but he would soon have the matter decided. He arose and went out. There
+was an excellent race-course along the flat plain. Utgard-Loke then
+summoned a young man, whose name was Huge, and bade him run a race with
+Thjalfe. Then they took the first heat, and Huge was so much ahead that
+when he turned at the goal he met Thjalfe. Said Utgard-Loke: You must
+lay yourself more forward, Thjalfe, if you want to win the race; but
+this I confess, that there has never before come anyone hither who was
+swifter of foot than you. Then they took a second heat, and when Huge
+came to the goal and turned, there was a long bolt-shot to Thjalfe. Then
+said Utgard-Loke: Thjalfe seems to me to run well; still I scarcely
+think he will win the race, but this will be proven when they run the
+third heat. Then they took one more heat. Huge ran to the goal and
+turned back, but Thjalfe had not yet gotten to the middle of the course.
+Then all said that this game had been tried sufficiently. Utgard-Loke
+now asked Thor what feats there were that he would be willing to exhibit
+before them, corresponding to the tales that men tell of his great
+works. Thor replied that he preferred to compete with someone in
+drinking. Utgard-Loke said there would be no objection to this. He went
+into the hall,
+<span class = "pagenum">122</span>
+<a name = "page122"> </a>
+called his cup-bearer, and requested him to take the sconce-horn that
+his thanes were wont to drink from. The cup-bearer immediately brought
+forward the horn and handed it to Thor. Said Utgard-Loke: From this horn
+it is thought to be well drunk if it is emptied in one draught, some men
+empty it in two draughts, but there is no drinker so wretched that he
+cannot exhaust it in three. Thor looked at the horn and did not think it
+was very large, though it seemed pretty long, but he was very thirsty.
+He put it to his lips and swallowed with all his might, thinking that he
+should not have to bend over the horn a second time. But when his breath
+gave out, and he looked into the horn to see how it had gone with his
+drinking, it seemed to him difficult to determine whether there was less
+in it than before. Then said Utgard-Loke: That is well drunk, still it
+is not very much. I could never have believed it, if anyone had told me,
+that Asa-Thor could not drink more, but I know you will be able to empty
+it in a second draught. Thor did not answer, but set the horn to his
+lips, thinking that he would now take a larger draught. He drank as long
+as he could and drank deep, as he was wont, but still he could not make
+the tip of the horn come up as much as he would like. And when he set
+the horn away and looked into it, it seemed to him that he had drunk
+less than
+<span class = "pagenum">123</span>
+<a name = "page123"> </a>
+the first time; but the horn could now be borne without spilling. Then
+said Utgard-Loke: How now, Thor! Are you not leaving more for the third
+draught than befits your skill? It seems to me that if you are to empty
+the horn with the third draught, then this will be the greatest. You
+will not be deemed so great a man here among us as the asas call you, if
+you do not distinguish yourself more in other feats than you seem to me
+to have done in this. Then Thor became wroth, set the horn to his mouth
+and drank with all his might and kept on as long as he could, and when
+he looked into it its contents had indeed visibly diminished, but he
+gave back the horn and would not drink any more. Said Utgard-Loke: It is
+clear that your might is not so great as we thought. Would you like to
+try other games? It is evident that you gained nothing by the first.
+Answered Thor: I should like to try other games, but I should be
+surprised if such a drink at home among the asas would be called small.
+What game will you now offer me? Answered Utgard-Loke: Young lads here
+think it nothing but play to lift my cat up from the ground, and I
+should never have dared to offer such a thing to Asa-Thor had I not
+already seen that you are much less of a man than I thought. Then there
+sprang forth on the floor a gray cat, and it was rather large. Thor went
+over to it,
+<span class = "pagenum">124</span>
+<a name = "page124"> </a>
+put his hand under the middle of its body and tried to lift it up, but
+the cat bent its back in the same degree as Thor raised his hands; and
+when he had stretched them up as far as he was able the cat lifted one
+foot, and Thor did not carry the game any further. Then said
+Utgard-Loke: This game ended as I expected. The cat is rather large, and
+Thor is small, and little compared with the great men that are here with
+us. Said Thor: Little as you call me, let anyone who likes come hither
+and wrestle with me, for now I am wroth. Answered Utgard-Loke, looking
+about him on the benches: I do not see anyone here who would not think
+it a trifle to wrestle with you. And again he said: Let me see first!
+Call hither that old woman, Elle, my foster-mother, and let Thor wrestle
+with her if he wants to. She has thrown to the ground men who have
+seemed to me no less strong than Thor. Then there came into the hall an
+old woman. Utgard-Loke bade her take a wrestle with Asa-Thor. The tale
+is not long. The result of the grapple was, that the more Thor tightened
+his grasp, the firmer she stood. Then the woman began to bestir herself,
+and Thor lost his footing. They had some very hard tussles, and before
+long Thor was brought down on one knee. Then Utgard-Loke stepped
+forward, bade them cease the wrestling, and added that Thor did not need
+to challenge
+<span class = "pagenum">125</span>
+<a name = "page125"> </a>
+anybody else to wrestle with him in his hall, besides it was now getting
+late. He showed Thor and his companions to seats, and they spent the
+night there enjoying the best of hospitality.</p>
+
+<p>48. At daybreak the next day Thor and his companions arose, dressed
+themselves and were ready to depart. Then came Utgard-Loke and had the
+table spread for them, and there was no lack of feasting both in food
+and in drink. When they had breakfasted, they immediately departed from
+the burg. Utgard-Loke went with them out of the burg, but at parting he
+spoke to Thor and asked him how he thought his journey had turned out,
+or whether he had ever met a mightier man than himself. Thor answered
+that he could not deny that he had been greatly disgraced in this
+meeting; and this I know, he added, that you will call me a man of
+little account, whereat I am much mortified. Then said Utgard-Loke: Now
+I will tell you the truth, since you have come out of the burg, that if
+I live, and may have my way, you shall never enter it again; and this I
+know, forsooth, that you should never have come into it had I before
+known that you were so strong, and that you had come so near bringing us
+into great misfortune. Know, then, that I have deceived you with
+illusions. When I first found you in the woods I came to meet you, and
+when you were
+<span class = "pagenum">126</span>
+<a name = "page126"> </a>
+to loose the provision-sack I had bound it with iron threads, but you
+did not find where it was to be untied. In the next place, you struck me
+three times with the hammer. The first blow was the least, and still it
+was so severe that it would have been my death if it had hit me. You saw
+near my burg a mountain cloven at the top into three square dales, of
+which one was the deepest,&mdash;these were the dints made by your
+hammer. The mountain I brought before the blows without your seeing it.
+In like manner I deceived you in your contests with my courtiers. In
+regard to the first, in which Loke took part, the facts were as follows:
+He was very hungry and ate fast; but he whose name was Loge was
+wildfire, and he burned the trough no less rapidly than the meat. When
+Thjalfe ran a race with him whose name was Huge, that was my thought,
+and it was impossible for him to keep pace with its swiftness. When you
+drank from the horn, and thought that it diminished so little, then, by
+my troth, it was a great wonder, which I never could have deemed
+possible.. One end of the horn stood in the sea, but that you did not
+see. When you come to the sea-shore you will discover how much the sea
+has sunk by your drinking; that is now called the ebb. Furthermore he
+said: Nor did it seem less wonderful to me that you lifted up the cat;
+and, to tell you the truth, all
+<span class = "pagenum">127</span>
+<a name = "page127"> </a>
+who saw it were frightened when they saw that you raised one of its feet
+from the ground, for it was not such a cat as you thought. It was in
+reality the Midgard-serpent, which surrounds all lands. It was scarcely
+long enough to touch the earth with its tail and head, and you raised it
+so high that your hand nearly reached to heaven. It was also a most
+astonishing feat when you wrestled with Elle, for none has ever been,
+and none shall ever be, that Elle (eld, old age) will not get the better
+of him, though he gets to be old enough to abide her coming. And now the
+truth is that we must part; and it will be better for us both that you
+do not visit me again. I will again defend my burg with similar or other
+delusions, so that you will get no power over me. When Thor heard this
+tale he seized his hammer and lifted it into the air, but when he was
+about to strike he saw Utgard-Loke nowhere; and when he turned back to
+the burg and was going to dash that to pieces, he saw a beautiful and
+large plain, but no burg. So he turned and went his way back to
+Thrudvang. But it is truthfully asserted that he then resolved in his
+own mind to seek that meeting with the Midgard-serpent, which afterward
+took place. And now I think that no one can tell you truer tidings of
+this journey of Thor.</p>
+
+<p>49. Then said Ganglere: A most powerful
+<span class = "pagenum">128</span>
+<a name = "page128"> </a>
+man is Utgard-Loke, though he deals much with delusions and sorcery. His
+power is also proven by the fact that he had thanes who were so mighty.
+But has not Thor avenged himself for this? Made answer Har: It is not
+unknown, though no wise men tell thereof, how Thor made amends for the
+journey that has now been spoken of. He did not remain long at home,
+before he busked himself so suddenly for a new journey, that he took
+neither chariot, nor goats nor any companions with him. He went out of
+Midgard in the guise of a young man, and came in the evening to a giant
+by name Hymer.<a class = "tag" name = "tag61" href = "#note61">61</a>
+Thor tarried there as a guest through the night. In the morning Hymer
+arose, dressed himself, and busked himself to row out upon the sea to
+fish. Thor also sprang up, got ready in a hurry and asked Hymer whether
+he might row out with him. Hymer answered that he would get but little
+help from Thor, as he was so small and young; and he added, you will get
+cold if I row as far out and remain as long as I am wont. Thor said that
+he might row as far from shore as he pleased, for all that, and it was
+yet to be seen who would be the first to ask to row back to land. And
+Thor grew so wroth at the giant that he came near letting the hammer
+ring on
+<span class = "pagenum">129</span>
+<a name = "page129"> </a>
+his head straightway, but he restrained himself, for he intended to try
+his strength elsewhere. He asked Hymer what they were to have for bait,
+but Hymer replied that he would have to find his own bait. Then Thor
+turned away to where he saw a herd of oxen, that belonged to Hymer. He
+took the largest ox, which was called Himinbrjot, twisted his head off
+and brought it down to the sea-strand. Hymer had then shoved the boat
+off. Thor went on board and seated himself in the stern; he took two
+oars and rowed so that Hymer had to confess that the boat sped fast from
+his rowing. Hymer plied the oars in the bow, and thus the rowing soon
+ended. Then said Hymer that they had come to the place where he was wont
+to sit and catch flat-fish, but Thor said he would like to row much
+farther out, and so they made another swift pull. Then said Hymer that
+they had come so far out that it was dangerous to stay there, for the
+Midgard-serpent. Thor said he wished to row a while longer, and so he
+did; but Hymer was by no means in a happy mood. Thor took in the oars,
+got ready a very strong line, and the hook was neither less nor weaker.
+When he had put on the ox-head for bait, he cast it overboard and it
+sank to the bottom. It must be admitted that Thor now beguiled the
+Midgard-serpent not a whit less than Utgard-Loke
+<span class = "pagenum">130</span>
+<a name = "page130"> </a>
+mocked him when he was to lift the serpent with his hand. The
+Midgard-serpent took the ox-head into his mouth, whereby the hook
+entered his palate, but when the serpent perceived this he tugged so
+hard that both Thor’s hands were dashed against the gunwale. Now Thor
+became angry, assumed his asa-might and spurned so hard that both his
+feet went through the boat and he stood on the bottom of the sea. He
+pulled the serpent up to the gunwale; and in truth no one has ever seen
+a more terrible sight than when Thor whet his eyes on the serpent, and
+the latter stared at him and spouted venom. It is said that the giant
+Hymer changed hue and grew pale from fear when he saw the serpent and
+beheld the water flowing into the boat; but just at the moment when Thor
+grasped the hammer and lifted it in the air, the giant fumbled for his
+fishing-knife and cut off Thor’s line at the gunwale, whereby the
+serpent sank back into the sea. Thor threw the hammer after it, and it
+is even said that he struck off his head at the bottom, but I think the
+truth is that the Midgard-serpent still lives and lies in the ocean.
+Thor clenched his fist and gave the giant a box on the ear so that he
+fell backward into the sea, and he saw his heels last, but Thor waded
+ashore.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">131</span>
+<a name = "page131"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XV">CHAPTER XV.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE DEATH OF BALDER.</h6>
+
+<p>50. Then asked Ganglere: Have there happened any other remarkable
+things among the asas? A great deed it was, forsooth, that Thor wrought
+on this journey. Har answered: Yes, indeed, there are tidings to be told
+that seemed of far greater importance to the asas. The beginning of this
+tale is, that Balder dreamed dreams great and dangerous to his life.
+When he told these dreams to the asas they took counsel together, and it
+was decided that they should seek peace for Balder against all kinds of
+harm. So Frigg exacted an oath from fire, water, iron and all kinds of
+metal, stones, earth, trees, sicknesses, beasts, birds and creeping
+things, that they should not hurt Balder. When this was done and made
+known, it became the pastime of Balder and the asas that he should stand
+up at their meetings while some of them should shoot at him, others
+should hew at him, while others should throw stones at him; but no
+matter what they did, no harm came to him, and this seemed to all a
+great honor. When Loke, Laufey’s son, saw this, it
+<span class = "pagenum">132</span>
+<a name = "page132"> </a>
+displeased him very much that Balder was not scathed. So he went to
+Frigg, in Fensal, having taken on himself the likeness of a woman. Frigg
+asked this woman whether she knew what the asas were doing at their
+meeting. She answered that all were shooting at Balder, but that he was
+not scathed thereby. Then said Frigg: Neither weapon nor tree can hurt
+Balder, I have taken an oath from them all. Then asked the woman: Have
+all things taken an oath to spare Balder? Frigg answered: West of Valhal
+there grows a little shrub that is called the mistletoe, that seemed to
+me too young to exact an oath from. Then the woman suddenly disappeared.
+Loke went and pulled up the mistletoe and proceeded to the meeting.
+Hoder stood far to one side in the ring of men, because he was blind.
+Loke addressed himself to him, and asked: Why do you not shoot at
+Balder? He answered: Because I do not see where he is, and furthermore I
+have no weapons. Then said Loke: Do like the others and show honor to
+Balder; I will show you where he stands; shoot at him with this wand.
+Hoder took the mistletoe and shot at Balder under the guidance of Loke.
+The dart pierced him and he fell dead to the ground. This is the
+greatest misfortune that has ever happened to gods and men. When Balder
+had fallen, the asas were struck speechless with horror, and their hands
+<span class = "pagenum">133</span>
+<a name = "page133"> </a>
+failed them to lay hold of the corpse. One looked at the other, and all
+were of one mind toward him who had done the deed, but being assembled
+in a holy peace-stead, no one could take vengeance. When the asas at
+length tried to speak, the wailing so choked their voices that one could
+not describe to the other his sorrow. Odin took this misfortune most to
+heart, since he best comprehended how great a loss and injury the fall
+of Balder was to the asas. When the gods came to their senses, Frigg
+spoke and asked who there might be among the asas who desired to win all
+her love and good will by riding the way to Hel and trying to find
+Balder, and offering Hel a ransom if she would allow Balder to return
+home again to Asgard. But he is called Hermod, the Nimble, Odin’s swain,
+who undertook this journey. Odin’s steed, Sleipner, was led forth.
+Hermod mounted him and galloped away.</p>
+
+<p>51. The asas took the corpse of Balder and brought it to the
+sea-shore. Hringhorn was the name of Balder’s ship, and it was the
+largest of all ships. The gods wanted to launch it and make Balder’s
+bale-fire thereon, but they could not move it. Then they sent to
+Jotunheim after the giantess whose name is Hyrrokken. She came riding on
+a wolf, and had twisted serpents for reins. When she alighted, Odin
+appointed four berserks to take care of her steed, but they
+<span class = "pagenum">134</span>
+<a name = "page134"> </a>
+were unable to hold him except by throwing him down on the ground.
+Hyrrokken went to the prow and launched the ship with one single push,
+but the motion was so violent that fire sprang from the underlaid
+rollers and all the earth shook. Then Thor became wroth, grasped his
+hammer, and would forthwith have crushed her skull, had not all the gods
+asked peace for her. Balder’s corpse was borne out on the ship; and when
+his wife, Nanna, daughter of Nep, saw this, her heart was broken with
+grief and she died. She was borne to the funeral-pile and cast on the
+fire. Thor stood by and hallowed the pile with Mjolner. Before his feet
+ran a dwarf, whose name is Lit. Him Thor kicked with his foot and dashed
+him into the fire, and he, too, was burned. But this funeral-pile was
+attended by many kinds of folk. First of all came Odin, accompanied by
+Frigg and the valkyries and his ravens. Frey came riding in his chariot
+drawn by the boar called Gullinburste or Slidrugtanne. Heimdal rode his
+steed Gulltop, and Freyja drove her cats. There was a large number of
+frost-giants and mountain-giants. Odin laid on the funeral-pile his gold
+ring, Draupner, which had the property of producing, every ninth night,
+eight gold rings of equal weight. Balder’s horse, fully caparisoned, was
+led to his master’s pile.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">135</span>
+<a name = "page135"> </a>
+52. But of Hermod it is to be told that he rode nine nights through deep
+and dark valleys, and did not see light until he came to the
+Gjallar-river and rode on the Gjallar-bridge, which is thatched with
+shining gold. Modgud is the name of the may who guards the bridge. She
+asked him for his name, and of what kin he was, saying that the day
+before there rode five fylkes (kingdoms, bands) of dead men over the
+bridge; but she added, it does not shake less under you alone, and you
+do not have the hue of dead men. Why do you ride the way to Hel? He
+answered: I am to ride to Hel to find Balder. Have you seen him pass
+this way? She answered that Balder had ridden over the Gjallar-bridge;
+adding: But downward and northward lies the way to Hel. Then Hermod rode
+on till he came to Hel’s gate. He alighted from his horse, drew the
+girths tighter, remounted him, clapped the spurs into him, and the horse
+leaped over the gate with so much force that he never touched it.
+Thereupon Hermod proceeded to the hall and alighted from his steed. He
+went in, and saw there sitting on the foremost seat his brother Balder.
+He tarried there over night. In the morning he asked Hel whether Balder
+might ride home with him, and told how great weeping there was among the
+asas. But Hel replied that it should now be tried whether Balder was so
+<span class = "pagenum">136</span>
+<a name = "page136"> </a>
+much beloved as was said. If all things, said she, both quick and dead,
+will weep for him, then he shall go back to the asas, but if anything
+refuses to shed tears, then he shall remain with Hel. Hermod arose, and
+Balder accompanied him out of the hall. He took the ring Draupner and
+sent it as a keepsake to Odin. Nanna sent Frigg a kerchief and other
+gifts, and to Fulla she sent a ring. Thereupon Hermod rode back and came
+to Asgard, where he reported the tidings he had seen and heard.</p>
+
+<p>53. Then the asas sent messengers over all the world, praying that
+Balder might be wept out of Hel’s power. All things did so,&mdash;men
+and beasts, the earth, stones, trees and all metals, just as you must
+have seen that these things weep when they come out of frost and into
+heat. When the messengers returned home and had done their errand well,
+they found a certain cave wherein sat a giantess (gygr = ogress) whose
+name was Thok. They requested her to weep Balder from Hel; but she
+answered:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Thok will weep<br>
+With dry tears<br>
+For Balder’s burial;<br>
+Neither in life nor in death<br>
+Gave he me gladness.<br>
+Let Hel keep what she has!
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">137</span>
+<a name = "page137"> </a>
+It is generally believed that this Thok was Loke, Laufey’s son, who has
+wrought most evil among the asas.</p>
+
+<p>54. Then said Ganglere: A very great wrong did Loke perpetrate; first
+of all in causing Balder’s death, and next in standing in the way of his
+being loosed from Hel. Did he get no punishment for this misdeed? Har
+answered: Yes, he was repaid for this in a way that he will long
+remember. The gods became exceedingly wroth, as might be expected. So he
+ran away and hid himself in a rock. Here he built a house with four
+doors, so that he might keep an outlook on all sides. Oftentimes in the
+daytime he took on him the likeness of a salmon and concealed himself in
+Frananger Force. Then he thought to himself what stratagems the asas
+might have recourse to in order to catch him. Now, as he was sitting in
+his house, he took flax and yarn and worked them into meshes, in the
+manner that nets have since been made; but a fire was burning before
+him. Then he saw that the asas were not far distant. Odin had seen from
+Hlidskjalf where Loke kept himself. Loke immediately sprang up, cast the
+net on the fire and leaped into the river. When the asas came to the
+house, he entered first who was wisest of them all, and whose name was
+Kvaser; and when he saw in the fire the ashes of the net that had
+<span class = "pagenum">138</span>
+<a name = "page138"> </a>
+been burned, he understood that this must be a contrivance for catching
+fish, and this he told to the asas. Thereupon they took flax and made
+themselves a net after the pattern of that which they saw in the ashes
+and which Loke had made. When the net was made, the asas went to the
+river and cast it into the force. Thor held one end of the net, and all
+the other asas laid hold on the other, thus jointly drawing it along the
+stream. Loke went before it and laid himself down between two stones, so
+that they drew the net over him, although they perceived that some
+living thing touched the meshes. They went up to the force again and
+cast out the net a second time. This time they hung a great weight to
+it, making it so heavy that nothing could possibly pass under it. Loke
+swam before the net, but when he saw that he was near the sea he sprang
+over the top of the net and hastened back to the force. When the asas
+saw whither he went they proceeded up to the force, dividing themselves
+into two bands, but Thor waded in the middle of the stream, and so they
+dragged the net along to the sea. Loke saw that he now had only two
+chances of escape,&mdash;either to risk his life and swim out to sea, or
+to leap again over the net. He chose the latter, and made a tremendous
+leap over the top line of the net. Thor grasped after him and caught
+him, but he slipped in his hand so that
+<span class = "pagenum">139</span>
+<a name = "page139"> </a>
+Thor did not get a firm hold before he got to the tail, and this is the
+reason why the salmon has so slim a tail. Now Loke was taken without
+truce and was brought to a cave. The gods took three rocks and set them
+up on edge, and bored a hole through each rock. Then they took Loke’s
+sons, Vale and Nare or Narfe. Vale they changed into the likeness of a
+wolf, whereupon he tore his brother Narfe to pieces, with whose
+intestines the asas bound Loke over the three rocks. One stood under his
+shoulders, another under his loins, and the third under his hams, and
+the fetters became iron. Skade took a serpent and fastened up over him,
+so that the venom should drop from the serpent into his face. But Sigyn,
+his wife, stands by him, and holds a dish under the venom-drops.
+Whenever the dish becomes full, she goes and pours away the venom, and
+meanwhile the venom drops onto Loke’s face. Then he twists his body so
+violently that the whole earth shakes, and this you call earthquakes.
+There he will lie bound until Ragnarok.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">140</span>
+<a name = "page140"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XVI">CHAPTER XVI.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>RAGNAROK.</h6>
+
+<p>55. Then said Ganglere: What tidings are to be told of Ragnarok? Of
+this I have never heard before. Har answered: Great things are to be
+said thereof. First, there is a winter called the Fimbul-winter, when
+snow drives from all quarters, the frosts are so severe, the winds so
+keen and piercing, that there is no joy in the sun. There are three such
+winters in succession, without any intervening summer. But before these
+there are three other winters, during which great wars rage over all the
+world. Brothers slay each other for the sake of gain, and no one spares
+his father or mother in that manslaughter and adultery. Thus says the
+Vala’s Prophecy:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Brothers will fight together<br>
+And become each other’s bane;<br>
+Sisters’ children<br>
+Their sib shall spoil.<a class = "tag" name = "tag62" href =
+"#note62">62</a><br>
+Hard is the world,<br>
+Sensual sins grow huge.<br>
+There are ax-ages, sword-ages&mdash;<br>
+Shields are cleft in twain,&mdash;<br>
+There are wind-ages, wolf-ages,<br>
+Ere the world falls dead.<a class = "tag" name = "tag63" href =
+"#note63">63</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">141</span>
+<a name = "page141"> </a>
+Then happens what will seem a great miracle, that the wolf<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag64" href = "#note64">64</a> devours the sun, and this
+will seem a great loss. The other wolf will devour the moon, and this
+too will cause great mischief. The stars shall be Hurled from heaven.
+Then it shall come to pass that the earth and the mountains will shake
+so violently that trees will be torn up by the roots, the mountains will
+topple down, and all bonds and fetters will be broken and snapped. The
+Fenris-wolf gets loose. The sea rushes over the earth, for the
+Midgard-serpent writhes in giant rage and seeks to gain the land. The
+ship that is called Naglfar also becomes loose. It is made of the nails
+of dead men; wherefore it is worth warning that, when a man dies with
+unpared nails, he supplies a large amount of materials for the building
+of this ship, which both gods and men wish may be finished as late as
+possible. But in this flood Naglfar gets afloat. The giant Hrym is its
+steersman. The Fenris-wolf advances with wide open mouth; the upper jaw
+reaches to heaven and the lower jaw is on the earth. He would open it
+still wider had he room. Fire flashes from his eyes and nostrils. The
+Midgard-serpent vomits forth venom, defiling all the air and the sea; he
+is very terrible, and places himself by the side of the wolf. In the
+midst of this clash and din
+<span class = "pagenum">142</span>
+<a name = "page142"> </a>
+the heavens are rent in twain, and the sons of Muspel come riding
+through the opening. Surt rides first, and before him and after him
+flames burning fire. He has a very good sword, which shines brighter
+than the sun. As they ride over Bifrost it breaks to pieces, as has
+before been stated. The sons of Muspel direct their course to the plain
+which is called Vigrid. Thither repair also the Fenris-wolf and the
+Midgard-serpent. To this place have also come Loke and Hrym, and with
+him all the frost-giants. In Loke’s company are all the friends of Hel.
+The sons of Muspel have there effulgent bands alone by themselves. The
+plain Vigrid is one hundred miles (rasts) on each side.</p>
+
+<p>56. While these things are happening, Heimdal stands up, blows with
+all his might in the Gjallar-horn and awakens all the gods, who
+thereupon hold counsel. Odin rides to Mimer’s well to ask advice of
+Mimer for himself and his folk. Then quivers the ash Ygdrasil, and all
+things in heaven and earth fear and tremble. The asas and the einherjes
+arm themselves and speed forth to the battle-field. Odin rides first;
+with his golden helmet, resplendent byrnie, and his spear Gungner, he
+advances against the Fenris-wolf. Thor stands by his side, but can give
+him no assistance, for he has his hands full in his struggle with the
+Midgard-serpent. Frey encounters
+<span class = "pagenum">143</span>
+<a name = "page143"> </a>
+Surt, and heavy blows are exchanged ere Frey falls. The cause of his
+death is that he has not that good sword which he gave to Skirner. Even
+the dog Garm, that was bound before the Gnipa-cave, gets loose. He is
+the greatest plague. He contends with Tyr, and they kill each other.
+Thor gets great renown by slaying the Midgard-serpent, but retreats only
+nine paces when he falls to the earth dead, poisoned by the venom that
+the serpent blows on him. The wolf swallows Odin, and thus causes his
+death; but Vidar immediately turns and rushes at the wolf, placing one
+foot on his nether jaw. On this foot he has the shoe for which materials
+have been gathering through all ages, namely, the strips of leather
+which men cut off for the toes and heels of shoes; wherefore he who
+wishes to render assistance to the asas must cast these strips away.
+With one hand Vidar seizes the upper jaw of the wolf, and thus rends
+asunder his mouth. Thus the wolf perishes. Loke fights with Heimdal, and
+they kill each other. Thereupon Surt flings fire over the earth and
+burns up all the world. Thus it is said in the Vala’s Prophecy:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Loud blows Heimdal<br>
+His uplifted horn.<br>
+Odin speaks<br>
+With Mimer’s head.<br>
+The straight-standing ash<br>
+Ygdrasil quivers,
+<span class = "pagenum">144</span>
+<a name = "page144"> </a><br>
+The old tree groans,<br>
+And the giant gets loose.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+How fare the asas?<br>
+How fare the elves?<br>
+All Jotunheim roars.<br>
+The asas hold counsel;<br>
+Before their stone-doors<br>
+Groan the dwarfs,<br>
+The guides of the wedge-rock.<br>
+Know you now more or not?</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+From the east drives Hrym,<br>
+Bears his shield before him.<br>
+Jormungand welters<br>
+In giant rage<br>
+And smites the waves.<br>
+The eagle screams,<br>
+And with pale beak tears corpses,<br>
+Naglfar gets loose.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+A ship comes from the east,<br>
+The hosts of Muspel<br>
+Come o’er the main,<br>
+And Loke is steersman.<br>
+All the fell powers<br>
+Are with the wolf;<br>
+Along with them<br>
+Is Byleist’s brother.<a class = "tag" name = "tag65" href =
+"#note65">65</a></p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+From the south comes Surt<br>
+With blazing fire-brand,&mdash;<br>
+The sun of the war-god<br>
+Shines from his sword.<br>
+Mountains dash together,<br>
+Giant maids are frightened,<br>
+Heroes go the way to Hel,<br>
+And heaven is rent in twain.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">145</span>
+<a name = "page145"> </a>
+Then comes to Hlin<br>
+Another woe,<br>
+When Odin goes<br>
+With the wolf to fight,<br>
+And Bele’s bright slayer<a class = "tag" name = "tag66" href =
+"#note66">66</a><br>
+To contend with Surt.<br>
+There will fall<br>
+Frigg’s beloved.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Odin’s son goes<br>
+To fight with the wolf,<br>
+And Vidar goes on his way<br>
+To the wild beast.<a class = "tag" name = "tag67" href =
+"#note67">67</a><br>
+With his hand he thrusts<br>
+His sword to the heart<br>
+Of the giant’s child,<br>
+And avenges his father.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Then goes the famous<br>
+Son<a class = "tag" name = "tag68" href = "#note68">68</a> of Hlodyn<br>
+To fight with the serpent.<br>
+Though about to die,<br>
+He fears not the contest;<br>
+All men<br>
+Abandon their homesteads<br>
+When the warder of Midgard<br>
+In wrath slays the serpent.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The sun grows dark,<br>
+The earth sinks into the sea,<br>
+The bright stars<br>
+From heaven vanish;<br>
+Fire rages,<br>
+Heat blazes,<br>
+And high flames play<br>
+’Gainst heaven itself.<a class = "tag" name = "tag69" href =
+"#note69">69</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">146</span>
+<a name = "page146"> </a>
+And again it is said as follows:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Vigrid is the name of the plain<br>
+Where in fight shall meet<br>
+Surt and the gentle god.<br>
+A hundred miles<br>
+It is every way.<br>
+This field is marked out for them.<a class = "tag" name = "tag70" href =
+"#note70">70</a>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">147</span>
+<a name = "page147"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XVII">CHAPTER XVII.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>REGENERATION.</h6>
+
+<p>57. Then asked Ganglere: What happens when heaven and earth and all
+the world are consumed in flames, and when all the gods and all the
+einherjes and all men are dead? You have already said that all men shall
+live in some world through all ages. Har answered: There are many good
+and many bad abodes. Best it is to be in Gimle, in heaven. Plenty is
+there of good drink for those who deem this a joy in the hall called
+Brimer. That is also in heaven. There is also an excellent hall which
+stands on the Nida mountains. It is built of red gold, and is called
+Sindre. In this hall good and well-minded men shall dwell. Nastrand is a
+large and terrible hall, and its doors open to the north. It is built of
+serpents wattled together, and all the heads of the serpents turn into
+the hall and vomit forth venom that flows in streams along the hall, and
+in these streams wade perjurers and murderers. So it is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+A hall I know standing<br>
+Far from the sun<br>
+On the strand of dead bodies.
+<span class = "pagenum">148</span>
+<a name = "page148"> </a><br>
+Drops of venom<br>
+Fall through the loop-holes.<br>
+Of serpents’ backs<br>
+The hall is made.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+There shall wade<br>
+Through heavy streams<br>
+Perjurers<br>
+And murderers.
+</p>
+
+<p>But in Hvergelmer it is worst.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+There tortures Nidhug<br>
+The bodies of the dead.<a class = "tag" name = "tag71" href =
+"#note71">71</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>58. Then said Ganglere: Do any gods live then? Is there any earth or
+heaven? Har answered: The earth rises again from the sea, and is green
+and fair. The fields unsown produce their harvests. Vidar and Vale live.
+Neither the sea nor Surfs fire has harmed them, and they dwell on the
+plains of Ida, where Asgard was before. Thither come also the sons of
+Thor, Mode and Magne, and they have Mjolner. Then come Balder and Hoder
+from Hel. They all sit together and talk about the things that happened
+aforetime,&mdash;about the Midgard-serpent and the Fenris-wolf. They
+find in the grass those golden tables which the asas once had. Thus it
+is said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Vidar and Vale<br>
+Dwell in the house of the gods,<br>
+When quenched is the fire of Surt.
+<span class = "pagenum">149</span>
+<a name = "page149"> </a><br>
+Mode and Magne<br>
+Vingner’s Mjolner shall have<br>
+When the fight is ended.<a class = "tag" name = "tag72" href =
+"#note72">72</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>In a place called Hodmimer’s-holt<a class = "tag" name = "tag73" href
+= "#note73">73</a> are concealed two persons during Surt’s fire, called
+Lif and Lifthraser. They feed on the morning dew. From these so numerous
+a race is descended that they fill the whole world with people, as is
+here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Lif and Lifthraser<br>
+Will lie hid<br>
+In Hodmimer’s-holt.<br>
+The morning dew<br>
+They have for food.<br>
+From them are the races descended.<a class = "tag" name = "tag74" href =
+"#note74">74</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>But what will seem wonderful to you is that the sun has brought forth
+a daughter not less fair than herself, and she rides in the heavenly
+course of her mother, as is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+A daughter<br>
+Is born of the sun<br>
+Ere Fenrer takes her.<br>
+In her mother’s course<br>
+When the gods are dead<br>
+This maid shall ride.<a class = "tag" name = "tag75" href =
+"#note75">75</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>And if you now can ask more questions, said Har to Ganglere, I know
+not whence that power came to you. I have never heard any one tell
+<span class = "pagenum">150</span>
+<a name = "page150"> </a>
+further the fate of the world. Make now the best use you can of what has
+been told&nbsp;you.</p>
+
+<p>59. Then Ganglere heard a terrible noise on all sides, and when he
+looked about him he stood out-doors on a level plain. He saw neither
+hall nor burg. He went his way and came back to his kingdom, and told
+the tidings which he had seen and heard, and ever since those tidings
+have been handed down from man to&nbsp;man.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">151</span>
+<a name = "page151"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_after">AFTERWORD</a></h4>
+
+<h6>TO THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.</h6>
+
+<p>The asas now sat down to talk, and held their counsel, and remembered
+all the tales that were told to Gylfe. They gave the very same names
+that had been named before to the men and places that were there. This
+they did for the reason that, when a long time has elapsed, men should
+not doubt that those asas of whom these tales were now told and those to
+whom the same names were given were all identical. There was one who is
+called Thor, and he is Asa-Thor, the old. He is Oku-Thor, and to him are
+ascribed the great deeds done by Hektor in Troy. But men think that the
+Turks have told of Ulysses, and have called him Loke, for the Turks were
+his greatest enemies.</p>
+
+
+<a name = "page152"> </a>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">153</span>
+<a name = "page153"> </a>
+<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "brage">BRAGE’S TALK.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<h4><a name = "brage_I">CHAPTER I.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>ÆGER’S JOURNEY TO ASGARD.</h6>
+
+<p>1. A man by name Æger, or Hler, who dwelt on the island called Hler’s
+Isle, was well skilled in the black art. He made a journey to Asgard.
+But the asas knew of his coming and gave him a friendly reception; but
+they also made use of many sorts of delusions. In the evening, when the
+feast began, Odin had swords brought into the hall, and they were so
+bright that it glistened from them so that there was no need of any
+other light while they sat drinking. Then went the asas to their feast,
+and the twelve asas who were appointed judges seated themselves in their
+high-seats. These are their names: Thor, Njord, Frey, Tyr, Heimdal,
+Brage, Vidar, Vale, Uller, Honer, Forsete, Loke. The asynjes (goddesses)
+also were with them: Frigg, Freyja, Gefjun, Idun, Gerd, Sigyn, Fulla,
+Nanna. Æger thought all that he saw looked very grand. The panels of the
+walls
+<span class = "pagenum">154</span>
+<a name = "page154"> </a>
+were all covered with beautiful shields. The mead was very strong, and
+they drank deep. Next to Æger sat Brage, and they talked much together
+over their drink. Brage spoke to Æger of many things that had happened
+to the asas.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">155</span>
+<a name = "page155"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "brage_II">CHAPTER II.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>IDUN AND HER APPLES.</h6>
+
+<p>2. Brage began his tale by telling how three asas, Odin, Loke and
+Honer, went on a journey over mountains and heaths, where they could get
+nothing to eat. But when they came down into a valley they saw a herd of
+cattle. From this herd they took an ox and went to work to boil it. When
+they deemed that it must be boiled enough they uncovered the broth, but
+it was not yet done. After a little while they lifted the cover off
+again, but it was not yet boiled. They talked among themselves about how
+this could happen. Then they heard a voice in the oak above them, and he
+who sat there said that he was the cause that the broth did not get
+boiled. They looked up and saw an eagle, and it was not a small one.
+Then said the eagle: If you will give me my fill of the ox, then the
+broth will be boiled. They agreed to this. So he flew down from the
+tree, seated himself beside the boiling broth, and immediately snatched
+up first the two thighs of the ox and then both the shoulders. This made
+Loke wroth: he grasped a large pole, raised it with all
+<span class = "pagenum">156</span>
+<a name = "page156"> </a>
+his might and dashed it at the body of the eagle. The eagle shook
+himself after the blow and flew up. One end of the pole fastened itself
+to the body of the eagle, and the other end stuck to Loke’s hands. The
+eagle flew just high enough so that Loke’s feet were dragged over stones
+and rocks and trees, and it seemed to him that his arms would be torn
+from his shoulder-blades. He calls and prays the eagle most earnestly
+for peace, but the latter declares that Loke shall never get free unless
+he will pledge himself to bring Idun and her apples out of Asgard. When
+Loke had promised this, he was set free and went to his companions
+again; and no more is related of this journey, except that they returned
+home. But at the time agreed upon, Loke coaxed Idun out of Asgard into a
+forest, saying that he had found apples that she would think very nice,
+and he requested her to take with her her own apples in order to compare
+them. Then came the giant Thjasse in the guise of an eagle, seized Idun
+and flew away with her to his home in Thrymheim. The asas were ill at
+ease on account of the disappearance of Idun,&mdash;they became
+gray-haired and old. They met in council and asked each other who last
+had seen Idun. The last that had been seen of her was that she had gone
+out of Asgard in company with Loke. Then Loke was seized and brought
+into the council,
+<span class = "pagenum">157</span>
+<a name = "page157"> </a>
+and he was threatened with death or torture. But he became frightened,
+and promised to bring Idun back from Jotunheim if Freyja would lend him
+the falcon-guise that she had. He got the falcon-guise, flew north into
+Jotunheim, and came one day to the giant Thjasse. The giant had rowed
+out to sea, and Idun was at home alone. Loke turned her into the
+likeness of a nut, held her in his claws and flew with all his might.
+But when Thjasse returned home and missed Idun, he took on his
+eagle-guise, flew after Loke, gaining on the latter with his eagle
+wings. When the asas saw the falcon coming flying with the nut, and how
+the eagle flew, they went to the walls of Asgard and brought with them
+bundles of plane-shavings. When the falcon flew within the burg, he let
+himself drop down beside the burg-wall. Then the asas kindled a fire in
+the shavings; and the eagle, being unable to stop himself when he missed
+the falcon, caught fire in his feathers, so that he could not fly any
+farther. The asas were on hand and slew the giant Thjasse within the
+gates of Asgard, and that slaughter is most famous.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">158</span>
+<a name = "page158"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "brage_III">CHAPTER III.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>HOW NJORD GOT SKADE TO WIFE.</h6>
+
+<p>Skade, the daughter of the giant Thjasse, donned her helmet, and
+byrnie, and all her war-gear, and betook herself to Asgard to avenge her
+father’s death. The asas offered her ransom and atonement; and it was
+agreed to, in the first place, that she should choose herself a husband
+among the asas, but she was to make her choice by the feet, which was
+all she was to see of their persons. She saw one man’s feet that were
+wonderfully beautiful, and exclaimed: This one I choose! On Balder there
+are few blemishes. But it was Njord, from Noatun. In the second place,
+it was stipulated that the asas were to do what she did not deem them
+capable of, and that was to make her laugh. Then Loke tied one end of a
+string fast to the beard of a goat and the other around his own body,
+and one pulled this way and the other that, and both of them shrieked
+out loud. Then Loke let himself fall on Skade’s knees, and this made her
+laugh. It is said that Odin did even more than was asked, in that he
+took Thjasse’s eyes and
+<span class = "pagenum">159</span>
+<a name = "page159"> </a>
+cast them up into heaven, and made two stars of them. Then said Æger:
+This Thjasse seems to me to have been considerable of a man; of what kin
+was he? Brage answered: His father’s name was Olvalde, and if I told you
+of him, you would deem it very remarkable. He was very rich in gold, and
+when he died and his sons were to divide their heritage, they had this
+way of measuring the gold, that each should take his mouthful of gold,
+and they should all take the same number of mouthfuls. One of them was
+Thjasse, another Ide, and the third Gang. But we now have it as a saw
+among us, that we call gold the mouth-number of these giants. In runes
+and songs we wrap the gold up by calling it the measure, or word, or
+tale, of these giants. Then said Æger: It seems to me that it will be
+well hidden in the runes.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">160</span>
+<a name = "page160"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "brage_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE ORIGIN OF POETRY.</h6>
+
+<p>3. And again said Æger: Whence originated the art that is called
+skaldship? Made answer Brage: The beginning of this was, that the gods
+had a war with the people that are called vans. They agreed to hold a
+meeting for the purpose of making peace, and settled their dispute in
+this wise, that they both went to a jar and spit into it. But at parting
+the gods, being unwilling to let this mark of peace perish, shaped it
+into a man whose name was Kvaser, and who was so wise that no one could
+ask him any question that he could not answer. He traveled much about in
+the world to teach men wisdom. Once he came to the home of the dwarfs
+Fjalar and Galar. They called him aside, saying they wished to speak
+with him alone, slew him and let his blood run into two jars called Son
+and Bodn, and into a kettle called Odrarer. They mixed honey with the
+blood, and thus was produced such mead that whoever drinks from it
+becomes a skald and sage. The dwarfs told the asas that Kvaser had
+choked in his wisdom, because no one was so wise that he could ask him
+enough about learning.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">161</span>
+<a name = "page161"> </a>
+4. Then the dwarfs invited to themselves the giant whose name is
+Gilling, and his wife; and when he came they asked him to row out to sea
+with them. When they had gotten a short distance from shore, the dwarfs
+rowed onto a blind rock and capsized the boat. Gilling, who was unable
+to swim, was drowned, but the dwarfs righted the boat again and rowed
+ashore. When they told of this mishap to his wife she took it much to
+heart, and began to cry aloud. Then Fjalar asked her whether it would
+not lighten her sorrow if she could look out upon the sea where her
+husband had perished, and she said it would. He then said to his brother
+Galar that he should go up over the doorway, and as she passed out he
+should let a mill-stone drop onto her head, for he said he was tired of
+her bawling, Galar did so. When the giant Suttung, the son of Gilling,
+found this out he came and seized the dwarfs, took them out to sea and
+left them on a rocky island, which was flooded at high tide. They prayed
+Suttung to spare their lives, and offered him in atonement for their
+father’s blood the precious mead, which he accepted. Suttung brought the
+mead home with him, and hid it in a place called Hnitbjorg. He set his
+daughter Gunlad to guard it. For these reasons we call songship Kvaser’s
+blood; the drink of the dwarfs; the dwarfs’ fill; some kind of liquor of
+Odrarer,
+<span class = "pagenum">162</span>
+<a name = "page162"> </a>
+or Bodn or Son; the ship of the dwarfs (because this mead ransomed their
+lives from the rocky isle); the mead of Suttung, or the liquor of
+Hnitbjorg.</p>
+
+<p>5. Then remarked Æger: It seems dark to me to call songship by these
+names; but how came the asas by Suttung’s mead? Answered Brage: The saga
+about this is, that Odin set out from home and came to a place where
+nine thralls were mowing hay. He asked them whether they would like to
+have him whet their scythes. To this they said yes. Then he took a
+whet-stone from his belt and whetted the scythes. They thought their
+scythes were much improved, and asked whether the whet-stone was for
+sale. He answered that he who would buy it must pay a fair price for it.
+All said they were willing to give the sum demanded, and each wanted
+Odin to sell it to him. But he threw the whet-stone up in the air, and
+when all wished to catch it they scrambled about it in such a manner
+that each brought his scythe onto the other’s neck. Odin sought lodgings
+for the night at the house of the giant Bauge, who was a brother of
+Suttung. Bauge complained of what had happened to his household, saying
+that his nine thralls had slain each other, and that he did not know
+where he should get other workmen. Odin called himself Bolverk. He
+offered to undertake
+<span class = "pagenum">163</span>
+<a name = "page163"> </a>
+the work of the nine men for Bauge, but asked in payment therefor a
+drink of Suttung’s mead. Bauge answered that he had no control over the
+mead, saying that Suttung was bound to keep that for himself alone. But
+he agreed to go with Bolverk and try whether they could get the mead.
+During the summer Bolverk did the work of the nine men for Bauge, but
+when winter came he asked for his pay. Then they both went to Suttung.
+Bauge explained to Suttung his bargain with Bolverk, but Suttung stoutly
+refused to give even a drop of the mead. Bolverk then proposed to Bauge
+that they should try whether they could not get at the mead by the aid
+of some trick, and Bauge agreed to this. Then Bolverk drew forth the
+auger which is called Rate, and requested Bauge to bore a hole through
+the rock, if the auger was sharp enough. He did so. Then said Bauge that
+there was a hole through the rock; but Bolverk blowed into the hole that
+the auger had made, and the chips flew back into his face. Thus he saw
+that Bauge intended to deceive him, and commanded him to bore through.
+Bauge bored again, and when Bolverk blew a second time the chips flew
+inward. Now Bolverk changed himself into the likeness of a serpent and
+crept into the auger-hole. Bauge thrust after him with the auger, but
+missed him. Bolverk went to where Gunlad was, and shared
+<span class = "pagenum">164</span>
+<a name = "page164"> </a>
+her couch for three nights. She then promised to give him three draughts
+from the mead. With the first draught he emptied Odrarer, in the second
+Bodn, and in the third Son, and thus he had all the mead. Then he took
+on the guise of an eagle, and flew off as fast as he could. When Suttung
+saw the flight of the eagle, he also took on the shape of an eagle and
+flew after him. When the asas saw Odin coming, they set their jars out
+in the yard. When Odin reached Asgard, he spewed the mead up into the
+jars. He was, however, so near being caught by Suttung, that he sent
+some of the mead after him backward, and as no care was taken of this,
+anybody that wished might have it. This we call the share of poetasters.
+But Suttung’s mead Odin gave to the asas and to those men who are able
+to make verses. Hence we call songship Odin’s prey, Odin’s find, Odin’s
+drink, Odin’s gift, and the drink of the asas.</p>
+
+<p>6. Then said Æger: In how many ways do you vary the poetical
+expressions, or how many kinds of poetry are there? Answered Brage:
+There are two kinds, and all poetry falls into one or the other of these
+classes. Æger asks: Which two? Brage answers: Diction and meter. What
+diction is used in poetry? There are three sorts of poetic diction.
+Which? One is to name everything by its own name; another is to name it
+with a pronoun,
+<span class = "pagenum">165</span>
+<a name = "page165"> </a>
+but the third sort of diction is called <i>kenning</i> (a&nbsp;poetical
+periphrasis or descriptive name); and this sort is so managed that when
+we name Odin, or Thor or Tyr, or any other of the asas or elves, we add
+to their name a reference to some other asa, or we make mention of some
+of his works. Then the appellation belongs to him who corresponds to the
+whole phrase, and not to him who was actually named. Thus we speak of
+Odin as Sigtyr, Hangatyr or Farmatyr, and such names we call simple
+appellatives. In the same manner he is called Reidartyr.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">166</span>
+<a name = "page166"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "brage_after">AFTERWORD</a></h4>
+
+<h6>TO BRAGE’S TALK.</h6>
+
+
+<p>Now it is to be said to young skalds who are desirous of acquiring
+the diction of poetry, or of increasing their store of words with old
+names, or, on the other hand, are eager to understand what is obscurely
+sung, that they must master this book for their instruction and pastime.
+These sagas are not to be so forgotten or disproved as to take away from
+poetry old periphrases which great skalds have been pleased with. But
+christian men should not believe in heathen gods, nor in the truth of
+these sagas, otherwise than is explained in the beginning of this book,
+where the events are explained which led men away from the true faith,
+and where it, in the next place, is told of the Turks how the men from
+Asia, who are called asas, falsified the tales of the things that
+happened in Troy, in order that the people should believe them to be
+gods.</p>
+
+<p>King Priam in Troy was a great chief over all the Turkish host, and
+his sons were the most distinguished men in his whole army. That
+excellent hall, which the asas called Brime’s Hall, or
+<span class = "pagenum">167</span>
+<a name = "page167"> </a>
+beer-hall, was King Priam’s palace. As for the long tale that they tell
+of Ragnarok, that is the wars of the Trojans. When it is said that
+Oku-Thor angled with an ox-head and drew on board the Midgard-serpent,
+but that the serpent kept his life and sank back into the sea, then this
+is another version of the story that Hektor slew Volukrontes, a famous
+hero, in the presence of Achilleus, and so drew the latter onto him with
+the head of the slain, which they likened unto the head of an ox, which
+Oku-Thor had torn off. When Achilleus was drawn into this danger, on
+account of his daring, it was the salvation of his life that he fled
+from the fatal blows of Hektor, although he was wounded. It is also said
+that Hektor waged the war so mightily, and that his rage was so great
+when he caught sight of Achilleus, that nothing was so strong that it
+could stand before him. When he missed Achilleus, who had fled, he
+soothed his wrath by slaying the champion called Roddros. But the asas
+say that when Oku-Thor missed the serpent, he slew the giant Hymer. In
+Ragnarok the Midgard serpent came suddenly upon Thor and blew venom onto
+him, and thus struck him dead. But the asas could not make up their
+minds to say that this had been the fate of Oku-Thor, that anyone stood
+over him dead, though this had so happened. They rushed headlong over
+old sagas
+<span class = "pagenum">168</span>
+<a name = "page168"> </a>
+more than was true when they said that the Midgard-serpent there got his
+death; and they added this to the story, that Achilleus reaped the fame
+of Hektor’s death, though he lay dead on the same battle-field on that
+account. This was the work of Elenus and Alexander, and Elenus the asas
+call Ale. They say that he avenged his brother, and that he lived when
+all the gods were dead, and after the fire was quenched that burned up
+Asgard and all the possessions of the gods. Pyrrhos they compared with
+the Fenris-wolf. He slew Odin, and Pyrrhos might be called a wolf
+according to their belief, for he did not spare the peace-steads, when
+he slew the king in the temple before the altar of Thor. The burning of
+Troy they call the flame of Surt. Mode and Magne, the sons of Oku-Thor,
+came to crave the land of Ale or Vidar. He is Æneas. He came away from
+Troy, and wrought thereupon great works. It is said that the sons of
+Hektor came to Frigialand and established themselves in that kingdom,
+but banished Elenus.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">169</span>
+<a name = "page169"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section">&nbsp;</h4>
+<h6><a name = "poet">EXTRACTS FROM</a></h6>
+
+<h4>THE POETICAL DICTION.</h4>
+
+<h6>(SKALDSKAPARMAL.)<a class = "tag" name = "tag76" href =
+"#note76">76</a></h6>
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_hrungner">THOR AND
+HRUNGNER.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Brage told Æger that Thor had gone eastward to crush trolls. Odin
+rode on his horse Sleipner to Jotunheim, and came to the giant whose
+name is Hrungner. Then asked Hrungner what man that was who with a
+golden helmet rode both through the air and over the sea, and added that
+he had a remarkably good horse. Odin said that he would wager his head
+that so good a horse could not be found in Jotunheim. Hrungner admitted
+that it was indeed an excellent horse, but he had one, called Goldfax,
+that could take much longer paces; and in his wrath he immediately
+sprang upon his horse and galloped after Odin, intending to pay him for
+his insolence. Odin rode so fast that he was a good distance ahead, but
+Hrungner had worked himself into such a giant rage that, before he was
+aware of it, he had come within the gates of Asgard.
+<span class = "pagenum">170</span>
+<a name = "page170"> </a>
+When he came to the hall door, the asas invited him to drink with them.
+He entered the hall and requested a drink. They then took the bowls that
+Thor was accustomed to drink from, and Hrungner emptied them all. When
+he became drunk, he gave the freest vent to his loud boastings. He said
+he was going to take Valhal and move it to Jotunheim, demolish Asgard
+and kill all the gods except Freyja and Sif, whom he was going to take
+home with him. When Freyja went forward to refill the bowls for him, he
+boasted that he was going to drink up all the ale of the asas. But when
+the asas grew weary of his arrogance, they named Thor’s name. At once
+Thor was in the hall, swung his hammer in the air, and, being
+exceedingly wroth, asked who was to blame that dog-wise giants were
+permitted to drink there, who had given Hrungner permission to be in
+Valhal, and why Freyja should pour ale for him as she did in the feasts
+of the asas. Then answered Hrungner, looking with anything but friendly
+eyes at Thor, and said that Odin had invited him to drink, and that he
+was there under his protection. Thor replied that he should come to rue
+that invitation before he came out. Hrungner again answered that it
+would be but little credit to Asa-Thor to kill him, unarmed as he was.
+It would be a greater proof of his valor if he dared fight a duel
+<span class = "pagenum">171</span>
+<a name = "page171"> </a>
+with him at the boundaries of his territory, at Grjottungard. It was
+very foolish of me, he said, that I left my shield and my flint-stone at
+home; had I my weapons here, you and I would try a holmgang (duel on a
+rocky island); but as this is not the case, I declare you a coward if
+you kill me unarmed. Thor was by no means the man to refuse to fight a
+duel when he was challenged, an honor which never had been shown him
+before. Then Hrungner went his way, and hastened with all his might back
+to Jotunheim. His journey became famous among the giants, and the
+proposed meeting with Thor was much talked of. They regarded it very
+important who should gain the victory, and they feared the worst from
+Thor if Hrungner should be defeated, for he was the strongest among
+them. Thereupon the giants made at Grjottungard a man of clay, who was
+nine rasts tall and three rasts broad under the arms, but being unable
+to find a heart large enough to be suitable for him, they took the heart
+from a mare, but even this fluttered and trembled when Thor came.
+Hrungner had, as is well known, a heart of stone, sharp and three-sided;
+just as the rune has since been risted that is called Hrungner’s heart.
+Even his head was of stone. His shield was of stone, and was broad and
+thick, and he was holding this shield before him as he stood at
+Grjottungard waiting
+<span class = "pagenum">172</span>
+<a name = "page172"> </a>
+for Thor. His weapon was a flint-stone, which he swung over his
+shoulders, and altogether he presented a most formidable aspect. On one
+side of him stood the giant of clay, who was named Mokkerkalfe. He was
+so exceedingly terrified, that it is said that he wet himself when he
+saw Thor. Thor proceeded to the duel, and Thjalfe was with him. Thjalfe
+ran forward to where Hrungner was standing, and said to him: You stand
+illy guarded, giant; you hold the shield before you, but Thor has seen
+you; he goes down into the earth and will attack you from below. Then
+Hrungner thrust the shield under his feet and stood on it, but the
+flint-stone he seized with both his hands. The next that he saw were
+flashes of lightning, and he heard loud crashings; and then he saw Thor
+in his asa-might advancing with impetuous speed, swinging his hammer and
+hurling it from afar at Hrungner. Hrungner seized the flint-stone with
+both his hands and threw it against the hammer. They met in the air, and
+the flint-stone broke. One part fell to the earth, and from it have come
+the flint-mountains; the other part hit Thor’s head with such force that
+he fell forward to the ground. But the hammer Mjolner hit Hrungner right
+in the head, and crushed his skull in small pieces. He himself fell
+forward over Thor, so that his foot lay upon Thor’s neck. Meanwhile
+Thjalfe
+<span class = "pagenum">173</span>
+<a name = "page173"> </a>
+attacked Mokkerkalfe, who fell with but little honor. Then Thjalfe went
+to Thor and was to take Hrungner’s foot off from him, but he had not the
+strength to do it. When the asas learned that Thor had fallen, they all
+came to take the giant’s foot off, but none of them was able to move it.
+Then came Magne, the son of Thor and Jarnsaxa. He was only three nights
+of age. He threw Hrungner’s foot off Thor, and said It was a great
+mishap, father, that I came so late. I think I could have slain this
+giant with my fist, had I met him. Then Thor arose, greeted his son
+lovingly, saying that he would become great and powerful; and, added he,
+I will give you the horse Goldfax, that belonged to Hrungner. Odin said
+that Thor did wrong in giving so fine a horse to the son of a giantess,
+instead of to his father. Thor went home to Thrudvang, but the
+flint-stone still stuck fast in his head. Then came the vala whose name
+is Groa, the wife of Orvandel the Bold. She sang her magic songs over
+Thor until the flint-stone became loose. But when Thor perceived this,
+and was just expecting that the flint-stone would disappear, he desired
+to reward Groa for her healing, and make her heart glad. So he related
+to her how he had waded from the north over the Elivogs rivers, and had
+borne in a basket on his back Orvandel from Jotunheim; and in evidence
+of this he told
+<span class = "pagenum">174</span>
+<a name = "page174"> </a>
+her how that one toe of his had protruded from the basket and had
+frozen, wherefore Thor had broken it off and had cast it up into the
+sky, and made of it the star which is called Orvandel’s toe. Finally he
+added that it would not be long before Orvandel would come home. But
+Groa became so glad that she forgot her magic songs, and so the
+flint-stone became no looser than it was, and it sticks fast in Thor’s
+head yet. For this reason it is forbidden to throw a flint-stone across
+the floor, for then the stone in Thor’s head is moved. Out of this saga
+Thjodolf of Hvin has made a song:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+We have ample evidence<br>
+Of the giant-terrifier’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag77" href =
+"#note77">77</a> journey<br>
+To Grjottungard, to the giant Hrungner,<br>
+In the midst of encircling flames.<br>
+The courage waxed high in Meile’s brother;<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag78" href = "#note78">78</a><br>
+The moon-way trembled<br>
+When Jord’s son<a class = "tag" name = "tag79" href = "#note79">79</a>
+went<br>
+To the steel-gloved contest.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The heavens stood all in flames<br>
+For Uller’s step-father,<a class = "tag" name = "tag80" href =
+"#note80">80</a><br>
+And the earth rocked.<br>
+Svolne’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag81" href = "#note81">81</a> widow<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag82" href = "#note82">82</a> burst asunder<br>
+When the span of goats<br>
+Drew the sublime chariot<br>
+And its divine master<br>
+To the meeting with Hrungner.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">175</span>
+<a name = "page175"> </a></p>
+<p class = "verse">
+Balder’s brother<a class = "tag" name = "tag83" href = "#note83">83</a>
+did not tremble<br>
+Before the greedy fiend of men;<br>
+Mountains quaked and rocks broke;<br>
+The heavens were wrapped in flames.<br>
+Much did the giant<br>
+Get frightened, I learn,<br>
+When his bane man he saw<br>
+Ready to slay him.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Swiftly the gray shield flew<br>
+’Neath the heels of the giant.<br>
+So the gods willed it,<br>
+So willed it the valkyries.<br>
+Hrungner the giant,<br>
+Eager for slaughter,<br>
+Needed not long to wait for blows<br>
+From the valiant friend of the hammer.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The slayer<a class = "tag" name = "tag84" href = "#note84">84</a> of
+Bele’s evil race<br>
+Made fall the bear of the loud-roaring mountain;<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag85" href = "#note85">85</a><br>
+On his shield<br>
+Bite the dust<br>
+Must the giant<br>
+Before the sharp-edged hammer,<br>
+When the giant-crusher<br>
+Stood against the mighty Hrungner,</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+And the flint-stone<br>
+(So hard to break)<br>
+Of the friend of the troll-women<br>
+Into the skull did whiz<br>
+Of Jord’s son,<a class = "tag" name = "tag86" href =
+"#note86">86</a><br>
+And this flinty piece<br>
+Fast did stick<br>
+In Eindride’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag87" href = "#note87">87</a>
+blood;</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Until Orvandel’s wife,<br>
+Magic songs singing,<br>
+<span class = "pagenum">176</span>
+<a name = "page176"> </a>
+From the head of Thor<br>
+Removed the giant’s<br>
+Excellent flint-stone.<br>
+All do I know<br>
+About that shield-journey.<br>
+A shield adorned<br>
+With hues most splendid<br>
+I received from Thorleif.
+</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_journey">THOR’S JOURNEY TO
+GEIRROD’S.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Then said Æger: Much of a man, it seems to me, was that Hrungner. Has
+Thor accomplished any other great deeds in his intercourse with trolls
+(giants)? Then answered Brage: It is worth giving a full account of how
+Thor made a journey to Geirrodsgard. He had with him neither the hammer
+Mjolner, nor his belt of strength, Megingjard, nor his steel gloves; and
+that was Loke’s fault,&mdash;he was with him. For it had happened to
+Loke, when he once flew out to amuse himself in Frigg’s falcon-guise,
+that he, out of curiosity, flew into Geirrodsgard, where he saw a large
+hall. He sat down and looked in through the window, but Geirrod
+discovered him, and ordered the bird to be caught and brought to him.
+The servant had hard work to climb up the wall of the hall, so high was
+it. It amused Loke that it gave the servant so much trouble to get at
+him, and he thought it would be time enough to fly away when he
+<span class = "pagenum">177</span>
+<a name = "page177"> </a>
+had gotten over the worst. When the latter now caught at him, Loke
+spread his wings and spurned with his feet, but these were fast, and so
+Loke was caught and brought to the giant. When the latter saw his eyes
+he suspected that it was a man. He put questions to him and bade him
+answer, but Loke refused to speak. Then Geirrod locked him down in a
+chest, and starved him for three months; and when Geirrod finally took
+him up again, and asked him to speak, Loke confessed who he was, and to
+save his life he swore an oath to Geirrod that he would get Thor to come
+to Geirrodsgard without his hammer or his belt of strength.</p>
+
+<p>On his way Thor visited the giantess whose name is Grid. She was the
+mother of Vidar the Silent. She told Thor the truth concerning Geirrod,
+that he was a dog-wise and dangerous giant; and she lent him her own
+belt of strength and steel gloves, and her staff, which is called
+Gridarvol. Then went Thor to the river which is called Vimer, and which
+is the largest of all rivers. He buckled on the belt of strength and
+stemmed the wild torrent with Gridarvol, but Loke held himself fast in
+Megingjard. When Thor had come into the middle of the stream, the river
+waxed so greatly that the waves dashed over his shoulders. Then quoth
+Thor:</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">178</span>
+<a name = "page178"> </a></p>
+<p class = "verse">
+Wax not Vimer,<br>
+Since I intend to wade<br>
+To the gards of giants.<br>
+Know, if you wax,<br>
+Then waxes my asa-might<br>
+As high, as the heavens.
+</p>
+
+<p>Then Thor looked up and saw in a cleft Gjalp, the daughter of
+Geirrod, standing on both sides of the stream, and causing its growth.
+Then took he up out of the river a huge stone and threw at her, saying:
+At its source the stream must be stemmed.<a class = "tag" name = "tag88"
+href = "#note88">88</a> He was not wont to miss his mark. At the same
+time he reached the river bank and got hold of a shrub, and so he got
+out of the river. Hence comes the adage that <i>a shrub saved
+Thor</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag89" href = "#note89">89</a> When
+Thor came to Geirrod, he and his companion were shown to the guest-room,
+where lodgings were given them, but there was but one seat, and on that
+Thor sat down. Then he became aware that the seat was raised under him
+toward the roof. He put the Gridarvol against the rafters, and pressed
+himself down against the seat. Then was heard a great crash, which was
+followed by a loud screaming. Under the seat were Geirrod’s daughters,
+Gjalp and Greip, and he had broken the backs of both of them. Then quoth
+Thor:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Once I employed<br>
+My asa-might<br>
+In the gards of the giants.
+<span class = "pagenum">179</span>
+<a name = "page179"> </a><br>
+When Gjalp and Greip,<br>
+Geirrod’s daughters,<br>
+Wanted to lift me to heaven.
+</p>
+
+<p>Then Geirrod had Thor invited into the hall to the games. Large fires
+burned along the whole length of the hall. When Thor came into the hall,
+and stood opposite Geirrod, the latter seized with a pair of tongs a
+red-hot iron wedge and threw it at Thor. But he caught it with his steel
+gloves, and lifted it up in the air. Geirrod sprang behind an iron post
+to guard himself. But Thor threw the wedge with so great force that it
+struck through the post, through Geirrod, through the wall, and then
+went out and into the ground. From this saga, Eilif, son of Gudrun, made
+the following song, called Thor’s Drapa:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The Midgard-serpent’s father exhorted<br>
+Thor, the victor of giants,<br>
+To set out from home.<br>
+A great liar was Loke.<br>
+Not quite confident,<br>
+The companion of the war-god<br>
+Declared green paths to lie<br>
+To the gard of Geirrod.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Thor did not long let Loke<br>
+Invite him to the arduous journey.<br>
+They were eager to crush<br>
+Thorn’s descendants.<br>
+When he, who is wont to swing Megingjard,<br>
+Once set out from Odin’s home<br>
+To visit Ymer’s children in Gandvik,
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">180</span>
+<a name = "page180"> </a>
+The giantess Gjalp,<br>
+Perjured Geirrod’s daughter,<br>
+Sooner got ready magic to use<br>
+Than the god of war and Loke.<br>
+A song I recite.<br>
+Those gods noxious to the giants<br>
+Planted their feet<br>
+In Endil’s land,</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+And the men wont to battle<br>
+Went forth.<br>
+The message of death<br>
+Came of the moon-devourer’s women,<br>
+When the cunning and wrathful<br>
+Conqueror of Loke<br>
+Challenged to a contest<br>
+The giantess.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+And the troll-woman’s disgracer<br>
+Waded across the roaring stream,&mdash;<br>
+Rolling full of drenched snow over its banks.<br>
+He who puts giants to flight<br>
+Rapidly advanced<br>
+O’er the broad watery way,<br>
+Where the noisy stream’s<br>
+Venom belched forth.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Thor and his companions<br>
+Put before him the staff;<br>
+Thereon he rested<br>
+Whilst over they waded:<br>
+Nor sleep did the stones,&mdash;<br>
+The sonorous staff striking the rapid wave<br>
+Made the river-bed ring,&mdash;<br>
+The mountain-torrent rang with stones.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The wearer of Megingjard<br>
+Saw the flood fall<br>
+On his hard-waxed shoulders:<br>
+He could do no better.
+<span class = "pagenum">181</span>
+<a name = "page181"> </a><br>
+The destroyer of troll-children<br>
+Let his neck-strength<br>
+Wax heaven high,<br>
+Till the mighty stream should diminish.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+But the warriors,<br>
+The oath-bound protectors of Asgard,&mdash;<br>
+The experienced vikings,&mdash;<br>
+Waded fast and the stream sped on.<br>
+Thou god of the bow!<br>
+The billows<br>
+Blown by the mountain-storm<br>
+Powerfully rushed<br>
+Over Thor’s shoulders.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Thjalfe and his companion,<br>
+With their heads above water,<br>
+Got over the river,&mdash;<br>
+To Thor’s belt they clung.<br>
+Their strength was tested,&mdash;<br>
+Geirrod’s daughters made hard the stream<br>
+For the iron rod.<br>
+Angry fared Thor with the Gridarvol.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Nor did courage fail<br>
+Those foes of the giant<br>
+In the seething vortex.<br>
+Those sworn companions<br>
+Regarded a brave heart<br>
+Better than gold.<br>
+Neither Thor’s nor Thjalfe’s heart<br>
+From fear did tremble.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+And the war companions&mdash;<br>
+Weapons despising&mdash;<br>
+’Mong the giants made havoc,<br>
+Until, O woman!<br>
+The giant destroyers<br>
+The conflict of helmets<br>
+With the warlike race<br>
+Did commence.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">182</span>
+<a name = "page182"> </a>
+The giants of Iva’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag90" href =
+"#note90">90</a> capes<br>
+Made a rush with Geirrod;<br>
+The foes of the cold Svithiod<br>
+Took to flight.<br>
+Geirrod’s giants<br>
+Had to succumb<br>
+When the lightning wielder’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag91" href =
+"#note91">91</a> kinsmen<br>
+Closely pursued them.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Wailing was ’mongst the cave-dwellers<br>
+When the giants,<br>
+With warlike spirit endowed,<br>
+Went forward.<br>
+There was war.<br>
+The slayer of troll-women,<br>
+By foes surrounded,<br>
+The giant’s hard head hit.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+With violent pressure<br>
+Were pressed the vast eyes<br>
+Of Gjalp and Greip<br>
+Against the high roof.<br>
+The fire-chariot’s driver<br>
+The old backs broke<br>
+Of both these maids<br>
+For the cave-woman.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The man of the rocky way<br>
+But scanty knowledge got;<br>
+Nor able were the giants<br>
+To enjoy perfect gladness.<br>
+Thou man of the bow-string!<br>
+The dwarf’s kinsman<br>
+An iron beam, in the forge heated,<br>
+Threw against Odin’s dear son.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">183</span>
+<a name = "page183"> </a>
+But the battle-hastener,<br>
+Freyja’s old friend,<br>
+With swift hands caught<br>
+In the air the beam<br>
+As it flew from the hands<br>
+Of the father of Greip,&mdash;<br>
+His breast with anger swollen<br>
+Against Thruda’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag92" href = "#note92">92</a>
+father.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Geirrod’s hall trembled<br>
+When he struck,<br>
+With his broad head,<br>
+’Gainst the old column of the house-wall.<br>
+Uller’s splendid flatterer<br>
+Swung the iron beam<br>
+Straight ’gainst the head<br>
+Of the knavish giant.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The crusher of the hall-wont troll-women<br>
+A splendid victory won<br>
+Over Glam’s descendants;<br>
+With gory hammer fared Thor.<br>
+Gridarvol-staff,<br>
+Which made disaster<br>
+’Mong Geirrod’s companion,<br>
+Was not used ’gainst that giant himself.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The much worshiped thunderer,<br>
+With all his might, slew<br>
+The dwellers in Alfheim<br>
+With that little willow-twig,<br>
+And no shield<br>
+Was able to resist<br>
+The strong age-diminisher<br>
+Of the mountain-king.
+</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">184</span>
+<a name = "page184"> </a>
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_idun">IDUN.</a></h5>
+
+<p>How shall Idun be named? She is called the wife of Brage, the keeper
+of the apples; but the apples are called the medicine to bar old age
+(ellilyf, elixir vitæ). She is also called the booty of the giant
+Thjasse, according to what has before been said concerning how he took
+her away from the asas. From this saga Thjodolf, of Hvin, composed the
+following song in his Haustlong:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+How shall the tongue<br>
+Pay an ample reward<br>
+For the sonorous shield<br>
+Which I received from Thorleif,<br>
+Foremost ’mong soldiers?<br>
+On the splendidly made shield<br>
+I see the unsafe journey<br>
+Of three gods and Thjasse.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Idun’s robber flew long ago<br>
+The asas to meet<br>
+In the giant’s old eagle-guise.<br>
+The eagle perched<br>
+Where the asas bore<br>
+Their food to be cooked.<br>
+Ye women! The mountain-giant<br>
+Was not wont to be timid.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Suspected of malice<br>
+Was the giant toward the gods.<br>
+Who causes this?<br>
+Said the chief of the gods.<br>
+The wise-worded giant-eagle<br>
+From the old tree began to speak.<br>
+The friend of Honer<br>
+Was not friendly to him.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">185</span>
+<a name = "page185"> </a>
+The mountain-wolf from Honer<br>
+Asked for his fill<br>
+From the holy table:<br>
+It fell to Honer to blow the fire.<br>
+The giant, eager to kill,<br>
+Glided down<br>
+Where the unsuspecting gods,<br>
+Odin, Loke and Honer, were sitting.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The fair lord of the earth<br>
+Bade Farbaute’s son<br>
+Quickly to share<br>
+The ox with the giant;<br>
+But the cunning foe of the asas<br>
+Thereupon laid<br>
+The four parts of the ox<br>
+Upon the broad table.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+And the huge father of Morn<a class = "tag" name = "tag93" href =
+"#note93">93</a><br>
+Afterward greedily ate<br>
+The ox at the tree-root.<br>
+That was long ago,<br>
+Until the profound<br>
+Loke the hard rod laid<br>
+’Twixt the shoulders<br>
+Of the giant Thjasse.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Then clung with his hands<br>
+The husband of Sigyn<br>
+To Skade’s foster-son,<br>
+In the presence of all the gods.<br>
+The pole stuck fast<br>
+To Jotunheim’s strong fascinator,<br>
+But the hands of Honer’s dear friend<br>
+Stuck to the other end.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Flew then with the wise god<br>
+The voracious bird of prey<br>
+Far away; so the wolf’s father<br>
+To pieces must be torn.<br>
+<span class = "pagenum">186</span>
+<a name = "page186"> </a>
+Odin’s friend got exhausted.<br>
+Heavy grew Lopt.<br>
+Odin’s companion<br>
+Must sue for peace.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Hymer’s kinsman demanded<br>
+That the leader of hosts<br>
+The sorrow-healing maid,<br>
+Who the asas’ youth-preserving apples keeps,<br>
+Should bring to him.<br>
+Brisingamen’s thief<br>
+Afterward brought Idun<br>
+To the gard of the giant.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Sorry were not the giants<br>
+After this had taken place,<br>
+Since from the south<br>
+Idun had come to the giants.<br>
+All the race<br>
+Of Yngve-Frey, at the Thing,<br>
+Grew old and gray,&mdash;<br>
+Ugly-looking were the gods.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Until the gods found the blood-dog,<br>
+Idun’s decoying thrall,<br>
+And bound the maid’s deceiver,<br>
+You shall, cunning Loke,<br>
+Spake Thor, die;<br>
+Unless back you lead,<br>
+With your tricks, that<br>
+Good joy-increasing maid.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Heard have I that thereupon<br>
+The friend of Honer flew<br>
+In the guise of a falcon<br>
+(He often deceived the asas with his cunning);<br>
+And the strong fraudulent giant,<br>
+The father of Morn,<br>
+With the wings of the eagle<br>
+Sped after the hawk’s child.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">187</span>
+<a name = "page187"> </a>
+The holy gods soon built a fire&mdash;<br>
+They shaved off kindlings&mdash;<br>
+And the giant was scorched.<br>
+This is said in memory<br>
+Of the dwarf’s heel-bridge.<a class = "tag" name = "tag94" href =
+"#note94">94</a><br>
+A shield adorned with splendid lines<br>
+From Thorleif I received.
+</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_feast">ÆGER’S FEAST.</a></h5>
+
+<p>How shall gold be named? It may be called fire; the needles of
+Glaser; Sif’s hair; Fulla’s head-gear; Freyja’s tears; the chatter, talk
+or word of the giants; Draupner’s drop; Draupner’s rain or shower;
+Freyja’s eyes; the otter-ransom, or stroke-ransom, of the asas; the seed
+of Fyrisvold; Holge’s how-roof; the fire of all waters and of the hand;
+or the stone, rock or gleam of the hand.</p>
+
+<p>Why is gold called Æger’s fire? The saga relating to this is, as has
+before been told, that Æger made a visit to Asgard, but when he was
+ready to return home he invited Odin and all the asas to come and pay
+him a visit after the lapse of three months. On this journey went Odin,
+Njord, Frey, Tyr, Brage, Vidar, Loke; and also the asynjes, Frigg,
+Freyja, Gefjun, Skade, Idun, Sif. Thor was not there, for he had gone
+eastward to fight trolls. When the gods had taken their seats, Æger let
+his servants bring in
+<span class = "pagenum">188</span>
+<a name = "page188"> </a>
+on the hall floor bright gold, which shone and lighted up the whole hall
+like fire, just as the swords in Valhal are used instead of fire. Then
+Loke bandied hasty words with all the gods, and slew Æger’s thrall who
+was called Fimafeng. The name of his other thrall is Elder. The name of
+Æger’s wife is Ran, and they have nine daughters, as has before been
+written. At this feast all things passed around spontaneously, both food
+and ale and all the utensils needed for the feasting. Then the asas
+became aware that Ran had a net in which she caught all men who perish
+at sea. Then the saga goes on telling how it happens that gold is called
+the fire, or light or brightness of Æger, of Ran, or of Æger’s
+daughters; and from these periphrases it is allowed to call gold the
+fire of the sea, or of any of the periphrases of the sea, since Æger and
+Ran are found in periphrases of the sea; and thus gold is now called the
+fire of waters, of rivers, or of all the periphrases of rivers. But
+these names have fared like other periphrases. The younger skald has
+composed poetry after the pattern of the old skalds, imitating their
+songs; but afterward they have expanded the metaphors whenever they
+thought they could improve upon what was sung before; and thus the water
+is the sea, the river is the lakes, the brook is the river. Hence all
+the figures that are expanded more than what has
+<span class = "pagenum">189</span>
+<a name = "page189"> </a>
+before been found are called new tropes, and all seem good that contain
+likelihood and are natural. Thus sang the skald Brage:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+From the king I received<br>
+The fire of the brook.<br>
+This the king gave to me<br>
+And a head with song.
+</p>
+
+<p>Why is gold called the needles or leaves of Glaser? In Asgard, before
+the doors of Valhal, stands a grove which is called Glaser, and all its
+leaves are of red gold, as is here sung:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Glaser stands<br>
+With golden leaves<br>
+Before Sigtyr’s halls.
+</p>
+
+<p>This is the fairest forest among gods and men.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_wager">LOKE’S WAGER WITH THE
+DWARFS.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Why is gold called Sif’s hair? Loke Laufey’s son had once craftily
+cut all the hair off Sif; but when Thor found it out he seized Loke, and
+would have broken every bone in him, had he not pledged himself with an
+oath to get the swarthy elves to make for Sif a hair of gold that should
+grow like other hair. Then went Loke to the dwarfs that are called
+Ivald’s sons, and they made the hair and Skidbladner, and the spear that
+Odin owned and is called Gungner. Thereupon Loke wagered his head with
+the dwarf,
+<span class = "pagenum">190</span>
+<a name = "page190"> </a>
+who hight Brok, that his brother Sindre would not be able to make three
+other treasures equally as good as these were. But when they came to the
+smithy, Sindre laid a pig-skin in the furnace and requested Brok to blow
+the bellows, and not to stop blowing before he (Sindre) had taken out of
+the furnace what he had put into it. As soon, however, as Sindre had
+gone out of the smithy and Brok was blowing, a fly lighted on his hand
+and stung him; but he kept on blowing as before until the smith had
+taken the work out of the furnace. That was now a boar, and its bristles
+were of gold. Thereupon he laid gold in the furnace, and requested Brok
+to blow, and not to stop plying the bellows before he came back. He went
+out; but then came the fly and lighted on his neck and stung him still
+worse; but he continued to work the bellows until the smith took out of
+the furnace the gold ring called Draupner. Then Sindre placed iron in
+the furnace, and requested Brok to work the bellows, adding that
+otherwise all would be worthless. Now the fly lighted between his eyes
+and stung his eye-lids, and as the blood ran down into his eyes so that
+he could not see, he let go of the bellows just for a moment and drove
+the fly away with his hands. Then the smith came back and said that all
+that lay in the furnace came near being entirely spoiled. Thereupon he
+took a hammer out of the furnace.
+<span class = "pagenum">191</span>
+<a name = "page191"> </a>
+All these treasures he then placed in the hands of his brother Brok, and
+bade him go with Loke to Asgard to fetch the wager. When Loke and Brok
+brought forth the treasures, the gods seated themselves upon their
+doom-steads. It was agreed to abide by the decision which should be
+pronounced by Odin, Thor and Frey. Loke gave to Odin the spear Gungner,
+to Thor the hair, which Sif was to have, and to Frey, Skidbladner; and
+he described the qualities of all these treasures, stating that the
+spear never would miss its mark, that the hair would grow as soon as it
+was placed on Sif s head, and that Skidbladner would always have fair
+wind as soon as the sails were hoisted, no matter where its owner
+desired to go; besides, the ship could be folded together like a napkin
+and be carried in his pocket if he desired. Then Brok produced his
+treasures. He gave to Odin the ring, saying that every ninth night eight
+other rings as heavy as it would drop from it; to Frey he gave the boar,
+stating that it would run through the air and over seas, by night or by
+day, faster than any horse; and never could it become so dark in the
+night, or in the worlds of darkness, but that it would be light where
+this boar was present, so bright shone his bristles. Then he gave to
+Thor the hammer, and said that he might strike with it as hard as he
+pleased; no matter what was before him, the hammer would take no scathe,
+<span class = "pagenum">192</span>
+<a name = "page192"> </a>
+and wherever he might throw it he would never lose it; it would never
+fly so far that it did not return to his hand; and if he desired, it
+would become so small that he might conceal it in his bosom; but it had
+one fault, which was, that the handle was rather short. The decision of
+the gods was, that the hammer was the best of all these treasures and
+the greatest protection against the frost-giants, and they declared that
+the dwarf had fairly won the wager. Then Loke offered to ransom his
+head. The dwarf answered saying there was no hope for him on that score.
+Take me, then! said Loke; but when the dwarf was to seize him Loke was
+far away, for he had the shoes with which he could run through the air
+and over the sea. Then the dwarf requested Thor to seize him, and he did
+so. Now the dwarf wanted to cut the head off Loke, but Loke said that
+the head was his, but not the neck. Then the dwarf took thread and a
+knife and wanted to pierce holes in Loke’s lips, so as to sew his mouth
+together, but the knife would not cut. Then said he, it would be better
+if he had his brother’s awl, and as soon as he named it the awl was
+there and it pierced Loke’s lips. Now Brok sewed Loke’s mouth together,
+and broke off the thread at the end of the sewing. The thread with which
+the mouth of Loke was sewed together is called Vartare
+(a&nbsp;strap).</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">193</span>
+<a name = "page193"> </a>
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_niflungs">THE NIFLUNGS AND
+GJUKUNGS.</a></h5>
+
+<p>The following is the reason why gold is called otter-ransom: It is
+related that three asas went abroad to learn to know the whole world,
+Odin, Honer and Loke. They came to a river, and walked along the
+river-bank to a force, and near the force was an otter. The otter had
+caught a salmon in the force, and sat eating it with his eyes closed.
+Loke picked up a stone, threw it at the otter and hit him in the head.
+Loke bragged of his chase, for he had secured an otter and a salmon with
+one throw. They took the salmon and the otter with them, and came to a
+byre, where they entered. But the name of the bonde who lived there was
+Hreidmar. He was a mighty man, and thoroughly skilled in the black art.
+The asas asked for night-lodgings, stating that they had plenty of food,
+and showed the bonde their game. But when Hreidmar saw the otter he
+called his sons, Fafner and Regin, and said that Otter, their brother,
+was slain, and also told who had done it. Then the father and the sons
+attacked the asas, seized them and bound them, and then said, in
+reference to the otter, that he was Hreidmar’s son. The asas offered, as
+a ransom for their lives, as much money as Hreidmar himself might
+demand, and this was agreed to, and confirmed with an oath. Then the
+otter was
+<span class = "pagenum">194</span>
+<a name = "page194"> </a>
+flayed. Hreidmar took the otter-belg and said to them that they should
+fill the belg with red gold, and then cover it with the same metal, and
+when this was done they should be set free. Thereupon Odin sent Loke to
+the home of the swarthy elves, and he came to the dwarf whose name is
+Andvare, and who lived as a fish, in the water. Loke caught him in his
+hands, and demanded of him, as a ransom for his life, all the gold that
+he had in his rock. And when they entered the rock, the dwarf produced
+all the gold that he owned, and that was a very large amount. Then the
+dwarf concealed in his hand a small gold ring. Loke saw this, and
+requested him to hand forth the ring. The dwarf begged him not to take
+the ring away from him, for with this ring he could increase his wealth
+again if he kept it. Loke said the dwarf should not keep as much as a
+penny, took the ring from him and went out. But the dwarf said that that
+ring should be the bane of every one who possessed it. Loke replied that
+he was glad of this, and said that all should be fulfilled according to
+his prophecy: he would take care to bring the curse to the ears of him
+who was to receive it. He went to Hreidmar and showed Odin the gold; but
+when the latter saw the ring, it seemed to him a fair one, and he took
+it and put it aside, giving Hreidmar the rest of the gold. They filled
+the
+<span class = "pagenum">195</span>
+<a name = "page195"> </a>
+otter-belg as full as it would hold, and raised it up when it was full.
+Then came Odin, and was to cover the belg with gold; and when this was
+done, he requested Hreidmar to come and see whether the belg was
+sufficiently covered. But Hreidmar looked at it, examined it closely,
+and saw a mouth-hair, and demanded that it should be covered, too,
+otherwise the agreement would be broken. Then Odin brought forth the
+ring and covered with it the mouth-hair, saying that now they had paid
+the otter-ransom. But when Odin had taken his spear, and Loke his shoes,
+so that they had nothing more to fear, Loke said that the curse that
+Andvare had pronounced should be fulfilled, and that the ring and that
+gold should be the bane of its possessor; and this curse was afterward
+fulfilled. This explains why gold is called the otter-ransom, or forced
+payment of the asas, or strife-metal.</p>
+
+<p>What more is there to be told of this gold? Hreidmar accepted the
+gold as a ransom for his son, but Fafner and Regin demanded their share
+of it as a ransom for their brother. Hreidmar was, however, unwilling to
+give them as much as a penny of it. Then the brothers made an agreement
+to kill their father for the sake of the gold. When this was done, Regin
+demanded that Fafner should give him one half of it. Fafner answered
+that there was but little hope that he
+<span class = "pagenum">196</span>
+<a name = "page196"> </a>
+would share the gold with his brother, since he had himself slain his
+father to obtain it; and he commanded Regin to get him gone, for else
+the same thing would happen to him as had happened to Hreidmar. Fafner
+had taken the sword hight Hrotte, and the helmet which had belonged to
+his father, and the latter he had placed on his head. This was called
+the Æger’s helmet, and it was a terror to all living to behold it. Regin
+had the sword called Refil. With it he fled. But Fafner went to
+Gnita-heath (the glittering heath), where he made himself a bed, took on
+him the likeness of a serpent (dragon), and lay brooding over the
+gold.</p>
+
+<p>Regin then went to Thjode, to king Hjalprek, and became his smith.
+There he undertook the fostering of Sigurd (Sigfrid), the son of
+Sigmund, the son of Volsung and the son of Hjordis, the daughter of
+Eylime. Sigurd was the mightiest of all the kings of hosts, in respect
+to both family and power and mind. Regin explained to him where Fafner
+was lying on the gold, and egged him on to try to get possession
+thereof. Then Regin made the sword which is hight Gram (wrath), and
+which was so sharp that when Sigurd held it in the flowing stream it cut
+asunder a tuft of wool which the current carried down against the
+sword’s edge. In the next place, Sigurd cut with his sword Regin’s anvil
+in twain.
+<span class = "pagenum">197</span>
+<a name = "page197"> </a>
+Thereupon Sigurd and Regin repaired to Gnita-heath. Here Sigurd dug a
+ditch in Fafner’s path and sat down in it; so when Fafner crept to the
+water and came directly over this ditch, Sigurd pierced him with the
+sword, and this thrust caused his death. Then Regin came and declared
+that Sigurd had slain his brother, and demanded of him as a ransom that
+he should cut out Fafner’s heart and roast it on the fire; but Regin
+kneeled down, drank Fafner’s blood, and laid himself down to sleep.
+While Sigurd was roasting the heart, and thought that it must be done,
+he touched it with his finger to see how tender it was; but the fat
+oozed out of the heart and onto his finger and burnt it, so that he
+thrust his finger into his mouth. The heart-blood came in contact with
+his tongue, which made him comprehend the speech of birds, and he
+understood what the eagles said that were sitting in the trees. One of
+the birds said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+There sits Sigurd,<br>
+Stained with blood.<br>
+On the fire is roasting<br>
+Fafner’s heart.<br>
+Wise seemed to me<br>
+The ring-destroyer,<br>
+If he the shining<br>
+Heart would eat.
+</p>
+
+<p>Another eagle sang:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+There lies Regin,<br>
+Contemplating
+<span class = "pagenum">198</span>
+<a name = "page198"> </a><br>
+How to deceive the man<br>
+Who trusts him;<br>
+Thinks in his wrath<br>
+Of false accusations.<br>
+The evil smith plots<br>
+Revenge ’gainst the brother.<a class = "tag" name = "tag95" href =
+"#note95">95</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Then Sigurd went to Regin and slew him, and thereupon he mounted his
+horse hight Grane, and rode until he came to Fafner’s bed, took out all
+the gold, packed it in two bags and laid it on Grane’s back, then got on
+himself and rode away. Now is told the saga according to which gold is
+called Fafner’s bed or lair, the metal of Gnita-heath, or Grane’s
+burden.</p>
+
+<p>Then Sigurd rode on until he found a house on the mountain. In it
+slept a woman clad in helmet and coat-of-mail. He drew his sword and cut
+the coat-of-mail off from her. Then she awaked and called herself Hild.
+Her name was Brynhild, and she was a valkyrie. Thence Sigurd rode on and
+came to the king whose name was Gjuke. His wife was called Grimhild, and
+their children were Gunnar, Hogne, Gudrun, Gudny; Gothorm was Gjuke’s
+step-son. Here Sigurd remained a long time. Then he got the hand of
+Gudrun, Gjuke’s daughter, and Gunnar and Hogne entered into a sworn
+brotherhood with Sigurd. Afterward Sigurd and the sons of Gjuke went to
+Atle, Budle’s son, to ask for his sister,
+<span class = "pagenum">199</span>
+<a name = "page199"> </a>
+Brynhild, for Gunnar’s wife. She sat on Hindfell, and her hall was
+surrounded by the bickering flame called the Vafurloge, and she had made
+a solemn promise not to wed any other man than him who dared to ride
+through the bickering flame. Then Sigurd and the Gjukungs (they are also
+called Niflungs) rode upon the mountain, and there Gunnar was to ride
+through the Vafurloge. He had the horse that was called Gote, but this
+horse did not dare to run into the flame. So Sigurd and Gunnar changed
+form and weapons, for Grane would not take a step under any other man
+than Sigurd. Then Sigurd mounted Grane and rode through the bickering
+flame. That same evening he held a wedding with Brynhild; but when they
+went to bed he drew his sword Gram from the sheath and placed it between
+them. In the morning when he had arisen, and had donned his clothes, he
+gave to Brynhild, as a bridal gift, the gold ring that Loke had taken
+from Andvare, and he received another ring as a memento from her. Then
+Sigurd mounted his horse and rode to his companions. He and Gunnar
+exchanged forms again and went back to Gjuke with Brynhild. Sigurd had
+two children with Gudrun. Their names were Sigmund and Swanhild.</p>
+
+<p>Once it happened that Brynhild and Gudrun went to the water to wash
+their hair. When they came to the river Brynhild waded from the
+<span class = "pagenum">200</span>
+<a name = "page200"> </a>
+river bank into the stream, and said that she could not bear to have
+that water in her hair that ran from Gudrun’s hair, for she had a more
+high-minded husband. Then Gudrun followed her into the stream, and said
+that she was entitled to wash her hair farther up the stream than
+Brynhild, for the reason that she had the husband who was bolder than
+Gunnar, or any other man in the world; for it was he who slew Fafner and
+Regin, and inherited the wealth of both. Then answered Brynhild: A
+greater deed it was that Gunnar rode through the Vafurloge, which Sigurd
+did not dare to do. Then laughed Gudrun and said: Do you think it was
+Gunnar who rode through the bickering flame? Then I think you shared the
+bed with him who gave me this gold ring. The gold ring which you have on
+your finger, and which you received as a bridal-gift, is called
+Andvaranaut (Andvare’s Gift), and I do not think Gunnar got it on
+Gnita-heath. Then Brynhild became silent and went home. Thereupon she
+egged Gunnar and Hogne to kill Sigurd; but being sworn brothers of
+Sigurd, they egged Guthorm, their brother, to slay Sigurd. Guthorm
+pierced him with his sword while he was sleeping; but as soon as Sigurd
+was wounded he threw his sword, Gram, after Guthorm, so that it cut him
+in twain through the middle. There Sigurd fell, and his
+<span class = "pagenum">201</span>
+<a name = "page201"> </a>
+son, three winters old, by name Sigmund, whom they also killed. Then
+Brynhild pierced herself with the sword and was cremated with Sigurd.
+But Gunnar and Hogne inherited Fafner’s gold and the Gift of Andvare,
+and now ruled the lands.</p>
+
+<p>King Atle, Budle’s son, Brynhild’s brother, then got in marriage
+Gudrun, who had been Sigurd’s wife, and they had children. King Atle
+invited Gunnar and Hogne to visit him, and they accepted his invitation.
+But before they started on their journey they concealed Fafner’s hoard
+in the Rhine, and that gold has never since been found. King Atle had
+gathered together an army and fought a battle with Gunnar and Hogne, and
+they were captured. Atle had the heart cut out of Hogne alive. This was
+his death. Gunnar he threw into a den of snakes, but a harp was secretly
+brought to him, and he played the harp with his toes (for his hands were
+fettered), so that all the snakes fell asleep excepting the adder, which
+rushed at him and bit him in the breast, and then thrust its head into
+the wound and clung to his liver until he died. Gunnar and Hogne are
+called Niflungs (Niblungs) and Gjukungs. Hence gold is called the
+Niflung treasure or inheritance. A little later Gudrun slew her two sons
+and made from their skulls goblets trimmed with gold, and thereupon the
+<span class = "pagenum">202</span>
+<a name = "page202"> </a>
+funeral ceremonies took place. At the feast, Gudrun poured for King Atle
+in these goblets mead that was mixed with the blood of the youths. Their
+hearts she roasted and gave to the king to eat. When this was done she
+told him all about it, with many unkind words. There was no lack of
+strong mead, so that the most of the people sitting there fell asleep.
+On that night she went to the king when he had fallen asleep, and had
+with her her son Hogne. They slew him, and thus he ended his life. Then
+they set fire to the hall, and with it all the people who were in it
+were burned. Then she went to the sea and sprang into the water to drown
+herself; but she was carried across the fjord, and came to the land
+which belonged to King Jonaker. When he saw her he took her home and
+made her his wife. They had three children, whose names were Sorle,
+Hamder and Erp. They all had hair as black as ravens, like Gunnar and
+Hogne and the other Niflungs.</p>
+
+<p>There was fostered Swanhild, the daughter of Sigurd, and she was the
+fairest of all women. That Jormunrek, the rich, found out. He sent his
+son, Randver, to ask for her hand for him; and when he came to Jonaker,
+Swanhild was delivered to him, so that he might bring her to King
+Jormunrek. Then said Bikke that it would be more fitting that Randver
+should marry Swanhild,
+<span class = "pagenum">203</span>
+<a name = "page203"> </a>
+he being young and she too, but Jormunrek being old. This plan pleased
+the two young people well. Soon afterward Bikke informed the king of it,
+and so King Jormunrek seized his son and had him brought to the gallows.
+Then Randver took his hawk, plucked the feathers off him, and requested
+that it should be sent to his father, whereupon he was hanged. But when
+King Jormunrek saw the hawk, it came to his mind that as the hawk was
+flightless and featherless, so his kingdom was without preservation; for
+he was old and sonless. Then King Jormunrek riding out of the woods from
+the chase with his courtiers, while Queen Swanhild sat dressing her
+hair, had the courtiers ride onto her, and she was trampled to death
+beneath the feet of the horses. When Gudrun heard of this, she begged
+her sons to avenge Swanhild. While they were busking themselves for the
+journey, she brought them byrnies and helmets, so strong that iron could
+not scathe them. She laid the plan for them, that when they came to King
+Jormunrek, they should attack him in the night whilst he was sleeping.
+Sorle and Hamder should cut off his hands and feet, and Erp his head. On
+the way they asked Erp what assistance they were to get from him, when
+they came to King Jormunrek. He answered them that he would give them
+such assistance as the hand gives the foot. They said
+<span class = "pagenum">204</span>
+<a name = "page204"> </a>
+that the feet got no support from the hands whatsoever. They were angry
+at their mother, because she had forced them to undertake this journey
+with harsh words, and hence they were going to do that which would
+displease her most. So they killed Erp, for she loved him the most. A
+little later, while Sorle was walking, he slipped with one foot, and in
+falling supported himself with his hands. Then said he: Now the hands
+helped the foot; better were it now if Erp were living. When they came
+to Jormunrek, the king, in the night, while he was sleeping, they cut
+off both his hands and his feet. Then he awaked, called his men and bade
+them arise. Said Hamder then: The head would now have been off had Erp
+lived. The courtiers got up, attacked them, but could not overcome them
+with weapons. Then Jormunrek cried to them that they should stone them
+to death. This was done, Sorle and Hamder fell, and thus perished the
+last descendants of Gjuke.</p>
+
+<p>After King Sigurd lived a daughter hight Aslaug, who was fostered at
+Heimer’s in Hlymdaler. From her mighty races are descended. It is said
+that Sigmund, the son of Volsung, was so powerful, that he drank venom
+and received no harm therefrom. But Sinfjotle, his son, and Sigurd, were
+so hard-skinned that no venom coming
+<span class = "pagenum">205</span>
+<a name = "page205"> </a>
+onto them could harm them. Therefore the skald Brage has sung as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+When the tortuous serpent,<br>
+Full of the drink of the Volsungs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag96" href =
+"#note96">96</a><br>
+Hung in coils<br>
+On the bait of the giant-slayer,<a class = "tag" name = "tag97" href =
+"#note97">97</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Upon these sagas very many skalds have made lays, and from them they
+have taken various themes. Brage the Old made the following song about
+the fall of Sorle and Hamder in the drapa, which he composed about
+Ragnar Lodbrok:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Jormunrek once,<br>
+In an evil dream, waked<br>
+In that sword-contest<br>
+Against the blood-stained kings.<br>
+A clashing of arms was heard<br>
+In the house of Randver’s father,<br>
+When the raven-blue brothers of Erp<br>
+The insult avenged.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Sword-dew flowed<br>
+Off the bed on the floor.<br>
+Bloody hands and feet of the king<br>
+One saw cut off.<br>
+On his head fell Jormunrek,<br>
+Frothing in blood.<br>
+On the shield<br>
+This is painted.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The king saw<br>
+Men so stand<br>
+That a ring they made<br>
+’Round his house<ins class = "correction"
+title = "page break">.&nbsp;</ins><br>
+<span class = "pagenum">206</span>
+<a name = "page206"> </a>
+Sorle and Hamder<br>
+Were both at once,<br>
+With slippery stones,<br>
+Struck to the ground<ins class = "correction"
+title = "no stanza break in printed text">.&nbsp;</ins></p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+King Jormunrek<br>
+Ordered Gjuke’s descendants<br>
+Violently to be stoned<br>
+When they came to take the life<br>
+Of Swanhild’s husband.<br>
+All sought to pay<br>
+Jonaker’s sons<br>
+With blows and wounds.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+This fall of men<br>
+And sagas many<br>
+On the fair shield I see.<br>
+Ragnar gave me the shield.
+</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_menja">MENJA AND FENJA.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Why is gold called Frode’s meal? The saga giving rise to this is the
+following:</p>
+
+<p>Odin had a son by name Skjold, from whom the Skjoldungs are
+descended. He had his throne and ruled in the lands that are now called
+Denmark, but were then called Gotland. Skjold had a son by name
+Fridleif, who ruled the lands after him. Fridleif’s son was Frode. He
+took the kingdom after his father, at the time when the Emperor Augustus
+established peace in all the earth and Christ was born. But Frode being
+the mightiest king in the northlands, this peace was attributed to him
+by all who spake the Danish tongue, and the Norsemen called it the
+<span class = "pagenum">207</span>
+<a name = "page207"> </a>
+peace of Frode. No man injured the other, even though he might meet,
+loose or in chains, his father’s or brother’s bane. There was no thief
+or robber, so that a gold ring would be a long time on Jalanger’s heath.
+King Frode sent messengers to Svithjod, to the king whose name was
+Fjolner, and bought there two maid-servants, whose names were Fenja and
+Menja. They were large and strong. About this time were found in Denmark
+two mill-stones, so large that no one had the strength to turn them. But
+the nature belonged to these mill-stones that they ground whatever was
+demanded of them by the miller. The name of this mill was Grotte. But
+the man to whom King Frode gave the mill was called Hengekjapt. King
+Frode had the maid-servants led to the mill, and requested them to grind
+for him gold and peace, and Frode’s happiness. Then he gave them no
+longer time to rest or sleep than while the cuckoo was silent or while
+they sang a song. It is said that they sang the song called the
+Grottesong, and before they ended it they ground out a host against
+Frode; so that on the same night there came the sea-king, whose name was
+Mysing, and slew Frode and took a large amount of booty. Therewith the
+Frode-peace ended. Mysing took with him Grotte, and also Fenja and
+Menja, and bade them grind salt, and in the middle of the night they
+asked Mysing
+<span class = "pagenum">208</span>
+<a name = "page208"> </a>
+whether he did not have salt enough. He bade them grind more. They
+ground only a short time longer before the ship sank. But in the ocean
+arose a whirlpool (Maelstrom, mill-stream) in the place where the sea
+runs into the mill-eye. Thus the sea became salt.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_grottesong">THE
+GROTTESONG.</a></h5>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Now are come<br>
+To the house of the king<br>
+The prescient two,<br>
+Fenja and Menja.<br>
+There must the mighty<br>
+Maidens toil<br>
+For King Frode,<br>
+Fridleif’s son.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Brought to the mill<br>
+Soon they were;<br>
+The gray stones<br>
+They had to turn.<br>
+Nor rest nor peace<br>
+He gave to them:<br>
+He would hear the maidens<br>
+Turn the mill.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+They turned the mill,<br>
+The prattling stones<br>
+The mill ever rattling.<br>
+What a noise it made!<br>
+Lay the planks!<br>
+Lift the stones!<a class = "tag" name = "tag98"
+href = "#note98">98</a><br>
+<span class = "pagenum">209</span>
+<a name = "page209"> </a>
+But he<a class = "tag" name = "tag99" href = "#note99">99</a> bade the
+maids<br>
+Yet more to grind.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+They sang and swung<br>
+The swift mill-stone,<br>
+So that Frode’s folk<br>
+Fell asleep.<br>
+Then, when she came<br>
+To the mill to grind,<br>
+With a hard heart<br>
+And with loud voice<br>
+Did Menja sing:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+We grind for Frode<br>
+Wealth and happiness,<br>
+And gold abundant<br>
+On the mill of luck.<br>
+Dance on roses!<br>
+Sleep on down!<br>
+Wake when you please!<br>
+That is well ground.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Here shall no one<br>
+Hurt the other,<br>
+Nor in ambush lie,<br>
+Nor seek to kill;<br>
+Nor shall any one<br>
+With sharp sword hew,<br>
+Though bound he should find<br>
+His brother’s bane.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+They stood in the hall,<br>
+Their hands were resting;<br>
+Then was it the first<br>
+Word that he spoke:<br>
+Sleep not longer<br>
+Than the cuckoo on the hall,<br>
+Or only while<br>
+A song I sing:
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">210</span>
+<a name = "page210"> </a>
+Frode! you were not<br>
+Wary enough,&mdash;<br>
+You friend of men,&mdash;<br>
+When maids you bought!<br>
+At their strength you looked,<br>
+And at their fair faces,<br>
+But you asked no questions<br>
+About their descent.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Hard was Hrungner<br>
+And his father;<br>
+Yet was Thjasse<br>
+Stronger than they,<br>
+And Ide and Orner,<br>
+Our friends, and<br>
+The mountain-giants’ brothers,<br>
+Who fostered us two.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Not would Grotte have come<br>
+From the mountain gray,<br>
+Nor this hard stone<br>
+Out from the earth;<br>
+The maids of the mountain-giants<br>
+Would not thus be grinding<br>
+If we two knew<br>
+Nothing of the mill.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Through winters nine<br>
+Our strength increased,<br>
+While below the sod<br>
+We played together.<br>
+Great deeds were the maids<br>
+Able to perform;<br>
+Mountains they<br>
+From their places moved.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The stone we rolled<br>
+From the giants’ dwelling,<br>
+So that all the earth<br>
+Did rock and quake.
+<span class = "pagenum">211</span>
+<a name = "page211"> </a><br>
+So we hurled<br>
+The rattling stone,<br>
+The heavy block,<br>
+That men caught it.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+In Svithjod’s land<br>
+Afterward we<br>
+Fire-wise women,<br>
+Fared to the battle,<br>
+Byrnies we burst,<br>
+Shields we cleaved,<br>
+Made our way<br>
+Through gray-clad hosts.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+One chief we slew,<br>
+Another we aided,&mdash;<br>
+To Guthorm the Good<br>
+Help we gave.<br>
+Ere Knue had fallen<br>
+Nor rest we got.<br>
+Then bound we were<br>
+And taken prisoners.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Such were our deeds<br>
+In former days,<br>
+That we heroes brave<br>
+Were thought to be.<br>
+With spears sharp<br>
+Heroes we pierced,<br>
+So the gore did run<br>
+And our swords grew red.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Now we are come<br>
+To the house of the king,<br>
+No one us pities.<br>
+Bond-women are we.<br>
+Dirt eats our feet,<br>
+Our limbs are cold,<br>
+The peace-giver<a class = "tag" name = "tag100" href =
+"#note100">100</a> we turn.<br>
+Hard it is at Frode’s.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">212</span>
+<a name = "page212"> </a>
+The hands shall stop,<br>
+The stone shall stand;<br>
+Now have I ground<br>
+For my part enough.<br>
+Yet to the hands<br>
+No rest must be given,<br>
+’Till Frode thinks<br>
+Enough has been ground.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Now hold shall the hands<br>
+The lances hard,<br>
+The weapons bloody,&mdash;<br>
+Wake now, Frode!<br>
+Wake now, Frode!<br>
+If you would listen<br>
+To our songs,&mdash;<br>
+To sayings old.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Fire I see burn<br>
+East of the burg,&mdash;<br>
+The warnews are awake.<br>
+That is called warning.<br>
+A host hither<br>
+Hastily approaches<br>
+To burn the king’s<br>
+Lofty dwelling.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+No longer you will sit<br>
+On the throne of Hleidra<br>
+And rule o’er red<br>
+Rings and the mill.<br>
+Now must we grind<br>
+With all our might,<br>
+No warmth will we get<br>
+From the blood of the slain.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Now my father’s daughter<br>
+Bravely turns the mill.<br>
+The death of many<br>
+Men she sees.
+<span class = "pagenum">213</span>
+<a name = "page213"> </a><br>
+Now broke the large<br>
+Braces ’neath the mill,&mdash;<br>
+The iron-bound braces.<br>
+Let us yet grind!</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Let us yet grind!<br>
+Yrsa’s son<br>
+Shall on Frode revenge<br>
+Halfdan’s death.<br>
+He shall Yrsa’s<br>
+Offspring be named,<br>
+And yet Yrsa’s brother.<br>
+Both of us know it.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The mill turned the maidens,&mdash;<br>
+Their might they tested;<br>
+Young they were,<br>
+And giantesses wild.<br>
+The braces trembled.<br>
+Then fell the mill,&mdash;<br>
+In twain was broken<br>
+The heavy stone.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+All the old world<br>
+Shook and trembled,<br>
+But the giant’s maid<br>
+Speedily said:<br>
+We have turned the mill, Frode!<br>
+Now we may stop.<br>
+By the mill long enough<br>
+The maidens have stood.
+</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">214</span>
+<a name = "page214"> </a>
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_rolf">ROLF KRAKE.</a></h5>
+
+<p>A king in Denmark hight Rolf Krake, and was the most famous of all
+kings of olden times; moreover, he was more mild, brave and
+condescending than all other men. A proof of his condescension, which is
+very often spoken of in olden stories, was the following: There was a
+poor little fellow by name Vog. He once came into King Rolf’s hall while
+the king was yet a young man, and of rather delicate growth. Then Vog
+went before him and looked up at him. Then said the king: What do you
+mean to say, my fellow, by looking so at me? Answered Vog: When I was at
+home I heard people say that King Rolf, at Hleidra, was the greatest man
+in the northlands, but now sits here in the high-seat a little crow
+(krake), and it they call their king. Then made answer the king: You, my
+fellow, have given me a name, and I shall henceforth be called Rolf
+Krake, but it is customary that a gift accompanies the name. Seeing that
+you have no gift that you can give me with the name, or that would be
+suitable to me, then he who has must give to the other. Then he took a
+gold ring off his hand and gave it to the churl. Then said Vog: You give
+as the best king of all, and therefore I now pledge myself to become the
+bane of
+<span class = "pagenum">215</span>
+<a name = "page215"> </a>
+him who becomes your bane. Said the king, laughing: A small thing makes
+Vog happy.</p>
+
+<p>Another example is told of Rolf Krake’s bravery. In Upsala reigned a
+king by name Adils, whose wife was Yrsa, Rolf Krake’s mother. He was
+engaged in a war with Norway’s king, Ale. They fought a battle on the
+ice of the lake called Wenern. King Adils sent a message to Rolf Krake,
+his stepson, asking him to come and help him, and promising to furnish
+pay for his whole army during the campaign. Furthermore King Rolf
+himself should have any three treasures that he might choose in Sweden.
+But Rolf Krake could not go to his assistance, on account of the war
+which he was then waging against the Saxons. Still he sent twelve
+berserks to King Adils. Among them were Bodvar Bjarke, Hjalte the
+Valiant, Hvitserk the Keen, Vot, Vidsete, and the brothers Svipday and
+Beigud. In that war fell King Ale and a large part of his army. Then
+King Adils took from the dead King Ale the helmet called Hildesvin, and
+his horse called Rafn. Then the berserks each demanded three pounds of
+gold in pay for their service, and also asked for the treasures which
+they had chosen for Rolf Krake, and which they now desired to bring to
+him. These were the helmet Hildegolt; the byrnie Finnsleif, which no
+steel could scathe; and the gold ring called Sviagris, which had
+<span class = "pagenum">216</span>
+<a name = "page216"> </a>
+belonged to Adils’ forefathers. But the king refused to surrender any of
+these treasures, nor did he give the berserks any pay. The berserks then
+returned home, and were much dissatisfied. They reported all to King
+Rolf, who straightway busked himself to fare against Upsala; and when he
+came with his ships into the river Fyre, he rode against Upsala, and
+with him his twelve berserks, all peaceless. Yrsa, his mother, received
+him and took him to his lodgings, but not to the king’s hall. Large
+fires were kindled for them, and ale was brought them to drink. Then
+came King Adils’ men in and bore fuel onto the fireplace, and made a
+fire so great that it burnt the clothes of Rolf and his berserks,
+saying: Is it true that neither fire nor steel will put Rolf Krake and
+his berserks to flight? Then Rolf Krake and all his men sprang up, and
+he said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Let us increase the blaze<br>
+In Adils’ chambers.
+</p>
+
+<p>He took his shield and cast it into the fire, and sprang over the
+fire while the shield was burning, and cried:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+From the fire flees not he<br>
+Who over it leaps.
+</p>
+
+<p>The same did also his men, one after the other, and then they took
+those who had put fuel on the fire and cast them into it. Now Yrsa came
+<span class = "pagenum">217</span>
+<a name = "page217"> </a>
+and handed Rolf Krake a deer’s horn full of gold, and with it she gave
+him the ring Sviagris, and requested them to ride straightway to their
+army. They sprang upon their horses and rode away over the Fyrisvold.
+Then they saw that King Adils was riding after them with his whole army,
+all armed, and was going to slay them. Rolf Krake took gold out of the
+horn with his right hand, and scattered it over the whole way. But when
+the Swedes saw it they leaped out of their saddles, and each one took as
+much as he could. King Adils bade them ride, and he himself rode on with
+all his might. The name of his horse was Slungner, the fastest of all
+horses. When Rolf Krake saw that King Adils was riding near him, he took
+the ring Sviagris and threw it to him, asking him to take it as a gift.
+King Adils rode to the ring, picked it up with the end of his spear, and
+let it slide down to his hand. Then Rolf Krake turned round and saw that
+the other was stooping. Said he: Like a swine I have now bended the
+foremost of all Swedes. Thus they parted. Hence gold is called the seed
+of Krake or of Fyrisvold.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">218</span>
+<a name = "page218"> </a>
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_hogne">HOGNE AND HILD.</a></h5>
+
+<p>A king by name Hogne had a daughter by name Hild. Her a king, by name
+Hedin, son of Hjarrande, made a prisoner of war, while King Hogne had
+fared to the trysting of the kings. But when he learned that there had
+been harrying in his kingdom, and that his daughter had been taken away,
+he rode with his army in search of Hedin, and learned that he had sailed
+northward along the coast. When King Hogne came to Norway, he found out
+that Hedin had sailed westward into the sea. Then Hogne sailed after him
+to the Orkneys. And when he came to the island called Ha, then Hedin was
+there before him with his host. Then Hild went to meet her father, and
+offered him as a reconciliation from Hedin a necklace; but if he was not
+willing to accept this, she said that Hedin was prepared for a battle,
+and Hogne might expect no clemency from him. Hogne answered his daughter
+harshly. When she returned to Hedin, she told him that Hogne would not
+be reconciled, and bade him busk himself for the battle. And so both
+parties did; they landed on the island and marshaled their hosts. Then
+Hedin called to Hogne, his father-in-law, offering him a reconciliation
+and much gold as a ransom. Hogne answered:
+<span class = "pagenum">219</span>
+<a name = "page219"> </a>
+Too late do you offer to make peace with me, for now I have drawn the
+sword Dainsleif, which was smithied by the dwarfs, and must be the death
+of a man whenever it is drawn; its blows never miss the mark, and the
+wounds made by it never heal. Said Hedin: You boast the sword, but not
+the victory. That I call a good sword that is always faithful to its
+master. Then they began the battle which is called the Hjadninga-vig
+(the slaying of the Hedin<i>ians</i>); they fought the whole day, and in
+the evening the kings fared back to their ships. But in the night Hild
+went to the battlefield, and waked up with sorcery all the dead that had
+fallen. The next day the kings went to the battlefield and fought, and
+so did also all they who had fallen the day before. Thus the battle
+continued from day to day; and all they who fell, and all the swords
+that lay on the field of battle, and all the shields, became stone. But
+as soon as day dawned all the dead arose again and fought, and all the
+weapons became new again, and in songs it is said that the Hjadnings
+will so continue until Ragnarok.</p>
+
+
+<a name = "page220"> </a>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">221</span>
+<a name = "page221"> </a>
+<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "notes">NOTES.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_enea">ENEA.</a></h5>
+
+<p>The Enea mentioned in the Foreword to Gylfe’s Fooling refers to the
+settlement of western Europe, where Æneas is said to have founded a city
+on the Tiber. Bergmann, however, in his Fascination de Gulfi,
+page&nbsp;28, refers it to the Thracian town Ainos.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_herikon">HERIKON.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Herikon is undoubtedly a mutilated form for Erichthonios. The
+genealogy here given corresponds with the one given in the Iliad, Book
+20, 215.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_historical">THE HISTORICAL
+ODIN.</a></h5>
+
+<p>The historical or anthropomorphized Odin, described in the Foreword
+to the Fooling of Gylfe, becomes interesting when we compare it with
+Snorre’s account of that hero in Heimskringla, and then compare both
+accounts with the Roman traditions about Æneas. Of course the whole
+story is only a myth; but we should remember that in the minds and
+hearts of our ancestors it served every purpose of genuine history. Our
+fathers accepted it in as good faith as any Christian ever believed in
+the gospel of Christ, and so it had a similar influence in moulding the
+social, religious, political and literary life of our ancestors. We
+become interested in this legend as
+<span class = "pagenum">222</span>
+<a name = "page222"> </a>
+much as if it were genuine history, on account of the influence it
+wielded upon the minds and hearts of a race destined to act so great a
+part in the social, religious and political drama of Europe. We look
+into this and other ancestral myths, and see mirrored in them all that
+we afterward find to be reliable history of the old Teutons. In the same
+manner we are interested in the story told about Romulus and Remus,
+about Mars and the wolf. This Roman myth is equally prophetic in
+reference to the future career of Rome. The warlike Mars, the rapacity
+of the wolf, and the fratricide Romulus, form a mirror in which we see
+reflected the whole historical development of the Romans; so that the
+story of Romulus is a vest-pocket edition of the history of Rome.</p>
+
+<p>There are many points of resemblance between this old story of Odin
+and the account that Virgil gives us of Æneas, the founder of the Latin
+race; and it is believed that, while Virgil imitated Homer, he based his
+poem upon a legend current among his countrymen. The Greeks in Virgil’s
+poem are Pompey and the Romans in our Teutonic story. The Trojans
+correspond to Mithridates and his allies. Æneas and Odin are identical.
+Just as Odin, a heroic defender of Mithridates, after traversing various
+unknown countries, finally reaches the north of Europe, organizes the
+various Teutonic kingdoms, settles his sons upon the thrones of Germany,
+England, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, and instructs his people to gather
+strength and courage, so as eventually to take revenge on the cursed
+Romans; so Æneas, one of the most valiant defenders of Troy, after many
+adventures in various lands, at length settles in Italy,
+<span class = "pagenum">223</span>
+<a name = "page223"> </a>
+and becomes the founder of a race that in course of time is to wreak
+vengeance upon the Greeks. The prophecy contained in the Roman legend
+was fulfilled by Metellus and Mummius, in the years 147 and 146 before
+Christ, when the Romans became the conquerors of Greece. The prophecy
+contained in our Teutonic legend foreshadowed with no less unrelenting
+necessity the downfall of proud Rome, when the Teutonic commander
+Odoacer, in the year 476 after Christ, dethroned, not Romulus, brother
+of Remus, but Romulus Augustulus, son of Orestes. Thus history repeats
+itself. Roman history begins and ends with Romulus; and we fancy we can
+see some connection between Od-in and Od-oacer. “As the twig is bent the
+tree is inclined.”</p>
+
+<p>It might be interesting to institute a similar comparison between our
+Teutonic race-founder Odin and Ulysses, king of Ithaca, but the reader
+will have to do this for himself.</p>
+
+<p>In one respect our heroes differ. The fall of Troy and the wanderings
+of Ulysses became the theme of two great epic poems among the Greeks.
+The wanderings and adventures of Æneas, son of Anchises, were fashioned
+into a lordly epic by Virgil for the Romans. But the much-traveled man,
+the <span class = "greek" title =
+"Greek: anêr polutropos (text reads ‘πολύθροπος/poluthropos’)">ἀνὴρ
+πολύτροπος</span> the weapons and the hero, Odin, who, driven by the
+norns, first came to Teutondom and to the Baltic shores, has not yet
+been sung. This wonderful expedition of our race-founder, which, by
+giving a historic cause to all the later hostilities and conflicts
+between the Teutons and the Romans, might, as suggested by Gibbon,
+supply the noble ground-work of an epic poem as thrilling as the Æneid
+of Virgil, has not yet
+<span class = "pagenum">224</span>
+<a name = "page224"> </a>
+been woven into a song for our race, and we give our readers this full
+account of Odin from the Heimskringla in connection with the Foreword to
+Gylfe’s Fooling, with the hope that among our readers there may be found
+some descendant of Odin, whose skaldic wings are but just fledged for
+the flights he hopes to take, who will take a draught, first from
+Mimer’s gushing fountain, then from Suttung’s mead, brought by Odin to
+Asgard, and consecrate himself and his talents to this legend with all
+the ardor of his soul. For, as William Morris so beautifully says of the
+Volsung Saga, this is the great story of the Teutonic race, and should
+be to us what the tale of Troy was to the Greeks, and what the tale of
+Æneas was to the Romans, to all our race first and afterward, when the
+evolution of the world has made the Teutonic race nothing more than a
+name of what it has been; a story, too, then, should it be to the races
+that come after us, no less than the Iliad, and the Odyssey and the
+Æneid have been to us.<a class = "tag" name = "tag101" href =
+"#note101">101</a> We sincerely trust that we shall see Odin wrought
+into a Teutonic epic, that will present in grand outline the contrast
+between the Roman and the Teuton. And now we are prepared to give the
+Heimskringla account of the historical Odin. We have adopted Samuel
+Laing’s translation, with a few verbal alterations where such seemed
+necessary.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that the earth’s circle (Heimskringla), which the human
+race inhabits, is torn across into many bights, so that great seas run
+into the land from the out-ocean. Thus it is known that a great
+<span class = "pagenum">225</span>
+<a name = "page225"> </a>
+sea goes into <ins class = "correction" title =
+"so in original: ‘-sund’?">Njorvasound</ins>,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag102" href = "#note102">102</a> and up to the land of Jerusalem. From
+the same sea a long sea-bight stretches toward the northeast, and is
+called the Black Sea, and divides the three parts of the earth; of which
+the eastern part is called Asia, and the western is called by some
+Europe, by some Enea.<a class = "tag" name = "tag103" href =
+"#note103">103</a> Northward of the Black Sea lies Svithjod the Great,<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag104" href = "#note104">104</a> or the Cold. The
+Great Svithjod is reckoned by some not less than the Saracens’ land,<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag105" href = "#note105">105</a> others compare
+it to the Great Blueland.<a class = "tag" name = "tag106" href =
+"#note106">106</a> The northern part of Svithjod lies uninhabited on
+account of frost and cold, as likewise the southern parts of Blueland
+are waste from the burning sun. In Svithjod are many great domains, and
+many wonderful races of men, and many kinds of languages. There are
+giants,<a class = "tag" name = "tag107" href = "#note107">107</a> and
+there are dwarfs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag108" href =
+"#note108">108</a> and there are also blue men.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag109" href = "#note109">109</a> There are wild beasts and dreadfully
+large dragons. On the north side of the mountains, which lie outside of
+all inhabited lands, runs a river through Svithjod, which is properly
+called by the name of Tanais,<a class = "tag" name = "tag110" href =
+"#note110">110</a> but was formerly called Tanaquisl or Vanaquisl, and
+which falls into the ocean at
+<span class = "pagenum">226</span>
+<a name = "page226"> </a>
+the Black Sea. The country of the people on the Vanaquisl was called
+Vanaland or Vanaheim, and the river separates the three parts of the
+world, of which the easternmost is called Asia and the westernmost
+Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The country east of the Tanaquisl in Asia was called Asaland or
+Asaheim, and the chief city in that land was called Asgard.<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag111" href = "#note111">111</a> In that city was a chief
+called Odin, and it was a great place for sacrifice. It was the custom
+there that twelve temple-priests<a class = "tag" name = "tag112" href =
+"#note112">112</a> should both direct the sacrifices and also judge the
+people. They were called priests or masters, and all the people served
+and obeyed them. Odin was a great and very far-traveled warrior, who
+conquered many kingdoms, and so successful was he that in every battle
+the victory was on his side. It was the belief of his people that
+victory belonged to him in every battle. It was his custom when he sent
+his men into battle, or on any expedition, that he first laid his hand
+upon their heads, and called down a blessing upon them; and then they
+believed their undertaking would be successful. His people also were
+accustomed, whenever they fell into danger by land or sea, to call upon
+his name; and they thought
+<span class = "pagenum">227</span>
+<a name = "page227"> </a>
+that always they got comfort and aid by it, for where he was they
+thought help was near. Often he went away so long that he passed many
+seasons on his journeys.</p>
+
+<p>Odin had two brothers, the one hight Ve, the other Vile,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag113" href = "#note113">113</a> and they governed the
+kingdom when he was absent. It happened once when Odin had gone to a
+great distance, and had been so long away that the people of Asia
+doubted if he would ever return home, that his two brothers took it upon
+themselves to divide his estate; but both of them took his wife Frigg to
+themselves. Odin soon after returned home, and took his wife back.</p>
+
+<p>Odin went out with a great army against the Vanaland people; but they
+were well prepared, and defended their land, so that victory was
+changeable, and they ravaged the lands of each other and did great
+damage. They tired of this at last, and, on both sides appointing a
+meeting for establishing peace, made a truce and exchanged hostages. The
+Vanaland people sent their best men,&mdash;Njord the Rich and his son
+Frey; the people of Asaland sent a man hight Hœner,<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag114" href = "#note114">114</a> as he was a stout and very handsome
+man, and with him they sent a man of great understanding, called Mimer;
+and on the other side the Vanaland people sent the wisest man in their
+community, who was called Quaser. Now when Hœner came to Vanaheim he was
+immediately made a chief, and Mimer came to him with good counsel on all
+occasions. But when Hœner stood in the Things, or other meetings, if
+Mimer was not near him, and any difficult matter was
+<span class = "pagenum">228</span>
+<a name = "page228"> </a>
+laid before him, he always answered in one way: Now let others give
+their advice; so that the Vanaland people got a suspicion that the
+Asaland people had deceived them in the exchange of men. They took
+Mimer, therefore, and beheaded him, and sent his head to the Asaland
+people. Odin took the head, smeared it with herbs, so that it should not
+rot, and sang incantations over it. Thereby he gave it the power that it
+spoke to him, and discovered to him many secrets.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag115" href = "#note115">115</a> Odin placed Njord and Frey as priests
+of the sacrifices, and they became deities of the Asaland people.
+Njord’s daughter, Freyja, was priestess of the sacrifices, and first
+taught the Asaland people the magic art, as it was in use and fashion
+among the Vanaland people. While Njord was with the Vanaland people he
+had taken his own sister in marriage, for that was allowed by their law;
+and their children were Frey and Freyja. But among the Asaland people it
+was forbidden to come together in so near relationship.<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag116" href = "#note116">116</a></p>
+
+<p>There goes a great mountain barrier from northeast to southwest,
+which divides the Great Svithjod from other kingdoms. South of this
+mountain ridge is not
+<span class = "pagenum">229</span>
+<a name = "page229"> </a>
+far to Turkland, where Odin had great possessions.<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag117" href = "#note117">117</a> But Odin, having foreknowledge and
+magic-sight, knew that his posterity would come to settle and dwell in
+the northern half of the world. In those times the Roman chiefs went
+wide around the world, subduing to themselves all people; and on this
+account many chiefs fled from their domains.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag118" href = "#note118">118</a> Odin set his brothers
+<span class = "pagenum">230</span>
+<a name = "page230"> </a>
+Vile and Ve over Asgard, and he himself, with all the gods and a great
+many other people, wandered out, first westward to Gardarike (Russia),
+and then south to Saxland (Germany). He had many sons, and
+<span class = "pagenum">231</span>
+<a name = "page231"> </a>
+after having subdued an extensive kingdom in Saxland he set his sons to
+defend the country. He himself went northward to the sea, and took up
+his abode in an island which is called Odinse (see note below), in
+Funen. Then he sent Gefjun across the sound to the north to discover new
+countries, and she came to King Gylfe, who gave her a ploughland. Then
+she went to Jotunheim and bore four sons to a giant, and transformed
+them into a yoke of oxen, and yoked them to a plough and broke out the
+land into the ocean, right opposite to Odinse, which was called Seeland,
+where she afterward settled and dwelt.<a class = "tag" name = "tag119"
+href = "#note119">119</a> Skjold, a son of Odin, married her, and they
+dwelt at Leidre.<a class = "tag" name = "tag120" href =
+"#note120">120</a> Where the ploughed land was, is a lake or sea called
+Laage.<a class = "tag" name = "tag121" href = "#note121">121</a> In the
+Swedish land the fjords of Laage correspond to the nesses of Seeland.
+Brage the old sings thus of it:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Gefjun glad<br>
+Drew from Gylfe<br>
+The excellent land,<br>
+Denmark’s increase,<br>
+So that it reeked<br>
+From the running beasts.<br>
+Four heads and eight eyes<br>
+Bore the oxen,<br>
+As they went before the wide<br>
+Robbed land of the grassy isle.<a class = "tag" name = "tag122" href =
+"#note122">122</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Now when Odin heard that things were in a prosperous condition in the
+land to the east beside Gylfe,
+<span class = "pagenum">232</span>
+<a name = "page232"> </a>
+he went thither, and Gylfe made a peace with him, for Gylfe thought he
+had no strength to oppose the people of Asaland. Odin and Gylfe had many
+tricks and enchantments against each other; but the Asaland people had
+always the superiority. Odin took up his residence at the Malar lake, at
+the place now called Sigtun.<a class = "tag" name = "tag123" href =
+"#note123">123</a> There he erected a large temple, where there were
+sacrifices according to the customs of the Asaland people. He
+appropriated to himself the whole of that district of country, and
+called it Sigtun. To the temple gods he gave also domains. Njord dwelt
+in Noatun, Frey in Upsal, Heimdal in Himinbjorg, Thor in Thrudvang,
+Balder in Breidablik;<a class = "tag" name = "tag124" href =
+"#note124">124</a> to all of them he gave good domains.</p>
+
+<p>When Odin of Asaland came to the north, and the gods with him, he
+began to exercise and to teach others the arts which the people long
+afterward have practiced. Odin was the cleverest of all, and from him
+all others learned their magic arts; and he knew them first, and knew
+many more than other people. But now, to tell why he is held in such
+high respect, we must mention various causes that contributed to it.
+When sitting among his friends his countenance was so beautiful and
+friendly, that the spirits of all were exhilarated by it; but when he
+was in war, he appeared fierce and dreadful. This arose from his being
+able to
+<span class = "pagenum">233</span>
+<a name = "page233"> </a>
+change his color and form in any way he liked. Another cause was, that
+he conversed so cleverly and smoothly, that all who heard were
+persuaded. He spoke everything in rhyme, such as is now composed, and
+which we call skald-craft. He and his temple gods were called
+song-smiths, for from them came that art of song into the northern
+countries. Odin could make his enemies in battle blind or deaf, or
+terror-struck, and their weapons so blunt that they could no more cut
+than a willow-twig; on the other hand, his men rushed forward without
+armor, were as mad as dogs or wolves, bit their shields, and were strong
+as bears or wild bulls, and killed people at a blow, and neither fire
+nor iron told upon them. These were called berserks.<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag125" href = "#note125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Odin could transform his shape; his body would lie as if dead or
+asleep, but then he would be in the shape of a fish, or worm, or bird,
+or beast, and be off
+<span class = "pagenum">234</span>
+<a name = "page234"> </a>
+in a twinkling to distant lands upon his own or other peoples’ business.
+With words alone he could quench fire, still the ocean in tempest, and
+turn the wind to any quarter he pleased. Odin had a ship, which he
+called Skidbladner,<a class = "tag" name = "tag126" href =
+"#note126">126</a> in which he sailed over wide seas, and which he could
+roll up like a cloth. Odin carried with him Mimer’s head, which told him
+all the news of other countries. Sometimes even he called the dead out
+of the earth, or set himself beside the burial-mounds; whence he was
+called the ghost-sovereign, and the lord of the mounds. He had two
+ravens,<a class = "tag" name = "tag127" href = "#note127">127</a> to
+whom he had taught the speech of man; and they flew far and wide through
+the land, and brought him the news. In all such things he was
+preëminently wise. He taught all these arts in runes and songs, which
+are called incantations, and therefore the Asaland people are called
+incantation-smiths. Odin also understood the art in which the greatest
+power is lodged, and which he himself practiced, namely, what is called
+magic. By means of this he could know beforehand the predestined fate<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag128" href = "#note128">128</a> of men, or their
+not yet completed lot, and also bring on the death, ill-luck or bad
+health of people, or take away the strength or wit from one person and
+give it to another. But after such witchcraft followed such
+<span class = "pagenum">235</span>
+<a name = "page235"> </a>
+weakness and anxiety, that it was not thought respectable for men to
+practice it; and therefore the priestesses were brought up in this art.
+Odin knew definitely where all missing cattle were concealed under the
+earth, and understood the songs by which the earth, the hills, the
+stones and mounds were opened to him; and he bound those who dwell in
+them by the power of his word, and went in and took what he pleased.
+From these arts he became very celebrated. His enemies dreaded him; his
+friends put their trust in him, and relied on his power and on himself.
+He taught the most of his arts to his priests of the sacrifices, and
+they came nearest to himself in all wisdom and witch-knowledge. Many
+others, however, occupied themselves much with it; and from that time
+witchcraft spread far and wide, and continued long. People sacrificed to
+Odin, and the twelve chiefs of Asaland,&mdash;called them their gods,
+and believed in them long after. From Odin’s name came the name Audun,
+which people gave to his sons; and from Thor’s name came Thorer, also
+Thorarinn; and it was also sometimes augmented by other additions, as
+Steinthor, Hafthor, and many kinds of alterations.</p>
+
+<p>Odin established the same law in his land that had been before in
+Asaland. Thus he established by law that all dead men should be burned,
+and their property laid with them upon the pile, and the ashes be cast
+into the sea or buried in the earth. Thus, said he, everyone will come
+to Valhal with the riches he had with him upon the pile; and he would
+also enjoy whatever he himself had buried in the earth. For men of
+consequence a mound should be raised to their memory, and for all other
+warriors who had been
+<span class = "pagenum">236</span>
+<a name = "page236"> </a>
+distinguished for manhood, a standing stone; which custom remained long
+after Odin’s time. Toward winter there should be a blood-sacrifice for a
+good year, and in the middle of winter for a good crop; and the third
+sacrifice should be in summer, for victory in battle. Over all
+Svithjod<a class = "tag" name = "tag129" href = "#note129">129</a> the
+people paid Odin a scatt, or tax,&mdash;so much on each head; but he had
+to defend the country from enemy or disturbance, and pay the expense of
+the sacrifice-feasts toward winter for a good year.</p>
+
+<p>Njord took a wife hight Skade; but she would not live with him, but
+married afterward Odin, and had many sons by him, of whom one was called
+Saming, and of this Eyvind Skaldespiller sings thus:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+To Asason<a class = "tag" name = "tag130" href = "#note130">130</a>
+Queen Skade bore<br>
+Saming, who dyed his shield in gore,&mdash;<br>
+The giant queen of rock and snow<br>
+Who loves to dwell on earth below,<br>
+The iron pine-tree’s daughter she,<br>
+Sprung from the rocks that rib the sea,<br>
+To Odin bore full many a son,&mdash;<br>
+Heroes of many a battle won.
+</p>
+
+<p>To Saming Jarl Hakon the Great reckoned up his pedigree.<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag131" href = "#note131">131</a> This Svithjod (Sweden)
+they call Mannheim, but the great Svithjod they call Godheim, and of
+Godheim great wonders and novelties were related.</p>
+
+<p>Odin died in his bed in Sweden; and when he was near his death he
+made himself be marked with the point of a spear,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag132" href = "#note132">132</a> and said he was going to Godheim,
+<span class = "pagenum">237</span>
+<a name = "page237"> </a>
+and would give a welcome there to all his friends, and all brave
+warriors should be dedicated to him; and the Swedes believed that he was
+gone to the ancient Asgard, and would live there eternally. Then began
+the belief in Odin, and the calling upon him. The Swedes believed that
+he often showed himself to them before any great battle. To some he gave
+victory, others he invited to himself; and they reckoned both of these
+to be well off in their fate. Odin was burnt, and at his pile there was
+great splendor. It was their faith that the higher the smoke arose in
+the air, the higher would he be raised whose pile it was; and the richer
+he would be the more property that was consumed with&nbsp;him.</p>
+
+<p>Njord of Noatun was then the sole sovereign of the Swedes; and he
+continued the sacrifices, and was called the drot, or sovereign, by the
+Swedes, and he received scatt and gifts from them. In his days were
+peace and plenty, and such good years in all respects that the Swedes
+believed Njord ruled over the growth of seasons and the prosperity of
+the people. In his time all the diars, or gods, died, and
+blood-sacrifices were made for them. Njord died on a bed of sickness,
+and before he died made himself be marked for Odin with the spear-point.
+The Swedes burned him, and all wept over his grave-mound.</p>
+
+<p>Frey took the kingdom after Njord, and was called drot by the Swedes,
+and they paid taxes to him. He was like his father, fortunate in friends
+and in good seasons. Frey built a great temple at Upsala, made it his
+chief seat, and gave it all his taxes, his land and goods. Then began
+the Upsala domains, which have remained ever since. Then began in his
+day the
+<span class = "pagenum">238</span>
+<a name = "page238"> </a>
+Frode-peace; and then there were good seasons in all the land, which the
+Swedes ascribed to Frey, so that he was more worshiped than the other
+gods, as the people became much richer in his days by reason of the
+peace and good seasons. His wife was called Gerd, daughter of Gymer, and
+their son was called Fjolner. Frey was called by another name, Yngve;
+and this name Yngve was considered long after in his race as a name of
+honor, so that his descendants have since been called Ynglings
+(<i>i.e.</i> Yngve-lings). Frey fell into a sickness, and as his illness
+took the upper hand, his men took the plan of letting few approach him.
+In the meantime they raised a great mound, in which they placed a door
+with three holes in it. Now when Frey died they bore him secretly into
+the mound, but told the Swedes he was alive, and they kept watch over
+him for three years. They brought all the taxes into the mound, and
+through the one hole they put in the gold, through the other the silver,
+and through the third the copper money that was paid. Peace and good
+seasons continued.</p>
+
+<p>Freyja alone remained of the gods, and she became on this account so
+celebrated that all women of distinction were called by her name, whence
+they now have the title Frue (Germ. <i>Frau</i>), so that every woman is
+called frue (that is, mistress) over her property, and the wife is
+called the house-frue. Freyja continued the blood-sacrifices. Freyja had
+also many other names. Her husband was called Oder, and her daughters
+Hnos and Gersame. They were so very beautiful that afterward the most
+precious jewels were called by their names.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">239</span>
+<a name = "page239"> </a>
+When it became known to the Swedes that Frey was dead, and yet peace and
+good seasons continued, they believed that it must be so as long as Frey
+remained in Sweden, and therefore they would not burn his remains, but
+called him the god of this world, and afterward offered continually
+blood-sacrifices to him, principally for peace and good seasons.<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag133" href = "#note133">133</a></p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_fornjot">FORNJOT AND THE
+SETTLEMENT OF NORWAY.</a></h5>
+
+<p>In the asa-faith we find various foreign elements introduced. Thus,
+for example, the vans did not originally belong to the Odinic system. As
+the Teutons came in contact with other races, the religious ideas of the
+latter were frequently adopted in some modified form. Especially do
+Finnish elements enter into the asa-system. The Finnish god of thunder
+was Ukko. He is supposed to have been confounded with our Thor, whence
+the latter got the name Öku-Thor (Ukko-Thor). The vans may be connected
+with the Finnish Wainamoinen, and in the same manner a number of Celtic
+elements have been mixed with Teutonic mythology. And this is not all.
+There must have flourished a religious system in the North before the
+arrival of Odin and
+<span class = "pagenum">240</span>
+<a name = "page240"> </a>
+his apostles. This was probably either Tshudic or Celtic, or a mixture
+of the two. The asa-doctrine superseded it, but there still remain
+traces in some of the oldest records of the North. Thus we have in the
+prehistoric sagas of Iceland an account of the finding of Norway,
+wherein it is related that Fornjot,<a class = "tag" name = "tag134" href
+= "#note134">134</a> in Jotland, which is also called Finland or
+Quenland, east of the Gulf of Bothnia, had three sons: Hler, also called
+Æger, Loge and Kare.<a class = "tag" name = "tag135" href =
+"#note135">135</a> Of Loge it is related that he was of giant descent,
+and, being very tall of stature, he was called Haloge, that is High
+Loge; and after him the northern part of Norway is called Halogaland
+(now Helgeland). He was married to Glod (a&nbsp;red-hot coal), and had
+with her two daughters, Eysa and Eimyrja; both words meaning glowing
+embers. Haloge had two jarls, Vifil (the one taking a vif = wife) and
+Vesete (the one who sits at the ve = the sanctuary, that is, the dweller
+by the hearth, the first sanctuary), who courted his daughters; the
+former addressing himself to Eimyrja, the latter to Eysa, but the king
+refusing to give his consent, they carried them away secretly. Vesete
+settled in Borgundarholm (Bornholm), and had a son, Bue (one who settles
+on a farm); Vifil sailed further east and settled on the island
+Vifilsey, on the coast of Sweden, and had a son, Viking (the
+pirate).</p>
+
+<p>The third son, Kare, had a numerous offspring. He had one son by name
+Jokul (iceberg), another Froste
+<span class = "pagenum">241</span>
+<a name = "page241"> </a>
+(frost), and Froste’s son was named Sna (snow). He had a third son, by
+name Thorri (bare frost), after whom the mid-winter month, Thorra-month,
+was called; and his daughters hight Fonn (packed snow), Drifa
+(snow-drift), and Mjoll (meal, fine snow). All these correspond well to
+Kare’s name, which, as stated, means wind. Thorri had two sons, Nor and
+Gor, and a daughter, Goe. The story goes on to tell how Goe, the sister,
+was lost, and how the brothers went to search for her, until they
+finally found him who had robbed her. He was Hrolf, from the mountain, a
+son of the giant Svade, and a grandson of Asa-Thor. They settled their
+trouble, and thereupon Hrolf married Goe, and Nor married Hrolf’s
+sister, settled in the land and called it after his own name, Norvegr,
+that is, Norway. By this story we are reminded of Kadmos, who went to
+seek his lost sister Europa. In the Younger Edda the winds are called
+the sons of Fornjot, the sea is called the son of Fornjot, and the
+brother of the fire and of the winds, and Fornjot is named among the old
+giants. This makes it clear that Fornjot and his offspring are not
+historical persons, but cosmological impersonations. And additional
+proof of this is found by an examination of the beginning of the Saga of
+Thorstein, Viking’s Son. (See Viking Tales of the North, pp. 1
+and&nbsp;2).</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">242</span>
+<a name = "page242"> </a>
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_gylfe">THE FOOLING OF
+GYLFE.</a></h5>
+
+<h6>CHAPTER I.</h6>
+
+<p>This story about the ploughing of Gylfe reminds us of the legend told
+in the first book of Virgil’s Æneid, about the founding of Carthage by
+Dido, who bought from the Libyan king as much ground as she could cover
+with a bull’s hide. Elsewhere it is related that she cut the bull’s hide
+into narrow strips and encircled therewith all the ground upon which
+Carthage was afterward built. Thus Dido deceived the Libyan king nearly
+as effectually as Gefjun deluded King Gylfe. The story is also told by
+Snorre in Heimskringla, see p.&nbsp;231.</p>
+
+<p>The passage in verse, which has given translators so much trouble in
+a transposed form, would read as follows: Gefjun glad drew that
+excellent land (djúpródul = the deep sun = gold; öðla = udal = property;
+djúpródul öðla = the golden property), Denmark’s increase (Seeland), so
+that it reeked (steamed) from the running oxen. The oxen bore four heads
+and eight eyes, as they went before the wide piece of robbed land of the
+isle so rich in grass.</p>
+
+<p>Gefjun is usually interpreted as a goddess of agriculture, and her
+name is by some derived from <span class = "greek" title =
+"Greek: gê">γῆ</span>; and <i>fjon</i>, that is, <i>terræ separatio</i>;
+others compare it with the Anglo-Saxon <i>geofon</i> = the sea. The
+etymology remains very uncertain.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">243</span>
+<a name = "page243"> </a>
+<h6>CHAPTER II.</h6>
+
+<p>It is to the delusion or eye-deceit mentioned in this chapter that
+Snorre Sturlasson refers in his Heimskringla, in Chapter VI of <ins
+class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Ynglingla’">Ynglinga</ins>
+Saga.</p>
+
+<p>Thjodolf of Hvin was a celebrated skald at the court of Harald
+Fairhair.</p>
+
+<p>Thinking thatchers, etc. Literally transposed, this passage would
+read: Reflecting men let shields (literally Svafner’s, that is Odin’s
+roof-trees,) glisten on the back. They were smitten with stones. To let
+shields glisten on the back, is said of men who throw their shields on
+their backs to protect themselves against those who pursue the flying
+host.</p>
+
+<p>Har means the High One, Jafnhar the Equally High One, and Thride the
+Third One. By these three may be meant the three chief gods of the
+North: Odin, Thor and Frey; or they may be simply an expression of the
+Eddic trinity. This trinity is represented in a number of ways: by Odin,
+Vile and Ve in the creation of the world, and by Odin, Hœner and Loder
+in the creation of Ask and Embla, the first human pair. The number three
+figures extensively in all mythological systems. In the pre-chaotic
+state we have Muspelheim, Niflheim and Ginungagap. Fornjot had three
+sons: Hler, Loge and Kare. There are three norns: Urd, Verdande and
+Skuld. There are three fountains: Hvergelmer, Urd’s and Mimer’s; etc.
+(See Norse Mythology, pp. 183, 195, 196.)</p>
+
+<p>Har being Odin, Har’s Hall will be Valhal. You will not come out from
+this hall unless you are wiser. In the lay of Vafthrudner, of the Elder
+Edda, we
+<span class = "pagenum">244</span>
+<a name = "page244"> </a>
+have a similar challenge, where Vafthrudner says to Odin:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Out will you not come<br>
+From our halls<br>
+Unless I find you to be wiser (than I am).
+</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER III.</h6>
+
+<p>This chapter gives twelve names of Odin. In the Eddas and in the
+skaldic lays he has in all nearly two hundred names. His most common
+name is Odin (in&nbsp;Anglo-Saxon and in Old High German <i>Wodan</i>),
+and this is thought by many to be of the same origin as our word
+<i>god</i>. The other Old Norse word for god, <i>tivi</i>, is identical
+in root with Lat. <i>divus</i>; Sansk. <ins class = "correction" title =
+"so in original: ‘dyaus’?"><i>dwas</i></ins>; Gr. <span class = "greek"
+title = "Greek: Dios (Zeus)">Διός (Ζεύς)</span>; and this is again
+connected with <i>Tyr</i>, the Tivisco in the Germania of Tacitus. (See
+Max Müller’s Lectures on the Science of Language, 2d series,
+p.&nbsp;425). Paulus Diakonus states that Wodan, or Gwodan, was
+worshiped by all branches of the Teutons. Odin has also been sought and
+found in the Scythian <i>Zalmoxis</i>, in the Indian <i>Buddha</i>, in
+the Celtic Budd, and in the Mexican Votan. Zalmoxis, derived from the
+Gr. <span class = "greek" title = "Greek: Zalmos">Ζαλμός</span>,<a class
+= "tag" name = "trans_tagA" href = "#trans_noteA">A</a> helmet, reminds
+us of Odin as the helmet-bearer (Grimm, Gesch. der Deutschen Sprache).
+According to Humboldt, a race in Guatemala, Mexico, claim to be
+descended from Votan (Vues des Cordillères, 1817, I, 208). This suggests
+the question whether Odin’s name may not have been brought to America by
+the Norse discoverers in the 10th and 11th centuries, and adopted by
+some of the native races. In the Lay of Grimner (Elder Edda) the
+following names of Odin are enumerated:</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">245</span>
+<a name = "page245"> </a></p>
+<p class = "verse">
+Grim is my name<br>
+And Ganglere,<br>
+Herjan and Helmet-bearer,<br>
+Thekk and Thride,<br>
+Thud and Ud,<br>
+Helblinde and Har,</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Sad and Svipal,<br>
+And Sanngetal,<br>
+Herteit and Hnikar,<br>
+Bileyg and Baleyg,<br>
+Bolverk, Fjolner,<br>
+Grim and Grimner,<br>
+Glapsvid and Fjolsvid,</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Sidhot, Sidskeg,<br>
+Sigfather, Hnikud,<br>
+Alfather, Valfather,<br>
+Atrid and Farmatyr.<br>
+With one name<br>
+Was I never named<br>
+When I fared ’mong the peoples.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Grimner they called me<br>
+Here at Geirrod’s,<br>
+But Jalk at Asmund’s,<br>
+And Kjalar the time<br>
+When sleds (kjalka) I drew,<br>
+And Thror at the Thing,<br>
+Vidur on the battle-field,<br>
+Oske and Ome,<br>
+Jafnhar and Biflinde,<br>
+Gondler and Harbard ’mong the gods.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Svidur and Svidre<br>
+Hight I at Sokmimer’s,<br>
+And fooled the ancient giant<br>
+When I alone Midvitne’s,<br>
+The mighty son’s,<br>
+Bane had become.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">246</span>
+<a name = "page246"> </a>
+Odin I now am called,<br>
+Ygg was my name before,<br>
+Before that I hight Thund,<br>
+Yak and Skilfing,<br>
+Vafud and Hroptatyr,<br>
+Got and Jalk ’mong the gods,<br>
+Ofner and Svafner.<br>
+All these names, I trow,<br>
+Have to me alone been given.</p>
+
+<p>What the etymology of all these names is, it is not easy to tell. The
+most of them are clearly Norse words, and express the various activities
+of their owner. It is worthy of notice that it is added when and where
+Odin bore this or that name (his name was Grim at Geirrod’s, Jalk at
+Asmund’s, etc.), and that the words sometimes indicate a progressive
+development, as Thund, then Ygg, and then Odin. First he was a mere
+sound in the air (Thund), then he took to thinking (Ygg), and at last he
+became the inspiring soul of the universe. Although we are unable to
+define all these names, they certainly each have a distinct meaning, and
+our ancestors certainly understood them perfectly. Har = the High One;
+Jafn-har = the Equally High One; Thride = the Third (<span class =
+"greek" title = "Greek: Zeus allos">Ζεὺς ἄλλος</span> and <span class =
+"greek" title = "Greek: Tritos">Τρίτος</span>; Alfather probably
+contracted from <i>Alda</i>father = the Father of the Ages and the
+Creations; Veratyr = the Lord of Beings; Rögner = the Ruler (from
+regin); Got (Gautr, from <i>gjóta</i>, to cast) = the Creator, Lat.
+Instillator; Mjotud = the Creator, the word being allied to Anglo-Saxon
+<i>meotod</i>, <i>metod</i>, Germ. <i>Messer</i>, and means originally
+cutter; but to cut and to make are synonymous. Such names as these have
+reference to Odin’s divinity as creator, arranger and ruler of gods and
+men. Svid and Fjolsvid
+<span class = "pagenum">247</span>
+<a name = "page247"> </a>
+= the swift, the wise; Ganglere, Gangrad and Vegtam = the wanderer, the
+waywont; Vidrer = the weather-ruler, together with serpent-names like
+Ofner, Svafner, etc., refer to Odin’s knowledge, his journeys, the
+various shapes he assumes. Permeating all nature, he appears in all its
+forms. Names like Sidhot = the slouchy hat; Sidskeg = the long-beard;
+Baleyg = the burning-eye; Grimner = the masked; Jalk (Jack) = the youth,
+etc., express the various forms in which he was thought to
+appear,&mdash;to his slouchy hat, his long beard, or his age, etc. Such
+names as Sanngetal = the true investigator; Farmatyr = the cargo-god,
+etc., refer to his various occupations as inventor, discoverer of runes,
+protector of trade and commerce, etc. Finally, all such names as
+Herfather = father of hosts; Herjan = the devastator; Sigfather = the
+father of victory; Sigtyr = god of victory; Skilfing = producing
+trembling; Hnikar = the breaker, etc., represent Odin as the god of war
+and victory. Oske = wish, is thus called because he gratifies our
+desires. Gimle, as will be seen later, is the abode of the blessed after
+Ragnarok. Vingolf (Vin and golf) means <i>friends’ floor</i>, and is the
+hall of the goddesses. Hel is the goddess of death, and from her name
+our word <i>hell</i> is derived.</p>
+
+<p>Our ancestors divided the universe into nine worlds: the uppermost
+was Muspelheim (the world of light); the lowest was Niflheim (the world
+of darkness). Compare the Greek word <span class = "greek" title =
+"Greek: nephelê (text reads ‘νεφέλγ/nephelg’)">νεφέλη</span> = mist.
+(See Norse Mythology, p.&nbsp;187.)</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ginungagap.</span> Ginn means wide, large,
+far-reaching, perhaps also void (compare the Anglo-Saxon <i>gin</i> =
+gaping, open, spacious; ginian = to gap; and ginnung
+<span class = "pagenum">248</span>
+<a name = "page248"> </a>
+= a yawning). Ginungagap thus means the yawning gap or abyss, and
+represents empty space. The poets use ginnung in the sense of a fish and
+of a hawk, and in geographical saga-fragments it is used as the name of
+the Polar&nbsp;Sea.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hvergelmer.</span> This word is usually
+explained as a transposition for Hvergemler, which would then be derived
+from Hver and gamall (old) = the old kettle; but Petersen shows that
+gelmir must be taken from galm, which is still found in the Jutland
+dialect, and means a gale (compare Golmstead = a windy place, and
+<i>golme</i> = to roar, blow). Gelmer is then the one producing galm,
+and Hvergelmer thus means the roaring kettle. The twelve rivers
+proceeding from Hvergelmer are called the Elivogs (Élivágar) in the next
+chapter. Éli-vágar means, according to Vigfusson, ice-waves. The most of
+the names occur in the long list of river names given in the Lay of
+Grimner, of the Elder Edda. Svol = the cool; Gunnthro = the
+battle-trough. Slid is also mentioned in the Vala’s Prophecy, where it
+is represented as being full of mud and swords. Sylg (from
+<i>svelgja</i> = to swallow) = the devourer; Ylg (from <i>yla</i> = to
+roar) = the roaring one; Leipt = the glowing, is also mentioned in the
+Lay of Helge Hunding’s Bane, where it is stated that they swore by it
+(compare Styx); Gjoll (from <i>gjalla</i> = to glisten and clang) = the
+shining, clanging one. The meaning of the other words is not clear, but
+they doubtless all, like those explained, express cold, violent motion,
+etc. The most noteworthy of these rivers are Leipt and Gjoll. In the Lay
+of Grimner they are said to flow nearest to the abode of man, and fall
+thence into Hel’s realm. Over Gjoll was
+<span class = "pagenum">249</span>
+<a name = "page249"> </a>
+the bridge which Hermod, after the death of Balder, crossed on his way
+to Hel. It is said to be thatched with shining gold, and a maid by name
+Modgud watches it. In the song of Sturle Thordson, on the death of Skule
+Jarl, it is said that “the king’s kinsman went over the Gjoll-bridge.”
+The farther part of the horizon, which often appears like a broad bright
+stream, may have suggested this river.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Surt</span> means the swarthy or black one.
+Many have regarded him as the unknown (dark) god, but this is probably
+an error. But there was some one in Muspelheim who sent the heat, and
+gave life to the frozen drops of rime. The latter, and not Surt, who is
+a giant, is the eternal god, the mighty one, whom the skald in the Lay
+of Hyndla dare not name. It is interesting to notice that our ancestors
+divided the evolution of the world into three distinct periods:
+(1)&nbsp;a pre-chaotic condition (Niflheim, Muspelheim and Ginungagap);
+(2)&nbsp;a chaotic condition (Ymer and the cow Audhumbla); (3)&nbsp;and
+finally the three gods, Odin (spirit), Vile (will) and Ve (sanctity),
+transformed chaos into cosmos. And away back in this pre-chaotic state
+of the world we find this mighty being who sends the heat. It is not
+definitely stated, but it can be inferred from other passages, that just
+as the good principle existed from everlasting in Muspelheim, so the
+evil principle existed co-eternally with it in Hvergelmer in Niflheim.
+Hvergelmer is the source out of which all matter first proceeded, and
+the dragon or devil Nidhug, who dwells in Hvergelmer, is, in our
+opinion, the evil principle who is from eternity. The good principle
+shall continue forever, but the evil shall cease to exist after
+Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">250</span>
+<a name = "page250"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Ymer</span> is the noisy one, and his name is
+derived from <i>ymja</i> = to howl (compare also the Finnish deity Jumo,
+after whom the town Umea takes its name, like Odinse).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Aurgelmer</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Thrudgelmer</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Bergelmer</span> express the gradual development from aur
+(clay) to thrud (that which is compressed), and finally to berg
+(rock).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidolf</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Vilmeide</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Svarthofde</span> are mentioned nowhere else in the
+mythology.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bure</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Bore</span> mean the bearing and the born; that is, father
+and&nbsp;son.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bolthorn</span> means the miserable one,
+from bol = evil; and Bestla may mean that which is best. The idea then
+is that Bor united himself with that which was best of the miserable
+material at hand.</p>
+
+<p>That the flood caused by the slaying of Ymer reminds us of Noah and
+his ark, and of the Greek flood, needs only to be suggested.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER IV.</h6>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ask</span> means an ash-tree, and <span
+class = "smallcaps">Embla</span> an elm-tree.</p>
+
+<p>While the etymology of the names in the myths are very obscure, the
+myths themselves are clear enough. Similar myths abound in Greek
+mythology. The story about Bil and Hjuke is our old English rhyme about
+Jack and Gill, who went up the hill to fetch a pail of water.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER V.</h6>
+
+<p>In reference to the golden age, see Norse Mythology, pp. 182 and
+197.</p>
+
+<p>In the appendix to the German so-called Hero-Book we are told that
+the dwarfs were first created
+<span class = "pagenum">251</span>
+<a name = "page251"> </a>
+to cultivate the desert lands and the mountains; thereupon the giants,
+to subdue the wild beasts; and finally the heroes, to assist the dwarfs
+against the treacherous giants. While the giants are always hostile to
+the gods, the dwarfs are usually friendly to them.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dwarfs.</span> Both giants and dwarfs shun
+the light. If surprised by the breaking forth of day, they become
+changed to stone. In one of the poems of the Elder Edda (the Alvismál),
+Thor amuses the dwarf Alvis with various questions till daylight, and
+then <ins class = "correction" title = "so in original">cooly</ins>
+says to him: With great artifices, I tell you, you have been
+deceived; you are surprised here, dwarf, by daylight! The sun now shines
+in the hall. In the Helgakvida Atle says to the giantess Hrimgerd: It is
+now day, Hrimgerd! But Atle has detained you, to your life’s perdition.
+It will appear a laughable harbor-mark, where you stand as a
+stone-image.</p>
+
+<p>In the German tales the dwarfs are described as deformed and
+diminutive, coarsely clad and of dusky hue: “a little black man,” “a
+little gray man.” They are sometimes of the height of a child of four
+years, sometimes as two spans high, a thumb high (hence, Tom Thumb). The
+old Danish ballad of Eline of Villenwood mentions a troll not bigger
+than an ant. Dvergmál (the speech of the dwarfs) is the Old Norse
+expression for the echo in the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>In the later popular belief, the dwarfs are generally called the
+subterraneans, the brown men in the moor, etc. They make themselves
+invisible by a hat or hood. The women spin and weave, the men are
+smiths. In Norway rock-crystal is called dwarf-stone. Certain
+<span class = "pagenum">252</span>
+<a name = "page252"> </a>
+stones are in Denmark called dwarf-hammers. They borrow things and seek
+advice from people, and beg aid for their wives when in labor, all which
+services they reward. But they also lame cattle, are thievish, and will
+carry off damsels. There have been instances of dwarf females having
+married and had children with men. (Thorpe’s Northern Mythology.)</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">War.</span> It was the first warfare in the
+world, says the Elder Edda, when they pierced Gullveig (gold-thirst)
+through with a spear, and burned her in Odin’s hall. Thrice they burned
+her, thrice she was born anew: again and again, but still she lives.
+When she comes to a house they call her Heide (the bright, the welcome),
+and regard her as a propitious vala or prophetess. She can tame wolves,
+understands witchcraft, and delights wicked women. Hereupon the gods
+consulted together whether they should punish this misdeed, or accept a
+blood-fine, when Odin cast forth a spear among mankind, and now began
+war and slaughter in the world. The defenses of the burgh of the asas
+was broken down. The vans anticipated war, and hastened over the field.
+The valkyries came from afar, ready to ride to the gods’ people: Skuld
+with the shield, Skogul, Gunn, Hild, Gondul and Geirr Skogul. (Quoted by
+Thorpe.)</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER VI.</h6>
+
+<p>In reference to Ygdrasil, we refer our readers to Norse Mythology,
+pp. 205-211, and to Thomas Carlyle’s Heroes and Hero-worship.</p>
+
+<p>A connection between the norns Urd, Verdande and Skuld and the weird
+sisters in Shakspeare’s <i>Macbeth</i> has long since been recognized;
+but new light has
+<span class = "pagenum">253</span>
+<a name = "page253"> </a>
+recently been thrown upon the subject by the philosopher Karl Blind, who
+has contributed valuable articles on the subject in the German
+periodical “Die Gegenwart” and in the “London Academy.” We take the
+liberty of reproducing here an abstract of his article in the
+“Academy”:</p>
+
+<div class = "longquote">
+<p class = "aster">* * * * * *</p>
+
+<p>The fact itself of these Witches being simply transfigurations, or
+later disguises, of the Teutonic Norns is fully established&mdash;as may
+be seen from Grimm or Simrock. In delineating these hags, Shakspeare has
+practically drawn upon old Germanic sources, perhaps upon current
+folk-lore of his time.</p>
+
+<p>It has always struck me as noteworthy that in the greater part of the
+scene between the Weird Sisters, Macbeth and Banquo, and wherever the
+Witches come in, Shakspeare uses the staff-rime in a remarkable manner.
+Not only does this add powerfully to the archaic impressiveness and awe,
+but it also seems to bring the form and figure of the Sisters of Fate
+more closely within the circle of the Teutonic idea. I have pointed out
+this striking use of the alliterative system in <i>Macbeth</i> in an
+article on “An old German Poem and a Vedic Hymn,” which appeared in
+<i>Fraser</i> in June, 1877, and in which the derivation of the Weird
+Sisters from the Germanic Norns is mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The very first scene in the first act of <i>Macbeth</i> opens
+strongly with the staff-rime:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>1st Witch</i>. When shall we three meet again&mdash;<br>
+In thunder, lightning or in rain?</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>2d Witch</i>. When the hurly-burly’s done,<br>
+When the battle’s lost and won.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>3d Witch</i>. That will be ere set of sun.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>1st Witch</i>. Where the place?</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>2d Witch</i>.<span class = "inset">Upon the heath.</span></p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>3d Witch</i>. There to meet with Macbeth.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>1st Witch</i>. I come, Graymalkin!</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>All</i>. Paddock calls. Anon.<br>
+Fair is foul, and foul is fair.<br>
+Hover through the fog and filthy air.
+</p>
+
+<p>Not less marked is the adoption of the fullest
+staff-rime&mdash;together (as&nbsp;above) with the end-rime&mdash;in the
+third scene, when the Weird Sisters speak. Again, there is the
+staff-rime when Banquo addresses them. Again, the strongest
+alliteration, combined with the
+<span class = "pagenum">254</span>
+<a name = "page254"> </a>
+end-rime, runs all through the Witches’ spell-song in Act iv, scene 1.
+This feature in Shakspeare appears to me to merit closer investigation;
+all the more so because a less regular alliteration, but still a marked
+one, is found in not a few passages of a number of his plays. Only one
+further instance of the systematic employment of alliteration may here
+be noted in passing. It is in Ariel’s songs in the <i>Tempest</i>, Act
+i, scene 2. Schlegel and Tieck evidently did not observe this
+alliterative peculiarity. Their otherwise excellent translation does not
+render it, except so far as the obvious similarity of certain English
+and German words involuntarily made them do so. But in the notes to
+their version of <i>Macbeth</i> the character of the Weird Sisters is
+also misunderstood, though Warburton is referred to, who had already
+suggested their derivations from the Valkyrs or Norns.</p>
+
+<p>It is an error to say that the Witches in <i>Macbeth</i> “are never
+called witches” (compare Act i, scene 3: “‘Give me!’ quoth I. ‘A-roint
+thee, <i>witch</i>!’ the rump-fed ronyon cries”). However, their
+designation as Weird Sisters fully settles the case of their Germanic
+origin.</p>
+
+<p>This name “Weird” is derived from the Anglo-Saxon Norn Wyrd (Sax.
+<i>Wurth</i>; O. H. Ger. <i>Wurd</i>; Norse, <i>Urd</i>), who represents
+the Past, as her very name shows. Wurd is <i>die Gewordene</i>&mdash;the
+“Has Been,” or rather the “Has Become,” if one could say so in
+English.</p>
+
+<p class = "aster">* * * * * *</p>
+
+<p>In Shakspeare the Witches are three in number&mdash;even as in Norse,
+German, as well as in Keltic and other mythologies. Urd, properly
+speaking, is the Past. Skuld is the Future, or “That Which shall Be.”
+Verdandi, usually translated as the Present, has an even deeper meaning.
+Her name is not to be derived from <i>vera</i> (to&nbsp;be), but from
+<i>verda</i> (Ger. <i>werden</i>). This verb, which has a mixed meaning
+of “to be,” “to become,” or to “grow,” has been lost in English.
+Verdandi is, therefore, not merely a representative of present Being,
+but of the process of Growing, or of Evolution&mdash;which gives her
+figure a profounder aspect. Indeed, there is generally more significance
+in mythological tales than those imagine who look upon them chiefly as a
+barren play of fancy.</p>
+
+<p>Incidentally it may be remarked that, though Shakspeare’s Weird
+Sisters are three in number&mdash;corresponding to Urd, Verdandi and
+Skuld&mdash;German and Northern mythology and folk-lore occasionally
+speak of twelve or seven of them. In the German tale of
+<i>Dornröschen</i>,
+<span class = "pagenum">255</span>
+<a name = "page255"> </a>
+or the Sleeping Beauty, there are twelve good fays; and a thirteenth,
+who works the evil spell. Once, in German folk-lore, we meet with but
+two Sisters of Fate&mdash;one of them called <i>Kann</i>, the other
+<i>Muss</i>. Perhaps these are representatives of man’s measure of free
+will (that which he “can”), and of that which is his inevitable
+fate&mdash;or, that which he “must”&nbsp;do.</p>
+
+<p>Though the word “Norn” has been lost in England and Germany, it is
+possibly preserved in a German folk-lore ditty, which speaks of three
+Sisters of Fate as “Nuns.” Altogether, German folk-lore is still full of
+rimes about three Weird Sisters. They are sometimes called Wild Women,
+or Wise Women, or the Measurers (<i>Metten</i>)&mdash;namely, of Fate;
+or, euphemistically, like the Eumenides, the Advisers of Welfare
+(<i>Heil-Räthinnen</i>), reminding us of the counsels given to Macbeth
+in the apparition scene; or the Quick Judges (<i>Gach-Schepfen</i>).
+Even as in the Edda, these German fays weave and twist threads or ropes,
+and attach them to distant parts, thus fixing the weft of Fate. One of
+these fays is sometimes called Held, and described as black, or as half
+dark half white&mdash;like Hel, the Mistress of the Nether World. That
+German fay is also called Rachel, clearly a contraction of Rach-Hel,
+i.e. the Avengeress&nbsp;Hel.</p>
+
+<p>Now, in <i>Macbeth</i> also the Weird Sisters are described as
+“black.” The coming up of Hekate with them in the cave-scene might not
+unfitly be looked upon as a parallel with the German Held, or Rach-Hel,
+and the Norse Hel; these Teutonic deities being originally Goddesses of
+Nocturnal Darkness, and of the Nether World, even as Hekate.</p>
+
+<p>In German folk-lore, three Sisters of Fate bear the names of Wilbet,
+Worbet and Ainbet. Etymologically these names seem to refer to the
+well-disposed nature of a fay representing the Past; to the warring or
+worrying troubles of the Present; and to the terrors (<i>Ain</i> =
+<i>Agin</i>) of the Future. All over southern Germany, from Austria to
+Alsace and Rhenish Hesse, the three fays are known under various names
+besides Wilbet, Worbet, and Ainbet&mdash;for instance, as Mechtild,
+Ottilia, and Gertraud; as Irmina, Adela, and Chlothildis, and so forth.
+The fay in the middle of this trio is always a good fay, a white
+fay&mdash;but blind. Her treasure (the very names of Ottilia and Adela
+point to a treasure) is continually being taken from her by the third
+fay, a dark and evil one, as well as by the first. This myth has been
+interpreted as meaning that the Present, being blinded as to its own
+existence, is continually being encroached upon, robbed as it were, by
+the dark Future and the Past.
+<span class = "pagenum">256</span>
+<a name = "page256"> </a>
+Of this particular trait there is no vestige in Shakspeare’s Weird
+Sisters. They, like the Norns, “go hand in hand.” But there is another
+point which claims attention Shakspeare’s Witches are bearded. (“You
+should be women, and yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you are
+so.” Act i, scene&nbsp;3.)</p>
+
+<p>It need scarcely be brought to recollection that a commingling of the
+female and male character occurs in the divine and semi-divine figures
+of various mythological systems&mdash;including the Bearded Venus. Of
+decisive importance is, however, the fact of a bearded Weird Sister
+having apparently been believed in by our heathen German
+forefathers.</p>
+
+<p>Near Wessobrunn, in Upper Bavaria, where the semi-heathen fragment of
+a cosmogonic lay, known as “Wessobrunn Prayer,” was discovered, there
+has also been found, of late, a rudely-sculptured three-headed image. It
+is looked upon as an ancient effigy of the German Norns. The Cloister of
+the three Holy Bournes, or Fountains, which stands close by the place of
+discovery, is supposed to have been set up on ground that had once
+served for pagan worship. Probably the later monkish establishment of
+the Three Holy Bournes had taken the place of a similarly named heathen
+sanctuary where the three Sisters of Fate were once adored. Indeed, the
+name of all the corresponding fays in yet current German folk-lore is
+connected with holy wells. This quite fits in with the three Eddic
+Bournes near the great Tree of Existence, at one of
+which&mdash;apparently at the oldest, which is the very Source of
+Being&mdash;the Norns live, “the maidens that over the Sea of Age travel
+in deep foreknowledge,” and of whom it is said that:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+They laid the lots, they ruled the life<br>
+To the sons of men, their fate foretelling.
+</p>
+
+<p>Now, curiously enough, the central head of the slab found near
+Wessobrunn, in the neighborhood of the Cloister of the Three Holy
+Bournes, is <i>bearded</i>. This has puzzled our archæologists. Some of
+them fancied that what appears to be a beard might after all be the hair
+of one of the fays or Norns, tied round the chin. By the light of the
+description of the Weird Sisters in Shakspeare’s <i>Macbeth</i> we,
+however, see at once the true connection.</p>
+
+<p>In every respect, therefore, his “Witches” are an echo from the
+ancient Germanic creed&mdash;an echo, moreover, coming to us in the
+oldest Teutonic verse-form; that is, in the staff-rime.</p>
+
+<p class = "smallcaps" align = "right">Karl Blind.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">257</span>
+<a name = "page257"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Elves.</span> The elves of later times seem a
+sort of middle thing between the light and dark elves. They are fair and
+lively, but also bad and mischievous. In some parts of Norway the
+peasants describe them as diminutive naked boys with hats on. Traces of
+their dance are sometimes to be seen on the wet grass, especially on the
+banks of rivers. Their exhalation is injurious, and is called
+<i>alfgust</i> or <i>elfblæst</i>, causing a swelling, which is easily
+contracted by too nearly approaching places where they have spat, etc.
+They have a predilection for certain spots, but particularly for large
+trees, which on that account the owners do not venture to meddle with,
+but look on them as something sacred, on which the weal or woe of the
+place depends. Certain diseases among their cattle are attributed to the
+elves, and are, therefore, called elf-fire or elf-shot. The dark elves
+are often confounded with the dwarfs, with whom they, indeed, seem
+identical, although they are distinguished in Odin’s Raven’s Song. The
+Norwegians also make a distinction between dwarfs and elves, believing
+the former to live solitary and in quiet, while the latter love music
+and dancing. (Faye, p.&nbsp;48; quoted by Thorpe.)</p>
+
+<p>The fairies of Scotland are precisely identical with the above. They
+are described as a diminutive race of beings of a mixed or rather
+dubious nature, capricious in their dispositions and mischievous in
+their resentment. They inhabit the interior of green hills, chiefly
+those of a conical form, in Gaelic termed <i>Sighan</i>, on which they
+lead their dances by moonlight; impressing upon the surface the marks of
+circles, which sometimes appear yellow and blasted,
+<span class = "pagenum">258</span>
+<a name = "page258"> </a>
+sometimes of a deep green hue, and within which it is dangerous to
+sleep, or to be found after sunset. Cattle which are suddenly seized
+with the cramp, or some similar disorder, are said to be
+<i>elf-shot</i>. (Scott’s Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border; quoted by
+Thorpe.)</p>
+
+<p>Of the Swedish elves, Arndt gives the following sketch: Of giants, of
+dwarfs, of the alp, of dragons, that keep watch over treasures, they
+have the usual stories; nor are the kindly elves forgotten. How often
+has my postillion, when he observed a circular mark in the dewy grass,
+exclaimed: See! there the elves have been dancing. These elf-dances play
+a great part in the spinning-room. To those who at midnight happen to
+enter one of these circles, the elves become visible, and may then play
+all kinds of pranks with them; though in general they are little, merry,
+harmless beings, both male and female. They often sit in small stones,
+that are hollowed out in circular form, and which are called elf-querns
+or mill-stones. Their voice is said to be soft like the air. If a loud
+cry is heard in the forest, it is that of the Skogsrå (spirit of the
+wood), which should be answered only by a <i>He!</i> when it can do no
+harm. (Reise durch Sweden; quoted by Thorpe.)</p>
+
+<p>The elf-shot was known in England in very remote times, as appears
+from the Anglo-Saxon incantation, printed by Grimm in his Deutsche
+Mythologie, and in the appendix to Kemble’s Saxons in England: Gif hit
+wœre esa gescot oððe hit wœre ylfa gescot; that is, if it were an
+asa-shot or an elf-shot. On this subject Grimm says: It is a very old
+belief that dangerous arrows were shot by the elves from the air. The
+thunder-bolt is also called elf-shot, and in Scotland
+<span class = "pagenum">259</span>
+<a name = "page259"> </a>
+a hard, sharp, wedge-shaped stone is known by the name of elf-arrow,
+elf-flint, elf-bolt, which, it is supposed, has been sent by the
+spirits. (Quoted by Thorpe.)</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER VII.</h6>
+
+<p>Our ancestors divided the universe into nine worlds, and these again
+into three groups:</p>
+
+<p>1. Over the earth. Muspelheim, Ljosalfaheim and Asaheim.</p>
+
+<p>2. On the earth. Jotunheim, Midgard and Vanheim.</p>
+
+<p>3. Below the earth. Svartalfaheim, Niflheim and Niflhel.</p>
+
+<p>The gods had twelve abodes:</p>
+
+<p>1. <span class = "smallcaps">Thrudheim.</span> The abode of Thor. His
+realm is Thrudvang, and his palace is Bilskirner.</p>
+
+<p>2. <span class = "smallcaps">Ydaler.</span> Uller’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>3. <span class = "smallcaps">Valaskjalf.</span> Odin’s hall.</p>
+
+<p>4. <span class = "smallcaps">Sokvabek.</span> The abode of Saga.</p>
+
+<p>5. <span class = "smallcaps">Gladsheim</span>, where there are twelve
+seats for the gods, besides the throne occupied by Alfather.</p>
+
+<p>6. <span class = "smallcaps">Thrymheim.</span> Skade’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>7. <span class = "smallcaps">Breidablik.</span> Balder’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>8. <span class = "smallcaps">Himminbjorg.</span> Heimdal’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>9. <span class = "smallcaps">Folkvang.</span> Freyja’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>10. <span class = "smallcaps">Glitner.</span> Forsete’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>11. <span class = "smallcaps">Noatun.</span> Njord’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>12. <span class = "smallcaps">Landvide.</span> Vidar’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>According to the Lay of Grimner, the gods had twelve horses, but the
+owner of each horse is not given:</p>
+
+<p>(1) Sleipner (Odin’s), (2) Goldtop (Heimdal’s),
+<span class = "pagenum">260</span>
+<a name = "page260"> </a>
+(3) Glad, (4) Gyller, (5)&nbsp;Gler, (6)&nbsp;Skeidbrimer,
+(7)&nbsp;Silvertop, (8)&nbsp;Siner, (9)&nbsp;Gisl, (10)&nbsp;Falhofner,
+(11)&nbsp;Lightfoot, (12)&nbsp;Blodughofdi (Frey’s).</p>
+
+<p>The owners of nine of them are not given, and, moreover, it is stated
+that Thor had no horse, but always either went on foot or drove his
+goats.</p>
+
+<p>The favorite numbers are three, nine and twelve. Monotheism was
+recognized in the unknown god, who is from everlasting to everlasting. A
+number of trinities were established, and the nine worlds were
+classified into three groups. The week had nine days, and originally
+there were probably but nine gods, that is, before the vans were united
+with the asas. The number nine occurs where Heimdal is said to have nine
+mothers, Menglad is said to have nine maid-servants, Æger had nine
+daughters, etc. When the vans were united with the asas, the number rose
+to twelve:</p>
+
+<p>(1) Odin, (2) Thor, (3) Tyr, (4) Balder, (5)&nbsp;Hoder,
+(6)&nbsp;Heimdal, (7)&nbsp;Hermod, (8)&nbsp;Njord, (9)&nbsp;Frey,
+(10)&nbsp;Uller, (11)&nbsp;Vidar, (12)&nbsp;Forsete.</p>
+
+<p>If we add to this list Brage, Vale and Loke, we get fifteen; but the
+Eddas everywhere declare that there are twelve gods, who were entitled
+to divine worship.</p>
+
+<p>The number of the goddesses is usually given as twenty-six.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER VIII.</h6>
+
+<p>Loke and his offspring are so fully treated in our Norse Mythology,
+that we content ourselves by referring our readers to that work.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">261</span>
+<a name = "page261"> </a>
+<h6>CHAPTER IX.</h6>
+
+<p>Freyja’s ornament Brising. In the saga of Olaf Tryggvason, there is a
+rather awkward story of the manner in which Freyja became possessed of
+her ornament. Freyja, it is told, was a mistress of Odin. Not far from
+the palace dwelt four dwarfs, whose names were Alfrig, Dvalin, Berling
+and Grer; they were skillful smiths. Looking one day into their stony
+dwelling, Freyja saw them at work on a beautiful golden necklace, or
+collar, which she offered to buy, but which they refused to part with,
+except on conditions quite incompatible with the fidelity she owed to
+Odin, but to which she, nevertheless, was tempted to accede. Thus the
+ornament became hers. By some means this transaction came to the
+knowledge of Loke, who told it to Odin. Odin commanded him to get
+possession of the ornament. This was no easy task, for no one could
+enter Freyja’s bower without her consent. He went away whimpering, but
+most were glad on seeing him in such tribulation. When he came to the
+locked bower, he could nowhere find an entrance, and, it being cold
+weather, he began to shiver. He then transformed himself into a fly and
+tried every opening, but in vain; there was nowhere air enough to make
+him to get through [Loke (fire) requires air]. At length he found a hole
+in the roof, but not bigger than the prick of a needle. Through this he
+<ins class = "correction" title = "variant spelling in original">slipt</ins>.
+On his entrance he looked around to see if anyone were awake, but
+all were buried in sleep. He peeped in at Freyja’s bed, and saw that she
+had the ornament round her neck, but that the lock was on the side she
+lay on. He then
+<span class = "pagenum">262</span>
+<a name = "page262"> </a>
+transformed himself to a flea, placed himself on Freyja’s cheek, and
+stung her so that she awoke, but only turned herself round and slept
+again. He then laid aside his assumed form, cautiously took the
+ornament, unlocked the bower, and took his prize to Odin. In the
+morning, on waking, Freyja seeing the door open, without having been
+forced, and that her ornament was gone, instantly understood the whole
+affair. Having dressed herself, she repaired to Odin’s hall, and
+upbraided him with having stolen her ornament, and insisted on its
+restoration, which she finally obtained. (Quoted by Thorpe.)</p>
+
+<p>Mention is also made of the Brósinga-men in the Beowulf (verse 2394).
+Here it is represented as belonging to Hermanric, but the legend
+concerning it has never been found.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER X.</h6>
+
+<p>This myth about Frey and Gerd is the subject of one of the most
+fascinating poems in the Elder Edda, the Journey of Skirner. It is, as
+Auber Forestier, in Echoes from Mistland, says, the germ of the Niblung
+story. Frey is Sigurd or Sigfrid, and Gerd is Brynhild. The myth is also
+found in another poem of the Elder Edda, the Lay of Fjolsvin, in which
+the god himself&mdash;there called Svipday (the hastener of the
+day)&mdash;undertakes the journey to arouse from the winter sleep the
+cold giant nature of the maiden Menglad (the sun-radiant daughter), who
+is identical with Freyja (the goddess of spring, promise, or of love
+between man and woman, and who can easily be compared with Gerd). Before
+the bonds which enchain the maiden can in either case be broken, Bele
+(the
+<span class = "pagenum">263</span>
+<a name = "page263"> </a>
+giant of spring storms, corresponding to the dragon Fafner in the
+Niblung story,) must be conquered, and Wafurloge (the wall of bickering
+flames that surrounded the castle) must be penetrated. The fanes
+symbolize the funeral pyre, for whoever enters the nether world must
+scorn the fear of death. (Auber Forestier’s Echoes from Mistland;
+Introduction, xliii, xliv.) We also find this story repeated again and
+again, in numberless variations, in Teutonic folk-lore; for instance, in
+The Maiden on the Glass Mountain, where the glass mountain takes the
+place of the bickering flame.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER XI.</h6>
+
+<p>The tree Lerad (furnishing protection) must be regarded as a branch
+of Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER XII.</h6>
+
+<p>In Heimskringla Skidbladner is called Odin’s ship. This is correct.
+All that belonged to the gods was his also.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER XIII.</h6>
+
+<p>For a thorough analysis of Thor as a spring god, as the god who
+dwells in the clouds, as the god of thunder and lightning, as the god of
+agriculture, in short, as the god of culture, we can do no better than
+to refer our readers to Der Mythus von Thor, nach Nordischen Quellen,
+von Ludwig Uhland, Stuttgart, 1836; and to Handbuch der Deutschen
+Mythologie, mit Einschluss der Nordischen, von Karl Simrock, Vierte
+Auflage, Bonn, 1874.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">264</span>
+<a name = "page264"> </a>
+<h6>CHAPTER XIV.</h6>
+
+<p>The death of Balder is justly regarded as the most beautiful myth in
+Teutonic mythology. It is connected with the Lay of Vegtam in the Elder
+Edda. Like so many other myths (Frey and Gerd, The Robbing of Idun,
+etc.) the myth symbolizes originally the end of summer and return of
+spring. Thus Balder dies every year and goes to Hel. But in the
+following spring he returns to the asas, and gladdens all things living
+and dead with his pure shining light. Gradually, however, the myth was
+changed from a symbol of the departing and returning summer, and applied
+to the departing and returning of the world year, and thus the death of
+Balder prepares the way for Ragnarok and Regeneration. Balder goes to
+Hel and does not return to this world. Thokk refuses to weep for him.
+His return is promised after Ragnarok. The next spring does not bring
+him back, but the rejuvenated earth. Thus the death of Balder becomes
+the central thought in the drama of the fate of the gods and of the
+world. It is inseparably connected with the punishment of Loke and the
+twilight of the gods. The winter following the death of Balder is not an
+ordinary winter, but the Fimbul-winter, which is followed by no summer,
+but by the destruction of the world. The central idea in the Odinic
+religion, the destruction and regeneration of the world, has taken this
+beautiful sun-myth of Balder into its service. Balder is then no more
+merely the pure holy light of heaven; he symbolizes at the same time the
+purity and innocence of the gods; he is changed from a physical to an
+ethical myth. He impersonated <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘al’">all</ins>
+<span class = "pagenum">265</span>
+<a name = "page265"> </a>
+that was good and holy in the life of the gods; and so it came to pass
+that when the golden age had ceased, when thirst for gold (Gulveig),
+when sin and crime had come into the world, he was too good to live in
+it. As in Genesis fratricide (Cain and Abel) followed upon the eating of
+the forbidden fruit, and the loss of paradise; so, when the golden age
+(paradise) had ended among the asas, Loke (the serpent) brought
+fratricide (Hoder and Balder) among the gods; themselves and our
+ancestors regarded fratricide as the lowest depth of moral depravity.
+After the death of Balder</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Brothers slay brothers,<br>
+Sisters’ children<br>
+Shed each other’s blood,<br>
+Hard grows the world,<br>
+Sensual sin waxes huge.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+There are sword-ages, ax-ages&mdash;<br>
+Shields are cleft in twain,&mdash;<br>
+Storm-ages, murder-ages,&mdash;<br>
+Till the world falls dead,<br>
+And men no longer spare<br>
+Or pity one another.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the whole we may say that a sun-myth first represents the death
+of the day at sunset, when the sky is radiant as if dyed in blood. In
+the flushing morn light wins its victory again. Then this same myth
+becomes transferred to the death and birth of summer. Once more it is
+lifted into a higher sphere, while still holding on to its physical
+interpretation, and is applied to the world year. Finally, it is clothed
+with ethical attributes, becomes thoroughly anthropomorphized, and
+typifies the good and the evil, the virtues and vices (light and
+darkness), in the character and life of gods
+<span class = "pagenum">266</span>
+<a name = "page266"> </a>
+and of men. Thus we get four stages in the development of the myth.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER XV.</h6>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ragnarok.</span> The word is found written
+in two ways, Ragnarok and ragnarökr. Ragna is genitive plural, from the
+word regin (god), and means of the gods. Rok means reason, ground,
+origin, a wonder, sign, marvel. It is allied to the O.H.G. <i>rahha</i>
+= sentence, judgment. Ragnarök would then mean <i>the history of the
+gods</i>, and applied to the dissolution of the world, might be
+translated <i>the last judgment</i>, <i>doomsday</i>, <i>weird of gods
+and the world</i>. Rokr means <i>twilight</i>, and Ragnarokr, as the
+Younger Edda has it, thus means <i>the twilight of the gods</i>, and the
+latter is adopted by nearly all modern writers, although Gudbr.
+Vigfusson declares that Ragnarok (doomsday) is no doubt the correct
+form. And this is also to be said in favor of doomsday, that Ragnarok
+does not involve only the <i>twilight</i>, but the whole <i>night</i> of
+the gods and the world.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_niflungs">THE NIFLUNGS AND
+GJUKUNGS.</a></h5>
+
+<p>This chapter of <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘Skaldkaparmal’"><i>Skaldskaparmal</i></ins> contains much
+valuable material for a correct understanding of the Nibelungen-Lied,
+especially as to the origin of the Niblung hoard, and the true character
+of Brynhild. The material given here, and in the Icelandic Volsunga
+Saga, has been used by Wm. Morris in his Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall
+of the Niblungs. In the Nibelungen-Lied, as transposed by Auber
+Forestier, in Echoes from <ins class = "correction" title =
+"inconsistent hyphenation in original">Mist-Land,</ins> we have a
+perfect gem of literature from the middle high German
+<span class = "pagenum">267</span>
+<a name = "page267"> </a>
+period, but its author had lost sight of the divine and mythical origin
+of the material that he wove into his poem. It is only by combining the
+German Nibelungen-Lied with the mythical materials found in Norseland
+that our national Teutonic epic can be restored to us. Wagner has done
+this for us in his famous drama; Jordan has done it in his Sigfrid’s
+saga; Morris has done it in the work mentioned above; but will not Auber
+Forestier gather up all the scattered fragments relating to Sigurd and
+Brynhild, and weave them together into a prose narrative, that shall
+delight the young and the old of this great land?</p>
+
+<p>We are glad to welcome at this time a new book in the field of
+Niblung literature. We refer to Geibel’s Brunhild, translated, with
+introduction and notes, by Prof. G. Theo. Dippold, and recently
+published in Boston.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_menja">MENJA AND FENJA.</a></h5>
+
+<p>This is usually called the peace of Frode, which corresponds to the
+golden age in the life of the asas. Avarice is the root of crime, and
+all other evils. Avarice is at the bottom of all the endless woes of the
+Niblung story. The myth explaining why the sea is salt is told in a
+variety of forms in different countries. In Germany there are several
+folk-lore stories and traditions in regard to it. In Norway, where
+folk-lore tales are so abundant, we find the myth about Menja and Fenja
+recurring in the following form:</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">268</span>
+<a name = "page268"> </a>
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_salt">WHY THE SEA IS
+SALT.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Long, long ago there were two brothers, the one was rich and the
+other was poor. On Christmas eve the poor one had not a morsel of bread
+or meat in his house, and so he went to his brother and asked him for
+mercy’s sake to give him something for Christmas. It was not the first
+time the brother had had to give him, and he was not very much pleased
+to see him this time either.</p>
+
+<p>“If you will do what I ask of you, I will give you a whole ham of
+pork,” said&nbsp;he.</p>
+
+<p>The poor man promised immediately, and was very thankful besides.</p>
+
+<p>“There you have it, now go to hell,” said the rich one, and threw the
+ham at&nbsp;him.</p>
+
+<p>“What I have promised, I suppose, I must keep,” said the other. He
+took the ham and started. He walked and walked the whole day, and at
+twilight he came to a place where everything looked so bright and
+splendid.</p>
+
+<p>“This must be the place,” thought the man with the ham.</p>
+
+<p>Out in the wood-shed stood an old man with a long white beard,
+cutting wood for Christmas.</p>
+
+<p>“Good evening,” said the man with the ham.</p>
+
+<p>“Good evening, sir. Where are you going so late?” said
+the&nbsp;man.</p>
+
+<p>“I am on my way to hell, if I am on the right road,” said the
+poor&nbsp;man.</p>
+
+<p>“Yes, you have taken the right road; it is here,” said the old man.
+“Now when you get in, they will all want to buy your ham, for pork is
+rare food in
+<span class = "pagenum">269</span>
+<a name = "page269"> </a>
+hell; but you must not sell it, unless you get the hand-mill that stands
+back of the door for it. When you come out again I will show you how to
+regulate it. You will find it useful in more than one respect.”</p>
+
+<p>The man with the ham thanked the old man for this valuable
+information, and rapped at the devil’s door.</p>
+
+<p>When he came in it happened as the old man had said. All the devils,
+both the large ones and the small ones, crowded around him like ants
+around a worm, and the one bid higher than the other for
+the&nbsp;ham.</p>
+
+<p>“It is true my wife and I were to have it for our Christmas dinner,
+but, seeing that you are so eager for it, I suppose I will have to let
+you have it,” said the man. “But if I am to sell it, I want that
+hand-mill that stands behind the door there for&nbsp;it.”</p>
+
+<p>The devil did not like to spare it, and kept dickering and bantering
+with the man, but he insisted, and so the devil had to give him the
+hand-mill. When the man came out in the yard he asked the old
+wood-chopper how he should regulate the mill; and when he had learned
+how to do it, he said “thank you,” and made for home as fast as he
+could. But still he did not reach home before twelve o’clock in the
+night Christmas&nbsp;eve.</p>
+
+<p>“Why, where in the world have you been?” said the woman. “Here I have
+been sitting hour after hour waiting and waiting, and I haven’t as much
+as two sticks to put on the fire so as to cook the Christmas
+porridge.”</p>
+
+<p>“Oh, I could not come any sooner. I had several errands to do, and I
+had a long way to go too. But
+<span class = "pagenum">270</span>
+<a name = "page270"> </a>
+now I will show you,” said the man. He set the mill on the table, and
+had it first grind light, then a table-cloth, then food and ale and all
+sorts of good things for Christmas, and as he commanded the mill ground.
+The woman expressed her great astonishment again and again, and wanted
+to know where her husband had gotten the mill, but this he would not
+tell.</p>
+
+<p>“It makes no difference where I have gotten it; you see the mill is a
+good one, and that the water does not freeze,” said the&nbsp;man.</p>
+
+<p>Then he ground food and drink, and all good things, for the whole
+Christmas week, and on the third day he invited his friends: he was
+going to have a party. When the rich brother saw all the nice and good
+things at the party, he became very wroth, for he could not bear to see
+his brother have anything.</p>
+
+<p>“Christmas eve he was so needy that he came to me and asked me for
+mercy’s sake to give him a little food, and now he gives a feast as
+though he were both count and king,” said he to the others.</p>
+
+<p>“But where in hell have you gotten all your riches from?” said he to
+his brother.</p>
+
+<p>“Behind the door,” answered he who owned the mill. He did not care to
+give any definite account, but later in the evening, when he began to
+get a little tipsy, he could not help himself and brought out the
+mill.</p>
+
+<p>“There you see the one that has given me all the riches,” said he,
+and then he let the mill grind both one thing and another. When the
+brother saw this he was bound to have the mill, and after a long
+<span class = "pagenum">271</span>
+<a name = "page271"> </a>
+bantering about it, he finally was to have it; but he was to pay three
+hundred dollars for it, and his brother was to keep it until
+harvest.</p>
+
+<p>“When I keep it until then, I shall have ground food enough to last
+many years,” thought&nbsp;he.</p>
+
+<p>Of course the mill got no chance to grow rusty during the next six
+months, and when harvest-time came, the rich brother got it; but the
+other man had taken good care not to show him how to regulate it. It was
+in the evening that the rich man brought the mill home, and in the
+morning he bade his wife go and spread the hay after the
+mowers,&mdash;he would get dinner ready, he said. Toward dinner he put
+the mill on the table.</p>
+
+<p>“Grind fish and gruel: Grind both well and fast!” said the man, and
+the mill began to grind fish and gruel. It first filled all the dishes
+and tubs full, and after that it covered the whole floor with fish and
+gruel. The man kept puttering and tinkering, and tried to get the mill
+to stop; but no matter how he turned it and fingered at it, the mill
+kept on, and before long the gruel got so deep in the room that the man
+was on the point of drowning. Then he opened the door to the
+sitting-room, but before long that room was filled too, and the man had
+all he could do to get hold of the door-latch down in this flood of
+gruel. When he got the door open he did not remain long in the room. He
+ran out as fast as he could, and there was a perfect flood of fish gruel
+behind, deluging the yard and his fields.</p>
+
+<p>The wife, who was in the meadow making hay, began to think that it
+took a long time to get dinner ready.
+<span class = "pagenum">272</span>
+<a name = "page272"> </a>
+“Even if husband does not call us, we will have to go anyway. I suppose
+he does not know much about making gruel; I will have to go and help
+him,” said the woman to the mowers.</p>
+
+<p>They went homeward, but on coming up the hill they met the flood of
+fish and gruel and bread, the one mixed up with the other, and the man
+came running ahead of the flood.</p>
+
+<p>“Would that each one of you had an hundred stomachs, but have a care
+that you do not drown in the gruel flood,” cried the husband. He ran by
+them as though the devil had been after him, and hastened down to his
+brother. He begged him in the name of everything sacred to come and take
+the mill away immediately.</p>
+
+<p>“If it grinds another hour the whole settlement will perish in fish
+and gruel,” said&nbsp;he.</p>
+
+<p>But the brother would not take it unless he got three hundred
+dollars, and this money had to be paid to&nbsp;him.</p>
+
+<p>Now the poor brother had both money and the mill, and so it did not
+take long before he got himself a farm, and a much nicer one than his
+brother’s. With his mill he ground out so much gold that he covered his
+house all over with sheets of gold. The house stood down by the
+sea-shore, and it glistened far out upon the sea. All who sailed past
+had to go ashore and visit the rich man in the golden house, and all
+wanted to see the wonderful mill, for its fame spread far and wide, and
+there was none who had not heard speak of&nbsp;it.</p>
+
+<p>After a long time there came a sea-captain who
+<span class = "pagenum">273</span>
+<a name = "page273"> </a>
+wished to see the mill. He asked whether it could grind salt.</p>
+
+<p>“Yes, it can grind salt,” said he who owned the mill; and when the
+captain heard this, he was bound to have it, let it cost what it will.
+For if he had that, thought he, he would not have to sail far off over
+dangerous waters after cargoes of salt. At first the man did not wish to
+sell it, but the captain teased and begged and finally the man sold it,
+and got many thousand dollars for it. When the captain had gotten the
+mill on his back, he did not stay there long, for he was afraid the man
+might reconsider the bargain and back out again. He had no time to ask
+how to regulate it; he went to his ship as fast as he could, and when he
+had gotten some distance out upon the sea, he got his mill&nbsp;out.</p>
+
+<p>“Grind salt both fast and well,” said the captain. The mill began to
+grind salt, and that with all its might. When the captain had gotten the
+ship full he wanted to stop the mill; but no matter how he worked, and
+no matter how he handled it, the mill kept grinding as fast as ever, and
+the heap of salt kept growing larger and larger, and at last the ship
+sank. The mill stands on the bottom of the sea grinding this very day,
+and so it comes that the sea is salt.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "mid chapter">
+
+<a name = "page274"> </a>
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES</h4>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note1" href = "#tag1">1.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">18</span>
+The third volume of this work has not yet appeared.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note2" href = "#tag2">2.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">20</span>
+Keyser.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note3" href = "#tag3">3.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">22</span>
+White Skald.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note4" href = "#tag4">4.</a>
+Black Skald.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note5" href = "#tag5">5.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">39</span>
+Dasent translates “hövuðtungur” (chief or head tongues) with “lords,”
+which is certainly an error.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note6" href = "#tag6">6.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">47</span>
+Near Upsala.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note7" href = "#tag7">7.</a>
+A heroic poem, giving the pedigree (tal) of Norse kings.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note8" href = "#tag8">8.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">50</span>
+Heimskringla: Ynglinga Saga, ch. v.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note9" href = "#tag9">9.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">51</span>
+Heimskringla: Harald Harfager’s Saga, ch. xix.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note10" href = "#tag10">10.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">52</span>
+The walker.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note11" href = "#tag11">11.</a>
+Elder Edda: Havamal.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note12" href = "#tag12">12.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">56</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 6.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note13" href = "#tag13">13.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">57</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 56.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note14" href = "#tag14">14.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">58</span>
+Elder Edda: Hyndla’a Lay, 34.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note15" href = "#tag15">15.</a>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 30.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note16" href = "#tag16">16.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">59</span>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 31.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note17" href = "#tag17">17.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">61</span>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 35.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note18" href = "#tag18">18.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">62</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 8. In Old Norse the sun is feminine,
+and the moon masculine. See below, sections 11 and&nbsp;12.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note19" href = "#tag19">19.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">63</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 40, 41. Comp. Vafthrudner’s Lay, 21.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note20" href = "#tag20">20.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">67</span>
+That wolves follow the sun and moon, is a wide-spread popular
+superstition. In Sweden, a parhelion is called Solvarg (sun-wolf).</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note21" href = "#tag21">21.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">68</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 43, 44.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note22" href = "#tag22">22.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">71</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 12, 14-16, 18, 19.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note23" href = "#tag23">23.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">74</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 24.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note24" href = "#tag24">24.</a>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 29.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note25" href = "#tag25">25.</a>
+Elder Edda: Fafner’s Lay, 13.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note26" href = "#tag26">26.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">75</span>
+The Icelandic barr. See Vigfusson, <i>sub voce</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note27" href = "#tag27">27.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">76</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 35, 34.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note28" href = "#tag28">28.</a>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 22.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note29" href = "#tag29">29.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">78</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 70.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note30" href = "#tag30">30.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">79</span>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 37.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note31" href = "#tag31">31.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">80</span>
+Elder Edda. Loke’s Quarrel, 29, 47.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note32" href = "#tag32">32.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">81</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 46-50.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note33" href = "#tag33">33.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">82</span>
+Oku is derived from the Finnish thunder-god, Ukko.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note34" href = "#tag34">34.</a>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 24.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note35" href = "#tag35">35.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">83</span>
+The author of the Younger Edda is here mistaken. See <a href =
+"#note33">note on page&nbsp;82</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note36" href = "#tag36">36.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">84</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 12.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note37" href = "#tag37">37.</a>
+Compare Vainamoinen, the son of Ukko, in the Finnish epic Kalevala.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note38" href = "#tag38">38.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">85</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 11.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note39" href = "#tag39">39.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">86</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 14.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note40" href = "#tag40">40.</a>
+Icel. <i>frú</i> (Ger. <i>frau</i>; Dan. <i>frue</i>), pl. <i>frúr</i>,
+means a lady. It is used of the wives of men of rank or title. It is
+derived from Freyja.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note41" href = "#tag41">41.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">87</span>
+This etymology is, however, erroneous, for the word is derived from
+<i>oln</i> or <i>öln</i>, and the true form of the word is
+<i>ölnliðr</i> = the ell-joint (wrist); thus we have
+<i>ölnboge</i>&mdash;the elbow; <i>öln</i> = <i>alin</i> (Gr. <span
+class = "greek" title = "Greek: ôdinê">ὠδίνη</span>; Lat. <i>ulna</i>;
+cp. A.-S. <i>el-boga</i>; Eng. <i>elbow</i>) is the arm from the elbow
+to the end of the middle finger, hence an ell in long measure.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note42" href = "#tag42">42.</a>
+Compare the Anglo-Saxon <i>brego</i> = princeps, chief.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note43" href = "#tag43">43.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">89</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 13.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note44" href = "#tag44">44.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">90</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 15.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note45" href = "#tag45">45.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">92</span>
+Possibly this ought to read the ninth world, which would correspond with
+what we read on <a href = "#page72">page&nbsp;72</a>, and in the Vala’s
+Prophecy. See also notes. It may be a mistake of the transcriber.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note46" href = "#tag46">46.</a>
+Both these words mean sloth.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note47" href = "#tag47">47.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">99</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 36</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note48" href = "#tag48">48.</a>
+See <a href = "#page66">page&nbsp;66</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note49" href = "#tag49">49.</a>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 36.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note50" href = "#tag50">50.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">101</span>
+This is the Niblung story in a nut-shell.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note51" href = "#tag51">51.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">102</span>
+Elder Edda: Skirner’s Journey, 42.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note52" href = "#tag52">52.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">104</span>
+The Fenris-wolf in Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note53" href = "#tag53">53.</a>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 18.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note54" href = "#tag54">54.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">105</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 19.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note55" href = "#tag55">55.</a>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 20.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note56" href = "#tag56">56.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">107</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 23.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note57" href = "#tag57">57.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">108</span>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 41.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note58" href = "#tag58">58.</a>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 44.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note59" href = "#tag59">59.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">112</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 29, 30.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note60" href = "#tag60">60.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">114</span>
+Bonde = peasant.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note61" href = "#tag61">61.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">128</span>
+Called Ymer in the Younger Edda, but the Elder Edda calls him Hymer.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note62" href = "#tag62">62.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">140</span>
+Commit adultery.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note63" href = "#tag63">63.</a>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 48, 49.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note64" href = "#tag64">64.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">141</span>
+Fenris-wolf.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note65" href = "#tag65">65.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">144</span>
+Loke.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note66" href = "#tag66">66.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">145</span>
+Frey.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note67" href = "#tag67">67.</a>
+The Fenris-wolf.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note68" href = "#tag68">68.</a>
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note69" href = "#tag69">69.</a>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 50-52, 54-57, 59, 60, 62, 63.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note70" href = "#tag70">70.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">146</span>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 18.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note71" href = "#tag71">71.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">184</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 40, 41.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note72" href = "#tag72">72.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">149</span>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 51.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note73" href = "#tag73">73.</a>
+Holt = grove.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note74" href = "#tag74">74.</a>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 45.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note75" href = "#tag75">75.</a>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 47.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note76" href = "#tag76">76.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">169</span>
+This part of the Younger Edda corresponds to the Latin Ars Poetica, and
+contains the rules and laws of ancient poetry.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note77" href = "#tag77">77.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">174</span>
+Thor’s.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note78" href = "#tag78">78.</a>
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note79" href = "#tag79">79.</a>
+Jord’s (=&nbsp;earth’s) son = Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note80" href = "#tag80">80.</a>
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note81" href = "#tag81">81.</a>
+Odin’s.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note82" href = "#tag82">82.</a>
+The earth.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note83" href = "#tag83">83.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">175</span>
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note84" href = "#tag84">84.</a>
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note85" href = "#tag85">85.</a>
+The giant Hrungner.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note86" href = "#tag86">86.</a>
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note87" href = "#tag87">87.</a>
+Thor’s.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note88" href = "#tag88">88.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">178</span>
+Icelandic proverb.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note89" href = "#tag89">89.</a>
+Icelandic proverb.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note90" href = "#tag90">90.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">182</span>
+A river in Jotunheim.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note91" href = "#tag91">91.</a>
+Thor’s kinsmen = the asas.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note92" href = "#tag92">92.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">183</span>
+Thruda was a daughter of Thor and Sif.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note93" href = "#tag93">93.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">185</span>
+A troll-woman.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note94" href = "#tag94">94.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">187</span>
+Shield.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note95" href = "#tag95">95.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">198</span>
+Elder Edda: the Lay of Fafner, 32, 33.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note96" href = "#tag96">96.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">205</span>
+The drink of the Volsungs = venom; the tortuous venom-serpent = the
+Midgard-serpent.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note97" href = "#tag97">97.</a>
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note98" href = "#tag98">98.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">208</span>
+These words are spoken by the maidens while they put the mill
+together.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note99" href = "#tag99">99.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">209</span>
+Frode.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note100" href = "#tag100">100.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">211</span>
+The mill.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note101" href = "#tag101">101.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">224</span>
+Quoted from memory.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note102" href = "#tag102">102.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">225</span>
+<ins class = "correction" title =
+"so in original: ‘-sund’?">Njorvasound</ins>, the Straits of Gibraltar;
+so called from the first Norseman who sailed through them. His name was
+Njorve. See Ann. for nordisk Oldkyndighed, Vol. I, p.&nbsp;58.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note103" href = "#tag103">103.</a>
+See <a href = "#notes_enea">note, page 221</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note104" href = "#tag104">104.</a>
+Svithjod the Great, or the Cold, is the ancient Sarmatia and Scythia
+Magna, and formed the great part of the present European Russia. In the
+mythological sagas it is also called Godheim; that is, the home of Odin
+and the other gods. Svithjod the Less is Sweden proper, and is called
+Mannheim; that is, the home of the kings, the descendants of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note105" href = "#tag105">105.</a>
+The Saracens’ land (Serkland) means North Africa and Spain, and the
+Saracen countries in Asia; that is, Persia, Assyria, etc.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note106" href = "#tag106">106.</a>
+Blueland, the country of the blacks in Africa, the country south of
+Serkland, the modern Ethiopia.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note107" href = "#tag107">107.</a>
+Tartareans.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note108" href = "#tag108">108.</a>
+Kalmuks.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note109" href = "#tag109">109.</a>
+Mongolians.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note110" href = "#tag110">110.</a>
+The Tanais is the present Don river, which empties into the Sea of
+Asov.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note111" href = "#tag111">111.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">226</span>
+Asgard is supposed, by those who look for historical fact in
+mythological tales, to be the present Assor; others, that it is Chasgar
+in the Caucasian ridge, called by Strabo Aspargum the Asburg, or castle
+of the asas. We still have in the Norse tongue the word Aas, meaning a
+ridge of high land. The word asas is not derived from Asia, as Snorre
+supposed. It is the O.H. Ger. <i>ans</i>; Anglo-Sax. <i>os</i> = a hero.
+The word also means a pillar; and in this latter sense the gods are the
+pillars of the universe. Connected with the word is undoubtedly Aas, a
+mountain-ridge, as supporter of the skies; and this reminds us of
+<i>Atlas</i>, as bearer of the world.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note112" href = "#tag112">112.</a>
+The temple-priests performed the functions of priest and judge, and
+their office continued hereditary throughout the heathen period of Norse
+history.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note113" href = "#tag113">113.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">227</span>
+See Norse Mythology, page 174.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note114" href = "#tag114">114.</a>
+See Brage’s Talk, p.&nbsp;160; and Norse Mythology, pp. 247 and 342.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note115" href = "#tag115">115.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">228</span>
+In the Vala’s Prophecy of the Elder Edda it is said that Odin talks with
+the head of Mimer before the coming of Ragnarok. See Norse Mythology,
+p.&nbsp;421.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note116" href = "#tag116">116.</a>
+This shows that the vans must have belonged to the mythological system
+of some older race that, like the ancient Romans (Liber and Libera),
+recognized the propriety of marriage between brothers and sisters, at
+least among their gods. Such marriages were not allowed among our Odinic
+ancestors. Hence we see that when Njord, Frey and Freyja were admitted
+to Asgard, they entered into new marriage relations. Njord married
+Skade, Frey married Gerd, and Freyja married Oder. Our ancestors were
+never savages!</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note117" href = "#tag117">117.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">229</span>
+Turkland was usually supposed to mean Moldau and Wallachia. Some, who
+regard the great mountain barrier as being the Ural Mountains, think
+Turkland is Turkistan in Asia. Asia Minor is also frequently styled
+Turkland.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note118" href = "#tag118">118.</a>
+Ancient Norse writers connect this event with Mithridates and Pompey the
+Great. They tell how Odin was a heroic prince who, with his twelve peers
+or apostles, dwelt in the Black Sea region. He became straightened for
+room, and so led the asas out of Asia into eastern Europe. Then they go
+on to tell how the Roman empire had arrived at its highest point of
+power, and saw all the then known world&mdash;the orbis
+terrarum&mdash;subject to its laws, when an unforeseen event raised up
+enemies against it from the very heart of the forests of Scythia, and on
+the banks of the Don river. The leader was Mithridates the Great,
+against whom the Romans waged three wars, and the Romans looked upon him
+as the most formidable enemy the empire had ever had to contend with.
+Cicero delivered his famous oration, Pro lege Manilia, and succeeded in
+getting Pompey appointed commander of the third war against Mithridates.
+The latter, by flying, had drawn Pompey after him into the wilds of
+Scythia. Here the king of Pontus sought refuge and new means of
+vengeance. He hoped to arm against the ambition of Rome all his
+neighboring nations whose liberties she threatened. He was successful at
+first, but all those Scythian peoples, ill-united as allies, ill-armed
+as soldiers, and still worse disciplined, were at length forced to yield
+to the genius of the great general Pompey. And here traditions tell us
+that Odin and the other asas were among the allies of Mithridates. Odin
+had been one of the gallant defenders of Troy, and at the same time,
+with Æneas and Anchises, he had taken flight out of the burning and
+falling city. Now he was obliged to withdraw a second time by flight,
+but this time it was not from the Greeks, but from the Romans, whom he
+had offended by assisting Mithridates. He was now compelled to go and
+seek, in lands unknown to his enemies, that safety which he could no
+longer find in the Scythian forests. He then proceeded to the north of
+Europe, and laid the foundations of the Teutonic nations. As fast as he
+subdued the countries in the west and north of Europe he gave them to
+one or another of his sons to govern. Thus it comes to pass that so many
+sovereign families throughout Teutondom are said to be descended from
+Odin. Hengist and Horsa, the chiefs of those Saxons who conquered
+Britain in the fifth century, counted Odin in the number of their
+ancestors. The traditions go on to tell how he conquered Denmark,
+founded Odinse (Odinsve = Odin’s Sanctuary; comp. <i>ve</i> with the
+German <i>Wei</i> in <i>Weinacht</i>), and gave the kingdom to his son
+Skjold (shield); how he conquered Sweden, founded the Sigtuna temple,
+and gave the country to his son Yngve; how finally Norway had to submit
+to him, and be ruled by a third son of Odin, Saming.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+It has been seriously contended,&mdash;and it would form an important
+element in an epic based on the historical Odin,&mdash;that a desire of
+being revenged on the Romans was one of the ruling principles of Odin’s
+whole conduct. Driven by those foes of universal liberty from his former
+home in the east, his resentment was the more violent, since the Teutons
+thought it a sacred duty to revenge all injuries, especially those
+offered to kinsmen or country. Odin had no other view in traversing so
+many distant lands, and in establishing with so much zeal his doctrines
+of valor, than to arouse all Teutonic nations, and unite them against so
+formidable and odious a race as the Romans. And we, who live in the
+light of the nineteenth century, and with the records before us, can
+read the history of the convulsions of Europe during the decline of the
+Roman empire; we can understand how that leaven, which Odin left in the
+bosoms of the believers in the asa-faith, first fermented a long time in
+secret; but we can also see how in the fullness of time, the signal
+given, the descendants of Odin fell like a swarm of locusts upon this
+unhappy empire, and, after giving it many terrible shocks, eventually
+overturned it, thus completely avenging the insult offered so many
+centuries before by Pompey to their founder Odin. We can understand how
+it became possible for “those vast multitudes, which the populous north
+poured from her frozen loins, to pass the Rhine and the Danube, and come
+like a deluge on the south, and spread beneath Gibraltar and the Libyan
+sands;” how it were possible, we say, for them so largely to remodel and
+invigorate a considerable part of Europe, nay, how they could succeed in
+overrunning and overturning “the rich but rotten, the mighty but
+marrowless, the disciplined but diseased, Roman empire; that gigantic
+and heartless and merciless usurpation of soulless materialism and
+abject superstition of universal despotism, of systemized and relentless
+plunder, and of depravity deep as hell.” In connection with this subject
+we would refer our readers to Mallet’s Northern Antiquities, pp. 79-83,
+where substantially the same account is given; to Norse Mythology, pp.
+232-236; to George Stephen’s Runic Monuments, Vol. I; and to Charles
+Kingsley’s The Roman and the Teuton.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note119" href = "#tag119">119.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">231</span>
+Compare this version of the myth with the one given in the first chapter
+of The Fooling of Gylfe. Many explain the myth to mean the breaking
+through of the Baltic between Sweden and Denmark.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note120" href = "#tag120">120.</a>
+Leidre or Leire, at the end of Isefjord, in the county of Lithraborg, is
+considered the oldest royal seat in Denmark.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note121" href = "#tag121">121.</a>
+Laage is a general name for lakes and rivers. It here stands for Lake
+Malar, in Sweden.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note122" href = "#tag122">122.</a>
+The grassy isle is Seeland.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note123" href = "#tag123">123.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">232</span>
+Sigtun. <i>Sige</i>, Ger. Sieg, (comp. Sigfrid,) means victory, and is
+one of Odin’s names; <i>tun</i> means an inclosure, and is the same word
+as our modern English <i>town</i>. Thus Sigtun would, in modern English,
+be called Odinstown; like our Johnstown, Williamstown, etc.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note124" href = "#tag124">124.</a>
+Noatun, Thrudvang, Breidablik and Himinbjorg are purely mythological
+names, and for their significance the reader is referred to The Fooling
+of Gylfe. Snorre follows the lay of Grimner in the Elder Edda.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note125" href = "#tag125">125.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">233</span>
+Berserk. The etymology of this word has been much contested. Some, upon
+the authority of Snorre in the above quoted passage, derive it from berr
+(<i>bare</i>) and serkr (comp. <i>sark</i>, Scotch for shirt); but this
+etymology is inadmissible, because serkr is a substantive, not an
+adjective. Others derive it from berr (Germ. <i>Bär</i> = <i>ursus</i>),
+which is greatly to be preferred, for in olden ages athletes and
+champions used to wear hides of bears, wolves and reindeer
+(as&nbsp;skins of lions in the south), hence the names Bjalfe,
+Bjarnhedinn, Ulfhedinn (hedinn, <i>pellis</i>),&mdash;“pellibus aut
+parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur.” Cæsar, Bell. Gall. VI, 22. Even the
+old poets understood the name so, as may be seen in the poem of
+Hornklofi (beginning of the 10th century), a dialogue between a valkyrie
+and a raven, where the valkyrie says at berserkja reiðu vil ek <ins
+class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘pik’">þik</ins> spyrja, to which the raven replies,
+Ulfhednar heita, <i>they are called wolf coats</i>. In battle the
+berserks were subject to fits of frenzy, called <i>berserksgangr</i>
+(<i>furor bersercicus</i>), when they howled like wild beasts, foamed at
+the mouth, and gnawed the iron rim of their shields. During these fits
+they were, according to a popular belief, proof against steel and fire,
+and made great havoc in the ranks of the enemy. But when the fever
+abated they were weak and tame. Vigfusson Cleasby’s Icelandic-English
+Dictionary, <i>sub voce</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note126" href = "#tag126">126.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">234</span>
+In the mythology this ship belongs to Frey, having been made for him by
+the dwarfs.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note127" href = "#tag127">127.</a>
+Hugin and Munin.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note128" href = "#tag128">128.</a>
+The old Norse word is órlög, which is plural, (from ör = Ger. <i>ur</i>,
+and lög, <i>laws</i>,) and means the primal law, fate, weird, doom; the
+Greek <span class = "greek" title = "Greek: moira">μοῖρα</span>. The
+idea of predestination was a salient feature in the Odinic religion. The
+word örlog, O.H.G. <i>urlac</i>, M.H.G. <i>urlone</i>, Dutch
+<i>orlog</i>, had special reference to a man’s fate in war. Hence
+Orlogschiffe in German means a naval fleet. The Danish orlog means
+warfare at&nbsp;sea.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note129" href = "#tag129">129.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">236</span>
+Svithjod, which here means Sweden, is derived from Odin’s name, Svidr
+and thjod = folk, people. Svithjod thus means Odin’s people, and the
+country takes its name from the people.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note130" href = "#tag130">130.</a>
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note131" href = "#tag131">131.</a>
+Norway was given to Saming by Odin.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note132" href = "#tag132">132.</a>
+He gave himself nine wounds in the form of the head of a spear, or
+Thor’s hammer; that is, he marked himself with the sign of the
+<i>cross</i>, an ancient heathen custom.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note133" href = "#tag133">133.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">239</span>
+Here ends Snorre’s account of the asas in Heimskringla. The reader will,
+of course, compare the account here given of Odin, Njord, Frey, Freyja,
+etc., with the purely mythological description of them in the Younger
+Edda, and with that in Norse Mythology. Upon the whole, Snorre has
+striven to accommodate his sketch to the Eddas, while he has had to
+clothe mythical beings with the characteristics of human kings. Like
+Saxo-Grammaticus, Snorre has striven to show that the deities, which we
+now recognize as personified forces and phenomena of nature, were
+extraordinary and enterprising persons, who formerly ruled in the North,
+and inaugurated the customs, government and religion of Norway, Sweden,
+Denmark, Germany, England, and the other Teutonic lands.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note134" href = "#tag134">134.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">240</span>
+The word fornjot can be explained in two ways: either as for-njot = the
+first enjoyer, possessor; or as forn-jot, the ancient giant. He would
+then correspond to Ymer.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note135" href = "#tag135">135.</a>
+Notice this trinity: Hler is the sea (comp. the Welsh word <i>llyr</i> =
+sea); Loge is fire (comp. the Welsh <i>llwg</i>), he reminds us both by
+his name and his nature of Loke; Kare is the wind.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote sans"><a name = "trans_noteA" href =
+"#trans_tagA">A.</a>
+Transcriber’s Footnote: Zalmoxis or Salmoxis was a Thracian deity. The
+word <span class = "greek" title = "Greek: Zalmos">Ζαλμός</span> is
+defined by Liddell and Scott&mdash;a dictionary available to the
+author&mdash;as Thracian for “a skin”.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "mid chapter">
+
+<div class = "vocab">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">275</span>
+<a name = "page275"> </a>
+<h3><a name = "vocab">VOCABULARY.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Adils.</span> A king who reigned in
+Upsala.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ae.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Æger.</span> The god presiding over the
+stormy&nbsp;sea.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alf.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alfather.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alfheim.</span> The home of the elves.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alfrig.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alsvid.</span> One of the horses of
+the&nbsp;sun.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Althjof.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alvis.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Amsvartner.</span> The name of the lake in
+which the island was situated where the wolf Fenrer was chained.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Andhrimner.</span> The cook in Valhal.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Andlang.</span> The second heaven.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Andvare.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Andvare-naut.</span> The ring in the
+Niblung story.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Angerboda.</span> A giantess; mother of the
+Fenris-wolf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Annar.</span> Husband of Night and father
+of Jord.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Arvak.</span> The name of one of the horses
+of the&nbsp;sun.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asaheim.</span> The home of the asas.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asaland.</span> The land of the asas.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asas.</span> The Teutonic gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asa-thor.</span> A common name for
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asgard.</span> The residence of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ask.</span> The name of the first man
+created by Odin, Honer and Loder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Aslaug.</span> Daughter of Sigurd and
+Brynhild.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asmund.</span> A man visited by Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asynjes.</span> The Teutonic goddesses.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Atle.</span> Gudrun’s husband after the
+death of Sigurd.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Atrid.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Aud.</span> The son of Night and
+Naglfare.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Audhumbla.</span> The cow that nourished
+the giant Ymer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Audun.</span> A name derived from Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Aurgelmer.</span> A giant; grandfather of
+Bergelmer; the same as Ymer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">276</span>
+<a name = "page276"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Aurvang.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Austre.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Bafur.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Balder.</span> Son of Odin and Frigg, slain
+by Hoder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Baleyg.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bar-isle.</span> A cool grove in which Gerd
+agreed with Skirner to meet Frey.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bauge.</span> A brother of Suttung. Odin
+worked for him one summer, in order to get his help in obtaining
+Suttung’s mead of poetry.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Beigud.</span> One of Rolf Krake’s
+berserks.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bele.</span> A giant, brother of Gerd,
+slain by Frey.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bergelmer.</span> A giant; son of
+Thrudgelmer and grandson of Aurgelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Berling.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bestla.</span> Wife of Bure and mother of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Biflide.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Biflinde.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bifrost.</span> The rainbow.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bifur.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bikke.</span> A minister of Jormunrek;
+causes Randver to be hanged, and Svanhild trodden to death by
+horses.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bil.</span> One of the children that
+accompany Moon.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bileyg.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bilskirner.</span> Thor’s abode.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Blain.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Blodughofde.</span> Frey’s horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bodn.</span> One of the three jars in which
+the poetic mead is kept.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bodvar bjarke.</span> One of Rolf Krake’s
+berserks.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bol.</span> One of the rivers flowing out
+of Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bolthorn.</span> A giant; father of Bestla,
+mother of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bolverk.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bombur.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bor.</span> Son of Bure; father of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Brage.</span> A son of Odin; the best of
+skalds.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Breidablik.</span> The abode of Balder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Brimer.</span> One of the heavenly halls
+after Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Brising.</span> Freyja’s necklace.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Brok.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Brynhild.</span> One of the chief heroines
+in the Niblung story.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Budle.</span> Father of Atle and
+Brynhild.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bue.</span> A son of Vesete, who settled in
+Borgundarholm.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">277</span>
+<a name = "page277"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Bure.</span> Grandfather of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Byleist.</span> A brother of Loke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Byrger.</span> A well from which Bil and
+Hjuke were going when they were taken by Moon.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Dain.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dain.</span> One of the stags that bite the
+leaves of Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dainsleif.</span> Hogne’s sword.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Day.</span> Son of Delling.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Daybreak.</span> The father of Day.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Delling.</span> Daybreak.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dolgthvare.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dore.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Draupner.</span> Odin’s ring.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Drome.</span> One of the fetters with which
+the Fenris-wolf was chained.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Duf.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Duney.</span> One of the stags that bite
+the leaves of Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Durathro.</span> One of the stags that bite
+the leaves of Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Durin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dvalin.</span> One of the stags that bite
+the leaves of Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dvalin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Eikinskjalde.</span> A
+dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eikthyrner.</span> A hart that stands over
+Odin’s hall.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eilif.</span> Son of Gudrun; a skald.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eimyrja.</span> One of the daughters of
+Haloge and Glod.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eindride.</span> A name of Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eir.</span> An attendant of Menglod, and
+the best of all in the healing&nbsp;art.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ekin.</span> One of the rivers flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Elder.</span> A servant of Æger.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eldhrimner.</span> The kettle in which the
+boar Sahrimner is cooked in Valhal.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Elivogs.</span> The ice-cold streams that
+flow out of Niflheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eljudner.</span> Hel’s hall.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Elle.</span> An old woman (old age) with
+whom Thor wrestled in Jotunheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Embla.</span> The first woman created by
+Odin, Honer and Loder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Endil.</span> The name of a giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Erp.</span> A son of Jonaker, murdered by
+Sorle and Hamder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eylime.</span> The father of Hjordis,
+mother of Volsung.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eysa.</span> One of the daughters of Haloge
+and Glod.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Fafner.</span> Son of
+Hreidmar, killed by Sigurd.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">278</span>
+<a name = "page278"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Fal.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Falhofner.</span> One of the horses of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Farbaute.</span> The father of Loke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Farmagod.</span> One of the names of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Farmatyr.</span> One of the names of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fenja.</span> A female slave who ground at
+Frode’s mill.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fenris-wolf.</span> The monster wolf, son
+of Loke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fensaler.</span> The abode of Frigg.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fid.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">File.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fimafeng.</span> Æger’s servant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fimbul.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fimbulthul.</span> One of the streams
+flowing from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fimbul-tyr.</span> The unknown god.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fimbul-winter.</span> The great and awful
+winter of three years duration preceding Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Finnsleif.</span> A byrnie belonging to
+King Adils, of Upsala.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fjalar.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fjolner.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fjolsvid.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fjorgvin.</span> The mother of Frigg and of
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fjorm.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Folkvang.</span> Freyja’s abode.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Form.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fornjot.</span> The ancient giant; the
+father of Æger.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Forsete.</span> The peace-maker; son of
+Balder and Nanna.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Frananger force.</span> The waterfall into
+which Loke cast himself in the likeness of a salmon.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Freke.</span> One of Odin’s wolves.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Frey.</span> Son of Njord and husband of
+Skade.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Freyja.</span> The daughter of Njord and
+sister of Frey.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fridleif.</span> A son of Skjold.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Frigg.</span> Wife of Odin and mother of
+the gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Frode.</span> Grandson of Skjold.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Froste.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fulla.</span> Frigg’s attendant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fundin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fyre.</span> A river in Sweden.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Gagnrad.</span> A name of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Galar.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gandolf.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">279</span>
+<a name = "page279"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Gang.</span> A giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ganglare.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ganglate.</span> Hel’s man-servant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ganglere.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ganglot.</span> Hel’s maid-servant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gangrad.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gardrofa.</span> A horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Garm.</span> A dog that barks at
+Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gaut.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gefjun.</span> A goddess; she is present at
+Æger’s feast.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gefn.</span> One of the names of
+Freyja.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Geirahod.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Geirrod.</span> A giant visited by
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Geir Skogul.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Geirvimul.</span> One of the streams
+flowing from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gelgja.</span> The fetter with which the
+Fenris-wolf was chained.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gerd.</span> A beautiful giantess, daughter
+of Gymer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gere.</span> One of Odin’s wolves.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gersame.</span> One of the daughters of
+Freyja.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gilling.</span> Father of Suttung, who
+possessed the poetic mead.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gimle.</span> The abode of the righteous
+after Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ginnar.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ginungagap.</span> The premundane
+abyss.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gipul.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gisl.</span> One of the horses of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gjallar-bridge.</span> The bridge across
+the river Gjol, near Helheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gjallar-horn.</span> Heimdal’s horn.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gjallar-river.</span> The river near
+Helheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gjalp.</span> One of the daughters of
+Geirrod.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gjuke.</span> A king in Germany, visited by
+Sigurd.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gladsheim.</span> Odin’s dwelling.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Glam.</span> The name of a giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Glapsvid.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Glaser.</span> A grove in Asgard.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gleipner.</span> The last fetter with which
+the wolf Fenrer was bound.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Glener.</span> The husband of Sol
+(sun).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gler.</span> One of the horses of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Glitner.</span> Forsete’s hall.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gloin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gna.</span> Frigg’s messenger.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gnipa-cave.</span> The cave before which
+the dog Garm barks.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">280</span>
+<a name = "page280"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Gnita-heath.</span> Fafner’s abode, where he
+kept the treasure of the Niblungs.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Goin.</span> A serpent under Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gol.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Goldfax.</span> The giant Hrungner’s
+horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gomul.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gondler.</span> One of the names of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gondul.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gopul.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Got.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gote.</span> Gunnar’s horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gothorm.</span> A son of Gjuke; murders
+Sigurd, and is slain by&nbsp;him.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grabak.</span> One of the serpents under
+Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grad.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grafvitner.</span> A serpent under
+Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grafvollud.</span> A serpent under
+Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gram.</span> Sigurd’s sword.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grane.</span> Sigurd’s horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Greip.</span> One of the daughters of
+Geirrod.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grid.</span> A giantess visited by
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gridarvol.</span> Grid’s staff.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grim.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grimhild.</span> Gjuke’s queen.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grimner.</span> One of the names of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grjottungard.</span> The place where Thor
+fought with Hrungner.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Groa.</span> A giantess, mother of
+Orvandel.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grotte.</span> The name of King Frode’s
+mill.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gud.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gudny.</span> One of the children of
+Gjuke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gudrun.</span> The famous daughter of
+Gjuke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gullinburste.</span> The name of Frey’s
+boar.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gullintanne.</span> A name of Heimdal.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gulltop.</span> Heimdal’s horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gullveig.</span> A personification of gold;
+she is pierced and burnt.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gungner.</span> Odin’s spear.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gunlat.</span> The daughter of the giant
+Suttung.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gunn.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gunnar.</span> The famous son of Gjuke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gunthrain.</span> One of the rivers flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gwodan.</span> An old name for Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">281</span>
+<a name = "page281"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Gylfe.</span> A king of Svithjod, who visited
+Asgard under the name of Ganglere.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gyller.</span> One of the horses of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gymer.</span> Another name of the ocean
+divinity Æger.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Habrok.</span> A celebrated
+hero.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hallinskide.</span> Another name of
+Heimdal.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Haloge.</span> A giant, son of Fornjot;
+also called Loge.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hamder.</span> Son of Jonaker and Gudrun,
+incited by his mother to avenge his sister’s death.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hamskerper.</span> A horse; the sire of
+Hofvarpner, which was Gna’s horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hangagod.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hangatyr.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Haptagod.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Har.</span> The High One; applied to
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Harbard.</span> A name assumed by Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hate.</span> The wolf bounding before the
+sun, and will at last catch the moon.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Heide.</span> Another name for
+Gullveig.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Heidrun.</span> A goat that stands over
+Valhal.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Heimdal.</span> The god of the rainbow.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Heimer.</span> Brynhild’s
+foster-father.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hel.</span> The goddess of death; daughter
+of Loke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Helblinde.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Helmet-bearer.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hengekjapt.</span> The man to whom King
+Frode gave his mill.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hepte.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Heran.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Herfather.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Herjan.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hermod.</span> The god who rode on Sleipner
+to Hel, to get Balder back.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Herteit.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hild.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hildesvin.</span> A helmet, which King
+Adils took from King&nbsp;Ale.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Himinbjorg.</span> Heimdal’s dwelling.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hindfell.</span> The place where Brynhild
+sat in her hall, surrounded by the Vafurloge.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hjalmbore.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hjalprek.</span> A king in Denmark;
+collects a fleet for Sigurd.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hjatle the valiant.</span> One of Rolf
+Krake’s berserks.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hjordis.</span> Married to Sigmund, and
+mother of Sigurd.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">282</span>
+<a name = "page282"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Hjuke.</span> One of the children that
+accompany Moon.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hledjolf.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hler.</span> Another name of Æger.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hlidskjalf.</span> The seat of Odin, whence
+he looked out over all the world.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hlin.</span> One of the attendants of
+Frigg; Frigg herself is sometimes called by this name.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hlodyn.</span> Thor’s mother.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hlok.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hloride.</span> A name of Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hniker.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hnikud.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hnitbjorg.</span> The place where Suttung
+hid the poetic mead.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hnos.</span> Freyja’s daughter.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hoder.</span> The slayer of Balder; he is
+blind.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hodmimer’s-holt.</span> The grove where the
+two human beings, Lif and Lifthraser, were preserved during
+Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hofvarpner.</span> Gna’s horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hogne.</span> A son of Gjuke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Honer.</span> One of the three creating
+gods; with Odin and Loder he creates Ask and Embla.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hor.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Horn.</span> A name of Freyja.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrasvelg.</span> A giant in an eagle’s
+plumage, who produces the wind.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hreidmar.</span> The father of Regin and
+Fafner.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrib.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrimfaxe.</span> The horse of Night.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hringhorn.</span> The ship upon which
+Balder’s body was burned.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrist.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrodvitner.</span> A wolf; father of the
+wolf Hate.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hron.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hroptatyr.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrotte.</span> Fafner’s sword.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrungner.</span> A giant; Thor
+slew&nbsp;him.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrym.</span> A giant, who steers the ship
+Naglfar at Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hvergelmer.</span> The fountain in the
+middle of Niflheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Huge.</span> A person (Thought) who ran a
+race with Thjalfe, in Jotunheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hugist.</span> One of Odin’s ravens.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hugstore.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">283</span>
+<a name = "page283"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Hymer.</span> A giant with whom Thor went
+fishing when he caught the Midgard-serpent.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hyndla.</span> A vala visited by
+Freyja.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hyrroken.</span> A giantess who launched
+the ship on which Balder was burned.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Ida.</span> A plain where
+the gods first assemble, and where they assemble again after
+Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Idavold.</span> The same.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ide.</span> A giant, son of Olvalde.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Idun.</span> Wife of Brage; she kept the
+rejuvenating apples.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ironwood.</span> The abode of giantesses
+called Jarnveds.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Iva.</span> A river in Jotunheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ivald.</span> The father of the dwarfs that
+made Sif’s hair, the ship Skidbladner, and Odin’s spear Gungner.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Jafnhar.</span> A name of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jalg.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jalk.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jarnsaxa.</span> One of Heimdal’s nine
+giant mothers.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jarnved.</span> The same as Ironwood.</p>
+
+<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Jarnvidjis’"><span
+class = "smallcaps">Jarnvidjes.</span></ins> The giantesses dwelling in
+Ironwood.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jord.</span> Wife of Odin, mother of
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Jormundgand’"><span
+class = "smallcaps">Jormungand.</span></ins> The Midgard-serpent.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jormunrek.</span> King of Goths, marries
+Svanhild.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Joruvold.</span> The country where Aurvang
+is situated. Thence come several dwarfs.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jotunheim.</span> The home of the
+giants.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Kerlaugs.</span> The rivers
+that Thor every day must cross.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Kile.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Kjaler.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Kormt.</span> A river which Thor every day
+must cross.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Kvaser.</span> The hostage given by the
+vans to the asas; his blood, when slain, was the poetical meed kept by
+Suttung.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Lading.</span> One of the
+fetters with which the Fenris-wolf was bound.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Landvide.</span> Vidar’s abode.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Laufey.</span> Loke’s mother.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Leipt.</span> One of the rivers flowing out
+of Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lerad.</span> A tree near Valhal.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Letfet.</span> One of the horses of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<table class = "group">
+<tr>
+<td class = "group smallcaps">Lif.</td>
+<td class = "leftline" rowspan = "2"><p class = "nospace">
+The two persons preserved in Hodmimer’s-holt during Ragnarok.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "group smallcaps">Lifthraser.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lit.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">284</span>
+<a name = "page284"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Ljosalfaheim.</span> The home of the light
+elves.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Loder.</span> One of the three gods who
+created Ask and Embla.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lofn.</span> One of the asynjes.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Loge.</span> A giant who tried his strength
+at eating with Loke in Jotunheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Loke.</span> The giant-god of the Norse
+mythology.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lopt.</span> Another name for Loke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lovar.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lyngve.</span> The island where the
+Fenris-wolf was chained.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Magne.</span> A son of
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mannheim.</span> The home of man; our
+earth.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mardol.</span> One of the names of
+Freyja.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Megingjarder.</span> Thor’s belt.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Meile.</span> A son of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Menglad.</span> Svipdag’s betrothed.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Menja.</span> A female slave who ground at
+Frode’s mill.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Midgard.</span> The name of the earth in
+the mythology.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Midvitne.</span> A giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mimer.</span> The name of the wise giant;
+keeper of the holy well.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mist.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mjodvitner.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mjolner.</span> Thorn’s hammer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mjotud.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mode.</span> One of Thor’s sons.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Modgud.</span> The may who guards the
+Gjallar-bridge.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Modsogner.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Moin.</span> A serpent under Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mokkerkalfe.</span> A clay giant in the
+myth of Thor and Hrungner.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Moon, brother of sun.</span> Both children
+of Mundilfare.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Moongarm.</span> A wolf of Loke’s
+offspring; he devours the moon.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Morn.</span> A troll-woman.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mundilfare.</span> Father of the sun and
+moon.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Munin.</span> One of Odin’s ravens.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Muspel.</span> The name of an abode of
+fire.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Muspelheim.</span> The world of blazing
+light before the creation.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Na.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Naglfar.</span> A mythical ship made of
+nail-parings; it appears in Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nain.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nal.</span> Mother of Loke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nanna.</span> Daughter of Nep; mother of
+Forsete, and wife of Balder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">285</span>
+<a name = "page285"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Nare.</span> Sod of Loke; also called
+Narfe.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Narfe.</span> <i>See</i> Nare.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nastrand.</span> A place of punishment for
+the wicked after Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nep.</span> Father of Nanna.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Niblungs.</span> Identical with
+Gjukungs.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nida mountains.</span> A place where there
+is, after Ragnarok, a golden hall for the race of Sindre (the
+dwarfs).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nide.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nidhug.</span> A serpent in the nether
+world.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Niflheim.</span> The world of mist before
+the creation.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Niflungs.</span> Identical with
+Niblungs.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Night.</span> Daughter of Norfe.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nikar.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nikuz.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Niping.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Njord.</span> A van; husband of Skade, and
+father of Frey and Freyja.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Noatun.</span> Njord’s dwelling.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Non.</span> One of the streams flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nor.</span> The man after whom Norway was
+supposed to have been named.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nordre.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Norfe.</span> A giant, father of Night.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Norns.</span> The weird sisters.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Not.</span> One of the streams flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ny.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nye.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nyrad.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Oder.</span> Freyja’s
+husband.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Odin.</span> Son of Bor and Bestla; the
+chief of Teutonic gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Odrarer.</span> One of the vessels in which
+the poetic mead was kept.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ofner.</span> A serpent under Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Oin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Oku-thor.</span> A name of Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Olvalde.</span> A giant; father of Thjasse,
+Ide and Gang.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ome.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Onar.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Orboda.</span> Wife of the giant Gymer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ore.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ormt.</span> One of the rivers that Thor
+has to cross.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Orner.</span> The name of a giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">286</span>
+<a name = "page286"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Orvandel.</span> The husband of Groa, the vala
+who sang magic songs over Thor after he had fought with Hrungner.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Oske.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Otter.</span> A son of Hreidmar; in the
+form of an otter he was killed by Loke.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Quaser.</span> <i>See</i>
+Kvaser.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Radgrid.</span> A
+valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Radsvid.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Rafnagud.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ragnarok.</span> The last day; the
+dissolution of the gods and the world; the twilight of the gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ran.</span> The goddess of the sea; wife of
+Æger.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Randgrid.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Randver.</span> A son of Jormunrek.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ratatosk.</span> A squirrel in
+Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Rate.</span> An auger used by Odin in
+obtaining the poetic mead.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Regin.</span> Son of Hreidmar.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Reginleif.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Reidartyr.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Rek.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Rind.</span> Mother of Vale.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Rogner.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Roskva.</span> Thor’s maiden follower.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Sahrimner.</span> The boar
+on which the gods and heroes in Valhal live.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sad.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Saga.</span> The goddess of history.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sager.</span> The bucket carried by Bil and
+Hjuke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sangetal.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sekin.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sessrymner.</span> Freyja’s palace.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Siar.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sid.</span> A stream flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sidhot.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sidskeg.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sif.</span> Thor’s wife.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sigfather.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sigfrid.</span> The hero in the Niblung
+story; the same as Sigurd.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sigmund.</span> Son of Volsung. Also son of
+Sigurd and Gudrun.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sindre.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sigtyr.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sigyn.</span> Loke’s wife.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">287</span>
+<a name = "page287"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Sigurd.</span> The hero in the Niblung story;
+identical with Sigfrid.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Silvertop.</span> One of the horses of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Simul.</span> The pole on which Bil and
+Hjuke carried the bucket.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sinfjotle.</span> Son of Sigmund.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Siner.</span> One of the horses of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sjofn.</span> One of the asynjes.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skade.</span> A giantess; daughter of
+Thjasse and wife of Njord.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skeggold.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skeidbrimer.</span> One of the horses of
+the gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skidbladner.</span> Frey’s ship.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skifid.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skifir.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skilfing.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skinfaxe.</span> The horse of Day.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skirner.</span> Frey’s messenger.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skogul.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skol.</span> The wolf that pursues
+the&nbsp;sun.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skrymer.</span> The name assumed by
+Utgard-Loke; a giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skuld.</span> The norn of the future.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sleipner.</span> Odin’s eight-footed
+steed.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Slid.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Slidrugtanne.</span> Frey’s boar.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Snotra.</span> One of the asynjes.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sokmimer.</span> A giant slain by Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sokvabek.</span> A mansion, where Odin and
+Saga quaff from golden beakers.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sol.</span> Daughter of Mundilfare.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Son.</span> One of the vessels containing
+the poetic mead.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sorle.</span> Son of Jonaker and Gudrun;
+avenges the death of Svanhild.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sudre.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sun.</span> Identical with Sol.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Surt.</span> Guards Muspelheim. A
+fire-giant in Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Suttung.</span> The giant possessing the
+poetic mead.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svade.</span> A giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svadilfare.</span> A horse, the sire of
+Sleipner.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svafner.</span> A serpent under
+Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><ins class = "correction" title =
+"inconsistent spelling in original"><span class =
+"smallcaps">Svanhild.</span></ins> Daughter of Sigurd and Gudrun.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svarin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svartalfaheim.</span> The home of the
+swarthy elves.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svarthofde.</span> The ancestor of all
+enchanters.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svasud.</span> The name of a giant; father
+of summer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">288</span>
+<a name = "page288"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Sviagris.</span> A ring demanded by the
+berserks for Rolf Krake.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svid.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svidar.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svidr.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svidre.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svidrir.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svidur.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svipdag.</span> The betrothed of
+Menglad.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svipol.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svol.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svolne.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sylg.</span> A stream flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Syn.</span> A minor goddess.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Syr.</span> A name of Freyja.</p>
+
+<table class = "group space">
+<tr>
+<td class = "group smallcaps">Tangnjost.</td>
+<td class = "leftline" rowspan = "2"><p class = "nospace">
+Thor’s goats.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "group smallcaps">Tangrisner.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thek.</span> A dwarf; also a name of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thjalfe.</span> The name of Thor’s
+man-servant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thjasse.</span> A giant; the father of
+Njord’s wife, Skade.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thjodnuma.</span> One of the streams
+flowing from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thok.</span> Loke in the disguise of a
+woman.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thol.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thor.</span> Son of Odin and Fjorgyn. The
+god of thunder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thorin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thorn.</span> A giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thride.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thro.</span> A dwarf; also a name of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Throin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thror.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thrud.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thud.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thul.</span> A stream flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thund.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thvite.</span> A stone used in chaining the
+Fenris-wolf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thyn.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Tyr.</span> The one-armed god
+of&nbsp;war.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Ud.</span> A name of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ukko.</span> The god of thunder in Tshudic
+mythology.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ukko-thor.</span> A name for Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Uller.</span> Son of Sif and step-son of
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Urd.</span> The norn of the past.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">289</span>
+<a name = "page289"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Utgard.</span> The abode of the giant
+Utgard-Loke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Utgard-loke.</span> A giant visited by
+Thor; identical with Skrymer.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Vafthrudner.</span> A giant
+visited by Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vafud.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vafurloge.</span> The bickering flame
+surrounding Brynhild on Hindfell.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vak.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Valaskjalf.</span> One of Odin’s
+dwellings.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vale.</span> Brother of Balder; kills
+Hoder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Valfather.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Valhal.</span> The hall to which Odin
+invites those slain in battle.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vanadis.</span> A name of Freyja.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vanaheim.</span> The home of the vans.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Var.</span> The goddess of betrothals and
+marriages.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vartare.</span> The thread with which the
+mouth of Loke was sewed together.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vasad.</span> The grandfather of
+Winter.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ve.</span> A brother of Odin. (Odin, Vile
+and&nbsp;Ve).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vedfolner.</span> A hawk in Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vegsvin.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vegtam.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Veratyr.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Verdande.</span> The norn of the
+present.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vestre.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vid.</span> One of the streams flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidar.</span> Son of Odin and the giantess
+Grid.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidblain.</span> The third heaven.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidfin.</span> The father of Bil and
+Hjuke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidolf.</span> The ancestor of the
+valas.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidrer.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidur.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vig.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vigrid.</span> The field of battle where
+the gods and the hosts of Surt meet in Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vile.</span> Brother of Odin
+and&nbsp;Ve.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vilmeide.</span> The ancestor of all
+wizards.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vimer.</span> A river that Thor
+crosses.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vin.</span> A river that flows from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vina.</span> A river that flows from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vindalf.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vindlong.</span> One of the names of the
+father of winter.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">290</span>
+<a name = "page290"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Vindsval.</span> One of the names of the
+father of winter.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vingner.</span> A name of Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vingolf.</span> The palace of the
+asynjes.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vingthor.</span> A name of Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Virfir.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vit.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Volsungs.</span> The descendants of
+Volsung.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Von.</span> A river formed by the saliva
+running from the mouth <ins class = "correction" title = "illegible">of
+the</ins> chained Fenris-wolf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vor.</span> One of the asynjes.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Wodan.</span> A name of
+Odin.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Ydaler.</span> Uller’s
+dwelling.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Yg.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ygdrasil.</span> The world-embracing
+ash-tree.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ylg.</span> One of the streams flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ymer.</span> The huge giant out of whose
+body the world was cr<ins class = "correction" title =
+"illegible">eated.</ins></p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">291</span>
+<a name = "page291"> </a>
+<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "index">INDEX.</a></h3>
+
+<p class = "mynote">
+Page references in the 5-10 range were left unlinked, as they do not
+correspond reliably to actual citations; pages 5 and 6 do not exist
+at all. It is possible that the Preface was rewritten and repaginated
+between 1879 (the original date of the book) and 1901 (the date of the
+printing used as the basis for this e-text).
+</p>
+
+<div class = "index">
+
+<table>
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>A - Annar</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td width = "50%">
+<p>Abel, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Academy (London), <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Achilleus, <a href = "#page167">167</a>, <a href =
+"#page168">168</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Adam, <a href = "#page33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Adela, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Adils, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a href =
+"#page217">217</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ae, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Æger, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page154">154</a>, <a
+href = "#page159">159</a>, <a href = "#page160">160</a>, <a href =
+"#page162">162</a>, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, <a href =
+"#page169">169</a>, <a href = "#page176">176</a>-189, <a href =
+"#page196">196</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Æneas, <a href = "#page168">168</a>, <a href =
+"#page221">221</a>-224, <a href = "#page229">229</a>, <a href =
+"#page242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Africa and Africans, <a href = "#page36">36</a>, <a href =
+"#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ainbet, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ainos, <a href = "#page221">221</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aldafather, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ale, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>, <a
+href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alf, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alfather, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page69">69</a>, <a
+href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href =
+"#page80">80</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page92">92</a>, <a href = "#page94">94</a>, <a href =
+"#page98">98</a>, <a href = "#page106">106</a>, <a href =
+"#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Alfheim, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href =
+"#page183">183</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alfrig, <a href = "#page261">261</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alsace, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alsvid, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Althjof, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alvis, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p>
+
+<p>America, <a href = "#page30">30</a>, <a href =
+"#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Amsvartner, <a href = "#page94">94</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Anchises, <a href = "#page223">223</a>, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Andhrimner, <a href = "#page104">104</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Andlang, <a href = "#page78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Andvare, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page194">194</a>, <a
+href = "#page195">195</a>, <a href = "#page199">199</a>-201.</p>
+
+<p>Andvarenaut, <a href = "#page200">200</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Angerboda, <a href = "#page91">91</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Anglo-Saxon, <a href = "#page258">258</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Annan, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Annar, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Argulos - Austria</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Argulos, <a href = "#page41">41</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ariadne, <a href = "#page29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ariel, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ark, <a href = "#page33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arndt, <a href = "#page257">257</a>, <a href =
+"#page258">258</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arvak, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asaheim, <a href = "#page226">226</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asaland, <a href = "#page226">226</a>, <a href =
+"#page234">234</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asas, <a href = "#page79">79</a>-90.</p>
+
+<p>Asa-Thor, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asburg, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asgard, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page51">51</a>, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href =
+"#page64">64</a>, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href =
+"#page69">69</a>, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, <a href =
+"#page136">136</a>, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a href =
+"#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page156">156</a>-158, <a href =
+"#page164">164</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>-176, <a href =
+"#page181">181</a>, <a href = "#page189">189</a>, <a href =
+"#page191">191</a>, <a href = "#page224">224</a>, <a href =
+"#page226">226</a>, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href =
+"#page230">230</a>, <a href = "#page237">237</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asia, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href
+= "#page166">166</a>, <a href = "#page225">225</a>-229.</p>
+
+<p>Asiamen, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href = "#page48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ask, 5, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Aslaug, <a href = "#page204">204</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asmund, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href =
+"#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aspargum, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asov, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Assor, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asynjes, <a href = "#page97">97</a>-100.</p>
+
+<p>Assyrians, <a href = "#page37">37</a>, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, <a
+href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Atlas, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Atle, <a href = "#page198">198</a>-202, <a href =
+"#page251">251</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Atra, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Atrid, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aud, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Audhumbla, <a href = "#page59">59</a>, <a href =
+"#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Audun, <a href = "#page235">235</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aurgelmer, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aurvang, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Austre, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Austria, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>B - Bjarnhedinn</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Baal, <a href = "#page37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Babylon, <a href = "#page39">39</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bafur, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Balder, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page8">8</a>, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href = "#page83">83</a>,
+<a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href =
+"#page131">131</a>-136, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a href =
+"#page158">158</a>, <a href = "#page175">175</a>, <a href =
+"#page232">232</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>, <a href =
+"#page264">264</a>, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Baleyg, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a
+href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Baltic, <a href = "#page223">223</a>, <a href =
+"#page231">231</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Banquo, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bar, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a href
+= "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bar-Isle, <a href = "#page102">102</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bauge, <a href = "#page162">162</a>, <a href =
+"#page163">163</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">292</span>
+<a name = "page292"> </a>
+<p>Bavaria, <a href = "#page256">256</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bedvig, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Beigud, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bel, <a href = "#page37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Beldegg, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bele, <a href = "#page102">102</a>, <a href = "#page103">103</a>, <a
+href = "#page145">145</a>, <a href = "#page175">175</a>, <a href =
+"#page262">262</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Beowulf, <a href = "#page262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bergelmer, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bergmann, Fr., <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href =
+"#page221">221</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Berling, <a href = "#page261">261</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bestla, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Biflide, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Biflinde, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a
+href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bifrost, <a href = "#page68">68</a>, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a
+href = "#page74">74</a>, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href =
+"#page88">88</a>, <a href = "#page108">108</a>, <a href =
+"#page142">142</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bifur, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bikke, <a href = "#page202">202</a>, <a href =
+"#page203">203</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bil, <a href = "#page66">66</a>, <a href = "#page99">99</a>, <a href
+= "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bileyg, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bilskirner, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bjaf, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bjalfe, <a href = "#page233">233</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bjar, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bjarnhedinn, <a href = "#page233">233</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Black Sea - Byrger</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Black Sea, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blackwell, W. L., <a href = "#page15">15</a>, <a href =
+"#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blain, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blind, Karl, <a href = "#page252">252</a>-256.</p>
+
+<p>Blodughofde, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blueland, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bodn, <a href = "#page160">160</a>-165.</p>
+
+<p>Bodvar Bjarke, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bol, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bolthorn, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bolverk, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page162">162</a>, <a
+href = "#page163">163</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bombur, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bor, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href
+= "#page64">64</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Borgundarholm, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bornholm, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bothnia, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Brage, 6, 9, <a href =
+"#page16">16</a>, <a href = "#page25">25</a>, <a href =
+"#page50">50</a>, <a href = "#page87">87</a>, <a href =
+"#page108">108</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page154">154</a>, <a href = "#page159">159</a>, <a href =
+"#page160">160</a>, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, <a href =
+"#page166">166</a>, <a href = "#page169">169</a>, <a href =
+"#page184">184</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page189">189</a>, <a href = "#page205">205</a>, <a href =
+"#page231">231</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Brander, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Breidablik, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page84">84</a>,
+<a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Brimer, <a href = "#page147">147</a>, <a href =
+"#page166">166</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Brising, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page186">186</a>, <a
+href = "#page261">261</a>, <a href = "#page262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Britain, <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Brok, <a href = "#page190">190</a>-192.</p>
+
+<p>Brynhild, <a href = "#page198">198</a>-201, <a href =
+"#page262">262</a>, <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Budd, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Buddha, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Budle, <a href = "#page198">198</a>, <a href =
+"#page201">201</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bue, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bugge, Sophus, <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bure, 5, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Byleist, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href =
+"#page144">144</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Byrger, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>C</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Cæsar, <a href = "#page233">233</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cain, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Carlyle, Sir Thomas, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, <a href =
+"#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Carthage, <a href = "#page31">31</a>, <a href =
+"#page242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cato, the Elder, <a href = "#page31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Caucasian, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Celtic, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>,
+<a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cerberos, <a href = "#page41">41</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Chaldeans, <a href = "#page40">40</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chasgar, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>China, <a href = "#page28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chlotildis, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Christ, <a href = "#page201">201</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>,
+<a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cicero, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Columbus, <a href = "#page30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cottle, A. S., <a href = "#page15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Crete, <a href = "#page28">28</a>, <a href = "#page39">39</a>-42.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>D</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Dain, <a href = "#page70">70</a>, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dainsleif, <a href = "#page219">219</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dane, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Danube, <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dardanos, <a href = "#page42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dasent, G. W., <a href = "#page15">15</a>, <a href =
+"#page16">16</a>, <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Day, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Daybreak, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Delling, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Denmark, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a href = "#page206">206</a>, <a
+href = "#page207">207</a>, <a href = "#page214">214</a>, <a href =
+"#page222">222</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href =
+"#page231">231</a>, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href =
+"#page242">242</a>, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Dido, <a href = "#page242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dietrich, Fr., <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dippold, G. Theo., <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dolgthvare, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Don, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dore, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dornröschen, <a href = "#page254">254</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Draupner, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page134">134</a>,
+<a href = "#page136">136</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Drome, <a href = "#page93">93</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Duf, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Duney, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Durathro, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Durin, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dvalin, <a href = "#page70">70</a>, <a href = "#page74">74</a>, <a
+href = "#page75">75</a>, <a href = "#page261">261</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<span class = "pagenum">293</span>
+<a name = "page293"> </a>
+<h5>E</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Egilsson, S., <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href =
+"#page19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eikenskjalde, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eikthyrner, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eilif, <a href = "#page179">179</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eimyrja, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eindride, <a href = "#page175">175</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eir, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ekin, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Elder, <a href = "#page188">188</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eldhrimner, <a href = "#page104">104</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Elenus, <a href = "#page168">168</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eline, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Elivogs, 5, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, <a
+href = "#page59">59</a>, <a href = "#page173">173</a>, <a href =
+"#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eljudner, <a href = "#page92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Elle, <a href = "#page124">124</a>, <a href = "#page127">127</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Embla, 5, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a href
+= "#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Emerson, R. W., <a href = "#page22">22</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Endil, <a href = "#page180">180</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Enea, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>, <a
+href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>England, <a href = "#page30">30</a>, <a href = "#page48">48</a>, <a
+href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href =
+"#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>, <a href =
+"#page258">258</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Erichthonios, <a href = "#page221">221</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Erp, <a href = "#page202">202</a>-205.</p>
+
+<p>Ethiopia, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ettmüller, Ludw., <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Europe, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>-230,
+<a href = "#page241">241</a>, <a href = "#page254">254</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eve, <a href = "#page33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eylime, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eysa, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eyvind Skaldespiller, <a href = "#page236">236</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>F - Fjorm</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Fafner, <a href = "#page193">193</a>-201, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fal, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Falhofner, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Farbaute, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href =
+"#page185">185</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Farmagod, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Farmatyr, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page165">165</a>,
+<a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Faye, A., <a href = "#page257">257</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fenja, <a href = "#page206">206</a>-208, <a href =
+"#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fenris-wolf, 8, <a href = "#page87">87</a>, <a
+href = "#page91">91</a>-96, <a href = "#page104">104</a>, <a href =
+"#page141">141</a>, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href =
+"#page148">148</a>, <a href = "#page149">149</a>, <a href =
+"#page168">168</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fensaler, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href =
+"#page132">132</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fid, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>File, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Fimafeng, <a href = "#page188">188</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fimbul, <a href = "#page56">56</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fimbulthul, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fimbul-tyr, 5, 6, <a
+href = "#page8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fimbul-winter, 7, <a href =
+"#page140">140</a>, <a href = "#page264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Finnish, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>,
+<a href = "#page241">241</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Finnsleif, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fjalar, <a href = "#page160">160</a>, <a href =
+"#page161">161</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fjarlaf, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fjolner, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a
+href = "#page207">207</a>, <a href = "#page238">238</a>, <a href =
+"#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fjolsvid, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>,
+<a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fjorgvin, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fjorm, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Folkvang - Fyrisvold</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Folkvang, <a href = "#page86">86</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Forestier, Auber, <a href = "#page262">262</a>, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>, <a href = "#page266">266</a>, <a href =
+"#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Form, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fornjot, <a href = "#page239">239</a>-243.</p>
+
+<p>Forsete, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page90">90</a>, <a
+href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frananger Force, <a href = "#page137">137</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frankland, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fraser’s Magazine, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Freke, <a href = "#page105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Freovit, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frey, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page8">8</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a href = "#page86">86</a>,
+<a href = "#page94">94</a>, <a href = "#page101">101</a>-103, <a href =
+"#page109">109</a>-112, <a href = "#page134">134</a>, <a href =
+"#page142">142</a>, <a href = "#page143">143</a>, <a href =
+"#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page191">191</a>, <a href = "#page192">192</a>, <a href =
+"#page227">227</a>, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href =
+"#page237">237</a>-239, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>, <a href = "#page262">262</a>, <a href =
+"#page264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Freyja, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page29">29</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a href =
+"#page86">86</a>, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href =
+"#page110">110</a>, <a href = "#page134">134</a>, <a href =
+"#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page157">157</a>, <a href =
+"#page170">170</a>, <a href = "#page183">183</a>, <a href =
+"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href =
+"#page232">232</a>, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>, <a href = "#page261">261</a>, <a href =
+"#page262">262</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Fridleif, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a
+href = "#page206">206</a>, <a href = "#page218">218</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frigialand, <a href = "#page168">168</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frigg, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page43">43</a>, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href =
+"#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, <a href =
+"#page94">94</a>, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href =
+"#page98">98</a>, <a href = "#page131">131</a>-136, <a href =
+"#page145">145</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page176">176</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page227">227</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frigia, <a href = "#page43">43</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frigida, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frjodiger, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frode, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, <a href = "#page206">206</a>-213,
+<a href = "#page238">238</a>, <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Froste, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, <a
+href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fulla, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page136">136</a>, <a
+href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fundin, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Funen, <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fyre, <a href = "#page216">216</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fyrisvold, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page217">217</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>G - Gissur</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Gaelic, <a href = "#page257">257</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gagnrad, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Galar, <a href = "#page160">160</a>, <a href =
+"#page161">161</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gandolf, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gandvik, <a href = "#page179">179</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gang, <a href = "#page159">159</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ganglare, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">294</span>
+<a name = "page294"> </a>
+<p>Ganglate, <a href = "#page92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ganglere, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>,
+<a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ganglot, <a href = "#page92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gangrad, <a href = "#page58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gardarike, <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gardie, de la, <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gardrofa, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Garm, 8, <a href = "#page108">108</a>, <a href
+= "#page143">143</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gaut, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gave, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gefjun, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a
+href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page231">231</a>, <a href =
+"#page242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gefn, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gegenwart, Die, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Geibel, Em., <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Geir, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Geirabod, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Geirrod, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page176">176</a>-183, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href =
+"#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Geir Skogul, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Geirvimul, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gelgja, <a href = "#page96">96</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gelmer, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gerd, <a href = "#page101">101</a>-113, <a href = "#page153">153</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href = "#page238">238</a>, <a href =
+"#page262">262</a>, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gere, <a href = "#page105">105</a>, <a href = "#page261">261</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Germania (of Tacitus), <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Germany, <a href = "#page30">30</a>, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a
+href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>-256.</p>
+
+<p>Gersame, <a href = "#page238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gertraud, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gibraltar, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gill, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gilling, <a href = "#page161">161</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gimle, 9, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href
+= "#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page78">78</a>, <a href =
+"#page147">147</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ginnar, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ginungagap, 5, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a
+href = "#page57">57</a>, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href =
+"#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>-249.</p>
+
+<p>Gipul, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gisl, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gissur, Jarl, <a href = "#page24">24</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Gjallar - Goransson</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Gjallar-bridge, <a href = "#page135">135</a>, <a href =
+"#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gjallarhorn, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href = "#page88">88</a>,
+<a href = "#page142">142</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gjallar-river, <a href = "#page135">135</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gjalp, <a href = "#page178">178</a>, <a href = "#page179">179</a>, <a
+href = "#page180">180</a>, <a href = "#page182">182</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gjoll, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page96">96</a>, <a
+href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gjuke, <a href = "#page199">199</a>, <a href = "#page204">204</a>, <a
+href = "#page206">206</a>, <a href = "#page266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gjukungs, <a href = "#page193">193</a>-201.</p>
+
+<p>Glad, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gladsheim, <a href = "#page28">28</a>, <a href = "#page69">69</a>, <a
+href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Glam, <a href = "#page183">183</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Glapsvid, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Glaser, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page199">199</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gleipner, <a href = "#page87">87</a>, <a href = "#page94">94</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Glener, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gler, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Glitner, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a
+href = "#page90">90</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Glod, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gloin, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Glora, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Gna, <a href = "#page98">98</a>, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gnipa-cave, 8, <a href =
+"#page143">143</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gnita-heath, <a href = "#page196">196</a>-200.</p>
+
+<p>God, <a href = "#page33">33</a>-40, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Godheim, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page236">236</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Goe, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Goin, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gol, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Golden Age, <a href = "#page69">69</a>-71.</p>
+
+<p>Goldfax, <a href = "#page169">169</a>, <a href =
+"#page176">176</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gomul, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gondler, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gondul, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gopul, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gor, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Got, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gote, <a href = "#page199">199</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gothorm, <a href = "#page198">198</a>-211.</p>
+
+<p>Gotland, <a href = "#page206">206</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Goransson, J., <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Grabak - Gymer</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Grabak, <a href = "#page76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grad, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grafvitner, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grafvollud, <a href = "#page76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gram, <a href = "#page199">199</a>, <a href = "#page200">200</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grane, <a href = "#page198">198</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grave, <a href = "#page199">199</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gray, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Greece and Greeks, <a href = "#page28">28</a>, <a href =
+"#page31">31</a>, <a href = "#page39">39</a>-43, <a href =
+"#page222">222</a>-229, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Greenland, <a href = "#page30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Greip, <a href = "#page178">178</a>-183.</p>
+
+<p>Grid, <a href = "#page177">177</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gridarvol, <a href = "#page177">177</a>, <a href =
+"#page181">181</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grim, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a
+href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grimhild, <a href = "#page198">198</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grimm (Brothers), <a href = "#page244">244</a>, <a href =
+"#page253">253</a>, <a href = "#page258">258</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grimner, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page244">244</a>, <a
+href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>, <a href =
+"#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grjottungard, <a href = "#page171">171</a>, <a href =
+"#page174">174</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Groa, <a href = "#page173">173</a>, <a href = "#page174">174</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grotte, <a href = "#page207">207</a>, <a href =
+"#page210">210</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grottesong, <a href = "#page207">207</a>, <a href =
+"#page208">208</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Guatemala, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, <a href =
+"#page244">244</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">295</span>
+<a name = "page295"> </a>
+<p>Gud, <a href = "#page100">100</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gudny, <a href = "#page198">198</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gudolf, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gudrun, <a href = "#page179">179</a>-203.</p>
+
+<p>Gullinburste, <a href = "#page134">134</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gullintanne, <a href = "#page88">88</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gulltop, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, <a
+href = "#page134">134</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gullveig, <a href = "#page252">252</a>, <a href =
+"#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gungner, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href =
+"#page189">189</a>-192.</p>
+
+<p>Gunlad, <a href = "#page160">160</a>-165.</p>
+
+<p>Gunn, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gunnar, <a href = "#page198">198</a>-203.</p>
+
+<p>Gunnthro, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href =
+"#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gunthrain, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gwodan, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gylfe, 9, <a href = "#page16">16</a>, <a href
+= "#page46">46</a>, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href =
+"#page50">50</a>, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, <a href =
+"#page52">52</a>, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, <a href =
+"#page221">221</a>, <a href = "#page224">224</a>, <a href =
+"#page231">231</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href =
+"#page242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gyller, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gymer, <a href = "#page101">101</a>, <a href = "#page103">103</a>, <a
+href = "#page238">238</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>H - Helmet</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Ha, <a href = "#page218">218</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Habrok, <a href = "#page108">108</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hafthor, <a href = "#page235">235</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hakon, <a href = "#page21">21</a>-24, <a href =
+"#page236">236</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Haleygjatal, <a href = "#page47">47</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Halfdan, <a href = "#page213">213</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hallinskide, <a href = "#page88">88</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Haloge, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Halogeland, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ham, <a href = "#page35">35</a>, <a href = "#page36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hamder, <a href = "#page202">202</a>, <a href =
+"#page206">206</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hamskerper, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hangagod, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hangatyr, <a href = "#page165">165</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Haptagod, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Har, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href
+= "#page243">243</a>-246.</p>
+
+<p>Harald Harfager, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Harbard, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hate, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Haustlong, <a href = "#page184">184</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Hebrew, <a href = "#page37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hedin, <a href = "#page218">218</a>, <a href =
+"#page219">219</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hedinians, <a href = "#page219">219</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heide, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heidrun, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heimdal, 6, 8, <a href
+= "#page88">88</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href =
+"#page134">134</a>, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href =
+"#page143">143</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page232">232</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heimer, <a href = "#page204">204</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heimskringla, 10, <a href = "#page22">22</a>,
+<a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, <a href =
+"#page221">221</a>, <a href = "#page224">224</a>, <a href =
+"#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page242">242</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hekate, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hektor, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, <a
+href = "#page167">167</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hel, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page55">55</a>, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href =
+"#page57">57</a>, <a href = "#page91">91</a>-96, <a href =
+"#page133">133</a>, <a href = "#page135">135</a>-137, <a href =
+"#page142">142</a>, <a href = "#page144">144</a>, <a href =
+"#page148">148</a>, <a href = "#page248">248</a>, <a href =
+"#page255">255</a>, <a href = "#page264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Helblinde, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a
+href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Held, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Helge Hundings-Bane, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Helgeland, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Helmet-bearer, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Henderson - Hlymdaler</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Henderson, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hendride, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hengekjapt, <a href = "#page207">207</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hengist, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hepte, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herakles, <a href = "#page41">41</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heran, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herbert, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herfather, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herfjoter, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herikon, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href =
+"#page221">221</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herjan, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a
+href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hermanric, <a href = "#page262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hermod, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, <a
+href = "#page135">135</a>, <a href = "#page136">136</a>, <a href =
+"#page249">249</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hero-book, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herodotos, <a href = "#page22">22</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herteit, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hesse (Rhenish), <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Hild, <a href = "#page99">99</a>, <a href = "#page198">198</a>, <a
+href = "#page218">218</a>, <a href = "#page219">219</a>, <a href =
+"#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hildebrand, Karl, <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hildesvin, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Himminbjorg, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page88">88</a>,
+<a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hindfell, <a href = "#page199">199</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hjaddingavig, <a href = "#page219">219</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hjalmbore, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hjalprek, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hjalte the Valiant, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hjarrande, <a href = "#page218">218</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hjordis, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hjuke, <a href = "#page66">66</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hledjolf, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hleidre, <a href = "#page212">212</a>, <a href =
+"#page214">214</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hler, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, <a
+href = "#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hlidskjalf, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a href = "#page77">77</a>,
+<a href = "#page101">101</a>, <a href = "#page137">137</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hlin, <a href = "#page98">98</a>, <a href = "#page145">145</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hlodyn, <a href = "#page145">145</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hlok, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hloride, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hlymdaler, <a href = "#page204">204</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Hnikar - Hyrrokken</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Hnikar, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a
+href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">296</span>
+<a name = "page296"> </a>
+<p>Hnikud, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a
+href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hnitbjorg, <a href = "#page161">161</a>, <a href =
+"#page162">162</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hnos, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hoder, 7, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href
+= "#page132">132</a>, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hodmimer’s-holt, <a href = "#page149">149</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hofvarpner, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hogne, <a href = "#page198">198</a>-218.</p>
+
+<p>Holge, <a href = "#page187">187</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Holzmann, A., <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Homer, <a href = "#page222">222</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Honer, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a
+href = "#page155">155</a>, <a href = "#page157">157</a>, <a href =
+"#page184">184</a>-186, <a href = "#page193">193</a>, <a href =
+"#page227">227</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hor, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Horn, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hornklofe, <a href = "#page233">233</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Horsa, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Howitts, the, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrasvelg, <a href = "#page79">79</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hreidmar, <a href = "#page193">193</a>-196.</p>
+
+<p>Hrid, <a href = "#page56">56</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Hrimfaxe, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrimgerd, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hringhorn, <a href = "#page133">133</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrist, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrodvitner, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrolf, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hron, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hroptatyr, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrotte, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrungner, 7, <a href = "#page169">169</a>-176,
+<a href = "#page210">210</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrym, <a href = "#page141">141</a>-144.</p>
+
+<p>Hvergelmer, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page72">72</a>,
+<a href = "#page75">75</a>, <a href = "#page106">106</a>, <a href =
+"#page148">148</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href =
+"#page248">248</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hvitserk, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Huge, <a href = "#page121">121</a>, <a href = "#page126">126</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hugin, <a href = "#page105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hugstare, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Humboldt, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hymer, <a href = "#page128">128</a>-133, <a href =
+"#page167">167</a>, <a href = "#page186">186</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hyndla, <a href = "#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hyrrokken, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, <a href =
+"#page134">134</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>I</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Iceland, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ida, <a href = "#page148">148</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Idavold, <a href = "#page69">69</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ide, <a href = "#page159">159</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Idun, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page10">10</a>, <a href = "#page28">28</a>, <a href =
+"#page87">87</a>, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, <a href =
+"#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page155">155</a>, <a href =
+"#page157">157</a>, <a href = "#page184">184</a>-187, <a href =
+"#page264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Iliad, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>, <a
+href = "#page224">224</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ilos, <a href = "#page43">43</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>India, <a href = "#page28">28</a>, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Irmina, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ironwood, <a href = "#page57">57</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Isefjord, <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Italy, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, <a href = "#page222">222</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ithaca, <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Itrman, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Iva, <a href = "#page182">182</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ivalde, <a href = "#page112">112</a>, <a href =
+"#page189">189</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>J</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Jack, <a href = "#page247">247</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jafnhar, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a
+href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jalanger, <a href = "#page207">207</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jalg, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jalk, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href
+= "#page245">245</a>-247.</p>
+
+<p>Jamieson, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Japhet, <a href = "#page35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jarnsaxa, <a href = "#page173">173</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jarnved, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jarnvidjes, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jat, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jerusalem, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jews, <a href = "#page29">29</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Johnstown, <a href = "#page232">232</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jokul, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jonaker, <a href = "#page202">202</a>, <a href =
+"#page206">206</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jonsson (Arngrim), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jonsson (Th.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href =
+"#page19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jord, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page100">100</a>, <a
+href = "#page174">174</a>, <a href = "#page175">175</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jormungand, <a href = "#page91">91</a>-96, <a href =
+"#page144">144</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jormunrek, <a href = "#page202">202</a>-206.</p>
+
+<p>Joruvold, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jotland, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jotunheim, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a
+href = "#page69">69</a>, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href =
+"#page110">110</a>, <a href = "#page111">111</a>, <a href =
+"#page115">115</a>, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, <a href =
+"#page144">144</a>, <a href = "#page157">157</a>, <a href =
+"#page169">169</a>, <a href = "#page176">176</a>, <a href =
+"#page185">185</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page231">231</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Juno, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jupiter, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, <a href = "#page42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jutland, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href =
+"#page247">247</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>K</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Kadmos, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kalevala, <a href = "#page84">84</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kalmuks, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kann, <a href = "#page254">254</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kare, <a href = "#page240">240</a>-243.</p>
+
+<p>Kemble, <a href = "#page258">258</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kerlangs, <a href = "#page73">73</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Keyser (Rud.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href =
+"#page19">19</a>, <a href = "#page20">20</a>, <a href =
+"#page23">23</a>, <a href = "#page25">25</a>, <a href =
+"#page26">26</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">297</span>
+<a name = "page297"> </a>
+<p>Kesfet, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kile, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kingsley (Chas.), <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kjalar, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Knue, <a href = "#page211">211</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kormt, <a href = "#page73">73</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kvaser, <a href = "#page137">137</a>, <a href =
+"#page160">160</a>-165, <a href = "#page227">227</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>L</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Laage, <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lading, <a href = "#page93">93</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Laing (Samuel), <a href = "#page22">22</a>, <a href =
+"#page224">224</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Landvide, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Laomedon, <a href = "#page43">43</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Latin, <a href = "#page222">222</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Laufey, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href = "#page110">110</a>, <a
+href = "#page113">113</a>, <a href = "#page137">137</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Leidre (See Hleidre), <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Leipt, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lerad, <a href = "#page106">106</a>, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Letfet, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Liber, <a href = "#page228">228</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Libera, <a href = "#page228">228</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lif, <a href = "#page149">149</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lifthraser, <a href = "#page149">149</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lit, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page134">134</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lithraborg, <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Ljosalfaheim, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Loder, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lofn, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Loge, <a href = "#page120">120</a>, <a href = "#page126">126</a>, <a
+href = "#page240">240</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Logrinn, <a href = "#page49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Loke, 6-8, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, <a href
+= "#page91">91</a>-96, <a href = "#page109">109</a>-145, <a href =
+"#page151">151</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page155">155</a>-158, <a href = "#page176">176</a>-187, <a href =
+"#page188">188</a>-199, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>, <a href = "#page261">261</a>, <a href =
+"#page264">264</a>, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lopt, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href = "#page186">186</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Loptsson (Jon), <a href = "#page20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lora, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Loricos, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Loride, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lovar, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lybia, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href =
+"#page242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lyngve, <a href = "#page94">94</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>M - Mithridates</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Macbeth, <a href = "#page252">252</a>-265.</p>
+
+<p>Macedonians, <a href = "#page39">39</a>, <a href = "#page40">40</a>,
+<a href = "#page42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Maelstrom, <a href = "#page208">208</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Magi, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Magne, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page48">48</a>, <a
+href = "#page149">149</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>, <a href =
+"#page173">173</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Magnusson (Arne), <a href = "#page17">17</a>, <a href =
+"#page18">18</a>, <a href = "#page23">23</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Malar, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href = "#page231">231</a>, <a
+href = "#page232">232</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mallet, <a href = "#page16">16</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Manilius, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mannheim, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page236">236</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mardol, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mars, <a href = "#page222">222</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mechtild, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mediterranean Sea, <a href = "#page38">38</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Megingjarder, <a href = "#page83">83</a>, <a href =
+"#page106">106</a>, <a href = "#page176">176</a>, <a href =
+"#page180">180</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Meile, <a href = "#page174">174</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Menglad, <a href = "#page260">260</a>, <a href =
+"#page262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Menja, <a href = "#page206">206</a>-209, <a href =
+"#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Menon, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Metellus, <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mexican, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Midgard, 5, <a href = "#page62">62</a>, <a
+href = "#page63">63</a>, <a href = "#page67">67</a>, <a href =
+"#page109">109</a>, <a href = "#page128">128</a>, <a href =
+"#page145">145</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Midvitne, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mimer, 10, <a href = "#page19">19</a>, <a
+href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href =
+"#page142">142</a>, <a href = "#page143">143</a>, <a href =
+"#page224">224</a>, <a href = "#page227">227</a>, <a href =
+"#page228">228</a>, <a href = "#page234">234</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mist, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mithridates, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Mjodvitner - Mysing</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Mjodvitner, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mjoll, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mjolner, 6-8, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a
+href = "#page83">83</a>, <a href = "#page111">111</a>-130, <a href =
+"#page134">134</a>, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a href =
+"#page149">149</a>, <a href = "#page171">171</a>, <a href =
+"#page176">176</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mjotud, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Möbius (Th.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mode, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a
+href = "#page149">149</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Modgud, <a href = "#page135">135</a>, <a href =
+"#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Modsogner, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moin, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mokkerkalfe, <a href = "#page171">171</a>, <a href =
+"#page173">173</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moldau, <a href = "#page228">228</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mongolians, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moon, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moongarm, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Morn, <a href = "#page185">185</a>, <a href = "#page186">186</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Morris (Wm.), <a href = "#page224">224</a>, <a href =
+"#page266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Müller (Max), <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Müller (P. E.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href =
+"#page20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mummius, <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Munch (P. A.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mundilfare, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Munin, <a href = "#page105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Munon, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Muspel, <a href = "#page68">68</a>, <a href = "#page103">103</a>, <a
+href = "#page112">112</a>, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href =
+"#page144">144</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Muspelheim, 5, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a
+href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href =
+"#page66">66</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href =
+"#page247">247</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Muss, <a href = "#page254">254</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mysing, <a href = "#page207">207</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<span class = "pagenum">298</span>
+<a name = "page298"> </a>
+<h5>N</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Na, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Naglfar, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page112">112</a>, <a
+href = "#page141">141</a>, <a href = "#page144">144</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nain, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nal, <a href = "#page91">91</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nanna, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page134">134</a>, <a
+href = "#page136">136</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nare, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href = "#page139">139</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Narfe, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a
+href = "#page139">139</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nastrand, 9, <a href = "#page147">147</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nep, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page134">134</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Neptune, <a href = "#page41">41</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Niblungs, <a href = "#page101">101</a>, <a href = "#page193">193</a>,
+<a href = "#page199">199</a>, <a href = "#page201">201</a>, <a href =
+"#page202">202</a>, <a href = "#page262">262</a>, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>, <a href = "#page266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Niblung Story, <a href = "#page30">30</a>, <a href =
+"#page266">266</a>, <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nida Mountains, <a href = "#page147">147</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nide, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nidhug, 9, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href
+= "#page75">75</a>, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a href =
+"#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Niflheim, 5, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a
+href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href =
+"#page92">92</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href =
+"#page247">247</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Niflhel, <a href = "#page55">55</a>, <a href = "#page111">111</a>, <a
+href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Niflungs, <a href = "#page193">193</a>-199, <a href =
+"#page201">201</a>, <a href = "#page202">202</a>, <a href =
+"#page266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Night, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Nikar, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nikuz, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nile, <a href = "#page41">41</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Niping, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Njord, 6, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, <a href
+= "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a href =
+"#page101">101</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page158">158</a>, <a href = "#page159">159</a>, <a href =
+"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page227">227</a>, <a href =
+"#page228">228</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href =
+"#page236">236</a>, <a href = "#page237">237</a>, <a href =
+"#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Njorvasnud, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Njorve, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Noah, <a href = "#page33">33</a>, <a href = "#page35">35</a>, <a href
+= "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Noatun, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a
+href = "#page158">158</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href =
+"#page237">237</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Non, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nor, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nordre, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Norfe, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Norns, <a href = "#page73">73</a>-78.</p>
+
+<p>Norway, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a href = "#page218">218</a>,
+<a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href =
+"#page236">236</a>, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href =
+"#page240">240</a>, <a href = "#page241">241</a>, <a href =
+"#page251">251</a>, <a href = "#page256">256</a>, <a href =
+"#page257">257</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Not, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ny, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nye, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nyrad, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nyerup (R.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>O</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Oder, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page112">112</a>, <a
+href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href = "#page238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Odin, 5-10, <a href = "#page29">29</a>, <a
+href = "#page39">39</a>, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href =
+"#page45">45</a>-47, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href =
+"#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href =
+"#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, <a href =
+"#page83">83</a>, <a href = "#page86">86</a>, <a href =
+"#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page96">96</a>, <a href =
+"#page100">100</a>, <a href = "#page104">104</a>-112, <a href =
+"#page132">132</a>-134, <a href = "#page137">137</a>, <a href =
+"#page142">142</a>, <a href = "#page143">143</a>, <a href =
+"#page145">145</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page155">155</a>, <a href = "#page157">157</a>, <a href =
+"#page158">158</a>, <a href = "#page160">160</a>-165, <a href =
+"#page168">168</a>-176, <a href = "#page181">181</a>, <a href =
+"#page185">185</a>, <a href = "#page186">186</a>, <a href =
+"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page189">189</a>-192, <a href =
+"#page194">194</a>, <a href = "#page195">195</a>, <a href =
+"#page206">206</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>, <a href =
+"#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>-263.</p>
+
+<p>Odinse, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href = "#page231">231</a>,
+<a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Odinstown, <a href = "#page232">232</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Odoacer, <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Odrarer, <a href = "#page160">160</a>-165.</p>
+
+<p>Odyssey, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, <a href =
+"#page224">224</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ofner, <a href = "#page76">76</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a
+href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Oin, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Oku-Thor, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, <a href = "#page151">151</a>,
+<a href = "#page167">167</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>, <a href =
+"#page209">209</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Olafsson (Magnus), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Olafsson (Stephan), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Olaf (Thordsson), 9, <a href =
+"#page20">20</a>, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, <a href =
+"#page23">23</a>-27.</p>
+
+<p>Olaf (Tryggvason), <a href = "#page261">261</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Olvalde, <a href = "#page159">159</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ome, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href
+= "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Onar, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orboda, <a href = "#page101">101</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ore, <a href = "#page70">70</a>, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orestes, <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orkneys, <a href = "#page218">218</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ormt, <a href = "#page73">73</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orner, <a href = "#page210">210</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orvandel, <a href = "#page173">173</a>-175.</p>
+
+<p>Oske, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href
+= "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Otter, <a href = "#page193">193</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ottilia, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>P</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Paulus (Diakonos), <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Persia, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Petersen (N. M.), <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pfeiffer (Fr.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pigott, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pluto, <a href = "#page49">49</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Poetry (origin of), <a href = "#page161">161</a>-165.</p>
+
+<p>Polar Sea, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pompey, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a
+href = "#page229">229</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pontus, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Priamos, <a href = "#page39">39</a>, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a
+href = "#page44">44</a>, <a href = "#page166">166</a>, <a href =
+"#page167">167</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pyrrhus, <a href = "#page168">168</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Q</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Quaser (see Kvaser).</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Quenland, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>R</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Rachel, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Radgrid, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Redsvid, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">299</span>
+<a name = "page299"> </a>
+<p>Rafn, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rafnagud, <a href = "#page105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ragnar, <a href = "#page206">206</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ragnar (Lodbrok), <a href = "#page205">205</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ragnarok, 8, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, <a
+href = "#page96">96</a>, <a href = "#page104">104</a>, <a href =
+"#page139">139</a>-145, <a href = "#page167">167</a>, <a href =
+"#page219">219</a>, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href =
+"#page247">247</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href =
+"#page264">264</a>, <a href = "#page266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ran, <a href = "#page188">188</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Randgrid, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Randver, <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘22’"><a href
+= "#page202">202</a></ins>-205.</p>
+
+<p>Rask (Rasmus), <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ratatosk, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rate, <a href = "#page163">163</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Refil, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Regin, <a href = "#page193">193</a>-200.</p>
+
+<p>Reginleif, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Reidartyr, <a href = "#page165">165</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Reidgotaland, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rek, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Remus, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href =
+"#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Resen (P. J.), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rhine, <a href = "#page201">201</a>, <a href =
+"#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rind, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page100">100</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ritta, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Roddros, <a href = "#page167">167</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rolf Krake, <a href = "#page214">214</a>-217.</p>
+
+<p>Rogner, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rome, <a href = "#page31">31</a>, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href
+= "#page221">221</a>-230.</p>
+
+<p>Romulus, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href =
+"#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Romulus (Augustulus), <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Roskva, <a href = "#page114">114</a>, <a href =
+"#page115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rosta, <a href = "#page100">100</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rugman (Jon), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Russia, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page230">230</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>S - Sinfjotle</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Sad, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saga, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sager, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sahrimner, <a href = "#page104">104</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saming, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a
+href = "#page236">236</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Samund the Wise, <a href = "#page20">20</a>, <a href =
+"#page26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sangetal, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>,
+<a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saracens, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sarmatia, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saturn, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, <a
+href = "#page41">41</a>, <a href = "#page42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saxland, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page48">48</a>, <a
+href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saxo-Grammaticus, <a href = "#page239">239</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saxons, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Schlegel, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Scotland, <a href = "#page257">257</a>, <a href =
+"#page258">258</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Scott (Walter), <a href = "#page257">257</a>, <a href =
+"#page258">258</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Scythia (Magna), <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Seeland, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a
+href = "#page231">231</a>, <a href = "#page242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sekin, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sennar, <a href = "#page36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Serkland, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sessrymner, <a href = "#page86">86</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Shakspeare, <a href = "#page252">252</a>-256.</p>
+
+<p>Shem, <a href = "#page36">36</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Siar, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sibyl, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sid, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sidhot, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a
+href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sidskeg, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a
+href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sif, <a href = "#page44">44</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href
+= "#page170">170</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page189">189</a>-192.</p>
+
+<p>Sigar, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sigfather, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>,
+<a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sigfrid, <a href = "#page19">19</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a
+href = "#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sigge, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sighan, <a href = "#page257">257</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sighvat, <a href = "#page20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sigmund, <a href = "#page196">196</a>-204.</p>
+
+<p>Sigtuna, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a
+href = "#page232">232</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sigtyr, <a href = "#page165">165</a>, <a href = "#page189">189</a>,
+<a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sigurd, <a href = "#page196">196</a>-204, <a href =
+"#page262">262</a>, <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sigyn, <a href = "#page139">139</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a
+href = "#page185">185</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Silvertop, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Simrock (K.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href = "#page19">19</a>,
+<a href = "#page253">253</a>, <a href = "#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Simul, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sindre, <a href = "#page147">147</a>, <a href =
+"#page190">190</a>-192.</p>
+
+<p>Siner, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sinfjotle, <a href = "#page204">204</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Sjafne - Snotra</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Sjafne, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sjofn, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skade, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a
+href = "#page139">139</a>, <a href = "#page158">158</a>, <a href =
+"#page159">159</a>, <a href = "#page185">185</a>, <a href =
+"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href =
+"#page236">236</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skeggold, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skeidbrimer, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href =
+"#page200">200</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skidbladner, <a href = "#page108">108</a>-113, <a href =
+"#page189">189</a>-192, <a href = "#page234">234</a>, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skifid, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skilfing, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>,
+<a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skinfaxe, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skirfir, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skirner, <a href = "#page94">94</a>, <a href =
+"#page101">101</a>-103, <a href = "#page143">143</a>, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skjaldun, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skjold, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a
+href = "#page206">206</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href =
+"#page231">231</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Skogul, <a href = "#page99">99</a>, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skol, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skrymer, <a href = "#page116">116</a>-127.</p>
+
+<p>Skuld, <a href = "#page74">74</a>, <a href = "#page100">100</a>, <a
+href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page252">252</a>, <a href =
+"#page256">256</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skule (Jarl), <a href = "#page21">21</a>-24, <a href =
+"#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">300</span>
+<a name = "page300"> </a>
+<p>Sleeping Beauty, <a href = "#page254">254</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sleipner, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href =
+"#page108">108</a>-112, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, <a href =
+"#page169">169</a>-176, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Slid, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Slidrugtanne, <a href = "#page134">134</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sna, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Snorre, 9, <a href = "#page19">19</a>-27, <a
+href = "#page221">221</a>, <a href = "#page226">226</a>, <a href =
+"#page233">233</a>, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href =
+"#page242">242</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Snotra, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Sokmimer - Syr</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Sokmimer, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sokvabek, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sol, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Solvarg, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Son, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, <a href = "#page165">165</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sorle, <a href = "#page202">202</a>-206</p>
+
+<p>Spain, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Steinthor, <a href = "#page235">235</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Stephens (Geo.), <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Strabo, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sturle (Thordsson), <a href = "#page21">21</a>, <a href =
+"#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Styx, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sudre, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sun, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Surt, 8, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, <a href =
+"#page78">78</a>, <a href = "#page142">142</a>-149, <a href =
+"#page168">168</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Suttung, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, <a href =
+"#page165">165</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svade, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svadilfare, <a href = "#page110">110</a>, <a href =
+"#page111">111</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svafner, <a href = "#page76">76</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a
+href = "#page246">246</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svanhild, <a href = "#page199">199</a>-206.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Svarin, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svartalfaheim, <a href = "#page94">94</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svarthofde, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svasud, <a href = "#page80">80</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sveinsson (Br.), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sviagris, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a href =
+"#page217">217</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svid, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svidar, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svidr, <a href = "#page236">236</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svidrer, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href =
+"#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svidrir, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svidur, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svipdag, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a
+href = "#page262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svipol, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svithjod, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a
+href = "#page181">181</a>, <a href = "#page207">207</a>, <a href =
+"#page211">211</a>, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page228">228</a>, <a href = "#page236">236</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svebdegg, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svol, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page106">106</a>, <a
+href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svolne, <a href = "#page174">174</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sylg, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Syn, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Syr, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>T - Thorstein</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Tacitus, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tanais, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tanaquisl, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tangnjost, <a href = "#page83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tangrisner, <a href = "#page83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tartareans, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Taylor (W.), <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Testament (New), <a href = "#page28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Testament (Old), <a href = "#page28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Teutons, <a href = "#page222">222</a>-224, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href =
+"#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page244">244</a>, <a href =
+"#page253">253</a>, <a href = "#page263">263</a>, <a href =
+"#page264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thek, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href
+= "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thjalfe, <a href = "#page114">114</a>, <a href = "#page115">115</a>,
+<a href = "#page120">120</a>, <a href = "#page121">121</a>, <a href =
+"#page126">126</a>, <a href = "#page171">171</a>, <a href =
+"#page173">173</a>, <a href = "#page181">181</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thjasse, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a
+href = "#page155">155</a>-158, <a href = "#page184">184</a>-187, <a href
+= "#page210">210</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thjode, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Thjodnuma, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thjodolf, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, <a href = "#page174">174</a>,
+<a href = "#page184">184</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thok, <a href = "#page136">136</a>, <a href = "#page137">137</a>, <a
+href = "#page264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thol, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thor, 6, 8, <a href =
+"#page29">29</a>, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, <a href =
+"#page44">44</a>, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href =
+"#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, <a href =
+"#page83">83</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href =
+"#page100">100</a>, <a href = "#page109">109</a>-153, <a href =
+"#page165">165</a>-192, <a href = "#page205">205</a>-243, <a href =
+"#page251">251</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>, <a href = "#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorarin, <a href = "#page235">235</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thord, <a href = "#page20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorer, <a href = "#page235">235</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorin, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorleif, <a href = "#page176">176</a>, <a href = "#page184">184</a>,
+<a href = "#page187">187</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorn, <a href = "#page179">179</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorodd (Runemaster), <a href = "#page27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorpe (Benjamin), <a href = "#page15">15</a>, <a href =
+"#page252">252</a>, <a href = "#page257">257</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>, <a href = "#page262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorre, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorstein (Viking’s son), <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Thrace - Tyr</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Thrace, <a href = "#page44">44</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thride, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>-246.</p>
+
+<p>Thro, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Throin, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thror, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thrud, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thruda, <a href = "#page183">183</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thrudgelmer, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thrudheim, <a href = "#page44">44</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thrudvang, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, <a href = "#page127">127</a>,
+<a href = "#page173">173</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thrym, 7.</p>
+
+<p>Thrymheim, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a
+href = "#page156">156</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thucydides, <a href = "#page22">22</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thud, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thul, <a href = "#page56">56</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">301</span>
+<a name = "page301"> </a>
+<p>Thule, <a href = "#page30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thund, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Thvite, <a href = "#page96">96</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thyn, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tiber, <a href = "#page221">221</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tieck, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tivisco, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tom Thumb, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Torfason (T.), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tror, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tros, <a href = "#page43">43</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Troy, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href
+= "#page44">44</a>, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href =
+"#page64">64</a>, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, <a href =
+"#page166">166</a>, <a href = "#page167">167</a>, <a href =
+"#page168">168</a>, <a href = "#page222">222</a>-224, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tshudic, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Turkey, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a
+href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, <a href =
+"#page166">166</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Turkistan, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Turkland, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tyr, 6, 8, <a href =
+"#page29">29</a>, <a href = "#page87">87</a>, <a href =
+"#page92">92</a>, <a href = "#page95">95</a>, <a href =
+"#page143">143</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page165">165</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page244">244</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>U</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Ud, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Uhland (Ludw.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ukko, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href
+= "#page239">239</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ukko-Thor, <a href = "#page239">239</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ulfhedinn, <a href = "#page233">233</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Uller, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a
+href = "#page174">174</a>, <a href = "#page183">183</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ulysses, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, <a href =
+"#page223">223</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Umea, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Upsala, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a
+href = "#page216">216</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href =
+"#page237">237</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ural Mountains, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Urd, 10, <a href = "#page19">19</a>, <a href
+= "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page74">74</a>, <a href =
+"#page76">76</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href =
+"#page252">252</a>-256.</p>
+
+<p>Utgard, <a href = "#page118">118</a>-127.</p>
+
+<p>Utgard-Loke, <a href = "#page119">119</a>-130.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>V - Vestre</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Vafthrudner, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vafud, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vafurloge, <a href = "#page199">199</a>, <a href =
+"#page200">200</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vag, <a href = "#page214">214</a>, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vainamoinen, <a href = "#page84">84</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vak, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Valaskjalf, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page80">80</a>,
+<a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Valdemar (King), <a href = "#page23">23</a>, <a href =
+"#page27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vale, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href
+= "#page100">100</a>, <a href = "#page139">139</a>, <a href =
+"#page148">148</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Valfather, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Valhal, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page28">28</a>, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, <a href =
+"#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page99">99</a>, <a href =
+"#page104">104</a>-109, <a href = "#page132">132</a>, <a href =
+"#page170">170</a>-176, <a href = "#page188">188</a>, <a href =
+"#page235">235</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vanadis, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vanaheim, <a href = "#page226">226</a>, <a href = "#page227">227</a>,
+<a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vanaland, <a href = "#page226">226</a>-228.</p>
+
+<p>Vanaquisl, <a href = "#page225">225</a>-226.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Var, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vartare, <a href = "#page192">192</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vasad, <a href = "#page80">80</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ve, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href = "#page227">227</a>, <a href
+= "#page230">230</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href =
+"#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vedas, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vedfolner, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Veggdegg, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vegsvin, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vegtam, <a href = "#page247">247</a>, <a href =
+"#page264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Venus, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, <a href = "#page256">256</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Veratyr, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Verdande, <a href = "#page74">74</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>,
+<a href = "#page252">252</a>, <a href = "#page256">256</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Verer, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vesete, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vestfal, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vestre, <a href = "#page61">61</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Vid - Votan</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Vid, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vidar, 8, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href
+= "#page143">143</a>, <a href = "#page145">145</a>, <a href =
+"#page148">148</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page168">168</a>, <a href = "#page177">177</a>, <a href =
+"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vidblain, <a href = "#page78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vidfin, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vidolf, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vidrer, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vidsete, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vidur, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vifil, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vifilsey, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vig, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vigfusson (G.), 9, <a href = "#page26">26</a>,
+<a href = "#page75">75</a>, <a href = "#page223">223</a>, <a href =
+"#page248">248</a>, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vigrid, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href =
+"#page146">146</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Viking, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vile, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a
+href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href =
+"#page277">277</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Villenwood, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vilmeide, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vimer, <a href = "#page177">177</a>, <a href =
+"#page178">178</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vin, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vina, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Vindalf, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vindlone, <a href = "#page80">80</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vindsval, <a href = "#page80">80</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vingener, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href =
+"#page149">149</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vingethor, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vingolf, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page69">69</a>, <a
+href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vinland, <a href = "#page30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Virfir, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Virgil, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href = "#page223">223</a>,
+<a href = "#page242">242</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">302</span>
+<a name = "page302"> </a>
+<p>Vit, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vitrgils, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vodin, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vog, <a href = "#page214">214</a>, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Volsungs, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href =
+"#page196">196</a>-205.</p>
+
+<p>Volsung saga, <a href = "#page224">224</a>, <a href =
+"#page266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Volukrontes, <a href = "#page167">167</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Von, <a href = "#page96">96</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vor, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vot, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Votan, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>W</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Wafurloge, <a href = "#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wainamoinen, <a href = "#page239">239</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wallachia, <a href = "#page228">228</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Warburton, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Weird Sisters, <a href = "#page253">253</a>-256.</p>
+
+<p>Welsh, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wenern, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wessebrun Prayer, <a href = "#page256">256</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Wilbet, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wilkin (E.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href = "#page19">19</a>,
+<a href = "#page20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Williamstown, <a href = "#page232">232</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Witches, <a href = "#page253">253</a>-256.</p>
+
+<p>Wodan, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Worbet, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Worm (Chr.), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Worm (Ole), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Y</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Ydaler, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Yg, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ygdrasil, 6, 8, <a href
+= "#page15">15</a>, <a href = "#page29">29</a>, <a href =
+"#page72">72</a>, <a href = "#page73">73</a>-78, <a href =
+"#page108">108</a>, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href =
+"#page143">143</a>, <a href = "#page252">252</a>, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ylg, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ymer, 5, <a href = "#page24">24</a>, <a href =
+"#page58">58</a>-63, <a href = "#page70">70</a>, <a href =
+"#page128">128</a>, <a href = "#page179">179</a>, <a href =
+"#page240">240</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Ynglinga saga, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ynglings, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href =
+"#page238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Yngve, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a
+href = "#page238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Yngve-Frey, <a href = "#page186">186</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Yrsa, <a href = "#page213">213</a>-216.</p>
+
+<p>Yvigg, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Z</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Zalmoxis, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Zeus, <a href = "#page244">244</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Zoroaster, <a href = "#page37">37</a>, <a href =
+"#page40">40</a>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 18947 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
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+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
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+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #18947 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18947)
diff --git a/old/18947-0.txt b/old/18947-0.txt
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Younger Edda, by Snorre
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Younger Edda
+       Also called Snorre's Edda, or The Prose Edda
+
+Author: Snorre
+
+Translator: Rasmus B. Anderson
+
+Release Date: July 31, 2006 [EBook #18947]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE YOUNGER EDDA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, R. Cedron and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+               THE YOUNGER EDDA:
+
+                  also called
+
+       SNORRE’S EDDA, OR THE PROSE EDDA.
+
+      An English Version of the Foreword;
+     The Fooling of Gylfe, The Afterword;
+ Brage’s Talk, The Afterword to Brage’s Talk,
+       and the Important Passages in the
+       Poetical Diction (Skaldskaparmal).
+
+                    with an
+
+  Introduction, Notes, Vocabulary, and Index.
+
+         By RASMUS B. ANDERSON, LL.D.,
+
+Formerly Professor of the Scandinavian Languages
+        in the University of Wisconsin,
+          Ex-U.S. Minister to Denmark,
+ Author of “America Not Discovered By Columbus,”
+“Norse Mythology,” “Viking Tales Of The North,” etc.
+
+
+                    Chicago
+          Scott, Foresman and Company
+                      1901
+
+
+
+
+               Copyright, 1879,
+          By S. C. Griggs and Company.
+
+
+                    Press of
+           The Henry O. Shepard Co.
+                    Chicago.
+
+
+
+
+                       To
+
+             HON. THOS. F. BAYARD,
+
+     Ambassador to the Court of St. James,
+           in Grateful Recollection
+        of Pleasant Official Relations.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In the beginning, before the heaven and the earth and the sea were
+created, the great abyss Ginungagap was without form and void, and the
+spirit of Fimbultyr moved upon the face of the deep, until the ice-cold
+rivers, the Elivogs, flowing from Niflheim, came in contact with the
+dazzling flames from Muspelheim. This was before Chaos.
+
+And Fimbultyr said: Let the melted drops of vapor quicken into life, and
+the giant Ymer was born in the midst of Ginungagap. He was not a god,
+but the father of all the race of evil giants. This was Chaos.
+
+And Fimbultyr said: Let Ymer be slain and let order be established. And
+straightway Odin and his brothers--the bright sons of Bure--gave Ymer a
+mortal wound, and from his body made they the universe; from his flesh,
+the earth; from his blood, the sea; from his bones, the rocks; from
+his hair, the trees; from his skull, the vaulted heavens; from his
+eye-brows, the bulwark called Midgard. And the gods formed man and woman
+in their own image of two trees, and breathed into them the breath of
+life. Ask and Embla became living souls, and they received a garden in
+Midgard as a dwelling-place for themselves and their children until the
+end of time. This was Cosmos.
+
+The world’s last day approaches. All bonds and fetters that bound the
+forces of heaven and earth together are severed, and the powers of good
+and of evil are brought together in an internecine feud. Loke advances
+with the Fenris-wolf and the Midgard-serpent, his own children, with
+all the hosts of the giants, and with Surt, who flings fire and flame
+over the world. Odin advances with all the asas and all the blessed
+einherjes. They meet, contend, and fall. The wolf swallows Odin but
+Vidar, the Silent, sets his foot upon the monster’s lower jaw, he
+seizes the other with his hand, and thus rends him till he dies. Frey
+encounters Surt, and terrible blows are given ere Frey falls. Heimdal
+and Loke fight and kill each other, and so do Tyr and the dog Garm from
+the Gnipa Cave. Asa-Thor fells the Midgard-serpent with his Mjolner, but
+he retreats only nine paces when he himself falls dead, suffocated by
+the serpent’s venom. Then smoke wreathes up around the ash Ygdrasil,
+the high flames play against the heavens, the graves of the gods, of
+the giants and of men are swallowed up by the sea, and the end has come.
+This is Ragnarok, the twilight of the gods.
+
+But the radiant dawn follows the night. The earth, completely green,
+rises again from the sea, and where the mews have but just been rocking
+on restless waves, rich fields unplowed and unsown, now wave their
+golden harvests before the gentle breezes. The asas awake to a new life,
+Balder is with them again. Then comes the mighty Fimbultyr, the god who
+is from everlasting to everlasting; the god whom the Edda skald dared
+not name. The god of gods comes to the asas. He comes to the great
+judgment and gathers all the good into Gimle to dwell there forever, and
+evermore delights enjoy; but the perjurers and murderers and adulterers
+he sends to Nastrand, that terrible hall, to be torn by Nidhug until
+they are purged from their wickedness. This is Regeneration.
+
+These are the outlines of the Teutonic religion. Such were the doctrines
+established by Odin among our ancestors. Thus do we find it recorded in
+the Eddas of Iceland.
+
+The present volume contains all of the Younger Edda that can possibly be
+of any importance to English readers. In fact, it gives more than has
+ever before been presented in any translation into English, German or
+any of the modern Scandinavian tongues.
+
+We would recommend our readers to omit the Forewords and Afterwords
+until they have perused the Fooling of Gylfe and Brage’s Speech. The
+Forewords and Afterwords, it will readily be seen, are written by a
+later and less skillful hand, and we should be sorry to have anyone lay
+the book aside and lose the pleasure of reading Snorre’s and Olaf’s
+charming work, because he became disgusted with what seemed to him mere
+silly twaddle. And yet these Forewords and Afterwords become interesting
+enough when taken up in connection with a study of the historical
+anthropomorphized Odin. With a view of giving a pretty complete outline
+of the founder of the Teutonic race we have in our notes given all the
+Heimskringla sketch of the Black Sea Odin. We have done this, not only
+on account of the material it furnishes as the groundwork of a Teutonic
+epic, which we trust the muses will ere long direct some one to write,
+but also on account of the vivid picture it gives of Teutonic life as
+shaped and controlled by the Odinic faith.
+
+All the poems quoted in the Younger Edda have in this edition been
+traced back to their sources in the Elder Edda and elsewhere.
+
+Where the notes seem to the reader insufficient, we must refer him to
+our Norse Mythology, where he will, we trust, find much of the
+additional information he may desire.
+
+Well aware that our work has many imperfections, and begging our readers
+to deal generously with our shortcomings, we send the book out into the
+world with the hope that it may aid some young son or daughter of Odin
+to find his way to the fountains of Urd and Mimer and to Idun’s
+rejuvenating apples. The son must not squander, but husband wisely, what
+his father has accumulated. The race must cherish and hold fast and add
+to the thought that the past has bequeathed to it. Thus does it grow
+greater and richer with each new generation. The past is the mirror that
+reflects the future.
+
+  R. B. ANDERSON.
+  University of Wisconsin,
+  Madison, Wis., _September, 1879_.
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+Preface                                          5
+
+Introduction                                    15
+
+Foreword                                        33
+
+
+THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+Gefjun’s Plowing                                49
+
+CHAPTER II.
+Gylfe’s Journey to Asgard                       51
+
+CHAPTER III.
+Of the Highest God                              54
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+The Creation of the World                       56
+
+CHAPTER V.
+The Creation (continued)                        64
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+The First Works of the Asas--The Golden Age     69
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+On the Wonderful Things in Heaven               72
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+The Asas                                        79
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+Loke and his Offspring                          91
+
+CHAPTER X.
+The Goddesses (Asynjes)                         97
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+The Giantess Gerd and Skirner’s Journey        101
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+Life in Valhal                                 104
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+Odin’s Horse and Frey’s Ship                   109
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+Thor’s Adventures                              113
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+The Death of Balder                            131
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+Ragnarok                                       140
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+Regeneration                                   147
+
+Afterword to the Fooling of Gylfe              151
+
+
+BRAGE’S TALK.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+Æger’s Journey to Asgard                       152
+
+CHAPTER II.
+Idun and her Apples                            155
+
+CHAPTER III.
+How Njord got Skade to Wife                    158
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+The Origin of Poetry                           160
+
+Afterword to Brage’s Talk                      166
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM THE POETICAL DICTION.
+
+Thor and Hrungner                              169
+Thor’s Journey to Geirrod’s                    176
+Idun                                           184
+Æger’s Feast                                   187
+Loke’s Wager with the Dwarfs                   189
+The Niflungs and Gjukungs                      193
+Menja and Fenja                                206
+The Grottesong                                 208
+Rolf Krake                                     214
+Hogne and Hild                                 218
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+Enea                                           221
+Herikon                                        221
+The Historical Odin                            221
+Fornjot and the Settlement of Norway           239
+Notes to the Fooling of Gylfe                  242
+Note on the Niflungs and Gjukungs              266
+Note on Menja and Fenja                        267
+Why the Sea is Salt                            268
+
+
+VOCABULARY                                     275
+
+INDEX                                          291
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+               THE YOUNGER EDDA.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The records of our Teutonic past have hitherto received but slight
+attention from the English-speaking branch of the great world-ash
+Ygdrasil. This indifference is the more deplorable, since a knowledge of
+our heroic forefathers would naturally operate as a most powerful means
+of keeping alive among us, and our posterity, that spirit of courage,
+enterprise and independence for which the old Teutons were so
+distinguished.
+
+The religion of our ancestors forms an important chapter in the history
+of the childhood of our race, and this fact has induced us to offer the
+public an English translation of the Eddas. The purely mythological
+portion of the Elder Edda was translated and published by A. S. Cottle,
+in Bristol, in 1797, and the whole work was translated by Benjamin
+Thorpe, and published in London in 1866. Both these works are now out of
+print. Of the Younger Edda we have likewise had two translations into
+English,--the first by Dasent in 1842, the second by Blackwell, in his
+edition of Mallet’s Northern Antiquities, in 1847. The former has long
+been out of print, the latter is a poor imitation of Dasent’s. Both of
+them are very incomplete. These four books constitute all the Edda
+literature we have had in the English language, excepting, of course,
+single lays and chapters translated by Gray, Henderson, W. Taylor,
+Herbert, Jamieson, Pigott, William and Mary Howitt, and others.
+
+The Younger Edda (also called Snorre’s Edda, or the Prose Edda), of
+which we now have the pleasure of presenting our readers an English
+version, contains, as usually published in the original, the following
+divisions:
+
+1. The Foreword.
+
+2. Gylfaginning (The Fooling of Gylfe).
+
+3. The Afterword to Gylfaginning.
+
+4. Brage’s Speech.
+
+5. The Afterword.
+
+6. Skaldskaparmal (a collection of poetic paraphrases, and denominations
+in Skaldic language without paraphrases).
+
+7. Hattatal (an enumeration of metres; a sort of Clavis Metrica).
+
+In some editions there are also found six additional chapters on the
+alphabet, grammar, figures of speech, etc.
+
+There are three important parchment manuscripts of the Younger Edda,
+viz:
+
+1. _Codex Regius_, the so-called King’s Book. This was presented to the
+Royal Library in Copenhagen, by Bishop Brynjulf Sveinsson, in the year
+1640, where it is still kept.
+
+2. _Codex Wormianus_. This is found in the University Library in
+Copenhagen, in the Arne Magnæan collection. It takes its name from
+Professor Ole Worm [died 1654], to whom it was presented by the learned
+Arngrim Jonsson. Christian Worm, the grandson of Ole Worm, and Bishop of
+Seeland [died 1737], afterward presented it to Arne Magnusson.
+
+3. _Codex Upsaliensis_. This is preserved in the Upsala University
+Library. Like the other two, it was found in Iceland, where it was given
+to Jon Rugmann. Later it fell into the hands of Count Magnus Gabriel de
+la Gardie, who in the year 1669 presented it to the Upsala University.
+Besides these three chief documents, there exist four fragmentary
+parchments, and a large number of paper manuscripts.
+
+The first printed edition of the Younger Edda, in the original, is the
+celebrated “Edda Islandorum,” published by Peter Johannes Resen, in
+Copenhagen, in the year 1665. It contains a translation into Latin, made
+partly by Resen himself, and partly also by Magnus Olafsson, Stephan
+Olafsson and Thormod Torfason.
+
+Not until eighty years later, that is in 1746, did the second edition of
+the Younger Edda appear in Upsala under the auspices of Johannes
+Goransson. This was printed from the Codex Upsaliensis.
+
+In the present century we find a third edition by Rasmus Rask, published
+in Stockholm in 1818. This is very complete and critical. The fourth
+edition was issued by Sveinbjorn Egilsson, in Reykjavik, 1849; the fifth
+by the Arne-Magnæan Commission in Copenhagen, 1852.[1] All these five
+editions have long been out of print, and in place of them we have a
+sixth edition by Thorleif Jonsson (Copenhagen, 1875), and a seventh by
+Ernst Wilkin (Paderborn, 1877). Both of these, and especially the
+latter, are thoroughly critical and reliable.
+
+    [Footnote 1: The third volume of this work has not yet appeared.]
+
+Of translations, we must mention in addition to those into English by
+Dasent and Blackwell, R. Nyerup’s translation into Danish (Copenhagen,
+1808); Karl Simrock’s into German (Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1851); and
+Fr. Bergmann’s into French (Paris, 1871). Among the chief authorities to
+be consulted in the study of the Younger Edda may be named, in addition
+to those already mentioned, Fr. Dietrich, Th. Mobius, Fr. Pfeiffer,
+Ludw. Ettmuller, K. Hildebrand, Ludw. Uhland, P. E. Muller, Adolf
+Holzmann, Sophus Bugge, P. A. Munch and Rudolph Keyser. For the material
+in our introduction and notes, we are chiefly indebted to Simrock,
+Wilkin and Keyser. While we have had no opportunity of making original
+researches, the published works have been carefully studied, and all we
+claim for our work is, that it shall contain the results of the latest
+and most thorough investigations by scholars who live nearer the
+fountains of Urd and Mimer than do we. Our translations are made from
+Egilsson’s, Jonsson’s and Wilkins’ editions of the original. We have not
+translated any of the Hattatal, and only the narrative part of
+Skaldskaparmal, and yet our version contains more of the Younger Edda
+than any English, German, French or Danish translation that has hitherto
+been published. The parts omitted cannot possibly be of any interest to
+any one who cannot read them in the original. All the paraphrases of the
+asas and asynjes, of the world, the earth, the sea, the sun, the wind,
+fire, summer, man, woman, gold, of war, arms, of a ship, emperor, king,
+ruler, etc., are of interest only as they help to explain passages of
+Old Norse poems. The same is true of the enumeration of metres, which
+contains a number of epithets and metaphors used by the scalds,
+illustrated by specimens of their poetry, and also by a poem of Snorre
+Sturleson, written in one hundred different metres.
+
+There has been a great deal of learned discussion in regard to the
+authorship of the Younger Edda. Readers specially interested in this
+knotty subject we must refer to Wilkins’ elaborate treatise,
+Untersuchungen zur Snorra Edda (Paderborn, 1878), and to P. E. Muller’s,
+Die Æchtheit der Asalehre (Copenhagen, 1811).
+
+Two celebrated names that without doubt are intimately connected with
+the work are Snorre Sturleson and Olaf Thordsson Hvitaskald. Both of
+these are conspicuous, not only in the literary, but also in the
+political history of Iceland.
+
+    [Footnote 2: Keyser.]
+
+Snorre Sturleson[2] was born in Iceland in the year 1178. Three years
+old, he came to the house of the distinguished chief, Jon Loptsson, at
+Odde, a grandson of Sæmund the Wise, the reputed collector of the Elder
+Edda, where he appears to have remained until Jon Loptsson’s death, in
+the year 1197. Soon afterward Snorre married into a wealthy family, and
+in a short time he became one of the most distinguished leaders in
+Iceland, He was several times elected chief magistrate, and no man in
+the land was his equal in riches and prominence. He and his two elder
+brothers, Thord and Sighvat, who were but little inferior to him in
+wealth and power, were at one time well-nigh supreme in Iceland, and
+Snorre sometimes appeared at the Althing at Thingvols accompanied by
+from eight hundred to nine hundred armed men.
+
+Snorre and his brothers did not only have bitter feuds with other
+families, but a deadly hatred also arose between themselves, making
+their lives a perpetual warfare. Snorre was shrewd as a politician and
+magistrate, and eminent as an orator and skald, but his passions were
+mean, and many of his ways were crooked. He was both ambitious and
+avaricious. He is said to have been the first Icelander who laid plans
+to subjugate his fatherland to Norway, and in this connection is
+supposed to have expected to become a jarl under the king of Norway.
+In this effort he found himself outwitted by his brother’s son, Sturle
+Thordsson, and thus he came into hostile relations with the latter. In
+this feud Snorre was defeated, but when Sturle shortly after fell in a
+battle against his foes, Snorre’s star of hope rose again, and he began
+to occupy himself with far-reaching, ambitious plans. He had been for
+the first time in Norway during the years 1218-1220, and had been well
+received by King Hakon, and especially by Jarl Skule, who was then the
+most influential man in the country. In the year 1237 Snorre visited
+Norway again, and entered, as it is believed, into treasonable
+conspiracies with Jarl Skule. In 1239 he left Norway against the wishes
+of King Hakon, whom he owed obedience, and thereby incurred the king’s
+greatest displeasure. When King Hakon, in 1240, had crushed Skule’s
+rebellion and annihilated this dangerous opponent, it became Snorre’s
+turn to feel the effects of the king’s wrath. At the instigation of King
+Hakon, several chiefs of Iceland united themselves against Snorre and
+murdered him at Reykholt, where ruins of his splendid mansion are still
+to be seen. This event took place on the 22d of September, 1241, and
+Snorre Sturleson was then sixty-three years old. Snorre was Iceland’s
+most distinguished skald and sagaman. As a writer of history he deserves
+to be compared with Herodotos or Thukydides. His Heimskringla, embracing
+an elaborate history of the kings of Norway, is famous throughout the
+civilized world, and Emerson calls it the Iliad and Odyssey of our race.
+An English translation of this work was published by Samuel Laing, in
+London, in 1844. Carlyle’s Early Kings of Norway (London, 1875) was
+inspired by the Heimskringla.
+
+Olaf Thordsson, surnamed Hvitaskald,[3] to distinguish him from his
+contemporary, Olaf Svartaskald,[4] was a son of Snorre’s brother. Though
+not as prominent and influential as his uncle, he took an active part in
+all the troubles of his native island during the first half of the
+thirteenth century. He visited Norway in 1236, whence he went to
+Denmark, where he was a guest at the court of King Valdemar, and is said
+to have enjoyed great esteem. In 1240 we find him again in Norway, where
+he espoused the cause of King Hakon against Skule. On his return to
+Iceland he served four years as chief magistrate of the island. His
+death occurred in the year 1259, and he is numbered among the great
+skalds of Iceland.
+
+    [Footnote 3: White Skald.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: Black Skald.]
+
+Snorre Sturleson and Olaf Hvitaskald are the two names to whom the
+authorship of the Younger Edda has generally been attributed, and the
+work is by many, even to this day, called Snorra Edda--that is, Snorre’s
+Edda. We do not propose to enter into any elaborate discussion of this
+complicated subject, but we will state briefly the reasons given by
+Keyser and others for believing that these men had a hand in preparing
+the Prose Edda. In the first place, we find that the writer of the
+grammatical and rhetorical part of the Younger Edda distinctly mentions
+Snorre as author of Hattatal (the Clavis Metrica), and not only of the
+poem itself, but also of the treatise in prose. In the second place, the
+Arne Magnæan parchment manuscript, which dates back to the close of the
+thirteenth or beginning of the fourteenth century, has the following
+note prefaced to the Skaldskaparmal. “Here ends that part of the book
+which Olaf Thordsson put together, and now begins Skaldskaparmal and the
+Kenningar, according to that which has been found in the lays of the
+chief skalds, and which Snorre afterward suffered to be brought
+together.” In the third place, the Upsala manuscript of the Younger
+Edda, which is known with certainty to have been written in the
+beginning of the fourteenth century, contains this preface, written with
+the same hand as the body of the work: “This book hight Edda. Snorre has
+compiled it in the manner in which it is arranged: first, in regard to
+the asas and Ymer, then Skaldskaparmal and the denominations of many
+things, and finally that Hattatal, which Snorre composed about King
+Hakon and Duke Skule.” In the fourth place, there is a passage in the
+so-called Annales Breviores, supposed to have been written about the
+year 1400. The passage relates to the year 1241, and reads thus: “Snorre
+Sturleson died at Reykholt. He was a wise and very learned man, a great
+chief and shrewd. He was the first man in this land who brought property
+into the hands of the king (the king of Norway). He compiled Edda and
+many other learned historical works and Icelandic sagas. He was murdered
+at Reykholt by Jarl Gissur’s men.”
+
+It seems, then, that there is no room for any doubt that these two men
+have had a share in the authorship of the Younger Edda. How great a
+share each has had is another and more difficult problem to solve.
+Rudolf Keyser’s opinion is (and we know no higher authority on the
+subject), that Snorre is the author, though not in so strict a sense as
+we now use the word, of Gylfaginning, Brage’s Speech, Skaldskaparmal and
+Hattatal. This part of the Younger Edda may thus be said to date back to
+the year 1230, though the material out of which the mythological system
+is constructed is of course much older. We find it in the ancient Vala’s
+Prophecy, of the Elder Edda, a poem that breathes in every line the
+purest asa-faith, and is, without the least doubt, much older than the
+introduction of christianity in the north, or the discovery and
+settlement of Iceland. It is not improbable that the religious system of
+the Odinic religion had assumed a permanent prose form in the memories
+of the people long before the time of Snorre, and that he merely was the
+means of having it committed to writing almost without verbal change.
+
+Olaf Thordsson is unmistakably the author of the grammatical and
+rhetorical portion of the Younger Edda, and its date can therefore
+safely be put at about 1250. The author of the treatise on the alphabet
+is not known, but Professor Keyser thinks it must have been written, its
+first chapter, about the year 1150, and its second chapter about the
+year 1200. The forewords and afterwords are evidently also from another
+pen. Their author is unknown, but they are thought to have been written
+about the year 1300. To sum up, then, we arrive at this conclusion: The
+mythological material of the Younger Edda is as old as the Teutonic
+race. Parts of it are written by authors unknown to fame. A small
+portion is the work of Olaf Thordsson. The most important portion is
+written, or perhaps better, compiled, by Snorre Sturleson, and the whole
+is finally edited and furnished with forewords and afterwords, early in
+the fourteenth century,--according to Keyser, about 1320-1330.
+
+About the name Edda there has also been much learned discussion. Some
+have suggested that it may be a mutilated form of the word Odde, the
+home of Sæmund the Wise, who was long supposed to be the compiler of the
+Elder Edda. In this connection, it has been argued that possibly Sæmund
+had begun the writing of the Younger Edda, too. Others derive the word
+from _óðr_ (mind, soul), which in poetical usage also means song,
+poetry. Others, again, connect Edda with the Sanscrit word Veda, which
+is supposed to mean knowledge. Finally, others adopt the meaning which
+the word has where it is actually used in the Elder Edda, and where it
+means great-grandmother. Vigfusson adopts this definition, and it is
+certainly both scientific and poetical. What can be more beautiful than
+the idea that our great ancestress teaches her descendants the sacred
+traditions, the concentrated wisdom, of the race? To sum up, then,
+we say the Younger, or Prose, or Snorre’s Edda has been produced at
+different times by various hands, and the object of its authors has been
+to produce a manual for the skalds. In addition to the forewords and
+afterwords, it contains two books, one greater (Gylfaginning) and one
+lesser (Brage’s Speech), giving a tolerably full account of Norse
+mythology. Then follows Skaldskaparmal, wherein is an analysis of the
+various circumlocutions practiced by the skalds, all illustrated by
+copious quotations from the poets. How much of these three parts is
+written by Snorre is not certain, but on the other hand, there is no
+doubt that he is the author of Hattatal (Clavis Metrica), which gives an
+enumeration of metres. To these four treatises are added four chapters
+on grammar and rhetoric. The writer of the oldest grammatical treatise
+is thought to be one Thorodd Runemaster, who lived in the middle of the
+twelfth century; and the third treatise is evidently written by Olaf
+Thordsson Hvitaskald, the nephew of Snorre, a scholar who spent some
+time at the court of the Danish king, Valdemar the Victorious.
+
+The Younger Edda contains the systematized theogony and cosmogony of our
+forefathers, while the Elder Edda presents the Odinic faith in a series
+of lays or rhapsodies. The Elder Edda is poetry, while the Younger Edda
+is mainly prose. The Younger Edda may in one sense be regarded as the
+sequel or commentary of the Elder Edda. Both complement each other, and
+both must be studied in connection with the sagas and all the Teutonic
+traditions and folk-lore in order to get a comprehensive idea of the
+asa-faith. The two Eddas constitute, as it were, the Odinic Bible. The
+Elder Edda is the Old Testament, the Younger Edda the New. Like the Old
+Testament, the Elder Edda is in poetry. It is prophetic and enigmatical.
+Like the New Testament, the Younger Edda is in prose; it is lucid, and
+gives a clue to the obscure passages in the Elder Edda. Nay, in many
+respects do the two Eddas correspond with the two Testaments of the
+Christian Bible.
+
+It is a deplorable fact that the religion of our forefathers seems to be
+but little cared for in this country. The mythologies of other nations
+every student manifests an interest for. He reads with the greatest zeal
+all the legends of Rome and Greece, of India and China. He is familiar
+with every room in the labyrinth of Crete, while when he is introduced
+to the shining halls of Valhal and Gladsheim he gropes his way like a
+blind man. He does not know that Idun, with her beautiful apples, might,
+if applied to, render even greater services than Ariadne with her
+wonderful thread. When we inquire whom Tuesday and Wednesday and
+Thursday and Friday are named after, and press questions in reference to
+Tyr, Odin, Thor and Freyja, we get at best but a wise and knowing look.
+Are we, then, as a nation, like the ancient Jews, and do we bend the
+knee before the gods of foreign nations and forsake the altars of our
+own gods? What if we then should suffer the fate of that unhappy
+people--be scattered over all the world and lose our fatherland? In
+these Eddas our fathers have bequeathed unto us all their profoundest,
+all their sublimest, all their best thought. They are the concentrated
+result of their greatest intellectual and spiritual effort, and it
+behooves us to cherish this treasure and make it the fountain at which
+the whole American branch of the Ygdrasil ash may imbibe a united
+national sentiment. It is not enough to brush the dust off these gods
+and goddesses of our ancestors and put them up on pedestals as ornaments
+in our museums and libraries. These coins of the past are not to be laid
+away in numismatic collections. The grandson must use what he has
+inherited from his grandfather. If the coin is not intelligible, then it
+will have to be sent to the mint and stamped anew, in order that it may
+circulate freely. Our ancestral deities want a place in our hearts and
+in our songs.
+
+On the European continent and in England the zeal of the priests in
+propagating Christianity was so great that they sought to root out every
+trace of the asa-faith. They left but unintelligible fragments of the
+heathen religious structure. Our gods and goddesses and heroes were
+consigned to oblivion, and all knowledge of the Odinic religion and of
+the Niblung-story would have been well nigh totally obliterated had not
+a more lucky star hovered over the destinies of Iceland. In this
+remotest corner of the world the ancestral spirit was preserved like the
+glowing embers of Hekla beneath the snow and ice of the glacier. From
+the farthest Thule the spirit of our fathers rises and shines like an
+aurora over all Teutondom. It was in the year 860 that Iceland was
+discovered. In 874 the Teutonic spirit fled thither for refuge from
+tyranny. Here a government based on the principles of old Teutonic
+liberty was established. From here went forth daring vikings, who
+discovered Greenland and Vinland, and showed Columbus the way to
+America. From here the courts of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, England and
+Germany were supplied with skalds to sing their praises. Here was put in
+writing the laws and sagas that give us a clue to the form of old
+Teutonic institutions. Here was preserved the Old Norse language, and in
+it a record of the customs, the institutions and the religion of our
+fathers. Its literature does not belong to that island alone,--it
+belongs to the whole Teutonic race! Iceland is for the Teutons what
+Greece and Rome are for the south of Europe, and she accomplished her
+mission with no less efficiency and success. Cato the Elder used to end
+all his speeches with these words: _“Præterea censeo Carthaginem esse
+delendam.”_ In these days, when so many worship at the shrine of
+Romanism, we think it perfectly just to adopt Cato’s sentence in this
+form: _Præterea censeo Romam esse delendam_.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD.
+
+
+1. In the beginning Almighty God created heaven and earth, and all
+things that belong to them, and last he made two human beings, from whom
+the races are descended (Adam and Eve), and their children multiplied
+and spread over all the world. But in the course of time men became
+unequal; some were good and right-believing, but many more turned them
+after the lusts of the world and heeded not God’s laws; and for this
+reason God drowned the world in the flood, and all that was quick in the
+world, except those who were in the ark with Noah. After the flood of
+Noah there lived eight men, who inhabited the world, and from them the
+races are descended; and now, as before, they increased and filled the
+world, and there were very many men who loved to covet wealth and power,
+but turned away from obedience to God, and so much did they do this that
+they would not name God. And who could then tell their sons of the
+wonderful works of God? So it came to pass that they lost God’s name;
+and in the wide world the man was not to be found who could tell of his
+Maker. But, nevertheless, God gave them earthly-gifts, wealth and
+happiness, that should be with them in the world; he also shared wisdom
+among them, so that they understood all earthly things, and all kinds
+that might be seen in the air and on the earth. This they thought upon,
+and wondered at, how it could come to pass that the earth and the beasts
+and the birds had the same nature in some things but still were unlike
+in manners.
+
+One evidence of this nature was that the earth might be dug into upon
+high mountain-peaks and water would spring up there, and it was not
+necessary to dig deeper for water there than in deep dales; thus, also,
+in beasts and birds it is no farther to the blood in the head than in
+the feet. Another proof of this nature is, that every year there grow on
+the earth grass and flowers, and the same year it falls and withers;
+thus, also, on beasts and birds do hair and feathers grow and fall off
+each year. The third nature of the earth is, that when it is opened and
+dug into, then grass grows on the mould which is uppermost on the earth.
+Rocks and stones they explained to correspond to the teeth and bones of
+living things. From these things they judged that the earth must be
+quick and must have life in some way, and they knew that it was of a
+wonderfully great age and of a mighty nature. It nourished all that was
+quick and took to itself all that died. On this account they gave it a
+name, and numbered their ancestors back to it This they also learned
+from their old kinsmen, that when many hundred winters were numbered,
+the course of the heavenly bodies was uneven; some had a longer course
+than others. From such things they suspected that some one must be the
+ruler of the heavenly bodies who could stay their course at his own
+will, and he must be strong and mighty; and of him they thought that, if
+he ruled the prime elements, he must also have been before the heavenly
+bodies, and they saw that, if he ruled the course of the heavenly
+bodies, he must rule the sunshine, and the dew of the heavens, and the
+products of the earth that follow them; and thus, also, the winds of the
+air and therewith the storms of the sea. They knew not where his realm
+was, but they believed that he ruled over all things on the earth and in
+the air, over the heavens and the heavenly bodies, the seas and the
+weather. But in order that these things might be better told and
+remembered, they gave him the same name with themselves, and this belief
+has been changed in many ways, as the peoples have been separated and
+the tongues have been divided.
+
+2. In his old age Noah shared the world with his sons: for Ham he
+intended the western region, for Japheth the northern region, but for
+Shem the southern region, with those parts which will hereafter be
+marked out in the division of the earth into three parts. In the time
+that the sons of these men were in the world, then increased forthwith
+the desire for riches and power, from the fact that they knew many
+crafts that had not been discovered before, and each one was exalted
+with his own handiwork; and so far did they carry their pride, that the
+Africans, descended from Ham, harried in that part of the world which
+the offspring of Shem, their kinsman, inhabited. And when they had
+conquered them, the world seemed to them too small, and they smithied a
+tower with tile and stone, which they meant should reach to heaven, on
+the plain called Sennar. And when this building was so far advanced that
+it extended above the air, and they were no less eager to continue the
+work, and when God saw how their pride waxed high, then he sees that he
+will have to strike it down in some way. And the same God, who is
+almighty, and who might have struck down all their work in the twinkling
+of an eye, and made themselves turn into dust, still preferred to
+frustrate their purpose by making them realize their own littleness, in
+that none of them should understand what the other talked; and thus no
+one knew what the other commanded, and one broke what the other wished
+to build up, until they came to strife among themselves, and therewith
+was frustrated, in the beginning, their purpose of building a tower. And
+he who was foremost, hight Zoroaster, he laughed before he wept when he
+came into the world; but the master-smiths were seventy-two, and so many
+tongues have spread over the world since the giants were dispersed over
+the land, and the nations became numerous. In this same place was built
+the most famous city, which took its name from the tower, and was called
+Babylon. And when the confusion of tongues had taken place, then
+increased the names of men and of other things, and this same Zoroaster
+had many names; and although he understood that his pride was laid low
+by the said building, still he worked his way unto worldly power, and
+had himself chosen king over many peoples of the Assyrians. From him
+arose the error of idolatry; and when he was worshiped he was called
+Baal; we call him Bel; he also had many other names. But as the names
+increased in number, so was truth lost; and from this first error every
+following man worshiped his head-master, beasts or birds, the air and
+the heavenly bodies, and various lifeless things, until the error at
+length spread over the whole world; and so carefully did they lose the
+truth that no one knew his maker, excepting those men alone who spoke
+the Hebrew tongue,--that which flourished before the building of the
+tower,--and still they did not lose the bodily endowments that were
+given them, and therefore they judged of all things with earthly
+understanding, for spiritual wisdom was not given unto them. They deemed
+that all things were smithied of some one material.
+
+3. The world was divided into three parts, one from the south, westward
+to the Mediterranean Sea, which part was called Africa; but the southern
+portion of this part is hot and scorched by the sun. The second part,
+from the west and to the north and to the sea, is that called Europe, or
+Enea. The northern portion of this is cold, so that grass grows not, nor
+can anyone dwell there. From the north around the east region, and all
+to the south, that is called Asia. In that part of the world is all
+beauty and pomp, and wealth of the earth’s products, gold and precious
+stones. There is also the mid-world, and as the earth there is fairer
+and of a better quality than elsewhere, so are also the people there
+most richly endowed with all gifts, with wisdom and strength, with
+beauty and with all knowledge.
+
+4. Near the middle of the world was built the house and inn, the most
+famous that has been made, which was called Troy, in the land which we
+call Turkey. This city was built much larger than others, with more
+skill in many ways, at great expense, and with such means as were at
+hand. There were twelve kingdoms and one over-king, and many lands and
+nations belonged to each kingdom; there were in the city twelve chief
+languages.[5] Their chiefs have surpassed all men who have been in the
+world in all heroic things. No scholar who has ever told of these things
+has ever disputed this fact, and for this reason, that all rulers of the
+north region trace their ancestors back thither, and place in the number
+of the gods all who were rulers of the city. Especially do they place
+Priamos himself in the stead of Odin; nor must that be called wonderful,
+for Priamos was sprung from Saturn, him whom the north region for a long
+time believed to be God himself.
+
+    [Footnote 5: Dasent translates “hövuðtungur” (chief or head
+    tongues) with “lords,” which is certainly an error.]
+
+5. This Saturn grew up in that island in Greece which hight Crete. He
+was greater and stronger and fairer than other men. As in other natural
+endowments, so he excelled all men in wisdom. He invented many crafts
+which had not before been discovered. He was also so great in the art of
+magic that he was certain about things that had not yet come to pass. He
+found, too, that red thing in the earth from which he smelted gold, and
+from such things he soon became very mighty. He also foretold harvests
+and many other secret things, and for such, and many other deeds, he was
+chosen chief of the island. And when he had ruled it a short time, then
+there speedily enough became a great abundance of all things. No money
+circulated excepting gold coins, so plentiful was this metal; and though
+there was famine in other lands, the crops never failed in Crete, so
+that people might seek there all the things which they needed to have.
+And from this and many other secret gifts of power that he had, men
+believed him to be God, and from him arose another error among the
+Cretans and Macedonians like the one before mentioned among the
+Assyrians and Chaldeans from Zoroaster. And when Saturn finds how great
+strength the people think they have in him, he calls himself God, and
+says that he rules heaven and earth and all things.
+
+6. Once he went to Greece in a ship, for there was a king’s daughter on
+whom he had set his heart. He won her love in this way, that one day
+when she was out with her maid-servants, he took upon himself the
+likeness of a bull, and lay before her in the wood, and so fair was he
+that the hue of gold was on every hair; and when the king’s daughter saw
+him she patted his lips. He sprang up and threw off the bull’s likeness
+and took her into his arms and bore her to the ship and took her to
+Crete. But his wife, Juno, found this out, so he turned her (the king’s
+daughter) into the likeness of a heifer and sent her east to the arms of
+the great river (that is, of the Nile, to the Nile country), and let the
+thrall, who hight Argulos, take care of her. She was there twelve months
+before he changed her shape again. Many things did he do like this,
+or even more wonderful He had three sons: one hight Jupiter, another
+Neptune, the third Pluto. They were all men of the greatest
+accomplishments, and Jupiter was by far the greatest; he was a warrior
+and won many kingdoms; he was also crafty like his father, and took upon
+himself the likeness of many animals, and thus he accomplished many
+things which are impossible for mankind; and on account of this, and
+other things, he was held in awe by all nations. Therefore Jupiter is
+put in the place of Thor, since all evil wights fear him.
+
+7. Saturn had built in Crete seventy-two burgs, and when he thought
+himself firmly established in his kingdom, he shared it with his sons,
+whom he set up with himself as gods; and to Jupiter he gave the realm of
+heaven; to Neptune, the realm of the earth, and to Pluto, hell; and this
+last seemed to him the worst to manage, and therefore he gave to him his
+dog, the one whom he called Cerberos, to guard hell. This Cerberos, the
+Greeks say, Herakles dragged out of hell and upon earth. And although
+Saturn had given the realm of heaven to Jupiter, the latter nevertheless
+desired to possess the realm of the earth, and so he harried his
+father’s kingdom, and it is said that he had him taken and emasculated,
+and for such great achievements he declared himself to be god, and the
+Macedonians say that he had the members taken and cast into the sea, and
+therefore they believed for ages that therefrom had come a woman; her
+they called Venus, and numbered among the gods, and she has in all ages
+since been called goddess of love, for they believed she was able to
+turn the hearts of all men and women to love. When Saturn was
+emasculated by Jupiter, his son, he fled from the east out of Crete and
+west into Italy. There dwelt at that time such people as did not work,
+and lived on acorns and grass, and lay in caves or holes in the earth.
+And when Saturn came there he changed his name and called himself Njord,
+for the reason that he thought that Jupiter, his son, might afterward
+seek him out. He was the first there to teach men to plow and plant
+vineyards. There the soil was good and fresh, and it soon produced heavy
+crops. He was made chief and thus he got possession of all the realms
+there and built many burgs.
+
+8. Jupiter, his son, had many sons, from whom races have descended; his
+son was Dardanos, his son Herikon, his son Tros, his son Ilos, his son
+Laomedon, the father of the chief king Priamos. Priamos had many sons;
+one of them was Hektor, who was the most famous of all men in the world
+for strength, and stature and accomplishments, and for all manly deeds
+of a knightly kind; and it is found written that when the Greeks and all
+the strength of the north and east regions fought with the Trojans, they
+would never have become victors had not the Greeks invoked the gods; and
+it is also stated that no human strength would conquer them unless they
+were betrayed by their own men, which afterward was done. And from their
+fame men that came after gave themselves titles, and especially was this
+done by the Romans, who were the most famous in many things after their
+days; and it is said that, when Rome was built, the Romans adapted their
+customs and laws as nearly as possible to those of the Trojans, their
+forefathers. And so much power accompanied these men for many ages
+after, that when Pompey, a Roman chieftain, harried in the east region,
+Odin fled out of Asia and hither to the north country, and then he gave
+to himself and his men their names, and said that Priamos had hight Odin
+and his queen Frigg, and from this the realm afterward took its name and
+was called Frigia where the burg stood. And whether Odin said this of
+himself out of pride, or that it was wrought by the changing of tongues;
+nevertheless many wise men have regarded it a true saying, and for a
+long time after every man who was a great chieftain followed his
+example.
+
+9. A king in Troy hight Munon or Mennon, his wife was a daughter of the
+head-king Priamos and hight Troan; they had a son who hight Tror, him we
+call Thor. He was fostered in Thrace by the duke, who is called Loricos.
+But when he was ten winters old he took his father’s weapons. So fair of
+face was he, when he stood by other men, as when ivory is set in oak;
+his hair was fairer than gold. When he was twelve winters old he had
+full strength; then he lifted from the ground ten bear skins all at
+once, and then he slew Loricos, the duke, his foster-father and his
+wife, Lora or Glora, and took possession of Thrace; this we call
+Thrudheim. Then he visited many lands and knew the countries of the
+world, and conquered single-handed all the berserks and all the giants,
+and one very big dragon and many beasts. In the north region he found
+that prophetess who hight Sibyl, whom we call Sif, and married her. None
+can tell the genealogy of Sif; she was the fairest of all women, her
+hair was like gold. Their son was Loride (Hloride), who was like his
+father; his son was Henrede; his son Vingethor (Vingthor); his son
+Vingener (Vingner); his son Moda (Mode); his son Magi (Magne); his son
+Kesfet; his son Bedvig; his son Atra, whom we call Annan; his son
+Itrman; his son Heremod (Hermod); his son Skjaldun, whom we call Skjold;
+his son Bjaf, whom we call Bjar; his son Jat; his son Gudolf, his son
+Fjarlaf, whom we call Fridleif; he had the son who is called Vodin, whom
+we call Odin; he was a famous man for wisdom and all accomplishments.
+His wife hight Frigida, whom we call Frigg.
+
+10. Odin had the power of divination, and so had his wife, and from this
+knowledge he found out that his name would be held high in the north
+part of the world, and honored beyond that of all kings. For this reason
+he was eager to begin his journey from Turkey, and he had with him very
+many people, young and old, men and women, and he had with him many
+costly things. But wherever they fared over the lands great fame was
+spoken of them, and they were said to be more like gods than men. And
+they stopped not on their journey before they came north into that land
+which is now called Saxland; there Odin remained a long time, and
+subjugated the country far and wide. There Odin established his three
+sons as a defense of the land. One is named Veggdegg; he was a strong
+king and ruled over East Saxland. His son was Vitrgils, and his sons
+were Ritta, the father of Heingest (Hengist), and Sigar, the father of
+Svebdegg, whom we call Svipdag. Another son of Odin hight Beldegg, whom
+we call Balder; he possessed the land which now hight Vestfal; his son
+was Brander, and his son Frjodigar, whom we call Froda (Frode). His son
+was Freovit, his son Yvigg, his son Gevis, whom we call Gave. The third
+son of Odin is named Sigge, his son Verer. These forefathers ruled the
+land which is now called Frankland, and from them is come the race that
+is called the Volsungs. From all of these many and great races are
+descended.
+
+11. Then Odin continued his journey northward and came into the country
+which was called Reidgotaland, and in that land he conquered all that he
+desired. He established there his son, who hight Skjold; his son hight
+Fridleif; from him is descended the race which hight Skjoldungs; these
+are the Dane kings, and that land hight now Jutland, which then was
+called Reidgotaland.
+
+12. Thereupon he fared north to what is now called Svithjod (Sweden),
+there was the king who is called Gylfe. But when he heard of the coming
+of those Asiamen, who were called asas, he went to meet them, and
+offered Odin such things in his kingdom as he himself might desire. And
+such good luck followed their path, that wherever they stopped in the
+lands, there were bountiful crops and good peace; and all believed that
+they were the cause thereof. The mighty men of the kingdom saw that they
+were unlike other men whom they had seen, both in respect to beauty and
+understanding. The land there seemed good to Odin, and he chose there
+for himself a place for a burg, which is now called Sigtuna.[6] He there
+established chiefs, like unto what had formerly existed in Troy; he
+appointed twelve men in the burg to be judges of the law of the land,
+and made all rights to correspond with what had before been in Troy, and
+to what the Turks had been accustomed.
+
+    [Footnote 6: Near Upsala.]
+
+13. Thereupon he fared north until he reached the sea, which they
+thought surrounded all lands, and there he established his son in the
+kingdom, which is now called Norway; he is hight Saming, and the kings
+of Norway count their ancestors back to him, and so do the jarls and
+other mighty men, as it is stated in the Haleygjatal.[7] But Odin had
+with him that son who is called Yngve, who was king in Sweden, and from
+him is descended the families called Ynglings (Yngvelings). The asas
+took to themselves wives there within the land. But some took wives for
+their sons, and these families became so numerous that they spread over
+Saxland, and thence over the whole north region, and the tongue of these
+Asiamen became the native tongue of all these lands. And men think they
+can understand from the way in which the names of their forefathers is
+written, that these names have belonged to this tongue, and that the
+asas have brought this tongue hither to the north, to Norway, to Sweden
+and to Saxland. But in England are old names of places and towns which
+can be seen to have been given in another tongue than this.
+
+    [Footnote 7: A heroic poem, giving the pedigree (tal) of Norse
+    kings.]
+
+
+
+
+THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+GEFJUN’S PLOWING.
+
+1. King Gylfe ruled the lands that are now called Svithjod (Sweden). Of
+him it is said that he gave to a wayfaring woman, as a reward for the
+entertainment she had afforded him by her story-telling, a plow-land in
+his realm, as large as four oxen could plow it in a day and a night But
+this woman was of the asa-race; her name was Gefjun. She took from the
+north, from Jotunheim, four oxen, which were the sons of a giant and
+her, and set them before the plow. Then went the plow so hard and deep
+that it tore up the land, and the oxen drew it westward into the sea,
+until it stood still in a sound. There Gefjun set the land, gave it a
+name and called it Seeland. And where the land had been taken away
+became afterward a sea, which in Sweden is now called Logrinn (the Lake,
+the Malar Lake in Sweden). And in the Malar Lake the bays correspond to
+the capes in Seeland. Thus Brage, the old skald:
+
+  Gefjun glad
+  Drew from Gylfe
+  The excellent land,
+  Denmark’s increase,
+  So that it reeked
+  From the running beasts.
+  Four heads and eight eyes
+  Bore the oxen
+  As they went before the wide
+  Robbed land of the grassy isle.[8]
+
+    [Footnote 8: Heimskringla: Ynglinga Saga, ch. v.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+GYLFE’S JOURNEY TO ASGARD.
+
+
+2. King Gylfe was a wise man and skilled in the black art. He wondered
+much that the asa-folk was so mighty in knowledge, that all things went
+after their will. He thought to himself whether this could come from
+their own nature, or whether the cause must be sought for among the gods
+whom they worshiped. He therefore undertook a journey to Asgard. He went
+secretly, having assumed the likeness of an old man, and striving thus
+to disguise himself. But the asas were wiser, for they see into the
+future, and, foreseeing his journey before he came, they received him
+with an eye-deceit. So when he came into the burg he saw there a hall so
+high that he could hardly look over it. Its roof was thatched with
+golden shields as with shingles. Thus says Thjodolf of Hvin, that Valhal
+was thatched with shields:
+
+  Thinking thatchers
+  Thatched the roof;
+  The beams of the burg
+  Beamed with gold.[9]
+
+    [Footnote 9: Heimskringla: Harald Harfager’s Saga, ch. xix.]
+
+In the door of the hall Gylfe saw a man who played with swords so
+dexterously that seven were in the air at one time. That man asked him
+what his name was. Gylfe answered that his name was Ganglere;[10] that
+he had come a long way, and that he sought lodgings for the night. He
+also asked who owned the burg. The other answered that it belonged to
+their king: I will go with you to see him and then you may ask him for
+his name yourself. Then the man turned and led the way into the hall.
+Ganglere followed, and suddenly the doors closed behind him. There he
+saw many rooms and a large number of people, of whom some were playing,
+others were drinking, and some were fighting with weapons. He looked
+around him, and much of what he saw seemed to him incredible. Then
+quoth he:
+
+  Gates all,
+  Before in you go,
+  You must examine well;
+  For you cannot know
+  Where enemies sit
+  In the house before you.[11]
+
+    [Footnote 10: The walker.]
+
+    [Footnote 11: Elder Edda: Havamal.]
+
+He saw three high-seats, one above the other, and in each sat a man. He
+asked what the names of these chiefs were. He, who had conducted him in,
+answered that the one who sat in the lowest high-seat was king, and
+hight Har; the one next above him, Jafnhar; but the one who sat on the
+highest throne, Thride. Har asked the comer what more his errand was,
+and added that food and drink was there at his service, as for all in
+Har’s hall. Ganglere answered that he first would like to ask whether
+there was any wise man. Answered Har: You will not come out from here
+hale unless you are wiser.
+
+  And stand now forth
+  While you ask;
+  He who answers shall sit.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+OF THE HIGHEST GOD.
+
+
+3. Ganglere then made the following question: Who is the highest and
+oldest of all the gods? Made answer Har: Alfather he is called in our
+tongue, but in Asgard of old he had twelve names. The first is Alfather,
+the second is Herran or Herjan, the third Nikar or Hnikar, the fourth
+Nikuz or Hnikud, the fifth Fjolner, the sixth Oske, the seventh Ome, the
+eighth Biflide or Biflinde, the ninth Svidar, the tenth Svidrer, the
+eleventh Vidrer, the twelfth Jalg or Jalk. Ganglere asks again: Where is
+this god? What can he do? What mighty works has he accomplished?
+Answered Har: He lives from everlasting to everlasting, rules over all
+his realm, and governs all things, great and small. Then remarked
+Jafnhar: He made heaven and earth, the air and all things in them.
+Thride added: What is most important, he made man and gave him a spirit,
+which shall live, and never perish, though the body may turn to dust or
+burn to ashes. All who live a life of virtue shall dwell with him in
+Gimle or Vingolf. The wicked, on the other hand, go to Hel, and from her
+to Niflhel, that is, down into the ninth world. Then asked Ganglere:
+What was he doing before heaven and earth were made? Har gave answer:
+Then was he with the frost-giants.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE CREATION OF THE WORLD.
+
+
+4. Said Ganglere: How came the world into existence, or how did it rise?
+What was before? Made answer to him Har: Thus is it said in the Vala’s
+Prophecy:
+
+  It was Time’s morning,
+  When there nothing was;
+  Nor sand, nor sea,
+  Nor cooling billows.
+  Earth there was not,
+  Nor heaven above.
+  The Ginungagap was,
+  But grass nowhere.[12]
+
+    [Footnote 12: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 6.]
+
+Jafnhar remarked: Many ages before the earth was made, Niflheim had
+existed, in the midst of which is the well called Hvergelmer, whence
+flow the following streams: Svol, Gunnthro, Form, Fimbul, Thul, Slid and
+Hrid, Sylg and Ylg, Vid, Leipt and Gjoll, the last of which is nearest
+the gate of Hel. Then added Thride: Still there was before a world to
+the south which hight Muspelheim. It is light and hot, and so bright
+and dazzling that no stranger, who is not a native there, can stand it.
+Surt is the name of him who stands on its border guarding it. He has a
+flaming sword in his hand, and at the end of the world he will come and
+harry, conquer all the gods, and burn up the whole world with fire. Thus
+it is said in the Vala’s Prophecy:
+
+  Surt from the south fares
+  With blazing flames;
+  From the sword shines
+  The sun of the war-god.
+  Rocks dash together
+  And witches collapse,
+  Men go the way to Hel
+  And the heavens are cleft.[13]
+
+    [Footnote 13: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 56.]
+
+5. Said Ganglere: What took place before the races came into existence,
+and men increased and multiplied? Replied Har, explaining, that as soon
+as the streams, that are called the Elivogs, had come so far from their
+source that the venomous yeast which flowed with them hardened, as does
+dross that runs from the fire, then it turned into ice. And when this
+ice stopped and flowed no more, then gathered over it the drizzling rain
+that arose from the venom and froze into rime, and one layer of ice was
+laid upon the other clear into Ginungagap. Then said Jafnhar: All that
+part of Ginungagap that turns toward the north was filled with thick
+and heavy ice and rime, and everywhere within were drizzling rains and
+gusts. But the south part of Ginungagap was lighted up by the glowing
+sparks that flew out of Muspelheim. Added Thride: As cold and all things
+grim proceeded from Niflheim, so that which bordered on Muspelheim was
+hot and bright, and Ginungagap was as warm and mild as windless air. And
+when the heated blasts from Muspelheim met the rime, so that it melted
+into drops, then, by the might of him who sent the heat, the drops
+quickened into life and took the likeness of a man, who got the name
+Ymer. But the Frost giants call him Aurgelmer. Thus it is said in the
+short Prophecy of the Vala (the Lay of Hyndla):
+
+  All the valas are
+  From Vidolf descended;
+  All wizards are
+  Of Vilmeide’s race;
+  All enchanters
+  Are sons of Svarthofde;
+  All giants have
+  Come from Ymer.[14]
+
+    [Footnote 14: Elder Edda: Hyndla’a Lay, 34.]
+
+And on this point, when Vafthrudner, the giant, was asked by Gangrad:
+
+  Whence came Aurgelmer
+  Originally to the sons
+  Of the giants?--thou wise giant![15]
+
+he said
+
+  From the Elivogs
+  Sprang drops of venom,
+  And grew till a giant was made.
+  Thence our race
+  Are all descended,
+  Therefore are we all so fierce.[16]
+
+    [Footnote 15: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 30.]
+
+    [Footnote 16: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 31.]
+
+Then asked Ganglere: How were the races developed from him? Or what was
+done so that more men were made? Or do you believe him to be god of whom
+you now spake? Made answer Har: By no means do we believe him to be god;
+evil was he and all his offspring, them we call frost-giants. It is said
+that when he slept he fell into a sweat, and then there grew under his
+left arm a man and a woman, and one of his feet begat with the other a
+son. From these come the races that are called frost-giants. The old
+frost-giant we call Ymer.
+
+6. Then said Ganglere: Where did Ymer dwell, and on what did he live?
+Answered Har: The next thing was that when the rime melted into drops,
+there was made thereof a cow, which hight Audhumbla. Four milk-streams
+ran from her teats, and she fed Ymer. Thereupon asked Ganglere: On what
+did the cow subsist? Answered Har: She licked the salt-stones that were
+covered with rime, and the first day that she licked the stones there
+came out of them in the evening a man’s hair, the second day a man’s
+head, and the third day the whole man was there. This man’s name was
+Bure; he was fair of face, great and mighty, and he begat a son whose
+name was Bor. This Bor married a woman whose name was Bestla, the
+daughter of the giant Bolthorn; they had three sons,--the one hight
+Odin, the other Vile, and the third Ve. And it is my belief that this
+Odin and his brothers are the rulers of heaven and earth. We think that
+he must be so called. That is the name of the man whom we know to be the
+greatest and most famous, and well may men call him by that name.
+
+7. Ganglere asked: How could these keep peace with Ymer, or who was the
+stronger? Then answered Har: The sons of Bor slew the giant Ymer, but
+when he fell, there flowed so much blood from his wounds that they
+drowned therein the whole race of frost giants; excepting one, who
+escaped with his household. Him the giants call Bergelmer. He and his
+wife went on board his ark and saved themselves in it. From them are
+come new races of frost-giants, as is here said:
+
+  Countless winters
+  Ere the earth was made,
+  Was born Bergelmer.
+  This first I call to mind
+  How that crafty giant
+  Safe in his ark lay.[17]
+
+    [Footnote 17: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 35.]
+
+8. Then said Ganglere: What was done then by the sons of Bor, since you
+believe that they were gods? Answered Har: About that there is not a
+little to be said. They took the body of Ymer, carried it into the midst
+of Ginungagap and made of him the earth. Of his blood they made the seas
+and lakes; of his flesh the earth was made, but of his bones the rocks;
+of his teeth and jaws, and of the bones that were broken, they made
+stones and pebbles. Jafnhar remarked: Of the blood that flowed from the
+wounds, and was free, they made the ocean; they fastened the earth
+together and around it they laid this ocean in a ring without, and it
+must seem to most men impossible to cross it. Thride added: They took
+his skull and made thereof the sky, and raised it over the earth with
+four sides. Under each corner they set a dwarf, and the four dwarfs were
+called Austre (east), Vestre (West), Nordre (North), Sudre (South). Then
+they took glowing sparks, that were loose and had been cast out from
+Muspelheim, and placed them in the midst of the boundless heaven, both
+above and below, to light up heaven and earth. They gave resting-places
+to all fires, and set some in heaven; some were made to go free under
+heaven, but they gave them a place and shaped their course. In old songs
+it is said that from that time days and years were reckoned. Thus in the
+Prophecy of the Vala:
+
+  The sun knew not
+  Where her hall she had;
+  The moon knew not
+  What might he had;
+  The stars knew not
+  Their resting-places.[18]
+
+    [Footnote 18: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 8. In Old Norse the
+    sun is feminine, and the moon masculine. See below, sections 11
+    and 12.]
+
+Thus it was before these things were made. Then said Ganglere: Wonderful
+tidings are these I now hear; a wondrous great building is this, and
+deftly constructed. How was the earth fashioned? Made answer Har: The
+earth is round, and without it round about lies the deep ocean, and
+along the outer strand of that sea they gave lands for the giant races
+to dwell in; and against the attack of restless giants they built a burg
+within the sea and around the earth. For this purpose they used the
+giant Ymer’s eyebrows, and they called the burg Midgard. They also took
+his brains and cast them into the air, and made therefrom the clouds,
+as is here said:
+
+  Of Ymer’s flesh
+  The earth was made,
+  And of his sweat the seas;
+  Rocks of his bones,
+  Trees of his hair,
+  And the sky of his skull;
+  But of his eyebrows
+  The blithe powers
+  Made Midgard for the sons of men.
+  Of his brains
+  All the melancholy
+  Clouds were made.[19]
+
+    [Footnote 19: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 40, 41. Comp.
+    Vafthrudner’s Lay, 21.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE CREATION--(CONTINUED.)
+
+
+9. Then said Ganglere: Much had been done, it seemed to me, when heaven
+and earth were made, when sun and moon were set in their places, and
+when days were marked out; but whence came the people who inhabit the
+world? Har answered as follows: As Bor’s sons went along the sea-strand,
+they found two trees. These trees they took up and made men of them. The
+first gave them spirit and life; the second endowed them with reason and
+power of motion; and the third gave them form, speech, hearing and
+eyesight. They gave them clothes and names; the man they called Ask, and
+the woman Embla. From them all mankind is descended, and a
+dwelling-place was given them under Midgard. In the next place, the sons
+of Bor made for themselves in the middle of the world a burg, which is
+called Asgard, and which we call Troy. There dwelt the gods and their
+race, and thence were wrought many tidings and adventures, both on earth
+and in the sky. In Asgard is a place called Hlidskjalf, and when Odin
+seated himself there in the high-seat, he saw over the whole world, and
+what every man was doing, and he knew all things that he saw. His wife
+hight Frigg, and she was the daughter of Fjorgvin, and from their
+offspring are descended the race that we call asas, who inhabited Asgard
+the old and the realms that lie about it, and all that race are known to
+be gods. And for this reason Odin is called Alfather, that he is the
+father of all gods and men, and of all things that were made by him and
+by his might. Jord (earth) was his daughter and his wife; with her he
+begat his first son, and that is Asa-Thor. To him was given force and
+strength, whereby he conquers all things quick.
+
+10. Norfe, or Narfe, hight a giant, who dwelt in Jotunheim. He had a
+daughter by name Night. She was swarthy and dark like the race she
+belonged to. She was first married to a man who hight Naglfare. Their
+son was Aud. Afterward she was married to Annar. Jord hight their
+daughter. Her last husband was Delling (Daybreak), who was of asa-race.
+Their son was Day, who was light and fair after his father. Then took
+Alfather Night and her son Day, gave them two horses and two cars, and
+set them up in heaven to drive around the earth, each in twelve hours by
+turns. Night rides first on the horse which is called Hrimfaxe, and
+every morning he bedews the earth with the foam from his bit. The horse
+on which Day rides is called Skinfaxe, and with his mane he lights up
+all the sky and the earth.
+
+11. Then said Ganglere: How does he steer the course of the sun and the
+moon? Answered Har: Mundilfare hight the man who had two children. They
+were so fair and beautiful that he called his son Moon, and his
+daughter, whom he gave in marriage to a man by name Glener, he called
+Sun. But the gods became wroth at this arrogance, took both the brother
+and the sister, set them up in heaven, and made Sun drive the horses
+that draw the car of the sun, which the gods had made to light up the
+world from sparks that flew out of Muspelheim. These horses hight Arvak
+and Alsvid. Under their withers the gods placed two wind-bags to cool
+them, but in some songs it is called ironcold (ísarnkol). Moon guides
+the course of the moon, and rules its waxing and waning. He took from
+the earth two children, who hight Bil and Hjuke, as they were going from
+the well called Byrger, and were carrying on their shoulders the bucket
+called Sager and the pole Simul. Their father’s name is Vidfin. These
+children always accompany Moon, as can be seen from the earth.
+
+12. Then said Ganglere: Swift fares Sun, almost as if she were afraid,
+and she could make no more haste in her course if she feared her
+destroyer. Then answered Har: Nor is it wonderful that she speeds with
+all her might. Near is he who pursues her, and there is no escape for
+her but to run before him. Then asked Ganglere: Who causes her this
+toil? Answered Har: It is two wolves. The one hight Skol, he runs after
+her; she fears him and he will one day overtake her. The other hight
+Hate, Hrodvitner’s son; he bounds before her and wants to catch the
+moon, and so he will at last.[20] Then asked Ganglere: Whose offspring
+are these wolves? Said Har; A hag dwells east of Midgard, in the forest
+called Jarnved (Ironwood), where reside the witches called Jarnvidjes.
+The old hag gives birth to many giant sons, and all in wolf’s likeness.
+Thence come these two wolves. It is said that of this wolf-race one is
+the mightiest, and is called Moongarm. He is filled with the life-blood
+of all dead men. He will devour the moon, and stain the heavens and all
+the sky with blood. Thereby the sun will be darkened, the winds will
+grow wild, and roar hither and thither, as it is said in the Prophecy of
+the Vala:
+
+  In the east dwells the old hag,
+  In the Jarnved forest;
+  And brings forth there
+  Fenrer’s offspring.
+  There comes of them all
+  One the worst,
+  The moon’s devourer
+  In a troll’s disguise.
+
+  He is filled with the life-blood
+  Of men doomed to die;
+  The seats of the gods
+  He stains with red gore;
+  Sunshine grows black
+  The summer thereafter,
+  All weather gets fickle.
+  Know you yet or not?[21]
+
+    [Footnote 20: That wolves follow the sun and moon, is a
+    wide-spread popular superstition. In Sweden, a parhelion is
+    called Solvarg (sun-wolf).]
+
+    [Footnote 21: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 43, 44.]
+
+13. Then asked Ganglere: What is the path from earth to heaven? Har
+answered, laughing: Foolishly do you now ask. Have you not been told
+that the gods made a bridge from earth to heaven, which is called
+Bifrost? You must have seen it. It may be that you call it the rainbow.
+It has three colors, is very strong, and is made with more craft and
+skill than other structures. Still, however strong it is, it will break
+when the sons of Muspel come to ride over it, and then they will have to
+swim their horses over great rivers in order to get on. Then said
+Ganglere: The gods did not, it seems to me, build that bridge honestly,
+if it shall be able to break to pieces, since they could have done so,
+had they desired. Then made answer Har: The gods are worthy of no blame
+for this structure. Bifrost is indeed a good bridge, but there is no
+thing in the world that is able to stand when the sons of Muspel come to
+the fight.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+THE FIRST WORKS OF THE ASAS. THE GOLDEN AGE.
+
+
+14. Then said Ganglere: What did Alfather do when Asgard had been built?
+Said Har: In the beginning he appointed rulers in a place in the middle
+of the burg which is called Idavold, who were to judge with him the
+disputes of men and decide the affairs of the burg. Their first work was
+to erect a court, where there were seats for all the twelve, and,
+besides, a high-seat for Alfather. That is the best and largest house
+ever built on earth, and is within and without like solid gold. This
+place is called Gladsheim. Then they built another hall as a home for
+the goddesses, which also is a very beautiful mansion, and is called
+Vingolf. Thereupon they built a forge; made hammer, tongs, anvil, and
+with these all other tools. Afterward they worked in iron, stone and
+wood, and especially in that metal which is called gold. All their
+household wares were of gold. That age was called the golden age, until
+it was lost by the coming of those women from Jotunheim. Then the gods
+set themselves in their high-seats and held counsel. They remembered how
+the dwarfs had quickened in the mould of the earth like maggots in
+flesh. The dwarfs had first been created and had quickened in Ymer’s
+flesh, and were then maggots; but now, by the decision of the gods, they
+got the understanding and likeness of men, but still had to dwell in the
+earth and in rocks. Modsogner was one dwarf and Durin another. So it is
+said in the Vala’s Prophecy:
+
+  Then went all the gods,
+  The all-holy gods,
+  On their judgment seats,
+  And thereon took counsel
+  Who should the race
+  Of dwarfs create
+  From the bloody sea
+  And from Blain’s bones.
+  In the likeness of men
+  Made they many
+  Dwarfs in the earth,
+  As Durin said.
+
+And these, says the Vala, are the names of the dwarfs:
+
+  Nye, Nide,
+  Nordre, Sudre,
+  Austre, Vestre,
+  Althjof, Dvalin,
+  Na, Nain,
+  Niping, Dain,
+  Bifur, Bafur,
+  Bombor, Nore,
+  Ore, Onar,
+  Oin, Mjodvitner,
+  Vig, Gandalf,
+  Vindalf, Thorin,
+  File, Kile,
+  Fundin, Vale,
+  Thro, Throin,
+  Thek, Lit, Vit,
+  Ny, Nyrad,
+  Rek, Radsvid.
+
+But the following are also dwarfs and dwell in the rocks, while the
+above-named dwell in the mould:
+
+  Draupner, Dolgthvare,
+  Hor, Hugstare,
+  Hledjolf, Gloin,
+  Dore, Ore,
+  Duf, Andvare,
+  Hepte, File,
+  Har, Siar.
+
+But the following come from Svarin’s How to Aurvang on Joruvold, and
+from them is sprung Lovar. Their names are:
+
+  Skirfer, Virfir,
+  Skafid, Ae,
+  Alf, Inge,
+  Eikinslgalde,
+  Fal, Froste,
+  Fid, Ginnar.[22]
+
+    [Footnote 22: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 12, 14-16, 18, 19.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+ON THE WONDERFUL THINGS IN HEAVEN.
+
+
+15. Then said Ganglere: Where is the chief or most holy place of the
+gods? Har answered: That is by the ash Ygdrasil. There the gods meet in
+council every day. Said Ganglere: What is said about this place?
+Answered Jafnhar: This ash is the best and greatest of all trees; its
+branches spread over all the world, and reach up above heaven. Three
+roots sustain the tree and stand wide apart; one root is with the asas
+and another with the frost-giants, where Ginungagap formerly was; the
+third reaches into Niflheim; under it is Hvergelmer, where Nidhug gnaws
+the root from below. But under the second root, which extends to the
+frost-giants, is the well of Mimer, wherein knowledge and wisdom are
+concealed. The owner of the well hight Mimer. He is full of wisdom, for
+he drinks from the well with the Gjallar-horn. Alfather once came there
+and asked for a drink from the well, but he did not get it before he
+left one of his eyes as a pledge. So it is said in the Vala’s Prophecy:
+
+  Well know I, Odin,
+  Where you hid your eye:
+  In the crystal-clear
+  Well of Mimer.
+  Mead drinks Mimer
+  Every morning
+  From Valfather’s pledge.
+  Know you yet or not?[23]
+
+    [Footnote 23: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 24.]
+
+The third root of the ash is in heaven, and beneath it is the most
+sacred fountain of Urd. Here the gods have their doomstead. The asas
+ride hither every day over Bifrost, which is also called Asa-bridge. The
+following are the names of the horses of the gods: Sleipner is the best
+one; he belongs to Odin, and he has eight feet. The second is Glad, the
+third Gyller, the fourth Gler, the fifth Skeidbrimer, the sixth
+Silfertop, the seventh Siner, the eighth Gisl, the ninth Falhofner, the
+tenth Gulltop, the eleventh Letfet. Balder’s horse was burned with him.
+Thor goes on foot to the doomstead, and wades the following rivers:
+
+  Kormt and Ormt
+  And the two Kerlaugs;
+  These shall Thor wade
+  Every day
+  When he goes to judge
+  Near the Ygdrasil ash;
+  For the Asa-bridge
+  Burns all ablaze,--
+  The holy waters roar.[24]
+
+    [Footnote 24: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 29.]
+
+Then asked Ganglere: Does fire burn over Bifrost? Har answered: The red
+which you see in the rainbow is burning fire. The frost-giants and the
+mountain-giants would go up to heaven if Bifrost were passable for all
+who desired to go there. Many fair places there are in heaven, and they
+are all protected by a divine defense. There stands a beautiful hall
+near the fountain beneath the ash. Out of it come three maids, whose
+names are Urd, Verdande and Skuld. These maids shape the lives of men,
+and we call them norns. There are yet more norns, namely those who come
+to every man when he is born, to shape his life, and these are known to
+be of the race of gods; others, on the other hand, are of the race of
+elves, and yet others are of the race of dwarfs. As is here said:
+
+  Far asunder, I think,
+  The norns are born,
+  They are not of the same race.
+  Some are of the asas,
+  Some are of the elves,
+  Some are daughters of Dvalin.[25]
+
+    [Footnote 25: Elder Edda: Fafner’s Lay, 13.]
+
+Then said Ganglere: If the norns rule the fortunes of men, then they
+deal them out exceedingly unevenly. Some live a good life and are rich;
+some get neither wealth nor praise. Some have a long, others a short
+life. Har answered: Good norns and of good descent shape good lives, and
+when some men are weighed down with misfortune, the evil norns are the
+cause of it.
+
+16. Then said Ganglere: What other remarkable things are there to be
+said about the ash? Har answered: Much is to be said about it. On one of
+the boughs of the ash sits an eagle, who knows many things. Between his
+eyes sits a hawk that is called Vedfolner. A squirrel, by name Ratatosk,
+springs up and down the tree, and carries words of envy between the
+eagle and Nidhug. Four stags leap about in the branches of the ash and
+bite the leaves.[26] Their names are: Dain, Dvalin, Duney and Durathro.
+In Hvergelmer with Nidhug are more serpents than tongue can tell. As is
+here said:
+
+  The ash Ygdrasil
+  Bears distress
+  Greater than men know.
+  Stags bite it above,
+  At the side it rots,
+  Nidhug gnaws it below.
+
+    [Footnote 26: The Icelandic barr. See Vigfusson, _sub voce_.]
+
+And so again it is said:
+
+  More serpents lie
+  ’Neath the Ygdrasil ash
+  Than is thought of
+  By every foolish ape.
+  Goin and Moin
+  (They are sons of Grafvitner),
+  Grabak and Grafvollud,
+  Ofner and Svafner
+  Must for aye, methinks,
+  Gnaw the roots of that tree.[27]
+
+    [Footnote 27: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 35, 34.]
+
+Again, it is said that the norns, that dwell in the fountain of Urd,
+every day take water from the fountain and take the clay that lies
+around the fountain and sprinkle therewith the ash, in order that its
+branches may not wither or decay. This water is so holy that all things
+that are put into the fountain become as white as the film of an
+egg-shell As is here said:
+
+  An ash I know
+  Hight Ygdrasil;
+  A high, holy tree
+  With white clay sprinkled.
+  Thence come the dews
+  That fall in the dales.
+  Green forever it stands
+  Over Urd’s fountain.[28]
+
+    [Footnote 28: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 22.]
+
+The dew which falls on the earth from this tree men call honey-fall, and
+it is the food of bees. Two birds are fed in Urd’s fountain; they are
+called swans, and they are the parents of the race of swans.
+
+17. Then said Ganglere: Great tidings you are able to tell of the
+heavens. Are there other remarkable places than the one by Urd’s
+fountain? Answered Har: There are many magnificent dwellings. One is
+there called Alfheim. There dwell the folk that are called light-elves;
+but the dark-elves dwell down in the earth, and they are unlike the
+light-elves in appearance, but much more so in deeds. The light-elves
+are fairer than the sun to look upon, but the dark-elves are blacker
+than pitch. Another place is called Breidablik, and no place is fairer.
+There is also a mansion called Glitner, of which the walls and pillars
+and posts are of red gold, and the roof is of silver. Furthermore, there
+is a dwelling, by name Himinbjorg, which stands at the end of heaven,
+where the Bifrost-bridge is united with heaven. And there is a great
+dwelling called Valaskjalf, which belongs to Odin. The gods made it and
+thatched it with, sheer silver. In this hall is the high-seat, which is
+called Hlidskjalf, and when Alfather sits in this seat, he sees over all
+the world. In the southern end of the world is the palace, which is the
+fairest of all, and brighter than the sun; its name is Gimle. It shall
+stand when both heaven and earth shall have passed away. In this hall
+the good and the righteous shall dwell through all ages. Thus says the
+Prophecy of the Vala:
+
+  A hall I know, standing
+  Than the sun fairer,
+  Than gold better,
+  Gimle by name.
+  There shall good
+  People dwell,
+  And forever
+  Delights enjoy.[29]
+
+Then said Ganglere: Who guards this palace when Surt’s fire burns up
+heaven and earth? Har answered: It is said that to the south and above
+this heaven is another heaven, which is called Andlang. But there is a
+third, which is above these, and is called Vidblain, and in this heaven
+we believe this mansion (Gimle) to be situated; but we deem that the
+light-elves alone dwell in it now.
+
+    [Footnote 29: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 70.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE ASAS.
+
+
+18. Then said Ganglere: Whence comes the wind? It is so strong that it
+moves great seas, and fans fires to flame, and yet, strong as it is,
+it cannot be seen. Therefore it is wonderfully made. Then answered Har:
+That I can tell you well. At the northern end of heaven sits a giant,
+who hight Hrasvelg. He is clad in eagles’ plumes, and when he spreads
+his wings for flight, the winds arise from under them. Thus is it here
+said:
+
+  Hrasvelg hight he
+  Who sits at the end of heaven,
+  A giant in eagle’s disguise.
+  From his wings, they say,
+  The wind does come
+  Over all mankind.[30]
+
+    [Footnote 30: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 37.]
+
+19. Then said Ganglere: How comes it that summer is so hot, but the
+winter so cold? Har answered: A wise man would not ask such a question,
+for all are able to tell this; but if you alone have become so stupid
+that you have not heard of it, then I would rather forgive you for
+asking unwisely once than that you should go any longer in ignorance of
+what you ought to know. Svasud is the name of him who is father of
+summer, and he lives such a life of enjoyment, that everything that is
+mild is from him called sweet (svasligt). But the father of winter has
+two names, Vindlone and Vindsval. He is the son of Vasad, and all that
+race are grim and of icy breath, and winter is like them.
+
+20. Then asked Ganglere: Which are the asas, in whom men are bound to
+believe? Har answered him: Twelve are the divine asas. Jafnhar said:
+No less holy are the asynjes (goddesses), nor is their power less. Then
+added Thride: Odin is the highest and oldest of the asas. He rules all
+things, but the other gods, each according to his might, serve him as
+children a father. Frigg is his wife, and she knows the fate of men,
+although she tells not thereof, as it is related that Odin himself said
+to Asa-Loke:
+
+  Mad are you, Loke!
+  And out of your senses;
+  Why do you not stop?
+  Fortunes all,
+  Methinks, Frigg knows,
+  Though she tells them not herself.[31]
+
+    [Footnote 31: Elder Edda. Loke’s Quarrel, 29, 47.]
+
+Odin is called Alfather, for he is the father of all the gods; he is
+also called Valfather, for all who fall in fight are his chosen sons.
+For them he prepares Valhal and Vingolf, where they are called einherjes
+(heroes). He is also called Hangagod, Haptagod, Farmagod; and he gave
+himself still more names when he came to King Geirrod:
+
+  Grim is my name,
+  And Ganglare,
+  Herjan, Hjalmbore,
+  Thek, Thride,
+  Thud, Ud,
+  Helblinde, Har,
+  Sad, Svipal,
+  Sangetal,
+  Herteit, Hnikar,
+  Bileyg, Baleyg,
+  Bolverk, Fjolner,
+  Grimner, Glapsvid, Fjolsvid,
+  Sidhot, Sidskeg,
+  Sigfather, Hnikud,
+  Alfather, Atrid, Farmatyr,
+  Oske, Ome,
+  Jafnhar, Biflinde,
+  Gondler, Harbard,
+  Svidur, Svidrir,
+  Jalk, Kjalar, Vidur,
+  Thro, Yg, Thund,
+  Vak, Skilfing,
+  Vafud, Hroptatyr,
+  Gaut, Veratyr.[32]
+
+    [Footnote 32: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 46-50.]
+
+Then said Ganglere: A very great number of names you have given him; and
+this I know, forsooth, that he must be a very wise man who is able to
+understand and decide what chances are the causes of all these names.
+Har answered: Much knowledge is needed to explain it all rightly, but
+still it is shortest to tell you that most of these names have been
+given him for the reason that, as there are many tongues in the world,
+so all peoples thought they ought to turn his name into their tongue, in
+order that they might be able to worship him and pray to him each in its
+own language. Other causes of these names must be sought in his
+journeys, which are told of in old sagas; and you can lay no claim to
+being called a wise man if you are not able to tell of these wonderful
+adventures.
+
+21. Then said Ganglere: What are the names of the other asas? What is
+their occupation, and what works have they wrought? Har answered: Thor
+is the foremost of them. He is called Asa-Thor, or Oku-Thor.[33] He is
+the strongest of all gods and men, and rules over the realm which is
+called Thrudvang. His hall is called Bilskirner. Therein are five
+hundred and forty floors, and it is the largest house that men have
+made. Thus it is said in Grimner’s Lay:
+
+  Five hundred floors
+  And forty more,
+  Methinks, has bowed Bilskirner.
+  Of houses all
+  That I know roofed
+  I know my son’s is the largest.[34]
+
+    [Footnote 33: Oku is derived from the Finnish thunder-god, Ukko.]
+
+    [Footnote 34: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 24.]
+
+Thor has two goats, by name Tangnjost and Tangrisner, and a chariot,
+wherein he drives. The goats draw the chariot; wherefore he is called
+Oku-Thor.[35] He possesses three valuable treasures. One of them is the
+hammer Mjolner, which the frost-giants and mountain-giants well know
+when it is raised; and this is not to be wondered at, for with it he has
+split many a skull of their fathers or friends. The second treasure he
+possesses is Megingjarder (belt of strength); when he girds himself with
+it his strength is doubled. His third treasure that is of so great value
+is his iron gloves; these he cannot do without when he lays hold of the
+hammer’s haft. No one is so wise that he can tell all his great works;
+but I can tell you so many tidings of him that it will grow late before
+all is told that I know.
+
+    [Footnote 35: The author of the Younger Edda is here mistaken. See
+    note on page 82 {Footnote 33}.]
+
+22. Thereupon said Ganglere: I wish to ask tidings of more of the asas.
+Har gave him answer: Odin’s second son is Balder, and of him good things
+are to be told. He is the best, and all praise him. He is so fair of
+face and so bright that rays of light issue from him; and there is a
+plant so white that it is likened unto Balder’s brow, and it is the
+whitest of all plants. From this you can judge of the beauty both of his
+hair and of his body. He is the wisest, mildest and most eloquent of all
+the asas; and such is his nature that none can alter the judgment he has
+pronounced. He inhabits the place in heaven called Breidablik, and there
+nothing unclean can enter. As is here said:
+
+  Breidablik it is called,
+  Where Balder has
+  Built for himself a hall
+  In the land
+  Where I know is found
+  The least of evil.[36]
+
+    [Footnote 36: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 12.]
+
+23. The third asa is he who is called Njord. He dwells in Noatun, which
+is in heaven. He rules the course of the wind and checks the fury of the
+sea and of fire. He is invoked by seafarers and by fishermen. He is so
+rich and wealthy that he can give broad lands and abundance to those who
+call on him for them. He was fostered in Vanaheim, but the vans[37] gave
+him as a hostage to the gods, and received in his stead as an
+asa-hostage the god whose name is Honer. He established peace between
+the gods and vans. Njord took to wife Skade, a daughter of the giant
+Thjasse. She wished to live where her father had dwelt, that is, on the
+mountains in Thrymheim; Njord, on the other hand, preferred to be near
+the sea. They therefore agreed to pass nine nights in Thrymheim and
+three in Noatun. But when Njord came back from the mountains to Noatun
+he sang this:
+
+    [Footnote 37: Compare Vainamoinen, the son of Ukko, in the Finnish
+    epic Kalevala.]
+
+  Weary am I of the mountains,
+  Not long was I there,
+  Only nine nights.
+  The howl of the wolves
+  Methought sounded ill
+  To the song of the swans.
+
+Skade then sang this:
+
+  Sleep I could not
+  On my sea-strand couch,
+  For the scream of the sea-fowl.
+  _There_ wakes me,
+  As he comes from the sea,
+  Every morning the mew.
+
+Then went Skade up on the mountain, and dwelt in Thrymheim. She often
+goes on skees (snow-shoes), with her bow, and shoots wild beasts. She is
+called skee-goddess or skee-dis. Thus it is said:
+
+  Thrymheim it is called
+  Where Thjasse dwelt,
+  That mightiest giant.
+  But now dwells Skade,
+  Pure bride of the gods,
+  In her father’s old homestead.[38]
+
+    [Footnote 38: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 11.]
+
+24. Njord, in Noatun, afterward begat two children: a son, by name Frey,
+and a daughter, by name Freyja. They were fair of face, and mighty. Frey
+is the most famous of the asas. He rules over rain and sunshine, and
+over the fruits of the earth. It is good to call on him for harvests and
+peace. He also sways the wealth of men. Freyja is the most famous of the
+goddesses. She has in heaven a dwelling which is called Folkvang, and
+when she rides to the battle, one half of the slain belong to her, and
+the other half to Odin. As is here said:
+
+  Folkvang it is called,
+  And there rules Freyja.
+  For the seats in the hall
+  Half of the slain
+  She chooses each day;
+  The other half is Odin’s.[39]
+
+    [Footnote 39: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 14.]
+
+Her hall is Sesrynmer, and it is large and beautiful. When she goes
+abroad, she drives in a car drawn by two cats. She lends a favorable ear
+to men who call upon her, and it is from her name the title has come
+that women of birth and wealth are called frur.[40] She is fond of love
+ditties, and it is good to call on her in love affairs.
+
+    [Footnote 40: Icel. _frú_ (Ger. _frau_; Dan. _frue_), pl. _frúr_,
+    means a lady. It is used of the wives of men of rank or title.
+    It is derived from Freyja.]
+
+25. Then said Ganglere: Of great importance these asas seem to me to be,
+and it is not wonderful that you have great power, since you have such
+excellent knowledge of the gods, and know to which of them to address
+your prayers on each occasion. But what other gods are there? Har
+answered: There is yet an asa, whose name is Tyr. He is very daring and
+stout-hearted. He sways victory in war, wherefore warriors should call
+on him. There is a saw, that he who surpasses others in bravery, and
+never yields, is Tyr-strong. He is also so wise, that it is said of
+anyone who is specially intelligent, that he is Tyr-learned. A proof of
+his daring is, that when the asas induced the wolf Fenrer to let himself
+be bound with the chain Gleipner, he would not believe that they would
+loose him again until Tyr put his hand in his mouth as a pledge. But
+when the asas would not loose the Fenris-wolf, he bit Tyr’s hand off at
+the place of the wolf’s joint (the wrist; Icel. _úlfliðr_[41]). From
+that time Tyr is one-handed, and he is now called a peacemaker among
+men.
+
+    [Footnote 41: This etymology is, however, erroneous, for the word
+    is derived from _oln_ or _öln_, and the true form of the word is
+    _ölnliðr_ = the ell-joint (wrist); thus we have _ölnboge_--the
+    elbow; _öln_ = _alin_ (Gr. ὠδίνη; Lat. _ulna_; cp. A.-S.
+    _el-boga_; Eng. _elbow_) is the arm from the elbow to the end of
+    the middle finger, hence an ell in long measure.]
+
+26. Brage is the name of another of the asas. He is famous for his
+wisdom, eloquence and flowing speech. He is a master-skald, and from him
+song-craft is called brag (poetry), and such men or women as distinguish
+themselves by their eloquence are called brag-men[42] and brag-women.
+His wife is Idun. She keeps in a box those apples of which the gods eat
+when they grow old, and then they become young again, and so it will be
+until Ragnarok (the twilight of the gods). Then said Ganglere: Of great
+importance to the gods it must be, it seems to me, that Idun preserves
+these apples with care and honesty. Har answered, and laughed: They ran
+a great risk on one occasion, whereof I might tell you more, but you
+shall first hear the names of more asas.
+
+    [Footnote 42: Compare the Anglo-Saxon _brego_ = princeps, chief.]
+
+27. Heimdal is the name of one. He is also called the white-asa. He is
+great and holy; born of nine maidens, all of whom were sisters. He hight
+also Hallinskide and Gullintanne, for his teeth were of gold. His horse
+hight Gulltop (Gold-top). He dwells in a place called Himinbjorg, near
+Bifrost. He is the ward of the gods, and sits at the end of heaven,
+guarding the bridge against the mountain-giants. He needs less sleep
+than a bird; sees an hundred miles around him, and as well by night as
+by day. He hears the grass grow and the wool on the backs of the sheep,
+and of course all things that sound louder than these. He has a trumpet
+called the Gjallarhorn, and when he blows it it can be heard in all the
+worlds. The head is called Heimdal’s sword. Thus it is here said:
+
+  Himinbjorg it is called,
+  Where Heimdal rules
+  Over his holy halls;
+  There drinks the ward of the gods
+  In his delightful dwelling
+  Glad the good mead.[43]
+
+    [Footnote 43: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 13.]
+
+And again, in Heimdal’s Song, he says himself:
+
+  Son I am of maidens nine,
+  Born I am of sisters nine.
+
+28. Hoder hight one of the asas, who is blind, but exceedingly strong;
+and the gods would wish that this asa never needed to be named, for the
+work of his hand will long be kept in memory both by gods and men.
+
+29. Vidar is the name of the silent asa. He has a very thick shoe, and
+he is the strongest next after Thor. From him the gods have much help in
+all hard tasks.
+
+30. Ale, or Vale, is the son of Odin and Rind. He is daring in combat,
+and a good shot.
+
+31. Uller is the name of one, who is a son of Sif, and a step-son of
+Thor. He is so good an archer, and so fast on his skees, that no one can
+contend with him. He is fair of face, and possesses every quality of a
+warrior. Men should invoke him in single combat.
+
+32. Forsete is a son of Balder and Nanna, Nep’s daughter. He has in
+heaven the hall which hight Glitner. All who come to him with disputes
+go away perfectly reconciled. No better tribunal is to be found among
+gods and men. Thus it is here said:
+
+  Glitner hight the hall,
+  On gold pillars standing,
+  And roofed with silver.
+  There dwells Forsete
+  Throughout all time,
+  And settles all disputes.[44]
+
+    [Footnote 44: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 15.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+LOKE AND HIS OFFSPRING.
+
+
+33. There is yet one who is numbered among the asas, but whom some call
+the backbiter of the asas. He is the originator of deceit, and the
+disgrace of all gods and men. His name is Loke, or Lopt. His father is
+the giant Farbaute, but his mother’s name is Laufey, or Nal. His
+brothers are Byleist and Helblinde. Loke is fair and beautiful of face,
+but evil in disposition, and very fickle-minded. He surpasses other men
+in the craft called cunning, and cheats in all things. He has often
+brought the asas into great trouble, and often helped them out again,
+with his cunning contrivances. His wife hight Sygin, and their son,
+Nare, or Narfe.
+
+34. Loke had yet more children. A giantess in Jotunheim, hight
+Angerboda. With her he begat three children. The first was the
+Fenris-wolf; the second, Jormungand, that is, the Midgard-serpent, and
+the third, Hel. When the gods knew that these three children were being
+fostered in Jotunheim, and were aware of the prophecies that much woe
+and misfortune would thence come to them, and considering that much evil
+might be looked for from them on their mother’s side, and still more on
+their father’s, Alfather sent some of the gods to take the children and
+bring them to him. When they came to him he threw the serpent into the
+deep sea which surrounds all lands. There waxed the serpent so that he
+lies in the midst of the ocean, surrounds all the earth, and bites his
+own tail. Hel he cast into Niflheim, and gave her power over nine
+worlds,[45] that she should appoint abodes to them that are sent to her,
+namely, those who die from sickness or old age. She has there a great
+mansion, and the walls around it are of strange height, and the gates
+are huge. Eljudner is the name of her hall. Her table hight famine; her
+knife, starvation. Her man-servant’s name is Ganglate; her
+maid-servant’s, Ganglot.[46] Her threshold is called stumbling-block;
+her bed, care; the precious hangings of her bed, gleaming bale. One-half
+of her is blue, and the other half is of the hue of flesh; hence she is
+easily known. Her looks are very stern and grim.
+
+    [Footnote 45: Possibly this ought to read the ninth world, which
+    would correspond with what we read on page 72, and in the Vala’s
+    Prophecy. See also notes. It may be a mistake of the transcriber.]
+
+    [Footnote 46: Both these words mean sloth.]
+
+35. The wolf was fostered by the asas at home, and Tyr was the only one
+who had the courage to go to him and give him food. When the gods saw
+how much he grew every day, and all prophecies declared that he was
+predestined to become fatal to them, they resolved to make a very strong
+fetter, which they called Lading. They brought it to the wolf, and bade
+him try his strength on the fetter. The wolf, who did not think it would
+be too strong for him, let them do therewith as they pleased. But as
+soon as he spurned against it the fetter burst asunder, and he was free
+from Lading. Then the asas made another fetter, by one-half stronger,
+and this they called Drome. They wanted the wolf to try this also,
+saying to him that he would become very famous for his strength, if so
+strong a chain was not able to hold him. The wolf thought that this
+fetter was indeed very strong, but also that his strength had increased
+since he broke Lading. He also took into consideration that it was
+necessary to expose one’s self to some danger if he desired to become
+famous; so he let them put the fetter on him. When the asas said they
+were ready, the wolf shook himself, spurned against and dashed the
+fetter on the ground, so that the broken pieces flew a long distance.
+Thus he broke loose out of Drome. Since then it has been held as a
+proverb, “to get loose out of Lading” or “to dash out of Drome,”
+whenever anything is extraordinarily hard. The asas now began to fear
+that they would not get the wolf bound. So Alfather sent the youth, who
+is called Skirner, and is Frey’s messenger, to some dwarfs in
+Svartalfaheim, and had them make the fetter which is called Gleipner. It
+was made of six things: of the footfall of cats, of the beard of woman,
+of the roots of the mountain, of the sinews of the bear, of the breath
+of the fish, and of the spittle of the birds. If you have not known this
+before, you can easily find out that it is true and that there is no lie
+about it, since you must have observed that a woman has no beard, that a
+cat’s footfall cannot be heard, and that mountains have no roots; and I
+know, forsooth, that what I have told you is perfectly true, although
+there are some things that you do not understand. Then said Ganglere:
+This I must surely understand to be true. I can see these things which
+you have taken as proof. But how was the fetter smithied? Answered Har:
+That I can well explain to you. It was smooth and soft as a silken
+string. How strong and trusty it was you shall now hear. When the fetter
+was brought to the asas, they thanked the messenger for doing his errand
+so well. Then they went out into the lake called Amsvartner, to the holm
+(rocky island) called Lyngve, and called the wolf to go with them. They
+showed him the silken band and bade him break it, saying that it was
+somewhat stronger than its thinness would lead one to suppose. Then they
+handed it from one to the other and tried its strength with their hands,
+but it did not break. Still they said the wolf would be able to snap it.
+The wolf answered: It seems to me that I will get no fame though I break
+asunder so slender a thread as this is. But if it is made with craft and
+guile, then, little though it may look, that band will never come on my
+feet. Then said the asas that he would easily be able to break a slim
+silken band, since he had already burst large iron fetters asunder. But
+even if you are unable to break this band, you have nothing to fear from
+the gods, for we will immediately loose you again. The wolf answered: If
+you get me bound so fast that I am not able to loose myself again, you
+will skulk away, and it will be long before I get any help from you,
+wherefore I am loth to let this band be laid on me; but in order that
+you may not accuse me of cowardice, let some one of you lay his hand in
+my mouth as a pledge that this is done without deceit. The one asa
+looked at the other, and thought there now was a choice of two evils,
+and no one would offer his hand, before Tyr held out his right hand and
+laid it in the wolf’s mouth. But when the wolf now began to spurn
+against it the band grew stiffer, and the more he strained the tighter
+it got. They all laughed except Tyr; he lost his hand. When the asas saw
+that the wolf was sufficiently well bound, they took the chain which was
+fixed to the fetter, and which was called Gelgja, and drew it through a
+large rock which is called Gjol, and fastened this rock deep down in the
+earth. Then they took a large stone, which is called Tvite, and drove it
+still deeper into the ground, and used this stone for a fastening-pin.
+The wolf opened his mouth terribly wide, raged and twisted himself with
+all his might, and wanted to bite them; but they put a sword in his
+mouth, in such a manner that the hilt stood in his lower jaw and the
+point in the upper, that is his gag. He howls terribly, and the saliva
+which runs from his mouth forms a river called Von. There he will lie
+until Ragnarok. Then said Ganglere: Very bad are these children of Loke,
+but they are strong and mighty. But why did not the asas kill the wolf
+when they have evil to expect from him? Har answered: So great respect
+have the gods for their holiness and peace-stead, that they would not
+stain them with the blood of the wolf, though prophecies foretell that
+he must become the bane of Odin.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE GODDESSES (ASYNJES).
+
+
+36. Ganglere asked: Which are the goddesses? Har answered: Frigg is the
+first; she possesses the right lordly dwelling which is called Fensaler.
+The second is Saga, who dwells in Sokvabek, and this is a large
+dwelling. The third is Eir, who is the best leech. The fourth is Gefjun,
+who is a may, and those who die maids become her hand-maidens. The fifth
+is Fulla, who is also a may, she wears her hair flowing and has a golden
+ribbon about her head; she carries Frigg’s chest, takes care of her
+shoes and knows her secrets. The sixth is Freyja, who is ranked with
+Frigg. She is wedded to the man whose name is Oder; their daughter’s
+name is Hnos, and she is so fair that all things fair and precious are
+called, from her name, Hnos. Oder went far away. Freyja weeps for him,
+but her tears are red gold. Freyja has many names, and the reason
+therefor is that she changed her name among the various nations to which
+she came in search of Oder. She is called Mardol, Horn, Gefn, and Syr.
+She has the necklace Brising, and she is called Vanadis. The seventh is
+Sjofn, who is fond of turning men’s and women’s hearts to love, and it
+is from her name that love is called Sjafne. The eighth is Lofn, who is
+kind and good to those who call upon her, and she has permission from
+Alfather or Frigg to bring together men and women, no matter what
+difficulties may stand in the way; therefore “love” is so called from
+her name, and also that which is much loved by men. The ninth is Var.
+She hears the oaths and troths that men and women plight to each other.
+Hence such vows are called vars, and she takes vengeance on those who
+break their promises. The tenth is Vor, who is so wise and searching
+that nothing can be concealed from her. It is a saying that a woman
+becomes vor (ware) of what she becomes wise. The eleventh is Syn, who
+guards the door of the hall, and closes it against those who are not to
+enter. In trials she guards those suits in which anyone tries to make
+use of falsehood. Hence is the saying that “syn is set against it,” when
+anyone tries to deny ought. The twelfth is Hlin, who guards those men
+whom Frigg wants to protect from any danger. Hence is the saying that he
+hlins who is forewarned. The thirteenth is Snotra, who is wise and
+courtly. After her, men and women who are wise are called Snotras. The
+fourteenth is Gna, whom Frigg sends on her errands into various worlds.
+She rides upon a horse called Hofvarpner, that runs through the air and
+over the sea. Once, when she was riding, some vans saw her faring
+through the air. Then said one of them:
+
+  What flies there?
+  What fares there?
+  What glides in the air?
+
+She answered
+
+  I fly not,
+  Though I fare
+  And glide through the air
+  On Hofvarpner,
+  That Hamskerper,
+  Begat with Gardrofa.[47]
+
+From Gna’s name it is said that anything that fares high in the air
+gnas. Sol and Bil are numbered among the goddesses, but their nature has
+already been described.[48]
+
+    [Footnote 47: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 36]
+
+    [Footnote 48: See page 66.]
+
+37. There are still others who are to serve in Valhal, bear the drink
+around, wait upon the table and pass the ale-horns. Thus they are named
+in Grimner’s Lay:
+
+  Hrist and Mist
+  I want my horn to bring to me;
+  Skeggold and Skogul,
+  Hild and Thrud,
+  Hlok and Heifjoter,
+  Gol and Geirahod,
+  Randgrid and Radgrid,
+  And Reginleif;
+  These bear ale to the einherjes.[49]
+
+    [Footnote 49: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 36.]
+
+These are called valkyries. Odin sends them to all battles, where they
+choose those who are to be slain, and rule over the victory. Gud and
+Rosta, and the youngest norn, Skuld, always ride to sway the battle and
+choose the slain. Jord, the mother of Thor, and Rind, Vale’s mother, are
+numbered among the goddesses.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE GIANTESS GERD AND SKIRNER’S JOURNEY.[50]
+
+38. Gymer hight a man whose wife was Orboda, of the race of the mountain
+giants. Their daughter was Gerd, the fairest of all women. One day when
+Frey had gone into Hlidskjalf, and was looking out upon all the worlds,
+he saw toward the north a hamlet wherein was a large and beautiful
+house. To this house went a woman, and when she raised her hands to open
+the door, both the sky and the sea glistened therefrom, and she made all
+the world bright. As a punishment for his audacity in seating himself in
+that holy seat, Frey went away full of grief. When he came home, he
+neither spake, slept, nor drank, and no one dared speak to him. Then
+Njord sent for Skirner, Frey’s servant, bade him go to Frey and ask him
+with whom he was so angry, since he would speak to nobody. Skirner said
+that he would go, though he was loth to do so, as it was probable that
+he would get evil words in reply. When he came to Frey and asked him why
+he was so sad that he would not talk, Frey answered that he had seen a
+beautiful woman, and for her sake he had become so filled with grief,
+that he could not live any longer if he could not get her. And now you
+must go, he added, and ask her hand for me and bring her home to me,
+whether it be with or without the consent of her father. I will reward
+you well for your trouble. Skirner answered saying that he would go on
+this errand, but Frey must give him his sword, that was so excellent
+that it wielded itself in fight. Frey made no objection to this and gave
+him the sword. Skirner went on his journey, courted Gerd for him, and
+got the promise of her that she nine nights thereafter should come to
+Bar-Isle and there have her wedding with Frey. When Skirner came back
+and gave an account of his journey, Frey said:
+
+  Long is one night,
+  Long are two nights,
+  How can I hold out three?
+  Oft to me one month
+  Seemed less
+  Than this half night of love.[51]
+
+    [Footnote 50: This is the Niblung story in a nut-shell.]
+
+    [Footnote 51: Elder Edda: Skirner’s Journey, 42.]
+
+This is the reason why Frey was unarmed when he fought with Bele, and
+slew him with a hart’s horn. Then said Ganglere: It is a great wonder
+that such a lord as Frey would give away his sword, when he did not have
+another as good. A great loss it was to him when he fought with Bele;
+and this I know, forsooth, that he must have repented of that gift. Har
+answered: Of no great account was his meeting with Bele. Frey could have
+slain him with his hand. But the time will come when he will find
+himself in a worse plight for not having his sword, and that will be
+when the sons of Muspel sally forth to the fight.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+LIFE IN VALHAL.
+
+
+39. Then said Ganglere: You say that all men who since the beginning of
+the world have fallen in battle have come to Odin in Valhal. What does
+he have to give them to eat? It seems to me there must be a great throng
+of people. Har answered: It is true, as you remark, that there is a
+great throng; many more are yet to come there, and still they will be
+thought too few when the wolf[52] comes. But however great may be the
+throng in Valhal, they will get plenty of flesh of the boar Sahrimner.
+He is boiled every day and is whole again in the evening. But as to the
+question you just asked, it seems to me there are but few men so wise
+that they are able to answer it correctly. The cook’s name is
+Andhrimner, and the kettle is called Eldhrimner as is here said:
+
+  Andhrimner cooks
+  In Eldhrimner
+  Sahrimner.
+  ’Tis the best of flesh.
+  There are few who know
+  What the einherjes eat.[53]
+
+    [Footnote 52: The Fenris-wolf in Ragnarok.]
+
+    [Footnote 53: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 18.]
+
+Ganglere asked: Does Odin have the same kind of food as the einherjes?
+Har answered: The food that is placed on his table he gives to his two
+wolves, which hight Gere and Freke. He needs no food himself. Wine is to
+him both food and drink, as is here said:
+
+  Gere and Freke
+  Sates the warfaring,
+  Famous father of hosts;
+  But on wine alone
+  Odin in arms renowned
+  Forever lives.[54]
+
+    [Footnote 54: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 19.]
+
+Two ravens sit on Odin’s shoulders, and bring to his ears all that they
+hear and see. Their names are Hugin and Munin. At dawn he sends them out
+to fly over the whole world, and they come back at breakfast time. Thus
+he gets information about many things, and hence he is called Rafnagud
+(raven-god). As is here said:
+
+  Hugin and Munin
+  Fly every day
+  Over the great earth.
+  I fear for Hugin
+  That he may not return,
+  Yet more am I anxious for Munin.[55]
+
+    [Footnote 55: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 20.]
+
+40. Then asked Ganglere: What do the einherjes have to drink that is
+furnished them as bountifully as the food? Or do they drink water? Har
+answered: That is a wonderful question. Do you suppose that Alfather
+invites kings, jarls, or other great men, and gives them water to drink?
+This I know, forsooth, that many a one comes to Valhal who would think
+he was paying a big price for his water-drink, if there were no better
+reception to be found there,--persons, namely, who have died from wounds
+and pain. But I can tell you other tidings. A she-goat, by name Heidrun,
+stands up in Valhal and bites the leaves off the branches of that famous
+tree called Lerad. From her teats runs so much mead that she fills every
+day a vessel in the hall from which the horns are filled, and which is
+so large that all the einherjes get all the drink they want out of it.
+Then said Ganglere: That is a most useful goat, and a right excellent
+tree that must be that she feeds upon. Then said Har: Still more
+remarkable is the hart Eikthyrner, which stands over Valhal and bites
+the branches of the same tree. From his horns fall so many drops down
+into Hvergelmer, that thence flow the rivers that are called Sid, Vid,
+Sekin, Ekin, Svol, Gunthro, Fjorm, Fimbulthul, Gipul, Gopul, Gomul and
+Geirvimul, all of which fall about the abodes of the asas. The following
+are also named: Thyn, Vin, Thol, Bol, Grad, Gunthrain, Nyt, Not, Non,
+Hron, Vina, Vegsvin, Thjodnuma.
+
+41. Then said Ganglere: That was a wonderful tiding that you now told
+me. A mighty house must Valhal be, and a great crowd there must often be
+at the door. Then answered Har: Why do you not ask how many doors there
+are in Valhal, and how large they are? When you find that out, you will
+confess that it would rather be wonderful if everybody could not easily
+go in and out. It is also a fact that it is no more difficult to find
+room within than to get in. Of this you may hear what the Lay of Grimner
+says:
+
+  Five hundred doors
+  And forty more,
+  I trow, there are in Valhal.
+  Eight hundred einherjes
+  Go at a time through one door
+  When they fare to fight with the wolf.[56]
+
+    [Footnote 56: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 23.]
+
+42. Then said Ganglere: A mighty band of men there is in Valhal, and,
+forsooth, I know that Odin is a very great chief, since he commands so
+mighty a host. But what is the pastime of the einherjes when they do not
+drink? Har answered: Every morning, when they have dressed themselves,
+they take their weapons and go out into the court and fight and slay
+each other. That is their play. Toward breakfast-time they ride home to
+Valhal and sit down to drink. As is here said:
+
+  All the einherjes
+  In Odin’s court
+  Hew daily each other.
+  They choose the slain
+  And ride from the battle-field,
+  Then sit they in peace together.[57]
+
+But true it is, as you said, that Odin is a great chief. There are many
+proofs of that. Thus it is said in the very words of the asas
+themselves:
+
+  The Ygdrasil ash
+  Is the foremost of trees,
+  But Skidbladner of ships,
+  Odin of asas,
+  Sleipner of steeds,
+  Bifrost of bridges,
+  Brage of Skalds,
+  Habrok of hows,
+  But Garm of dogs.[58]
+
+    [Footnote 57: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 41.]
+
+    [Footnote 58: Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 44.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+ODIN’S HORSE AND FREY’S SHIP.
+
+
+43. Ganglere asked: Whose is that horse Sleipner, and what is there to
+say about it? Har answered: You have no knowledge of Sleipner, nor do
+you know the circumstances attending his birth; but it must seem to you
+worth the telling. In the beginning, when the town of the gods was
+building, when the gods had established Midgard and made Valhal, there
+came a certain builder and offered to make them a burg, in three half
+years, so excellent that it should be perfectly safe against the
+mountain-giants and frost-giants, even though they should get within
+Midgard. But he demanded as his reward, that he should have Freyja, and
+he wanted the sun and moon besides. Then the asas came together and held
+counsel, and the bargain was made with the builder that he should get
+what he demanded if he could get the burg done in one winter; but if on
+the first day of summer any part of the burg was unfinished, then the
+contract should be void. It was also agreed that no man should help him
+with the work. When they told him these terms, he requested that they
+should allow him to have the help of his horse, called Svadilfare, and
+at the suggestion of Loke this was granted him.
+
+On the first day of winter he began to build the burg, but by night he
+hauled stone for it with his horse. But it seemed a great wonder to the
+asas what great rocks that horse drew, and the horse did one half more
+of the mighty task than the builder. The bargain was firmly established
+with witnesses and oaths, for the giant did not deem it safe to be among
+the asas without truce if Thor should come home, who now was on a
+journey to the east fighting trolls. Toward the end of winter the burg
+was far built, and it was so high and strong that it could in nowise be
+taken. When there were three days left before summer, the work was all
+completed excepting the burg gate. Then went the gods to their
+judgment-seats and held counsel, and asked each other who could have
+advised to give Freyja in marriage in Jotunheim, or to plunge the air
+and the heavens in darkness by taking away the sun and the moon and
+giving them to the giant; and all agreed that this must have been
+advised by him who gives the most bad counsels, namely, Loke, son of
+Laufey, and they threatened him with a cruel death if he could not
+contrive some way of preventing the builder from fulfilling his part of
+the bargain, and they proceeded to lay hands on Loke. He in his fright
+then promised with an oath that he should so manage that the builder
+should lose his wages, let it cost him what it would. And the same
+evening, when the builder drove out after stone with his horse
+Svadilfare, a mare suddenly ran out of the woods to the horse and began
+to neigh at him. The steed, knowing what sort of horse this was, grew
+excited, burst the reins asunder and ran after the mare, but she ran
+from him into the woods. The builder hurried after them with all his
+might, and wanted to catch the steed, but these horses kept running all
+night, and thus the time was lost, and at dawn the work had not made the
+usual progress. When the builder saw that his work was not going to be
+completed, he resumed his giant form. When the asas thus became sure
+that it was really a mountain-giant that had come among them, they did
+not heed their oaths, but called on Thor. He came straightway, swung his
+hammer, Mjolner, and paid the workman his wages,--not with the sun and
+moon, but rather by preventing him from dwelling in Jotunheim; and this
+was easily done with the first blow of the hammer, which broke his skull
+into small pieces and sent him down to Niflhel. But Loke had run such a
+race with Svadilfare that he some time after bore a foal. It was gray,
+and had eight feet, and this is the best horse among gods and men. Thus
+it is said in the Vala’s Prophecy:
+
+  Then went the gods.
+  The most holy gods,
+  Onto their judgment-seats,
+  And counseled together
+  Who all the air
+  With guile had blended
+  Or to the giant race
+  Oder’s may had given.
+  Broken were oaths,
+  And words and promises,--
+  All mighty speech
+  That had passed between them.
+  Thor alone did this,
+  Swollen with anger.
+  Seldom sits he still
+  When such things he hears.[59]
+
+44. Then asked Ganglere: What is there to be said of Skidbladner, which
+you say is the best of ships? Is there no ship equally good, or equally
+great? Made answer Har: Skidbladner is the best of ships, and is made
+with the finest workmanship; but Naglfare, which is in Muspel, is the
+largest. Some dwarfs, the sons of Ivalde, made Skidbladner and gave it
+to Frey. It is so large that all the asas, with their weapons and
+war-gear, can find room on board it, and as soon as the sails are
+hoisted it has fair wind, no matter whither it is going. When it is not
+wanted for a voyage, it is made of so many pieces and with so much
+skill, that Frey can fold it together like a napkin and carry it in his
+pocket.
+
+    [Footnote 59: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 29, 30.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+THOR’S ADVENTURES.
+
+
+Then said Ganglere: A good ship is Skidbladner, but much black art must
+have been resorted to ere it was so fashioned. Has Thor never come where
+he has found anything so strong and mighty that it has been superior to
+him either in strength or in the black art? Har answered: Few men, I
+know, are able to tell thereof, but still he has often been in difficult
+straits. But though there have been things so mighty and strong that
+Thor has not been able to gain the victory, they are such as ought not
+to be spoken of; for there are many proofs which all must accept that
+Thor is the mightiest. Then said Ganglere: It seems to me that I have
+now asked about something that no one can answer. Said Jafnhar: We have
+heard tell of adventures that seem to us incredible, but here sits one
+near who is able to tell true tidings thereof, and you may believe that
+he will not lie for the first time now, who never told a lie before.
+Then said Ganglere: I will stand here and listen, to see if any answer
+is to be had to this question. But if you cannot answer my question I
+declare you to be defeated. Then answered Thride: It is evident that he
+now is bound to know, though it does not seem proper for us to speak
+thereof. The beginning of this adventure is that Oku-Thor went on a
+journey with his goats and chariot, and with him went the asa who is
+called Loke. In the evening they came to a bonde[60] and got there
+lodgings for the night. In the evening Thor took his goats and killed
+them both, whereupon he had them flayed and borne into a kettle. When
+the flesh was boiled, Thor and his companion sat down to supper. Thor
+invited the bonde, his wife and their children, a son by name Thjalfe,
+and a daughter by name Roskva, to eat with them. Then Thor laid the
+goat-skins away from the fire-place, and requested the bonde and his
+household to cast the bones onto the skins. Thjalfe, the bonde’s son,
+had the thigh of one of the goats, which he broke asunder with his
+knife, in order to get at the marrow, Thor remained there over night. In
+the morning, just before daybreak, he arose, dressed himself, took the
+hammer Mjolner, lifted it and hallowed the goat-skins. Then the goats
+arose, but one of them limped on one of its hind legs. When Thor saw
+this he said that either the bonde or one of his folk had not dealt
+skillfully with the goat’s bones, for he noticed that the thigh was
+broken. It is not necessary to dwell on this part of the story. All can
+understand how frightened the bonde became when he saw that Thor let his
+brows sink down over his eyes. When he saw his eyes he thought he must
+fall down at the sight of them alone. Thor took hold of the handle of
+his hammer so hard that his knuckles grew white. As might be expected,
+the bonde and all his household cried aloud and sued for peace, offering
+him as an atonement all that they possessed. When he saw their fear, his
+wrath left him. He was appeased, and took as a ransom the bonders
+children, Thjalfe and Roskva. They became his servants, and have always
+accompanied him since that time.
+
+    [Footnote 60: Bonde = peasant.]
+
+46. He left his goats there and went on his way east into Jotunheim,
+clear to the sea, and then he went on across the deep ocean, and went
+ashore on the other side, together with Loke and Thjalfe and Roskva.
+When they had proceeded a short distance, there stood before them a
+great wood, through which they kept going the whole day until dark.
+Thjalfe, who was of all men the fleetest of foot, bore Thor’s bag, but
+the wood was no good place for provisions. When it had become dark, they
+sought a place for their night lodging, and found a very large hall. At
+the end of it was a door as wide as the hall. Here they remained through
+the night. About midnight there was a great earthquake; the ground
+trembled beneath them, and the house shook. Then Thor stood up and
+called his companions. They looked about them and found an adjoining
+room to the right, in the midst of the hall, and there they went in.
+Thor seated himself in the door; the others went farther in and were
+very much frightened. Thor held his hammer by the handle, ready to
+defend himself. Then they heard a great groaning and roaring. When it
+began to dawn, Thor went out and saw a man lying not far from him in the
+wood. He was very large, lay sleeping, and snored loudly. Then Thor
+thought he had found out what noise it was that they had heard in the
+night. He girded himself with his Megingjarder, whereby his asa-might
+increased. Meanwhile the man woke, and immediately arose. It is said
+that Thor this once forbore to strike him with the hammer, and asked him
+for his name. He called himself Skrymer; but, said he, I do not need to
+ask you what your name is,--I know that you are Asa-Thor. But what have
+you done with my glove? He stretched out his hand and picked up his
+glove. Then Thor saw that the glove was the hall in which he had spent
+the night, and that the adjoining room was the thumb of the glove.
+Skrymer asked whether they would accept of his company. Thor said yes.
+Skrymer took and loosed his provision-sack and began to eat his
+breakfast; but Thor and his fellows did the same in another place.
+Skrymer proposed that they should lay their store of provisions
+together, to which Thor consented. Then Skrymer bound all their
+provisions into one bag, laid it on his back, and led the way all the
+day, taking gigantic strides. Late in the evening he sought out a place
+for their night quarters under a large oak. Then Skrymer said to Thor
+that he wanted to lie down to sleep; they might take the provision-sack
+and make ready their supper. Then Skrymer fell asleep and snored
+tremendously. When Thor took the provision-sack and was to open it, then
+happened what seems incredible, but still it must be told,--that he
+could not get one knot loosened, nor could he stir a single end of the
+strings so that it was looser than before. When he saw that all his
+efforts were in vain he became wroth, seized his hammer Mjolner with
+both his hands, stepped with one foot forward to where Skrymer was lying
+and dashed the hammer at his head. Skrymer awoke and asked whether some
+leaf had fallen upon his head; whether they had taken their supper, and
+were ready to go to sleep. Thor answered that they were just going to
+sleep. Then they went under another oak. But the truth must be told,
+that there was no fearless sleeping. About midnight Thor heard that
+Skrymer was snoring and sleeping so fast that it thundered in the wood.
+He arose and went over to him, clutched the hammer tight and hard, and
+gave him a blow in the middle of the crown, so that he knew that the
+head of the hammer sank deep into his head. But just then Skrymer awoke
+and asked: What is that? Did an acorn fall onto my head? How is it with
+you, Thor? Thor hastened back, answered that he had just waked up, and
+said that it was midnight and still time to sleep. Then Thor made up his
+mind that if he could get a chance to give him the third blow, he should
+never see him again, and he now lay watching for Skrymer to sleep fast.
+Shortly before daybreak he heard that Skrymer had fallen asleep. So he
+arose and ran over to him. He clutched the hammer with all his might and
+dashed it at his temples, which he saw uppermost. The hammer sank up to
+the handle. Skrymer sat up, stroked his temples, and said: Are there any
+birds sitting in the tree above me? Methought, as I awoke, that some
+moss from the branches fell on my head. What! are you awake, Thor? It is
+now time to get up and dress; but you have not far left to the burg that
+is called Utgard. I have heard that you have been whispering among
+yourselves that I am not small of stature, but you will see greater men
+when you come to Utgard. Now I will give you wholesome advice. Do not
+brag too much of yourselves, for Utgard-Loke’s thanes will not brook the
+boasting of such insignificant little fellows as you are; otherwise turn
+back, and that is, in fact, the best thing for you to do. But if you are
+bound to continue your journey, then keep straight on eastward; my way
+lies to the north, to those mountains that you there see. Skrymer then
+took the provision-sack and threw it on his back, and, leaving them,
+turned into the wood, and it has not been learned whether the asas
+wished to meet him again in health.
+
+47. Thor and his companions went their way and continued their journey
+until noon. Then they saw a burg standing on a plain, and it was so high
+that they had to bend their necks clear back before they could look over
+it. They drew nearer and came to the burg-gate, which was closed. Thor
+finding himself unable to open it, and being anxious to get within the
+burg, they crept between the bars and so came in. They discovered a
+large hall and went to it. Finding the door open they entered, and saw
+there many men, the most of whom were immensely large, sitting on two
+benches. Thereupon they approached the king, Utgard-Loke, and greeted
+him. He scarcely deigned to look at them, smiled scornfully and showed
+his teeth, saying: It is late to ask for tidings of a long journey, but
+if I am not mistaken this stripling is Oku-Thor, is it not? It may be,
+however, that you are really bigger than you look For what feats are you
+and your companions prepared? No one can stay with us here, unless he is
+skilled in some craft or accomplishment beyond the most of men. Then
+answered he who came in last, namely Loke: I know the feat of which I am
+prepared to give proof, that there is no one present who can eat his
+food faster than I. Then said Utgard-Loke: That is a feat, indeed,
+if you can keep your word, and you shall try it immediately. He then
+summoned from the bench a man by name Loge, and requested him to come
+out on the floor and try his strength against Loke. They took a trough
+full of meat and set it on the floor, whereupon Loke seated himself at
+one end and Loge at the other. Both ate as fast as they could, and met
+at the middle of the trough. Loke had eaten all the flesh off from the
+bones, but Loge had consumed both the flesh and the bones, and the
+trough too. All agreed that Loke had lost the wager. Then Utgard-Loke
+asked what game that young man knew? Thjalfe answered that he would try
+to run a race with anyone that Utgard-Loke might designate. Utgard-Loke
+said this was a good feat, and added that it was to be hoped that he
+excelled in swiftness if he expected to win in this game, but he would
+soon have the matter decided. He arose and went out. There was an
+excellent race-course along the flat plain. Utgard-Loke then summoned a
+young man, whose name was Huge, and bade him run a race with Thjalfe.
+Then they took the first heat, and Huge was so much ahead that when he
+turned at the goal he met Thjalfe. Said Utgard-Loke: You must lay
+yourself more forward, Thjalfe, if you want to win the race; but this I
+confess, that there has never before come anyone hither who was swifter
+of foot than you. Then they took a second heat, and when Huge came to
+the goal and turned, there was a long bolt-shot to Thjalfe. Then said
+Utgard-Loke: Thjalfe seems to me to run well; still I scarcely think he
+will win the race, but this will be proven when they run the third heat.
+Then they took one more heat. Huge ran to the goal and turned back, but
+Thjalfe had not yet gotten to the middle of the course. Then all said
+that this game had been tried sufficiently. Utgard-Loke now asked Thor
+what feats there were that he would be willing to exhibit before them,
+corresponding to the tales that men tell of his great works. Thor
+replied that he preferred to compete with someone in drinking.
+Utgard-Loke said there would be no objection to this. He went into the
+hall, called his cup-bearer, and requested him to take the sconce-horn
+that his thanes were wont to drink from. The cup-bearer immediately
+brought forward the horn and handed it to Thor. Said Utgard-Loke: From
+this horn it is thought to be well drunk if it is emptied in one
+draught, some men empty it in two draughts, but there is no drinker so
+wretched that he cannot exhaust it in three. Thor looked at the horn and
+did not think it was very large, though it seemed pretty long, but he
+was very thirsty. He put it to his lips and swallowed with all his
+might, thinking that he should not have to bend over the horn a second
+time. But when his breath gave out, and he looked into the horn to see
+how it had gone with his drinking, it seemed to him difficult to
+determine whether there was less in it than before. Then said
+Utgard-Loke: That is well drunk, still it is not very much. I could
+never have believed it, if anyone had told me, that Asa-Thor could not
+drink more, but I know you will be able to empty it in a second draught.
+Thor did not answer, but set the horn to his lips, thinking that he
+would now take a larger draught. He drank as long as he could and drank
+deep, as he was wont, but still he could not make the tip of the horn
+come up as much as he would like. And when he set the horn away and
+looked into it, it seemed to him that he had drunk less than the first
+time; but the horn could now be borne without spilling. Then said
+Utgard-Loke: How now, Thor! Are you not leaving more for the third
+draught than befits your skill? It seems to me that if you are to empty
+the horn with the third draught, then this will be the greatest. You
+will not be deemed so great a man here among us as the asas call you, if
+you do not distinguish yourself more in other feats than you seem to me
+to have done in this. Then Thor became wroth, set the horn to his mouth
+and drank with all his might and kept on as long as he could, and when
+he looked into it its contents had indeed visibly diminished, but he
+gave back the horn and would not drink any more. Said Utgard-Loke: It is
+clear that your might is not so great as we thought. Would you like to
+try other games? It is evident that you gained nothing by the first.
+Answered Thor: I should like to try other games, but I should be
+surprised if such a drink at home among the asas would be called small.
+What game will you now offer me? Answered Utgard-Loke: Young lads here
+think it nothing but play to lift my cat up from the ground, and I
+should never have dared to offer such a thing to Asa-Thor had I not
+already seen that you are much less of a man than I thought. Then there
+sprang forth on the floor a gray cat, and it was rather large. Thor went
+over to it, put his hand under the middle of its body and tried to lift
+it up, but the cat bent its back in the same degree as Thor raised his
+hands; and when he had stretched them up as far as he was able the cat
+lifted one foot, and Thor did not carry the game any further. Then said
+Utgard-Loke: This game ended as I expected. The cat is rather large, and
+Thor is small, and little compared with the great men that are here with
+us. Said Thor: Little as you call me, let anyone who likes come hither
+and wrestle with me, for now I am wroth. Answered Utgard-Loke, looking
+about him on the benches: I do not see anyone here who would not think
+it a trifle to wrestle with you. And again he said: Let me see first!
+Call hither that old woman, Elle, my foster-mother, and let Thor wrestle
+with her if he wants to. She has thrown to the ground men who have
+seemed to me no less strong than Thor. Then there came into the hall an
+old woman. Utgard-Loke bade her take a wrestle with Asa-Thor. The tale
+is not long. The result of the grapple was, that the more Thor tightened
+his grasp, the firmer she stood. Then the woman began to bestir herself,
+and Thor lost his footing. They had some very hard tussles, and before
+long Thor was brought down on one knee. Then Utgard-Loke stepped
+forward, bade them cease the wrestling, and added that Thor did not need
+to challenge anybody else to wrestle with him in his hall, besides it
+was now getting late. He showed Thor and his companions to seats, and
+they spent the night there enjoying the best of hospitality.
+
+48. At daybreak the next day Thor and his companions arose, dressed
+themselves and were ready to depart. Then came Utgard-Loke and had the
+table spread for them, and there was no lack of feasting both in food
+and in drink. When they had breakfasted, they immediately departed from
+the burg. Utgard-Loke went with them out of the burg, but at parting he
+spoke to Thor and asked him how he thought his journey had turned out,
+or whether he had ever met a mightier man than himself. Thor answered
+that he could not deny that he had been greatly disgraced in this
+meeting; and this I know, he added, that you will call me a man of
+little account, whereat I am much mortified. Then said Utgard-Loke: Now
+I will tell you the truth, since you have come out of the burg, that if
+I live, and may have my way, you shall never enter it again; and this I
+know, forsooth, that you should never have come into it had I before
+known that you were so strong, and that you had come so near bringing us
+into great misfortune. Know, then, that I have deceived you with
+illusions. When I first found you in the woods I came to meet you, and
+when you were to loose the provision-sack I had bound it with iron
+threads, but you did not find where it was to be untied. In the next
+place, you struck me three times with the hammer. The first blow was the
+least, and still it was so severe that it would have been my death if it
+had hit me. You saw near my burg a mountain cloven at the top into three
+square dales, of which one was the deepest,--these were the dints made
+by your hammer. The mountain I brought before the blows without your
+seeing it. In like manner I deceived you in your contests with my
+courtiers. In regard to the first, in which Loke took part, the facts
+were as follows: He was very hungry and ate fast; but he whose name was
+Loge was wildfire, and he burned the trough no less rapidly than the
+meat. When Thjalfe ran a race with him whose name was Huge, that was my
+thought, and it was impossible for him to keep pace with its swiftness.
+When you drank from the horn, and thought that it diminished so little,
+then, by my troth, it was a great wonder, which I never could have
+deemed possible.. One end of the horn stood in the sea, but that you did
+not see. When you come to the sea-shore you will discover how much the
+sea has sunk by your drinking; that is now called the ebb. Furthermore
+he said: Nor did it seem less wonderful to me that you lifted up the
+cat; and, to tell you the truth, all who saw it were frightened when
+they saw that you raised one of its feet from the ground, for it was not
+such a cat as you thought. It was in reality the Midgard-serpent, which
+surrounds all lands. It was scarcely long enough to touch the earth with
+its tail and head, and you raised it so high that your hand nearly
+reached to heaven. It was also a most astonishing feat when you wrestled
+with Elle, for none has ever been, and none shall ever be, that Elle
+(eld, old age) will not get the better of him, though he gets to be old
+enough to abide her coming. And now the truth is that we must part; and
+it will be better for us both that you do not visit me again. I will
+again defend my burg with similar or other delusions, so that you will
+get no power over me. When Thor heard this tale he seized his hammer and
+lifted it into the air, but when he was about to strike he saw
+Utgard-Loke nowhere; and when he turned back to the burg and was going
+to dash that to pieces, he saw a beautiful and large plain, but no burg.
+So he turned and went his way back to Thrudvang. But it is truthfully
+asserted that he then resolved in his own mind to seek that meeting with
+the Midgard-serpent, which afterward took place. And now I think that no
+one can tell you truer tidings of this journey of Thor.
+
+49. Then said Ganglere: A most powerful man is Utgard-Loke, though he
+deals much with delusions and sorcery. His power is also proven by the
+fact that he had thanes who were so mighty. But has not Thor avenged
+himself for this? Made answer Har: It is not unknown, though no wise men
+tell thereof, how Thor made amends for the journey that has now been
+spoken of. He did not remain long at home, before he busked himself so
+suddenly for a new journey, that he took neither chariot, nor goats nor
+any companions with him. He went out of Midgard in the guise of a young
+man, and came in the evening to a giant by name Hymer.[61] Thor tarried
+there as a guest through the night. In the morning Hymer arose, dressed
+himself, and busked himself to row out upon the sea to fish. Thor also
+sprang up, got ready in a hurry and asked Hymer whether he might row out
+with him. Hymer answered that he would get but little help from Thor, as
+he was so small and young; and he added, you will get cold if I row as
+far out and remain as long as I am wont. Thor said that he might row as
+far from shore as he pleased, for all that, and it was yet to be seen
+who would be the first to ask to row back to land. And Thor grew so
+wroth at the giant that he came near letting the hammer ring on his head
+straightway, but he restrained himself, for he intended to try his
+strength elsewhere. He asked Hymer what they were to have for bait, but
+Hymer replied that he would have to find his own bait. Then Thor turned
+away to where he saw a herd of oxen, that belonged to Hymer. He took the
+largest ox, which was called Himinbrjot, twisted his head off and
+brought it down to the sea-strand. Hymer had then shoved the boat off.
+Thor went on board and seated himself in the stern; he took two oars and
+rowed so that Hymer had to confess that the boat sped fast from his
+rowing. Hymer plied the oars in the bow, and thus the rowing soon ended.
+Then said Hymer that they had come to the place where he was wont to sit
+and catch flat-fish, but Thor said he would like to row much farther
+out, and so they made another swift pull. Then said Hymer that they had
+come so far out that it was dangerous to stay there, for the
+Midgard-serpent. Thor said he wished to row a while longer, and so he
+did; but Hymer was by no means in a happy mood. Thor took in the oars,
+got ready a very strong line, and the hook was neither less nor weaker.
+When he had put on the ox-head for bait, he cast it overboard and it
+sank to the bottom. It must be admitted that Thor now beguiled the
+Midgard-serpent not a whit less than Utgard-Loke mocked him when he was
+to lift the serpent with his hand. The Midgard-serpent took the ox-head
+into his mouth, whereby the hook entered his palate, but when the
+serpent perceived this he tugged so hard that both Thor’s hands were
+dashed against the gunwale. Now Thor became angry, assumed his asa-might
+and spurned so hard that both his feet went through the boat and he
+stood on the bottom of the sea. He pulled the serpent up to the gunwale;
+and in truth no one has ever seen a more terrible sight than when Thor
+whet his eyes on the serpent, and the latter stared at him and spouted
+venom. It is said that the giant Hymer changed hue and grew pale from
+fear when he saw the serpent and beheld the water flowing into the boat;
+but just at the moment when Thor grasped the hammer and lifted it in the
+air, the giant fumbled for his fishing-knife and cut off Thor’s line at
+the gunwale, whereby the serpent sank back into the sea. Thor threw the
+hammer after it, and it is even said that he struck off his head at the
+bottom, but I think the truth is that the Midgard-serpent still lives
+and lies in the ocean. Thor clenched his fist and gave the giant a box
+on the ear so that he fell backward into the sea, and he saw his heels
+last, but Thor waded ashore.
+
+    [Footnote 61: Called Ymer in the Younger Edda, but the Elder Edda
+    calls him Hymer.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+THE DEATH OF BALDER.
+
+
+50. Then asked Ganglere: Have there happened any other remarkable things
+among the asas? A great deed it was, forsooth, that Thor wrought on this
+journey. Har answered: Yes, indeed, there are tidings to be told that
+seemed of far greater importance to the asas. The beginning of this tale
+is, that Balder dreamed dreams great and dangerous to his life. When he
+told these dreams to the asas they took counsel together, and it was
+decided that they should seek peace for Balder against all kinds of
+harm. So Frigg exacted an oath from fire, water, iron and all kinds of
+metal, stones, earth, trees, sicknesses, beasts, birds and creeping
+things, that they should not hurt Balder. When this was done and made
+known, it became the pastime of Balder and the asas that he should stand
+up at their meetings while some of them should shoot at him, others
+should hew at him, while others should throw stones at him; but no
+matter what they did, no harm came to him, and this seemed to all a
+great honor. When Loke, Laufey’s son, saw this, it displeased him very
+much that Balder was not scathed. So he went to Frigg, in Fensal, having
+taken on himself the likeness of a woman. Frigg asked this woman whether
+she knew what the asas were doing at their meeting. She answered that
+all were shooting at Balder, but that he was not scathed thereby. Then
+said Frigg: Neither weapon nor tree can hurt Balder, I have taken an
+oath from them all. Then asked the woman: Have all things taken an oath
+to spare Balder? Frigg answered: West of Valhal there grows a little
+shrub that is called the mistletoe, that seemed to me too young to exact
+an oath from. Then the woman suddenly disappeared. Loke went and pulled
+up the mistletoe and proceeded to the meeting. Hoder stood far to one
+side in the ring of men, because he was blind. Loke addressed himself to
+him, and asked: Why do you not shoot at Balder? He answered: Because I
+do not see where he is, and furthermore I have no weapons. Then said
+Loke: Do like the others and show honor to Balder; I will show you where
+he stands; shoot at him with this wand. Hoder took the mistletoe and
+shot at Balder under the guidance of Loke. The dart pierced him and he
+fell dead to the ground. This is the greatest misfortune that has ever
+happened to gods and men. When Balder had fallen, the asas were struck
+speechless with horror, and their hands failed them to lay hold of the
+corpse. One looked at the other, and all were of one mind toward him who
+had done the deed, but being assembled in a holy peace-stead, no one
+could take vengeance. When the asas at length tried to speak, the
+wailing so choked their voices that one could not describe to the other
+his sorrow. Odin took this misfortune most to heart, since he best
+comprehended how great a loss and injury the fall of Balder was to the
+asas. When the gods came to their senses, Frigg spoke and asked who
+there might be among the asas who desired to win all her love and good
+will by riding the way to Hel and trying to find Balder, and offering
+Hel a ransom if she would allow Balder to return home again to Asgard.
+But he is called Hermod, the Nimble, Odin’s swain, who undertook this
+journey. Odin’s steed, Sleipner, was led forth. Hermod mounted him and
+galloped away.
+
+51. The asas took the corpse of Balder and brought it to the sea-shore.
+Hringhorn was the name of Balder’s ship, and it was the largest of all
+ships. The gods wanted to launch it and make Balder’s bale-fire thereon,
+but they could not move it. Then they sent to Jotunheim after the
+giantess whose name is Hyrrokken. She came riding on a wolf, and had
+twisted serpents for reins. When she alighted, Odin appointed four
+berserks to take care of her steed, but they were unable to hold him
+except by throwing him down on the ground. Hyrrokken went to the prow
+and launched the ship with one single push, but the motion was so
+violent that fire sprang from the underlaid rollers and all the earth
+shook. Then Thor became wroth, grasped his hammer, and would forthwith
+have crushed her skull, had not all the gods asked peace for her.
+Balder’s corpse was borne out on the ship; and when his wife, Nanna,
+daughter of Nep, saw this, her heart was broken with grief and she died.
+She was borne to the funeral-pile and cast on the fire. Thor stood by
+and hallowed the pile with Mjolner. Before his feet ran a dwarf, whose
+name is Lit. Him Thor kicked with his foot and dashed him into the fire,
+and he, too, was burned. But this funeral-pile was attended by many
+kinds of folk. First of all came Odin, accompanied by Frigg and the
+valkyries and his ravens. Frey came riding in his chariot drawn by the
+boar called Gullinburste or Slidrugtanne. Heimdal rode his steed
+Gulltop, and Freyja drove her cats. There was a large number of
+frost-giants and mountain-giants. Odin laid on the funeral-pile his gold
+ring, Draupner, which had the property of producing, every ninth night,
+eight gold rings of equal weight. Balder’s horse, fully caparisoned, was
+led to his master’s pile.
+
+52. But of Hermod it is to be told that he rode nine nights through deep
+and dark valleys, and did not see light until he came to the
+Gjallar-river and rode on the Gjallar-bridge, which is thatched with
+shining gold. Modgud is the name of the may who guards the bridge. She
+asked him for his name, and of what kin he was, saying that the day
+before there rode five fylkes (kingdoms, bands) of dead men over the
+bridge; but she added, it does not shake less under you alone, and you
+do not have the hue of dead men. Why do you ride the way to Hel? He
+answered: I am to ride to Hel to find Balder. Have you seen him pass
+this way? She answered that Balder had ridden over the Gjallar-bridge;
+adding: But downward and northward lies the way to Hel. Then Hermod rode
+on till he came to Hel’s gate. He alighted from his horse, drew the
+girths tighter, remounted him, clapped the spurs into him, and the horse
+leaped over the gate with so much force that he never touched it.
+Thereupon Hermod proceeded to the hall and alighted from his steed. He
+went in, and saw there sitting on the foremost seat his brother Balder.
+He tarried there over night. In the morning he asked Hel whether Balder
+might ride home with him, and told how great weeping there was among the
+asas. But Hel replied that it should now be tried whether Balder was so
+much beloved as was said. If all things, said she, both quick and dead,
+will weep for him, then he shall go back to the asas, but if anything
+refuses to shed tears, then he shall remain with Hel. Hermod arose, and
+Balder accompanied him out of the hall. He took the ring Draupner and
+sent it as a keepsake to Odin. Nanna sent Frigg a kerchief and other
+gifts, and to Fulla she sent a ring. Thereupon Hermod rode back and came
+to Asgard, where he reported the tidings he had seen and heard.
+
+53. Then the asas sent messengers over all the world, praying that
+Balder might be wept out of Hel’s power. All things did so,--men and
+beasts, the earth, stones, trees and all metals, just as you must have
+seen that these things weep when they come out of frost and into heat.
+When the messengers returned home and had done their errand well, they
+found a certain cave wherein sat a giantess (gygr = ogress) whose name
+was Thok. They requested her to weep Balder from Hel; but she answered:
+
+  Thok will weep
+  With dry tears
+  For Balder’s burial;
+  Neither in life nor in death
+  Gave he me gladness.
+  Let Hel keep what she has!
+
+It is generally believed that this Thok was Loke, Laufey’s son, who has
+wrought most evil among the asas.
+
+54. Then said Ganglere: A very great wrong did Loke perpetrate; first of
+all in causing Balder’s death, and next in standing in the way of his
+being loosed from Hel. Did he get no punishment for this misdeed? Har
+answered: Yes, he was repaid for this in a way that he will long
+remember. The gods became exceedingly wroth, as might be expected. So he
+ran away and hid himself in a rock. Here he built a house with four
+doors, so that he might keep an outlook on all sides. Oftentimes in the
+daytime he took on him the likeness of a salmon and concealed himself in
+Frananger Force. Then he thought to himself what stratagems the asas
+might have recourse to in order to catch him. Now, as he was sitting in
+his house, he took flax and yarn and worked them into meshes, in the
+manner that nets have since been made; but a fire was burning before
+him. Then he saw that the asas were not far distant. Odin had seen from
+Hlidskjalf where Loke kept himself. Loke immediately sprang up, cast the
+net on the fire and leaped into the river. When the asas came to the
+house, he entered first who was wisest of them all, and whose name was
+Kvaser; and when he saw in the fire the ashes of the net that had been
+burned, he understood that this must be a contrivance for catching fish,
+and this he told to the asas. Thereupon they took flax and made
+themselves a net after the pattern of that which they saw in the ashes
+and which Loke had made. When the net was made, the asas went to the
+river and cast it into the force. Thor held one end of the net, and all
+the other asas laid hold on the other, thus jointly drawing it along the
+stream. Loke went before it and laid himself down between two stones,
+so that they drew the net over him, although they perceived that some
+living thing touched the meshes. They went up to the force again and
+cast out the net a second time. This time they hung a great weight to
+it, making it so heavy that nothing could possibly pass under it. Loke
+swam before the net, but when he saw that he was near the sea he sprang
+over the top of the net and hastened back to the force. When the asas
+saw whither he went they proceeded up to the force, dividing themselves
+into two bands, but Thor waded in the middle of the stream, and so they
+dragged the net along to the sea. Loke saw that he now had only two
+chances of escape,--either to risk his life and swim out to sea, or to
+leap again over the net. He chose the latter, and made a tremendous leap
+over the top line of the net. Thor grasped after him and caught him, but
+he slipped in his hand so that Thor did not get a firm hold before he
+got to the tail, and this is the reason why the salmon has so slim a
+tail. Now Loke was taken without truce and was brought to a cave. The
+gods took three rocks and set them up on edge, and bored a hole through
+each rock. Then they took Loke’s sons, Vale and Nare or Narfe. Vale they
+changed into the likeness of a wolf, whereupon he tore his brother Narfe
+to pieces, with whose intestines the asas bound Loke over the three
+rocks. One stood under his shoulders, another under his loins, and the
+third under his hams, and the fetters became iron. Skade took a serpent
+and fastened up over him, so that the venom should drop from the serpent
+into his face. But Sigyn, his wife, stands by him, and holds a dish
+under the venom-drops. Whenever the dish becomes full, she goes and
+pours away the venom, and meanwhile the venom drops onto Loke’s face.
+Then he twists his body so violently that the whole earth shakes, and
+this you call earthquakes. There he will lie bound until Ragnarok.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+RAGNAROK.
+
+
+55. Then said Ganglere: What tidings are to be told of Ragnarok? Of this
+I have never heard before. Har answered: Great things are to be said
+thereof. First, there is a winter called the Fimbul-winter, when snow
+drives from all quarters, the frosts are so severe, the winds so keen
+and piercing, that there is no joy in the sun. There are three such
+winters in succession, without any intervening summer. But before these
+there are three other winters, during which great wars rage over all the
+world. Brothers slay each other for the sake of gain, and no one spares
+his father or mother in that manslaughter and adultery. Thus says the
+Vala’s Prophecy:
+
+  Brothers will fight together
+  And become each other’s bane;
+  Sisters’ children
+  Their sib shall spoil.[62]
+  Hard is the world,
+  Sensual sins grow huge.
+  There are ax-ages, sword-ages--
+  Shields are cleft in twain,--
+  There are wind-ages, wolf-ages,
+  Ere the world falls dead.[63]
+
+    [Footnote 62: Commit adultery.]
+
+    [Footnote 63: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 48, 49.]
+
+Then happens what will seem a great miracle, that the wolf[64] devours
+the sun, and this will seem a great loss. The other wolf will devour the
+moon, and this too will cause great mischief. The stars shall be Hurled
+from heaven. Then it shall come to pass that the earth and the mountains
+will shake so violently that trees will be torn up by the roots, the
+mountains will topple down, and all bonds and fetters will be broken and
+snapped. The Fenris-wolf gets loose. The sea rushes over the earth, for
+the Midgard-serpent writhes in giant rage and seeks to gain the land.
+The ship that is called Naglfar also becomes loose. It is made of the
+nails of dead men; wherefore it is worth warning that, when a man dies
+with unpared nails, he supplies a large amount of materials for the
+building of this ship, which both gods and men wish may be finished as
+late as possible. But in this flood Naglfar gets afloat. The giant Hrym
+is its steersman. The Fenris-wolf advances with wide open mouth; the
+upper jaw reaches to heaven and the lower jaw is on the earth. He would
+open it still wider had he room. Fire flashes from his eyes and
+nostrils. The Midgard-serpent vomits forth venom, defiling all the air
+and the sea; he is very terrible, and places himself by the side of the
+wolf. In the midst of this clash and din the heavens are rent in twain,
+and the sons of Muspel come riding through the opening. Surt rides
+first, and before him and after him flames burning fire. He has a very
+good sword, which shines brighter than the sun. As they ride over
+Bifrost it breaks to pieces, as has before been stated. The sons of
+Muspel direct their course to the plain which is called Vigrid. Thither
+repair also the Fenris-wolf and the Midgard-serpent. To this place have
+also come Loke and Hrym, and with him all the frost-giants. In Loke’s
+company are all the friends of Hel. The sons of Muspel have there
+effulgent bands alone by themselves. The plain Vigrid is one hundred
+miles (rasts) on each side.
+
+    [Footnote 64: Fenris-wolf.]
+
+56. While these things are happening, Heimdal stands up, blows with all
+his might in the Gjallar-horn and awakens all the gods, who thereupon
+hold counsel. Odin rides to Mimer’s well to ask advice of Mimer for
+himself and his folk. Then quivers the ash Ygdrasil, and all things in
+heaven and earth fear and tremble. The asas and the einherjes arm
+themselves and speed forth to the battle-field. Odin rides first; with
+his golden helmet, resplendent byrnie, and his spear Gungner, he
+advances against the Fenris-wolf. Thor stands by his side, but can give
+him no assistance, for he has his hands full in his struggle with the
+Midgard-serpent. Frey encounters Surt, and heavy blows are exchanged ere
+Frey falls. The cause of his death is that he has not that good sword
+which he gave to Skirner. Even the dog Garm, that was bound before the
+Gnipa-cave, gets loose. He is the greatest plague. He contends with Tyr,
+and they kill each other. Thor gets great renown by slaying the
+Midgard-serpent, but retreats only nine paces when he falls to the earth
+dead, poisoned by the venom that the serpent blows on him. The wolf
+swallows Odin, and thus causes his death; but Vidar immediately turns
+and rushes at the wolf, placing one foot on his nether jaw. On this foot
+he has the shoe for which materials have been gathering through all
+ages, namely, the strips of leather which men cut off for the toes and
+heels of shoes; wherefore he who wishes to render assistance to the asas
+must cast these strips away. With one hand Vidar seizes the upper jaw of
+the wolf, and thus rends asunder his mouth. Thus the wolf perishes. Loke
+fights with Heimdal, and they kill each other. Thereupon Surt flings
+fire over the earth and burns up all the world. Thus it is said in the
+Vala’s Prophecy:
+
+  Loud blows Heimdal
+  His uplifted horn.
+  Odin speaks
+  With Mimer’s head.
+  The straight-standing ash
+  Ygdrasil quivers,
+  The old tree groans,
+  And the giant gets loose.
+
+  How fare the asas?
+  How fare the elves?
+  All Jotunheim roars.
+  The asas hold counsel;
+  Before their stone-doors
+  Groan the dwarfs,
+  The guides of the wedge-rock.
+  Know you now more or not?
+
+  From the east drives Hrym,
+  Bears his shield before him.
+  Jormungand welters
+  In giant rage
+  And smites the waves.
+  The eagle screams,
+  And with pale beak tears corpses,
+  Naglfar gets loose.
+
+  A ship comes from the east,
+  The hosts of Muspel
+  Come o’er the main,
+  And Loke is steersman.
+  All the fell powers
+  Are with the wolf;
+  Along with them
+  Is Byleist’s brother.[65]
+
+  From the south comes Surt
+  With blazing fire-brand,--
+  The sun of the war-god
+  Shines from his sword.
+  Mountains dash together,
+  Giant maids are frightened,
+  Heroes go the way to Hel,
+  And heaven is rent in twain.
+
+  Then comes to Hlin
+  Another woe,
+  When Odin goes
+  With the wolf to fight,
+  And Bele’s bright slayer[66]
+  To contend with Surt.
+  There will fall
+  Frigg’s beloved.
+
+  Odin’s son goes
+  To fight with the wolf,
+  And Vidar goes on his way
+  To the wild beast.[67]
+  With his hand he thrusts
+  His sword to the heart
+  Of the giant’s child,
+  And avenges his father.
+
+  Then goes the famous
+  Son[68] of Hlodyn
+  To fight with the serpent.
+  Though about to die,
+  He fears not the contest;
+  All men
+  Abandon their homesteads
+  When the warder of Midgard
+  In wrath slays the serpent.
+
+  The sun grows dark,
+  The earth sinks into the sea,
+  The bright stars
+  From heaven vanish;
+  Fire rages,
+  Heat blazes,
+  And high flames play
+  ’Gainst heaven itself.[69]
+
+    [Footnote 65: Loke.]
+
+    [Footnote 66: Frey.]
+
+    [Footnote 67: The Fenris-wolf.]
+
+    [Footnote 68: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 69: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 50-52, 54-57, 59,
+    60, 62, 63.]
+
+And again it is said as follows:
+
+  Vigrid is the name of the plain
+  Where in fight shall meet
+  Surt and the gentle god.
+  A hundred miles
+  It is every way.
+  This field is marked out for them.[70]
+
+    [Footnote 70: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 18.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+REGENERATION.
+
+
+57. Then asked Ganglere: What happens when heaven and earth and all the
+world are consumed in flames, and when all the gods and all the
+einherjes and all men are dead? You have already said that all men shall
+live in some world through all ages. Har answered: There are many good
+and many bad abodes. Best it is to be in Gimle, in heaven. Plenty is
+there of good drink for those who deem this a joy in the hall called
+Brimer. That is also in heaven. There is also an excellent hall which
+stands on the Nida mountains. It is built of red gold, and is called
+Sindre. In this hall good and well-minded men shall dwell. Nastrand is a
+large and terrible hall, and its doors open to the north. It is built of
+serpents wattled together, and all the heads of the serpents turn into
+the hall and vomit forth venom that flows in streams along the hall, and
+in these streams wade perjurers and murderers. So it is here said:
+
+  A hall I know standing
+  Far from the sun
+  On the strand of dead bodies.
+  Drops of venom
+  Fall through the loop-holes.
+  Of serpents’ backs
+  The hall is made.
+
+  There shall wade
+  Through heavy streams
+  Perjurers
+  And murderers.
+
+But in Hvergelmer it is worst.
+
+  There tortures Nidhug
+  The bodies of the dead.[71]
+
+    [Footnote 71: Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 40, 41.]
+
+58. Then said Ganglere: Do any gods live then? Is there any earth or
+heaven? Har answered: The earth rises again from the sea, and is green
+and fair. The fields unsown produce their harvests. Vidar and Vale live.
+Neither the sea nor Surfs fire has harmed them, and they dwell on the
+plains of Ida, where Asgard was before. Thither come also the sons of
+Thor, Mode and Magne, and they have Mjolner. Then come Balder and Hoder
+from Hel. They all sit together and talk about the things that happened
+aforetime,--about the Midgard-serpent and the Fenris-wolf. They find in
+the grass those golden tables which the asas once had. Thus it is said:
+
+  Vidar and Vale
+  Dwell in the house of the gods,
+  When quenched is the fire of Surt.
+  Mode and Magne
+  Vingner’s Mjolner shall have
+  When the fight is ended.[72]
+
+    [Footnote 72: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 51.]
+
+In a place called Hodmimer’s-holt[73] are concealed two persons during
+Surt’s fire, called Lif and Lifthraser. They feed on the morning dew.
+From these so numerous a race is descended that they fill the whole
+world with people, as is here said:
+
+  Lif and Lifthraser
+  Will lie hid
+  In Hodmimer’s-holt.
+  The morning dew
+  They have for food.
+  From them are the races descended.[74]
+
+    [Footnote 73: Holt = grove.]
+
+    [Footnote 74: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 45.]
+
+But what will seem wonderful to you is that the sun has brought forth a
+daughter not less fair than herself, and she rides in the heavenly
+course of her mother, as is here said:
+
+  A daughter
+  Is born of the sun
+  Ere Fenrer takes her.
+  In her mother’s course
+  When the gods are dead
+  This maid shall ride.[75]
+
+    [Footnote 75: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 47.]
+
+And if you now can ask more questions, said Har to Ganglere, I know not
+whence that power came to you. I have never heard any one tell further
+the fate of the world. Make now the best use you can of what has been
+told you.
+
+59. Then Ganglere heard a terrible noise on all sides, and when he
+looked about him he stood out-doors on a level plain. He saw neither
+hall nor burg. He went his way and came back to his kingdom, and told
+the tidings which he had seen and heard, and ever since those tidings
+have been handed down from man to man.
+
+
+
+
+AFTERWORD
+
+TO THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.
+
+
+The asas now sat down to talk, and held their counsel, and remembered
+all the tales that were told to Gylfe. They gave the very same names
+that had been named before to the men and places that were there. This
+they did for the reason that, when a long time has elapsed, men should
+not doubt that those asas of whom these tales were now told and those to
+whom the same names were given were all identical. There was one who is
+called Thor, and he is Asa-Thor, the old. He is Oku-Thor, and to him are
+ascribed the great deeds done by Hektor in Troy. But men think that the
+Turks have told of Ulysses, and have called him Loke, for the Turks were
+his greatest enemies.
+
+
+
+
+BRAGE’S TALK.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+ÆGER’S JOURNEY TO ASGARD.
+
+
+1. A man by name Æger, or Hler, who dwelt on the island called Hler’s
+Isle, was well skilled in the black art. He made a journey to Asgard.
+But the asas knew of his coming and gave him a friendly reception; but
+they also made use of many sorts of delusions. In the evening, when the
+feast began, Odin had swords brought into the hall, and they were so
+bright that it glistened from them so that there was no need of any
+other light while they sat drinking. Then went the asas to their feast,
+and the twelve asas who were appointed judges seated themselves in their
+high-seats. These are their names: Thor, Njord, Frey, Tyr, Heimdal,
+Brage, Vidar, Vale, Uller, Honer, Forsete, Loke. The asynjes (goddesses)
+also were with them: Frigg, Freyja, Gefjun, Idun, Gerd, Sigyn, Fulla,
+Nanna. Æger thought all that he saw looked very grand. The panels of the
+walls were all covered with beautiful shields. The mead was very strong,
+and they drank deep. Next to Æger sat Brage, and they talked much
+together over their drink. Brage spoke to Æger of many things that had
+happened to the asas.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+IDUN AND HER APPLES.
+
+
+2. Brage began his tale by telling how three asas, Odin, Loke and Honer,
+went on a journey over mountains and heaths, where they could get
+nothing to eat. But when they came down into a valley they saw a herd of
+cattle. From this herd they took an ox and went to work to boil it. When
+they deemed that it must be boiled enough they uncovered the broth, but
+it was not yet done. After a little while they lifted the cover off
+again, but it was not yet boiled. They talked among themselves about how
+this could happen. Then they heard a voice in the oak above them, and he
+who sat there said that he was the cause that the broth did not get
+boiled. They looked up and saw an eagle, and it was not a small one.
+Then said the eagle: If you will give me my fill of the ox, then the
+broth will be boiled. They agreed to this. So he flew down from the
+tree, seated himself beside the boiling broth, and immediately snatched
+up first the two thighs of the ox and then both the shoulders. This made
+Loke wroth: he grasped a large pole, raised it with all his might and
+dashed it at the body of the eagle. The eagle shook himself after the
+blow and flew up. One end of the pole fastened itself to the body of the
+eagle, and the other end stuck to Loke’s hands. The eagle flew just high
+enough so that Loke’s feet were dragged over stones and rocks and trees,
+and it seemed to him that his arms would be torn from his
+shoulder-blades. He calls and prays the eagle most earnestly for peace,
+but the latter declares that Loke shall never get free unless he will
+pledge himself to bring Idun and her apples out of Asgard. When Loke had
+promised this, he was set free and went to his companions again; and no
+more is related of this journey, except that they returned home. But at
+the time agreed upon, Loke coaxed Idun out of Asgard into a forest,
+saying that he had found apples that she would think very nice, and he
+requested her to take with her her own apples in order to compare them.
+Then came the giant Thjasse in the guise of an eagle, seized Idun and
+flew away with her to his home in Thrymheim. The asas were ill at ease
+on account of the disappearance of Idun,--they became gray-haired and
+old. They met in council and asked each other who last had seen Idun.
+The last that had been seen of her was that she had gone out of Asgard
+in company with Loke. Then Loke was seized and brought into the council,
+and he was threatened with death or torture. But he became frightened,
+and promised to bring Idun back from Jotunheim if Freyja would lend him
+the falcon-guise that she had. He got the falcon-guise, flew north into
+Jotunheim, and came one day to the giant Thjasse. The giant had rowed
+out to sea, and Idun was at home alone. Loke turned her into the
+likeness of a nut, held her in his claws and flew with all his might.
+But when Thjasse returned home and missed Idun, he took on his
+eagle-guise, flew after Loke, gaining on the latter with his eagle
+wings. When the asas saw the falcon coming flying with the nut, and how
+the eagle flew, they went to the walls of Asgard and brought with them
+bundles of plane-shavings. When the falcon flew within the burg, he let
+himself drop down beside the burg-wall. Then the asas kindled a fire in
+the shavings; and the eagle, being unable to stop himself when he missed
+the falcon, caught fire in his feathers, so that he could not fly any
+farther. The asas were on hand and slew the giant Thjasse within the
+gates of Asgard, and that slaughter is most famous.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+HOW NJORD GOT SKADE TO WIFE.
+
+
+Skade, the daughter of the giant Thjasse, donned her helmet, and byrnie,
+and all her war-gear, and betook herself to Asgard to avenge her
+father’s death. The asas offered her ransom and atonement; and it was
+agreed to, in the first place, that she should choose herself a husband
+among the asas, but she was to make her choice by the feet, which was
+all she was to see of their persons. She saw one man’s feet that were
+wonderfully beautiful, and exclaimed: This one I choose! On Balder there
+are few blemishes. But it was Njord, from Noatun. In the second place,
+it was stipulated that the asas were to do what she did not deem them
+capable of, and that was to make her laugh. Then Loke tied one end of a
+string fast to the beard of a goat and the other around his own body,
+and one pulled this way and the other that, and both of them shrieked
+out loud. Then Loke let himself fall on Skade’s knees, and this made her
+laugh. It is said that Odin did even more than was asked, in that he
+took Thjasse’s eyes and cast them up into heaven, and made two stars of
+them. Then said Æger: This Thjasse seems to me to have been considerable
+of a man; of what kin was he? Brage answered: His father’s name was
+Olvalde, and if I told you of him, you would deem it very remarkable.
+He was very rich in gold, and when he died and his sons were to divide
+their heritage, they had this way of measuring the gold, that each
+should take his mouthful of gold, and they should all take the same
+number of mouthfuls. One of them was Thjasse, another Ide, and the third
+Gang. But we now have it as a saw among us, that we call gold the
+mouth-number of these giants. In runes and songs we wrap the gold up by
+calling it the measure, or word, or tale, of these giants. Then said
+Æger: It seems to me that it will be well hidden in the runes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE ORIGIN OF POETRY.
+
+
+3. And again said Æger: Whence originated the art that is called
+skaldship? Made answer Brage: The beginning of this was, that the gods
+had a war with the people that are called vans. They agreed to hold a
+meeting for the purpose of making peace, and settled their dispute in
+this wise, that they both went to a jar and spit into it. But at parting
+the gods, being unwilling to let this mark of peace perish, shaped it
+into a man whose name was Kvaser, and who was so wise that no one could
+ask him any question that he could not answer. He traveled much about in
+the world to teach men wisdom. Once he came to the home of the dwarfs
+Fjalar and Galar. They called him aside, saying they wished to speak
+with him alone, slew him and let his blood run into two jars called Son
+and Bodn, and into a kettle called Odrarer. They mixed honey with the
+blood, and thus was produced such mead that whoever drinks from it
+becomes a skald and sage. The dwarfs told the asas that Kvaser had
+choked in his wisdom, because no one was so wise that he could ask him
+enough about learning.
+
+4. Then the dwarfs invited to themselves the giant whose name is
+Gilling, and his wife; and when he came they asked him to row out to sea
+with them. When they had gotten a short distance from shore, the dwarfs
+rowed onto a blind rock and capsized the boat. Gilling, who was unable
+to swim, was drowned, but the dwarfs righted the boat again and rowed
+ashore. When they told of this mishap to his wife she took it much to
+heart, and began to cry aloud. Then Fjalar asked her whether it would
+not lighten her sorrow if she could look out upon the sea where her
+husband had perished, and she said it would. He then said to his brother
+Galar that he should go up over the doorway, and as she passed out he
+should let a mill-stone drop onto her head, for he said he was tired of
+her bawling, Galar did so. When the giant Suttung, the son of Gilling,
+found this out he came and seized the dwarfs, took them out to sea and
+left them on a rocky island, which was flooded at high tide. They prayed
+Suttung to spare their lives, and offered him in atonement for their
+father’s blood the precious mead, which he accepted. Suttung brought the
+mead home with him, and hid it in a place called Hnitbjorg. He set his
+daughter Gunlad to guard it. For these reasons we call songship Kvaser’s
+blood; the drink of the dwarfs; the dwarfs’ fill; some kind of liquor of
+Odrarer, or Bodn or Son; the ship of the dwarfs (because this mead
+ransomed their lives from the rocky isle); the mead of Suttung, or the
+liquor of Hnitbjorg.
+
+5. Then remarked Æger: It seems dark to me to call songship by these
+names; but how came the asas by Suttung’s mead? Answered Brage: The saga
+about this is, that Odin set out from home and came to a place where
+nine thralls were mowing hay. He asked them whether they would like to
+have him whet their scythes. To this they said yes. Then he took a
+whet-stone from his belt and whetted the scythes. They thought their
+scythes were much improved, and asked whether the whet-stone was for
+sale. He answered that he who would buy it must pay a fair price for it.
+All said they were willing to give the sum demanded, and each wanted
+Odin to sell it to him. But he threw the whet-stone up in the air, and
+when all wished to catch it they scrambled about it in such a manner
+that each brought his scythe onto the other’s neck. Odin sought lodgings
+for the night at the house of the giant Bauge, who was a brother of
+Suttung. Bauge complained of what had happened to his household, saying
+that his nine thralls had slain each other, and that he did not know
+where he should get other workmen. Odin called himself Bolverk. He
+offered to undertake the work of the nine men for Bauge, but asked in
+payment therefor a drink of Suttung’s mead. Bauge answered that he had
+no control over the mead, saying that Suttung was bound to keep that for
+himself alone. But he agreed to go with Bolverk and try whether they
+could get the mead. During the summer Bolverk did the work of the nine
+men for Bauge, but when winter came he asked for his pay. Then they both
+went to Suttung. Bauge explained to Suttung his bargain with Bolverk,
+but Suttung stoutly refused to give even a drop of the mead. Bolverk
+then proposed to Bauge that they should try whether they could not get
+at the mead by the aid of some trick, and Bauge agreed to this. Then
+Bolverk drew forth the auger which is called Rate, and requested Bauge
+to bore a hole through the rock, if the auger was sharp enough. He did
+so. Then said Bauge that there was a hole through the rock; but Bolverk
+blowed into the hole that the auger had made, and the chips flew back
+into his face. Thus he saw that Bauge intended to deceive him, and
+commanded him to bore through. Bauge bored again, and when Bolverk blew
+a second time the chips flew inward. Now Bolverk changed himself into
+the likeness of a serpent and crept into the auger-hole. Bauge thrust
+after him with the auger, but missed him. Bolverk went to where Gunlad
+was, and shared her couch for three nights. She then promised to give
+him three draughts from the mead. With the first draught he emptied
+Odrarer, in the second Bodn, and in the third Son, and thus he had all
+the mead. Then he took on the guise of an eagle, and flew off as fast as
+he could. When Suttung saw the flight of the eagle, he also took on the
+shape of an eagle and flew after him. When the asas saw Odin coming,
+they set their jars out in the yard. When Odin reached Asgard, he spewed
+the mead up into the jars. He was, however, so near being caught by
+Suttung, that he sent some of the mead after him backward, and as no
+care was taken of this, anybody that wished might have it. This we call
+the share of poetasters. But Suttung’s mead Odin gave to the asas and to
+those men who are able to make verses. Hence we call songship Odin’s
+prey, Odin’s find, Odin’s drink, Odin’s gift, and the drink of the asas.
+
+6. Then said Æger: In how many ways do you vary the poetical
+expressions, or how many kinds of poetry are there? Answered Brage:
+There are two kinds, and all poetry falls into one or the other of these
+classes. Æger asks: Which two? Brage answers: Diction and meter. What
+diction is used in poetry? There are three sorts of poetic diction.
+Which? One is to name everything by its own name; another is to name it
+with a pronoun, but the third sort of diction is called _kenning_ (a
+poetical periphrasis or descriptive name); and this sort is so managed
+that when we name Odin, or Thor or Tyr, or any other of the asas or
+elves, we add to their name a reference to some other asa, or we make
+mention of some of his works. Then the appellation belongs to him who
+corresponds to the whole phrase, and not to him who was actually named.
+Thus we speak of Odin as Sigtyr, Hangatyr or Farmatyr, and such names we
+call simple appellatives. In the same manner he is called Reidartyr.
+
+
+
+
+AFTERWORD
+
+TO BRAGE’S TALK.
+
+
+Now it is to be said to young skalds who are desirous of acquiring the
+diction of poetry, or of increasing their store of words with old names,
+or, on the other hand, are eager to understand what is obscurely sung,
+that they must master this book for their instruction and pastime. These
+sagas are not to be so forgotten or disproved as to take away from
+poetry old periphrases which great skalds have been pleased with. But
+christian men should not believe in heathen gods, nor in the truth of
+these sagas, otherwise than is explained in the beginning of this book,
+where the events are explained which led men away from the true faith,
+and where it, in the next place, is told of the Turks how the men from
+Asia, who are called asas, falsified the tales of the things that
+happened in Troy, in order that the people should believe them to be
+gods.
+
+King Priam in Troy was a great chief over all the Turkish host, and his
+sons were the most distinguished men in his whole army. That excellent
+hall, which the asas called Brime’s Hall, or beer-hall, was King Priam’s
+palace. As for the long tale that they tell of Ragnarok, that is the
+wars of the Trojans. When it is said that Oku-Thor angled with an
+ox-head and drew on board the Midgard-serpent, but that the serpent kept
+his life and sank back into the sea, then this is another version of the
+story that Hektor slew Volukrontes, a famous hero, in the presence of
+Achilleus, and so drew the latter onto him with the head of the slain,
+which they likened unto the head of an ox, which Oku-Thor had torn off.
+When Achilleus was drawn into this danger, on account of his daring,
+it was the salvation of his life that he fled from the fatal blows of
+Hektor, although he was wounded. It is also said that Hektor waged the
+war so mightily, and that his rage was so great when he caught sight of
+Achilleus, that nothing was so strong that it could stand before him.
+When he missed Achilleus, who had fled, he soothed his wrath by slaying
+the champion called Roddros. But the asas say that when Oku-Thor missed
+the serpent, he slew the giant Hymer. In Ragnarok the Midgard serpent
+came suddenly upon Thor and blew venom onto him, and thus struck him
+dead. But the asas could not make up their minds to say that this had
+been the fate of Oku-Thor, that anyone stood over him dead, though this
+had so happened. They rushed headlong over old sagas more than was true
+when they said that the Midgard-serpent there got his death; and they
+added this to the story, that Achilleus reaped the fame of Hektor’s
+death, though he lay dead on the same battle-field on that account. This
+was the work of Elenus and Alexander, and Elenus the asas call Ale. They
+say that he avenged his brother, and that he lived when all the gods
+were dead, and after the fire was quenched that burned up Asgard and all
+the possessions of the gods. Pyrrhos they compared with the Fenris-wolf.
+He slew Odin, and Pyrrhos might be called a wolf according to their
+belief, for he did not spare the peace-steads, when he slew the king in
+the temple before the altar of Thor. The burning of Troy they call the
+flame of Surt. Mode and Magne, the sons of Oku-Thor, came to crave the
+land of Ale or Vidar. He is Æneas. He came away from Troy, and wrought
+thereupon great works. It is said that the sons of Hektor came to
+Frigialand and established themselves in that kingdom, but banished
+Elenus.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM
+
+THE POETICAL DICTION.
+
+(SKALDSKAPARMAL.)[76]
+
+    [Footnote 76: This part of the Younger Edda corresponds to the
+    Latin Ars Poetica, and contains the rules and laws of ancient
+    poetry.]
+
+
+THOR AND HRUNGNER.
+
+Brage told Æger that Thor had gone eastward to crush trolls. Odin rode
+on his horse Sleipner to Jotunheim, and came to the giant whose name is
+Hrungner. Then asked Hrungner what man that was who with a golden helmet
+rode both through the air and over the sea, and added that he had a
+remarkably good horse. Odin said that he would wager his head that so
+good a horse could not be found in Jotunheim. Hrungner admitted that it
+was indeed an excellent horse, but he had one, called Goldfax, that
+could take much longer paces; and in his wrath he immediately sprang
+upon his horse and galloped after Odin, intending to pay him for his
+insolence. Odin rode so fast that he was a good distance ahead, but
+Hrungner had worked himself into such a giant rage that, before he was
+aware of it, he had come within the gates of Asgard. When he came to the
+hall door, the asas invited him to drink with them. He entered the hall
+and requested a drink. They then took the bowls that Thor was accustomed
+to drink from, and Hrungner emptied them all. When he became drunk, he
+gave the freest vent to his loud boastings. He said he was going to take
+Valhal and move it to Jotunheim, demolish Asgard and kill all the gods
+except Freyja and Sif, whom he was going to take home with him. When
+Freyja went forward to refill the bowls for him, he boasted that he was
+going to drink up all the ale of the asas. But when the asas grew weary
+of his arrogance, they named Thor’s name. At once Thor was in the hall,
+swung his hammer in the air, and, being exceedingly wroth, asked who was
+to blame that dog-wise giants were permitted to drink there, who had
+given Hrungner permission to be in Valhal, and why Freyja should pour
+ale for him as she did in the feasts of the asas. Then answered
+Hrungner, looking with anything but friendly eyes at Thor, and said that
+Odin had invited him to drink, and that he was there under his
+protection. Thor replied that he should come to rue that invitation
+before he came out. Hrungner again answered that it would be but little
+credit to Asa-Thor to kill him, unarmed as he was. It would be a greater
+proof of his valor if he dared fight a duel with him at the boundaries
+of his territory, at Grjottungard. It was very foolish of me, he said,
+that I left my shield and my flint-stone at home; had I my weapons here,
+you and I would try a holmgang (duel on a rocky island); but as this is
+not the case, I declare you a coward if you kill me unarmed. Thor was by
+no means the man to refuse to fight a duel when he was challenged, an
+honor which never had been shown him before. Then Hrungner went his way,
+and hastened with all his might back to Jotunheim. His journey became
+famous among the giants, and the proposed meeting with Thor was much
+talked of. They regarded it very important who should gain the victory,
+and they feared the worst from Thor if Hrungner should be defeated, for
+he was the strongest among them. Thereupon the giants made at
+Grjottungard a man of clay, who was nine rasts tall and three rasts
+broad under the arms, but being unable to find a heart large enough to
+be suitable for him, they took the heart from a mare, but even this
+fluttered and trembled when Thor came. Hrungner had, as is well known,
+a heart of stone, sharp and three-sided; just as the rune has since been
+risted that is called Hrungner’s heart. Even his head was of stone. His
+shield was of stone, and was broad and thick, and he was holding this
+shield before him as he stood at Grjottungard waiting for Thor. His
+weapon was a flint-stone, which he swung over his shoulders, and
+altogether he presented a most formidable aspect. On one side of him
+stood the giant of clay, who was named Mokkerkalfe. He was so
+exceedingly terrified, that it is said that he wet himself when he saw
+Thor. Thor proceeded to the duel, and Thjalfe was with him. Thjalfe ran
+forward to where Hrungner was standing, and said to him: You stand illy
+guarded, giant; you hold the shield before you, but Thor has seen you;
+he goes down into the earth and will attack you from below. Then
+Hrungner thrust the shield under his feet and stood on it, but the
+flint-stone he seized with both his hands. The next that he saw were
+flashes of lightning, and he heard loud crashings; and then he saw Thor
+in his asa-might advancing with impetuous speed, swinging his hammer and
+hurling it from afar at Hrungner. Hrungner seized the flint-stone with
+both his hands and threw it against the hammer. They met in the air, and
+the flint-stone broke. One part fell to the earth, and from it have come
+the flint-mountains; the other part hit Thor’s head with such force that
+he fell forward to the ground. But the hammer Mjolner hit Hrungner right
+in the head, and crushed his skull in small pieces. He himself fell
+forward over Thor, so that his foot lay upon Thor’s neck. Meanwhile
+Thjalfe attacked Mokkerkalfe, who fell with but little honor. Then
+Thjalfe went to Thor and was to take Hrungner’s foot off from him, but
+he had not the strength to do it. When the asas learned that Thor had
+fallen, they all came to take the giant’s foot off, but none of them was
+able to move it. Then came Magne, the son of Thor and Jarnsaxa. He was
+only three nights of age. He threw Hrungner’s foot off Thor, and said It
+was a great mishap, father, that I came so late. I think I could have
+slain this giant with my fist, had I met him. Then Thor arose, greeted
+his son lovingly, saying that he would become great and powerful; and,
+added he, I will give you the horse Goldfax, that belonged to Hrungner.
+Odin said that Thor did wrong in giving so fine a horse to the son of a
+giantess, instead of to his father. Thor went home to Thrudvang, but the
+flint-stone still stuck fast in his head. Then came the vala whose name
+is Groa, the wife of Orvandel the Bold. She sang her magic songs over
+Thor until the flint-stone became loose. But when Thor perceived this,
+and was just expecting that the flint-stone would disappear, he desired
+to reward Groa for her healing, and make her heart glad. So he related
+to her how he had waded from the north over the Elivogs rivers, and had
+borne in a basket on his back Orvandel from Jotunheim; and in evidence
+of this he told her how that one toe of his had protruded from the
+basket and had frozen, wherefore Thor had broken it off and had cast it
+up into the sky, and made of it the star which is called Orvandel’s toe.
+Finally he added that it would not be long before Orvandel would come
+home. But Groa became so glad that she forgot her magic songs, and so
+the flint-stone became no looser than it was, and it sticks fast in
+Thor’s head yet. For this reason it is forbidden to throw a flint-stone
+across the floor, for then the stone in Thor’s head is moved. Out of
+this saga Thjodolf of Hvin has made a song:
+
+  We have ample evidence
+  Of the giant-terrifier’s[77] journey
+  To Grjottungard, to the giant Hrungner,
+  In the midst of encircling flames.
+  The courage waxed high in Meile’s brother;[78]
+  The moon-way trembled
+  When Jord’s son[79] went
+  To the steel-gloved contest.
+
+  The heavens stood all in flames
+  For Uller’s step-father,[80]
+  And the earth rocked.
+  Svolne’s[81] widow[82] burst asunder
+  When the span of goats
+  Drew the sublime chariot
+  And its divine master
+  To the meeting with Hrungner.
+
+  Balder’s brother[83] did not tremble
+  Before the greedy fiend of men;
+  Mountains quaked and rocks broke;
+  The heavens were wrapped in flames.
+  Much did the giant
+  Get frightened, I learn,
+  When his bane man he saw
+  Ready to slay him.
+
+  Swiftly the gray shield flew
+  ’Neath the heels of the giant.
+  So the gods willed it,
+  So willed it the valkyries.
+  Hrungner the giant,
+  Eager for slaughter,
+  Needed not long to wait for blows
+  From the valiant friend of the hammer.
+
+  The slayer[84] of Bele’s evil race
+  Made fall the bear of the loud-roaring mountain;[85]
+  On his shield
+  Bite the dust
+  Must the giant
+  Before the sharp-edged hammer,
+  When the giant-crusher
+  Stood against the mighty Hrungner,
+
+  And the flint-stone
+  (So hard to break)
+  Of the friend of the troll-women
+  Into the skull did whiz
+  Of Jord’s son,[86]
+  And this flinty piece
+  Fast did stick
+  In Eindride’s[87] blood;
+
+  Until Orvandel’s wife,
+  Magic songs singing,
+  From the head of Thor
+  Removed the giant’s
+  Excellent flint-stone.
+  All do I know
+  About that shield-journey.
+  A shield adorned
+  With hues most splendid
+  I received from Thorleif.
+
+    [Footnote 77: Thor’s.]
+
+    [Footnote 78: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 79: Jord’s (= earth’s) son = Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 80: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 81: Odin’s.]
+
+    [Footnote 82: The earth.]
+
+    [Footnote 83: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 84: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 85: The giant Hrungner.]
+
+    [Footnote 86: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 87: Thor’s.]
+
+
+THOR’S JOURNEY TO GEIRROD’S.
+
+Then said Æger: Much of a man, it seems to me, was that Hrungner. Has
+Thor accomplished any other great deeds in his intercourse with trolls
+(giants)? Then answered Brage: It is worth giving a full account of how
+Thor made a journey to Geirrodsgard. He had with him neither the hammer
+Mjolner, nor his belt of strength, Megingjard, nor his steel gloves; and
+that was Loke’s fault,--he was with him. For it had happened to Loke,
+when he once flew out to amuse himself in Frigg’s falcon-guise, that he,
+out of curiosity, flew into Geirrodsgard, where he saw a large hall. He
+sat down and looked in through the window, but Geirrod discovered him,
+and ordered the bird to be caught and brought to him. The servant had
+hard work to climb up the wall of the hall, so high was it. It amused
+Loke that it gave the servant so much trouble to get at him, and he
+thought it would be time enough to fly away when he had gotten over the
+worst. When the latter now caught at him, Loke spread his wings and
+spurned with his feet, but these were fast, and so Loke was caught and
+brought to the giant. When the latter saw his eyes he suspected that it
+was a man. He put questions to him and bade him answer, but Loke refused
+to speak. Then Geirrod locked him down in a chest, and starved him for
+three months; and when Geirrod finally took him up again, and asked him
+to speak, Loke confessed who he was, and to save his life he swore an
+oath to Geirrod that he would get Thor to come to Geirrodsgard without
+his hammer or his belt of strength.
+
+On his way Thor visited the giantess whose name is Grid. She was the
+mother of Vidar the Silent. She told Thor the truth concerning Geirrod,
+that he was a dog-wise and dangerous giant; and she lent him her own
+belt of strength and steel gloves, and her staff, which is called
+Gridarvol. Then went Thor to the river which is called Vimer, and which
+is the largest of all rivers. He buckled on the belt of strength and
+stemmed the wild torrent with Gridarvol, but Loke held himself fast in
+Megingjard. When Thor had come into the middle of the stream, the river
+waxed so greatly that the waves dashed over his shoulders. Then quoth
+Thor:
+
+  Wax not Vimer,
+  Since I intend to wade
+  To the gards of giants.
+  Know, if you wax,
+  Then waxes my asa-might
+  As high, as the heavens.
+
+Then Thor looked up and saw in a cleft Gjalp, the daughter of Geirrod,
+standing on both sides of the stream, and causing its growth. Then took
+he up out of the river a huge stone and threw at her, saying: At its
+source the stream must be stemmed.[88] He was not wont to miss his mark.
+At the same time he reached the river bank and got hold of a shrub, and
+so he got out of the river. Hence comes the adage that _a shrub saved
+Thor_.[89] When Thor came to Geirrod, he and his companion were shown to
+the guest-room, where lodgings were given them, but there was but one
+seat, and on that Thor sat down. Then he became aware that the seat was
+raised under him toward the roof. He put the Gridarvol against the
+rafters, and pressed himself down against the seat. Then was heard a
+great crash, which was followed by a loud screaming. Under the seat were
+Geirrod’s daughters, Gjalp and Greip, and he had broken the backs of
+both of them. Then quoth Thor:
+
+  Once I employed
+  My asa-might
+  In the gards of the giants.
+  When Gjalp and Greip,
+  Geirrod’s daughters,
+  Wanted to lift me to heaven.
+
+    [Footnote 88: Icelandic proverb.]
+
+    [Footnote 89: Icelandic proverb.]
+
+Then Geirrod had Thor invited into the hall to the games. Large fires
+burned along the whole length of the hall. When Thor came into the hall,
+and stood opposite Geirrod, the latter seized with a pair of tongs a
+red-hot iron wedge and threw it at Thor. But he caught it with his steel
+gloves, and lifted it up in the air. Geirrod sprang behind an iron post
+to guard himself. But Thor threw the wedge with so great force that it
+struck through the post, through Geirrod, through the wall, and then
+went out and into the ground. From this saga, Eilif, son of Gudrun, made
+the following song, called Thor’s Drapa:
+
+  The Midgard-serpent’s father exhorted
+  Thor, the victor of giants,
+  To set out from home.
+  A great liar was Loke.
+  Not quite confident,
+  The companion of the war-god
+  Declared green paths to lie
+  To the gard of Geirrod.
+
+  Thor did not long let Loke
+  Invite him to the arduous journey.
+  They were eager to crush
+  Thorn’s descendants.
+  When he, who is wont to swing Megingjard,
+  Once set out from Odin’s home
+  To visit Ymer’s children in Gandvik,
+
+  The giantess Gjalp,
+  Perjured Geirrod’s daughter,
+  Sooner got ready magic to use
+  Than the god of war and Loke.
+  A song I recite.
+  Those gods noxious to the giants
+  Planted their feet
+  In Endil’s land,
+
+  And the men wont to battle
+  Went forth.
+  The message of death
+  Came of the moon-devourer’s women,
+  When the cunning and wrathful
+  Conqueror of Loke
+  Challenged to a contest
+  The giantess.
+
+  And the troll-woman’s disgracer
+  Waded across the roaring stream,--
+  Rolling full of drenched snow over its banks.
+  He who puts giants to flight
+  Rapidly advanced
+  O’er the broad watery way,
+  Where the noisy stream’s
+  Venom belched forth.
+
+  Thor and his companions
+  Put before him the staff;
+  Thereon he rested
+  Whilst over they waded:
+  Nor sleep did the stones,--
+  The sonorous staff striking the rapid wave
+  Made the river-bed ring,--
+  The mountain-torrent rang with stones.
+
+  The wearer of Megingjard
+  Saw the flood fall
+  On his hard-waxed shoulders:
+  He could do no better.
+  The destroyer of troll-children
+  Let his neck-strength
+  Wax heaven high,
+  Till the mighty stream should diminish.
+
+  But the warriors,
+  The oath-bound protectors of Asgard,--
+  The experienced vikings,--
+  Waded fast and the stream sped on.
+  Thou god of the bow!
+  The billows
+  Blown by the mountain-storm
+  Powerfully rushed
+  Over Thor’s shoulders.
+
+  Thjalfe and his companion,
+  With their heads above water,
+  Got over the river,--
+  To Thor’s belt they clung.
+  Their strength was tested,--
+  Geirrod’s daughters made hard the stream
+  For the iron rod.
+  Angry fared Thor with the Gridarvol.
+
+  Nor did courage fail
+  Those foes of the giant
+  In the seething vortex.
+  Those sworn companions
+  Regarded a brave heart
+  Better than gold.
+  Neither Thor’s nor Thjalfe’s heart
+  From fear did tremble.
+
+  And the war companions--
+  Weapons despising--
+  ’Mong the giants made havoc,
+  Until, O woman!
+  The giant destroyers
+  The conflict of helmets
+  With the warlike race
+  Did commence.
+
+  The giants of Iva’s[90] capes
+  Made a rush with Geirrod;
+  The foes of the cold Svithiod
+  Took to flight.
+  Geirrod’s giants
+  Had to succumb
+  When the lightning wielder’s[91] kinsmen
+  Closely pursued them.
+
+  Wailing was ’mongst the cave-dwellers
+  When the giants,
+  With warlike spirit endowed,
+  Went forward.
+  There was war.
+  The slayer of troll-women,
+  By foes surrounded,
+  The giant’s hard head hit.
+
+  With violent pressure
+  Were pressed the vast eyes
+  Of Gjalp and Greip
+  Against the high roof.
+  The fire-chariot’s driver
+  The old backs broke
+  Of both these maids
+  For the cave-woman.
+
+  The man of the rocky way
+  But scanty knowledge got;
+  Nor able were the giants
+  To enjoy perfect gladness.
+  Thou man of the bow-string!
+  The dwarf’s kinsman
+  An iron beam, in the forge heated,
+  Threw against Odin’s dear son.
+
+  But the battle-hastener,
+  Freyja’s old friend,
+  With swift hands caught
+  In the air the beam
+  As it flew from the hands
+  Of the father of Greip,--
+  His breast with anger swollen
+  Against Thruda’s[92] father.
+
+  Geirrod’s hall trembled
+  When he struck,
+  With his broad head,
+  ’Gainst the old column of the house-wall.
+  Uller’s splendid flatterer
+  Swung the iron beam
+  Straight ’gainst the head
+  Of the knavish giant.
+
+  The crusher of the hall-wont troll-women
+  A splendid victory won
+  Over Glam’s descendants;
+  With gory hammer fared Thor.
+  Gridarvol-staff,
+  Which made disaster
+  ’Mong Geirrod’s companion,
+  Was not used ’gainst that giant himself.
+
+  The much worshiped thunderer,
+  With all his might, slew
+  The dwellers in Alfheim
+  With that little willow-twig,
+  And no shield
+  Was able to resist
+  The strong age-diminisher
+  Of the mountain-king.
+
+    [Footnote 90: A river in Jotunheim.]
+
+    [Footnote 91: Thor’s kinsmen = the asas.]
+
+    [Footnote 92: Thruda was a daughter of Thor and Sif.]
+
+
+IDUN.
+
+How shall Idun be named? She is called the wife of Brage, the keeper of
+the apples; but the apples are called the medicine to bar old age
+(ellilyf, elixir vitæ). She is also called the booty of the giant
+Thjasse, according to what has before been said concerning how he took
+her away from the asas. From this saga Thjodolf, of Hvin, composed the
+following song in his Haustlong:
+
+  How shall the tongue
+  Pay an ample reward
+  For the sonorous shield
+  Which I received from Thorleif,
+  Foremost ’mong soldiers?
+  On the splendidly made shield
+  I see the unsafe journey
+  Of three gods and Thjasse.
+
+  Idun’s robber flew long ago
+  The asas to meet
+  In the giant’s old eagle-guise.
+  The eagle perched
+  Where the asas bore
+  Their food to be cooked.
+  Ye women! The mountain-giant
+  Was not wont to be timid.
+
+  Suspected of malice
+  Was the giant toward the gods.
+  Who causes this?
+  Said the chief of the gods.
+  The wise-worded giant-eagle
+  From the old tree began to speak.
+  The friend of Honer
+  Was not friendly to him.
+
+  The mountain-wolf from Honer
+  Asked for his fill
+  From the holy table:
+  It fell to Honer to blow the fire.
+  The giant, eager to kill,
+  Glided down
+  Where the unsuspecting gods,
+  Odin, Loke and Honer, were sitting.
+
+  The fair lord of the earth
+  Bade Farbaute’s son
+  Quickly to share
+  The ox with the giant;
+  But the cunning foe of the asas
+  Thereupon laid
+  The four parts of the ox
+  Upon the broad table.
+
+  And the huge father of Morn[93]
+  Afterward greedily ate
+  The ox at the tree-root.
+  That was long ago,
+  Until the profound
+  Loke the hard rod laid
+  ’Twixt the shoulders
+  Of the giant Thjasse.
+
+  Then clung with his hands
+  The husband of Sigyn
+  To Skade’s foster-son,
+  In the presence of all the gods.
+  The pole stuck fast
+  To Jotunheim’s strong fascinator,
+  But the hands of Honer’s dear friend
+  Stuck to the other end.
+
+  Flew then with the wise god
+  The voracious bird of prey
+  Far away; so the wolf’s father
+  To pieces must be torn.
+  Odin’s friend got exhausted.
+  Heavy grew Lopt.
+  Odin’s companion
+  Must sue for peace.
+
+  Hymer’s kinsman demanded
+  That the leader of hosts
+  The sorrow-healing maid,
+  Who the asas’ youth-preserving apples keeps,
+  Should bring to him.
+  Brisingamen’s thief
+  Afterward brought Idun
+  To the gard of the giant.
+
+  Sorry were not the giants
+  After this had taken place,
+  Since from the south
+  Idun had come to the giants.
+  All the race
+  Of Yngve-Frey, at the Thing,
+  Grew old and gray,--
+  Ugly-looking were the gods.
+
+  Until the gods found the blood-dog,
+  Idun’s decoying thrall,
+  And bound the maid’s deceiver,
+  You shall, cunning Loke,
+  Spake Thor, die;
+  Unless back you lead,
+  With your tricks, that
+  Good joy-increasing maid.
+
+  Heard have I that thereupon
+  The friend of Honer flew
+  In the guise of a falcon
+  (He often deceived the asas with his cunning);
+  And the strong fraudulent giant,
+  The father of Morn,
+  With the wings of the eagle
+  Sped after the hawk’s child.
+
+  The holy gods soon built a fire--
+  They shaved off kindlings--
+  And the giant was scorched.
+  This is said in memory
+  Of the dwarf’s heel-bridge.[94]
+  A shield adorned with splendid lines
+  From Thorleif I received.
+
+    [Footnote 93: A troll-woman.]
+
+    [Footnote 94: Shield.]
+
+
+ÆGER’S FEAST.
+
+How shall gold be named? It may be called fire; the needles of Glaser;
+Sif’s hair; Fulla’s head-gear; Freyja’s tears; the chatter, talk or word
+of the giants; Draupner’s drop; Draupner’s rain or shower; Freyja’s
+eyes; the otter-ransom, or stroke-ransom, of the asas; the seed of
+Fyrisvold; Holge’s how-roof; the fire of all waters and of the hand;
+or the stone, rock or gleam of the hand.
+
+Why is gold called Æger’s fire? The saga relating to this is, as has
+before been told, that Æger made a visit to Asgard, but when he was
+ready to return home he invited Odin and all the asas to come and pay
+him a visit after the lapse of three months. On this journey went Odin,
+Njord, Frey, Tyr, Brage, Vidar, Loke; and also the asynjes, Frigg,
+Freyja, Gefjun, Skade, Idun, Sif. Thor was not there, for he had gone
+eastward to fight trolls. When the gods had taken their seats, Æger let
+his servants bring in on the hall floor bright gold, which shone and
+lighted up the whole hall like fire, just as the swords in Valhal are
+used instead of fire. Then Loke bandied hasty words with all the gods,
+and slew Æger’s thrall who was called Fimafeng. The name of his other
+thrall is Elder. The name of Æger’s wife is Ran, and they have nine
+daughters, as has before been written. At this feast all things passed
+around spontaneously, both food and ale and all the utensils needed for
+the feasting. Then the asas became aware that Ran had a net in which she
+caught all men who perish at sea. Then the saga goes on telling how it
+happens that gold is called the fire, or light or brightness of Æger, of
+Ran, or of Æger’s daughters; and from these periphrases it is allowed to
+call gold the fire of the sea, or of any of the periphrases of the sea,
+since Æger and Ran are found in periphrases of the sea; and thus gold is
+now called the fire of waters, of rivers, or of all the periphrases of
+rivers. But these names have fared like other periphrases. The younger
+skald has composed poetry after the pattern of the old skalds, imitating
+their songs; but afterward they have expanded the metaphors whenever
+they thought they could improve upon what was sung before; and thus the
+water is the sea, the river is the lakes, the brook is the river. Hence
+all the figures that are expanded more than what has before been found
+are called new tropes, and all seem good that contain likelihood and are
+natural. Thus sang the skald Brage:
+
+  From the king I received
+  The fire of the brook.
+  This the king gave to me
+  And a head with song.
+
+Why is gold called the needles or leaves of Glaser? In Asgard, before
+the doors of Valhal, stands a grove which is called Glaser, and all its
+leaves are of red gold, as is here sung:
+
+  Glaser stands
+  With golden leaves
+  Before Sigtyr’s halls.
+
+This is the fairest forest among gods and men.
+
+
+LOKE’S WAGER WITH THE DWARFS.
+
+Why is gold called Sif’s hair? Loke Laufey’s son had once craftily cut
+all the hair off Sif; but when Thor found it out he seized Loke, and
+would have broken every bone in him, had he not pledged himself with an
+oath to get the swarthy elves to make for Sif a hair of gold that should
+grow like other hair. Then went Loke to the dwarfs that are called
+Ivald’s sons, and they made the hair and Skidbladner, and the spear that
+Odin owned and is called Gungner. Thereupon Loke wagered his head with
+the dwarf, who hight Brok, that his brother Sindre would not be able to
+make three other treasures equally as good as these were. But when they
+came to the smithy, Sindre laid a pig-skin in the furnace and requested
+Brok to blow the bellows, and not to stop blowing before he (Sindre) had
+taken out of the furnace what he had put into it. As soon, however, as
+Sindre had gone out of the smithy and Brok was blowing, a fly lighted on
+his hand and stung him; but he kept on blowing as before until the smith
+had taken the work out of the furnace. That was now a boar, and its
+bristles were of gold. Thereupon he laid gold in the furnace, and
+requested Brok to blow, and not to stop plying the bellows before he
+came back. He went out; but then came the fly and lighted on his neck
+and stung him still worse; but he continued to work the bellows until
+the smith took out of the furnace the gold ring called Draupner. Then
+Sindre placed iron in the furnace, and requested Brok to work the
+bellows, adding that otherwise all would be worthless. Now the fly
+lighted between his eyes and stung his eye-lids, and as the blood ran
+down into his eyes so that he could not see, he let go of the bellows
+just for a moment and drove the fly away with his hands. Then the smith
+came back and said that all that lay in the furnace came near being
+entirely spoiled. Thereupon he took a hammer out of the furnace. All
+these treasures he then placed in the hands of his brother Brok, and
+bade him go with Loke to Asgard to fetch the wager. When Loke and Brok
+brought forth the treasures, the gods seated themselves upon their
+doom-steads. It was agreed to abide by the decision which should be
+pronounced by Odin, Thor and Frey. Loke gave to Odin the spear Gungner,
+to Thor the hair, which Sif was to have, and to Frey, Skidbladner; and
+he described the qualities of all these treasures, stating that the
+spear never would miss its mark, that the hair would grow as soon as it
+was placed on Sif s head, and that Skidbladner would always have fair
+wind as soon as the sails were hoisted, no matter where its owner
+desired to go; besides, the ship could be folded together like a napkin
+and be carried in his pocket if he desired. Then Brok produced his
+treasures. He gave to Odin the ring, saying that every ninth night eight
+other rings as heavy as it would drop from it; to Frey he gave the boar,
+stating that it would run through the air and over seas, by night or by
+day, faster than any horse; and never could it become so dark in the
+night, or in the worlds of darkness, but that it would be light where
+this boar was present, so bright shone his bristles. Then he gave to
+Thor the hammer, and said that he might strike with it as hard as he
+pleased; no matter what was before him, the hammer would take no scathe,
+and wherever he might throw it he would never lose it; it would never
+fly so far that it did not return to his hand; and if he desired, it
+would become so small that he might conceal it in his bosom; but it had
+one fault, which was, that the handle was rather short. The decision of
+the gods was, that the hammer was the best of all these treasures and
+the greatest protection against the frost-giants, and they declared that
+the dwarf had fairly won the wager. Then Loke offered to ransom his
+head. The dwarf answered saying there was no hope for him on that score.
+Take me, then! said Loke; but when the dwarf was to seize him Loke was
+far away, for he had the shoes with which he could run through the air
+and over the sea. Then the dwarf requested Thor to seize him, and he did
+so. Now the dwarf wanted to cut the head off Loke, but Loke said that
+the head was his, but not the neck. Then the dwarf took thread and a
+knife and wanted to pierce holes in Loke’s lips, so as to sew his mouth
+together, but the knife would not cut. Then said he, it would be better
+if he had his brother’s awl, and as soon as he named it the awl was
+there and it pierced Loke’s lips. Now Brok sewed Loke’s mouth together,
+and broke off the thread at the end of the sewing. The thread with which
+the mouth of Loke was sewed together is called Vartare (a strap).
+
+
+THE NIFLUNGS AND GJUKUNGS.
+
+The following is the reason why gold is called otter-ransom: It is
+related that three asas went abroad to learn to know the whole world,
+Odin, Honer and Loke. They came to a river, and walked along the
+river-bank to a force, and near the force was an otter. The otter had
+caught a salmon in the force, and sat eating it with his eyes closed.
+Loke picked up a stone, threw it at the otter and hit him in the head.
+Loke bragged of his chase, for he had secured an otter and a salmon with
+one throw. They took the salmon and the otter with them, and came to a
+byre, where they entered. But the name of the bonde who lived there was
+Hreidmar. He was a mighty man, and thoroughly skilled in the black art.
+The asas asked for night-lodgings, stating that they had plenty of food,
+and showed the bonde their game. But when Hreidmar saw the otter he
+called his sons, Fafner and Regin, and said that Otter, their brother,
+was slain, and also told who had done it. Then the father and the sons
+attacked the asas, seized them and bound them, and then said, in
+reference to the otter, that he was Hreidmar’s son. The asas offered,
+as a ransom for their lives, as much money as Hreidmar himself might
+demand, and this was agreed to, and confirmed with an oath. Then the
+otter was flayed. Hreidmar took the otter-belg and said to them that
+they should fill the belg with red gold, and then cover it with the same
+metal, and when this was done they should be set free. Thereupon Odin
+sent Loke to the home of the swarthy elves, and he came to the dwarf
+whose name is Andvare, and who lived as a fish, in the water. Loke
+caught him in his hands, and demanded of him, as a ransom for his life,
+all the gold that he had in his rock. And when they entered the rock,
+the dwarf produced all the gold that he owned, and that was a very large
+amount. Then the dwarf concealed in his hand a small gold ring. Loke saw
+this, and requested him to hand forth the ring. The dwarf begged him not
+to take the ring away from him, for with this ring he could increase his
+wealth again if he kept it. Loke said the dwarf should not keep as much
+as a penny, took the ring from him and went out. But the dwarf said that
+that ring should be the bane of every one who possessed it. Loke replied
+that he was glad of this, and said that all should be fulfilled
+according to his prophecy: he would take care to bring the curse to the
+ears of him who was to receive it. He went to Hreidmar and showed Odin
+the gold; but when the latter saw the ring, it seemed to him a fair one,
+and he took it and put it aside, giving Hreidmar the rest of the gold.
+They filled the otter-belg as full as it would hold, and raised it up
+when it was full. Then came Odin, and was to cover the belg with gold;
+and when this was done, he requested Hreidmar to come and see whether
+the belg was sufficiently covered. But Hreidmar looked at it, examined
+it closely, and saw a mouth-hair, and demanded that it should be
+covered, too, otherwise the agreement would be broken. Then Odin brought
+forth the ring and covered with it the mouth-hair, saying that now they
+had paid the otter-ransom. But when Odin had taken his spear, and Loke
+his shoes, so that they had nothing more to fear, Loke said that the
+curse that Andvare had pronounced should be fulfilled, and that the ring
+and that gold should be the bane of its possessor; and this curse was
+afterward fulfilled. This explains why gold is called the otter-ransom,
+or forced payment of the asas, or strife-metal.
+
+What more is there to be told of this gold? Hreidmar accepted the gold
+as a ransom for his son, but Fafner and Regin demanded their share of it
+as a ransom for their brother. Hreidmar was, however, unwilling to give
+them as much as a penny of it. Then the brothers made an agreement to
+kill their father for the sake of the gold. When this was done, Regin
+demanded that Fafner should give him one half of it. Fafner answered
+that there was but little hope that he would share the gold with his
+brother, since he had himself slain his father to obtain it; and he
+commanded Regin to get him gone, for else the same thing would happen to
+him as had happened to Hreidmar. Fafner had taken the sword hight
+Hrotte, and the helmet which had belonged to his father, and the latter
+he had placed on his head. This was called the Æger’s helmet, and it was
+a terror to all living to behold it. Regin had the sword called Refil.
+With it he fled. But Fafner went to Gnita-heath (the glittering heath),
+where he made himself a bed, took on him the likeness of a serpent
+(dragon), and lay brooding over the gold.
+
+Regin then went to Thjode, to king Hjalprek, and became his smith. There
+he undertook the fostering of Sigurd (Sigfrid), the son of Sigmund, the
+son of Volsung and the son of Hjordis, the daughter of Eylime. Sigurd
+was the mightiest of all the kings of hosts, in respect to both family
+and power and mind. Regin explained to him where Fafner was lying on the
+gold, and egged him on to try to get possession thereof. Then Regin made
+the sword which is hight Gram (wrath), and which was so sharp that when
+Sigurd held it in the flowing stream it cut asunder a tuft of wool which
+the current carried down against the sword’s edge. In the next place,
+Sigurd cut with his sword Regin’s anvil in twain. Thereupon Sigurd and
+Regin repaired to Gnita-heath. Here Sigurd dug a ditch in Fafner’s path
+and sat down in it; so when Fafner crept to the water and came directly
+over this ditch, Sigurd pierced him with the sword, and this thrust
+caused his death. Then Regin came and declared that Sigurd had slain his
+brother, and demanded of him as a ransom that he should cut out Fafner’s
+heart and roast it on the fire; but Regin kneeled down, drank Fafner’s
+blood, and laid himself down to sleep. While Sigurd was roasting the
+heart, and thought that it must be done, he touched it with his finger
+to see how tender it was; but the fat oozed out of the heart and onto
+his finger and burnt it, so that he thrust his finger into his mouth.
+The heart-blood came in contact with his tongue, which made him
+comprehend the speech of birds, and he understood what the eagles said
+that were sitting in the trees. One of the birds said:
+
+  There sits Sigurd,
+  Stained with blood.
+  On the fire is roasting
+  Fafner’s heart.
+  Wise seemed to me
+  The ring-destroyer,
+  If he the shining
+  Heart would eat.
+
+Another eagle sang:
+
+  There lies Regin,
+  Contemplating
+  How to deceive the man
+  Who trusts him;
+  Thinks in his wrath
+  Of false accusations.
+  The evil smith plots
+  Revenge ’gainst the brother.[95]
+
+    [Footnote 95: Elder Edda: the Lay of Fafner, 32, 33.]
+
+Then Sigurd went to Regin and slew him, and thereupon he mounted his
+horse hight Grane, and rode until he came to Fafner’s bed, took out all
+the gold, packed it in two bags and laid it on Grane’s back, then got on
+himself and rode away. Now is told the saga according to which gold is
+called Fafner’s bed or lair, the metal of Gnita-heath, or Grane’s
+burden.
+
+Then Sigurd rode on until he found a house on the mountain. In it slept
+a woman clad in helmet and coat-of-mail. He drew his sword and cut the
+coat-of-mail off from her. Then she awaked and called herself Hild. Her
+name was Brynhild, and she was a valkyrie. Thence Sigurd rode on and
+came to the king whose name was Gjuke. His wife was called Grimhild, and
+their children were Gunnar, Hogne, Gudrun, Gudny; Gothorm was Gjuke’s
+step-son. Here Sigurd remained a long time. Then he got the hand of
+Gudrun, Gjuke’s daughter, and Gunnar and Hogne entered into a sworn
+brotherhood with Sigurd. Afterward Sigurd and the sons of Gjuke went to
+Atle, Budle’s son, to ask for his sister, Brynhild, for Gunnar’s wife.
+She sat on Hindfell, and her hall was surrounded by the bickering flame
+called the Vafurloge, and she had made a solemn promise not to wed any
+other man than him who dared to ride through the bickering flame. Then
+Sigurd and the Gjukungs (they are also called Niflungs) rode upon the
+mountain, and there Gunnar was to ride through the Vafurloge. He had the
+horse that was called Gote, but this horse did not dare to run into the
+flame. So Sigurd and Gunnar changed form and weapons, for Grane would
+not take a step under any other man than Sigurd. Then Sigurd mounted
+Grane and rode through the bickering flame. That same evening he held a
+wedding with Brynhild; but when they went to bed he drew his sword Gram
+from the sheath and placed it between them. In the morning when he had
+arisen, and had donned his clothes, he gave to Brynhild, as a bridal
+gift, the gold ring that Loke had taken from Andvare, and he received
+another ring as a memento from her. Then Sigurd mounted his horse and
+rode to his companions. He and Gunnar exchanged forms again and went
+back to Gjuke with Brynhild. Sigurd had two children with Gudrun. Their
+names were Sigmund and Swanhild.
+
+Once it happened that Brynhild and Gudrun went to the water to wash
+their hair. When they came to the river Brynhild waded from the river
+bank into the stream, and said that she could not bear to have that
+water in her hair that ran from Gudrun’s hair, for she had a more
+high-minded husband. Then Gudrun followed her into the stream, and said
+that she was entitled to wash her hair farther up the stream than
+Brynhild, for the reason that she had the husband who was bolder than
+Gunnar, or any other man in the world; for it was he who slew Fafner and
+Regin, and inherited the wealth of both. Then answered Brynhild: A
+greater deed it was that Gunnar rode through the Vafurloge, which Sigurd
+did not dare to do. Then laughed Gudrun and said: Do you think it was
+Gunnar who rode through the bickering flame? Then I think you shared the
+bed with him who gave me this gold ring. The gold ring which you have on
+your finger, and which you received as a bridal-gift, is called
+Andvaranaut (Andvare’s Gift), and I do not think Gunnar got it on
+Gnita-heath. Then Brynhild became silent and went home. Thereupon she
+egged Gunnar and Hogne to kill Sigurd; but being sworn brothers of
+Sigurd, they egged Guthorm, their brother, to slay Sigurd. Guthorm
+pierced him with his sword while he was sleeping; but as soon as Sigurd
+was wounded he threw his sword, Gram, after Guthorm, so that it cut him
+in twain through the middle. There Sigurd fell, and his son, three
+winters old, by name Sigmund, whom they also killed. Then Brynhild
+pierced herself with the sword and was cremated with Sigurd. But Gunnar
+and Hogne inherited Fafner’s gold and the Gift of Andvare, and now ruled
+the lands.
+
+King Atle, Budle’s son, Brynhild’s brother, then got in marriage Gudrun,
+who had been Sigurd’s wife, and they had children. King Atle invited
+Gunnar and Hogne to visit him, and they accepted his invitation. But
+before they started on their journey they concealed Fafner’s hoard in
+the Rhine, and that gold has never since been found. King Atle had
+gathered together an army and fought a battle with Gunnar and Hogne, and
+they were captured. Atle had the heart cut out of Hogne alive. This was
+his death. Gunnar he threw into a den of snakes, but a harp was secretly
+brought to him, and he played the harp with his toes (for his hands were
+fettered), so that all the snakes fell asleep excepting the adder, which
+rushed at him and bit him in the breast, and then thrust its head into
+the wound and clung to his liver until he died. Gunnar and Hogne are
+called Niflungs (Niblungs) and Gjukungs. Hence gold is called the
+Niflung treasure or inheritance. A little later Gudrun slew her two sons
+and made from their skulls goblets trimmed with gold, and thereupon the
+funeral ceremonies took place. At the feast, Gudrun poured for King Atle
+in these goblets mead that was mixed with the blood of the youths. Their
+hearts she roasted and gave to the king to eat. When this was done she
+told him all about it, with many unkind words. There was no lack of
+strong mead, so that the most of the people sitting there fell asleep.
+On that night she went to the king when he had fallen asleep, and had
+with her her son Hogne. They slew him, and thus he ended his life. Then
+they set fire to the hall, and with it all the people who were in it
+were burned. Then she went to the sea and sprang into the water to drown
+herself; but she was carried across the fjord, and came to the land
+which belonged to King Jonaker. When he saw her he took her home and
+made her his wife. They had three children, whose names were Sorle,
+Hamder and Erp. They all had hair as black as ravens, like Gunnar and
+Hogne and the other Niflungs.
+
+There was fostered Swanhild, the daughter of Sigurd, and she was the
+fairest of all women. That Jormunrek, the rich, found out. He sent his
+son, Randver, to ask for her hand for him; and when he came to Jonaker,
+Swanhild was delivered to him, so that he might bring her to King
+Jormunrek. Then said Bikke that it would be more fitting that Randver
+should marry Swanhild, he being young and she too, but Jormunrek being
+old. This plan pleased the two young people well. Soon afterward Bikke
+informed the king of it, and so King Jormunrek seized his son and had
+him brought to the gallows. Then Randver took his hawk, plucked the
+feathers off him, and requested that it should be sent to his father,
+whereupon he was hanged. But when King Jormunrek saw the hawk, it came
+to his mind that as the hawk was flightless and featherless, so his
+kingdom was without preservation; for he was old and sonless. Then King
+Jormunrek riding out of the woods from the chase with his courtiers,
+while Queen Swanhild sat dressing her hair, had the courtiers ride onto
+her, and she was trampled to death beneath the feet of the horses. When
+Gudrun heard of this, she begged her sons to avenge Swanhild. While they
+were busking themselves for the journey, she brought them byrnies and
+helmets, so strong that iron could not scathe them. She laid the plan
+for them, that when they came to King Jormunrek, they should attack him
+in the night whilst he was sleeping. Sorle and Hamder should cut off his
+hands and feet, and Erp his head. On the way they asked Erp what
+assistance they were to get from him, when they came to King Jormunrek.
+He answered them that he would give them such assistance as the hand
+gives the foot. They said that the feet got no support from the hands
+whatsoever. They were angry at their mother, because she had forced them
+to undertake this journey with harsh words, and hence they were going to
+do that which would displease her most. So they killed Erp, for she
+loved him the most. A little later, while Sorle was walking, he slipped
+with one foot, and in falling supported himself with his hands. Then
+said he: Now the hands helped the foot; better were it now if Erp were
+living. When they came to Jormunrek, the king, in the night, while he
+was sleeping, they cut off both his hands and his feet. Then he awaked,
+called his men and bade them arise. Said Hamder then: The head would now
+have been off had Erp lived. The courtiers got up, attacked them, but
+could not overcome them with weapons. Then Jormunrek cried to them that
+they should stone them to death. This was done, Sorle and Hamder fell,
+and thus perished the last descendants of Gjuke.
+
+After King Sigurd lived a daughter hight Aslaug, who was fostered at
+Heimer’s in Hlymdaler. From her mighty races are descended. It is said
+that Sigmund, the son of Volsung, was so powerful, that he drank venom
+and received no harm therefrom. But Sinfjotle, his son, and Sigurd, were
+so hard-skinned that no venom coming onto them could harm them.
+Therefore the skald Brage has sung as follows:
+
+  When the tortuous serpent,
+  Full of the drink of the Volsungs,[96]
+  Hung in coils
+  On the bait of the giant-slayer,[97]
+
+Upon these sagas very many skalds have made lays, and from them they
+have taken various themes. Brage the Old made the following song about
+the fall of Sorle and Hamder in the drapa, which he composed about
+Ragnar Lodbrok:
+
+  Jormunrek once,
+  In an evil dream, waked
+  In that sword-contest
+  Against the blood-stained kings.
+  A clashing of arms was heard
+  In the house of Randver’s father,
+  When the raven-blue brothers of Erp
+  The insult avenged.
+
+  Sword-dew flowed
+  Off the bed on the floor.
+  Bloody hands and feet of the king
+  One saw cut off.
+  On his head fell Jormunrek,
+  Frothing in blood.
+  On the shield
+  This is painted.
+
+  The king saw
+  Men so stand
+  That a ring they made
+  ’Round his house.
+  Sorle and Hamder
+  Were both at once,
+  With slippery stones,
+  Struck to the ground.
+
+  King Jormunrek
+  Ordered Gjuke’s descendants
+  Violently to be stoned
+  When they came to take the life
+  Of Swanhild’s husband.
+  All sought to pay
+  Jonaker’s sons
+  With blows and wounds.
+
+  This fall of men
+  And sagas many
+  On the fair shield I see.
+  Ragnar gave me the shield.
+
+    [Footnote 96: The drink of the Volsungs = venom; the tortuous
+    venom-serpent = the Midgard-serpent.]
+
+    [Footnote 97: Thor.]
+
+
+MENJA AND FENJA.
+
+Why is gold called Frode’s meal? The saga giving rise to this is the
+following:
+
+Odin had a son by name Skjold, from whom the Skjoldungs are descended.
+He had his throne and ruled in the lands that are now called Denmark,
+but were then called Gotland. Skjold had a son by name Fridleif, who
+ruled the lands after him. Fridleif’s son was Frode. He took the kingdom
+after his father, at the time when the Emperor Augustus established
+peace in all the earth and Christ was born. But Frode being the
+mightiest king in the northlands, this peace was attributed to him by
+all who spake the Danish tongue, and the Norsemen called it the peace of
+Frode. No man injured the other, even though he might meet, loose or in
+chains, his father’s or brother’s bane. There was no thief or robber,
+so that a gold ring would be a long time on Jalanger’s heath. King Frode
+sent messengers to Svithjod, to the king whose name was Fjolner, and
+bought there two maid-servants, whose names were Fenja and Menja. They
+were large and strong. About this time were found in Denmark two
+mill-stones, so large that no one had the strength to turn them. But the
+nature belonged to these mill-stones that they ground whatever was
+demanded of them by the miller. The name of this mill was Grotte. But
+the man to whom King Frode gave the mill was called Hengekjapt. King
+Frode had the maid-servants led to the mill, and requested them to grind
+for him gold and peace, and Frode’s happiness. Then he gave them no
+longer time to rest or sleep than while the cuckoo was silent or while
+they sang a song. It is said that they sang the song called the
+Grottesong, and before they ended it they ground out a host against
+Frode; so that on the same night there came the sea-king, whose name was
+Mysing, and slew Frode and took a large amount of booty. Therewith the
+Frode-peace ended. Mysing took with him Grotte, and also Fenja and
+Menja, and bade them grind salt, and in the middle of the night they
+asked Mysing whether he did not have salt enough. He bade them grind
+more. They ground only a short time longer before the ship sank. But in
+the ocean arose a whirlpool (Maelstrom, mill-stream) in the place where
+the sea runs into the mill-eye. Thus the sea became salt.
+
+
+THE GROTTESONG.
+
+  Now are come
+  To the house of the king
+  The prescient two,
+  Fenja and Menja.
+  There must the mighty
+  Maidens toil
+  For King Frode,
+  Fridleif’s son.
+
+  Brought to the mill
+  Soon they were;
+  The gray stones
+  They had to turn.
+  Nor rest nor peace
+  He gave to them:
+  He would hear the maidens
+  Turn the mill.
+
+  They turned the mill,
+  The prattling stones
+  The mill ever rattling.
+  What a noise it made!
+  Lay the planks!
+  Lift the stones![98]
+  But he[99] bade the maids
+  Yet more to grind.
+
+  They sang and swung
+  The swift mill-stone,
+  So that Frode’s folk
+  Fell asleep.
+  Then, when she came
+  To the mill to grind,
+  With a hard heart
+  And with loud voice
+  Did Menja sing:
+
+  We grind for Frode
+  Wealth and happiness,
+  And gold abundant
+  On the mill of luck.
+  Dance on roses!
+  Sleep on down!
+  Wake when you please!
+  That is well ground.
+
+  Here shall no one
+  Hurt the other,
+  Nor in ambush lie,
+  Nor seek to kill;
+  Nor shall any one
+  With sharp sword hew,
+  Though bound he should find
+  His brother’s bane.
+
+  They stood in the hall,
+  Their hands were resting;
+  Then was it the first
+  Word that he spoke:
+  Sleep not longer
+  Than the cuckoo on the hall,
+  Or only while
+  A song I sing:
+
+  Frode! you were not
+  Wary enough,--
+  You friend of men,--
+  When maids you bought!
+  At their strength you looked,
+  And at their fair faces,
+  But you asked no questions
+  About their descent.
+
+  Hard was Hrungner
+  And his father;
+  Yet was Thjasse
+  Stronger than they,
+  And Ide and Orner,
+  Our friends, and
+  The mountain-giants’ brothers,
+  Who fostered us two.
+
+  Not would Grotte have come
+  From the mountain gray,
+  Nor this hard stone
+  Out from the earth;
+  The maids of the mountain-giants
+  Would not thus be grinding
+  If we two knew
+  Nothing of the mill.
+
+  Through winters nine
+  Our strength increased,
+  While below the sod
+  We played together.
+  Great deeds were the maids
+  Able to perform;
+  Mountains they
+  From their places moved.
+
+  The stone we rolled
+  From the giants’ dwelling,
+  So that all the earth
+  Did rock and quake.
+  So we hurled
+  The rattling stone,
+  The heavy block,
+  That men caught it.
+
+  In Svithjod’s land
+  Afterward we
+  Fire-wise women,
+  Fared to the battle,
+  Byrnies we burst,
+  Shields we cleaved,
+  Made our way
+  Through gray-clad hosts.
+
+  One chief we slew,
+  Another we aided,--
+  To Guthorm the Good
+  Help we gave.
+  Ere Knue had fallen
+  Nor rest we got.
+  Then bound we were
+  And taken prisoners.
+
+  Such were our deeds
+  In former days,
+  That we heroes brave
+  Were thought to be.
+  With spears sharp
+  Heroes we pierced,
+  So the gore did run
+  And our swords grew red.
+
+  Now we are come
+  To the house of the king,
+  No one us pities.
+  Bond-women are we.
+  Dirt eats our feet,
+  Our limbs are cold,
+  The peace-giver[100] we turn.
+  Hard it is at Frode’s.
+
+  The hands shall stop,
+  The stone shall stand;
+  Now have I ground
+  For my part enough.
+  Yet to the hands
+  No rest must be given,
+  ’Till Frode thinks
+  Enough has been ground.
+
+  Now hold shall the hands
+  The lances hard,
+  The weapons bloody,--
+  Wake now, Frode!
+  Wake now, Frode!
+  If you would listen
+  To our songs,--
+  To sayings old.
+
+  Fire I see burn
+  East of the burg,--
+  The warnews are awake.
+  That is called warning.
+  A host hither
+  Hastily approaches
+  To burn the king’s
+  Lofty dwelling.
+
+  No longer you will sit
+  On the throne of Hleidra
+  And rule o’er red
+  Rings and the mill.
+  Now must we grind
+  With all our might,
+  No warmth will we get
+  From the blood of the slain.
+
+  Now my father’s daughter
+  Bravely turns the mill.
+  The death of many
+  Men she sees.
+  Now broke the large
+  Braces ’neath the mill,--
+  The iron-bound braces.
+  Let us yet grind!
+
+  Let us yet grind!
+  Yrsa’s son
+  Shall on Frode revenge
+  Halfdan’s death.
+  He shall Yrsa’s
+  Offspring be named,
+  And yet Yrsa’s brother.
+  Both of us know it.
+
+  The mill turned the maidens,--
+  Their might they tested;
+  Young they were,
+  And giantesses wild.
+  The braces trembled.
+  Then fell the mill,--
+  In twain was broken
+  The heavy stone.
+
+  All the old world
+  Shook and trembled,
+  But the giant’s maid
+  Speedily said:
+  We have turned the mill, Frode!
+  Now we may stop.
+  By the mill long enough
+  The maidens have stood.
+
+    [Footnote 98: These words are spoken by the maidens while they put
+    the mill together.]
+
+    [Footnote 99: Frode.]
+
+    [Footnote 100: The mill.]
+
+
+ROLF KRAKE.
+
+A king in Denmark hight Rolf Krake, and was the most famous of all kings
+of olden times; moreover, he was more mild, brave and condescending than
+all other men. A proof of his condescension, which is very often spoken
+of in olden stories, was the following: There was a poor little fellow
+by name Vog. He once came into King Rolf’s hall while the king was yet a
+young man, and of rather delicate growth. Then Vog went before him and
+looked up at him. Then said the king: What do you mean to say, my
+fellow, by looking so at me? Answered Vog: When I was at home I heard
+people say that King Rolf, at Hleidra, was the greatest man in the
+northlands, but now sits here in the high-seat a little crow (krake),
+and it they call their king. Then made answer the king: You, my fellow,
+have given me a name, and I shall henceforth be called Rolf Krake, but
+it is customary that a gift accompanies the name. Seeing that you have
+no gift that you can give me with the name, or that would be suitable to
+me, then he who has must give to the other. Then he took a gold ring off
+his hand and gave it to the churl. Then said Vog: You give as the best
+king of all, and therefore I now pledge myself to become the bane of him
+who becomes your bane. Said the king, laughing: A small thing makes Vog
+happy.
+
+Another example is told of Rolf Krake’s bravery. In Upsala reigned a
+king by name Adils, whose wife was Yrsa, Rolf Krake’s mother. He was
+engaged in a war with Norway’s king, Ale. They fought a battle on the
+ice of the lake called Wenern. King Adils sent a message to Rolf Krake,
+his stepson, asking him to come and help him, and promising to furnish
+pay for his whole army during the campaign. Furthermore King Rolf
+himself should have any three treasures that he might choose in Sweden.
+But Rolf Krake could not go to his assistance, on account of the war
+which he was then waging against the Saxons. Still he sent twelve
+berserks to King Adils. Among them were Bodvar Bjarke, Hjalte the
+Valiant, Hvitserk the Keen, Vot, Vidsete, and the brothers Svipday and
+Beigud. In that war fell King Ale and a large part of his army. Then
+King Adils took from the dead King Ale the helmet called Hildesvin, and
+his horse called Rafn. Then the berserks each demanded three pounds of
+gold in pay for their service, and also asked for the treasures which
+they had chosen for Rolf Krake, and which they now desired to bring to
+him. These were the helmet Hildegolt; the byrnie Finnsleif, which no
+steel could scathe; and the gold ring called Sviagris, which had
+belonged to Adils’ forefathers. But the king refused to surrender any of
+these treasures, nor did he give the berserks any pay. The berserks then
+returned home, and were much dissatisfied. They reported all to King
+Rolf, who straightway busked himself to fare against Upsala; and when he
+came with his ships into the river Fyre, he rode against Upsala, and
+with him his twelve berserks, all peaceless. Yrsa, his mother, received
+him and took him to his lodgings, but not to the king’s hall. Large
+fires were kindled for them, and ale was brought them to drink. Then
+came King Adils’ men in and bore fuel onto the fireplace, and made a
+fire so great that it burnt the clothes of Rolf and his berserks,
+saying: Is it true that neither fire nor steel will put Rolf Krake and
+his berserks to flight? Then Rolf Krake and all his men sprang up, and
+he said:
+
+  Let us increase the blaze
+  In Adils’ chambers.
+
+He took his shield and cast it into the fire, and sprang over the fire
+while the shield was burning, and cried:
+
+  From the fire flees not he
+  Who over it leaps.
+
+The same did also his men, one after the other, and then they took those
+who had put fuel on the fire and cast them into it. Now Yrsa came and
+handed Rolf Krake a deer’s horn full of gold, and with it she gave him
+the ring Sviagris, and requested them to ride straightway to their army.
+They sprang upon their horses and rode away over the Fyrisvold. Then
+they saw that King Adils was riding after them with his whole army, all
+armed, and was going to slay them. Rolf Krake took gold out of the horn
+with his right hand, and scattered it over the whole way. But when the
+Swedes saw it they leaped out of their saddles, and each one took as
+much as he could. King Adils bade them ride, and he himself rode on with
+all his might. The name of his horse was Slungner, the fastest of all
+horses. When Rolf Krake saw that King Adils was riding near him, he took
+the ring Sviagris and threw it to him, asking him to take it as a gift.
+King Adils rode to the ring, picked it up with the end of his spear, and
+let it slide down to his hand. Then Rolf Krake turned round and saw that
+the other was stooping. Said he: Like a swine I have now bended the
+foremost of all Swedes. Thus they parted. Hence gold is called the seed
+of Krake or of Fyrisvold.
+
+
+HOGNE AND HILD.
+
+A king by name Hogne had a daughter by name Hild. Her a king, by name
+Hedin, son of Hjarrande, made a prisoner of war, while King Hogne had
+fared to the trysting of the kings. But when he learned that there had
+been harrying in his kingdom, and that his daughter had been taken away,
+he rode with his army in search of Hedin, and learned that he had sailed
+northward along the coast. When King Hogne came to Norway, he found out
+that Hedin had sailed westward into the sea. Then Hogne sailed after him
+to the Orkneys. And when he came to the island called Ha, then Hedin was
+there before him with his host. Then Hild went to meet her father, and
+offered him as a reconciliation from Hedin a necklace; but if he was not
+willing to accept this, she said that Hedin was prepared for a battle,
+and Hogne might expect no clemency from him. Hogne answered his daughter
+harshly. When she returned to Hedin, she told him that Hogne would not
+be reconciled, and bade him busk himself for the battle. And so both
+parties did; they landed on the island and marshaled their hosts. Then
+Hedin called to Hogne, his father-in-law, offering him a reconciliation
+and much gold as a ransom. Hogne answered: Too late do you offer to make
+peace with me, for now I have drawn the sword Dainsleif, which was
+smithied by the dwarfs, and must be the death of a man whenever it is
+drawn; its blows never miss the mark, and the wounds made by it never
+heal. Said Hedin: You boast the sword, but not the victory. That I call
+a good sword that is always faithful to its master. Then they began the
+battle which is called the Hjadninga-vig (the slaying of the
+Hedin_ians_); they fought the whole day, and in the evening the kings
+fared back to their ships. But in the night Hild went to the
+battlefield, and waked up with sorcery all the dead that had fallen. The
+next day the kings went to the battlefield and fought, and so did also
+all they who had fallen the day before. Thus the battle continued from
+day to day; and all they who fell, and all the swords that lay on the
+field of battle, and all the shields, became stone. But as soon as day
+dawned all the dead arose again and fought, and all the weapons became
+new again, and in songs it is said that the Hjadnings will so continue
+until Ragnarok.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+ENEA.
+
+The Enea mentioned in the Foreword to Gylfe’s Fooling refers to the
+settlement of western Europe, where Æneas is said to have founded a city
+on the Tiber. Bergmann, however, in his Fascination de Gulfi, page 28,
+refers it to the Thracian town Ainos.
+
+
+HERIKON.
+
+Herikon is undoubtedly a mutilated form for Erichthonios. The genealogy
+here given corresponds with the one given in the Iliad, Book 20, 215.
+
+
+THE HISTORICAL ODIN.
+
+The historical or anthropomorphized Odin, described in the Foreword to
+the Fooling of Gylfe, becomes interesting when we compare it with
+Snorre’s account of that hero in Heimskringla, and then compare both
+accounts with the Roman traditions about Æneas. Of course the whole
+story is only a myth; but we should remember that in the minds and
+hearts of our ancestors it served every purpose of genuine history. Our
+fathers accepted it in as good faith as any Christian ever believed in
+the gospel of Christ, and so it had a similar influence in moulding the
+social, religious, political and literary life of our ancestors. We
+become interested in this legend as much as if it were genuine history,
+on account of the influence it wielded upon the minds and hearts of a
+race destined to act so great a part in the social, religious and
+political drama of Europe. We look into this and other ancestral myths,
+and see mirrored in them all that we afterward find to be reliable
+history of the old Teutons. In the same manner we are interested in the
+story told about Romulus and Remus, about Mars and the wolf. This Roman
+myth is equally prophetic in reference to the future career of Rome. The
+warlike Mars, the rapacity of the wolf, and the fratricide Romulus, form
+a mirror in which we see reflected the whole historical development of
+the Romans; so that the story of Romulus is a vest-pocket edition of the
+history of Rome.
+
+There are many points of resemblance between this old story of Odin and
+the account that Virgil gives us of Æneas, the founder of the Latin
+race; and it is believed that, while Virgil imitated Homer, he based his
+poem upon a legend current among his countrymen. The Greeks in Virgil’s
+poem are Pompey and the Romans in our Teutonic story. The Trojans
+correspond to Mithridates and his allies. Æneas and Odin are identical.
+Just as Odin, a heroic defender of Mithridates, after traversing various
+unknown countries, finally reaches the north of Europe, organizes the
+various Teutonic kingdoms, settles his sons upon the thrones of Germany,
+England, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, and instructs his people to gather
+strength and courage, so as eventually to take revenge on the cursed
+Romans; so Æneas, one of the most valiant defenders of Troy, after many
+adventures in various lands, at length settles in Italy, and becomes the
+founder of a race that in course of time is to wreak vengeance upon the
+Greeks. The prophecy contained in the Roman legend was fulfilled by
+Metellus and Mummius, in the years 147 and 146 before Christ, when the
+Romans became the conquerors of Greece. The prophecy contained in our
+Teutonic legend foreshadowed with no less unrelenting necessity the
+downfall of proud Rome, when the Teutonic commander Odoacer, in the year
+476 after Christ, dethroned, not Romulus, brother of Remus, but Romulus
+Augustulus, son of Orestes. Thus history repeats itself. Roman history
+begins and ends with Romulus; and we fancy we can see some connection
+between Od-in and Od-oacer. “As the twig is bent the tree is inclined.”
+
+It might be interesting to institute a similar comparison between our
+Teutonic race-founder Odin and Ulysses, king of Ithaca, but the reader
+will have to do this for himself.
+
+In one respect our heroes differ. The fall of Troy and the wanderings of
+Ulysses became the theme of two great epic poems among the Greeks. The
+wanderings and adventures of Æneas, son of Anchises, were fashioned into
+a lordly epic by Virgil for the Romans. But the much-traveled man, the
+ἀνὴρ πολύτροπος, the weapons and the hero, Odin, who, driven by the
+norns, first came to Teutondom and to the Baltic shores, has not yet
+been sung. This wonderful expedition of our race-founder, which, by
+giving a historic cause to all the later hostilities and conflicts
+between the Teutons and the Romans, might, as suggested by Gibbon,
+supply the noble ground-work of an epic poem as thrilling as the Æneid
+of Virgil, has not yet been woven into a song for our race, and we give
+our readers this full account of Odin from the Heimskringla in
+connection with the Foreword to Gylfe’s Fooling, with the hope that
+among our readers there may be found some descendant of Odin, whose
+skaldic wings are but just fledged for the flights he hopes to take,
+who will take a draught, first from Mimer’s gushing fountain, then from
+Suttung’s mead, brought by Odin to Asgard, and consecrate himself and
+his talents to this legend with all the ardor of his soul. For, as
+William Morris so beautifully says of the Volsung Saga, this is the
+great story of the Teutonic race, and should be to us what the tale of
+Troy was to the Greeks, and what the tale of Æneas was to the Romans,
+to all our race first and afterward, when the evolution of the world has
+made the Teutonic race nothing more than a name of what it has been; a
+story, too, then, should it be to the races that come after us, no less
+than the Iliad, and the Odyssey and the Æneid have been to us.[101] We
+sincerely trust that we shall see Odin wrought into a Teutonic epic,
+that will present in grand outline the contrast between the Roman and
+the Teuton. And now we are prepared to give the Heimskringla account of
+the historical Odin. We have adopted Samuel Laing’s translation, with a
+few verbal alterations where such seemed necessary.
+
+    [Footnote 101: Quoted from memory.]
+
+It is said that the earth’s circle (Heimskringla), which the human race
+inhabits, is torn across into many bights, so that great seas run into
+the land from the out-ocean. Thus it is known that a great sea goes into
+Njorvasound,[102] and up to the land of Jerusalem. From the same sea a
+long sea-bight stretches toward the northeast, and is called the Black
+Sea, and divides the three parts of the earth; of which the eastern part
+is called Asia, and the western is called by some Europe, by some
+Enea.[103] Northward of the Black Sea lies Svithjod the Great,[104] or
+the Cold. The Great Svithjod is reckoned by some not less than the
+Saracens’ land,[105] others compare it to the Great Blueland.[106] The
+northern part of Svithjod lies uninhabited on account of frost and cold,
+as likewise the southern parts of Blueland are waste from the burning
+sun. In Svithjod are many great domains, and many wonderful races of
+men, and many kinds of languages. There are giants,[107] and there are
+dwarfs,[108] and there are also blue men.[109] There are wild beasts and
+dreadfully large dragons. On the north side of the mountains, which lie
+outside of all inhabited lands, runs a river through Svithjod, which is
+properly called by the name of Tanais,[110] but was formerly called
+Tanaquisl or Vanaquisl, and which falls into the ocean at the Black Sea.
+The country of the people on the Vanaquisl was called Vanaland or
+Vanaheim, and the river separates the three parts of the world, of which
+the easternmost is called Asia and the westernmost Europe.
+
+    [Footnote 102: Njorvasound, the Straits of Gibraltar; so called
+    from the first Norseman who sailed through them. His name was
+    Njorve. See Ann. for nordisk Oldkyndighed, Vol. I, p. 58.]
+
+    [Footnote 103: See note, page 221.]
+
+      [Transcriber’s Note:
+      The reference is to the first “Note”, on Enea.]
+
+    [Footnote 104: Svithjod the Great, or the Cold, is the ancient
+    Sarmatia and Scythia Magna, and formed the great part of the
+    present European Russia. In the mythological sagas it is also
+    called Godheim; that is, the home of Odin and the other gods.
+    Svithjod the Less is Sweden proper, and is called Mannheim; that
+    is, the home of the kings, the descendants of the gods.]
+
+    [Footnote 105: The Saracens’ land (Serkland) means North Africa
+    and Spain, and the Saracen countries in Asia; that is, Persia,
+    Assyria, etc.]
+
+    [Footnote 106: Blueland, the country of the blacks in Africa, the
+    country south of Serkland, the modern Ethiopia.]
+
+    [Footnote 107: Tartareans.]
+
+    [Footnote 108: Kalmuks.]
+
+    [Footnote 109: Mongolians.]
+
+    [Footnote 110: The Tanais is the present Don river, which empties
+    into the Sea of Asov.]
+
+The country east of the Tanaquisl in Asia was called Asaland or Asaheim,
+and the chief city in that land was called Asgard.[111] In that city was
+a chief called Odin, and it was a great place for sacrifice. It was the
+custom there that twelve temple-priests[112] should both direct the
+sacrifices and also judge the people. They were called priests or
+masters, and all the people served and obeyed them. Odin was a great and
+very far-traveled warrior, who conquered many kingdoms, and so
+successful was he that in every battle the victory was on his side.
+It was the belief of his people that victory belonged to him in every
+battle. It was his custom when he sent his men into battle, or on any
+expedition, that he first laid his hand upon their heads, and called
+down a blessing upon them; and then they believed their undertaking
+would be successful. His people also were accustomed, whenever they fell
+into danger by land or sea, to call upon his name; and they thought that
+always they got comfort and aid by it, for where he was they thought
+help was near. Often he went away so long that he passed many seasons on
+his journeys.
+
+    [Footnote 111: Asgard is supposed, by those who look for
+    historical fact in mythological tales, to be the present Assor;
+    others, that it is Chasgar in the Caucasian ridge, called by
+    Strabo Aspargum the Asburg, or castle of the asas. We still have
+    in the Norse tongue the word Aas, meaning a ridge of high land.
+    The word asas is not derived from Asia, as Snorre supposed. It is
+    the O.H. Ger. _ans_; Anglo-Sax. _os_ = a hero. The word also
+    means a pillar; and in this latter sense the gods are the pillars
+    of the universe. Connected with the word is undoubtedly Aas, a
+    mountain-ridge, as supporter of the skies; and this reminds us of
+    _Atlas_, as bearer of the world.]
+
+    [Footnote 112: The temple-priests performed the functions of
+    priest and judge, and their office continued hereditary throughout
+    the heathen period of Norse history.]
+
+Odin had two brothers, the one hight Ve, the other Vile,[113] and they
+governed the kingdom when he was absent. It happened once when Odin had
+gone to a great distance, and had been so long away that the people of
+Asia doubted if he would ever return home, that his two brothers took it
+upon themselves to divide his estate; but both of them took his wife
+Frigg to themselves. Odin soon after returned home, and took his wife
+back.
+
+    [Footnote 113: See Norse Mythology, page 174.]
+
+Odin went out with a great army against the Vanaland people; but they
+were well prepared, and defended their land, so that victory was
+changeable, and they ravaged the lands of each other and did great
+damage. They tired of this at last, and, on both sides appointing a
+meeting for establishing peace, made a truce and exchanged hostages. The
+Vanaland people sent their best men,--Njord the Rich and his son Frey;
+the people of Asaland sent a man hight Hœner,[114] as he was a stout and
+very handsome man, and with him they sent a man of great understanding,
+called Mimer; and on the other side the Vanaland people sent the wisest
+man in their community, who was called Quaser. Now when Hœner came to
+Vanaheim he was immediately made a chief, and Mimer came to him with
+good counsel on all occasions. But when Hœner stood in the Things, or
+other meetings, if Mimer was not near him, and any difficult matter was
+laid before him, he always answered in one way: Now let others give
+their advice; so that the Vanaland people got a suspicion that the
+Asaland people had deceived them in the exchange of men. They took
+Mimer, therefore, and beheaded him, and sent his head to the Asaland
+people. Odin took the head, smeared it with herbs, so that it should not
+rot, and sang incantations over it. Thereby he gave it the power that it
+spoke to him, and discovered to him many secrets.[115] Odin placed Njord
+and Frey as priests of the sacrifices, and they became deities of the
+Asaland people. Njord’s daughter, Freyja, was priestess of the
+sacrifices, and first taught the Asaland people the magic art, as it was
+in use and fashion among the Vanaland people. While Njord was with the
+Vanaland people he had taken his own sister in marriage, for that was
+allowed by their law; and their children were Frey and Freyja. But among
+the Asaland people it was forbidden to come together in so near
+relationship.[116]
+
+    [Footnote 114: See Brage’s Talk, p. 160; and Norse Mythology,
+    pp. 247 and 342.]
+
+    [Footnote 115: In the Vala’s Prophecy of the Elder Edda it is
+    said that Odin talks with the head of Mimer before the coming of
+    Ragnarok. See Norse Mythology, p. 421.]
+
+    [Footnote 116: This shows that the vans must have belonged to the
+    mythological system of some older race that, like the ancient
+    Romans (Liber and Libera), recognized the propriety of marriage
+    between brothers and sisters, at least among their gods. Such
+    marriages were not allowed among our Odinic ancestors. Hence we
+    see that when Njord, Frey and Freyja were admitted to Asgard, they
+    entered into new marriage relations. Njord married Skade, Frey
+    married Gerd, and Freyja married Oder. Our ancestors were never
+    savages!]
+
+There goes a great mountain barrier from northeast to southwest, which
+divides the Great Svithjod from other kingdoms. South of this mountain
+ridge is not far to Turkland, where Odin had great possessions.[117] But
+Odin, having foreknowledge and magic-sight, knew that his posterity
+would come to settle and dwell in the northern half of the world. In
+those times the Roman chiefs went wide around the world, subduing to
+themselves all people; and on this account many chiefs fled from their
+domains.[118] Odin set his brothers Vile and Ve over Asgard, and he
+himself, with all the gods and a great many other people, wandered out,
+first westward to Gardarike (Russia), and then south to Saxland
+(Germany). He had many sons, and after having subdued an extensive
+kingdom in Saxland he set his sons to defend the country. He himself
+went northward to the sea, and took up his abode in an island which is
+called Odinse (see note below), in Funen. Then he sent Gefjun across the
+sound to the north to discover new countries, and she came to King
+Gylfe, who gave her a ploughland. Then she went to Jotunheim and bore
+four sons to a giant, and transformed them into a yoke of oxen, and
+yoked them to a plough and broke out the land into the ocean, right
+opposite to Odinse, which was called Seeland, where she afterward
+settled and dwelt.[119] Skjold, a son of Odin, married her, and they
+dwelt at Leidre.[120] Where the ploughed land was, is a lake or sea
+called Laage.[121] In the Swedish land the fjords of Laage correspond to
+the nesses of Seeland. Brage the old sings thus of it:
+
+  Gefjun glad
+  Drew from Gylfe
+  The excellent land,
+  Denmark’s increase,
+  So that it reeked
+  From the running beasts.
+  Four heads and eight eyes
+  Bore the oxen,
+  As they went before the wide
+  Robbed land of the grassy isle.[122]
+
+    [Footnote 117: Turkland was usually supposed to mean Moldau and
+    Wallachia. Some, who regard the great mountain barrier as being
+    the Ural Mountains, think Turkland is Turkistan in Asia. Asia
+    Minor is also frequently styled Turkland.]
+
+    [Footnote 118: Ancient Norse writers connect this event with
+    Mithridates and Pompey the Great. They tell how Odin was a heroic
+    prince who, with his twelve peers or apostles, dwelt in the Black
+    Sea region. He became straightened for room, and so led the asas
+    out of Asia into eastern Europe. Then they go on to tell how the
+    Roman empire had arrived at its highest point of power, and saw
+    all the then known world--the orbis terrarum--subject to its laws,
+    when an unforeseen event raised up enemies against it from the
+    very heart of the forests of Scythia, and on the banks of the Don
+    river. The leader was Mithridates the Great, against whom the
+    Romans waged three wars, and the Romans looked upon him as the
+    most formidable enemy the empire had ever had to contend with.
+    Cicero delivered his famous oration, Pro lege Manilia, and
+    succeeded in getting Pompey appointed commander of the third war
+    against Mithridates. The latter, by flying, had drawn Pompey after
+    him into the wilds of Scythia. Here the king of Pontus sought
+    refuge and new means of vengeance. He hoped to arm against the
+    ambition of Rome all his neighboring nations whose liberties she
+    threatened. He was successful at first, but all those Scythian
+    peoples, ill-united as allies, ill-armed as soldiers, and still
+    worse disciplined, were at length forced to yield to the genius of
+    the great general Pompey. And here traditions tell us that Odin
+    and the other asas were among the allies of Mithridates. Odin had
+    been one of the gallant defenders of Troy, and at the same time,
+    with Æneas and Anchises, he had taken flight out of the burning
+    and falling city. Now he was obliged to withdraw a second time by
+    flight, but this time it was not from the Greeks, but from the
+    Romans, whom he had offended by assisting Mithridates. He was now
+    compelled to go and seek, in lands unknown to his enemies, that
+    safety which he could no longer find in the Scythian forests. He
+    then proceeded to the north of Europe, and laid the foundations of
+    the Teutonic nations. As fast as he subdued the countries in the
+    west and north of Europe he gave them to one or another of his
+    sons to govern. Thus it comes to pass that so many sovereign
+    families throughout Teutondom are said to be descended from Odin.
+    Hengist and Horsa, the chiefs of those Saxons who conquered
+    Britain in the fifth century, counted Odin in the number of their
+    ancestors. The traditions go on to tell how he conquered Denmark,
+    founded Odinse (Odinsve = Odin’s Sanctuary; comp. _ve_ with the
+    German _Wei_ in _Weinacht_), and gave the kingdom to his son
+    Skjold (shield); how he conquered Sweden, founded the Sigtuna
+    temple, and gave the country to his son Yngve; how finally Norway
+    had to submit to him, and be ruled by a third son of Odin, Saming.
+
+    It has been seriously contended,--and it would form an important
+    element in an epic based on the historical Odin,--that a desire of
+    being revenged on the Romans was one of the ruling principles of
+    Odin’s whole conduct. Driven by those foes of universal liberty
+    from his former home in the east, his resentment was the more
+    violent, since the Teutons thought it a sacred duty to revenge all
+    injuries, especially those offered to kinsmen or country. Odin had
+    no other view in traversing so many distant lands, and in
+    establishing with so much zeal his doctrines of valor, than to
+    arouse all Teutonic nations, and unite them against so formidable
+    and odious a race as the Romans. And we, who live in the light of
+    the nineteenth century, and with the records before us, can read
+    the history of the convulsions of Europe during the decline of the
+    Roman empire; we can understand how that leaven, which Odin left
+    in the bosoms of the believers in the asa-faith, first fermented a
+    long time in secret; but we can also see how in the fullness of
+    time, the signal given, the descendants of Odin fell like a swarm
+    of locusts upon this unhappy empire, and, after giving it many
+    terrible shocks, eventually overturned it, thus completely
+    avenging the insult offered so many centuries before by Pompey to
+    their founder Odin. We can understand how it became possible for
+    “those vast multitudes, which the populous north poured from her
+    frozen loins, to pass the Rhine and the Danube, and come like a
+    deluge on the south, and spread beneath Gibraltar and the Libyan
+    sands;” how it were possible, we say, for them so largely to
+    remodel and invigorate a considerable part of Europe, nay, how
+    they could succeed in overrunning and overturning “the rich but
+    rotten, the mighty but marrowless, the disciplined but diseased,
+    Roman empire; that gigantic and heartless and merciless usurpation
+    of soulless materialism and abject superstition of universal
+    despotism, of systemized and relentless plunder, and of depravity
+    deep as hell.” In connection with this subject we would refer our
+    readers to Mallet’s Northern Antiquities, pp. 79-83, where
+    substantially the same account is given; to Norse Mythology, pp.
+    232-236; to George Stephen’s Runic Monuments, Vol. I; and to
+    Charles Kingsley’s The Roman and the Teuton.]
+
+    [Footnote 119: Compare this version of the myth with the one given
+    in the first chapter of The Fooling of Gylfe. Many explain the
+    myth to mean the breaking through of the Baltic between Sweden and
+    Denmark.]
+
+    [Footnote 120: Leidre or Leire, at the end of Isefjord, in the
+    county of Lithraborg, is considered the oldest royal seat in
+    Denmark.]
+
+    [Footnote 121: Laage is a general name for lakes and rivers. It
+    here stands for Lake Malar, in Sweden.]
+
+    [Footnote 122: The grassy isle is Seeland.]
+
+Now when Odin heard that things were in a prosperous condition in the
+land to the east beside Gylfe, he went thither, and Gylfe made a peace
+with him, for Gylfe thought he had no strength to oppose the people of
+Asaland. Odin and Gylfe had many tricks and enchantments against each
+other; but the Asaland people had always the superiority. Odin took up
+his residence at the Malar lake, at the place now called Sigtun.[123]
+There he erected a large temple, where there were sacrifices according
+to the customs of the Asaland people. He appropriated to himself the
+whole of that district of country, and called it Sigtun. To the temple
+gods he gave also domains. Njord dwelt in Noatun, Frey in Upsal, Heimdal
+in Himinbjorg, Thor in Thrudvang, Balder in Breidablik;[124] to all of
+them he gave good domains.
+
+    [Footnote 123: Sigtun. _Sige_, Ger. Sieg, (comp. Sigfrid,) means
+    victory, and is one of Odin’s names; _tun_ means an inclosure, and
+    is the same word as our modern English _town_. Thus Sigtun would,
+    in modern English, be called Odinstown; like our Johnstown,
+    Williamstown, etc.]
+
+    [Footnote 124: Noatun, Thrudvang, Breidablik and Himinbjorg are
+    purely mythological names, and for their significance the reader
+    is referred to The Fooling of Gylfe. Snorre follows the lay of
+    Grimner in the Elder Edda.]
+
+When Odin of Asaland came to the north, and the gods with him, he began
+to exercise and to teach others the arts which the people long afterward
+have practiced. Odin was the cleverest of all, and from him all others
+learned their magic arts; and he knew them first, and knew many more
+than other people. But now, to tell why he is held in such high respect,
+we must mention various causes that contributed to it. When sitting
+among his friends his countenance was so beautiful and friendly, that
+the spirits of all were exhilarated by it; but when he was in war, he
+appeared fierce and dreadful. This arose from his being able to change
+his color and form in any way he liked. Another cause was, that he
+conversed so cleverly and smoothly, that all who heard were persuaded.
+He spoke everything in rhyme, such as is now composed, and which we call
+skald-craft. He and his temple gods were called song-smiths, for from
+them came that art of song into the northern countries. Odin could make
+his enemies in battle blind or deaf, or terror-struck, and their weapons
+so blunt that they could no more cut than a willow-twig; on the other
+hand, his men rushed forward without armor, were as mad as dogs or
+wolves, bit their shields, and were strong as bears or wild bulls, and
+killed people at a blow, and neither fire nor iron told upon them. These
+were called berserks.[125]
+
+    [Footnote 125: Berserk. The etymology of this word has been much
+    contested. Some, upon the authority of Snorre in the above quoted
+    passage, derive it from berr (_bare_) and serkr (comp. _sark_,
+    Scotch for shirt); but this etymology is inadmissible, because
+    serkr is a substantive, not an adjective. Others derive it from
+    berr (Germ. _Bär_ = _ursus_), which is greatly to be preferred,
+    for in olden ages athletes and champions used to wear hides of
+    bears, wolves and reindeer (as skins of lions in the south), hence
+    the names Bjalfe, Bjarnhedinn, Ulfhedinn (hedinn, _pellis_),--
+    “pellibus aut parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur.” Cæsar, Bell.
+    Gall. VI, 22. Even the old poets understood the name so, as may be
+    seen in the poem of Hornklofi (beginning of the 10th century),
+    a dialogue between a valkyrie and a raven, where the valkyrie says
+    at berserkja reiðu vil ek þik spyrja, to which the raven replies,
+    Ulfhednar heita, _they are called wolf coats_. In battle the
+    berserks were subject to fits of frenzy, called _berserksgangr_
+    (_furor bersercicus_), when they howled like wild beasts, foamed at
+    the mouth, and gnawed the iron rim of their shields. During these
+    fits they were, according to a popular belief, proof against steel
+    and fire, and made great havoc in the ranks of the enemy. But when
+    the fever abated they were weak and tame. Vigfusson Cleasby’s
+    Icelandic-English Dictionary, _sub voce_.]
+
+Odin could transform his shape; his body would lie as if dead or asleep,
+but then he would be in the shape of a fish, or worm, or bird, or beast,
+and be off in a twinkling to distant lands upon his own or other
+peoples’ business. With words alone he could quench fire, still the
+ocean in tempest, and turn the wind to any quarter he pleased. Odin had
+a ship, which he called Skidbladner,[126] in which he sailed over wide
+seas, and which he could roll up like a cloth. Odin carried with him
+Mimer’s head, which told him all the news of other countries. Sometimes
+even he called the dead out of the earth, or set himself beside the
+burial-mounds; whence he was called the ghost-sovereign, and the lord of
+the mounds. He had two ravens,[127] to whom he had taught the speech of
+man; and they flew far and wide through the land, and brought him the
+news. In all such things he was preëminently wise. He taught all these
+arts in runes and songs, which are called incantations, and therefore
+the Asaland people are called incantation-smiths. Odin also understood
+the art in which the greatest power is lodged, and which he himself
+practiced, namely, what is called magic. By means of this he could know
+beforehand the predestined fate[128] of men, or their not yet completed
+lot, and also bring on the death, ill-luck or bad health of people, or
+take away the strength or wit from one person and give it to another.
+But after such witchcraft followed such weakness and anxiety, that it
+was not thought respectable for men to practice it; and therefore the
+priestesses were brought up in this art. Odin knew definitely where all
+missing cattle were concealed under the earth, and understood the songs
+by which the earth, the hills, the stones and mounds were opened to him;
+and he bound those who dwell in them by the power of his word, and went
+in and took what he pleased. From these arts he became very celebrated.
+His enemies dreaded him; his friends put their trust in him, and relied
+on his power and on himself. He taught the most of his arts to his
+priests of the sacrifices, and they came nearest to himself in all
+wisdom and witch-knowledge. Many others, however, occupied themselves
+much with it; and from that time witchcraft spread far and wide, and
+continued long. People sacrificed to Odin, and the twelve chiefs of
+Asaland,--called them their gods, and believed in them long after. From
+Odin’s name came the name Audun, which people gave to his sons; and from
+Thor’s name came Thorer, also Thorarinn; and it was also sometimes
+augmented by other additions, as Steinthor, Hafthor, and many kinds of
+alterations.
+
+    [Footnote 126: In the mythology this ship belongs to Frey, having
+    been made for him by the dwarfs.]
+
+    [Footnote 127: Hugin and Munin.]
+
+    [Footnote 128: The old Norse word is órlög, which is plural, (from
+    ör = Ger. _ur_, and lög, _laws_,) and means the primal law, fate,
+    weird, doom; the Greek μοῖρα. The idea of predestination was a
+    salient feature in the Odinic religion. The word örlog, O.H.G.
+    _urlac_, M.H.G. _urlone_, Dutch _orlog_, had special reference to
+    a man’s fate in war. Hence Orlogschiffe in German means a naval
+    fleet. The Danish orlog means warfare at sea.]
+
+Odin established the same law in his land that had been before in
+Asaland. Thus he established by law that all dead men should be burned,
+and their property laid with them upon the pile, and the ashes be cast
+into the sea or buried in the earth. Thus, said he, everyone will come
+to Valhal with the riches he had with him upon the pile; and he would
+also enjoy whatever he himself had buried in the earth. For men of
+consequence a mound should be raised to their memory, and for all other
+warriors who had been distinguished for manhood, a standing stone; which
+custom remained long after Odin’s time. Toward winter there should be a
+blood-sacrifice for a good year, and in the middle of winter for a good
+crop; and the third sacrifice should be in summer, for victory in
+battle. Over all Svithjod[129] the people paid Odin a scatt, or tax,--so
+much on each head; but he had to defend the country from enemy or
+disturbance, and pay the expense of the sacrifice-feasts toward winter
+for a good year.
+
+    [Footnote 129: Svithjod, which here means Sweden, is derived from
+    Odin’s name, Svidr and thjod = folk, people. Svithjod thus means
+    Odin’s people, and the country takes its name from the people.]
+
+Njord took a wife hight Skade; but she would not live with him, but
+married afterward Odin, and had many sons by him, of whom one was called
+Saming, and of this Eyvind Skaldespiller sings thus:
+
+  To Asason[130] Queen Skade bore
+  Saming, who dyed his shield in gore,--
+  The giant queen of rock and snow
+  Who loves to dwell on earth below,
+  The iron pine-tree’s daughter she,
+  Sprung from the rocks that rib the sea,
+  To Odin bore full many a son,--
+  Heroes of many a battle won.
+
+    [Footnote 130: Odin.]
+
+To Saming Jarl Hakon the Great reckoned up his pedigree.[131] This
+Svithjod (Sweden) they call Mannheim, but the great Svithjod they call
+Godheim, and of Godheim great wonders and novelties were related.
+
+    [Footnote 131: Norway was given to Saming by Odin.]
+
+Odin died in his bed in Sweden; and when he was near his death he made
+himself be marked with the point of a spear,[132] and said he was going
+to Godheim, and would give a welcome there to all his friends, and all
+brave warriors should be dedicated to him; and the Swedes believed that
+he was gone to the ancient Asgard, and would live there eternally. Then
+began the belief in Odin, and the calling upon him. The Swedes believed
+that he often showed himself to them before any great battle. To some he
+gave victory, others he invited to himself; and they reckoned both of
+these to be well off in their fate. Odin was burnt, and at his pile
+there was great splendor. It was their faith that the higher the smoke
+arose in the air, the higher would he be raised whose pile it was; and
+the richer he would be the more property that was consumed with him.
+
+    [Footnote 132: He gave himself nine wounds in the form of the head
+    of a spear, or Thor’s hammer; that is, he marked himself with the
+    sign of the _cross_, an ancient heathen custom.]
+
+Njord of Noatun was then the sole sovereign of the Swedes; and he
+continued the sacrifices, and was called the drot, or sovereign, by the
+Swedes, and he received scatt and gifts from them. In his days were
+peace and plenty, and such good years in all respects that the Swedes
+believed Njord ruled over the growth of seasons and the prosperity of
+the people. In his time all the diars, or gods, died, and
+blood-sacrifices were made for them. Njord died on a bed of sickness,
+and before he died made himself be marked for Odin with the spear-point.
+The Swedes burned him, and all wept over his grave-mound.
+
+Frey took the kingdom after Njord, and was called drot by the Swedes,
+and they paid taxes to him. He was like his father, fortunate in friends
+and in good seasons. Frey built a great temple at Upsala, made it his
+chief seat, and gave it all his taxes, his land and goods. Then began
+the Upsala domains, which have remained ever since. Then began in his
+day the Frode-peace; and then there were good seasons in all the land,
+which the Swedes ascribed to Frey, so that he was more worshiped than
+the other gods, as the people became much richer in his days by reason
+of the peace and good seasons. His wife was called Gerd, daughter of
+Gymer, and their son was called Fjolner. Frey was called by another
+name, Yngve; and this name Yngve was considered long after in his race
+as a name of honor, so that his descendants have since been called
+Ynglings (_i.e._ Yngve-lings). Frey fell into a sickness, and as his
+illness took the upper hand, his men took the plan of letting few
+approach him. In the meantime they raised a great mound, in which they
+placed a door with three holes in it. Now when Frey died they bore him
+secretly into the mound, but told the Swedes he was alive, and they kept
+watch over him for three years. They brought all the taxes into the
+mound, and through the one hole they put in the gold, through the other
+the silver, and through the third the copper money that was paid. Peace
+and good seasons continued.
+
+Freyja alone remained of the gods, and she became on this account so
+celebrated that all women of distinction were called by her name, whence
+they now have the title Frue (Germ. _Frau_), so that every woman is
+called frue (that is, mistress) over her property, and the wife is
+called the house-frue. Freyja continued the blood-sacrifices. Freyja had
+also many other names. Her husband was called Oder, and her daughters
+Hnos and Gersame. They were so very beautiful that afterward the most
+precious jewels were called by their names.
+
+When it became known to the Swedes that Frey was dead, and yet peace and
+good seasons continued, they believed that it must be so as long as Frey
+remained in Sweden, and therefore they would not burn his remains, but
+called him the god of this world, and afterward offered continually
+blood-sacrifices to him, principally for peace and good seasons.[133]
+
+    [Footnote 133: Here ends Snorre’s account of the asas in
+    Heimskringla. The reader will, of course, compare the account here
+    given of Odin, Njord, Frey, Freyja, etc., with the purely
+    mythological description of them in the Younger Edda, and with
+    that in Norse Mythology. Upon the whole, Snorre has striven to
+    accommodate his sketch to the Eddas, while he has had to clothe
+    mythical beings with the characteristics of human kings. Like
+    Saxo-Grammaticus, Snorre has striven to show that the deities,
+    which we now recognize as personified forces and phenomena of
+    nature, were extraordinary and enterprising persons, who formerly
+    ruled in the North, and inaugurated the customs, government and
+    religion of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, England, and the
+    other Teutonic lands.]
+
+
+FORNJOT AND THE SETTLEMENT OF NORWAY.
+
+In the asa-faith we find various foreign elements introduced. Thus, for
+example, the vans did not originally belong to the Odinic system. As the
+Teutons came in contact with other races, the religious ideas of the
+latter were frequently adopted in some modified form. Especially do
+Finnish elements enter into the asa-system. The Finnish god of thunder
+was Ukko. He is supposed to have been confounded with our Thor, whence
+the latter got the name Öku-Thor (Ukko-Thor). The vans may be connected
+with the Finnish Wainamoinen, and in the same manner a number of Celtic
+elements have been mixed with Teutonic mythology. And this is not all.
+There must have flourished a religious system in the North before the
+arrival of Odin and his apostles. This was probably either Tshudic or
+Celtic, or a mixture of the two. The asa-doctrine superseded it, but
+there still remain traces in some of the oldest records of the North.
+Thus we have in the prehistoric sagas of Iceland an account of the
+finding of Norway, wherein it is related that Fornjot,[134] in Jotland,
+which is also called Finland or Quenland, east of the Gulf of Bothnia,
+had three sons: Hler, also called Æger, Loge and Kare.[135] Of Loge it
+is related that he was of giant descent, and, being very tall of
+stature, he was called Haloge, that is High Loge; and after him the
+northern part of Norway is called Halogaland (now Helgeland). He was
+married to Glod (a red-hot coal), and had with her two daughters, Eysa
+and Eimyrja; both words meaning glowing embers. Haloge had two jarls,
+Vifil (the one taking a vif = wife) and Vesete (the one who sits at the
+ve = the sanctuary, that is, the dweller by the hearth, the first
+sanctuary), who courted his daughters; the former addressing himself to
+Eimyrja, the latter to Eysa, but the king refusing to give his consent,
+they carried them away secretly. Vesete settled in Borgundarholm
+(Bornholm), and had a son, Bue (one who settles on a farm); Vifil sailed
+further east and settled on the island Vifilsey, on the coast of Sweden,
+and had a son, Viking (the pirate).
+
+    [Footnote 134: The word fornjot can be explained in two ways:
+    either as for-njot = the first enjoyer, possessor; or as forn-jot,
+    the ancient giant. He would then correspond to Ymer.]
+
+    [Footnote 135: Notice this trinity: Hler is the sea (comp. the
+    Welsh word _llyr_ = sea); Loge is fire (comp. the Welsh _llwg_),
+    he reminds us both by his name and his nature of Loke; Kare is the
+    wind.]
+
+The third son, Kare, had a numerous offspring. He had one son by name
+Jokul (iceberg), another Froste (frost), and Froste’s son was named Sna
+(snow). He had a third son, by name Thorri (bare frost), after whom the
+mid-winter month, Thorra-month, was called; and his daughters hight Fonn
+(packed snow), Drifa (snow-drift), and Mjoll (meal, fine snow). All
+these correspond well to Kare’s name, which, as stated, means wind.
+Thorri had two sons, Nor and Gor, and a daughter, Goe. The story goes on
+to tell how Goe, the sister, was lost, and how the brothers went to
+search for her, until they finally found him who had robbed her. He was
+Hrolf, from the mountain, a son of the giant Svade, and a grandson of
+Asa-Thor. They settled their trouble, and thereupon Hrolf married Goe,
+and Nor married Hrolf’s sister, settled in the land and called it after
+his own name, Norvegr, that is, Norway. By this story we are reminded of
+Kadmos, who went to seek his lost sister Europa. In the Younger Edda the
+winds are called the sons of Fornjot, the sea is called the son of
+Fornjot, and the brother of the fire and of the winds, and Fornjot is
+named among the old giants. This makes it clear that Fornjot and his
+offspring are not historical persons, but cosmological impersonations.
+And additional proof of this is found by an examination of the beginning
+of the Saga of Thorstein, Viking’s Son. (See Viking Tales of the North,
+pp. 1 and 2).
+
+
+THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+This story about the ploughing of Gylfe reminds us of the legend told in
+the first book of Virgil’s Æneid, about the founding of Carthage by
+Dido, who bought from the Libyan king as much ground as she could cover
+with a bull’s hide. Elsewhere it is related that she cut the bull’s hide
+into narrow strips and encircled therewith all the ground upon which
+Carthage was afterward built. Thus Dido deceived the Libyan king nearly
+as effectually as Gefjun deluded King Gylfe. The story is also told by
+Snorre in Heimskringla, see p. 231.
+
+The passage in verse, which has given translators so much trouble in a
+transposed form, would read as follows: Gefjun glad drew that excellent
+land (djúpródul = the deep sun = gold; öðla = udal = property; djúpródul
+öðla = the golden property), Denmark’s increase (Seeland), so that it
+reeked (steamed) from the running oxen. The oxen bore four heads and
+eight eyes, as they went before the wide piece of robbed land of the
+isle so rich in grass.
+
+Gefjun is usually interpreted as a goddess of agriculture, and her name
+is by some derived from γῆ; and _fjon_, that is, _terræ separatio_;
+others compare it with the Anglo-Saxon _geofon_ = the sea. The etymology
+remains very uncertain.
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+It is to the delusion or eye-deceit mentioned in this chapter that
+Snorre Sturlasson refers in his Heimskringla, in Chapter VI of Ynglinga
+Saga.
+
+Thjodolf of Hvin was a celebrated skald at the court of Harald Fairhair.
+
+Thinking thatchers, etc. Literally transposed, this passage would read:
+Reflecting men let shields (literally Svafner’s, that is Odin’s
+roof-trees,) glisten on the back. They were smitten with stones. To let
+shields glisten on the back, is said of men who throw their shields on
+their backs to protect themselves against those who pursue the flying
+host.
+
+Har means the High One, Jafnhar the Equally High One, and Thride the
+Third One. By these three may be meant the three chief gods of the
+North: Odin, Thor and Frey; or they may be simply an expression of the
+Eddic trinity. This trinity is represented in a number of ways: by Odin,
+Vile and Ve in the creation of the world, and by Odin, Hœner and Loder
+in the creation of Ask and Embla, the first human pair. The number three
+figures extensively in all mythological systems. In the pre-chaotic
+state we have Muspelheim, Niflheim and Ginungagap. Fornjot had three
+sons: Hler, Loge and Kare. There are three norns: Urd, Verdande and
+Skuld. There are three fountains: Hvergelmer, Urd’s and Mimer’s; etc.
+(See Norse Mythology, pp. 183, 195, 196.)
+
+Har being Odin, Har’s Hall will be Valhal. You will not come out from
+this hall unless you are wiser. In the lay of Vafthrudner, of the Elder
+Edda, we have a similar challenge, where Vafthrudner says to Odin:
+
+  Out will you not come
+  From our halls
+  Unless I find you to be wiser (than I am).
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+This chapter gives twelve names of Odin. In the Eddas and in the skaldic
+lays he has in all nearly two hundred names. His most common name is
+Odin (in Anglo-Saxon and in Old High German _Wodan_), and this is
+thought by many to be of the same origin as our word _god_. The other
+Old Norse word for god, _tivi_, is identical in root with Lat. _divus_;
+Sansk. _dwas_; Gr. Διός (Ζεύς); and this is again connected with _Tyr_,
+the Tivisco in the Germania of Tacitus. (See Max Müller’s Lectures on
+the Science of Language, 2d series, p. 425). Paulus Diakonus states that
+Wodan, or Gwodan, was worshiped by all branches of the Teutons. Odin has
+also been sought and found in the Scythian _Zalmoxis_, in the Indian
+_Buddha_, in the Celtic Budd, and in the Mexican Votan. Zalmoxis,
+derived from the Gr. Ζαλμός, helmet, reminds us of Odin as the
+helmet-bearer (Grimm, Gesch. der Deutschen Sprache). According to
+Humboldt, a race in Guatemala, Mexico, claim to be descended from
+Votan (Vues des Cordillères, 1817, I, 208). This suggests the question
+whether Odin’s name may not have been brought to America by the Norse
+discoverers in the 10th and 11th centuries, and adopted by some of the
+native races. In the Lay of Grimner (Elder Edda) the following names of
+Odin are enumerated:
+
+  Grim is my name
+  And Ganglere,
+  Herjan and Helmet-bearer,
+  Thekk and Thride,
+  Thud and Ud,
+  Helblinde and Har,
+
+  Sad and Svipal,
+  And Sanngetal,
+  Herteit and Hnikar,
+  Bileyg and Baleyg,
+  Bolverk, Fjolner,
+  Grim and Grimner,
+  Glapsvid and Fjolsvid,
+
+  Sidhot, Sidskeg,
+  Sigfather, Hnikud,
+  Alfather, Valfather,
+  Atrid and Farmatyr.
+  With one name
+  Was I never named
+  When I fared ’mong the peoples.
+
+  Grimner they called me
+  Here at Geirrod’s,
+  But Jalk at Asmund’s,
+  And Kjalar the time
+  When sleds (kjalka) I drew,
+  And Thror at the Thing,
+  Vidur on the battle-field,
+  Oske and Ome,
+  Jafnhar and Biflinde,
+  Gondler and Harbard ’mong the gods.
+
+  Svidur and Svidre
+  Hight I at Sokmimer’s,
+  And fooled the ancient giant
+  When I alone Midvitne’s,
+  The mighty son’s,
+  Bane had become.
+
+  Odin I now am called,
+  Ygg was my name before,
+  Before that I hight Thund,
+  Yak and Skilfing,
+  Vafud and Hroptatyr,
+  Got and Jalk ’mong the gods,
+  Ofner and Svafner.
+  All these names, I trow,
+  Have to me alone been given.
+
+What the etymology of all these names is, it is not easy to tell. The
+most of them are clearly Norse words, and express the various activities
+of their owner. It is worthy of notice that it is added when and where
+Odin bore this or that name (his name was Grim at Geirrod’s, Jalk at
+Asmund’s, etc.), and that the words sometimes indicate a progressive
+development, as Thund, then Ygg, and then Odin. First he was a mere
+sound in the air (Thund), then he took to thinking (Ygg), and at last he
+became the inspiring soul of the universe. Although we are unable to
+define all these names, they certainly each have a distinct meaning, and
+our ancestors certainly understood them perfectly. Har = the High One;
+Jafn-har = the Equally High One; Thride = the Third (Ζεὺς ἄλλος and
+Τρίτος); Alfather probably contracted from _Alda_father = the Father of
+the Ages and the Creations; Veratyr = the Lord of Beings; Rögner = the
+Ruler (from regin); Got (Gautr, from _gjóta_, to cast) = the Creator,
+Lat. Instillator; Mjotud = the Creator, the word being allied to
+Anglo-Saxon _meotod_, _metod_, Germ. _Messer_, and means originally
+cutter; but to cut and to make are synonymous. Such names as these have
+reference to Odin’s divinity as creator, arranger and ruler of gods and
+men. Svid and Fjolsvid = the swift, the wise; Ganglere, Gangrad and
+Vegtam = the wanderer, the waywont; Vidrer = the weather-ruler, together
+with serpent-names like Ofner, Svafner, etc., refer to Odin’s knowledge,
+his journeys, the various shapes he assumes. Permeating all nature, he
+appears in all its forms. Names like Sidhot = the slouchy hat; Sidskeg =
+the long-beard; Baleyg = the burning-eye; Grimner = the masked; Jalk
+(Jack) = the youth, etc., express the various forms in which he was
+thought to appear,--to his slouchy hat, his long beard, or his age, etc.
+Such names as Sanngetal = the true investigator; Farmatyr = the
+cargo-god, etc., refer to his various occupations as inventor,
+discoverer of runes, protector of trade and commerce, etc. Finally, all
+such names as Herfather = father of hosts; Herjan = the devastator;
+Sigfather = the father of victory; Sigtyr = god of victory; Skilfing =
+producing trembling; Hnikar = the breaker, etc., represent Odin as the
+god of war and victory. Oske = wish, is thus called because he gratifies
+our desires. Gimle, as will be seen later, is the abode of the blessed
+after Ragnarok. Vingolf (Vin and golf) means _friends’ floor_, and is
+the hall of the goddesses. Hel is the goddess of death, and from her
+name our word _hell_ is derived.
+
+Our ancestors divided the universe into nine worlds: the uppermost was
+Muspelheim (the world of light); the lowest was Niflheim (the world of
+darkness). Compare the Greek word νεφέλη = mist. (See Norse Mythology,
+p. 187.)
+
+GINUNGAGAP. Ginn means wide, large, far-reaching, perhaps also void
+(compare the Anglo-Saxon _gin_ = gaping, open, spacious; ginian = to
+gap; and ginnung = a yawning). Ginungagap thus means the yawning gap or
+abyss, and represents empty space. The poets use ginnung in the sense of
+a fish and of a hawk, and in geographical saga-fragments it is used as
+the name of the Polar Sea.
+
+HVERGELMER. This word is usually explained as a transposition for
+Hvergemler, which would then be derived from Hver and gamall (old) = the
+old kettle; but Petersen shows that gelmir must be taken from galm,
+which is still found in the Jutland dialect, and means a gale (compare
+Golmstead = a windy place, and _golme_ = to roar, blow). Gelmer is then
+the one producing galm, and Hvergelmer thus means the roaring kettle.
+The twelve rivers proceeding from Hvergelmer are called the Elivogs
+(Élivágar) in the next chapter. Éli-vágar means, according to Vigfusson,
+ice-waves. The most of the names occur in the long list of river names
+given in the Lay of Grimner, of the Elder Edda. Svol = the cool;
+Gunnthro = the battle-trough. Slid is also mentioned in the Vala’s
+Prophecy, where it is represented as being full of mud and swords. Sylg
+(from _svelgja_ = to swallow) = the devourer; Ylg (from _yla_ = to roar)
+= the roaring one; Leipt = the glowing, is also mentioned in the Lay of
+Helge Hunding’s Bane, where it is stated that they swore by it (compare
+Styx); Gjoll (from _gjalla_ = to glisten and clang) = the shining,
+clanging one. The meaning of the other words is not clear, but they
+doubtless all, like those explained, express cold, violent motion, etc.
+The most noteworthy of these rivers are Leipt and Gjoll. In the Lay of
+Grimner they are said to flow nearest to the abode of man, and fall
+thence into Hel’s realm. Over Gjoll was the bridge which Hermod, after
+the death of Balder, crossed on his way to Hel. It is said to be
+thatched with shining gold, and a maid by name Modgud watches it. In the
+song of Sturle Thordson, on the death of Skule Jarl, it is said that
+“the king’s kinsman went over the Gjoll-bridge.” The farther part of the
+horizon, which often appears like a broad bright stream, may have
+suggested this river.
+
+SURT means the swarthy or black one. Many have regarded him as the
+unknown (dark) god, but this is probably an error. But there was some
+one in Muspelheim who sent the heat, and gave life to the frozen drops
+of rime. The latter, and not Surt, who is a giant, is the eternal god,
+the mighty one, whom the skald in the Lay of Hyndla dare not name. It is
+interesting to notice that our ancestors divided the evolution of the
+world into three distinct periods: (1) a pre-chaotic condition
+(Niflheim, Muspelheim and Ginungagap); (2) a chaotic condition (Ymer and
+the cow Audhumbla); (3) and finally the three gods, Odin (spirit), Vile
+(will) and Ve (sanctity), transformed chaos into cosmos. And away back
+in this pre-chaotic state of the world we find this mighty being who
+sends the heat. It is not definitely stated, but it can be inferred from
+other passages, that just as the good principle existed from everlasting
+in Muspelheim, so the evil principle existed co-eternally with it in
+Hvergelmer in Niflheim. Hvergelmer is the source out of which all matter
+first proceeded, and the dragon or devil Nidhug, who dwells in
+Hvergelmer, is, in our opinion, the evil principle who is from eternity.
+The good principle shall continue forever, but the evil shall cease to
+exist after Ragnarok.
+
+YMER is the noisy one, and his name is derived from _ymja_ = to howl
+(compare also the Finnish deity Jumo, after whom the town Umea takes its
+name, like Odinse).
+
+AURGELMER, THRUDGELMER and BERGELMER express the gradual development
+from aur (clay) to thrud (that which is compressed), and finally to berg
+(rock).
+
+VIDOLF, VILMEIDE and SVARTHOFDE are mentioned nowhere else in the
+mythology.
+
+BURE and BORE mean the bearing and the born; that is, father and son.
+
+BOLTHORN means the miserable one, from bol = evil; and Bestla may mean
+that which is best. The idea then is that Bor united himself with that
+which was best of the miserable material at hand.
+
+That the flood caused by the slaying of Ymer reminds us of Noah and his
+ark, and of the Greek flood, needs only to be suggested.
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+ASK means an ash-tree, and EMBLA an elm-tree.
+
+While the etymology of the names in the myths are very obscure, the
+myths themselves are clear enough. Similar myths abound in Greek
+mythology. The story about Bil and Hjuke is our old English rhyme about
+Jack and Gill, who went up the hill to fetch a pail of water.
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+In reference to the golden age, see Norse Mythology, pp. 182 and 197.
+
+In the appendix to the German so-called Hero-Book we are told that the
+dwarfs were first created to cultivate the desert lands and the
+mountains; thereupon the giants, to subdue the wild beasts; and finally
+the heroes, to assist the dwarfs against the treacherous giants. While
+the giants are always hostile to the gods, the dwarfs are usually
+friendly to them.
+
+DWARFS. Both giants and dwarfs shun the light. If surprised by the
+breaking forth of day, they become changed to stone. In one of the poems
+of the Elder Edda (the Alvismál), Thor amuses the dwarf Alvis with
+various questions till daylight, and then cooly says to him: With great
+artifices, I tell you, you have been deceived; you are surprised here,
+dwarf, by daylight! The sun now shines in the hall. In the Helgakvida
+Atle says to the giantess Hrimgerd: It is now day, Hrimgerd! But Atle
+has detained you, to your life’s perdition. It will appear a laughable
+harbor-mark, where you stand as a stone-image.
+
+In the German tales the dwarfs are described as deformed and diminutive,
+coarsely clad and of dusky hue: “a little black man,” “a little gray
+man.” They are sometimes of the height of a child of four years,
+sometimes as two spans high, a thumb high (hence, Tom Thumb). The old
+Danish ballad of Eline of Villenwood mentions a troll not bigger than an
+ant. Dvergmál (the speech of the dwarfs) is the Old Norse expression for
+the echo in the mountains.
+
+In the later popular belief, the dwarfs are generally called the
+subterraneans, the brown men in the moor, etc. They make themselves
+invisible by a hat or hood. The women spin and weave, the men are
+smiths. In Norway rock-crystal is called dwarf-stone. Certain stones are
+in Denmark called dwarf-hammers. They borrow things and seek advice from
+people, and beg aid for their wives when in labor, all which services
+they reward. But they also lame cattle, are thievish, and will carry off
+damsels. There have been instances of dwarf females having married and
+had children with men. (Thorpe’s Northern Mythology.)
+
+WAR. It was the first warfare in the world, says the Elder Edda, when
+they pierced Gullveig (gold-thirst) through with a spear, and burned her
+in Odin’s hall. Thrice they burned her, thrice she was born anew: again
+and again, but still she lives. When she comes to a house they call her
+Heide (the bright, the welcome), and regard her as a propitious vala or
+prophetess. She can tame wolves, understands witchcraft, and delights
+wicked women. Hereupon the gods consulted together whether they should
+punish this misdeed, or accept a blood-fine, when Odin cast forth a
+spear among mankind, and now began war and slaughter in the world. The
+defenses of the burgh of the asas was broken down. The vans anticipated
+war, and hastened over the field. The valkyries came from afar, ready to
+ride to the gods’ people: Skuld with the shield, Skogul, Gunn, Hild,
+Gondul and Geirr Skogul. (Quoted by Thorpe.)
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+In reference to Ygdrasil, we refer our readers to Norse Mythology, pp.
+205-211, and to Thomas Carlyle’s Heroes and Hero-worship.
+
+A connection between the norns Urd, Verdande and Skuld and the weird
+sisters in Shakspeare’s _Macbeth_ has long since been recognized; but
+new light has recently been thrown upon the subject by the philosopher
+Karl Blind, who has contributed valuable articles on the subject in the
+German periodical “Die Gegenwart” and in the “London Academy.” We take
+the liberty of reproducing here an abstract of his article in the
+“Academy”:
+
+      *    *    *    *    *    *
+
+  The fact itself of these Witches being simply transfigurations, or
+  later disguises, of the Teutonic Norns is fully established--as may
+  be seen from Grimm or Simrock. In delineating these hags, Shakspeare
+  has practically drawn upon old Germanic sources, perhaps upon
+  current folk-lore of his time.
+
+  It has always struck me as noteworthy that in the greater part of
+  the scene between the Weird Sisters, Macbeth and Banquo, and
+  wherever the Witches come in, Shakspeare uses the staff-rime in a
+  remarkable manner. Not only does this add powerfully to the archaic
+  impressiveness and awe, but it also seems to bring the form and
+  figure of the Sisters of Fate more closely within the circle of the
+  Teutonic idea. I have pointed out this striking use of the
+  alliterative system in _Macbeth_ in an article on “An old German
+  Poem and a Vedic Hymn,” which appeared in _Fraser_ in June, 1877,
+  and in which the derivation of the Weird Sisters from the Germanic
+  Norns is mentioned.
+
+  The very first scene in the first act of _Macbeth_ opens strongly
+  with the staff-rime:
+
+    _1st Witch_. When shall we three meet again--
+    In thunder, lightning or in rain?
+
+    _2d Witch_. When the hurly-burly’s done,
+    When the battle’s lost and won.
+
+    _3d Witch_. That will be ere set of sun.
+
+    _1st Witch_. Where the place?
+
+    _2d Witch_.              Upon the heath.
+
+    _3d Witch_. There to meet with Macbeth.
+
+    _1st Witch_. I come, Graymalkin!
+
+    _All_. Paddock calls. Anon.
+    Fair is foul, and foul is fair.
+    Hover through the fog and filthy air.
+
+  Not less marked is the adoption of the fullest staff-rime--together
+  (as above) with the end-rime--in the third scene, when the Weird
+  Sisters speak. Again, there is the staff-rime when Banquo addresses
+  them. Again, the strongest alliteration, combined with the end-rime,
+  runs all through the Witches’ spell-song in Act iv, scene 1. This
+  feature in Shakspeare appears to me to merit closer investigation;
+  all the more so because a less regular alliteration, but still a
+  marked one, is found in not a few passages of a number of his plays.
+  Only one further instance of the systematic employment of
+  alliteration may here be noted in passing. It is in Ariel’s songs in
+  the _Tempest_, Act i, scene 2. Schlegel and Tieck evidently did not
+  observe this alliterative peculiarity. Their otherwise excellent
+  translation does not render it, except so far as the obvious
+  similarity of certain English and German words involuntarily made
+  them do so. But in the notes to their version of _Macbeth_ the
+  character of the Weird Sisters is also misunderstood, though
+  Warburton is referred to, who had already suggested their
+  derivations from the Valkyrs or Norns.
+
+  It is an error to say that the Witches in _Macbeth_ “are never
+  called witches” (compare Act i, scene 3: “‘Give me!’ quoth I.
+  ‘A-roint thee, _witch_!’ the rump-fed ronyon cries”). However, their
+  designation as Weird Sisters fully settles the case of their
+  Germanic origin.
+
+  This name “Weird” is derived from the Anglo-Saxon Norn Wyrd (Sax.
+  _Wurth_; O.H. Ger. _Wurd_; Norse, _Urd_), who represents the Past,
+  as her very name shows. Wurd is _die Gewordene_--the “Has Been,” or
+  rather the “Has Become,” if one could say so in English.
+
+      *    *    *    *    *    *
+
+  In Shakspeare the Witches are three in number--even as in Norse,
+  German, as well as in Keltic and other mythologies. Urd, properly
+  speaking, is the Past. Skuld is the Future, or “That Which shall
+  Be.” Verdandi, usually translated as the Present, has an even deeper
+  meaning. Her name is not to be derived from _vera_ (to be), but from
+  _verda_ (Ger. _werden_). This verb, which has a mixed meaning of “to
+  be,” “to become,” or to “grow,” has been lost in English. Verdandi
+  is, therefore, not merely a representative of present Being, but of
+  the process of Growing, or of Evolution--which gives her figure a
+  profounder aspect. Indeed, there is generally more significance in
+  mythological tales than those imagine who look upon them chiefly as
+  a barren play of fancy.
+
+  Incidentally it may be remarked that, though Shakspeare’s Weird
+  Sisters are three in number--corresponding to Urd, Verdandi and
+  Skuld--German and Northern mythology and folk-lore occasionally
+  speak of twelve or seven of them. In the German tale of
+  _Dornröschen_, or the Sleeping Beauty, there are twelve good fays;
+  and a thirteenth, who works the evil spell. Once, in German
+  folk-lore, we meet with but two Sisters of Fate--one of them called
+  _Kann_, the other _Muss_. Perhaps these are representatives of man’s
+  measure of free will (that which he “can”), and of that which is his
+  inevitable fate--or, that which he “must” do.
+
+  Though the word “Norn” has been lost in England and Germany, it is
+  possibly preserved in a German folk-lore ditty, which speaks of
+  three Sisters of Fate as “Nuns.” Altogether, German folk-lore is
+  still full of rimes about three Weird Sisters. They are sometimes
+  called Wild Women, or Wise Women, or the Measurers
+  (_Metten_)--namely, of Fate; or, euphemistically, like the
+  Eumenides, the Advisers of Welfare (_Heil-Räthinnen_), reminding us
+  of the counsels given to Macbeth in the apparition scene; or the
+  Quick Judges (_Gach-Schepfen_). Even as in the Edda, these German
+  fays weave and twist threads or ropes, and attach them to distant
+  parts, thus fixing the weft of Fate. One of these fays is sometimes
+  called Held, and described as black, or as half dark half
+  white--like Hel, the Mistress of the Nether World. That German fay
+  is also called Rachel, clearly a contraction of Rach-Hel, i.e. the
+  Avengeress Hel.
+
+  Now, in _Macbeth_ also the Weird Sisters are described as “black.”
+  The coming up of Hekate with them in the cave-scene might not
+  unfitly be looked upon as a parallel with the German Held, or
+  Rach-Hel, and the Norse Hel; these Teutonic deities being originally
+  Goddesses of Nocturnal Darkness, and of the Nether World, even as
+  Hekate.
+
+  In German folk-lore, three Sisters of Fate bear the names of Wilbet,
+  Worbet and Ainbet. Etymologically these names seem to refer to the
+  well-disposed nature of a fay representing the Past; to the warring
+  or worrying troubles of the Present; and to the terrors (_Ain_ =
+  _Agin_) of the Future. All over southern Germany, from Austria to
+  Alsace and Rhenish Hesse, the three fays are known under various
+  names besides Wilbet, Worbet, and Ainbet--for instance, as Mechtild,
+  Ottilia, and Gertraud; as Irmina, Adela, and Chlothildis, and so
+  forth. The fay in the middle of this trio is always a good fay,
+  a white fay--but blind. Her treasure (the very names of Ottilia and
+  Adela point to a treasure) is continually being taken from her by
+  the third fay, a dark and evil one, as well as by the first. This
+  myth has been interpreted as meaning that the Present, being blinded
+  as to its own existence, is continually being encroached upon,
+  robbed as it were, by the dark Future and the Past. Of this
+  particular trait there is no vestige in Shakspeare’s Weird Sisters.
+  They, like the Norns, “go hand in hand.” But there is another point
+  which claims attention Shakspeare’s Witches are bearded. (“You
+  should be women, and yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you
+  are so.” Act i, scene 3.)
+
+  It need scarcely be brought to recollection that a commingling of
+  the female and male character occurs in the divine and semi-divine
+  figures of various mythological systems--including the Bearded
+  Venus. Of decisive importance is, however, the fact of a bearded
+  Weird Sister having apparently been believed in by our heathen
+  German forefathers.
+
+  Near Wessobrunn, in Upper Bavaria, where the semi-heathen fragment
+  of a cosmogonic lay, known as “Wessobrunn Prayer,” was discovered,
+  there has also been found, of late, a rudely-sculptured three-headed
+  image. It is looked upon as an ancient effigy of the German Norns.
+  The Cloister of the three Holy Bournes, or Fountains, which stands
+  close by the place of discovery, is supposed to have been set up on
+  ground that had once served for pagan worship. Probably the later
+  monkish establishment of the Three Holy Bournes had taken the place
+  of a similarly named heathen sanctuary where the three Sisters of
+  Fate were once adored. Indeed, the name of all the corresponding
+  fays in yet current German folk-lore is connected with holy wells.
+  This quite fits in with the three Eddic Bournes near the great Tree
+  of Existence, at one of which--apparently at the oldest, which is
+  the very Source of Being--the Norns live, “the maidens that over the
+  Sea of Age travel in deep foreknowledge,” and of whom it is said
+  that:
+
+    They laid the lots, they ruled the life
+    To the sons of men, their fate foretelling.
+
+  Now, curiously enough, the central head of the slab found near
+  Wessobrunn, in the neighborhood of the Cloister of the Three Holy
+  Bournes, is _bearded_. This has puzzled our archæologists. Some of
+  them fancied that what appears to be a beard might after all be the
+  hair of one of the fays or Norns, tied round the chin. By the light
+  of the description of the Weird Sisters in Shakspeare’s _Macbeth_
+  we, however, see at once the true connection.
+
+  In every respect, therefore, his “Witches” are an echo from the
+  ancient Germanic creed--an echo, moreover, coming to us in the
+  oldest Teutonic verse-form; that is, in the staff-rime.
+
+      KARL BLIND.
+
+ELVES. The elves of later times seem a sort of middle thing between the
+light and dark elves. They are fair and lively, but also bad and
+mischievous. In some parts of Norway the peasants describe them as
+diminutive naked boys with hats on. Traces of their dance are sometimes
+to be seen on the wet grass, especially on the banks of rivers. Their
+exhalation is injurious, and is called _alfgust_ or _elfblæst_, causing
+a swelling, which is easily contracted by too nearly approaching places
+where they have spat, etc. They have a predilection for certain spots,
+but particularly for large trees, which on that account the owners do
+not venture to meddle with, but look on them as something sacred, on
+which the weal or woe of the place depends. Certain diseases among their
+cattle are attributed to the elves, and are, therefore, called elf-fire
+or elf-shot. The dark elves are often confounded with the dwarfs, with
+whom they, indeed, seem identical, although they are distinguished in
+Odin’s Haven’s Song. The Norwegians also make a distinction between
+dwarfs and elves, believing the former to live solitary and in quiet,
+while the latter love music and dancing. (Faye, p. 48; quoted by
+Thorpe.)
+
+The fairies of Scotland are precisely identical with the above. They are
+described as a diminutive race of beings of a mixed or rather dubious
+nature, capricious in their dispositions and mischievous in their
+resentment. They inhabit the interior of green hills, chiefly those of a
+conical form, in Gaelic termed _Sighan_, on which they lead their dances
+by moonlight; impressing upon the surface the marks of circles, which
+sometimes appear yellow and blasted, sometimes of a deep green hue, and
+within which it is dangerous to sleep, or to be found after sunset.
+Cattle which are suddenly seized with the cramp, or some similar
+disorder, are said to be _elf-shot_. (Scott’s Minstrelsy of the Scottish
+Border; quoted by Thorpe.)
+
+Of the Swedish elves, Arndt gives the following sketch: Of giants, of
+dwarfs, of the alp, of dragons, that keep watch over treasures, they
+have the usual stories; nor are the kindly elves forgotten. How often
+has my postillion, when he observed a circular mark in the dewy grass,
+exclaimed: See! there the elves have been dancing. These elf-dances play
+a great part in the spinning-room. To those who at midnight happen to
+enter one of these circles, the elves become visible, and may then play
+all kinds of pranks with them; though in general they are little, merry,
+harmless beings, both male and female. They often sit in small stones,
+that are hollowed out in circular form, and which are called elf-querns
+or mill-stones. Their voice is said to be soft like the air. If a loud
+cry is heard in the forest, it is that of the Skogsrå (spirit of the
+wood), which should be answered only by a _He!_ when it can do no harm.
+(Reise durch Sweden; quoted by Thorpe.)
+
+The elf-shot was known in England in very remote times, as appears from
+the Anglo-Saxon incantation, printed by Grimm in his Deutsche
+Mythologie, and in the appendix to Kemble’s Saxons in England: Gif hit
+wœre esa gescot oððe hit wœre ylfa gescot; that is, if it were an
+asa-shot or an elf-shot. On this subject Grimm says: It is a very old
+belief that dangerous arrows were shot by the elves from the air. The
+thunder-bolt is also called elf-shot, and in Scotland a hard, sharp,
+wedge-shaped stone is known by the name of elf-arrow, elf-flint,
+elf-bolt, which, it is supposed, has been sent by the spirits. (Quoted
+by Thorpe.)
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Our ancestors divided the universe into nine worlds, and these again
+into three groups:
+
+1. Over the earth. Muspelheim, Ljosalfaheim and Asaheim.
+
+2. On the earth. Jotunheim, Midgard and Vanheim.
+
+3. Below the earth. Svartalfaheim, Niflheim and Niflhel.
+
+The gods had twelve abodes:
+
+1. THRUDHEIM. The abode of Thor. His realm is Thrudvang, and his palace
+is Bilskirner.
+
+2. YDALER. Uller’s abode.
+
+3. VALASKJALF. Odin’s hall.
+
+4. SOKVABEK. The abode of Saga.
+
+5. GLADSHEIM, where there are twelve seats for the gods, besides the
+throne occupied by Alfather.
+
+6. THRYMHEIM. Skade’s abode.
+
+7. BREIDABLIK. Balder’s abode.
+
+8. HIMMINBJORG. Heimdal’s abode.
+
+9. FOLKVANG. Freyja’s abode.
+
+10. GLITNER. Forsete’s abode.
+
+11. NOATUN. Njord’s abode.
+
+12. LANDVIDE. Vidar’s abode.
+
+According to the Lay of Grimner, the gods had twelve horses, but the
+owner of each horse is not given:
+
+(1) Sleipner (Odin’s), (2) Goldtop (Heimdal’s), (3) Glad, (4) Gyller,
+(5) Gler, (6) Skeidbrimer, (7) Silvertop, (8) Siner, (9) Gisl, (10)
+Falhofner, (11) Lightfoot, (12) Blodughofdi (Frey’s).
+
+The owners of nine of them are not given, and, moreover, it is stated
+that Thor had no horse, but always either went on foot or drove his
+goats.
+
+The favorite numbers are three, nine and twelve. Monotheism was
+recognized in the unknown god, who is from everlasting to everlasting.
+A number of trinities were established, and the nine worlds were
+classified into three groups. The week had nine days, and originally
+there were probably but nine gods, that is, before the vans were united
+with the asas. The number nine occurs where Heimdal is said to have nine
+mothers, Menglad is said to have nine maid-servants, Æger had nine
+daughters, etc. When the vans were united with the asas, the number rose
+to twelve:
+
+(1) Odin, (2) Thor, (3) Tyr, (4) Balder, (5) Hoder, (6) Heimdal, (7)
+Hermod, (8) Njord, (9) Frey, (10) Uller, (11) Vidar, (12) Forsete.
+
+If we add to this list Brage, Vale and Loke, we get fifteen; but the
+Eddas everywhere declare that there are twelve gods, who were entitled
+to divine worship.
+
+The number of the goddesses is usually given as twenty-six.
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Loke and his offspring are so fully treated in our Norse Mythology, that
+we content ourselves by referring our readers to that work.
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Freyja’s ornament Brising. In the saga of Olaf Tryggvason, there is a
+rather awkward story of the manner in which Freyja became possessed of
+her ornament. Freyja, it is told, was a mistress of Odin. Not far from
+the palace dwelt four dwarfs, whose names were Alfrig, Dvalin, Berling
+and Grer; they were skillful smiths. Looking one day into their stony
+dwelling, Freyja saw them at work on a beautiful golden necklace, or
+collar, which she offered to buy, but which they refused to part with,
+except on conditions quite incompatible with the fidelity she owed to
+Odin, but to which she, nevertheless, was tempted to accede. Thus the
+ornament became hers. By some means this transaction came to the
+knowledge of Loke, who told it to Odin. Odin commanded him to get
+possession of the ornament. This was no easy task, for no one could
+enter Freyja’s bower without her consent. He went away whimpering, but
+most were glad on seeing him in such tribulation. When he came to the
+locked bower, he could nowhere find an entrance, and, it being cold
+weather, he began to shiver. He then transformed himself into a fly and
+tried every opening, but in vain; there was nowhere air enough to make
+him to get through [Loke (fire) requires air]. At length he found a hole
+in the roof, but not bigger than the prick of a needle. Through this he
+slipt. On his entrance he looked around to see if anyone were awake, but
+all were buried in sleep. He peeped in at Freyja’s bed, and saw that she
+had the ornament round her neck, but that the lock was on the side she
+lay on. He then transformed himself to a flea, placed himself on
+Freyja’s cheek, and stung her so that she awoke, but only turned herself
+round and slept again. He then laid aside his assumed form, cautiously
+took the ornament, unlocked the bower, and took his prize to Odin. In
+the morning, on waking, Freyja seeing the door open, without having been
+forced, and that her ornament was gone, instantly understood the whole
+affair. Having dressed herself, she repaired to Odin’s hall, and
+upbraided him with having stolen her ornament, and insisted on its
+restoration, which she finally obtained. (Quoted by Thorpe.)
+
+Mention is also made of the Brósinga-men in the Beowulf (verse 2394).
+Here it is represented as belonging to Hermanric, but the legend
+concerning it has never been found.
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+This myth about Frey and Gerd is the subject of one of the most
+fascinating poems in the Elder Edda, the Journey of Skirner. It is, as
+Auber Forestier, in Echoes from Mistland, says, the germ of the Niblung
+story. Frey is Sigurd or Sigfrid, and Gerd is Brynhild. The myth is also
+found in another poem of the Elder Edda, the Lay of Fjolsvin, in which
+the god himself--there called Svipday (the hastener of the
+day)--undertakes the journey to arouse from the winter sleep the cold
+giant nature of the maiden Menglad (the sun-radiant daughter), who is
+identical with Freyja (the goddess of spring, promise, or of love
+between man and woman, and who can easily be compared with Gerd). Before
+the bonds which enchain the maiden can in either case be broken, Bele
+(the giant of spring storms, corresponding to the dragon Fafner in the
+Niblung story,) must be conquered, and Wafurloge (the wall of bickering
+flames that surrounded the castle) must be penetrated. The fanes
+symbolize the funeral pyre, for whoever enters the nether world must
+scorn the fear of death. (Auber Forestier’s Echoes from Mistland;
+Introduction, xliii, xliv.) We also find this story repeated again and
+again, in numberless variations, in Teutonic folk-lore; for instance,
+in The Maiden on the Glass Mountain, where the glass mountain takes the
+place of the bickering flame.
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+The tree Lerad (furnishing protection) must be regarded as a branch of
+Ygdrasil.
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+In Heimskringla Skidbladner is called Odin’s ship. This is correct. All
+that belonged to the gods was his also.
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+For a thorough analysis of Thor as a spring god, as the god who dwells
+in the clouds, as the god of thunder and lightning, as the god of
+agriculture, in short, as the god of culture, we can do no better than
+to refer our readers to Der Mythus von Thor, nach Nordischen Quellen,
+von Ludwig Uhland, Stuttgart, 1836; and to Handbuch der Deutschen
+Mythologie, mit Einschluss der Nordischen, von Karl Simrock, Vierte
+Auflage, Bonn, 1874.
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+The death of Balder is justly regarded as the most beautiful myth in
+Teutonic mythology. It is connected with the Lay of Vegtam in the Elder
+Edda. Like so many other myths (Frey and Gerd, The Robbing of Idun,
+etc.) the myth symbolizes originally the end of summer and return of
+spring. Thus Balder dies every year and goes to Hel. But in the
+following spring he returns to the asas, and gladdens all things living
+and dead with his pure shining light. Gradually, however, the myth was
+changed from a symbol of the departing and returning summer, and applied
+to the departing and returning of the world year, and thus the death of
+Balder prepares the way for Ragnarok and Regeneration. Balder goes to
+Hel and does not return to this world. Thokk refuses to weep for him.
+His return is promised after Ragnarok. The next spring does not bring
+him back, but the rejuvenated earth. Thus the death of Balder becomes
+the central thought in the drama of the fate of the gods and of the
+world. It is inseparably connected with the punishment of Loke and the
+twilight of the gods. The winter following the death of Balder is not an
+ordinary winter, but the Fimbul-winter, which is followed by no summer,
+but by the destruction of the world. The central idea in the Odinic
+religion, the destruction and regeneration of the world, has taken this
+beautiful sun-myth of Balder into its service. Balder is then no more
+merely the pure holy light of heaven; he symbolizes at the same time the
+purity and innocence of the gods; he is changed from a physical to an
+ethical myth. He impersonated all that was good and holy in the life of
+the gods; and so it came to pass that when the golden age had ceased,
+when thirst for gold (Gulveig), when sin and crime had come into the
+world, he was too good to live in it. As in Genesis fratricide (Cain and
+Abel) followed upon the eating of the forbidden fruit, and the loss of
+paradise; so, when the golden age (paradise) had ended among the asas,
+Loke (the serpent) brought fratricide (Hoder and Balder) among the gods;
+themselves and our ancestors regarded fratricide as the lowest depth of
+moral depravity. After the death of Balder
+
+  Brothers slay brothers,
+  Sisters’ children
+  Shed each other’s blood,
+  Hard grows the world,
+  Sensual sin waxes huge.
+
+  There are sword-ages, ax-ages--
+  Shields are cleft in twain,--
+  Storm-ages, murder-ages,--
+  Till the world falls dead,
+  And men no longer spare
+  Or pity one another.
+
+Upon the whole we may say that a sun-myth first represents the death of
+the day at sunset, when the sky is radiant as if dyed in blood. In the
+flushing morn light wins its victory again. Then this same myth becomes
+transferred to the death and birth of summer. Once more it is lifted
+into a higher sphere, while still holding on to its physical
+interpretation, and is applied to the world year. Finally, it is clothed
+with ethical attributes, becomes thoroughly anthropomorphized, and
+typifies the good and the evil, the virtues and vices (light and
+darkness), in the character and life of gods and of men. Thus we get
+four stages in the development of the myth.
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+RAGNAROK. The word is found written in two ways, Ragnarok and ragnarökr.
+Ragna is genitive plural, from the word regin (god), and means of the
+gods. Rok means reason, ground, origin, a wonder, sign, marvel. It is
+allied to the O.H.G. _rahha_ = sentence, judgment. Ragnarök would then
+mean _the history of the gods_, and applied to the dissolution of the
+world, might be translated _the last judgment_, _doomsday_, _weird of
+gods and the world_. Rokr means _twilight_, and Ragnarokr, as the
+Younger Edda has it, thus means _the twilight of the gods_, and the
+latter is adopted by nearly all modern writers, although Gudbr.
+Vigfusson declares that Ragnarok (doomsday) is no doubt the correct
+form. And this is also to be said in favor of doomsday, that Ragnarok
+does not involve only the _twilight_, but the whole _night_ of the gods
+and the world.
+
+
+THE NIFLUNGS AND GJUKUNGS.
+
+This chapter of _Skaldskaparmal_ contains much valuable material for a
+correct understanding of the Nibelungen-Lied, especially as to the
+origin of the Niblung hoard, and the true character of Brynhild. The
+material given here, and in the Icelandic Volsunga Saga, has been used
+by Wm. Morris in his Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs.
+In the Nibelungen-Lied, as transposed by Auber Forestier, in Echoes from
+Mist-Land, we have a perfect gem of literature from the middle high
+German period, but its author had lost sight of the divine and mythical
+origin of the material that he wove into his poem. It is only by
+combining the German Nibelungen-Lied with the mythical materials found
+in Norseland that our national Teutonic epic can be restored to us.
+Wagner has done this for us in his famous drama; Jordan has done it in
+his Sigfrid’s saga; Morris has done it in the work mentioned above; but
+will not Auber Forestier gather up all the scattered fragments relating
+to Sigurd and Brynhild, and weave them together into a prose narrative,
+that shall delight the young and the old of this great land?
+
+We are glad to welcome at this time a new book in the field of Niblung
+literature. We refer to Geibel’s Brunhild, translated, with introduction
+and notes, by Prof. G. Theo. Dippold, and recently published in Boston.
+
+
+MENJA AND FENJA.
+
+This is usually called the peace of Frode, which corresponds to the
+golden age in the life of the asas. Avarice is the root of crime, and
+all other evils. Avarice is at the bottom of all the endless woes of the
+Niblung story. The myth explaining why the sea is salt is told in a
+variety of forms in different countries. In Germany there are several
+folk-lore stories and traditions in regard to it. In Norway, where
+folk-lore tales are so abundant, we find the myth about Menja and Fenja
+recurring in the following form:
+
+
+WHY THE SEA IS SALT.
+
+Long, long ago there were two brothers, the one was rich and the other
+was poor. On Christmas eve the poor one had not a morsel of bread or
+meat in his house, and so he went to his brother and asked him for
+mercy’s sake to give him something for Christmas. It was not the first
+time the brother had had to give him, and he was not very much pleased
+to see him this time either.
+
+“If you will do what I ask of you, I will give you a whole ham of pork,”
+said he.
+
+The poor man promised immediately, and was very thankful besides.
+
+“There you have it, now go to hell,” said the rich one, and threw the
+ham at him.
+
+“What I have promised, I suppose, I must keep,” said the other. He took
+the ham and started. He walked and walked the whole day, and at twilight
+he came to a place where everything looked so bright and splendid.
+
+“This must be the place,” thought the man with the ham.
+
+Out in the wood-shed stood an old man with a long white beard, cutting
+wood for Christmas.
+
+“Good evening,” said the man with the ham.
+
+“Good evening, sir. Where are you going so late?” said the man.
+
+“I am on my way to hell, if I am on the right road,” said the poor man.
+
+“Yes, you have taken the right road; it is here,” said the old man. “Now
+when you get in, they will all want to buy your ham, for pork is rare
+food in hell; but you must not sell it, unless you get the hand-mill
+that stands back of the door for it. When you come out again I will show
+you how to regulate it. You will find it useful in more than one
+respect.”
+
+The man with the ham thanked the old man for this valuable information,
+and rapped at the devil’s door.
+
+When he came in it happened as the old man had said. All the devils,
+both the large ones and the small ones, crowded around him like ants
+around a worm, and the one bid higher than the other for the ham.
+
+“It is true my wife and I were to have it for our Christmas dinner, but,
+seeing that you are so eager for it, I suppose I will have to let you
+have it,” said the man. “But if I am to sell it, I want that hand-mill
+that stands behind the door there for it.”
+
+The devil did not like to spare it, and kept dickering and bantering
+with the man, but he insisted, and so the devil had to give him the
+hand-mill. When the man came out in the yard he asked the old
+wood-chopper how he should regulate the mill; and when he had learned
+how to do it, he said “thank you,” and made for home as fast as he
+could. But still he did not reach home before twelve o’clock in the
+night Christmas eve.
+
+“Why, where in the world have you been?” said the woman. “Here I have
+been sitting hour after hour waiting and waiting, and I haven’t as much
+as two sticks to put on the fire so as to cook the Christmas porridge.”
+
+“Oh, I could not come any sooner. I had several errands to do, and I had
+a long way to go too. But now I will show you,” said the man. He set the
+mill on the table, and had it first grind light, then a table-cloth,
+then food and ale and all sorts of good things for Christmas, and as he
+commanded the mill ground. The woman expressed her great astonishment
+again and again, and wanted to know where her husband had gotten the
+mill, but this he would not tell.
+
+“It makes no difference where I have gotten it; you see the mill is a
+good one, and that the water does not freeze,” said the man.
+
+Then he ground food and drink, and all good things, for the whole
+Christmas week, and on the third day he invited his friends: he was
+going to have a party. When the rich brother saw all the nice and good
+things at the party, he became very wroth, for he could not bear to see
+his brother have anything.
+
+“Christmas eve he was so needy that he came to me and asked me for
+mercy’s sake to give him a little food, and now he gives a feast as
+though he were both count and king,” said he to the others.
+
+“But where in hell have you gotten all your riches from?” said he to his
+brother.
+
+“Behind the door,” answered he who owned the mill. He did not care to
+give any definite account, but later in the evening, when he began to
+get a little tipsy, he could not help himself and brought out the mill.
+
+“There you see the one that has given me all the riches,” said he, and
+then he let the mill grind both one thing and another. When the brother
+saw this he was bound to have the mill, and after a long bantering about
+it, he finally was to have it; but he was to pay three hundred dollars
+for it, and his brother was to keep it until harvest.
+
+“When I keep it until then, I shall have ground food enough to last many
+years,” thought he.
+
+Of course the mill got no chance to grow rusty during the next six
+months, and when harvest-time came, the rich brother got it; but the
+other man had taken good care not to show him how to regulate it. It was
+in the evening that the rich man brought the mill home, and in the
+morning he bade his wife go and spread the hay after the mowers,--he
+would get dinner ready, he said. Toward dinner he put the mill on the
+table.
+
+“Grind fish and gruel: Grind both well and fast!” said the man, and the
+mill began to grind fish and gruel. It first filled all the dishes and
+tubs full, and after that it covered the whole floor with fish and
+gruel. The man kept puttering and tinkering, and tried to get the mill
+to stop; but no matter how he turned it and fingered at it, the mill
+kept on, and before long the gruel got so deep in the room that the man
+was on the point of drowning. Then he opened the door to the
+sitting-room, but before long that room was filled too, and the man had
+all he could do to get hold of the door-latch down in this flood of
+gruel. When he got the door open he did not remain long in the room. He
+ran out as fast as he could, and there was a perfect flood of fish gruel
+behind, deluging the yard and his fields.
+
+The wife, who was in the meadow making hay, began to think that it took
+a long time to get dinner ready. “Even if husband does not call us, we
+will have to go anyway. I suppose he does not know much about making
+gruel; I will have to go and help him,” said the woman to the mowers.
+
+They went homeward, but on coming up the hill they met the flood of fish
+and gruel and bread, the one mixed up with the other, and the man came
+running ahead of the flood.
+
+“Would that each one of you had an hundred stomachs, but have a care
+that you do not drown in the gruel flood,” cried the husband. He ran by
+them as though the devil had been after him, and hastened down to his
+brother. He begged him in the name of everything sacred to come and take
+the mill away immediately.
+
+“If it grinds another hour the whole settlement will perish in fish and
+gruel,” said he.
+
+But the brother would not take it unless he got three hundred dollars,
+and this money had to be paid to him.
+
+Now the poor brother had both money and the mill, and so it did not take
+long before he got himself a farm, and a much nicer one than his
+brother’s. With his mill he ground out so much gold that he covered his
+house all over with sheets of gold. The house stood down by the
+sea-shore, and it glistened far out upon the sea. All who sailed past
+had to go ashore and visit the rich man in the golden house, and all
+wanted to see the wonderful mill, for its fame spread far and wide, and
+there was none who had not heard speak of it.
+
+After a long time there came a sea-captain who wished to see the mill.
+He asked whether it could grind salt.
+
+“Yes, it can grind salt,” said he who owned the mill; and when the
+captain heard this, he was bound to have it, let it cost what it will.
+For if he had that, thought he, he would not have to sail far off over
+dangerous waters after cargoes of salt. At first the man did not wish to
+sell it, but the captain teased and begged and finally the man sold it,
+and got many thousand dollars for it. When the captain had gotten the
+mill on his back, he did not stay there long, for he was afraid the man
+might reconsider the bargain and back out again. He had no time to ask
+how to regulate it; he went to his ship as fast as he could, and when he
+had gotten some distance out upon the sea, he got his mill out.
+
+“Grind salt both fast and well,” said the captain. The mill began to
+grind salt, and that with all its might. When the captain had gotten the
+ship full he wanted to stop the mill; but no matter how he worked, and
+no matter how he handled it, the mill kept grinding as fast as ever, and
+the heap of salt kept growing larger and larger, and at last the ship
+sank. The mill stands on the bottom of the sea grinding this very day,
+and so it comes that the sea is salt.
+
+
+
+
+VOCABULARY.
+
+
+ADILS. A king who reigned in Upsala.
+AE. A dwarf.
+ÆGER. The god presiding over the stormy sea.
+ALF. A dwarf.
+ALFATHER. A name of Odin.
+ALFHEIM. The home of the elves.
+ALFRIG. A dwarf.
+ALSVID. One of the horses of the sun.
+ALTHJOF. A dwarf.
+ALVIS. A dwarf.
+AMSVARTNER. The name of the lake in which the island was situated where
+  the wolf Fenrer was chained.
+ANDHRIMNER. The cook in Valhal.
+ANDLANG. The second heaven.
+ANDVARE. A dwarf.
+ANDVARE-NAUT. The ring in the Niblung story.
+ANGERBODA. A giantess; mother of the Fenris-wolf.
+ANNAR. Husband of Night and father of Jord.
+ARVAK. The name of one of the horses of the sun.
+ASAHEIM. The home of the asas.
+ASALAND. The land of the asas.
+ASAS. The Teutonic gods.
+ASA-THOR. A common name for Thor.
+ASGARD. The residence of the gods.
+ASK. The name of the first man created by Odin, Honer and Loder.
+ASLAUG. Daughter of Sigurd and Brynhild.
+ASMUND. A man visited by Odin.
+ASYNJES. The Teutonic goddesses.
+ATLE. Gudrun’s husband after the death of Sigurd.
+ATRID. A name of Odin.
+AUD. The son of Night and Naglfare.
+AUDHUMBLA. The cow that nourished the giant Ymer.
+AUDUN. A name derived from Odin.
+AURGELMER. A giant; grandfather of Bergelmer; the same as Ymer.
+AURVANG. A dwarf.
+AUSTRE. A dwarf.
+
+BAFUR. A dwarf.
+BALDER. Son of Odin and Frigg, slain by Hoder.
+BALEYG. A name of Odin.
+BAR-ISLE. A cool grove in which Gerd agreed with Skirner to meet Frey.
+BAUGE. A brother of Suttung. Odin worked for him one summer, in order to
+  get his help in obtaining Suttung’s mead of poetry.
+BEIGUD. One of Rolf Krake’s berserks.
+BELE. A giant, brother of Gerd, slain by Frey.
+BERGELMER. A giant; son of Thrudgelmer and grandson of Aurgelmer.
+BERLING. A dwarf.
+BESTLA. Wife of Bure and mother of Odin.
+BIFLIDE. A name of Odin.
+BIFLINDE. A name of Odin.
+BIFROST. The rainbow.
+BIFUR. A dwarf.
+BIKKE. A minister of Jormunrek; causes Randver to be hanged, and
+  Svanhild trodden to death by horses.
+BIL. One of the children that accompany Moon.
+BILEYG. A name of Odin.
+BILSKIRNER. Thor’s abode.
+BLAIN. A dwarf.
+BLODUGHOFDE. Frey’s horse.
+BODN. One of the three jars in which the poetic mead is kept.
+BODVAR BJARKE. One of Rolf Krake’s berserks.
+BOL. One of the rivers flowing out of Hvergelmer.
+BOLTHORN. A giant; father of Bestla, mother of Odin.
+BOLVERK. A name of Odin.
+BOMBUR. A dwarf.
+BOR. Son of Bure; father of Odin.
+BRAGE. A son of Odin; the best of skalds.
+BREIDABLIK. The abode of Balder.
+BRIMER. One of the heavenly halls after Ragnarok.
+BRISING. Freyja’s necklace.
+BROK. A dwarf.
+BRYNHILD. One of the chief heroines in the Niblung story.
+BUDLE. Father of Atle and Brynhild.
+BUE. A son of Vesete, who settled in Borgundarholm.
+BURE. Grandfather of Odin.
+BYLEIST. A brother of Loke.
+BYRGER. A well from which Bil and Hjuke were going when they were taken
+  by Moon.
+
+DAIN. A dwarf.
+DAIN. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.
+DAINSLEIF. Hogne’s sword.
+DAY. Son of Delling.
+DAYBREAK. The father of Day.
+DELLING. Daybreak.
+DOLGTHVARE. A dwarf.
+DORE. A dwarf.
+DRAUPNER. Odin’s ring.
+DROME. One of the fetters with which the Fenris-wolf was chained.
+DUF. A dwarf.
+DUNEY. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.
+DURATHRO. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.
+DURIN. A dwarf.
+DVALIN. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.
+DVALIN. A dwarf.
+
+EIKINSKJALDE. A dwarf.
+EIKTHYRNER. A hart that stands over Odin’s hall.
+EILIF. Son of Gudrun; a skald.
+EIMYRJA. One of the daughters of Haloge and Glod.
+EINDRIDE. A name of Thor.
+EIR. An attendant of Menglod, and the best of all in the healing art.
+EKIN. One of the rivers flowing from Hvergelmer.
+ELDER. A servant of Æger.
+ELDHRIMNER. The kettle in which the boar Sahrimner is cooked in Valhal.
+ELIVOGS. The ice-cold streams that flow out of Niflheim.
+ELJUDNER. Hel’s hall.
+ELLE. An old woman (old age) with whom Thor wrestled in Jotunheim.
+EMBLA. The first woman created by Odin, Honer and Loder.
+ENDIL. The name of a giant.
+ERP. A son of Jonaker, murdered by Sorle and Hamder.
+EYLIME. The father of Hjordis, mother of Volsung.
+EYSA. One of the daughters of Haloge and Glod.
+
+FAFNER. Son of Hreidmar, killed by Sigurd.
+FAL. A dwarf.
+FALHOFNER. One of the horses of the gods.
+FARBAUTE. The father of Loke.
+FARMAGOD. One of the names of Odin.
+FARMATYR. One of the names of Odin.
+FENJA. A female slave who ground at Frode’s mill.
+FENRIS-WOLF. The monster wolf, son of Loke.
+FENSALER. The abode of Frigg.
+FID. A dwarf.
+FILE. A dwarf.
+FIMAFENG. Æger’s servant.
+FIMBUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+FIMBULTHUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+FIMBUL-TYR. The unknown god.
+FIMBUL-WINTER. The great and awful winter of three years duration
+  preceding Ragnarok.
+FINNSLEIF. A byrnie belonging to King Adils, of Upsala.
+FJALAR. A dwarf.
+FJOLNER. A name of Odin.
+FJOLSVID. A name of Odin.
+FJORGVIN. The mother of Frigg and of Thor.
+FJORM. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+FOLKVANG. Freyja’s abode.
+FORM. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+FORNJOT. The ancient giant; the father of Æger.
+FORSETE. The peace-maker; son of Balder and Nanna.
+FRANANGER FORCE. The waterfall into which Loke cast himself in the
+  likeness of a salmon.
+FREKE. One of Odin’s wolves.
+FREY. Son of Njord and husband of Skade.
+FREYJA. The daughter of Njord and sister of Frey.
+FRIDLEIF. A son of Skjold.
+FRIGG. Wife of Odin and mother of the gods.
+FRODE. Grandson of Skjold.
+FROSTE. A dwarf.
+FULLA. Frigg’s attendant.
+FUNDIN. A dwarf.
+FYRE. A river in Sweden.
+
+GAGNRAD. A name of Odin.
+GALAR. A dwarf.
+GANDOLF. A dwarf.
+GANG. A giant.
+GANGLARE. A name of Odin.
+GANGLATE. Hel’s man-servant.
+GANGLERE. A name of Odin.
+GANGLOT. Hel’s maid-servant.
+GANGRAD. A name of Odin.
+GARDROFA. A horse.
+GARM. A dog that barks at Ragnarok.
+GAUT. A name of Odin.
+GEFJUN. A goddess; she is present at Æger’s feast.
+GEFN. One of the names of Freyja.
+GEIRAHOD. A valkyrie.
+GEIRROD. A giant visited by Thor.
+GEIR SKOGUL. A valkyrie.
+GEIRVIMUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GELGJA. The fetter with which the Fenris-wolf was chained.
+GERD. A beautiful giantess, daughter of Gymer.
+GERE. One of Odin’s wolves.
+GERSAME. One of the daughters of Freyja.
+GILLING. Father of Suttung, who possessed the poetic mead.
+GIMLE. The abode of the righteous after Ragnarok.
+GINNAR. A dwarf.
+GINUNGAGAP. The premundane abyss.
+GIPUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GISL. One of the horses of the gods.
+GJALLAR-BRIDGE. The bridge across the river Gjol, near Helheim.
+GJALLAR-HORN. Heimdal’s horn.
+GJALLAR-RIVER. The river near Helheim.
+GJALP. One of the daughters of Geirrod.
+GJUKE. A king in Germany, visited by Sigurd.
+GLADSHEIM. Odin’s dwelling.
+GLAM. The name of a giant.
+GLAPSVID. A name of Odin.
+GLASER. A grove in Asgard.
+GLEIPNER. The last fetter with which the wolf Fenrer was bound.
+GLENER. The husband of Sol (sun).
+GLER. One of the horses of the gods.
+GLITNER. Forsete’s hall.
+GLOIN. A dwarf.
+GNA. Frigg’s messenger.
+GNIPA-CAVE. The cave before which the dog Garm barks.
+GNITA-HEATH. Fafner’s abode, where he kept the treasure of the Niblungs.
+GOIN. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+GOL. A valkyrie.
+GOLDFAX. The giant Hrungner’s horse.
+GOMUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GONDLER. One of the names of Odin.
+GONDUL. A valkyrie.
+GOPUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GOT. A name of Odin.
+GOTE. Gunnar’s horse.
+GOTHORM. A son of Gjuke; murders Sigurd, and is slain by him.
+GRABAK. One of the serpents under Ygdrasil.
+GRAD. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GRAFVITNER. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+GRAFVOLLUD. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+GRAM. Sigurd’s sword.
+GRANE. Sigurd’s horse.
+GREIP. One of the daughters of Geirrod.
+GRID. A giantess visited by Thor.
+GRIDARVOL. Grid’s staff.
+GRIM. A name of Odin.
+GRIMHILD. Gjuke’s queen.
+GRIMNER. One of the names of Odin.
+GRJOTTUNGARD. The place where Thor fought with Hrungner.
+GROA. A giantess, mother of Orvandel.
+GROTTE. The name of King Frode’s mill.
+GUD. A valkyrie.
+GUDNY. One of the children of Gjuke.
+GUDRUN. The famous daughter of Gjuke.
+GULLINBURSTE. The name of Frey’s boar.
+GULLINTANNE. A name of Heimdal.
+GULLTOP. Heimdal’s horse.
+GULLVEIG. A personification of gold; she is pierced and burnt.
+GUNGNER. Odin’s spear.
+GUNLAT. The daughter of the giant Suttung.
+GUNN. A valkyrie.
+GUNNAR. The famous son of Gjuke.
+GUNTHRAIN. One of the rivers flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GWODAN. An old name for Odin.
+GYLFE. A king of Svithjod, who visited Asgard under the name of
+  Ganglere.
+GYLLER. One of the horses of the gods.
+GYMER. Another name of the ocean divinity Æger.
+
+HABROK. A celebrated hero.
+HALLINSKIDE. Another name of Heimdal.
+HALOGE. A giant, son of Fornjot; also called Loge.
+HAMDER. Son of Jonaker and Gudrun, incited by his mother to avenge his
+  sister’s death.
+HAMSKERPER. A horse; the sire of Hofvarpner, which was Gna’s horse.
+HANGAGOD. A name of Odin.
+HANGATYR. A name of Odin.
+HAPTAGOD. A name of Odin.
+HAR. The High One; applied to Odin.
+HARBARD. A name assumed by Odin.
+HATE. The wolf bounding before the sun, and will at last catch the moon.
+HEIDE. Another name for Gullveig.
+HEIDRUN. A goat that stands over Valhal.
+HEIMDAL. The god of the rainbow.
+HEIMER. Brynhild’s foster-father.
+HEL. The goddess of death; daughter of Loke.
+HELBLINDE. A name of Odin.
+HELMET-BEARER. A name of Odin.
+HENGEKJAPT. The man to whom King Frode gave his mill.
+HEPTE. A dwarf.
+HERAN. A name of Odin.
+HERFATHER. A name of Odin.
+HERJAN. A name of Odin.
+HERMOD. The god who rode on Sleipner to Hel, to get Balder back.
+HERTEIT. A name of Odin.
+HILD. A valkyrie.
+HILDESVIN. A helmet, which King Adils took from King Ale.
+HIMINBJORG. Heimdal’s dwelling.
+HINDFELL. The place where Brynhild sat in her hall, surrounded by the
+  Vafurloge.
+HJALMBORE. A name of Odin.
+HJALPREK. A king in Denmark; collects a fleet for Sigurd.
+HJATLE THE VALIANT. One of Rolf Krake’s berserks.
+HJORDIS. Married to Sigmund, and mother of Sigurd.
+HJUKE. One of the children that accompany Moon.
+HLEDJOLF. A dwarf.
+HLER. Another name of Æger.
+HLIDSKJALF. The seat of Odin, whence he looked out over all the world.
+HLIN. One of the attendants of Frigg; Frigg herself is sometimes called
+  by this name.
+HLODYN. Thor’s mother.
+HLOK. A valkyrie.
+HLORIDE. A name of Thor.
+HNIKER. A name of Odin.
+HNIKUD. A name of Odin.
+HNITBJORG. The place where Suttung hid the poetic mead.
+HNOS. Freyja’s daughter.
+HODER. The slayer of Balder; he is blind.
+HODMIMER’S-HOLT. The grove where the two human beings, Lif and
+  Lifthraser, were preserved during Ragnarok.
+HOFVARPNER. Gna’s horse.
+HOGNE. A son of Gjuke.
+HONER. One of the three creating gods; with Odin and Loder he creates
+  Ask and Embla.
+HOR. A dwarf.
+HORN. A name of Freyja.
+HRASVELG. A giant in an eagle’s plumage, who produces the wind.
+HREIDMAR. The father of Regin and Fafner.
+HRIB. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+HRIMFAXE. The horse of Night.
+HRINGHORN. The ship upon which Balder’s body was burned.
+HRIST. A valkyrie.
+HRODVITNER. A wolf; father of the wolf Hate.
+HRON. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+HROPTATYR. A name of Odin.
+HROTTE. Fafner’s sword.
+HRUNGNER. A giant; Thor slew him.
+HRYM. A giant, who steers the ship Naglfar at Ragnarok.
+HVERGELMER. The fountain in the middle of Niflheim.
+HUGE. A person (Thought) who ran a race with Thjalfe, in Jotunheim.
+HUGIST. One of Odin’s ravens.
+HUGSTORE. A dwarf.
+HYMER. A giant with whom Thor went fishing when he caught the
+  Midgard-serpent.
+HYNDLA. A vala visited by Freyja.
+HYRROKEN. A giantess who launched the ship on which Balder was burned.
+
+IDA. A plain where the gods first assemble, and where they assemble
+  again after Ragnarok.
+IDAVOLD. The same.
+IDE. A giant, son of Olvalde.
+IDUN. Wife of Brage; she kept the rejuvenating apples.
+IRONWOOD. The abode of giantesses called Jarnveds.
+IVA. A river in Jotunheim.
+IVALD. The father of the dwarfs that made Sif’s hair, the ship
+  Skidbladner, and Odin’s spear Gungner.
+
+JAFNHAR. A name of Odin.
+JALG. A name of Odin.
+JALK. A name of Odin.
+JARNSAXA. One of Heimdal’s nine giant mothers.
+JARNVED. The same as Ironwood.
+JARNVIDJES. The giantesses dwelling in Ironwood.
+JORD. Wife of Odin, mother of Thor.
+JORMUNGAND. The Midgard-serpent.
+JORMUNREK. King of Goths, marries Svanhild.
+JORUVOLD. The country where Aurvang is situated. Thence come several
+  dwarfs.
+JOTUNHEIM. The home of the giants.
+
+KERLAUGS. The rivers that Thor every day must cross.
+KILE. A dwarf.
+KJALER. A name of Odin.
+KORMT. A river which Thor every day must cross.
+KVASER. The hostage given by the vans to the asas; his blood, when
+  slain, was the poetical meed kept by Suttung.
+
+LADING. One of the fetters with which the Fenris-wolf was bound.
+LANDVIDE. Vidar’s abode.
+LAUFEY. Loke’s mother.
+LEIPT. One of the rivers flowing out of Hvergelmer.
+LERAD. A tree near Valhal.
+LETFET. One of the horses of the gods.
+LIF.       } The two persons preserved in Hodmimer’s-holt during
+LIFTHRASER.}   Ragnarok.
+LIT. A dwarf.
+LJOSALFAHEIM. The home of the light elves.
+LODER. One of the three gods who created Ask and Embla.
+LOFN. One of the asynjes.
+LOGE. A giant who tried his strength at eating with Loke in Jotunheim.
+LOKE. The giant-god of the Norse mythology.
+LOPT. Another name for Loke.
+LOVAR. A dwarf.
+LYNGVE. The island where the Fenris-wolf was chained.
+
+MAGNE. A son of Thor.
+MANNHEIM. The home of man; our earth.
+MARDOL. One of the names of Freyja.
+MEGINGJARDER. Thor’s belt.
+MEILE. A son of Odin.
+MENGLAD. Svipdag’s betrothed.
+MENJA. A female slave who ground at Frode’s mill.
+MIDGARD. The name of the earth in the mythology.
+MIDVITNE. A giant.
+MIMER. The name of the wise giant; keeper of the holy well.
+MIST. A valkyrie.
+MJODVITNER. A dwarf.
+MJOLNER. Thorn’s hammer.
+MJOTUD. A name of Odin.
+MODE. One of Thor’s sons.
+MODGUD. The may who guards the Gjallar-bridge.
+MODSOGNER. A dwarf.
+MOIN. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+MOKKERKALFE. A clay giant in the myth of Thor and Hrungner.
+MOON, brother of Sun. Both children of Mundilfare.
+MOONGARM. A wolf of Loke’s offspring; he devours the moon.
+MORN. A troll-woman.
+MUNDILFARE. Father of the sun and moon.
+MUNIN. One of Odin’s ravens.
+MUSPEL. The name of an abode of fire.
+MUSPELHEIM. The world of blazing light before the creation.
+
+NA. A dwarf.
+NAGLFAR. A mythical ship made of nail-parings; it appears in Ragnarok.
+NAIN. A dwarf.
+NAL. Mother of Loke.
+NANNA. Daughter of Nep; mother of Forsete, and wife of Balder.
+NARE. Sod of Loke; also called Narfe.
+NARFE. _See_ Nare.
+NASTRAND. A place of punishment for the wicked after Ragnarok.
+NEP. Father of Nanna.
+NIBLUNGS. Identical with Gjukungs.
+NIDA MOUNTAINS. A place where there is, after Ragnarok, a golden hall
+  for the race of Sindre (the dwarfs).
+NIDE. A dwarf.
+NIDHUG. A serpent in the nether world.
+NIFLHEIM. The world of mist before the creation.
+NIFLUNGS. Identical with Niblungs.
+NIGHT. Daughter of Norfe.
+NIKAR. A name of Odin.
+NIKUZ. A name of Odin.
+NIPING. A dwarf.
+NJORD. A van; husband of Skade, and father of Frey and Freyja.
+NOATUN. Njord’s dwelling.
+NON. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+NOR. The man after whom Norway was supposed to have been named.
+NORDRE. A dwarf.
+NORFE. A giant, father of Night.
+NORNS. The weird sisters.
+NOT. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+NY. A dwarf.
+NYE. A dwarf.
+NYRAD. A dwarf.
+
+ODER. Freyja’s husband.
+ODIN. Son of Bor and Bestla; the chief of Teutonic gods.
+ODRARER. One of the vessels in which the poetic mead was kept.
+OFNER. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+OIN. A dwarf.
+OKU-THOR. A name of Thor.
+OLVALDE. A giant; father of Thjasse, Ide and Gang.
+OME. A name of Odin.
+ONAR. A dwarf.
+ORBODA. Wife of the giant Gymer.
+ORE. A dwarf.
+ORMT. One of the rivers that Thor has to cross.
+ORNER. The name of a giant.
+ORVANDEL. The husband of Groa, the vala who sang magic songs over Thor
+  after he had fought with Hrungner.
+OSKE. A name of Odin.
+OTTER. A son of Hreidmar; in the form of an otter he was killed by Loke.
+
+QUASER. _See_ Kvaser.
+
+RADGRID. A valkyrie.
+RADSVID. A dwarf.
+RAFNAGUD. A name of Odin.
+RAGNAROK. The last day; the dissolution of the gods and the world; the
+  twilight of the gods.
+RAN. The goddess of the sea; wife of Æger.
+RANDGRID. A valkyrie.
+RANDVER. A son of Jormunrek.
+RATATOSK. A squirrel in Ygdrasil.
+RATE. An auger used by Odin in obtaining the poetic mead.
+REGIN. Son of Hreidmar.
+REGINLEIF. A valkyrie.
+REIDARTYR. A name of Odin.
+REK. A dwarf.
+RIND. Mother of Vale.
+ROGNER. A name of Odin.
+ROSKVA. Thor’s maiden follower.
+
+SAHRIMNER. The boar on which the gods and heroes in Valhal live.
+SAD. A name of Odin.
+SAGA. The goddess of history.
+SAGER. The bucket carried by Bil and Hjuke.
+SANGETAL. A name of Odin.
+SEKIN. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+SESSRYMNER. Freyja’s palace.
+SIAR. A dwarf.
+SID. A stream flowing from Hvergelmer.
+SIDHOT. A name of Odin.
+SIDSKEG. A name of Odin.
+SIF. Thor’s wife.
+SIGFATHER. A name of Odin.
+SIGFRID. The hero in the Niblung story; the same as Sigurd.
+SIGMUND. Son of Volsung. Also son of Sigurd and Gudrun.
+SINDRE. A dwarf.
+SIGTYR. A name of Odin.
+SIGYN. Loke’s wife.
+SIGURD. The hero in the Niblung story; identical with Sigfrid.
+SILVERTOP. One of the horses of the gods.
+SIMUL. The pole on which Bil and Hjuke carried the bucket.
+SINFJOTLE. Son of Sigmund.
+SINER. One of the horses of the gods.
+SJOFN. One of the asynjes.
+SKADE. A giantess; daughter of Thjasse and wife of Njord.
+SKEGGOLD. A valkyrie.
+SKEIDBRIMER. One of the horses of the gods.
+SKIDBLADNER. Frey’s ship.
+SKIFID. A dwarf.
+SKIFIR. A dwarf.
+SKILFING. A name of Odin.
+SKINFAXE. The horse of Day.
+SKIRNER. Frey’s messenger.
+SKOGUL. A valkyrie.
+SKOL. The wolf that pursues the sun.
+SKRYMER. The name assumed by Utgard-Loke; a giant.
+SKULD. The norn of the future.
+SLEIPNER. Odin’s eight-footed steed.
+SLID. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+SLIDRUGTANNE. Frey’s boar.
+SNOTRA. One of the asynjes.
+SOKMIMER. A giant slain by Odin.
+SOKVABEK. A mansion, where Odin and Saga quaff from golden beakers.
+SOL. Daughter of Mundilfare.
+SON. One of the vessels containing the poetic mead.
+SORLE. Son of Jonaker and Gudrun; avenges the death of Svanhild.
+SUDRE. A dwarf.
+SUN. Identical with Sol.
+SURT. Guards Muspelheim. A fire-giant in Ragnarok.
+SUTTUNG. The giant possessing the poetic mead.
+SVADE. A giant.
+SVADILFARE. A horse, the sire of Sleipner.
+SVAFNER. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+SVANHILD. Daughter of Sigurd and Gudrun.
+SVARIN. A dwarf.
+SVARTALFAHEIM. The home of the swarthy elves.
+SVARTHOFDE. The ancestor of all enchanters.
+SVASUD. The name of a giant; father of summer.
+SVIAGRIS. A ring demanded by the berserks for Rolf Krake.
+SVID. A name of Odin.
+SVIDAR. A name of Odin.
+SVIDR. A name of Odin.
+SVIDRE. A name of Odin.
+SVIDRIR. A name of Odin.
+SVIDUR. A name of Odin.
+SVIPDAG. The betrothed of Menglad.
+SVIPOL. A name of Odin.
+SVOL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+SVOLNE. A name of Odin.
+SYLG. A stream flowing from Hvergelmer.
+SYN. A minor goddess.
+SYR. A name of Freyja.
+
+TANGNJOST.  } Thor’s goats.
+TANGRISNER. }
+THEK. A dwarf; also a name of Odin.
+THJALFE. The name of Thor’s man-servant.
+THJASSE. A giant; the father of Njord’s wife, Skade.
+THJODNUMA. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+THOK. Loke in the disguise of a woman.
+THOL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+THOR. Son of Odin and Fjorgyn. The god of thunder.
+THORIN. A dwarf.
+THORN. A giant.
+THRIDE. A name of Odin.
+THRO. A dwarf; also a name of Odin.
+THROIN. A dwarf.
+THROR. A name of Odin.
+THRUD. A valkyrie.
+THUD. A name of Odin.
+THUL. A stream flowing from Hvergelmer.
+THUND. A name of Odin.
+THVITE. A stone used in chaining the Fenris-wolf.
+THYN. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+TYR. The one-armed god of war.
+
+UD. A name of Odin.
+UKKO. The god of thunder in Tshudic mythology.
+UKKO-THOR. A name for Thor.
+ULLER. Son of Sif and step-son of Thor.
+URD. The norn of the past.
+UTGARD. The abode of the giant Utgard-Loke.
+UTGARD-LOKE. A giant visited by Thor; identical with Skrymer.
+
+VAFTHRUDNER. A giant visited by Odin.
+VAFUD. A name of Odin.
+VAFURLOGE. The bickering flame surrounding Brynhild on Hindfell.
+VAK. A name of Odin.
+VALASKJALF. One of Odin’s dwellings.
+VALE. Brother of Balder; kills Hoder.
+VALFATHER. A name of Odin.
+VALHAL. The hall to which Odin invites those slain in battle.
+VANADIS. A name of Freyja.
+VANAHEIM. The home of the vans.
+VAR. The goddess of betrothals and marriages.
+VARTARE. The thread with which the mouth of Loke was sewed together.
+VASAD. The grandfather of Winter.
+VE. A brother of Odin. (Odin, Vile and Ve).
+VEDFOLNER. A hawk in Ygdrasil.
+VEGSVIN. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+VEGTAM. A name of Odin.
+VERATYR. A name of Odin.
+VERDANDE. The norn of the present.
+VESTRE. A dwarf.
+VID. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+VIDAR. Son of Odin and the giantess Grid.
+VIDBLAIN. The third heaven.
+VIDFIN. The father of Bil and Hjuke.
+VIDOLF. The ancestor of the valas.
+VIDRER. A name of Odin.
+VIDUR. A name of Odin.
+VIG. A dwarf.
+VIGRID. The field of battle where the gods and the hosts of Surt meet in
+  Ragnarok.
+VILE. Brother of Odin and Ve.
+VILMEIDE. The ancestor of all wizards.
+VIMER. A river that Thor crosses.
+VIN. A river that flows from Hvergelmer.
+VINA. A river that flows from Hvergelmer.
+VINDALF. A dwarf.
+VINDLONG. One of the names of the father of winter.
+VINDSVAL. One of the names of the father of winter.
+VINGNER. A name of Thor.
+VINGOLF. The palace of the asynjes.
+VINGTHOR. A name of Thor.
+VIRFIR. A dwarf.
+VIT. A dwarf.
+VOLSUNGS. The descendants of Volsung.
+VON. A river formed by the saliva running from the mouth of the chained
+  Fenris-wolf.
+VOR. One of the asynjes.
+
+WODAN. A name of Odin.
+
+YDALER. Uller’s dwelling.
+YG. A name of Odin.
+YGDRASIL. The world-embracing ash-tree.
+YLG. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+YMER. The huge giant out of whose body the world was created.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+  [Transcriber’s Note:
+
+  Page references in the 5-10 range do not correspond reliably to actual
+  citations; pages 5 and 6 do not exist at all. It is possible that the
+  Preface was rewritten and repaginated between 1879 (the original date
+  of the book) and 1901 (the date of the printing used as the basis for
+  this e-text).]
+
+
+A
+
+Abel, 265.
+Academy (London), 252.
+Achilleus, 167, 168.
+Adam, 33.
+Adela, 255.
+Adils, 215, 217.
+Ae, 71.
+Æger, 153, 154, 159, 160, 162, 164, 169, 176-189, 196, 240, 260.
+Æneas, 168, 221-224, 229, 242.
+Africa and Africans, 36, 38, 225.
+Ainbet, 255.
+Ainos, 221.
+Aldafather, 246.
+Ale, 89, 168, 215.
+Alf, 71.
+Alfather, 65, 69, 72, 77, 80, 81, 92, 94, 98, 106, 245, 246, 259.
+Alfheim, 77, 183.
+Alfrig, 261.
+Alsace, 255.
+Alsvid, 66.
+Althjof, 70.
+Alvis, 251.
+America, 30, 244.
+Amsvartner, 94.
+Anchises, 223, 229.
+Andhrimner, 104.
+Andlang, 78.
+Andvare, 71, 194, 195, 199-201.
+Andvarenaut, 200.
+Angerboda, 91.
+Anglo-Saxon, 258.
+Annan, 45.
+Annar, 65.
+Argulos, 41.
+Ariadne, 29.
+Ariel, 253.
+Ark, 33.
+Arndt, 257, 258.
+Arvak, 66.
+Asaheim, 226, 259.
+Asaland, 226, 234.
+Asas, 79-90.
+Asa-Thor, 241.
+Asburg, 226.
+Asgard, 6, 7, 51, 54, 64, 65, 69, 133, 136, 148, 153, 156-158, 164,
+  168-176, 181, 189, 191, 224, 226, 228, 230, 237.
+Asia, 38, 43, 166, 225-229.
+Asiamen, 46, 48.
+Ask, 5, 64, 243, 250.
+Aslaug, 204.
+Asmund, 245, 246.
+Aspargum, 226.
+Asov, 225.
+Assor, 229.
+Asynjes, 97-100.
+Assyrians, 37, 40, 225.
+Atlas, 226.
+Atle, 198-202, 251.
+Atra, 45.
+Atrid, 81, 245.
+Aud, 65.
+Audhumbla, 59, 246.
+Audun, 235.
+Aurgelmer, 58, 250.
+Aurvang, 71.
+Austre, 61, 70.
+Austria, 255.
+
+
+B
+
+Baal, 37.
+Babylon, 39.
+Bafur, 70.
+Balder, 6, 7, 8, 46, 83, 84, 89, 131-136, 148, 158, 175, 232, 249, 259,
+  260, 264, 265.
+Baleyg, 81, 245, 247.
+Baltic, 223, 231.
+Banquo, 253.
+Bar, 61, 64, 250.
+Bar-Isle, 102.
+Bauge, 162, 163.
+Bavaria, 256.
+Bedvig, 45.
+Beigud, 215.
+Bel, 37.
+Beldegg, 46.
+Bele, 102, 103, 145, 175, 262.
+Beowulf, 262.
+Bergelmer, 60, 250.
+Bergmann, Fr., 18, 221.
+Berling, 261.
+Bestla, 60, 250.
+Biflide, 54.
+Biflinde, 54, 81, 245.
+Bifrost, 68, 73, 74, 77, 88, 108, 142.
+Bifur, 70.
+Bikke, 202, 203.
+Bil, 66, 99, 250.
+Bileyg, 81, 245.
+Bilskirner, 82, 259.
+Bjaf, 45.
+Bjalfe, 233.
+Bjar, 45.
+Bjarnhedinn, 233.
+Black Sea, 225, 229.
+Blackwell, W. L., 15, 18.
+Blain, 70.
+Blind, Karl, 252-256.
+Blodughofde, 260.
+Blueland, 225, 226.
+Bodn, 160-165.
+Bodvar Bjarke, 215.
+Bol, 106.
+Bolthorn, 60, 250.
+Bolverk, 81, 162, 163, 245.
+Bombur, 70.
+Bor, 50, 61, 64, 250.
+Borgundarholm, 240.
+Bornholm, 240.
+Bothnia, 240.
+Brage, 6, 9, 16, 25, 50, 87, 108, 153, 154, 159, 160, 164, 166, 169,
+  184, 187, 189, 205, 231, 260.
+Brander, 46.
+Breidablik, 77, 84, 232, 259.
+Brimer, 147, 166.
+Brising, 97, 186, 261, 262.
+Britain, 230.
+Brok, 190-192.
+Brynhild, 198-201, 262, 267.
+Budd, 244.
+Buddha, 244.
+Budle, 198, 201.
+Bue, 240.
+Bugge, Sophus, 18.
+Bure, 5, 60, 250.
+Byleist, 91, 144.
+Byrger, 66.
+
+
+C
+
+Cæsar, 233.
+Cain, 265.
+Carlyle, Sir Thomas, 22, 252.
+Carthage, 31, 242.
+Cato, the Elder, 31.
+Caucasian, 226.
+Celtic, 239, 240, 244.
+Cerberos, 41.
+Chaldeans, 40.
+Chasgar, 226.
+China, 28.
+Chlotildis, 255.
+Christ, 201, 221, 223.
+Cicero, 229.
+Columbus, 30.
+Cottle, A. S., 15.
+Crete, 28, 39-42.
+
+
+D
+
+Dain, 70, 75.
+Dainsleif, 219.
+Dane, 46.
+Danube, 230.
+Dardanos, 42.
+Dasent, G. W., 15, 16, 18.
+Day, 65, 66.
+Daybreak, 65.
+Delling, 65.
+Denmark, 50, 206, 207, 214, 222, 230, 231, 239, 242, 251.
+Dido, 242.
+Dietrich, Fr., 18.
+Dippold, G. Theo., 267.
+Dolgthvare, 71.
+Don, 225, 229.
+Dore, 71.
+Dornröschen, 254.
+Draupner, 71, 134, 136, 187.
+Drome, 93.
+Duf, 71.
+Duney, 75.
+Durathro, 75.
+Durin, 70.
+Dvalin, 70, 74, 75, 261.
+
+
+E
+
+Egilsson, S., 18, 19.
+Eikenskjalde, 71.
+Eikthyrner, 106.
+Eilif, 179.
+Eimyrja, 240.
+Eindride, 175.
+Eir, 97.
+Ekin, 106.
+Elder, 188.
+Eldhrimner, 104.
+Elenus, 168.
+Eline, 251.
+Elivogs, 5, 57, 59, 173, 248.
+Eljudner, 92.
+Elle, 124, 127.
+Embla, 5, 64, 243, 250.
+Emerson, R. W., 22.
+Endil, 180.
+Enea, 38, 221, 225.
+England, 30, 48, 222, 232, 239, 250, 258.
+Erichthonios, 221.
+Erp, 202-205.
+Ethiopia, 225.
+Ettmüller, Ludw., 18.
+Europe, 38, 221-230, 241, 254.
+Eve, 33.
+Eylime, 196.
+Eysa, 240.
+Eyvind Skaldespiller, 236.
+
+
+F
+
+Fafner, 193-201, 263.
+Fal, 71.
+Falhofner, 73, 260.
+Farbaute, 91, 185.
+Farmagod, 81, 247.
+Farmatyr, 81, 165, 245.
+Faye, A., 257.
+Fenja, 206-208, 267.
+Fenris-wolf, 8, 87, 91-96, 104, 141, 142, 148, 149, 168.
+Fensaler, 97, 132.
+Fid, 71.
+File, 71.
+Fimafeng, 188.
+Fimbul, 56.
+Fimbulthul, 106.
+Fimbul-tyr, 5, 6, 8.
+Fimbul-winter, 7, 140, 264.
+Finnish, 239, 240, 241, 250.
+Finnsleif, 215.
+Fjalar, 160, 161.
+Fjarlaf, 45.
+Fjolner, 54, 81, 207, 238, 245.
+Fjolsvid, 81, 245, 246.
+Fjorgvin, 65.
+Fjorm, 106.
+Folkvang, 86, 259.
+Forestier, Auber, 262, 263, 266, 267.
+Form, 56, 241.
+Fornjot, 239-243.
+Forsete, 89, 90, 153, 259, 260.
+Frananger Force, 137.
+Frankland, 46.
+Fraser’s Magazine, 253.
+Freke, 105.
+Freovit, 46.
+Frey, 6, 7, 8, 85, 86, 94, 101-103, 109-112, 134, 142, 143, 153, 187,
+  191, 192, 227, 228, 237-239, 243, 260, 262, 264.
+Freyja, 6, 7, 29, 85, 86, 97, 110, 134, 153, 157, 170, 183, 187, 228,
+  232, 239, 259, 261, 262.
+Fridleif, 45, 46, 206, 218.
+Frigialand, 168.
+Frigg, 6, 7, 43, 45, 65, 80, 94, 97, 98, 131-136, 145, 153, 176, 187,
+  227.
+Frigia, 43.
+Frigida, 45.
+Frjodiger, 46.
+Frode, 41, 206-213, 238, 267.
+Froste, 71, 240, 241.
+Fulla, 97, 136, 153, 187.
+Fundin, 71.
+Funen, 231.
+Fyre, 216.
+Fyrisvold, 187, 217.
+
+
+G
+
+Gaelic, 257.
+Gagnrad, 247.
+Galar, 160, 161.
+Gandolf, 70.
+Gandvik, 179.
+Gang, 159.
+Ganglare, 81.
+Ganglate, 92.
+Ganglere, 245, 246, 247.
+Ganglot, 92.
+Gangrad, 58.
+Gardarike, 230.
+Gardie, de la, 17.
+Gardrofa, 99.
+Garm, 8, 108, 143.
+Gaut, 81.
+Gave, 46.
+Gefjun, 49, 50, 97, 153, 187, 231, 242.
+Gefn, 97.
+Gegenwart, Die, 252.
+Geibel, Em., 267.
+Geir, 46.
+Geirabod, 99.
+Geirrod, 81, 176-183, 245, 246.
+Geir Skogul, 252.
+Geirvimul, 106.
+Gelgja, 96.
+Gelmer, 248.
+Gerd, 101-113, 153, 228, 238, 262, 265.
+Gere, 105, 261.
+Germania (of Tacitus), 244.
+Germany, 30, 222, 230, 239, 250-256.
+Gersame, 238.
+Gertraud, 255.
+Gibraltar, 225, 230.
+Gill, 250.
+Gilling, 161.
+Gimle, 9, 54, 77, 78, 147, 247.
+Ginnar, 71.
+Ginungagap, 5, 56, 57, 58, 61, 72, 243, 247-249.
+Gipul, 106.
+Gisl, 73, 260.
+Gissur, Jarl, 24.
+Gjallar-bridge, 135, 249.
+Gjallarhorn, 72, 88, 142.
+Gjallar-river, 135.
+Gjalp, 178, 179, 180, 182.
+Gjoll, 56, 96, 248.
+Gjuke, 199, 204, 206, 266.
+Gjukungs, 193-201.
+Glad, 73, 260.
+Gladsheim, 28, 69, 259.
+Glam, 183.
+Glapsvid, 81, 245.
+Glaser, 187, 199.
+Gleipner, 87, 94.
+Glener, 66.
+Gler, 73, 260.
+Glitner, 77, 89, 90, 259.
+Glod, 240.
+Gloin, 71.
+Glora, 44.
+Gna, 98, 99.
+Gnipa-cave, 8, 143.
+Gnita-heath, 196-200.
+God, 33-40, 54.
+Godheim, 225, 236.
+Goe, 241.
+Goin, 75.
+Gol, 99.
+Golden Age, 69-71.
+Goldfax, 169, 176.
+Gomul, 106.
+Gondler, 81, 245.
+Gondul, 252.
+Gopul, 106.
+Gor, 241.
+Got, 246.
+Gote, 199.
+Gothorm, 198-211.
+Gotland, 206.
+Goransson, J., 18.
+Grabak, 76.
+Grad, 106.
+Grafvitner, 75.
+Grafvollud, 76.
+Gram, 199, 200.
+Grane, 198.
+Grave, 199.
+Gray, 16.
+Greece and Greeks, 28, 31, 39-43, 222-229, 250.
+Greenland, 30.
+Greip, 178-183.
+Grid, 177.
+Gridarvol, 177, 181.
+Grim, 81, 245, 246.
+Grimhild, 198.
+Grimm (Brothers), 244, 253, 258.
+Grimner, 81, 244, 245, 247, 248.
+Grjottungard, 171, 174.
+Groa, 173, 174.
+Grotte, 207, 210.
+Grottesong, 207, 208.
+Guatemala, 88, 244.
+Gud, 100.
+Gudny, 198.
+Gudolf, 45.
+Gudrun, 179-203.
+Gullinburste, 134.
+Gullintanne, 88.
+Gulltop, 73, 88, 134, 259.
+Gullveig, 252, 265.
+Gungner, 142, 189-192.
+Gunlad, 160-165.
+Gunn, 252.
+Gunnar, 198-203.
+Gunnthro, 56, 248.
+Gunthrain, 106.
+Gwodan, 244.
+Gylfe, 9, 16, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 151, 221, 224, 231, 232, 242.
+Gyller, 73, 260.
+Gymer, 101, 103, 238.
+
+
+H
+
+Ha, 218.
+Habrok, 108.
+Hafthor, 235.
+Hakon, 21-24, 236.
+Haleygjatal, 47.
+Halfdan, 213.
+Hallinskide, 88.
+Haloge, 240.
+Halogeland, 240.
+Ham, 35, 36.
+Hamder, 202, 206.
+Hamskerper, 99.
+Hangagod, 81.
+Hangatyr, 165.
+Haptagod, 81.
+Har, 71, 81, 243-246.
+Harald Harfager, 51, 243.
+Harbard, 245.
+Hate, 67.
+Haustlong, 184.
+Hebrew, 37.
+Hedin, 218, 219.
+Hedinians, 219.
+Heide, 252.
+Heidrun, 106.
+Heimdal, 6, 8, 88, 89, 134, 142, 143, 153, 232, 259, 260.
+Heimer, 204.
+Heimskringla, 10, 22, 50, 57, 221, 224, 239, 242, 243, 263.
+Hekate, 255.
+Hektor, 43, 151, 167, 168.
+Hel, 6, 7, 55, 56, 57, 91-96, 133, 135-137, 142, 144, 148, 248, 255,
+  264.
+Helblinde, 81, 91, 245.
+Held, 255.
+Helge Hundings-Bane, 248.
+Helgeland, 240.
+Helmet-bearer, 245.
+Henderson, 16.
+Hendride, 44.
+Hengekjapt, 207.
+Hengist, 46, 229.
+Hepte, 71.
+Herakles, 41.
+Heran, 54.
+Herbert, 16.
+Herfather, 247.
+Herfjoter, 99.
+Herikon, 43, 221.
+Herjan, 54, 81, 245, 247.
+Hermanric, 262.
+Hermod, 45, 133, 135, 136, 249, 260.
+Hero-book, 250.
+Herodotos, 22.
+Herteit, 81, 245.
+Hesse (Rhenish), 255.
+Hild, 99, 198, 218, 219, 252.
+Hildebrand, Karl, 18.
+Hildesvin, 215.
+Himminbjorg, 77, 88, 89, 232, 259.
+Hindfell, 199.
+Hjaddingavig, 219.
+Hjalmbore, 81.
+Hjalprek, 196.
+Hjalte the Valiant, 215.
+Hjarrande, 218.
+Hjordis, 196.
+Hjuke, 66, 250.
+Hledjolf, 71.
+Hleidre, 212, 214.
+Hler, 153, 240, 243.
+Hlidskjalf, 64, 77, 101, 137.
+Hlin, 98, 145.
+Hlodyn, 145.
+Hlok, 99.
+Hloride, 44.
+Hlymdaler, 204.
+Hnikar, 54, 81, 245, 247.
+Hnikud, 54, 81, 245.
+Hnitbjorg, 161, 162.
+Hnos, 97, 238.
+Hoder, 7, 89, 132, 148, 260, 265.
+Hodmimer’s-holt, 149.
+Hofvarpner, 99.
+Hogne, 198-218.
+Holge, 187.
+Holzmann, A., 18.
+Homer, 222.
+Honer, 84, 153, 155, 157, 184-186, 193, 227, 243.
+Hor, 71.
+Horn, 97.
+Hornklofe, 233.
+Horsa, 229.
+Howitts, the, 16.
+Hrasvelg, 79.
+Hreidmar, 193-196.
+Hrid, 56.
+Hrimfaxe, 65.
+Hrimgerd, 251.
+Hringhorn, 133.
+Hrist, 99.
+Hrodvitner, 67.
+Hrolf, 241.
+Hron, 106.
+Hroptatyr, 81, 246.
+Hrotte, 196.
+Hrungner, 7, 169-176, 210.
+Hrym, 141-144.
+Hvergelmer, 56, 72, 75, 106, 148, 243, 248, 249.
+Hvitserk, 215.
+Huge, 121, 126.
+Hugin, 105.
+Hugstare, 71.
+Humboldt, 244.
+Hymer, 128-133, 167, 186.
+Hyndla, 249.
+Hyrrokken, 133, 134.
+
+
+I
+
+Iceland, 240.
+Ida, 148.
+Idavold, 69.
+Ide, 159.
+Idun, 6, 7, 10, 28, 87, 88, 153, 155, 157, 184-187, 264.
+Iliad, 22, 221, 224.
+Ilos, 43.
+India, 28, 244.
+Irmina, 255.
+Ironwood, 57.
+Isefjord, 231.
+Italy, 42, 222.
+Ithaca, 223.
+Itrman, 45.
+Iva, 182.
+Ivalde, 112, 189.
+
+
+J
+
+Jack, 247, 250.
+Jafnhar, 81, 243, 245, 246.
+Jalanger, 207.
+Jalg, 54.
+Jalk, 54, 81, 245-247.
+Jamieson, 16.
+Japhet, 35.
+Jarnsaxa, 173.
+Jarnved, 67.
+Jarnvidjes, 67.
+Jat, 45.
+Jerusalem, 225.
+Jews, 29.
+Johnstown, 232.
+Jokul, 240.
+Jonaker, 202, 206.
+Jonsson (Arngrim), 17.
+Jonsson (Th.), 18, 19.
+Jord, 65, 100, 174, 175.
+Jormungand, 91-96, 144.
+Jormunrek, 202-206.
+Joruvold, 71.
+Jotland, 240.
+Jotunheim, 49, 65, 69, 91, 110, 111, 115, 133, 144, 157, 169, 176, 185,
+  187, 231, 259.
+Juno, 40, 250.
+Jupiter, 41, 42.
+Jutland, 46, 247.
+
+
+K
+
+Kadmos, 241.
+Kalevala, 84.
+Kalmuks, 225.
+Kann, 254.
+Kare, 240-243.
+Kemble, 258.
+Kerlangs, 73.
+Keyser (Rud.), 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26.
+Kesfet, 45.
+Kile, 71.
+Kingsley (Chas.), 230.
+Kjalar, 81, 245.
+Knue, 211.
+Kormt, 73.
+Kvaser, 137, 160-165, 227.
+
+
+L
+
+Laage, 231.
+Lading, 93.
+Laing (Samuel), 22, 224.
+Landvide, 259.
+Laomedon, 43.
+Latin, 222.
+Laufey, 91, 110, 113, 137.
+Leidre (See Hleidre), 231.
+Leipt, 56, 248.
+Lerad, 106, 263.
+Letfet, 73, 260.
+Liber, 228.
+Libera, 228.
+Lif, 149.
+Lifthraser, 149.
+Lit, 71, 134.
+Lithraborg, 231.
+Ljosalfaheim, 259.
+Loder, 243.
+Lofn, 98.
+Loge, 120, 126, 240, 243.
+Logrinn, 49.
+Loke, 6-8, 80, 91-96, 109-145, 151, 153, 155-158, 176-187, 188-199, 240,
+  260, 261, 264, 265.
+Lopt, 91, 186.
+Loptsson (Jon), 20.
+Lora, 44.
+Loricos, 44.
+Loride, 44.
+Lovar, 71.
+Lybia, 230, 242.
+Lyngve, 94.
+
+
+M
+
+Macbeth, 252-265.
+Macedonians, 39, 40, 42.
+Maelstrom, 208.
+Magi, 45.
+Magne, 45, 48, 149, 168, 173.
+Magnusson (Arne), 17, 18, 23.
+Malar, 49, 231, 232.
+Mallet, 16, 230.
+Manilius, 229.
+Mannheim, 225, 236.
+Mardol, 97.
+Mars, 222.
+Mechtild, 255.
+Mediterranean Sea, 38.
+Megingjarder, 83, 106, 176, 180.
+Meile, 174.
+Menglad, 260, 262.
+Menja, 206-209, 267.
+Menon, 44.
+Metellus, 223.
+Mexican, 244.
+Midgard, 5, 62, 63, 67, 109, 128, 145, 259.
+Midvitne, 245.
+Mimer, 10, 19, 72, 73, 142, 143, 224, 227, 228, 234, 243.
+Mist, 99.
+Mithridates, 222, 229.
+Mjodvitner, 70.
+Mjoll, 241.
+Mjolner, 6-8, 64, 83, 111-130, 134, 148, 149, 171, 176.
+Mjotud, 246.
+Möbius (Th.), 18.
+Mode, 45, 148, 149, 168.
+Modgud, 135, 249.
+Modsogner, 70.
+Moin, 75.
+Mokkerkalfe, 171, 173.
+Moldau, 228.
+Mongolians, 225.
+Moon, 66.
+Moongarm, 67.
+Morn, 185, 186.
+Morris (Wm.), 224, 266.
+Müller (Max), 244.
+Müller (P. E.), 18, 20.
+Mummius, 223.
+Munch (P. A.), 18.
+Mundilfare, 66.
+Munin, 105.
+Munon, 44.
+Muspel, 68, 103, 112, 142, 144.
+Muspelheim, 5, 56, 58, 61, 66, 243, 247, 249, 259.
+Muss, 254.
+Mysing, 207.
+
+
+N
+
+Na, 70.
+Naglfar, 65, 112, 141, 144.
+Nain, 70.
+Nal, 91.
+Nanna, 81, 134, 136, 153.
+Nare, 91, 139.
+Narfe, 65, 91, 139.
+Nastrand, 9, 147.
+Nep, 89, 134.
+Neptune, 41.
+Niblungs, 101, 193, 199, 201, 202, 262, 263, 266.
+Niblung Story, 30, 266, 267.
+Nida Mountains, 147.
+Nide, 70.
+Nidhug, 9, 72, 75, 148, 249.
+Niflheim, 5, 56, 58, 72, 92, 243, 247, 249, 259.
+Niflhel, 55, 111, 259.
+Niflungs, 193-199, 201, 202, 266.
+Night,65.
+Nikar, 54.
+Nikuz, 54.
+Nile, 41.
+Niping, 70.
+Njord, 6, 42, 84, 85, 101, 153, 158, 159, 187, 227, 228, 232, 236, 237,
+  239, 259, 260.
+Njorvasnud, 225.
+Njorve, 225.
+Noah, 33, 35, 225.
+Noatun, 84, 85, 158, 232, 237, 259.
+Non, 106.
+Nor, 241.
+Nordre, 61, 70.
+Norfe, 65.
+Norns, 73-78.
+Norway, 215, 218, 222, 230, 236, 239, 240, 241, 251, 256, 257.
+Not, 106.
+Ny, 71.
+Nye, 70.
+Nyrad, 71.
+Nyerup (R.), 18.
+
+
+O
+
+Oder, 97, 112, 228, 238.
+Odin, 5-10, 29, 39, 43, 45-47, 60, 65, 73, 77, 80, 83, 86, 89, 96, 100,
+  104-112, 132-134, 137, 142, 143, 145, 153, 155, 157, 158, 160-165,
+  168-176, 181, 185, 186, 187, 189-192, 194, 195, 206, 221, 239, 240,
+  243-263.
+Odinse, 230, 231, 250.
+Odinstown, 232.
+Odoacer, 223.
+Odrarer, 160-165.
+Odyssey, 22, 224.
+Ofner, 76, 245, 247.
+Oin, 70.
+Oku-Thor, 82, 151, 167, 168, 209.
+Olafsson (Magnus), 17.
+Olafsson (Stephan), 17.
+Olaf (Thordsson), 9, 20, 22, 23-27.
+Olaf (Tryggvason), 261.
+Olvalde, 159.
+Ome, 54, 81, 245.
+Onar, 70.
+Orboda, 101.
+Ore, 70, 71.
+Orestes, 223.
+Orkneys, 218.
+Ormt, 73.
+Orner, 210.
+Orvandel, 173-175.
+Oske, 54, 81, 245, 247.
+Otter, 193.
+Ottilia, 255.
+
+
+P
+
+Paulus (Diakonos), 244.
+Persia, 225.
+Petersen (N. M.), 248.
+Pfeiffer (Fr.), 18.
+Pigott, 16.
+Pluto, 49.
+Poetry (origin of), 161-165.
+Polar Sea, 248.
+Pompey, 43, 222, 229, 230.
+Pontus, 229.
+Priamos, 39, 43, 44, 166, 167.
+Pyrrhus, 168.
+
+
+Q
+
+Quaser (see Kvaser).
+Quenland, 240.
+
+
+R
+
+Rachel, 255.
+Radgrid, 99.
+Redsvid, 71.
+Rafn, 215.
+Rafnagud, 105.
+Ragnar, 206.
+Ragnar (Lodbrok), 205.
+Ragnarok, 8, 88, 96, 104, 139-145, 167, 219, 228, 247, 249, 264, 266.
+Ran, 188.
+Randgrid, 99.
+Randver, 202-205.
+Rask (Rasmus), 18.
+Ratatosk, 75.
+Rate, 163.
+Refil, 196.
+Regin, 193-200.
+Reginleif, 99.
+Reidartyr, 165.
+Reidgotaland, 46.
+Rek, 71.
+Remus, 222, 223.
+Resen (P. J.), 17.
+Rhine, 201, 230.
+Rind, 89, 100.
+Ritta, 46.
+Roddros, 167.
+Rolf Krake, 214-217.
+Rogner, 246.
+Rome, 31, 43, 221-230.
+Romulus, 222, 223.
+Romulus (Augustulus), 223.
+Roskva, 114, 115.
+Rosta, 100.
+Rugman (Jon), 17.
+Russia, 225, 230.
+
+
+S
+
+Sad, 81, 245.
+Saga, 97, 259.
+Sager, 66.
+Sahrimner, 104.
+Saming, 47, 230, 236.
+Samund the Wise, 20, 26.
+Sangetal, 81, 245, 247.
+Saracens, 225.
+Sarmatia, 225.
+Saturn, 38, 40, 41, 42.
+Saxland, 45, 48, 230, 231.
+Saxo-Grammaticus, 239.
+Saxons, 215, 229.
+Schlegel, 253.
+Scotland, 257, 258.
+Scott (Walter), 257, 258.
+Scythia (Magna), 225, 229, 244.
+Seeland, 49, 50, 231, 242.
+Sekin, 106.
+Sennar, 36.
+Serkland, 225.
+Sessrymner, 86.
+Shakspeare, 252-256.
+Shem, 36.
+Siar, 71.
+Sibyl, 44.
+Sid, 106.
+Sidhot, 81, 245, 247.
+Sidskeg, 81, 245, 247.
+Sif, 44, 89, 170, 187, 189-192.
+Sigar, 46.
+Sigfather, 81, 245, 247.
+Sigfrid, 19, 232, 263.
+Sigge, 46.
+Sighan, 257.
+Sighvat, 20.
+Sigmund, 196-204.
+Sigtuna, 47, 230, 232.
+Sigtyr, 165, 189, 247.
+Sigurd, 196-204, 262, 267.
+Sigyn, 139, 153, 185.
+Silvertop, 73, 260.
+Simrock (K.), 18, 19, 253, 263.
+Simul, 66.
+Sindre, 147, 190-192.
+Siner, 73, 260.
+Sinfjotle, 204.
+Sjafne, 98.
+Sjofn, 98.
+Skade, 84, 85, 139, 158, 159, 185, 187, 228, 236, 259.
+Skeggold, 99.
+Skeidbrimer, 73, 200.
+Skidbladner, 108-113, 189-192, 234, 263.
+Skifid, 71.
+Skilfing, 81, 246, 247.
+Skinfaxe, 66.
+Skirfir, 71.
+Skirner, 94, 101-103, 143, 263.
+Skjaldun, 45.
+Skjold, 45, 46, 206, 230, 231.
+Skogul, 99, 252.
+Skol, 67.
+Skrymer, 116-127.
+Skuld, 74, 100, 243, 252, 256.
+Skule (Jarl), 21-24, 249.
+Sleeping Beauty, 254.
+Sleipner, 73, 108-112, 133, 169-176, 259.
+Slid, 56, 248.
+Slidrugtanne, 134.
+Sna, 241.
+Snorre, 9, 19-27, 221, 226, 233, 239, 242, 243.
+Snotra, 98.
+Sokmimer, 245.
+Sokvabek, 97, 259.
+Sol, 99.
+Solvarg, 67.
+Son, 164, 165.
+Sorle, 202-206
+Spain, 225.
+Steinthor, 235.
+Stephens (Geo.), 230.
+Strabo, 226.
+Sturle (Thordsson), 21, 249.
+Styx, 248.
+Sudre, 61, 70.
+Sun, 66.
+Surt, 8, 57, 78, 142-149, 168, 249.
+Suttung, 164, 165.
+Svade, 241.
+Svadilfare, 110, 111.
+Svafner, 76, 243, 246, 247.
+Svanhild, 199-206.
+Svarin, 71, 259.
+Svartalfaheim, 94.
+Svarthofde, 58, 250.
+Svasud, 80.
+Sveinsson (Br.), 17.
+Sviagris, 215, 217.
+Svid, 246.
+Svidar, 54.
+Svidr, 236.
+Svidrer, 54, 245.
+Svidrir, 81.
+Svidur, 245.
+Svipdag, 46, 215, 262.
+Svipol, 81, 245.
+Svithjod, 46, 49, 181, 207, 211, 225, 228, 236.
+Svebdegg, 46.
+Svol, 56, 106, 248.
+Svolne, 174.
+Sylg, 56, 248.
+Syn, 98.
+Syr, 97.
+
+
+T
+
+Tacitus, 244.
+Tanais, 225.
+Tanaquisl, 225, 226.
+Tangnjost, 83.
+Tangrisner, 83.
+Tartareans, 225.
+Taylor (W.), 16.
+Testament (New), 28.
+Testament (Old), 28.
+Teutons, 222-224, 229, 230, 239, 244, 253, 263, 264.
+Thek, 71, 81, 245.
+Thjalfe, 114, 115, 120, 121, 126, 171, 173, 181.
+Thjasse, 84, 85, 155-158, 184-187, 210.
+Thjode, 196.
+Thjodnuma, 106.
+Thjodolf, 51, 174, 184, 243.
+Thok, 136, 137, 264.
+Thol, 106.
+Thor, 6, 8, 29, 41, 44, 65, 73, 82, 83, 89, 100, 109-153, 165-192,
+  205-243, 251, 259, 260, 263.
+Thorarin, 235.
+Thord, 20.
+Thorer, 235.
+Thorin, 70.
+Thorleif, 176, 184, 187.
+Thorn, 179.
+Thorodd (Runemaster), 27.
+Thorpe (Benjamin), 15, 252, 257, 259, 262.
+Thorre, 241.
+Thorstein (Viking’s son), 241.
+Thrace, 44, 221.
+Thride, 81, 243-246.
+Thro, 71, 81.
+Throin, 71.
+Thror, 245.
+Thrud, 99.
+Thruda, 183.
+Thrudgelmer, 250.
+Thrudheim, 44, 259.
+Thrudvang, 82, 127, 173, 232, 259.
+Thrym, 7.
+Thrymheim, 84, 85, 156, 259.
+Thucydides, 22.
+Thud, 81, 245.
+Thul, 56.
+Thule, 30.
+Thund, 81, 246.
+Thvite, 96.
+Thyn, 106.
+Tiber, 221.
+Tieck, 250.
+Tivisco, 244.
+Tom Thumb, 251.
+Torfason (T.), 17.
+Tror, 44.
+Tros, 43.
+Troy, 38, 43, 44, 47, 64, 151, 166, 167, 168, 222-224, 229.
+Tshudic, 240.
+Turkey, 38, 45, 47, 151, 166.
+Turkistan, 228, 229.
+Turkland, 229.
+Tyr, 6, 8, 29, 87, 92, 95, 143, 153, 165, 187, 244, 260.
+
+
+U
+
+Ud, 81, 245.
+Uhland (Ludw.), 18, 263.
+Ukko, 82, 84, 239.
+Ukko-Thor, 239.
+Ulfhedinn, 233.
+Uller, 89, 153, 174, 183, 259, 260.
+Ulysses, 151, 223.
+Umea, 250.
+Upsala, 47, 215, 216, 232, 237.
+Ural Mountains, 229.
+Urd, 10, 19, 73, 74, 76, 243, 252-256.
+Utgard, 118-127.
+Utgard-Loke, 119-130.
+
+
+V
+
+Vafthrudner, 58, 243, 244.
+Vafud, 81, 246.
+Vafurloge, 199, 200.
+Vag, 214, 215.
+Vainamoinen, 84.
+Vak, 81, 246.
+Valaskjalf, 77, 80, 259.
+Valdemar (King), 23, 27.
+Vale, 71, 89, 100, 139, 148, 153, 260.
+Valfather, 73, 243.
+Valhal, 6, 7, 28, 51, 81, 99, 104-109, 132, 170-176, 188, 235, 243.
+Vanadis, 97.
+Vanaheim, 226, 227, 259.
+Vanaland, 226-228.
+Vanaquisl, 225-226.
+Var, 98.
+Vartare, 192.
+Vasad, 80.
+Ve, 60, 227, 230, 243, 249.
+Vedas, 253.
+Vedfolner, 75.
+Veggdegg, 45.
+Vegsvin, 106.
+Vegtam, 247, 264.
+Venus, 42, 256.
+Veratyr, 81, 247.
+Verdande, 74, 243, 252, 256.
+Verer, 46.
+Vesete, 240.
+Vestfal, 46.
+Vestre, 61.
+Vid, 56, 106.
+Vidar, 8, 89, 143, 145, 148, 153, 168, 177, 187, 259, 260.
+Vidblain, 78.
+Vidfin, 66.
+Vidolf, 58, 250.
+Vidrer, 54, 247.
+Vidsete, 215.
+Vidur, 81.
+Vifil, 240.
+Vifilsey, 240.
+Vig, 70.
+Vigfusson (G.), 9, 26, 75, 223, 248, 265.
+Vigrid, 142, 146.
+Viking, 240.
+Vile, 60, 230, 243, 249, 277.
+Villenwood, 251.
+Vilmeide, 58, 250.
+Vimer, 177, 178.
+Vin, 106.
+Vina, 106.
+Vindalf, 70.
+Vindlone, 80.
+Vindsval, 80.
+Vingener, 45, 149.
+Vingethor, 44.
+Vingolf, 54, 69, 81, 247.
+Vinland, 30.
+Virfir, 71.
+Virgil, 222, 223, 242.
+Vit, 71.
+Vitrgils, 46.
+Vodin, 45.
+Vog, 214, 215.
+Volsungs, 46, 196-205.
+Volsung saga, 224, 266.
+Volukrontes, 167.
+Von, 96.
+Vor, 98.
+Vot, 215.
+Votan, 244.
+
+
+W
+
+Wafurloge, 263.
+Wainamoinen, 239.
+Wallachia, 228.
+Warburton, 253.
+Weird Sisters, 253-256.
+Welsh, 240.
+Wenern, 215.
+Wessebrun Prayer, 256.
+Wilbet, 255.
+Wilkin (E.), 18, 19, 20.
+Williamstown, 232.
+Witches, 253-256.
+Wodan, 244.
+Worbet, 255.
+Worm (Chr.), 17.
+Worm (Ole), 17.
+
+
+Y
+
+Ydaler, 259.
+Yg, 81, 246.
+Ygdrasil, 6, 8, 15, 29, 72, 73-78, 108, 142, 143, 252, 263.
+Ylg, 56, 248.
+Ymer, 5, 24, 58-63, 70, 128, 179, 240, 249, 250.
+Ynglinga saga, 50, 243.
+Ynglings, 47, 238.
+Yngve, 47, 230, 238.
+Yngve-Frey, 186.
+Yrsa, 213-216.
+Yvigg, 46.
+
+
+Z
+
+Zalmoxis, 244.
+Zeus, 244, 246.
+Zoroaster, 37, 40.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Errors and anomalies noted by transcriber:
+
+A few paragraph-ending periods (full stops) have been supplied.
+
+The author omitted vowel modifiers and diacritics from all names in
+the body text: Hakon, Malar, Mjolnir. The footnotes are generally more
+linguistically precise.
+
+The name “Svanhild/Swanhild” is spelled “Swanhild” in the body text,
+“Svanhild” in the Vocabulary (all occurrences) and Index. The spelling
+“skees” is used consistently.
+
+
+Ambiguous stanzas in verse:
+    The king saw
+    ...
+    ’Round his house.
+    ...
+    Struck to the ground.
+    ...
+    With blows and wounds.
+  _page break after “his house”; no stanza break in printed text until
+  after “blows and wounds”_
+
+
+Typographical errors (all from “Notes”, Vocabulary and Index):
+
+a great sea goes into / Njorvasound
+Footnote 102: Njorvasound ...
+  _spelling as in original: should probably be “Njorvasund”_
+
+Chapter VI of Ynglinga / Saga
+  _text reads “Ynglingla”_
+
+the much-traveled man, the / ἀνὴρ πολύτροπος
+  _text reads “πολύθροπος”_
+
+the valkyrie says / at berserkja reiðu vil ek þik spyrja
+  _text reads “pik spyrja”_
+
+identical in root with Lat. _divus_; / Sansk. _dwas_
+  _so in original; the Sanskrit is usually given as “dyaus”_
+
+Zalmoxis, derived from the Gr. Ζαλμός, helmet
+  _so in original. Ζαλμός is defined by Liddell and Scott--
+  a dictionary available to the author-- as Thracian for “a skin.”_
+
+Compare the Greek word νεφέλη = mist.
+  _text reads “νεφέλγ”_
+
+and then cooly says to him
+  _spelling as in original_
+
+Through this he / slipt.
+  _variant spelling in original_
+
+He impersonated all that was good and holy
+  _text reads “al”_
+
+This chapter of _Skaldskaparmal_
+  _text reads “Skaldkaparmal”_
+
+Echoes from Mistland; Echoes from Mist-Land
+  _inconsistent forms in original_
+
+JARNVIDJES. The giantesses dwelling in Ironwood.
+  _text reads “JARNVIDJIS”_
+
+JORMUNGAND. The Midgard-serpent.
+  _text reads “JORMUNDGAND”_
+
+... from the mouth {of the} chained Fenris-wolf.
+... out of whose body the world was cr{eated.}
+  _page image incomplete; words and letters in braces supplied from
+  context_
+
+Randver, 202-205.
+  _text reads “22-205”_
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Younger Edda, by Snorre
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Younger Edda, by Snorre
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Younger Edda
+       Also called Snorre's Edda, or The Prose Edda
+
+Author: Snorre
+
+Translator: Rasmus B. Anderson
+
+Release Date: July 31, 2006 [EBook #18947]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE YOUNGER EDDA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, R. Cedron and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[A few Greek words have been transliterated and placed between +marks+.
+The [oe] cluster is shown in brackets to distinguish it from "oe" as
+separate letters.]
+
+
+               THE YOUNGER EDDA:
+
+                  also called
+
+       SNORRE'S EDDA, OR THE PROSE EDDA.
+
+      An English Version of the Foreword;
+     The Fooling of Gylfe, The Afterword;
+ Brage's Talk, The Afterword to Brage's Talk,
+       and the Important Passages in the
+       Poetical Diction (Skaldskaparmal).
+
+                    with an
+
+  Introduction, Notes, Vocabulary, and Index.
+
+         By RASMUS B. ANDERSON, LL.D.,
+
+Formerly Professor of the Scandinavian Languages
+        in the University of Wisconsin,
+          Ex-U.S. Minister to Denmark,
+ Author of "America Not Discovered By Columbus,"
+"Norse Mythology," "Viking Tales Of The North," etc.
+
+
+                    Chicago
+          Scott, Foresman and Company
+                      1901
+
+
+
+
+               Copyright, 1879,
+          By S. C. Griggs and Company.
+
+
+                    Press of
+           The Henry O. Shepard Co.
+                    Chicago.
+
+
+
+
+                       To
+
+             HON. THOS. F. BAYARD,
+
+     Ambassador to the Court of St. James,
+           in Grateful Recollection
+        of Pleasant Official Relations.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In the beginning, before the heaven and the earth and the sea were
+created, the great abyss Ginungagap was without form and void, and the
+spirit of Fimbultyr moved upon the face of the deep, until the ice-cold
+rivers, the Elivogs, flowing from Niflheim, came in contact with the
+dazzling flames from Muspelheim. This was before Chaos.
+
+And Fimbultyr said: Let the melted drops of vapor quicken into life, and
+the giant Ymer was born in the midst of Ginungagap. He was not a god,
+but the father of all the race of evil giants. This was Chaos.
+
+And Fimbultyr said: Let Ymer be slain and let order be established. And
+straightway Odin and his brothers--the bright sons of Bure--gave Ymer a
+mortal wound, and from his body made they the universe; from his flesh,
+the earth; from his blood, the sea; from his bones, the rocks; from
+his hair, the trees; from his skull, the vaulted heavens; from his
+eye-brows, the bulwark called Midgard. And the gods formed man and woman
+in their own image of two trees, and breathed into them the breath of
+life. Ask and Embla became living souls, and they received a garden in
+Midgard as a dwelling-place for themselves and their children until the
+end of time. This was Cosmos.
+
+The world's last day approaches. All bonds and fetters that bound the
+forces of heaven and earth together are severed, and the powers of good
+and of evil are brought together in an internecine feud. Loke advances
+with the Fenris-wolf and the Midgard-serpent, his own children, with
+all the hosts of the giants, and with Surt, who flings fire and flame
+over the world. Odin advances with all the asas and all the blessed
+einherjes. They meet, contend, and fall. The wolf swallows Odin but
+Vidar, the Silent, sets his foot upon the monster's lower jaw, he
+seizes the other with his hand, and thus rends him till he dies. Frey
+encounters Surt, and terrible blows are given ere Frey falls. Heimdal
+and Loke fight and kill each other, and so do Tyr and the dog Garm from
+the Gnipa Cave. Asa-Thor fells the Midgard-serpent with his Mjolner, but
+he retreats only nine paces when he himself falls dead, suffocated by
+the serpent's venom. Then smoke wreathes up around the ash Ygdrasil,
+the high flames play against the heavens, the graves of the gods, of
+the giants and of men are swallowed up by the sea, and the end has come.
+This is Ragnarok, the twilight of the gods.
+
+But the radiant dawn follows the night. The earth, completely green,
+rises again from the sea, and where the mews have but just been rocking
+on restless waves, rich fields unplowed and unsown, now wave their
+golden harvests before the gentle breezes. The asas awake to a new life,
+Balder is with them again. Then comes the mighty Fimbultyr, the god who
+is from everlasting to everlasting; the god whom the Edda skald dared
+not name. The god of gods comes to the asas. He comes to the great
+judgment and gathers all the good into Gimle to dwell there forever, and
+evermore delights enjoy; but the perjurers and murderers and adulterers
+he sends to Nastrand, that terrible hall, to be torn by Nidhug until
+they are purged from their wickedness. This is Regeneration.
+
+These are the outlines of the Teutonic religion. Such were the doctrines
+established by Odin among our ancestors. Thus do we find it recorded in
+the Eddas of Iceland.
+
+The present volume contains all of the Younger Edda that can possibly be
+of any importance to English readers. In fact, it gives more than has
+ever before been presented in any translation into English, German or
+any of the modern Scandinavian tongues.
+
+We would recommend our readers to omit the Forewords and Afterwords
+until they have perused the Fooling of Gylfe and Brage's Speech. The
+Forewords and Afterwords, it will readily be seen, are written by a
+later and less skillful hand, and we should be sorry to have anyone lay
+the book aside and lose the pleasure of reading Snorre's and Olaf's
+charming work, because he became disgusted with what seemed to him mere
+silly twaddle. And yet these Forewords and Afterwords become interesting
+enough when taken up in connection with a study of the historical
+anthropomorphized Odin. With a view of giving a pretty complete outline
+of the founder of the Teutonic race we have in our notes given all the
+Heimskringla sketch of the Black Sea Odin. We have done this, not only
+on account of the material it furnishes as the groundwork of a Teutonic
+epic, which we trust the muses will ere long direct some one to write,
+but also on account of the vivid picture it gives of Teutonic life as
+shaped and controlled by the Odinic faith.
+
+All the poems quoted in the Younger Edda have in this edition been
+traced back to their sources in the Elder Edda and elsewhere.
+
+Where the notes seem to the reader insufficient, we must refer him to
+our Norse Mythology, where he will, we trust, find much of the
+additional information he may desire.
+
+Well aware that our work has many imperfections, and begging our readers
+to deal generously with our shortcomings, we send the book out into the
+world with the hope that it may aid some young son or daughter of Odin
+to find his way to the fountains of Urd and Mimer and to Idun's
+rejuvenating apples. The son must not squander, but husband wisely, what
+his father has accumulated. The race must cherish and hold fast and add
+to the thought that the past has bequeathed to it. Thus does it grow
+greater and richer with each new generation. The past is the mirror that
+reflects the future.
+
+  R. B. ANDERSON.
+  University of Wisconsin,
+  Madison, Wis., _September, 1879_.
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+Preface                                          5
+
+Introduction                                    15
+
+Foreword                                        33
+
+
+THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+Gefjun's Plowing                                49
+
+CHAPTER II.
+Gylfe's Journey to Asgard                       51
+
+CHAPTER III.
+Of the Highest God                              54
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+The Creation of the World                       56
+
+CHAPTER V.
+The Creation (continued)                        64
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+The First Works of the Asas--The Golden Age     69
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+On the Wonderful Things in Heaven               72
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+The Asas                                        79
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+Loke and his Offspring                          91
+
+CHAPTER X.
+The Goddesses (Asynjes)                         97
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+The Giantess Gerd and Skirner's Journey        101
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+Life in Valhal                                 104
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+Odin's Horse and Frey's Ship                   109
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+Thor's Adventures                              113
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+The Death of Balder                            131
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+Ragnarok                                       140
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+Regeneration                                   147
+
+Afterword to the Fooling of Gylfe              151
+
+
+BRAGE'S TALK.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+�ger's Journey to Asgard                       152
+
+CHAPTER II.
+Idun and her Apples                            155
+
+CHAPTER III.
+How Njord got Skade to Wife                    158
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+The Origin of Poetry                           160
+
+Afterword to Brage's Talk                      166
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM THE POETICAL DICTION.
+
+Thor and Hrungner                              169
+Thor's Journey to Geirrod's                    176
+Idun                                           184
+�ger's Feast                                   187
+Loke's Wager with the Dwarfs                   189
+The Niflungs and Gjukungs                      193
+Menja and Fenja                                206
+The Grottesong                                 208
+Rolf Krake                                     214
+Hogne and Hild                                 218
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+Enea                                           221
+Herikon                                        221
+The Historical Odin                            221
+Fornjot and the Settlement of Norway           239
+Notes to the Fooling of Gylfe                  242
+Note on the Niflungs and Gjukungs              266
+Note on Menja and Fenja                        267
+Why the Sea is Salt                            268
+
+
+VOCABULARY                                     275
+
+INDEX                                          291
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+               THE YOUNGER EDDA.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The records of our Teutonic past have hitherto received but slight
+attention from the English-speaking branch of the great world-ash
+Ygdrasil. This indifference is the more deplorable, since a knowledge of
+our heroic forefathers would naturally operate as a most powerful means
+of keeping alive among us, and our posterity, that spirit of courage,
+enterprise and independence for which the old Teutons were so
+distinguished.
+
+The religion of our ancestors forms an important chapter in the history
+of the childhood of our race, and this fact has induced us to offer the
+public an English translation of the Eddas. The purely mythological
+portion of the Elder Edda was translated and published by A. S. Cottle,
+in Bristol, in 1797, and the whole work was translated by Benjamin
+Thorpe, and published in London in 1866. Both these works are now out of
+print. Of the Younger Edda we have likewise had two translations into
+English,--the first by Dasent in 1842, the second by Blackwell, in his
+edition of Mallet's Northern Antiquities, in 1847. The former has long
+been out of print, the latter is a poor imitation of Dasent's. Both of
+them are very incomplete. These four books constitute all the Edda
+literature we have had in the English language, excepting, of course,
+single lays and chapters translated by Gray, Henderson, W. Taylor,
+Herbert, Jamieson, Pigott, William and Mary Howitt, and others.
+
+The Younger Edda (also called Snorre's Edda, or the Prose Edda), of
+which we now have the pleasure of presenting our readers an English
+version, contains, as usually published in the original, the following
+divisions:
+
+1. The Foreword.
+
+2. Gylfaginning (The Fooling of Gylfe).
+
+3. The Afterword to Gylfaginning.
+
+4. Brage's Speech.
+
+5. The Afterword.
+
+6. Skaldskaparmal (a collection of poetic paraphrases, and denominations
+in Skaldic language without paraphrases).
+
+7. Hattatal (an enumeration of metres; a sort of Clavis Metrica).
+
+In some editions there are also found six additional chapters on the
+alphabet, grammar, figures of speech, etc.
+
+There are three important parchment manuscripts of the Younger Edda,
+viz:
+
+1. _Codex Regius_, the so-called King's Book. This was presented to the
+Royal Library in Copenhagen, by Bishop Brynjulf Sveinsson, in the year
+1640, where it is still kept.
+
+2. _Codex Wormianus_. This is found in the University Library in
+Copenhagen, in the Arne Magn�an collection. It takes its name from
+Professor Ole Worm [died 1654], to whom it was presented by the learned
+Arngrim Jonsson. Christian Worm, the grandson of Ole Worm, and Bishop of
+Seeland [died 1737], afterward presented it to Arne Magnusson.
+
+3. _Codex Upsaliensis_. This is preserved in the Upsala University
+Library. Like the other two, it was found in Iceland, where it was given
+to Jon Rugmann. Later it fell into the hands of Count Magnus Gabriel de
+la Gardie, who in the year 1669 presented it to the Upsala University.
+Besides these three chief documents, there exist four fragmentary
+parchments, and a large number of paper manuscripts.
+
+The first printed edition of the Younger Edda, in the original, is the
+celebrated "Edda Islandorum," published by Peter Johannes Resen, in
+Copenhagen, in the year 1665. It contains a translation into Latin, made
+partly by Resen himself, and partly also by Magnus Olafsson, Stephan
+Olafsson and Thormod Torfason.
+
+Not until eighty years later, that is in 1746, did the second edition of
+the Younger Edda appear in Upsala under the auspices of Johannes
+Goransson. This was printed from the Codex Upsaliensis.
+
+In the present century we find a third edition by Rasmus Rask, published
+in Stockholm in 1818. This is very complete and critical. The fourth
+edition was issued by Sveinbjorn Egilsson, in Reykjavik, 1849; the fifth
+by the Arne-Magn�an Commission in Copenhagen, 1852.[1] All these five
+editions have long been out of print, and in place of them we have a
+sixth edition by Thorleif Jonsson (Copenhagen, 1875), and a seventh by
+Ernst Wilkin (Paderborn, 1877). Both of these, and especially the
+latter, are thoroughly critical and reliable.
+
+    [Footnote 1: The third volume of this work has not yet appeared.]
+
+Of translations, we must mention in addition to those into English by
+Dasent and Blackwell, R. Nyerup's translation into Danish (Copenhagen,
+1808); Karl Simrock's into German (Stuttgart and T�bingen, 1851); and
+Fr. Bergmann's into French (Paris, 1871). Among the chief authorities to
+be consulted in the study of the Younger Edda may be named, in addition
+to those already mentioned, Fr. Dietrich, Th. Mobius, Fr. Pfeiffer,
+Ludw. Ettmuller, K. Hildebrand, Ludw. Uhland, P. E. Muller, Adolf
+Holzmann, Sophus Bugge, P. A. Munch and Rudolph Keyser. For the material
+in our introduction and notes, we are chiefly indebted to Simrock,
+Wilkin and Keyser. While we have had no opportunity of making original
+researches, the published works have been carefully studied, and all we
+claim for our work is, that it shall contain the results of the latest
+and most thorough investigations by scholars who live nearer the
+fountains of Urd and Mimer than do we. Our translations are made from
+Egilsson's, Jonsson's and Wilkins' editions of the original. We have not
+translated any of the Hattatal, and only the narrative part of
+Skaldskaparmal, and yet our version contains more of the Younger Edda
+than any English, German, French or Danish translation that has hitherto
+been published. The parts omitted cannot possibly be of any interest to
+any one who cannot read them in the original. All the paraphrases of the
+asas and asynjes, of the world, the earth, the sea, the sun, the wind,
+fire, summer, man, woman, gold, of war, arms, of a ship, emperor, king,
+ruler, etc., are of interest only as they help to explain passages of
+Old Norse poems. The same is true of the enumeration of metres, which
+contains a number of epithets and metaphors used by the scalds,
+illustrated by specimens of their poetry, and also by a poem of Snorre
+Sturleson, written in one hundred different metres.
+
+There has been a great deal of learned discussion in regard to the
+authorship of the Younger Edda. Readers specially interested in this
+knotty subject we must refer to Wilkins' elaborate treatise,
+Untersuchungen zur Snorra Edda (Paderborn, 1878), and to P. E. Muller's,
+Die �chtheit der Asalehre (Copenhagen, 1811).
+
+Two celebrated names that without doubt are intimately connected with
+the work are Snorre Sturleson and Olaf Thordsson Hvitaskald. Both of
+these are conspicuous, not only in the literary, but also in the
+political history of Iceland.
+
+    [Footnote 2: Keyser.]
+
+Snorre Sturleson[2] was born in Iceland in the year 1178. Three years
+old, he came to the house of the distinguished chief, Jon Loptsson, at
+Odde, a grandson of S�mund the Wise, the reputed collector of the Elder
+Edda, where he appears to have remained until Jon Loptsson's death, in
+the year 1197. Soon afterward Snorre married into a wealthy family, and
+in a short time he became one of the most distinguished leaders in
+Iceland, He was several times elected chief magistrate, and no man in
+the land was his equal in riches and prominence. He and his two elder
+brothers, Thord and Sighvat, who were but little inferior to him in
+wealth and power, were at one time well-nigh supreme in Iceland, and
+Snorre sometimes appeared at the Althing at Thingvols accompanied by
+from eight hundred to nine hundred armed men.
+
+Snorre and his brothers did not only have bitter feuds with other
+families, but a deadly hatred also arose between themselves, making
+their lives a perpetual warfare. Snorre was shrewd as a politician and
+magistrate, and eminent as an orator and skald, but his passions were
+mean, and many of his ways were crooked. He was both ambitious and
+avaricious. He is said to have been the first Icelander who laid plans
+to subjugate his fatherland to Norway, and in this connection is
+supposed to have expected to become a jarl under the king of Norway.
+In this effort he found himself outwitted by his brother's son, Sturle
+Thordsson, and thus he came into hostile relations with the latter. In
+this feud Snorre was defeated, but when Sturle shortly after fell in a
+battle against his foes, Snorre's star of hope rose again, and he began
+to occupy himself with far-reaching, ambitious plans. He had been for
+the first time in Norway during the years 1218-1220, and had been well
+received by King Hakon, and especially by Jarl Skule, who was then the
+most influential man in the country. In the year 1237 Snorre visited
+Norway again, and entered, as it is believed, into treasonable
+conspiracies with Jarl Skule. In 1239 he left Norway against the wishes
+of King Hakon, whom he owed obedience, and thereby incurred the king's
+greatest displeasure. When King Hakon, in 1240, had crushed Skule's
+rebellion and annihilated this dangerous opponent, it became Snorre's
+turn to feel the effects of the king's wrath. At the instigation of King
+Hakon, several chiefs of Iceland united themselves against Snorre and
+murdered him at Reykholt, where ruins of his splendid mansion are still
+to be seen. This event took place on the 22d of September, 1241, and
+Snorre Sturleson was then sixty-three years old. Snorre was Iceland's
+most distinguished skald and sagaman. As a writer of history he deserves
+to be compared with Herodotos or Thukydides. His Heimskringla, embracing
+an elaborate history of the kings of Norway, is famous throughout the
+civilized world, and Emerson calls it the Iliad and Odyssey of our race.
+An English translation of this work was published by Samuel Laing, in
+London, in 1844. Carlyle's Early Kings of Norway (London, 1875) was
+inspired by the Heimskringla.
+
+Olaf Thordsson, surnamed Hvitaskald,[3] to distinguish him from his
+contemporary, Olaf Svartaskald,[4] was a son of Snorre's brother. Though
+not as prominent and influential as his uncle, he took an active part in
+all the troubles of his native island during the first half of the
+thirteenth century. He visited Norway in 1236, whence he went to
+Denmark, where he was a guest at the court of King Valdemar, and is said
+to have enjoyed great esteem. In 1240 we find him again in Norway, where
+he espoused the cause of King Hakon against Skule. On his return to
+Iceland he served four years as chief magistrate of the island. His
+death occurred in the year 1259, and he is numbered among the great
+skalds of Iceland.
+
+    [Footnote 3: White Skald.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: Black Skald.]
+
+Snorre Sturleson and Olaf Hvitaskald are the two names to whom the
+authorship of the Younger Edda has generally been attributed, and the
+work is by many, even to this day, called Snorra Edda--that is, Snorre's
+Edda. We do not propose to enter into any elaborate discussion of this
+complicated subject, but we will state briefly the reasons given by
+Keyser and others for believing that these men had a hand in preparing
+the Prose Edda. In the first place, we find that the writer of the
+grammatical and rhetorical part of the Younger Edda distinctly mentions
+Snorre as author of Hattatal (the Clavis Metrica), and not only of the
+poem itself, but also of the treatise in prose. In the second place, the
+Arne Magn�an parchment manuscript, which dates back to the close of the
+thirteenth or beginning of the fourteenth century, has the following
+note prefaced to the Skaldskaparmal. "Here ends that part of the book
+which Olaf Thordsson put together, and now begins Skaldskaparmal and the
+Kenningar, according to that which has been found in the lays of the
+chief skalds, and which Snorre afterward suffered to be brought
+together." In the third place, the Upsala manuscript of the Younger
+Edda, which is known with certainty to have been written in the
+beginning of the fourteenth century, contains this preface, written with
+the same hand as the body of the work: "This book hight Edda. Snorre has
+compiled it in the manner in which it is arranged: first, in regard to
+the asas and Ymer, then Skaldskaparmal and the denominations of many
+things, and finally that Hattatal, which Snorre composed about King
+Hakon and Duke Skule." In the fourth place, there is a passage in the
+so-called Annales Breviores, supposed to have been written about the
+year 1400. The passage relates to the year 1241, and reads thus: "Snorre
+Sturleson died at Reykholt. He was a wise and very learned man, a great
+chief and shrewd. He was the first man in this land who brought property
+into the hands of the king (the king of Norway). He compiled Edda and
+many other learned historical works and Icelandic sagas. He was murdered
+at Reykholt by Jarl Gissur's men."
+
+It seems, then, that there is no room for any doubt that these two men
+have had a share in the authorship of the Younger Edda. How great a
+share each has had is another and more difficult problem to solve.
+Rudolf Keyser's opinion is (and we know no higher authority on the
+subject), that Snorre is the author, though not in so strict a sense as
+we now use the word, of Gylfaginning, Brage's Speech, Skaldskaparmal and
+Hattatal. This part of the Younger Edda may thus be said to date back to
+the year 1230, though the material out of which the mythological system
+is constructed is of course much older. We find it in the ancient Vala's
+Prophecy, of the Elder Edda, a poem that breathes in every line the
+purest asa-faith, and is, without the least doubt, much older than the
+introduction of christianity in the north, or the discovery and
+settlement of Iceland. It is not improbable that the religious system of
+the Odinic religion had assumed a permanent prose form in the memories
+of the people long before the time of Snorre, and that he merely was the
+means of having it committed to writing almost without verbal change.
+
+Olaf Thordsson is unmistakably the author of the grammatical and
+rhetorical portion of the Younger Edda, and its date can therefore
+safely be put at about 1250. The author of the treatise on the alphabet
+is not known, but Professor Keyser thinks it must have been written, its
+first chapter, about the year 1150, and its second chapter about the
+year 1200. The forewords and afterwords are evidently also from another
+pen. Their author is unknown, but they are thought to have been written
+about the year 1300. To sum up, then, we arrive at this conclusion: The
+mythological material of the Younger Edda is as old as the Teutonic
+race. Parts of it are written by authors unknown to fame. A small
+portion is the work of Olaf Thordsson. The most important portion is
+written, or perhaps better, compiled, by Snorre Sturleson, and the whole
+is finally edited and furnished with forewords and afterwords, early in
+the fourteenth century,--according to Keyser, about 1320-1330.
+
+About the name Edda there has also been much learned discussion. Some
+have suggested that it may be a mutilated form of the word Odde, the
+home of S�mund the Wise, who was long supposed to be the compiler of the
+Elder Edda. In this connection, it has been argued that possibly S�mund
+had begun the writing of the Younger Edda, too. Others derive the word
+from _��r_ (mind, soul), which in poetical usage also means song,
+poetry. Others, again, connect Edda with the Sanscrit word Veda, which
+is supposed to mean knowledge. Finally, others adopt the meaning which
+the word has where it is actually used in the Elder Edda, and where it
+means great-grandmother. Vigfusson adopts this definition, and it is
+certainly both scientific and poetical. What can be more beautiful than
+the idea that our great ancestress teaches her descendants the sacred
+traditions, the concentrated wisdom, of the race? To sum up, then,
+we say the Younger, or Prose, or Snorre's Edda has been produced at
+different times by various hands, and the object of its authors has been
+to produce a manual for the skalds. In addition to the forewords and
+afterwords, it contains two books, one greater (Gylfaginning) and one
+lesser (Brage's Speech), giving a tolerably full account of Norse
+mythology. Then follows Skaldskaparmal, wherein is an analysis of the
+various circumlocutions practiced by the skalds, all illustrated by
+copious quotations from the poets. How much of these three parts is
+written by Snorre is not certain, but on the other hand, there is no
+doubt that he is the author of Hattatal (Clavis Metrica), which gives an
+enumeration of metres. To these four treatises are added four chapters
+on grammar and rhetoric. The writer of the oldest grammatical treatise
+is thought to be one Thorodd Runemaster, who lived in the middle of the
+twelfth century; and the third treatise is evidently written by Olaf
+Thordsson Hvitaskald, the nephew of Snorre, a scholar who spent some
+time at the court of the Danish king, Valdemar the Victorious.
+
+The Younger Edda contains the systematized theogony and cosmogony of our
+forefathers, while the Elder Edda presents the Odinic faith in a series
+of lays or rhapsodies. The Elder Edda is poetry, while the Younger Edda
+is mainly prose. The Younger Edda may in one sense be regarded as the
+sequel or commentary of the Elder Edda. Both complement each other, and
+both must be studied in connection with the sagas and all the Teutonic
+traditions and folk-lore in order to get a comprehensive idea of the
+asa-faith. The two Eddas constitute, as it were, the Odinic Bible. The
+Elder Edda is the Old Testament, the Younger Edda the New. Like the Old
+Testament, the Elder Edda is in poetry. It is prophetic and enigmatical.
+Like the New Testament, the Younger Edda is in prose; it is lucid, and
+gives a clue to the obscure passages in the Elder Edda. Nay, in many
+respects do the two Eddas correspond with the two Testaments of the
+Christian Bible.
+
+It is a deplorable fact that the religion of our forefathers seems to be
+but little cared for in this country. The mythologies of other nations
+every student manifests an interest for. He reads with the greatest zeal
+all the legends of Rome and Greece, of India and China. He is familiar
+with every room in the labyrinth of Crete, while when he is introduced
+to the shining halls of Valhal and Gladsheim he gropes his way like a
+blind man. He does not know that Idun, with her beautiful apples, might,
+if applied to, render even greater services than Ariadne with her
+wonderful thread. When we inquire whom Tuesday and Wednesday and
+Thursday and Friday are named after, and press questions in reference to
+Tyr, Odin, Thor and Freyja, we get at best but a wise and knowing look.
+Are we, then, as a nation, like the ancient Jews, and do we bend the
+knee before the gods of foreign nations and forsake the altars of our
+own gods? What if we then should suffer the fate of that unhappy
+people--be scattered over all the world and lose our fatherland? In
+these Eddas our fathers have bequeathed unto us all their profoundest,
+all their sublimest, all their best thought. They are the concentrated
+result of their greatest intellectual and spiritual effort, and it
+behooves us to cherish this treasure and make it the fountain at which
+the whole American branch of the Ygdrasil ash may imbibe a united
+national sentiment. It is not enough to brush the dust off these gods
+and goddesses of our ancestors and put them up on pedestals as ornaments
+in our museums and libraries. These coins of the past are not to be laid
+away in numismatic collections. The grandson must use what he has
+inherited from his grandfather. If the coin is not intelligible, then it
+will have to be sent to the mint and stamped anew, in order that it may
+circulate freely. Our ancestral deities want a place in our hearts and
+in our songs.
+
+On the European continent and in England the zeal of the priests in
+propagating Christianity was so great that they sought to root out every
+trace of the asa-faith. They left but unintelligible fragments of the
+heathen religious structure. Our gods and goddesses and heroes were
+consigned to oblivion, and all knowledge of the Odinic religion and of
+the Niblung-story would have been well nigh totally obliterated had not
+a more lucky star hovered over the destinies of Iceland. In this
+remotest corner of the world the ancestral spirit was preserved like the
+glowing embers of Hekla beneath the snow and ice of the glacier. From
+the farthest Thule the spirit of our fathers rises and shines like an
+aurora over all Teutondom. It was in the year 860 that Iceland was
+discovered. In 874 the Teutonic spirit fled thither for refuge from
+tyranny. Here a government based on the principles of old Teutonic
+liberty was established. From here went forth daring vikings, who
+discovered Greenland and Vinland, and showed Columbus the way to
+America. From here the courts of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, England and
+Germany were supplied with skalds to sing their praises. Here was put in
+writing the laws and sagas that give us a clue to the form of old
+Teutonic institutions. Here was preserved the Old Norse language, and in
+it a record of the customs, the institutions and the religion of our
+fathers. Its literature does not belong to that island alone,--it
+belongs to the whole Teutonic race! Iceland is for the Teutons what
+Greece and Rome are for the south of Europe, and she accomplished her
+mission with no less efficiency and success. Cato the Elder used to end
+all his speeches with these words: _"Pr�terea censeo Carthaginem esse
+delendam."_ In these days, when so many worship at the shrine of
+Romanism, we think it perfectly just to adopt Cato's sentence in this
+form: _Pr�terea censeo Romam esse delendam_.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD.
+
+
+1. In the beginning Almighty God created heaven and earth, and all
+things that belong to them, and last he made two human beings, from whom
+the races are descended (Adam and Eve), and their children multiplied
+and spread over all the world. But in the course of time men became
+unequal; some were good and right-believing, but many more turned them
+after the lusts of the world and heeded not God's laws; and for this
+reason God drowned the world in the flood, and all that was quick in the
+world, except those who were in the ark with Noah. After the flood of
+Noah there lived eight men, who inhabited the world, and from them the
+races are descended; and now, as before, they increased and filled the
+world, and there were very many men who loved to covet wealth and power,
+but turned away from obedience to God, and so much did they do this that
+they would not name God. And who could then tell their sons of the
+wonderful works of God? So it came to pass that they lost God's name;
+and in the wide world the man was not to be found who could tell of his
+Maker. But, nevertheless, God gave them earthly-gifts, wealth and
+happiness, that should be with them in the world; he also shared wisdom
+among them, so that they understood all earthly things, and all kinds
+that might be seen in the air and on the earth. This they thought upon,
+and wondered at, how it could come to pass that the earth and the beasts
+and the birds had the same nature in some things but still were unlike
+in manners.
+
+One evidence of this nature was that the earth might be dug into upon
+high mountain-peaks and water would spring up there, and it was not
+necessary to dig deeper for water there than in deep dales; thus, also,
+in beasts and birds it is no farther to the blood in the head than in
+the feet. Another proof of this nature is, that every year there grow on
+the earth grass and flowers, and the same year it falls and withers;
+thus, also, on beasts and birds do hair and feathers grow and fall off
+each year. The third nature of the earth is, that when it is opened and
+dug into, then grass grows on the mould which is uppermost on the earth.
+Rocks and stones they explained to correspond to the teeth and bones of
+living things. From these things they judged that the earth must be
+quick and must have life in some way, and they knew that it was of a
+wonderfully great age and of a mighty nature. It nourished all that was
+quick and took to itself all that died. On this account they gave it a
+name, and numbered their ancestors back to it This they also learned
+from their old kinsmen, that when many hundred winters were numbered,
+the course of the heavenly bodies was uneven; some had a longer course
+than others. From such things they suspected that some one must be the
+ruler of the heavenly bodies who could stay their course at his own
+will, and he must be strong and mighty; and of him they thought that, if
+he ruled the prime elements, he must also have been before the heavenly
+bodies, and they saw that, if he ruled the course of the heavenly
+bodies, he must rule the sunshine, and the dew of the heavens, and the
+products of the earth that follow them; and thus, also, the winds of the
+air and therewith the storms of the sea. They knew not where his realm
+was, but they believed that he ruled over all things on the earth and in
+the air, over the heavens and the heavenly bodies, the seas and the
+weather. But in order that these things might be better told and
+remembered, they gave him the same name with themselves, and this belief
+has been changed in many ways, as the peoples have been separated and
+the tongues have been divided.
+
+2. In his old age Noah shared the world with his sons: for Ham he
+intended the western region, for Japheth the northern region, but for
+Shem the southern region, with those parts which will hereafter be
+marked out in the division of the earth into three parts. In the time
+that the sons of these men were in the world, then increased forthwith
+the desire for riches and power, from the fact that they knew many
+crafts that had not been discovered before, and each one was exalted
+with his own handiwork; and so far did they carry their pride, that the
+Africans, descended from Ham, harried in that part of the world which
+the offspring of Shem, their kinsman, inhabited. And when they had
+conquered them, the world seemed to them too small, and they smithied a
+tower with tile and stone, which they meant should reach to heaven, on
+the plain called Sennar. And when this building was so far advanced that
+it extended above the air, and they were no less eager to continue the
+work, and when God saw how their pride waxed high, then he sees that he
+will have to strike it down in some way. And the same God, who is
+almighty, and who might have struck down all their work in the twinkling
+of an eye, and made themselves turn into dust, still preferred to
+frustrate their purpose by making them realize their own littleness, in
+that none of them should understand what the other talked; and thus no
+one knew what the other commanded, and one broke what the other wished
+to build up, until they came to strife among themselves, and therewith
+was frustrated, in the beginning, their purpose of building a tower. And
+he who was foremost, hight Zoroaster, he laughed before he wept when he
+came into the world; but the master-smiths were seventy-two, and so many
+tongues have spread over the world since the giants were dispersed over
+the land, and the nations became numerous. In this same place was built
+the most famous city, which took its name from the tower, and was called
+Babylon. And when the confusion of tongues had taken place, then
+increased the names of men and of other things, and this same Zoroaster
+had many names; and although he understood that his pride was laid low
+by the said building, still he worked his way unto worldly power, and
+had himself chosen king over many peoples of the Assyrians. From him
+arose the error of idolatry; and when he was worshiped he was called
+Baal; we call him Bel; he also had many other names. But as the names
+increased in number, so was truth lost; and from this first error every
+following man worshiped his head-master, beasts or birds, the air and
+the heavenly bodies, and various lifeless things, until the error at
+length spread over the whole world; and so carefully did they lose the
+truth that no one knew his maker, excepting those men alone who spoke
+the Hebrew tongue,--that which flourished before the building of the
+tower,--and still they did not lose the bodily endowments that were
+given them, and therefore they judged of all things with earthly
+understanding, for spiritual wisdom was not given unto them. They deemed
+that all things were smithied of some one material.
+
+3. The world was divided into three parts, one from the south, westward
+to the Mediterranean Sea, which part was called Africa; but the southern
+portion of this part is hot and scorched by the sun. The second part,
+from the west and to the north and to the sea, is that called Europe, or
+Enea. The northern portion of this is cold, so that grass grows not, nor
+can anyone dwell there. From the north around the east region, and all
+to the south, that is called Asia. In that part of the world is all
+beauty and pomp, and wealth of the earth's products, gold and precious
+stones. There is also the mid-world, and as the earth there is fairer
+and of a better quality than elsewhere, so are also the people there
+most richly endowed with all gifts, with wisdom and strength, with
+beauty and with all knowledge.
+
+4. Near the middle of the world was built the house and inn, the most
+famous that has been made, which was called Troy, in the land which we
+call Turkey. This city was built much larger than others, with more
+skill in many ways, at great expense, and with such means as were at
+hand. There were twelve kingdoms and one over-king, and many lands and
+nations belonged to each kingdom; there were in the city twelve chief
+languages.[5] Their chiefs have surpassed all men who have been in the
+world in all heroic things. No scholar who has ever told of these things
+has ever disputed this fact, and for this reason, that all rulers of the
+north region trace their ancestors back thither, and place in the number
+of the gods all who were rulers of the city. Especially do they place
+Priamos himself in the stead of Odin; nor must that be called wonderful,
+for Priamos was sprung from Saturn, him whom the north region for a long
+time believed to be God himself.
+
+    [Footnote 5: Dasent translates "h�vu�tungur" (chief or head
+    tongues) with "lords," which is certainly an error.]
+
+5. This Saturn grew up in that island in Greece which hight Crete. He
+was greater and stronger and fairer than other men. As in other natural
+endowments, so he excelled all men in wisdom. He invented many crafts
+which had not before been discovered. He was also so great in the art of
+magic that he was certain about things that had not yet come to pass. He
+found, too, that red thing in the earth from which he smelted gold, and
+from such things he soon became very mighty. He also foretold harvests
+and many other secret things, and for such, and many other deeds, he was
+chosen chief of the island. And when he had ruled it a short time, then
+there speedily enough became a great abundance of all things. No money
+circulated excepting gold coins, so plentiful was this metal; and though
+there was famine in other lands, the crops never failed in Crete, so
+that people might seek there all the things which they needed to have.
+And from this and many other secret gifts of power that he had, men
+believed him to be God, and from him arose another error among the
+Cretans and Macedonians like the one before mentioned among the
+Assyrians and Chaldeans from Zoroaster. And when Saturn finds how great
+strength the people think they have in him, he calls himself God, and
+says that he rules heaven and earth and all things.
+
+6. Once he went to Greece in a ship, for there was a king's daughter on
+whom he had set his heart. He won her love in this way, that one day
+when she was out with her maid-servants, he took upon himself the
+likeness of a bull, and lay before her in the wood, and so fair was he
+that the hue of gold was on every hair; and when the king's daughter saw
+him she patted his lips. He sprang up and threw off the bull's likeness
+and took her into his arms and bore her to the ship and took her to
+Crete. But his wife, Juno, found this out, so he turned her (the king's
+daughter) into the likeness of a heifer and sent her east to the arms of
+the great river (that is, of the Nile, to the Nile country), and let the
+thrall, who hight Argulos, take care of her. She was there twelve months
+before he changed her shape again. Many things did he do like this,
+or even more wonderful He had three sons: one hight Jupiter, another
+Neptune, the third Pluto. They were all men of the greatest
+accomplishments, and Jupiter was by far the greatest; he was a warrior
+and won many kingdoms; he was also crafty like his father, and took upon
+himself the likeness of many animals, and thus he accomplished many
+things which are impossible for mankind; and on account of this, and
+other things, he was held in awe by all nations. Therefore Jupiter is
+put in the place of Thor, since all evil wights fear him.
+
+7. Saturn had built in Crete seventy-two burgs, and when he thought
+himself firmly established in his kingdom, he shared it with his sons,
+whom he set up with himself as gods; and to Jupiter he gave the realm of
+heaven; to Neptune, the realm of the earth, and to Pluto, hell; and this
+last seemed to him the worst to manage, and therefore he gave to him his
+dog, the one whom he called Cerberos, to guard hell. This Cerberos, the
+Greeks say, Herakles dragged out of hell and upon earth. And although
+Saturn had given the realm of heaven to Jupiter, the latter nevertheless
+desired to possess the realm of the earth, and so he harried his
+father's kingdom, and it is said that he had him taken and emasculated,
+and for such great achievements he declared himself to be god, and the
+Macedonians say that he had the members taken and cast into the sea, and
+therefore they believed for ages that therefrom had come a woman; her
+they called Venus, and numbered among the gods, and she has in all ages
+since been called goddess of love, for they believed she was able to
+turn the hearts of all men and women to love. When Saturn was
+emasculated by Jupiter, his son, he fled from the east out of Crete and
+west into Italy. There dwelt at that time such people as did not work,
+and lived on acorns and grass, and lay in caves or holes in the earth.
+And when Saturn came there he changed his name and called himself Njord,
+for the reason that he thought that Jupiter, his son, might afterward
+seek him out. He was the first there to teach men to plow and plant
+vineyards. There the soil was good and fresh, and it soon produced heavy
+crops. He was made chief and thus he got possession of all the realms
+there and built many burgs.
+
+8. Jupiter, his son, had many sons, from whom races have descended; his
+son was Dardanos, his son Herikon, his son Tros, his son Ilos, his son
+Laomedon, the father of the chief king Priamos. Priamos had many sons;
+one of them was Hektor, who was the most famous of all men in the world
+for strength, and stature and accomplishments, and for all manly deeds
+of a knightly kind; and it is found written that when the Greeks and all
+the strength of the north and east regions fought with the Trojans, they
+would never have become victors had not the Greeks invoked the gods; and
+it is also stated that no human strength would conquer them unless they
+were betrayed by their own men, which afterward was done. And from their
+fame men that came after gave themselves titles, and especially was this
+done by the Romans, who were the most famous in many things after their
+days; and it is said that, when Rome was built, the Romans adapted their
+customs and laws as nearly as possible to those of the Trojans, their
+forefathers. And so much power accompanied these men for many ages
+after, that when Pompey, a Roman chieftain, harried in the east region,
+Odin fled out of Asia and hither to the north country, and then he gave
+to himself and his men their names, and said that Priamos had hight Odin
+and his queen Frigg, and from this the realm afterward took its name and
+was called Frigia where the burg stood. And whether Odin said this of
+himself out of pride, or that it was wrought by the changing of tongues;
+nevertheless many wise men have regarded it a true saying, and for a
+long time after every man who was a great chieftain followed his
+example.
+
+9. A king in Troy hight Munon or Mennon, his wife was a daughter of the
+head-king Priamos and hight Troan; they had a son who hight Tror, him we
+call Thor. He was fostered in Thrace by the duke, who is called Loricos.
+But when he was ten winters old he took his father's weapons. So fair of
+face was he, when he stood by other men, as when ivory is set in oak;
+his hair was fairer than gold. When he was twelve winters old he had
+full strength; then he lifted from the ground ten bear skins all at
+once, and then he slew Loricos, the duke, his foster-father and his
+wife, Lora or Glora, and took possession of Thrace; this we call
+Thrudheim. Then he visited many lands and knew the countries of the
+world, and conquered single-handed all the berserks and all the giants,
+and one very big dragon and many beasts. In the north region he found
+that prophetess who hight Sibyl, whom we call Sif, and married her. None
+can tell the genealogy of Sif; she was the fairest of all women, her
+hair was like gold. Their son was Loride (Hloride), who was like his
+father; his son was Henrede; his son Vingethor (Vingthor); his son
+Vingener (Vingner); his son Moda (Mode); his son Magi (Magne); his son
+Kesfet; his son Bedvig; his son Atra, whom we call Annan; his son
+Itrman; his son Heremod (Hermod); his son Skjaldun, whom we call Skjold;
+his son Bjaf, whom we call Bjar; his son Jat; his son Gudolf, his son
+Fjarlaf, whom we call Fridleif; he had the son who is called Vodin, whom
+we call Odin; he was a famous man for wisdom and all accomplishments.
+His wife hight Frigida, whom we call Frigg.
+
+10. Odin had the power of divination, and so had his wife, and from this
+knowledge he found out that his name would be held high in the north
+part of the world, and honored beyond that of all kings. For this reason
+he was eager to begin his journey from Turkey, and he had with him very
+many people, young and old, men and women, and he had with him many
+costly things. But wherever they fared over the lands great fame was
+spoken of them, and they were said to be more like gods than men. And
+they stopped not on their journey before they came north into that land
+which is now called Saxland; there Odin remained a long time, and
+subjugated the country far and wide. There Odin established his three
+sons as a defense of the land. One is named Veggdegg; he was a strong
+king and ruled over East Saxland. His son was Vitrgils, and his sons
+were Ritta, the father of Heingest (Hengist), and Sigar, the father of
+Svebdegg, whom we call Svipdag. Another son of Odin hight Beldegg, whom
+we call Balder; he possessed the land which now hight Vestfal; his son
+was Brander, and his son Frjodigar, whom we call Froda (Frode). His son
+was Freovit, his son Yvigg, his son Gevis, whom we call Gave. The third
+son of Odin is named Sigge, his son Verer. These forefathers ruled the
+land which is now called Frankland, and from them is come the race that
+is called the Volsungs. From all of these many and great races are
+descended.
+
+11. Then Odin continued his journey northward and came into the country
+which was called Reidgotaland, and in that land he conquered all that he
+desired. He established there his son, who hight Skjold; his son hight
+Fridleif; from him is descended the race which hight Skjoldungs; these
+are the Dane kings, and that land hight now Jutland, which then was
+called Reidgotaland.
+
+12. Thereupon he fared north to what is now called Svithjod (Sweden),
+there was the king who is called Gylfe. But when he heard of the coming
+of those Asiamen, who were called asas, he went to meet them, and
+offered Odin such things in his kingdom as he himself might desire. And
+such good luck followed their path, that wherever they stopped in the
+lands, there were bountiful crops and good peace; and all believed that
+they were the cause thereof. The mighty men of the kingdom saw that they
+were unlike other men whom they had seen, both in respect to beauty and
+understanding. The land there seemed good to Odin, and he chose there
+for himself a place for a burg, which is now called Sigtuna.[6] He there
+established chiefs, like unto what had formerly existed in Troy; he
+appointed twelve men in the burg to be judges of the law of the land,
+and made all rights to correspond with what had before been in Troy, and
+to what the Turks had been accustomed.
+
+    [Footnote 6: Near Upsala.]
+
+13. Thereupon he fared north until he reached the sea, which they
+thought surrounded all lands, and there he established his son in the
+kingdom, which is now called Norway; he is hight Saming, and the kings
+of Norway count their ancestors back to him, and so do the jarls and
+other mighty men, as it is stated in the Haleygjatal.[7] But Odin had
+with him that son who is called Yngve, who was king in Sweden, and from
+him is descended the families called Ynglings (Yngvelings). The asas
+took to themselves wives there within the land. But some took wives for
+their sons, and these families became so numerous that they spread over
+Saxland, and thence over the whole north region, and the tongue of these
+Asiamen became the native tongue of all these lands. And men think they
+can understand from the way in which the names of their forefathers is
+written, that these names have belonged to this tongue, and that the
+asas have brought this tongue hither to the north, to Norway, to Sweden
+and to Saxland. But in England are old names of places and towns which
+can be seen to have been given in another tongue than this.
+
+    [Footnote 7: A heroic poem, giving the pedigree (tal) of Norse
+    kings.]
+
+
+
+
+THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+GEFJUN'S PLOWING.
+
+1. King Gylfe ruled the lands that are now called Svithjod (Sweden). Of
+him it is said that he gave to a wayfaring woman, as a reward for the
+entertainment she had afforded him by her story-telling, a plow-land in
+his realm, as large as four oxen could plow it in a day and a night But
+this woman was of the asa-race; her name was Gefjun. She took from the
+north, from Jotunheim, four oxen, which were the sons of a giant and
+her, and set them before the plow. Then went the plow so hard and deep
+that it tore up the land, and the oxen drew it westward into the sea,
+until it stood still in a sound. There Gefjun set the land, gave it a
+name and called it Seeland. And where the land had been taken away
+became afterward a sea, which in Sweden is now called Logrinn (the Lake,
+the Malar Lake in Sweden). And in the Malar Lake the bays correspond to
+the capes in Seeland. Thus Brage, the old skald:
+
+  Gefjun glad
+  Drew from Gylfe
+  The excellent land,
+  Denmark's increase,
+  So that it reeked
+  From the running beasts.
+  Four heads and eight eyes
+  Bore the oxen
+  As they went before the wide
+  Robbed land of the grassy isle.[8]
+
+    [Footnote 8: Heimskringla: Ynglinga Saga, ch. v.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+GYLFE'S JOURNEY TO ASGARD.
+
+
+2. King Gylfe was a wise man and skilled in the black art. He wondered
+much that the asa-folk was so mighty in knowledge, that all things went
+after their will. He thought to himself whether this could come from
+their own nature, or whether the cause must be sought for among the gods
+whom they worshiped. He therefore undertook a journey to Asgard. He went
+secretly, having assumed the likeness of an old man, and striving thus
+to disguise himself. But the asas were wiser, for they see into the
+future, and, foreseeing his journey before he came, they received him
+with an eye-deceit. So when he came into the burg he saw there a hall so
+high that he could hardly look over it. Its roof was thatched with
+golden shields as with shingles. Thus says Thjodolf of Hvin, that Valhal
+was thatched with shields:
+
+  Thinking thatchers
+  Thatched the roof;
+  The beams of the burg
+  Beamed with gold.[9]
+
+    [Footnote 9: Heimskringla: Harald Harfager's Saga, ch. xix.]
+
+In the door of the hall Gylfe saw a man who played with swords so
+dexterously that seven were in the air at one time. That man asked him
+what his name was. Gylfe answered that his name was Ganglere;[10] that
+he had come a long way, and that he sought lodgings for the night. He
+also asked who owned the burg. The other answered that it belonged to
+their king: I will go with you to see him and then you may ask him for
+his name yourself. Then the man turned and led the way into the hall.
+Ganglere followed, and suddenly the doors closed behind him. There he
+saw many rooms and a large number of people, of whom some were playing,
+others were drinking, and some were fighting with weapons. He looked
+around him, and much of what he saw seemed to him incredible. Then
+quoth he:
+
+  Gates all,
+  Before in you go,
+  You must examine well;
+  For you cannot know
+  Where enemies sit
+  In the house before you.[11]
+
+    [Footnote 10: The walker.]
+
+    [Footnote 11: Elder Edda: Havamal.]
+
+He saw three high-seats, one above the other, and in each sat a man. He
+asked what the names of these chiefs were. He, who had conducted him in,
+answered that the one who sat in the lowest high-seat was king, and
+hight Har; the one next above him, Jafnhar; but the one who sat on the
+highest throne, Thride. Har asked the comer what more his errand was,
+and added that food and drink was there at his service, as for all in
+Har's hall. Ganglere answered that he first would like to ask whether
+there was any wise man. Answered Har: You will not come out from here
+hale unless you are wiser.
+
+  And stand now forth
+  While you ask;
+  He who answers shall sit.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+OF THE HIGHEST GOD.
+
+
+3. Ganglere then made the following question: Who is the highest and
+oldest of all the gods? Made answer Har: Alfather he is called in our
+tongue, but in Asgard of old he had twelve names. The first is Alfather,
+the second is Herran or Herjan, the third Nikar or Hnikar, the fourth
+Nikuz or Hnikud, the fifth Fjolner, the sixth Oske, the seventh Ome, the
+eighth Biflide or Biflinde, the ninth Svidar, the tenth Svidrer, the
+eleventh Vidrer, the twelfth Jalg or Jalk. Ganglere asks again: Where is
+this god? What can he do? What mighty works has he accomplished?
+Answered Har: He lives from everlasting to everlasting, rules over all
+his realm, and governs all things, great and small. Then remarked
+Jafnhar: He made heaven and earth, the air and all things in them.
+Thride added: What is most important, he made man and gave him a spirit,
+which shall live, and never perish, though the body may turn to dust or
+burn to ashes. All who live a life of virtue shall dwell with him in
+Gimle or Vingolf. The wicked, on the other hand, go to Hel, and from her
+to Niflhel, that is, down into the ninth world. Then asked Ganglere:
+What was he doing before heaven and earth were made? Har gave answer:
+Then was he with the frost-giants.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE CREATION OF THE WORLD.
+
+
+4. Said Ganglere: How came the world into existence, or how did it rise?
+What was before? Made answer to him Har: Thus is it said in the Vala's
+Prophecy:
+
+  It was Time's morning,
+  When there nothing was;
+  Nor sand, nor sea,
+  Nor cooling billows.
+  Earth there was not,
+  Nor heaven above.
+  The Ginungagap was,
+  But grass nowhere.[12]
+
+    [Footnote 12: Elder Edda: The Vala's Prophecy, 6.]
+
+Jafnhar remarked: Many ages before the earth was made, Niflheim had
+existed, in the midst of which is the well called Hvergelmer, whence
+flow the following streams: Svol, Gunnthro, Form, Fimbul, Thul, Slid and
+Hrid, Sylg and Ylg, Vid, Leipt and Gjoll, the last of which is nearest
+the gate of Hel. Then added Thride: Still there was before a world to
+the south which hight Muspelheim. It is light and hot, and so bright
+and dazzling that no stranger, who is not a native there, can stand it.
+Surt is the name of him who stands on its border guarding it. He has a
+flaming sword in his hand, and at the end of the world he will come and
+harry, conquer all the gods, and burn up the whole world with fire. Thus
+it is said in the Vala's Prophecy:
+
+  Surt from the south fares
+  With blazing flames;
+  From the sword shines
+  The sun of the war-god.
+  Rocks dash together
+  And witches collapse,
+  Men go the way to Hel
+  And the heavens are cleft.[13]
+
+    [Footnote 13: Elder Edda: The Vala's Prophecy, 56.]
+
+5. Said Ganglere: What took place before the races came into existence,
+and men increased and multiplied? Replied Har, explaining, that as soon
+as the streams, that are called the Elivogs, had come so far from their
+source that the venomous yeast which flowed with them hardened, as does
+dross that runs from the fire, then it turned into ice. And when this
+ice stopped and flowed no more, then gathered over it the drizzling rain
+that arose from the venom and froze into rime, and one layer of ice was
+laid upon the other clear into Ginungagap. Then said Jafnhar: All that
+part of Ginungagap that turns toward the north was filled with thick
+and heavy ice and rime, and everywhere within were drizzling rains and
+gusts. But the south part of Ginungagap was lighted up by the glowing
+sparks that flew out of Muspelheim. Added Thride: As cold and all things
+grim proceeded from Niflheim, so that which bordered on Muspelheim was
+hot and bright, and Ginungagap was as warm and mild as windless air. And
+when the heated blasts from Muspelheim met the rime, so that it melted
+into drops, then, by the might of him who sent the heat, the drops
+quickened into life and took the likeness of a man, who got the name
+Ymer. But the Frost giants call him Aurgelmer. Thus it is said in the
+short Prophecy of the Vala (the Lay of Hyndla):
+
+  All the valas are
+  From Vidolf descended;
+  All wizards are
+  Of Vilmeide's race;
+  All enchanters
+  Are sons of Svarthofde;
+  All giants have
+  Come from Ymer.[14]
+
+    [Footnote 14: Elder Edda: Hyndla'a Lay, 34.]
+
+And on this point, when Vafthrudner, the giant, was asked by Gangrad:
+
+  Whence came Aurgelmer
+  Originally to the sons
+  Of the giants?--thou wise giant![15]
+
+he said
+
+  From the Elivogs
+  Sprang drops of venom,
+  And grew till a giant was made.
+  Thence our race
+  Are all descended,
+  Therefore are we all so fierce.[16]
+
+    [Footnote 15: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner's Lay, 30.]
+
+    [Footnote 16: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner's Lay, 31.]
+
+Then asked Ganglere: How were the races developed from him? Or what was
+done so that more men were made? Or do you believe him to be god of whom
+you now spake? Made answer Har: By no means do we believe him to be god;
+evil was he and all his offspring, them we call frost-giants. It is said
+that when he slept he fell into a sweat, and then there grew under his
+left arm a man and a woman, and one of his feet begat with the other a
+son. From these come the races that are called frost-giants. The old
+frost-giant we call Ymer.
+
+6. Then said Ganglere: Where did Ymer dwell, and on what did he live?
+Answered Har: The next thing was that when the rime melted into drops,
+there was made thereof a cow, which hight Audhumbla. Four milk-streams
+ran from her teats, and she fed Ymer. Thereupon asked Ganglere: On what
+did the cow subsist? Answered Har: She licked the salt-stones that were
+covered with rime, and the first day that she licked the stones there
+came out of them in the evening a man's hair, the second day a man's
+head, and the third day the whole man was there. This man's name was
+Bure; he was fair of face, great and mighty, and he begat a son whose
+name was Bor. This Bor married a woman whose name was Bestla, the
+daughter of the giant Bolthorn; they had three sons,--the one hight
+Odin, the other Vile, and the third Ve. And it is my belief that this
+Odin and his brothers are the rulers of heaven and earth. We think that
+he must be so called. That is the name of the man whom we know to be the
+greatest and most famous, and well may men call him by that name.
+
+7. Ganglere asked: How could these keep peace with Ymer, or who was the
+stronger? Then answered Har: The sons of Bor slew the giant Ymer, but
+when he fell, there flowed so much blood from his wounds that they
+drowned therein the whole race of frost giants; excepting one, who
+escaped with his household. Him the giants call Bergelmer. He and his
+wife went on board his ark and saved themselves in it. From them are
+come new races of frost-giants, as is here said:
+
+  Countless winters
+  Ere the earth was made,
+  Was born Bergelmer.
+  This first I call to mind
+  How that crafty giant
+  Safe in his ark lay.[17]
+
+    [Footnote 17: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner's Lay, 35.]
+
+8. Then said Ganglere: What was done then by the sons of Bor, since you
+believe that they were gods? Answered Har: About that there is not a
+little to be said. They took the body of Ymer, carried it into the midst
+of Ginungagap and made of him the earth. Of his blood they made the seas
+and lakes; of his flesh the earth was made, but of his bones the rocks;
+of his teeth and jaws, and of the bones that were broken, they made
+stones and pebbles. Jafnhar remarked: Of the blood that flowed from the
+wounds, and was free, they made the ocean; they fastened the earth
+together and around it they laid this ocean in a ring without, and it
+must seem to most men impossible to cross it. Thride added: They took
+his skull and made thereof the sky, and raised it over the earth with
+four sides. Under each corner they set a dwarf, and the four dwarfs were
+called Austre (east), Vestre (West), Nordre (North), Sudre (South). Then
+they took glowing sparks, that were loose and had been cast out from
+Muspelheim, and placed them in the midst of the boundless heaven, both
+above and below, to light up heaven and earth. They gave resting-places
+to all fires, and set some in heaven; some were made to go free under
+heaven, but they gave them a place and shaped their course. In old songs
+it is said that from that time days and years were reckoned. Thus in the
+Prophecy of the Vala:
+
+  The sun knew not
+  Where her hall she had;
+  The moon knew not
+  What might he had;
+  The stars knew not
+  Their resting-places.[18]
+
+    [Footnote 18: Elder Edda: The Vala's Prophecy, 8. In Old Norse the
+    sun is feminine, and the moon masculine. See below, sections 11
+    and 12.]
+
+Thus it was before these things were made. Then said Ganglere: Wonderful
+tidings are these I now hear; a wondrous great building is this, and
+deftly constructed. How was the earth fashioned? Made answer Har: The
+earth is round, and without it round about lies the deep ocean, and
+along the outer strand of that sea they gave lands for the giant races
+to dwell in; and against the attack of restless giants they built a burg
+within the sea and around the earth. For this purpose they used the
+giant Ymer's eyebrows, and they called the burg Midgard. They also took
+his brains and cast them into the air, and made therefrom the clouds,
+as is here said:
+
+  Of Ymer's flesh
+  The earth was made,
+  And of his sweat the seas;
+  Rocks of his bones,
+  Trees of his hair,
+  And the sky of his skull;
+  But of his eyebrows
+  The blithe powers
+  Made Midgard for the sons of men.
+  Of his brains
+  All the melancholy
+  Clouds were made.[19]
+
+    [Footnote 19: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 40, 41. Comp.
+    Vafthrudner's Lay, 21.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE CREATION--(CONTINUED.)
+
+
+9. Then said Ganglere: Much had been done, it seemed to me, when heaven
+and earth were made, when sun and moon were set in their places, and
+when days were marked out; but whence came the people who inhabit the
+world? Har answered as follows: As Bor's sons went along the sea-strand,
+they found two trees. These trees they took up and made men of them. The
+first gave them spirit and life; the second endowed them with reason and
+power of motion; and the third gave them form, speech, hearing and
+eyesight. They gave them clothes and names; the man they called Ask, and
+the woman Embla. From them all mankind is descended, and a
+dwelling-place was given them under Midgard. In the next place, the sons
+of Bor made for themselves in the middle of the world a burg, which is
+called Asgard, and which we call Troy. There dwelt the gods and their
+race, and thence were wrought many tidings and adventures, both on earth
+and in the sky. In Asgard is a place called Hlidskjalf, and when Odin
+seated himself there in the high-seat, he saw over the whole world, and
+what every man was doing, and he knew all things that he saw. His wife
+hight Frigg, and she was the daughter of Fjorgvin, and from their
+offspring are descended the race that we call asas, who inhabited Asgard
+the old and the realms that lie about it, and all that race are known to
+be gods. And for this reason Odin is called Alfather, that he is the
+father of all gods and men, and of all things that were made by him and
+by his might. Jord (earth) was his daughter and his wife; with her he
+begat his first son, and that is Asa-Thor. To him was given force and
+strength, whereby he conquers all things quick.
+
+10. Norfe, or Narfe, hight a giant, who dwelt in Jotunheim. He had a
+daughter by name Night. She was swarthy and dark like the race she
+belonged to. She was first married to a man who hight Naglfare. Their
+son was Aud. Afterward she was married to Annar. Jord hight their
+daughter. Her last husband was Delling (Daybreak), who was of asa-race.
+Their son was Day, who was light and fair after his father. Then took
+Alfather Night and her son Day, gave them two horses and two cars, and
+set them up in heaven to drive around the earth, each in twelve hours by
+turns. Night rides first on the horse which is called Hrimfaxe, and
+every morning he bedews the earth with the foam from his bit. The horse
+on which Day rides is called Skinfaxe, and with his mane he lights up
+all the sky and the earth.
+
+11. Then said Ganglere: How does he steer the course of the sun and the
+moon? Answered Har: Mundilfare hight the man who had two children. They
+were so fair and beautiful that he called his son Moon, and his
+daughter, whom he gave in marriage to a man by name Glener, he called
+Sun. But the gods became wroth at this arrogance, took both the brother
+and the sister, set them up in heaven, and made Sun drive the horses
+that draw the car of the sun, which the gods had made to light up the
+world from sparks that flew out of Muspelheim. These horses hight Arvak
+and Alsvid. Under their withers the gods placed two wind-bags to cool
+them, but in some songs it is called ironcold (�sarnkol). Moon guides
+the course of the moon, and rules its waxing and waning. He took from
+the earth two children, who hight Bil and Hjuke, as they were going from
+the well called Byrger, and were carrying on their shoulders the bucket
+called Sager and the pole Simul. Their father's name is Vidfin. These
+children always accompany Moon, as can be seen from the earth.
+
+12. Then said Ganglere: Swift fares Sun, almost as if she were afraid,
+and she could make no more haste in her course if she feared her
+destroyer. Then answered Har: Nor is it wonderful that she speeds with
+all her might. Near is he who pursues her, and there is no escape for
+her but to run before him. Then asked Ganglere: Who causes her this
+toil? Answered Har: It is two wolves. The one hight Skol, he runs after
+her; she fears him and he will one day overtake her. The other hight
+Hate, Hrodvitner's son; he bounds before her and wants to catch the
+moon, and so he will at last.[20] Then asked Ganglere: Whose offspring
+are these wolves? Said Har; A hag dwells east of Midgard, in the forest
+called Jarnved (Ironwood), where reside the witches called Jarnvidjes.
+The old hag gives birth to many giant sons, and all in wolf's likeness.
+Thence come these two wolves. It is said that of this wolf-race one is
+the mightiest, and is called Moongarm. He is filled with the life-blood
+of all dead men. He will devour the moon, and stain the heavens and all
+the sky with blood. Thereby the sun will be darkened, the winds will
+grow wild, and roar hither and thither, as it is said in the Prophecy of
+the Vala:
+
+  In the east dwells the old hag,
+  In the Jarnved forest;
+  And brings forth there
+  Fenrer's offspring.
+  There comes of them all
+  One the worst,
+  The moon's devourer
+  In a troll's disguise.
+
+  He is filled with the life-blood
+  Of men doomed to die;
+  The seats of the gods
+  He stains with red gore;
+  Sunshine grows black
+  The summer thereafter,
+  All weather gets fickle.
+  Know you yet or not?[21]
+
+    [Footnote 20: That wolves follow the sun and moon, is a
+    wide-spread popular superstition. In Sweden, a parhelion is
+    called Solvarg (sun-wolf).]
+
+    [Footnote 21: Elder Edda: The Vala's Prophecy, 43, 44.]
+
+13. Then asked Ganglere: What is the path from earth to heaven? Har
+answered, laughing: Foolishly do you now ask. Have you not been told
+that the gods made a bridge from earth to heaven, which is called
+Bifrost? You must have seen it. It may be that you call it the rainbow.
+It has three colors, is very strong, and is made with more craft and
+skill than other structures. Still, however strong it is, it will break
+when the sons of Muspel come to ride over it, and then they will have to
+swim their horses over great rivers in order to get on. Then said
+Ganglere: The gods did not, it seems to me, build that bridge honestly,
+if it shall be able to break to pieces, since they could have done so,
+had they desired. Then made answer Har: The gods are worthy of no blame
+for this structure. Bifrost is indeed a good bridge, but there is no
+thing in the world that is able to stand when the sons of Muspel come to
+the fight.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+THE FIRST WORKS OF THE ASAS. THE GOLDEN AGE.
+
+
+14. Then said Ganglere: What did Alfather do when Asgard had been built?
+Said Har: In the beginning he appointed rulers in a place in the middle
+of the burg which is called Idavold, who were to judge with him the
+disputes of men and decide the affairs of the burg. Their first work was
+to erect a court, where there were seats for all the twelve, and,
+besides, a high-seat for Alfather. That is the best and largest house
+ever built on earth, and is within and without like solid gold. This
+place is called Gladsheim. Then they built another hall as a home for
+the goddesses, which also is a very beautiful mansion, and is called
+Vingolf. Thereupon they built a forge; made hammer, tongs, anvil, and
+with these all other tools. Afterward they worked in iron, stone and
+wood, and especially in that metal which is called gold. All their
+household wares were of gold. That age was called the golden age, until
+it was lost by the coming of those women from Jotunheim. Then the gods
+set themselves in their high-seats and held counsel. They remembered how
+the dwarfs had quickened in the mould of the earth like maggots in
+flesh. The dwarfs had first been created and had quickened in Ymer's
+flesh, and were then maggots; but now, by the decision of the gods, they
+got the understanding and likeness of men, but still had to dwell in the
+earth and in rocks. Modsogner was one dwarf and Durin another. So it is
+said in the Vala's Prophecy:
+
+  Then went all the gods,
+  The all-holy gods,
+  On their judgment seats,
+  And thereon took counsel
+  Who should the race
+  Of dwarfs create
+  From the bloody sea
+  And from Blain's bones.
+  In the likeness of men
+  Made they many
+  Dwarfs in the earth,
+  As Durin said.
+
+And these, says the Vala, are the names of the dwarfs:
+
+  Nye, Nide,
+  Nordre, Sudre,
+  Austre, Vestre,
+  Althjof, Dvalin,
+  Na, Nain,
+  Niping, Dain,
+  Bifur, Bafur,
+  Bombor, Nore,
+  Ore, Onar,
+  Oin, Mjodvitner,
+  Vig, Gandalf,
+  Vindalf, Thorin,
+  File, Kile,
+  Fundin, Vale,
+  Thro, Throin,
+  Thek, Lit, Vit,
+  Ny, Nyrad,
+  Rek, Radsvid.
+
+But the following are also dwarfs and dwell in the rocks, while the
+above-named dwell in the mould:
+
+  Draupner, Dolgthvare,
+  Hor, Hugstare,
+  Hledjolf, Gloin,
+  Dore, Ore,
+  Duf, Andvare,
+  Hepte, File,
+  Har, Siar.
+
+But the following come from Svarin's How to Aurvang on Joruvold, and
+from them is sprung Lovar. Their names are:
+
+  Skirfer, Virfir,
+  Skafid, Ae,
+  Alf, Inge,
+  Eikinslgalde,
+  Fal, Froste,
+  Fid, Ginnar.[22]
+
+    [Footnote 22: Elder Edda: The Vala's Prophecy, 12, 14-16, 18, 19.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+ON THE WONDERFUL THINGS IN HEAVEN.
+
+
+15. Then said Ganglere: Where is the chief or most holy place of the
+gods? Har answered: That is by the ash Ygdrasil. There the gods meet in
+council every day. Said Ganglere: What is said about this place?
+Answered Jafnhar: This ash is the best and greatest of all trees; its
+branches spread over all the world, and reach up above heaven. Three
+roots sustain the tree and stand wide apart; one root is with the asas
+and another with the frost-giants, where Ginungagap formerly was; the
+third reaches into Niflheim; under it is Hvergelmer, where Nidhug gnaws
+the root from below. But under the second root, which extends to the
+frost-giants, is the well of Mimer, wherein knowledge and wisdom are
+concealed. The owner of the well hight Mimer. He is full of wisdom, for
+he drinks from the well with the Gjallar-horn. Alfather once came there
+and asked for a drink from the well, but he did not get it before he
+left one of his eyes as a pledge. So it is said in the Vala's Prophecy:
+
+  Well know I, Odin,
+  Where you hid your eye:
+  In the crystal-clear
+  Well of Mimer.
+  Mead drinks Mimer
+  Every morning
+  From Valfather's pledge.
+  Know you yet or not?[23]
+
+    [Footnote 23: Elder Edda: The Vala's Prophecy, 24.]
+
+The third root of the ash is in heaven, and beneath it is the most
+sacred fountain of Urd. Here the gods have their doomstead. The asas
+ride hither every day over Bifrost, which is also called Asa-bridge. The
+following are the names of the horses of the gods: Sleipner is the best
+one; he belongs to Odin, and he has eight feet. The second is Glad, the
+third Gyller, the fourth Gler, the fifth Skeidbrimer, the sixth
+Silfertop, the seventh Siner, the eighth Gisl, the ninth Falhofner, the
+tenth Gulltop, the eleventh Letfet. Balder's horse was burned with him.
+Thor goes on foot to the doomstead, and wades the following rivers:
+
+  Kormt and Ormt
+  And the two Kerlaugs;
+  These shall Thor wade
+  Every day
+  When he goes to judge
+  Near the Ygdrasil ash;
+  For the Asa-bridge
+  Burns all ablaze,--
+  The holy waters roar.[24]
+
+    [Footnote 24: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 29.]
+
+Then asked Ganglere: Does fire burn over Bifrost? Har answered: The red
+which you see in the rainbow is burning fire. The frost-giants and the
+mountain-giants would go up to heaven if Bifrost were passable for all
+who desired to go there. Many fair places there are in heaven, and they
+are all protected by a divine defense. There stands a beautiful hall
+near the fountain beneath the ash. Out of it come three maids, whose
+names are Urd, Verdande and Skuld. These maids shape the lives of men,
+and we call them norns. There are yet more norns, namely those who come
+to every man when he is born, to shape his life, and these are known to
+be of the race of gods; others, on the other hand, are of the race of
+elves, and yet others are of the race of dwarfs. As is here said:
+
+  Far asunder, I think,
+  The norns are born,
+  They are not of the same race.
+  Some are of the asas,
+  Some are of the elves,
+  Some are daughters of Dvalin.[25]
+
+    [Footnote 25: Elder Edda: Fafner's Lay, 13.]
+
+Then said Ganglere: If the norns rule the fortunes of men, then they
+deal them out exceedingly unevenly. Some live a good life and are rich;
+some get neither wealth nor praise. Some have a long, others a short
+life. Har answered: Good norns and of good descent shape good lives, and
+when some men are weighed down with misfortune, the evil norns are the
+cause of it.
+
+16. Then said Ganglere: What other remarkable things are there to be
+said about the ash? Har answered: Much is to be said about it. On one of
+the boughs of the ash sits an eagle, who knows many things. Between his
+eyes sits a hawk that is called Vedfolner. A squirrel, by name Ratatosk,
+springs up and down the tree, and carries words of envy between the
+eagle and Nidhug. Four stags leap about in the branches of the ash and
+bite the leaves.[26] Their names are: Dain, Dvalin, Duney and Durathro.
+In Hvergelmer with Nidhug are more serpents than tongue can tell. As is
+here said:
+
+  The ash Ygdrasil
+  Bears distress
+  Greater than men know.
+  Stags bite it above,
+  At the side it rots,
+  Nidhug gnaws it below.
+
+    [Footnote 26: The Icelandic barr. See Vigfusson, _sub voce_.]
+
+And so again it is said:
+
+  More serpents lie
+  'Neath the Ygdrasil ash
+  Than is thought of
+  By every foolish ape.
+  Goin and Moin
+  (They are sons of Grafvitner),
+  Grabak and Grafvollud,
+  Ofner and Svafner
+  Must for aye, methinks,
+  Gnaw the roots of that tree.[27]
+
+    [Footnote 27: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 35, 34.]
+
+Again, it is said that the norns, that dwell in the fountain of Urd,
+every day take water from the fountain and take the clay that lies
+around the fountain and sprinkle therewith the ash, in order that its
+branches may not wither or decay. This water is so holy that all things
+that are put into the fountain become as white as the film of an
+egg-shell As is here said:
+
+  An ash I know
+  Hight Ygdrasil;
+  A high, holy tree
+  With white clay sprinkled.
+  Thence come the dews
+  That fall in the dales.
+  Green forever it stands
+  Over Urd's fountain.[28]
+
+    [Footnote 28: Elder Edda: The Vala's Prophecy, 22.]
+
+The dew which falls on the earth from this tree men call honey-fall, and
+it is the food of bees. Two birds are fed in Urd's fountain; they are
+called swans, and they are the parents of the race of swans.
+
+17. Then said Ganglere: Great tidings you are able to tell of the
+heavens. Are there other remarkable places than the one by Urd's
+fountain? Answered Har: There are many magnificent dwellings. One is
+there called Alfheim. There dwell the folk that are called light-elves;
+but the dark-elves dwell down in the earth, and they are unlike the
+light-elves in appearance, but much more so in deeds. The light-elves
+are fairer than the sun to look upon, but the dark-elves are blacker
+than pitch. Another place is called Breidablik, and no place is fairer.
+There is also a mansion called Glitner, of which the walls and pillars
+and posts are of red gold, and the roof is of silver. Furthermore, there
+is a dwelling, by name Himinbjorg, which stands at the end of heaven,
+where the Bifrost-bridge is united with heaven. And there is a great
+dwelling called Valaskjalf, which belongs to Odin. The gods made it and
+thatched it with, sheer silver. In this hall is the high-seat, which is
+called Hlidskjalf, and when Alfather sits in this seat, he sees over all
+the world. In the southern end of the world is the palace, which is the
+fairest of all, and brighter than the sun; its name is Gimle. It shall
+stand when both heaven and earth shall have passed away. In this hall
+the good and the righteous shall dwell through all ages. Thus says the
+Prophecy of the Vala:
+
+  A hall I know, standing
+  Than the sun fairer,
+  Than gold better,
+  Gimle by name.
+  There shall good
+  People dwell,
+  And forever
+  Delights enjoy.[29]
+
+Then said Ganglere: Who guards this palace when Surt's fire burns up
+heaven and earth? Har answered: It is said that to the south and above
+this heaven is another heaven, which is called Andlang. But there is a
+third, which is above these, and is called Vidblain, and in this heaven
+we believe this mansion (Gimle) to be situated; but we deem that the
+light-elves alone dwell in it now.
+
+    [Footnote 29: Elder Edda: The Vala's Prophecy, 70.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE ASAS.
+
+
+18. Then said Ganglere: Whence comes the wind? It is so strong that it
+moves great seas, and fans fires to flame, and yet, strong as it is, it
+cannot be seen. Therefore it is wonderfully made. Then answered Har:
+That I can tell you well. At the northern end of heaven sits a giant,
+who hight Hrasvelg. He is clad in eagles' plumes, and when he spreads
+his wings for flight, the winds arise from under them. Thus is it here
+said:
+
+  Hrasvelg hight he
+  Who sits at the end of heaven,
+  A giant in eagle's disguise.
+  From his wings, they say,
+  The wind does come
+  Over all mankind.[30]
+
+    [Footnote 30: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner's Lay, 37.]
+
+19. Then said Ganglere: How comes it that summer is so hot, but the
+winter so cold? Har answered: A wise man would not ask such a question,
+for all are able to tell this; but if you alone have become so stupid
+that you have not heard of it, then I would rather forgive you for
+asking unwisely once than that you should go any longer in ignorance of
+what you ought to know. Svasud is the name of him who is father of
+summer, and he lives such a life of enjoyment, that everything that is
+mild is from him called sweet (svasligt). But the father of winter has
+two names, Vindlone and Vindsval. He is the son of Vasad, and all that
+race are grim and of icy breath, and winter is like them.
+
+20. Then asked Ganglere: Which are the asas, in whom men are bound to
+believe? Har answered him: Twelve are the divine asas. Jafnhar said:
+No less holy are the asynjes (goddesses), nor is their power less. Then
+added Thride: Odin is the highest and oldest of the asas. He rules all
+things, but the other gods, each according to his might, serve him as
+children a father. Frigg is his wife, and she knows the fate of men,
+although she tells not thereof, as it is related that Odin himself said
+to Asa-Loke:
+
+  Mad are you, Loke!
+  And out of your senses;
+  Why do you not stop?
+  Fortunes all,
+  Methinks, Frigg knows,
+  Though she tells them not herself.[31]
+
+    [Footnote 31: Elder Edda. Loke's Quarrel, 29, 47.]
+
+Odin is called Alfather, for he is the father of all the gods; he is
+also called Valfather, for all who fall in fight are his chosen sons.
+For them he prepares Valhal and Vingolf, where they are called einherjes
+(heroes). He is also called Hangagod, Haptagod, Farmagod; and he gave
+himself still more names when he came to King Geirrod:
+
+  Grim is my name,
+  And Ganglare,
+  Herjan, Hjalmbore,
+  Thek, Thride,
+  Thud, Ud,
+  Helblinde, Har,
+  Sad, Svipal,
+  Sangetal,
+  Herteit, Hnikar,
+  Bileyg, Baleyg,
+  Bolverk, Fjolner,
+  Grimner, Glapsvid, Fjolsvid,
+  Sidhot, Sidskeg,
+  Sigfather, Hnikud,
+  Alfather, Atrid, Farmatyr,
+  Oske, Ome,
+  Jafnhar, Biflinde,
+  Gondler, Harbard,
+  Svidur, Svidrir,
+  Jalk, Kjalar, Vidur,
+  Thro, Yg, Thund,
+  Vak, Skilfing,
+  Vafud, Hroptatyr,
+  Gaut, Veratyr.[32]
+
+    [Footnote 32: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 46-50.]
+
+Then said Ganglere: A very great number of names you have given him; and
+this I know, forsooth, that he must be a very wise man who is able to
+understand and decide what chances are the causes of all these names.
+Har answered: Much knowledge is needed to explain it all rightly, but
+still it is shortest to tell you that most of these names have been
+given him for the reason that, as there are many tongues in the world,
+so all peoples thought they ought to turn his name into their tongue,
+in order that they might be able to worship him and pray to him each
+in its own language. Other causes of these names must be sought in his
+journeys, which are told of in old sagas; and you can lay no claim to
+being called a wise man if you are not able to tell of these wonderful
+adventures.
+
+21. Then said Ganglere: What are the names of the other asas? What is
+their occupation, and what works have they wrought? Har answered: Thor
+is the foremost of them. He is called Asa-Thor, or Oku-Thor.[33] He is
+the strongest of all gods and men, and rules over the realm which is
+called Thrudvang. His hall is called Bilskirner. Therein are five
+hundred and forty floors, and it is the largest house that men have
+made. Thus it is said in Grimner's Lay:
+
+  Five hundred floors
+  And forty more,
+  Methinks, has bowed Bilskirner.
+  Of houses all
+  That I know roofed
+  I know my son's is the largest.[34]
+
+    [Footnote 33: Oku is derived from the Finnish thunder-god, Ukko.]
+
+    [Footnote 34: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 24.]
+
+Thor has two goats, by name Tangnjost and Tangrisner, and a chariot,
+wherein he drives. The goats draw the chariot; wherefore he is called
+Oku-Thor.[35] He possesses three valuable treasures. One of them is the
+hammer Mjolner, which the frost-giants and mountain-giants well know
+when it is raised; and this is not to be wondered at, for with it he has
+split many a skull of their fathers or friends. The second treasure he
+possesses is Megingjarder (belt of strength); when he girds himself with
+it his strength is doubled. His third treasure that is of so great value
+is his iron gloves; these he cannot do without when he lays hold of the
+hammer's haft. No one is so wise that he can tell all his great works;
+but I can tell you so many tidings of him that it will grow late before
+all is told that I know.
+
+    [Footnote 35: The author of the Younger Edda is here mistaken. See
+    note on page 82 {Footnote 33}.]
+
+22. Thereupon said Ganglere: I wish to ask tidings of more of the asas.
+Har gave him answer: Odin's second son is Balder, and of him good things
+are to be told. He is the best, and all praise him. He is so fair of
+face and so bright that rays of light issue from him; and there is a
+plant so white that it is likened unto Balder's brow, and it is the
+whitest of all plants. From this you can judge of the beauty both of his
+hair and of his body. He is the wisest, mildest and most eloquent of all
+the asas; and such is his nature that none can alter the judgment he has
+pronounced. He inhabits the place in heaven called Breidablik, and there
+nothing unclean can enter. As is here said:
+
+  Breidablik it is called,
+  Where Balder has
+  Built for himself a hall
+  In the land
+  Where I know is found
+  The least of evil.[36]
+
+    [Footnote 36: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 12.]
+
+23. The third asa is he who is called Njord. He dwells in Noatun, which
+is in heaven. He rules the course of the wind and checks the fury of the
+sea and of fire. He is invoked by seafarers and by fishermen. He is so
+rich and wealthy that he can give broad lands and abundance to those who
+call on him for them. He was fostered in Vanaheim, but the vans[37] gave
+him as a hostage to the gods, and received in his stead as an
+asa-hostage the god whose name is Honer. He established peace between
+the gods and vans. Njord took to wife Skade, a daughter of the giant
+Thjasse. She wished to live where her father had dwelt, that is, on the
+mountains in Thrymheim; Njord, on the other hand, preferred to be near
+the sea. They therefore agreed to pass nine nights in Thrymheim and
+three in Noatun. But when Njord came back from the mountains to Noatun
+he sang this:
+
+    [Footnote 37: Compare Vainamoinen, the son of Ukko, in the Finnish
+    epic Kalevala.]
+
+  Weary am I of the mountains,
+  Not long was I there,
+  Only nine nights.
+  The howl of the wolves
+  Methought sounded ill
+  To the song of the swans.
+
+Skade then sang this:
+
+  Sleep I could not
+  On my sea-strand couch,
+  For the scream of the sea-fowl.
+  _There_ wakes me,
+  As he comes from the sea,
+  Every morning the mew.
+
+Then went Skade up on the mountain, and dwelt in Thrymheim. She often
+goes on skees (snow-shoes), with her bow, and shoots wild beasts. She is
+called skee-goddess or skee-dis. Thus it is said:
+
+  Thrymheim it is called
+  Where Thjasse dwelt,
+  That mightiest giant.
+  But now dwells Skade,
+  Pure bride of the gods,
+  In her father's old homestead.[38]
+
+    [Footnote 38: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 11.]
+
+24. Njord, in Noatun, afterward begat two children: a son, by name Frey,
+and a daughter, by name Freyja. They were fair of face, and mighty. Frey
+is the most famous of the asas. He rules over rain and sunshine, and
+over the fruits of the earth. It is good to call on him for harvests and
+peace. He also sways the wealth of men. Freyja is the most famous of the
+goddesses. She has in heaven a dwelling which is called Folkvang, and
+when she rides to the battle, one half of the slain belong to her, and
+the other half to Odin. As is here said:
+
+  Folkvang it is called,
+  And there rules Freyja.
+  For the seats in the hall
+  Half of the slain
+  She chooses each day;
+  The other half is Odin's.[39]
+
+    [Footnote 39: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 14.]
+
+Her hall is Sesrynmer, and it is large and beautiful. When she goes
+abroad, she drives in a car drawn by two cats. She lends a favorable ear
+to men who call upon her, and it is from her name the title has come
+that women of birth and wealth are called frur.[40] She is fond of love
+ditties, and it is good to call on her in love affairs.
+
+    [Footnote 40: Icel. _fr�_ (Ger. _frau_; Dan. _frue_), pl. _fr�r_,
+    means a lady. It is used of the wives of men of rank or title. It
+    is derived from Freyja.]
+
+25. Then said Ganglere: Of great importance these asas seem to me to be,
+and it is not wonderful that you have great power, since you have such
+excellent knowledge of the gods, and know to which of them to address
+your prayers on each occasion. But what other gods are there? Har
+answered: There is yet an asa, whose name is Tyr. He is very daring and
+stout-hearted. He sways victory in war, wherefore warriors should call
+on him. There is a saw, that he who surpasses others in bravery, and
+never yields, is Tyr-strong. He is also so wise, that it is said of
+anyone who is specially intelligent, that he is Tyr-learned. A proof of
+his daring is, that when the asas induced the wolf Fenrer to let himself
+be bound with the chain Gleipner, he would not believe that they would
+loose him again until Tyr put his hand in his mouth as a pledge. But
+when the asas would not loose the Fenris-wolf, he bit Tyr's hand off at
+the place of the wolf's joint (the wrist; Icel. _�lfli�r_[41]). From
+that time Tyr is one-handed, and he is now called a peacemaker among
+men.
+
+    [Footnote 41: This etymology is, however, erroneous, for the word
+    is derived from _oln_ or _�ln_, and the true form of the word is
+    _�lnli�r_ = the ell-joint (wrist); thus we have _�lnboge_--the
+    elbow; _�ln_ = _alin_ (Gr. +�din�+; Lat. _ulna_; cp. A.-S.
+    _el-boga_; Eng. _elbow_) is the arm from the elbow to the end of
+    the middle finger, hence an ell in long measure.]
+
+26. Brage is the name of another of the asas. He is famous for his
+wisdom, eloquence and flowing speech. He is a master-skald, and from him
+song-craft is called brag (poetry), and such men or women as distinguish
+themselves by their eloquence are called brag-men[42] and brag-women.
+His wife is Idun. She keeps in a box those apples of which the gods eat
+when they grow old, and then they become young again, and so it will be
+until Ragnarok (the twilight of the gods). Then said Ganglere: Of great
+importance to the gods it must be, it seems to me, that Idun preserves
+these apples with care and honesty. Har answered, and laughed: They ran
+a great risk on one occasion, whereof I might tell you more, but you
+shall first hear the names of more asas.
+
+    [Footnote 42: Compare the Anglo-Saxon _brego_ = princeps, chief.]
+
+27. Heimdal is the name of one. He is also called the white-asa. He is
+great and holy; born of nine maidens, all of whom were sisters. He hight
+also Hallinskide and Gullintanne, for his teeth were of gold. His horse
+hight Gulltop (Gold-top). He dwells in a place called Himinbjorg, near
+Bifrost. He is the ward of the gods, and sits at the end of heaven,
+guarding the bridge against the mountain-giants. He needs less sleep
+than a bird; sees an hundred miles around him, and as well by night as
+by day. He hears the grass grow and the wool on the backs of the sheep,
+and of course all things that sound louder than these. He has a trumpet
+called the Gjallarhorn, and when he blows it it can be heard in all the
+worlds. The head is called Heimdal's sword. Thus it is here said:
+
+  Himinbjorg it is called,
+  Where Heimdal rules
+  Over his holy halls;
+  There drinks the ward of the gods
+  In his delightful dwelling
+  Glad the good mead.[43]
+
+    [Footnote 43: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 13.]
+
+And again, in Heimdal's Song, he says himself:
+
+  Son I am of maidens nine,
+  Born I am of sisters nine.
+
+28. Hoder hight one of the asas, who is blind, but exceedingly strong;
+and the gods would wish that this asa never needed to be named, for the
+work of his hand will long be kept in memory both by gods and men.
+
+29. Vidar is the name of the silent asa. He has a very thick shoe, and
+he is the strongest next after Thor. From him the gods have much help in
+all hard tasks.
+
+30. Ale, or Vale, is the son of Odin and Rind. He is daring in combat,
+and a good shot.
+
+31. Uller is the name of one, who is a son of Sif, and a step-son of
+Thor. He is so good an archer, and so fast on his skees, that no one can
+contend with him. He is fair of face, and possesses every quality of a
+warrior. Men should invoke him in single combat.
+
+32. Forsete is a son of Balder and Nanna, Nep's daughter. He has in
+heaven the hall which hight Glitner. All who come to him with disputes
+go away perfectly reconciled. No better tribunal is to be found among
+gods and men. Thus it is here said:
+
+  Glitner hight the hall,
+  On gold pillars standing,
+  And roofed with silver.
+  There dwells Forsete
+  Throughout all time,
+  And settles all disputes.[44]
+
+    [Footnote 44: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 15.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+LOKE AND HIS OFFSPRING.
+
+
+33. There is yet one who is numbered among the asas, but whom some call
+the backbiter of the asas. He is the originator of deceit, and the
+disgrace of all gods and men. His name is Loke, or Lopt. His father is
+the giant Farbaute, but his mother's name is Laufey, or Nal. His
+brothers are Byleist and Helblinde. Loke is fair and beautiful of face,
+but evil in disposition, and very fickle-minded. He surpasses other men
+in the craft called cunning, and cheats in all things. He has often
+brought the asas into great trouble, and often helped them out again,
+with his cunning contrivances. His wife hight Sygin, and their son,
+Nare, or Narfe.
+
+34. Loke had yet more children. A giantess in Jotunheim, hight
+Angerboda. With her he begat three children. The first was the
+Fenris-wolf; the second, Jormungand, that is, the Midgard-serpent, and
+the third, Hel. When the gods knew that these three children were being
+fostered in Jotunheim, and were aware of the prophecies that much woe
+and misfortune would thence come to them, and considering that much evil
+might be looked for from them on their mother's side, and still more on
+their father's, Alfather sent some of the gods to take the children and
+bring them to him. When they came to him he threw the serpent into the
+deep sea which surrounds all lands. There waxed the serpent so that he
+lies in the midst of the ocean, surrounds all the earth, and bites his
+own tail. Hel he cast into Niflheim, and gave her power over nine
+worlds,[45] that she should appoint abodes to them that are sent to her,
+namely, those who die from sickness or old age. She has there a great
+mansion, and the walls around it are of strange height, and the gates
+are huge. Eljudner is the name of her hall. Her table hight famine; her
+knife, starvation. Her man-servant's name is Ganglate; her
+maid-servant's, Ganglot.[46] Her threshold is called stumbling-block;
+her bed, care; the precious hangings of her bed, gleaming bale. One-half
+of her is blue, and the other half is of the hue of flesh; hence she is
+easily known. Her looks are very stern and grim.
+
+    [Footnote 45: Possibly this ought to read the ninth world, which
+    would correspond with what we read on page 72, and in the Vala's
+    Prophecy. See also notes. It may be a mistake of the transcriber.]
+
+    [Footnote 46: Both these words mean sloth.]
+
+35. The wolf was fostered by the asas at home, and Tyr was the only one
+who had the courage to go to him and give him food. When the gods saw
+how much he grew every day, and all prophecies declared that he was
+predestined to become fatal to them, they resolved to make a very strong
+fetter, which they called Lading. They brought it to the wolf, and bade
+him try his strength on the fetter. The wolf, who did not think it would
+be too strong for him, let them do therewith as they pleased. But as
+soon as he spurned against it the fetter burst asunder, and he was free
+from Lading. Then the asas made another fetter, by one-half stronger,
+and this they called Drome. They wanted the wolf to try this also,
+saying to him that he would become very famous for his strength, if so
+strong a chain was not able to hold him. The wolf thought that this
+fetter was indeed very strong, but also that his strength had increased
+since he broke Lading. He also took into consideration that it was
+necessary to expose one's self to some danger if he desired to become
+famous; so he let them put the fetter on him. When the asas said they
+were ready, the wolf shook himself, spurned against and dashed the
+fetter on the ground, so that the broken pieces flew a long distance.
+Thus he broke loose out of Drome. Since then it has been held as a
+proverb, "to get loose out of Lading" or "to dash out of Drome,"
+whenever anything is extraordinarily hard. The asas now began to fear
+that they would not get the wolf bound. So Alfather sent the youth, who
+is called Skirner, and is Frey's messenger, to some dwarfs in
+Svartalfaheim, and had them make the fetter which is called Gleipner. It
+was made of six things: of the footfall of cats, of the beard of woman,
+of the roots of the mountain, of the sinews of the bear, of the breath
+of the fish, and of the spittle of the birds. If you have not known this
+before, you can easily find out that it is true and that there is no lie
+about it, since you must have observed that a woman has no beard, that a
+cat's footfall cannot be heard, and that mountains have no roots; and I
+know, forsooth, that what I have told you is perfectly true, although
+there are some things that you do not understand. Then said Ganglere:
+This I must surely understand to be true. I can see these things which
+you have taken as proof. But how was the fetter smithied? Answered Har:
+That I can well explain to you. It was smooth and soft as a silken
+string. How strong and trusty it was you shall now hear. When the fetter
+was brought to the asas, they thanked the messenger for doing his errand
+so well. Then they went out into the lake called Amsvartner, to the holm
+(rocky island) called Lyngve, and called the wolf to go with them. They
+showed him the silken band and bade him break it, saying that it was
+somewhat stronger than its thinness would lead one to suppose. Then they
+handed it from one to the other and tried its strength with their hands,
+but it did not break. Still they said the wolf would be able to snap it.
+The wolf answered: It seems to me that I will get no fame though I break
+asunder so slender a thread as this is. But if it is made with craft and
+guile, then, little though it may look, that band will never come on my
+feet. Then said the asas that he would easily be able to break a slim
+silken band, since he had already burst large iron fetters asunder. But
+even if you are unable to break this band, you have nothing to fear from
+the gods, for we will immediately loose you again. The wolf answered: If
+you get me bound so fast that I am not able to loose myself again, you
+will skulk away, and it will be long before I get any help from you,
+wherefore I am loth to let this band be laid on me; but in order that
+you may not accuse me of cowardice, let some one of you lay his hand in
+my mouth as a pledge that this is done without deceit. The one asa
+looked at the other, and thought there now was a choice of two evils,
+and no one would offer his hand, before Tyr held out his right hand and
+laid it in the wolf's mouth. But when the wolf now began to spurn
+against it the band grew stiffer, and the more he strained the tighter
+it got. They all laughed except Tyr; he lost his hand. When the asas saw
+that the wolf was sufficiently well bound, they took the chain which was
+fixed to the fetter, and which was called Gelgja, and drew it through a
+large rock which is called Gjol, and fastened this rock deep down in the
+earth. Then they took a large stone, which is called Tvite, and drove it
+still deeper into the ground, and used this stone for a fastening-pin.
+The wolf opened his mouth terribly wide, raged and twisted himself with
+all his might, and wanted to bite them; but they put a sword in his
+mouth, in such a manner that the hilt stood in his lower jaw and the
+point in the upper, that is his gag. He howls terribly, and the saliva
+which runs from his mouth forms a river called Von. There he will lie
+until Ragnarok. Then said Ganglere: Very bad are these children of Loke,
+but they are strong and mighty. But why did not the asas kill the wolf
+when they have evil to expect from him? Har answered: So great respect
+have the gods for their holiness and peace-stead, that they would not
+stain them with the blood of the wolf, though prophecies foretell that
+he must become the bane of Odin.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE GODDESSES (ASYNJES).
+
+
+36. Ganglere asked: Which are the goddesses? Har answered: Frigg is the
+first; she possesses the right lordly dwelling which is called Fensaler.
+The second is Saga, who dwells in Sokvabek, and this is a large
+dwelling. The third is Eir, who is the best leech. The fourth is Gefjun,
+who is a may, and those who die maids become her hand-maidens. The fifth
+is Fulla, who is also a may, she wears her hair flowing and has a golden
+ribbon about her head; she carries Frigg's chest, takes care of her
+shoes and knows her secrets. The sixth is Freyja, who is ranked with
+Frigg. She is wedded to the man whose name is Oder; their daughter's
+name is Hnos, and she is so fair that all things fair and precious are
+called, from her name, Hnos. Oder went far away. Freyja weeps for him,
+but her tears are red gold. Freyja has many names, and the reason
+therefor is that she changed her name among the various nations to which
+she came in search of Oder. She is called Mardol, Horn, Gefn, and Syr.
+She has the necklace Brising, and she is called Vanadis. The seventh is
+Sjofn, who is fond of turning men's and women's hearts to love, and it
+is from her name that love is called Sjafne. The eighth is Lofn, who is
+kind and good to those who call upon her, and she has permission from
+Alfather or Frigg to bring together men and women, no matter what
+difficulties may stand in the way; therefore "love" is so called from
+her name, and also that which is much loved by men. The ninth is Var.
+She hears the oaths and troths that men and women plight to each other.
+Hence such vows are called vars, and she takes vengeance on those who
+break their promises. The tenth is Vor, who is so wise and searching
+that nothing can be concealed from her. It is a saying that a woman
+becomes vor (ware) of what she becomes wise. The eleventh is Syn, who
+guards the door of the hall, and closes it against those who are not to
+enter. In trials she guards those suits in which anyone tries to make
+use of falsehood. Hence is the saying that "syn is set against it," when
+anyone tries to deny ought. The twelfth is Hlin, who guards those men
+whom Frigg wants to protect from any danger. Hence is the saying that he
+hlins who is forewarned. The thirteenth is Snotra, who is wise and
+courtly. After her, men and women who are wise are called Snotras. The
+fourteenth is Gna, whom Frigg sends on her errands into various worlds.
+She rides upon a horse called Hofvarpner, that runs through the air and
+over the sea. Once, when she was riding, some vans saw her faring
+through the air. Then said one of them:
+
+  What flies there?
+  What fares there?
+  What glides in the air?
+
+She answered
+
+  I fly not,
+  Though I fare
+  And glide through the air
+  On Hofvarpner,
+  That Hamskerper,
+  Begat with Gardrofa.[47]
+
+From Gna's name it is said that anything that fares high in the air
+gnas. Sol and Bil are numbered among the goddesses, but their nature has
+already been described.[48]
+
+    [Footnote 47: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 36]
+
+    [Footnote 48: See page 66.]
+
+37. There are still others who are to serve in Valhal, bear the drink
+around, wait upon the table and pass the ale-horns. Thus they are named
+in Grimner's Lay:
+
+  Hrist and Mist
+  I want my horn to bring to me;
+  Skeggold and Skogul,
+  Hild and Thrud,
+  Hlok and Heifjoter,
+  Gol and Geirahod,
+  Randgrid and Radgrid,
+  And Reginleif;
+  These bear ale to the einherjes.[49]
+
+    [Footnote 49: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 36.]
+
+These are called valkyries. Odin sends them to all battles, where they
+choose those who are to be slain, and rule over the victory. Gud and
+Rosta, and the youngest norn, Skuld, always ride to sway the battle and
+choose the slain. Jord, the mother of Thor, and Rind, Vale's mother, are
+numbered among the goddesses.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE GIANTESS GERD AND SKIRNER'S JOURNEY.[50]
+
+38. Gymer hight a man whose wife was Orboda, of the race of the mountain
+giants. Their daughter was Gerd, the fairest of all women. One day when
+Frey had gone into Hlidskjalf, and was looking out upon all the worlds,
+he saw toward the north a hamlet wherein was a large and beautiful
+house. To this house went a woman, and when she raised her hands to open
+the door, both the sky and the sea glistened therefrom, and she made all
+the world bright. As a punishment for his audacity in seating himself in
+that holy seat, Frey went away full of grief. When he came home, he
+neither spake, slept, nor drank, and no one dared speak to him. Then
+Njord sent for Skirner, Frey's servant, bade him go to Frey and ask him
+with whom he was so angry, since he would speak to nobody. Skirner said
+that he would go, though he was loth to do so, as it was probable that
+he would get evil words in reply. When he came to Frey and asked him why
+he was so sad that he would not talk, Frey answered that he had seen a
+beautiful woman, and for her sake he had become so filled with grief,
+that he could not live any longer if he could not get her. And now you
+must go, he added, and ask her hand for me and bring her home to me,
+whether it be with or without the consent of her father. I will reward
+you well for your trouble. Skirner answered saying that he would go on
+this errand, but Frey must give him his sword, that was so excellent
+that it wielded itself in fight. Frey made no objection to this and gave
+him the sword. Skirner went on his journey, courted Gerd for him, and
+got the promise of her that she nine nights thereafter should come to
+Bar-Isle and there have her wedding with Frey. When Skirner came back
+and gave an account of his journey, Frey said:
+
+  Long is one night,
+  Long are two nights,
+  How can I hold out three?
+  Oft to me one month
+  Seemed less
+  Than this half night of love.[51]
+
+    [Footnote 50: This is the Niblung story in a nut-shell.]
+
+    [Footnote 51: Elder Edda: Skirner's Journey, 42.]
+
+This is the reason why Frey was unarmed when he fought with Bele, and
+slew him with a hart's horn. Then said Ganglere: It is a great wonder
+that such a lord as Frey would give away his sword, when he did not have
+another as good. A great loss it was to him when he fought with Bele;
+and this I know, forsooth, that he must have repented of that gift. Har
+answered: Of no great account was his meeting with Bele. Frey could have
+slain him with his hand. But the time will come when he will find
+himself in a worse plight for not having his sword, and that will be
+when the sons of Muspel sally forth to the fight.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+LIFE IN VALHAL.
+
+
+39. Then said Ganglere: You say that all men who since the beginning of
+the world have fallen in battle have come to Odin in Valhal. What does
+he have to give them to eat? It seems to me there must be a great throng
+of people. Har answered: It is true, as you remark, that there is a
+great throng; many more are yet to come there, and still they will be
+thought too few when the wolf[52] comes. But however great may be the
+throng in Valhal, they will get plenty of flesh of the boar Sahrimner.
+He is boiled every day and is whole again in the evening. But as to the
+question you just asked, it seems to me there are but few men so wise
+that they are able to answer it correctly. The cook's name is
+Andhrimner, and the kettle is called Eldhrimner as is here said:
+
+  Andhrimner cooks
+  In Eldhrimner
+  Sahrimner.
+  'Tis the best of flesh.
+  There are few who know
+  What the einherjes eat.[53]
+
+    [Footnote 52: The Fenris-wolf in Ragnarok.]
+
+    [Footnote 53: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 18.]
+
+Ganglere asked: Does Odin have the same kind of food as the einherjes?
+Har answered: The food that is placed on his table he gives to his two
+wolves, which hight Gere and Freke. He needs no food himself. Wine is to
+him both food and drink, as is here said:
+
+  Gere and Freke
+  Sates the warfaring,
+  Famous father of hosts;
+  But on wine alone
+  Odin in arms renowned
+  Forever lives.[54]
+
+    [Footnote 54: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 19.]
+
+Two ravens sit on Odin's shoulders, and bring to his ears all that they
+hear and see. Their names are Hugin and Munin. At dawn he sends them out
+to fly over the whole world, and they come back at breakfast time. Thus
+he gets information about many things, and hence he is called Rafnagud
+(raven-god). As is here said:
+
+  Hugin and Munin
+  Fly every day
+  Over the great earth.
+  I fear for Hugin
+  That he may not return,
+  Yet more am I anxious for Munin.[55]
+
+    [Footnote 55: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 20.]
+
+40. Then asked Ganglere: What do the einherjes have to drink that is
+furnished them as bountifully as the food? Or do they drink water? Har
+answered: That is a wonderful question. Do you suppose that Alfather
+invites kings, jarls, or other great men, and gives them water to drink?
+This I know, forsooth, that many a one comes to Valhal who would think
+he was paying a big price for his water-drink, if there were no better
+reception to be found there,--persons, namely, who have died from wounds
+and pain. But I can tell you other tidings. A she-goat, by name Heidrun,
+stands up in Valhal and bites the leaves off the branches of that famous
+tree called Lerad. From her teats runs so much mead that she fills every
+day a vessel in the hall from which the horns are filled, and which is
+so large that all the einherjes get all the drink they want out of it.
+Then said Ganglere: That is a most useful goat, and a right excellent
+tree that must be that she feeds upon. Then said Har: Still more
+remarkable is the hart Eikthyrner, which stands over Valhal and bites
+the branches of the same tree. From his horns fall so many drops down
+into Hvergelmer, that thence flow the rivers that are called Sid, Vid,
+Sekin, Ekin, Svol, Gunthro, Fjorm, Fimbulthul, Gipul, Gopul, Gomul and
+Geirvimul, all of which fall about the abodes of the asas. The following
+are also named: Thyn, Vin, Thol, Bol, Grad, Gunthrain, Nyt, Not, Non,
+Hron, Vina, Vegsvin, Thjodnuma.
+
+41. Then said Ganglere: That was a wonderful tiding that you now told
+me. A mighty house must Valhal be, and a great crowd there must often be
+at the door. Then answered Har: Why do you not ask how many doors there
+are in Valhal, and how large they are? When you find that out, you will
+confess that it would rather be wonderful if everybody could not easily
+go in and out. It is also a fact that it is no more difficult to find
+room within than to get in. Of this you may hear what the Lay of Grimner
+says:
+
+  Five hundred doors
+  And forty more,
+  I trow, there are in Valhal.
+  Eight hundred einherjes
+  Go at a time through one door
+  When they fare to fight with the wolf.[56]
+
+    [Footnote 56: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 23.]
+
+42. Then said Ganglere: A mighty band of men there is in Valhal, and,
+forsooth, I know that Odin is a very great chief, since he commands so
+mighty a host. But what is the pastime of the einherjes when they do not
+drink? Har answered: Every morning, when they have dressed themselves,
+they take their weapons and go out into the court and fight and slay
+each other. That is their play. Toward breakfast-time they ride home to
+Valhal and sit down to drink. As is here said:
+
+  All the einherjes
+  In Odin's court
+  Hew daily each other.
+  They choose the slain
+  And ride from the battle-field,
+  Then sit they in peace together.[57]
+
+But true it is, as you said, that Odin is a great chief. There are many
+proofs of that. Thus it is said in the very words of the asas
+themselves:
+
+  The Ygdrasil ash
+  Is the foremost of trees,
+  But Skidbladner of ships,
+  Odin of asas,
+  Sleipner of steeds,
+  Bifrost of bridges,
+  Brage of Skalds,
+  Habrok of hows,
+  But Garm of dogs.[58]
+
+    [Footnote 57: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner's Lay, 41.]
+
+    [Footnote 58: Elder Edda: Grimner's Lay, 44.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+ODIN'S HORSE AND FREY'S SHIP.
+
+
+43. Ganglere asked: Whose is that horse Sleipner, and what is there to
+say about it? Har answered: You have no knowledge of Sleipner, nor do
+you know the circumstances attending his birth; but it must seem to you
+worth the telling. In the beginning, when the town of the gods was
+building, when the gods had established Midgard and made Valhal, there
+came a certain builder and offered to make them a burg, in three half
+years, so excellent that it should be perfectly safe against the
+mountain-giants and frost-giants, even though they should get within
+Midgard. But he demanded as his reward, that he should have Freyja, and
+he wanted the sun and moon besides. Then the asas came together and held
+counsel, and the bargain was made with the builder that he should get
+what he demanded if he could get the burg done in one winter; but if on
+the first day of summer any part of the burg was unfinished, then the
+contract should be void. It was also agreed that no man should help him
+with the work. When they told him these terms, he requested that they
+should allow him to have the help of his horse, called Svadilfare, and
+at the suggestion of Loke this was granted him.
+
+On the first day of winter he began to build the burg, but by night he
+hauled stone for it with his horse. But it seemed a great wonder to the
+asas what great rocks that horse drew, and the horse did one half more
+of the mighty task than the builder. The bargain was firmly established
+with witnesses and oaths, for the giant did not deem it safe to be among
+the asas without truce if Thor should come home, who now was on a
+journey to the east fighting trolls. Toward the end of winter the burg
+was far built, and it was so high and strong that it could in nowise be
+taken. When there were three days left before summer, the work was all
+completed excepting the burg gate. Then went the gods to their
+judgment-seats and held counsel, and asked each other who could have
+advised to give Freyja in marriage in Jotunheim, or to plunge the air
+and the heavens in darkness by taking away the sun and the moon and
+giving them to the giant; and all agreed that this must have been
+advised by him who gives the most bad counsels, namely, Loke, son of
+Laufey, and they threatened him with a cruel death if he could not
+contrive some way of preventing the builder from fulfilling his part of
+the bargain, and they proceeded to lay hands on Loke. He in his fright
+then promised with an oath that he should so manage that the builder
+should lose his wages, let it cost him what it would. And the same
+evening, when the builder drove out after stone with his horse
+Svadilfare, a mare suddenly ran out of the woods to the horse and began
+to neigh at him. The steed, knowing what sort of horse this was, grew
+excited, burst the reins asunder and ran after the mare, but she ran
+from him into the woods. The builder hurried after them with all his
+might, and wanted to catch the steed, but these horses kept running all
+night, and thus the time was lost, and at dawn the work had not made the
+usual progress. When the builder saw that his work was not going to be
+completed, he resumed his giant form. When the asas thus became sure
+that it was really a mountain-giant that had come among them, they did
+not heed their oaths, but called on Thor. He came straightway, swung his
+hammer, Mjolner, and paid the workman his wages,--not with the sun and
+moon, but rather by preventing him from dwelling in Jotunheim; and this
+was easily done with the first blow of the hammer, which broke his skull
+into small pieces and sent him down to Niflhel. But Loke had run such a
+race with Svadilfare that he some time after bore a foal. It was gray,
+and had eight feet, and this is the best horse among gods and men. Thus
+it is said in the Vala's Prophecy:
+
+  Then went the gods.
+  The most holy gods,
+  Onto their judgment-seats,
+  And counseled together
+  Who all the air
+  With guile had blended
+  Or to the giant race
+  Oder's may had given.
+  Broken were oaths,
+  And words and promises,--
+  All mighty speech
+  That had passed between them.
+  Thor alone did this,
+  Swollen with anger.
+  Seldom sits he still
+  When such things he hears.[59]
+
+44. Then asked Ganglere: What is there to be said of Skidbladner, which
+you say is the best of ships? Is there no ship equally good, or equally
+great? Made answer Har: Skidbladner is the best of ships, and is made
+with the finest workmanship; but Naglfare, which is in Muspel, is the
+largest. Some dwarfs, the sons of Ivalde, made Skidbladner and gave it
+to Frey. It is so large that all the asas, with their weapons and
+war-gear, can find room on board it, and as soon as the sails are
+hoisted it has fair wind, no matter whither it is going. When it is not
+wanted for a voyage, it is made of so many pieces and with so much
+skill, that Frey can fold it together like a napkin and carry it in his
+pocket.
+
+    [Footnote 59: Elder Edda: The Vala's Prophecy, 29, 30.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+THOR'S ADVENTURES.
+
+
+Then said Ganglere: A good ship is Skidbladner, but much black art must
+have been resorted to ere it was so fashioned. Has Thor never come where
+he has found anything so strong and mighty that it has been superior to
+him either in strength or in the black art? Har answered: Few men, I
+know, are able to tell thereof, but still he has often been in difficult
+straits. But though there have been things so mighty and strong that
+Thor has not been able to gain the victory, they are such as ought not
+to be spoken of; for there are many proofs which all must accept that
+Thor is the mightiest. Then said Ganglere: It seems to me that I have
+now asked about something that no one can answer. Said Jafnhar: We have
+heard tell of adventures that seem to us incredible, but here sits one
+near who is able to tell true tidings thereof, and you may believe that
+he will not lie for the first time now, who never told a lie before.
+Then said Ganglere: I will stand here and listen, to see if any answer
+is to be had to this question. But if you cannot answer my question I
+declare you to be defeated. Then answered Thride: It is evident that he
+now is bound to know, though it does not seem proper for us to speak
+thereof. The beginning of this adventure is that Oku-Thor went on a
+journey with his goats and chariot, and with him went the asa who is
+called Loke. In the evening they came to a bonde[60] and got there
+lodgings for the night. In the evening Thor took his goats and killed
+them both, whereupon he had them flayed and borne into a kettle. When
+the flesh was boiled, Thor and his companion sat down to supper. Thor
+invited the bonde, his wife and their children, a son by name Thjalfe,
+and a daughter by name Roskva, to eat with them. Then Thor laid the
+goat-skins away from the fire-place, and requested the bonde and his
+household to cast the bones onto the skins. Thjalfe, the bonde's son,
+had the thigh of one of the goats, which he broke asunder with his
+knife, in order to get at the marrow, Thor remained there over night. In
+the morning, just before daybreak, he arose, dressed himself, took the
+hammer Mjolner, lifted it and hallowed the goat-skins. Then the goats
+arose, but one of them limped on one of its hind legs. When Thor saw
+this he said that either the bonde or one of his folk had not dealt
+skillfully with the goat's bones, for he noticed that the thigh was
+broken. It is not necessary to dwell on this part of the story. All can
+understand how frightened the bonde became when he saw that Thor let his
+brows sink down over his eyes. When he saw his eyes he thought he must
+fall down at the sight of them alone. Thor took hold of the handle of
+his hammer so hard that his knuckles grew white. As might be expected,
+the bonde and all his household cried aloud and sued for peace, offering
+him as an atonement all that they possessed. When he saw their fear, his
+wrath left him. He was appeased, and took as a ransom the bonders
+children, Thjalfe and Roskva. They became his servants, and have always
+accompanied him since that time.
+
+    [Footnote 60: Bonde = peasant.]
+
+46. He left his goats there and went on his way east into Jotunheim,
+clear to the sea, and then he went on across the deep ocean, and went
+ashore on the other side, together with Loke and Thjalfe and Roskva.
+When they had proceeded a short distance, there stood before them a
+great wood, through which they kept going the whole day until dark.
+Thjalfe, who was of all men the fleetest of foot, bore Thor's bag, but
+the wood was no good place for provisions. When it had become dark, they
+sought a place for their night lodging, and found a very large hall. At
+the end of it was a door as wide as the hall. Here they remained through
+the night. About midnight there was a great earthquake; the ground
+trembled beneath them, and the house shook. Then Thor stood up and
+called his companions. They looked about them and found an adjoining
+room to the right, in the midst of the hall, and there they went in.
+Thor seated himself in the door; the others went farther in and were
+very much frightened. Thor held his hammer by the handle, ready to
+defend himself. Then they heard a great groaning and roaring. When it
+began to dawn, Thor went out and saw a man lying not far from him in the
+wood. He was very large, lay sleeping, and snored loudly. Then Thor
+thought he had found out what noise it was that they had heard in the
+night. He girded himself with his Megingjarder, whereby his asa-might
+increased. Meanwhile the man woke, and immediately arose. It is said
+that Thor this once forbore to strike him with the hammer, and asked him
+for his name. He called himself Skrymer; but, said he, I do not need to
+ask you what your name is,--I know that you are Asa-Thor. But what have
+you done with my glove? He stretched out his hand and picked up his
+glove. Then Thor saw that the glove was the hall in which he had spent
+the night, and that the adjoining room was the thumb of the glove.
+Skrymer asked whether they would accept of his company. Thor said yes.
+Skrymer took and loosed his provision-sack and began to eat his
+breakfast; but Thor and his fellows did the same in another place.
+Skrymer proposed that they should lay their store of provisions
+together, to which Thor consented. Then Skrymer bound all their
+provisions into one bag, laid it on his back, and led the way all the
+day, taking gigantic strides. Late in the evening he sought out a place
+for their night quarters under a large oak. Then Skrymer said to Thor
+that he wanted to lie down to sleep; they might take the provision-sack
+and make ready their supper. Then Skrymer fell asleep and snored
+tremendously. When Thor took the provision-sack and was to open it, then
+happened what seems incredible, but still it must be told,--that he
+could not get one knot loosened, nor could he stir a single end of the
+strings so that it was looser than before. When he saw that all his
+efforts were in vain he became wroth, seized his hammer Mjolner with
+both his hands, stepped with one foot forward to where Skrymer was lying
+and dashed the hammer at his head. Skrymer awoke and asked whether some
+leaf had fallen upon his head; whether they had taken their supper, and
+were ready to go to sleep. Thor answered that they were just going to
+sleep. Then they went under another oak. But the truth must be told,
+that there was no fearless sleeping. About midnight Thor heard that
+Skrymer was snoring and sleeping so fast that it thundered in the wood.
+He arose and went over to him, clutched the hammer tight and hard, and
+gave him a blow in the middle of the crown, so that he knew that the
+head of the hammer sank deep into his head. But just then Skrymer awoke
+and asked: What is that? Did an acorn fall onto my head? How is it with
+you, Thor? Thor hastened back, answered that he had just waked up, and
+said that it was midnight and still time to sleep. Then Thor made up his
+mind that if he could get a chance to give him the third blow, he should
+never see him again, and he now lay watching for Skrymer to sleep fast.
+Shortly before daybreak he heard that Skrymer had fallen asleep. So he
+arose and ran over to him. He clutched the hammer with all his might and
+dashed it at his temples, which he saw uppermost. The hammer sank up to
+the handle. Skrymer sat up, stroked his temples, and said: Are there any
+birds sitting in the tree above me? Methought, as I awoke, that some
+moss from the branches fell on my head. What! are you awake, Thor? It is
+now time to get up and dress; but you have not far left to the burg that
+is called Utgard. I have heard that you have been whispering among
+yourselves that I am not small of stature, but you will see greater men
+when you come to Utgard. Now I will give you wholesome advice. Do not
+brag too much of yourselves, for Utgard-Loke's thanes will not brook the
+boasting of such insignificant little fellows as you are; otherwise turn
+back, and that is, in fact, the best thing for you to do. But if you are
+bound to continue your journey, then keep straight on eastward; my way
+lies to the north, to those mountains that you there see. Skrymer then
+took the provision-sack and threw it on his back, and, leaving them,
+turned into the wood, and it has not been learned whether the asas
+wished to meet him again in health.
+
+47. Thor and his companions went their way and continued their journey
+until noon. Then they saw a burg standing on a plain, and it was so high
+that they had to bend their necks clear back before they could look over
+it. They drew nearer and came to the burg-gate, which was closed. Thor
+finding himself unable to open it, and being anxious to get within the
+burg, they crept between the bars and so came in. They discovered a
+large hall and went to it. Finding the door open they entered, and saw
+there many men, the most of whom were immensely large, sitting on two
+benches. Thereupon they approached the king, Utgard-Loke, and greeted
+him. He scarcely deigned to look at them, smiled scornfully and showed
+his teeth, saying: It is late to ask for tidings of a long journey, but
+if I am not mistaken this stripling is Oku-Thor, is it not? It may be,
+however, that you are really bigger than you look For what feats are you
+and your companions prepared? No one can stay with us here, unless he is
+skilled in some craft or accomplishment beyond the most of men. Then
+answered he who came in last, namely Loke: I know the feat of which I am
+prepared to give proof, that there is no one present who can eat his
+food faster than I. Then said Utgard-Loke: That is a feat, indeed,
+if you can keep your word, and you shall try it immediately. He then
+summoned from the bench a man by name Loge, and requested him to come
+out on the floor and try his strength against Loke. They took a trough
+full of meat and set it on the floor, whereupon Loke seated himself at
+one end and Loge at the other. Both ate as fast as they could, and met
+at the middle of the trough. Loke had eaten all the flesh off from the
+bones, but Loge had consumed both the flesh and the bones, and the
+trough too. All agreed that Loke had lost the wager. Then Utgard-Loke
+asked what game that young man knew? Thjalfe answered that he would try
+to run a race with anyone that Utgard-Loke might designate. Utgard-Loke
+said this was a good feat, and added that it was to be hoped that he
+excelled in swiftness if he expected to win in this game, but he would
+soon have the matter decided. He arose and went out. There was an
+excellent race-course along the flat plain. Utgard-Loke then summoned a
+young man, whose name was Huge, and bade him run a race with Thjalfe.
+Then they took the first heat, and Huge was so much ahead that when he
+turned at the goal he met Thjalfe. Said Utgard-Loke: You must lay
+yourself more forward, Thjalfe, if you want to win the race; but this I
+confess, that there has never before come anyone hither who was swifter
+of foot than you. Then they took a second heat, and when Huge came to
+the goal and turned, there was a long bolt-shot to Thjalfe. Then said
+Utgard-Loke: Thjalfe seems to me to run well; still I scarcely think he
+will win the race, but this will be proven when they run the third heat.
+Then they took one more heat. Huge ran to the goal and turned back, but
+Thjalfe had not yet gotten to the middle of the course. Then all said
+that this game had been tried sufficiently. Utgard-Loke now asked Thor
+what feats there were that he would be willing to exhibit before them,
+corresponding to the tales that men tell of his great works. Thor
+replied that he preferred to compete with someone in drinking.
+Utgard-Loke said there would be no objection to this. He went into the
+hall, called his cup-bearer, and requested him to take the sconce-horn
+that his thanes were wont to drink from. The cup-bearer immediately
+brought forward the horn and handed it to Thor. Said Utgard-Loke: From
+this horn it is thought to be well drunk if it is emptied in one
+draught, some men empty it in two draughts, but there is no drinker so
+wretched that he cannot exhaust it in three. Thor looked at the horn and
+did not think it was very large, though it seemed pretty long, but he
+was very thirsty. He put it to his lips and swallowed with all his
+might, thinking that he should not have to bend over the horn a second
+time. But when his breath gave out, and he looked into the horn to see
+how it had gone with his drinking, it seemed to him difficult to
+determine whether there was less in it than before. Then said
+Utgard-Loke: That is well drunk, still it is not very much. I could
+never have believed it, if anyone had told me, that Asa-Thor could not
+drink more, but I know you will be able to empty it in a second draught.
+Thor did not answer, but set the horn to his lips, thinking that he
+would now take a larger draught. He drank as long as he could and drank
+deep, as he was wont, but still he could not make the tip of the horn
+come up as much as he would like. And when he set the horn away and
+looked into it, it seemed to him that he had drunk less than the first
+time; but the horn could now be borne without spilling. Then said
+Utgard-Loke: How now, Thor! Are you not leaving more for the third
+draught than befits your skill? It seems to me that if you are to empty
+the horn with the third draught, then this will be the greatest. You
+will not be deemed so great a man here among us as the asas call you, if
+you do not distinguish yourself more in other feats than you seem to me
+to have done in this. Then Thor became wroth, set the horn to his mouth
+and drank with all his might and kept on as long as he could, and when
+he looked into it its contents had indeed visibly diminished, but he
+gave back the horn and would not drink any more. Said Utgard-Loke: It is
+clear that your might is not so great as we thought. Would you like to
+try other games? It is evident that you gained nothing by the first.
+Answered Thor: I should like to try other games, but I should be
+surprised if such a drink at home among the asas would be called small.
+What game will you now offer me? Answered Utgard-Loke: Young lads here
+think it nothing but play to lift my cat up from the ground, and I
+should never have dared to offer such a thing to Asa-Thor had I not
+already seen that you are much less of a man than I thought. Then there
+sprang forth on the floor a gray cat, and it was rather large. Thor went
+over to it, put his hand under the middle of its body and tried to lift
+it up, but the cat bent its back in the same degree as Thor raised his
+hands; and when he had stretched them up as far as he was able the cat
+lifted one foot, and Thor did not carry the game any further. Then said
+Utgard-Loke: This game ended as I expected. The cat is rather large, and
+Thor is small, and little compared with the great men that are here with
+us. Said Thor: Little as you call me, let anyone who likes come hither
+and wrestle with me, for now I am wroth. Answered Utgard-Loke, looking
+about him on the benches: I do not see anyone here who would not think
+it a trifle to wrestle with you. And again he said: Let me see first!
+Call hither that old woman, Elle, my foster-mother, and let Thor wrestle
+with her if he wants to. She has thrown to the ground men who have
+seemed to me no less strong than Thor. Then there came into the hall an
+old woman. Utgard-Loke bade her take a wrestle with Asa-Thor. The tale
+is not long. The result of the grapple was, that the more Thor tightened
+his grasp, the firmer she stood. Then the woman began to bestir herself,
+and Thor lost his footing. They had some very hard tussles, and before
+long Thor was brought down on one knee. Then Utgard-Loke stepped
+forward, bade them cease the wrestling, and added that Thor did not need
+to challenge anybody else to wrestle with him in his hall, besides it
+was now getting late. He showed Thor and his companions to seats, and
+they spent the night there enjoying the best of hospitality.
+
+48. At daybreak the next day Thor and his companions arose, dressed
+themselves and were ready to depart. Then came Utgard-Loke and had the
+table spread for them, and there was no lack of feasting both in food
+and in drink. When they had breakfasted, they immediately departed from
+the burg. Utgard-Loke went with them out of the burg, but at parting he
+spoke to Thor and asked him how he thought his journey had turned out,
+or whether he had ever met a mightier man than himself. Thor answered
+that he could not deny that he had been greatly disgraced in this
+meeting; and this I know, he added, that you will call me a man of
+little account, whereat I am much mortified. Then said Utgard-Loke: Now
+I will tell you the truth, since you have come out of the burg, that if
+I live, and may have my way, you shall never enter it again; and this I
+know, forsooth, that you should never have come into it had I before
+known that you were so strong, and that you had come so near bringing us
+into great misfortune. Know, then, that I have deceived you with
+illusions. When I first found you in the woods I came to meet you, and
+when you were to loose the provision-sack I had bound it with iron
+threads, but you did not find where it was to be untied. In the next
+place, you struck me three times with the hammer. The first blow was the
+least, and still it was so severe that it would have been my death if it
+had hit me. You saw near my burg a mountain cloven at the top into three
+square dales, of which one was the deepest,--these were the dints made
+by your hammer. The mountain I brought before the blows without your
+seeing it. In like manner I deceived you in your contests with my
+courtiers. In regard to the first, in which Loke took part, the facts
+were as follows: He was very hungry and ate fast; but he whose name was
+Loge was wildfire, and he burned the trough no less rapidly than the
+meat. When Thjalfe ran a race with him whose name was Huge, that was my
+thought, and it was impossible for him to keep pace with its swiftness.
+When you drank from the horn, and thought that it diminished so little,
+then, by my troth, it was a great wonder, which I never could have
+deemed possible.. One end of the horn stood in the sea, but that you did
+not see. When you come to the sea-shore you will discover how much the
+sea has sunk by your drinking; that is now called the ebb. Furthermore
+he said: Nor did it seem less wonderful to me that you lifted up the
+cat; and, to tell you the truth, all who saw it were frightened when
+they saw that you raised one of its feet from the ground, for it was not
+such a cat as you thought. It was in reality the Midgard-serpent, which
+surrounds all lands. It was scarcely long enough to touch the earth with
+its tail and head, and you raised it so high that your hand nearly
+reached to heaven. It was also a most astonishing feat when you wrestled
+with Elle, for none has ever been, and none shall ever be, that Elle
+(eld, old age) will not get the better of him, though he gets to be old
+enough to abide her coming. And now the truth is that we must part; and
+it will be better for us both that you do not visit me again. I will
+again defend my burg with similar or other delusions, so that you will
+get no power over me. When Thor heard this tale he seized his hammer and
+lifted it into the air, but when he was about to strike he saw
+Utgard-Loke nowhere; and when he turned back to the burg and was going
+to dash that to pieces, he saw a beautiful and large plain, but no burg.
+So he turned and went his way back to Thrudvang. But it is truthfully
+asserted that he then resolved in his own mind to seek that meeting with
+the Midgard-serpent, which afterward took place. And now I think that no
+one can tell you truer tidings of this journey of Thor.
+
+49. Then said Ganglere: A most powerful man is Utgard-Loke, though he
+deals much with delusions and sorcery. His power is also proven by the
+fact that he had thanes who were so mighty. But has not Thor avenged
+himself for this? Made answer Har: It is not unknown, though no wise men
+tell thereof, how Thor made amends for the journey that has now been
+spoken of. He did not remain long at home, before he busked himself so
+suddenly for a new journey, that he took neither chariot, nor goats nor
+any companions with him. He went out of Midgard in the guise of a young
+man, and came in the evening to a giant by name Hymer.[61] Thor tarried
+there as a guest through the night. In the morning Hymer arose, dressed
+himself, and busked himself to row out upon the sea to fish. Thor also
+sprang up, got ready in a hurry and asked Hymer whether he might row out
+with him. Hymer answered that he would get but little help from Thor, as
+he was so small and young; and he added, you will get cold if I row as
+far out and remain as long as I am wont. Thor said that he might row as
+far from shore as he pleased, for all that, and it was yet to be seen
+who would be the first to ask to row back to land. And Thor grew so
+wroth at the giant that he came near letting the hammer ring on his head
+straightway, but he restrained himself, for he intended to try his
+strength elsewhere. He asked Hymer what they were to have for bait, but
+Hymer replied that he would have to find his own bait. Then Thor turned
+away to where he saw a herd of oxen, that belonged to Hymer. He took the
+largest ox, which was called Himinbrjot, twisted his head off and
+brought it down to the sea-strand. Hymer had then shoved the boat off.
+Thor went on board and seated himself in the stern; he took two oars and
+rowed so that Hymer had to confess that the boat sped fast from his
+rowing. Hymer plied the oars in the bow, and thus the rowing soon ended.
+Then said Hymer that they had come to the place where he was wont to sit
+and catch flat-fish, but Thor said he would like to row much farther
+out, and so they made another swift pull. Then said Hymer that they had
+come so far out that it was dangerous to stay there, for the
+Midgard-serpent. Thor said he wished to row a while longer, and so he
+did; but Hymer was by no means in a happy mood. Thor took in the oars,
+got ready a very strong line, and the hook was neither less nor weaker.
+When he had put on the ox-head for bait, he cast it overboard and it
+sank to the bottom. It must be admitted that Thor now beguiled the
+Midgard-serpent not a whit less than Utgard-Loke mocked him when he was
+to lift the serpent with his hand. The Midgard-serpent took the ox-head
+into his mouth, whereby the hook entered his palate, but when the
+serpent perceived this he tugged so hard that both Thor's hands were
+dashed against the gunwale. Now Thor became angry, assumed his asa-might
+and spurned so hard that both his feet went through the boat and he
+stood on the bottom of the sea. He pulled the serpent up to the gunwale;
+and in truth no one has ever seen a more terrible sight than when Thor
+whet his eyes on the serpent, and the latter stared at him and spouted
+venom. It is said that the giant Hymer changed hue and grew pale from
+fear when he saw the serpent and beheld the water flowing into the boat;
+but just at the moment when Thor grasped the hammer and lifted it in the
+air, the giant fumbled for his fishing-knife and cut off Thor's line at
+the gunwale, whereby the serpent sank back into the sea. Thor threw the
+hammer after it, and it is even said that he struck off his head at the
+bottom, but I think the truth is that the Midgard-serpent still lives
+and lies in the ocean. Thor clenched his fist and gave the giant a box
+on the ear so that he fell backward into the sea, and he saw his heels
+last, but Thor waded ashore.
+
+    [Footnote 61: Called Ymer in the Younger Edda, but the Elder Edda
+    calls him Hymer.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+THE DEATH OF BALDER.
+
+
+50. Then asked Ganglere: Have there happened any other remarkable things
+among the asas? A great deed it was, forsooth, that Thor wrought on this
+journey. Har answered: Yes, indeed, there are tidings to be told that
+seemed of far greater importance to the asas. The beginning of this tale
+is, that Balder dreamed dreams great and dangerous to his life. When he
+told these dreams to the asas they took counsel together, and it was
+decided that they should seek peace for Balder against all kinds of
+harm. So Frigg exacted an oath from fire, water, iron and all kinds of
+metal, stones, earth, trees, sicknesses, beasts, birds and creeping
+things, that they should not hurt Balder. When this was done and made
+known, it became the pastime of Balder and the asas that he should stand
+up at their meetings while some of them should shoot at him, others
+should hew at him, while others should throw stones at him; but no
+matter what they did, no harm came to him, and this seemed to all a
+great honor. When Loke, Laufey's son, saw this, it displeased him very
+much that Balder was not scathed. So he went to Frigg, in Fensal, having
+taken on himself the likeness of a woman. Frigg asked this woman whether
+she knew what the asas were doing at their meeting. She answered that
+all were shooting at Balder, but that he was not scathed thereby. Then
+said Frigg: Neither weapon nor tree can hurt Balder, I have taken an
+oath from them all. Then asked the woman: Have all things taken an oath
+to spare Balder? Frigg answered: West of Valhal there grows a little
+shrub that is called the mistletoe, that seemed to me too young to exact
+an oath from. Then the woman suddenly disappeared. Loke went and pulled
+up the mistletoe and proceeded to the meeting. Hoder stood far to one
+side in the ring of men, because he was blind. Loke addressed himself to
+him, and asked: Why do you not shoot at Balder? He answered: Because I
+do not see where he is, and furthermore I have no weapons. Then said
+Loke: Do like the others and show honor to Balder; I will show you where
+he stands; shoot at him with this wand. Hoder took the mistletoe and
+shot at Balder under the guidance of Loke. The dart pierced him and he
+fell dead to the ground. This is the greatest misfortune that has ever
+happened to gods and men. When Balder had fallen, the asas were struck
+speechless with horror, and their hands failed them to lay hold of the
+corpse. One looked at the other, and all were of one mind toward him who
+had done the deed, but being assembled in a holy peace-stead, no one
+could take vengeance. When the asas at length tried to speak, the
+wailing so choked their voices that one could not describe to the other
+his sorrow. Odin took this misfortune most to heart, since he best
+comprehended how great a loss and injury the fall of Balder was to the
+asas. When the gods came to their senses, Frigg spoke and asked who
+there might be among the asas who desired to win all her love and good
+will by riding the way to Hel and trying to find Balder, and offering
+Hel a ransom if she would allow Balder to return home again to Asgard.
+But he is called Hermod, the Nimble, Odin's swain, who undertook this
+journey. Odin's steed, Sleipner, was led forth. Hermod mounted him and
+galloped away.
+
+51. The asas took the corpse of Balder and brought it to the sea-shore.
+Hringhorn was the name of Balder's ship, and it was the largest of all
+ships. The gods wanted to launch it and make Balder's bale-fire thereon,
+but they could not move it. Then they sent to Jotunheim after the
+giantess whose name is Hyrrokken. She came riding on a wolf, and had
+twisted serpents for reins. When she alighted, Odin appointed four
+berserks to take care of her steed, but they were unable to hold him
+except by throwing him down on the ground. Hyrrokken went to the prow
+and launched the ship with one single push, but the motion was so
+violent that fire sprang from the underlaid rollers and all the earth
+shook. Then Thor became wroth, grasped his hammer, and would forthwith
+have crushed her skull, had not all the gods asked peace for her.
+Balder's corpse was borne out on the ship; and when his wife, Nanna,
+daughter of Nep, saw this, her heart was broken with grief and she died.
+She was borne to the funeral-pile and cast on the fire. Thor stood by
+and hallowed the pile with Mjolner. Before his feet ran a dwarf, whose
+name is Lit. Him Thor kicked with his foot and dashed him into the fire,
+and he, too, was burned. But this funeral-pile was attended by many
+kinds of folk. First of all came Odin, accompanied by Frigg and the
+valkyries and his ravens. Frey came riding in his chariot drawn by the
+boar called Gullinburste or Slidrugtanne. Heimdal rode his steed
+Gulltop, and Freyja drove her cats. There was a large number of
+frost-giants and mountain-giants. Odin laid on the funeral-pile his gold
+ring, Draupner, which had the property of producing, every ninth night,
+eight gold rings of equal weight. Balder's horse, fully caparisoned, was
+led to his master's pile.
+
+52. But of Hermod it is to be told that he rode nine nights through deep
+and dark valleys, and did not see light until he came to the
+Gjallar-river and rode on the Gjallar-bridge, which is thatched with
+shining gold. Modgud is the name of the may who guards the bridge. She
+asked him for his name, and of what kin he was, saying that the day
+before there rode five fylkes (kingdoms, bands) of dead men over the
+bridge; but she added, it does not shake less under you alone, and you
+do not have the hue of dead men. Why do you ride the way to Hel? He
+answered: I am to ride to Hel to find Balder. Have you seen him pass
+this way? She answered that Balder had ridden over the Gjallar-bridge;
+adding: But downward and northward lies the way to Hel. Then Hermod rode
+on till he came to Hel's gate. He alighted from his horse, drew the
+girths tighter, remounted him, clapped the spurs into him, and the horse
+leaped over the gate with so much force that he never touched it.
+Thereupon Hermod proceeded to the hall and alighted from his steed. He
+went in, and saw there sitting on the foremost seat his brother Balder.
+He tarried there over night. In the morning he asked Hel whether Balder
+might ride home with him, and told how great weeping there was among the
+asas. But Hel replied that it should now be tried whether Balder was so
+much beloved as was said. If all things, said she, both quick and dead,
+will weep for him, then he shall go back to the asas, but if anything
+refuses to shed tears, then he shall remain with Hel. Hermod arose, and
+Balder accompanied him out of the hall. He took the ring Draupner and
+sent it as a keepsake to Odin. Nanna sent Frigg a kerchief and other
+gifts, and to Fulla she sent a ring. Thereupon Hermod rode back and came
+to Asgard, where he reported the tidings he had seen and heard.
+
+53. Then the asas sent messengers over all the world, praying that
+Balder might be wept out of Hel's power. All things did so,--men and
+beasts, the earth, stones, trees and all metals, just as you must have
+seen that these things weep when they come out of frost and into heat.
+When the messengers returned home and had done their errand well, they
+found a certain cave wherein sat a giantess (gygr = ogress) whose name
+was Thok. They requested her to weep Balder from Hel; but she answered:
+
+  Thok will weep
+  With dry tears
+  For Balder's burial;
+  Neither in life nor in death
+  Gave he me gladness.
+  Let Hel keep what she has!
+
+It is generally believed that this Thok was Loke, Laufey's son, who has
+wrought most evil among the asas.
+
+54. Then said Ganglere: A very great wrong did Loke perpetrate; first of
+all in causing Balder's death, and next in standing in the way of his
+being loosed from Hel. Did he get no punishment for this misdeed? Har
+answered: Yes, he was repaid for this in a way that he will long
+remember. The gods became exceedingly wroth, as might be expected. So he
+ran away and hid himself in a rock. Here he built a house with four
+doors, so that he might keep an outlook on all sides. Oftentimes in the
+daytime he took on him the likeness of a salmon and concealed himself in
+Frananger Force. Then he thought to himself what stratagems the asas
+might have recourse to in order to catch him. Now, as he was sitting in
+his house, he took flax and yarn and worked them into meshes, in the
+manner that nets have since been made; but a fire was burning before
+him. Then he saw that the asas were not far distant. Odin had seen from
+Hlidskjalf where Loke kept himself. Loke immediately sprang up, cast the
+net on the fire and leaped into the river. When the asas came to the
+house, he entered first who was wisest of them all, and whose name was
+Kvaser; and when he saw in the fire the ashes of the net that had been
+burned, he understood that this must be a contrivance for catching fish,
+and this he told to the asas. Thereupon they took flax and made
+themselves a net after the pattern of that which they saw in the ashes
+and which Loke had made. When the net was made, the asas went to the
+river and cast it into the force. Thor held one end of the net, and all
+the other asas laid hold on the other, thus jointly drawing it along the
+stream. Loke went before it and laid himself down between two stones,
+so that they drew the net over him, although they perceived that some
+living thing touched the meshes. They went up to the force again and
+cast out the net a second time. This time they hung a great weight to
+it, making it so heavy that nothing could possibly pass under it. Loke
+swam before the net, but when he saw that he was near the sea he sprang
+over the top of the net and hastened back to the force. When the asas
+saw whither he went they proceeded up to the force, dividing themselves
+into two bands, but Thor waded in the middle of the stream, and so they
+dragged the net along to the sea. Loke saw that he now had only two
+chances of escape,--either to risk his life and swim out to sea, or to
+leap again over the net. He chose the latter, and made a tremendous leap
+over the top line of the net. Thor grasped after him and caught him, but
+he slipped in his hand so that Thor did not get a firm hold before he
+got to the tail, and this is the reason why the salmon has so slim a
+tail. Now Loke was taken without truce and was brought to a cave. The
+gods took three rocks and set them up on edge, and bored a hole through
+each rock. Then they took Loke's sons, Vale and Nare or Narfe. Vale they
+changed into the likeness of a wolf, whereupon he tore his brother Narfe
+to pieces, with whose intestines the asas bound Loke over the three
+rocks. One stood under his shoulders, another under his loins, and the
+third under his hams, and the fetters became iron. Skade took a serpent
+and fastened up over him, so that the venom should drop from the serpent
+into his face. But Sigyn, his wife, stands by him, and holds a dish
+under the venom-drops. Whenever the dish becomes full, she goes and
+pours away the venom, and meanwhile the venom drops onto Loke's face.
+Then he twists his body so violently that the whole earth shakes, and
+this you call earthquakes. There he will lie bound until Ragnarok.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+RAGNAROK.
+
+
+55. Then said Ganglere: What tidings are to be told of Ragnarok? Of this
+I have never heard before. Har answered: Great things are to be said
+thereof. First, there is a winter called the Fimbul-winter, when snow
+drives from all quarters, the frosts are so severe, the winds so keen
+and piercing, that there is no joy in the sun. There are three such
+winters in succession, without any intervening summer. But before these
+there are three other winters, during which great wars rage over all the
+world. Brothers slay each other for the sake of gain, and no one spares
+his father or mother in that manslaughter and adultery. Thus says the
+Vala's Prophecy:
+
+  Brothers will fight together
+  And become each other's bane;
+  Sisters' children
+  Their sib shall spoil.[62]
+  Hard is the world,
+  Sensual sins grow huge.
+  There are ax-ages, sword-ages--
+  Shields are cleft in twain,--
+  There are wind-ages, wolf-ages,
+  Ere the world falls dead.[63]
+
+    [Footnote 62: Commit adultery.]
+
+    [Footnote 63: Elder Edda: The Vala's Prophecy, 48, 49.]
+
+Then happens what will seem a great miracle, that the wolf[64] devours
+the sun, and this will seem a great loss. The other wolf will devour the
+moon, and this too will cause great mischief. The stars shall be Hurled
+from heaven. Then it shall come to pass that the earth and the mountains
+will shake so violently that trees will be torn up by the roots, the
+mountains will topple down, and all bonds and fetters will be broken and
+snapped. The Fenris-wolf gets loose. The sea rushes over the earth, for
+the Midgard-serpent writhes in giant rage and seeks to gain the land.
+The ship that is called Naglfar also becomes loose. It is made of the
+nails of dead men; wherefore it is worth warning that, when a man dies
+with unpared nails, he supplies a large amount of materials for the
+building of this ship, which both gods and men wish may be finished as
+late as possible. But in this flood Naglfar gets afloat. The giant Hrym
+is its steersman. The Fenris-wolf advances with wide open mouth; the
+upper jaw reaches to heaven and the lower jaw is on the earth. He would
+open it still wider had he room. Fire flashes from his eyes and
+nostrils. The Midgard-serpent vomits forth venom, defiling all the air
+and the sea; he is very terrible, and places himself by the side of the
+wolf. In the midst of this clash and din the heavens are rent in twain,
+and the sons of Muspel come riding through the opening. Surt rides
+first, and before him and after him flames burning fire. He has a very
+good sword, which shines brighter than the sun. As they ride over
+Bifrost it breaks to pieces, as has before been stated. The sons of
+Muspel direct their course to the plain which is called Vigrid. Thither
+repair also the Fenris-wolf and the Midgard-serpent. To this place have
+also come Loke and Hrym, and with him all the frost-giants. In Loke's
+company are all the friends of Hel. The sons of Muspel have there
+effulgent bands alone by themselves. The plain Vigrid is one hundred
+miles (rasts) on each side.
+
+    [Footnote 64: Fenris-wolf.]
+
+56. While these things are happening, Heimdal stands up, blows with all
+his might in the Gjallar-horn and awakens all the gods, who thereupon
+hold counsel. Odin rides to Mimer's well to ask advice of Mimer for
+himself and his folk. Then quivers the ash Ygdrasil, and all things in
+heaven and earth fear and tremble. The asas and the einherjes arm
+themselves and speed forth to the battle-field. Odin rides first; with
+his golden helmet, resplendent byrnie, and his spear Gungner, he
+advances against the Fenris-wolf. Thor stands by his side, but can give
+him no assistance, for he has his hands full in his struggle with the
+Midgard-serpent. Frey encounters Surt, and heavy blows are exchanged ere
+Frey falls. The cause of his death is that he has not that good sword
+which he gave to Skirner. Even the dog Garm, that was bound before the
+Gnipa-cave, gets loose. He is the greatest plague. He contends with Tyr,
+and they kill each other. Thor gets great renown by slaying the
+Midgard-serpent, but retreats only nine paces when he falls to the earth
+dead, poisoned by the venom that the serpent blows on him. The wolf
+swallows Odin, and thus causes his death; but Vidar immediately turns
+and rushes at the wolf, placing one foot on his nether jaw. On this foot
+he has the shoe for which materials have been gathering through all
+ages, namely, the strips of leather which men cut off for the toes and
+heels of shoes; wherefore he who wishes to render assistance to the asas
+must cast these strips away. With one hand Vidar seizes the upper jaw of
+the wolf, and thus rends asunder his mouth. Thus the wolf perishes. Loke
+fights with Heimdal, and they kill each other. Thereupon Surt flings
+fire over the earth and burns up all the world. Thus it is said in the
+Vala's Prophecy:
+
+  Loud blows Heimdal
+  His uplifted horn.
+  Odin speaks
+  With Mimer's head.
+  The straight-standing ash
+  Ygdrasil quivers,
+  The old tree groans,
+  And the giant gets loose.
+
+  How fare the asas?
+  How fare the elves?
+  All Jotunheim roars.
+  The asas hold counsel;
+  Before their stone-doors
+  Groan the dwarfs,
+  The guides of the wedge-rock.
+  Know you now more or not?
+
+  From the east drives Hrym,
+  Bears his shield before him.
+  Jormungand welters
+  In giant rage
+  And smites the waves.
+  The eagle screams,
+  And with pale beak tears corpses,
+  Naglfar gets loose.
+
+  A ship comes from the east,
+  The hosts of Muspel
+  Come o'er the main,
+  And Loke is steersman.
+  All the fell powers
+  Are with the wolf;
+  Along with them
+  Is Byleist's brother.[65]
+
+  From the south comes Surt
+  With blazing fire-brand,--
+  The sun of the war-god
+  Shines from his sword.
+  Mountains dash together,
+  Giant maids are frightened,
+  Heroes go the way to Hel,
+  And heaven is rent in twain.
+
+  Then comes to Hlin
+  Another woe,
+  When Odin goes
+  With the wolf to fight,
+  And Bele's bright slayer[66]
+  To contend with Surt.
+  There will fall
+  Frigg's beloved.
+
+  Odin's son goes
+  To fight with the wolf,
+  And Vidar goes on his way
+  To the wild beast.[67]
+  With his hand he thrusts
+  His sword to the heart
+  Of the giant's child,
+  And avenges his father.
+
+  Then goes the famous
+  Son[68] of Hlodyn
+  To fight with the serpent.
+  Though about to die,
+  He fears not the contest;
+  All men
+  Abandon their homesteads
+  When the warder of Midgard
+  In wrath slays the serpent.
+
+  The sun grows dark,
+  The earth sinks into the sea,
+  The bright stars
+  From heaven vanish;
+  Fire rages,
+  Heat blazes,
+  And high flames play
+  'Gainst heaven itself.[69]
+
+    [Footnote 65: Loke.]
+
+    [Footnote 66: Frey.]
+
+    [Footnote 67: The Fenris-wolf.]
+
+    [Footnote 68: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 69: Elder Edda: The Vala's Prophecy, 50-52, 54-57, 59,
+    60, 62, 63.]
+
+And again it is said as follows:
+
+  Vigrid is the name of the plain
+  Where in fight shall meet
+  Surt and the gentle god.
+  A hundred miles
+  It is every way.
+  This field is marked out for them.[70]
+
+    [Footnote 70: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner's Lay, 18.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+REGENERATION.
+
+
+57. Then asked Ganglere: What happens when heaven and earth and all the
+world are consumed in flames, and when all the gods and all the
+einherjes and all men are dead? You have already said that all men shall
+live in some world through all ages. Har answered: There are many good
+and many bad abodes. Best it is to be in Gimle, in heaven. Plenty is
+there of good drink for those who deem this a joy in the hall called
+Brimer. That is also in heaven. There is also an excellent hall which
+stands on the Nida mountains. It is built of red gold, and is called
+Sindre. In this hall good and well-minded men shall dwell. Nastrand is a
+large and terrible hall, and its doors open to the north. It is built of
+serpents wattled together, and all the heads of the serpents turn into
+the hall and vomit forth venom that flows in streams along the hall, and
+in these streams wade perjurers and murderers. So it is here said:
+
+  A hall I know standing
+  Far from the sun
+  On the strand of dead bodies.
+  Drops of venom
+  Fall through the loop-holes.
+  Of serpents' backs
+  The hall is made.
+
+  There shall wade
+  Through heavy streams
+  Perjurers
+  And murderers.
+
+But in Hvergelmer it is worst.
+
+  There tortures Nidhug
+  The bodies of the dead.[71]
+
+    [Footnote 71: Elder Edda: The Vala's Prophecy, 40, 41.]
+
+58. Then said Ganglere: Do any gods live then? Is there any earth or
+heaven? Har answered: The earth rises again from the sea, and is green
+and fair. The fields unsown produce their harvests. Vidar and Vale live.
+Neither the sea nor Surfs fire has harmed them, and they dwell on the
+plains of Ida, where Asgard was before. Thither come also the sons of
+Thor, Mode and Magne, and they have Mjolner. Then come Balder and Hoder
+from Hel. They all sit together and talk about the things that happened
+aforetime,--about the Midgard-serpent and the Fenris-wolf. They find in
+the grass those golden tables which the asas once had. Thus it is said:
+
+  Vidar and Vale
+  Dwell in the house of the gods,
+  When quenched is the fire of Surt.
+  Mode and Magne
+  Vingner's Mjolner shall have
+  When the fight is ended.[72]
+
+    [Footnote 72: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner's Lay, 51.]
+
+In a place called Hodmimer's-holt[73] are concealed two persons during
+Surt's fire, called Lif and Lifthraser. They feed on the morning dew.
+From these so numerous a race is descended that they fill the whole
+world with people, as is here said:
+
+  Lif and Lifthraser
+  Will lie hid
+  In Hodmimer's-holt.
+  The morning dew
+  They have for food.
+  From them are the races descended.[74]
+
+    [Footnote 73: Holt = grove.]
+
+    [Footnote 74: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner's Lay, 45.]
+
+But what will seem wonderful to you is that the sun has brought forth a
+daughter not less fair than herself, and she rides in the heavenly
+course of her mother, as is here said:
+
+  A daughter
+  Is born of the sun
+  Ere Fenrer takes her.
+  In her mother's course
+  When the gods are dead
+  This maid shall ride.[75]
+
+    [Footnote 75: Elder Edda: Vafthrudner's Lay, 47.]
+
+And if you now can ask more questions, said Har to Ganglere, I know not
+whence that power came to you. I have never heard any one tell further
+the fate of the world. Make now the best use you can of what has been
+told you.
+
+59. Then Ganglere heard a terrible noise on all sides, and when he
+looked about him he stood out-doors on a level plain. He saw neither
+hall nor burg. He went his way and came back to his kingdom, and told
+the tidings which he had seen and heard, and ever since those tidings
+have been handed down from man to man.
+
+
+
+
+AFTERWORD
+
+TO THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.
+
+
+The asas now sat down to talk, and held their counsel, and remembered
+all the tales that were told to Gylfe. They gave the very same names
+that had been named before to the men and places that were there. This
+they did for the reason that, when a long time has elapsed, men should
+not doubt that those asas of whom these tales were now told and those to
+whom the same names were given were all identical. There was one who is
+called Thor, and he is Asa-Thor, the old. He is Oku-Thor, and to him are
+ascribed the great deeds done by Hektor in Troy. But men think that the
+Turks have told of Ulysses, and have called him Loke, for the Turks were
+his greatest enemies.
+
+
+
+
+BRAGE'S TALK.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+�GER'S JOURNEY TO ASGARD.
+
+
+1. A man by name �ger, or Hler, who dwelt on the island called Hler's
+Isle, was well skilled in the black art. He made a journey to Asgard.
+But the asas knew of his coming and gave him a friendly reception; but
+they also made use of many sorts of delusions. In the evening, when the
+feast began, Odin had swords brought into the hall, and they were so
+bright that it glistened from them so that there was no need of any
+other light while they sat drinking. Then went the asas to their feast,
+and the twelve asas who were appointed judges seated themselves in their
+high-seats. These are their names: Thor, Njord, Frey, Tyr, Heimdal,
+Brage, Vidar, Vale, Uller, Honer, Forsete, Loke. The asynjes (goddesses)
+also were with them: Frigg, Freyja, Gefjun, Idun, Gerd, Sigyn, Fulla,
+Nanna. �ger thought all that he saw looked very grand. The panels of the
+walls were all covered with beautiful shields. The mead was very strong,
+and they drank deep. Next to �ger sat Brage, and they talked much
+together over their drink. Brage spoke to �ger of many things that had
+happened to the asas.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+IDUN AND HER APPLES.
+
+
+2. Brage began his tale by telling how three asas, Odin, Loke and Honer,
+went on a journey over mountains and heaths, where they could get
+nothing to eat. But when they came down into a valley they saw a herd of
+cattle. From this herd they took an ox and went to work to boil it. When
+they deemed that it must be boiled enough they uncovered the broth, but
+it was not yet done. After a little while they lifted the cover off
+again, but it was not yet boiled. They talked among themselves about how
+this could happen. Then they heard a voice in the oak above them, and he
+who sat there said that he was the cause that the broth did not get
+boiled. They looked up and saw an eagle, and it was not a small one.
+Then said the eagle: If you will give me my fill of the ox, then the
+broth will be boiled. They agreed to this. So he flew down from the
+tree, seated himself beside the boiling broth, and immediately snatched
+up first the two thighs of the ox and then both the shoulders. This made
+Loke wroth: he grasped a large pole, raised it with all his might and
+dashed it at the body of the eagle. The eagle shook himself after the
+blow and flew up. One end of the pole fastened itself to the body of the
+eagle, and the other end stuck to Loke's hands. The eagle flew just high
+enough so that Loke's feet were dragged over stones and rocks and trees,
+and it seemed to him that his arms would be torn from his
+shoulder-blades. He calls and prays the eagle most earnestly for peace,
+but the latter declares that Loke shall never get free unless he will
+pledge himself to bring Idun and her apples out of Asgard. When Loke had
+promised this, he was set free and went to his companions again; and no
+more is related of this journey, except that they returned home. But at
+the time agreed upon, Loke coaxed Idun out of Asgard into a forest,
+saying that he had found apples that she would think very nice, and he
+requested her to take with her her own apples in order to compare them.
+Then came the giant Thjasse in the guise of an eagle, seized Idun and
+flew away with her to his home in Thrymheim. The asas were ill at ease
+on account of the disappearance of Idun,--they became gray-haired and
+old. They met in council and asked each other who last had seen Idun.
+The last that had been seen of her was that she had gone out of Asgard
+in company with Loke. Then Loke was seized and brought into the council,
+and he was threatened with death or torture. But he became frightened,
+and promised to bring Idun back from Jotunheim if Freyja would lend him
+the falcon-guise that she had. He got the falcon-guise, flew north into
+Jotunheim, and came one day to the giant Thjasse. The giant had rowed
+out to sea, and Idun was at home alone. Loke turned her into the
+likeness of a nut, held her in his claws and flew with all his might.
+But when Thjasse returned home and missed Idun, he took on his
+eagle-guise, flew after Loke, gaining on the latter with his eagle
+wings. When the asas saw the falcon coming flying with the nut, and how
+the eagle flew, they went to the walls of Asgard and brought with them
+bundles of plane-shavings. When the falcon flew within the burg, he let
+himself drop down beside the burg-wall. Then the asas kindled a fire in
+the shavings; and the eagle, being unable to stop himself when he missed
+the falcon, caught fire in his feathers, so that he could not fly any
+farther. The asas were on hand and slew the giant Thjasse within the
+gates of Asgard, and that slaughter is most famous.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+HOW NJORD GOT SKADE TO WIFE.
+
+
+Skade, the daughter of the giant Thjasse, donned her helmet, and byrnie,
+and all her war-gear, and betook herself to Asgard to avenge her
+father's death. The asas offered her ransom and atonement; and it was
+agreed to, in the first place, that she should choose herself a husband
+among the asas, but she was to make her choice by the feet, which was
+all she was to see of their persons. She saw one man's feet that were
+wonderfully beautiful, and exclaimed: This one I choose! On Balder there
+are few blemishes. But it was Njord, from Noatun. In the second place,
+it was stipulated that the asas were to do what she did not deem them
+capable of, and that was to make her laugh. Then Loke tied one end of a
+string fast to the beard of a goat and the other around his own body,
+and one pulled this way and the other that, and both of them shrieked
+out loud. Then Loke let himself fall on Skade's knees, and this made her
+laugh. It is said that Odin did even more than was asked, in that he
+took Thjasse's eyes and cast them up into heaven, and made two stars of
+them. Then said �ger: This Thjasse seems to me to have been considerable
+of a man; of what kin was he? Brage answered: His father's name was
+Olvalde, and if I told you of him, you would deem it very remarkable.
+He was very rich in gold, and when he died and his sons were to divide
+their heritage, they had this way of measuring the gold, that each
+should take his mouthful of gold, and they should all take the same
+number of mouthfuls. One of them was Thjasse, another Ide, and the third
+Gang. But we now have it as a saw among us, that we call gold the
+mouth-number of these giants. In runes and songs we wrap the gold up by
+calling it the measure, or word, or tale, of these giants. Then said
+�ger: It seems to me that it will be well hidden in the runes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE ORIGIN OF POETRY.
+
+
+3. And again said �ger: Whence originated the art that is called
+skaldship? Made answer Brage: The beginning of this was, that the gods
+had a war with the people that are called vans. They agreed to hold a
+meeting for the purpose of making peace, and settled their dispute in
+this wise, that they both went to a jar and spit into it. But at parting
+the gods, being unwilling to let this mark of peace perish, shaped it
+into a man whose name was Kvaser, and who was so wise that no one could
+ask him any question that he could not answer. He traveled much about in
+the world to teach men wisdom. Once he came to the home of the dwarfs
+Fjalar and Galar. They called him aside, saying they wished to speak
+with him alone, slew him and let his blood run into two jars called Son
+and Bodn, and into a kettle called Odrarer. They mixed honey with the
+blood, and thus was produced such mead that whoever drinks from it
+becomes a skald and sage. The dwarfs told the asas that Kvaser had
+choked in his wisdom, because no one was so wise that he could ask him
+enough about learning.
+
+4. Then the dwarfs invited to themselves the giant whose name is
+Gilling, and his wife; and when he came they asked him to row out to sea
+with them. When they had gotten a short distance from shore, the dwarfs
+rowed onto a blind rock and capsized the boat. Gilling, who was unable
+to swim, was drowned, but the dwarfs righted the boat again and rowed
+ashore. When they told of this mishap to his wife she took it much to
+heart, and began to cry aloud. Then Fjalar asked her whether it would
+not lighten her sorrow if she could look out upon the sea where her
+husband had perished, and she said it would. He then said to his brother
+Galar that he should go up over the doorway, and as she passed out he
+should let a mill-stone drop onto her head, for he said he was tired of
+her bawling, Galar did so. When the giant Suttung, the son of Gilling,
+found this out he came and seized the dwarfs, took them out to sea and
+left them on a rocky island, which was flooded at high tide. They prayed
+Suttung to spare their lives, and offered him in atonement for their
+father's blood the precious mead, which he accepted. Suttung brought the
+mead home with him, and hid it in a place called Hnitbjorg. He set his
+daughter Gunlad to guard it. For these reasons we call songship Kvaser's
+blood; the drink of the dwarfs; the dwarfs' fill; some kind of liquor of
+Odrarer, or Bodn or Son; the ship of the dwarfs (because this mead
+ransomed their lives from the rocky isle); the mead of Suttung, or the
+liquor of Hnitbjorg.
+
+5. Then remarked �ger: It seems dark to me to call songship by these
+names; but how came the asas by Suttung's mead? Answered Brage: The saga
+about this is, that Odin set out from home and came to a place where
+nine thralls were mowing hay. He asked them whether they would like to
+have him whet their scythes. To this they said yes. Then he took a
+whet-stone from his belt and whetted the scythes. They thought their
+scythes were much improved, and asked whether the whet-stone was for
+sale. He answered that he who would buy it must pay a fair price for it.
+All said they were willing to give the sum demanded, and each wanted
+Odin to sell it to him. But he threw the whet-stone up in the air, and
+when all wished to catch it they scrambled about it in such a manner
+that each brought his scythe onto the other's neck. Odin sought lodgings
+for the night at the house of the giant Bauge, who was a brother of
+Suttung. Bauge complained of what had happened to his household, saying
+that his nine thralls had slain each other, and that he did not know
+where he should get other workmen. Odin called himself Bolverk. He
+offered to undertake the work of the nine men for Bauge, but asked in
+payment therefor a drink of Suttung's mead. Bauge answered that he had
+no control over the mead, saying that Suttung was bound to keep that for
+himself alone. But he agreed to go with Bolverk and try whether they
+could get the mead. During the summer Bolverk did the work of the nine
+men for Bauge, but when winter came he asked for his pay. Then they both
+went to Suttung. Bauge explained to Suttung his bargain with Bolverk,
+but Suttung stoutly refused to give even a drop of the mead. Bolverk
+then proposed to Bauge that they should try whether they could not get
+at the mead by the aid of some trick, and Bauge agreed to this. Then
+Bolverk drew forth the auger which is called Rate, and requested Bauge
+to bore a hole through the rock, if the auger was sharp enough. He did
+so. Then said Bauge that there was a hole through the rock; but Bolverk
+blowed into the hole that the auger had made, and the chips flew back
+into his face. Thus he saw that Bauge intended to deceive him, and
+commanded him to bore through. Bauge bored again, and when Bolverk blew
+a second time the chips flew inward. Now Bolverk changed himself into
+the likeness of a serpent and crept into the auger-hole. Bauge thrust
+after him with the auger, but missed him. Bolverk went to where Gunlad
+was, and shared her couch for three nights. She then promised to give
+him three draughts from the mead. With the first draught he emptied
+Odrarer, in the second Bodn, and in the third Son, and thus he had all
+the mead. Then he took on the guise of an eagle, and flew off as fast as
+he could. When Suttung saw the flight of the eagle, he also took on the
+shape of an eagle and flew after him. When the asas saw Odin coming,
+they set their jars out in the yard. When Odin reached Asgard, he spewed
+the mead up into the jars. He was, however, so near being caught by
+Suttung, that he sent some of the mead after him backward, and as no
+care was taken of this, anybody that wished might have it. This we call
+the share of poetasters. But Suttung's mead Odin gave to the asas and to
+those men who are able to make verses. Hence we call songship Odin's
+prey, Odin's find, Odin's drink, Odin's gift, and the drink of the asas.
+
+6. Then said �ger: In how many ways do you vary the poetical
+expressions, or how many kinds of poetry are there? Answered Brage:
+There are two kinds, and all poetry falls into one or the other of these
+classes. �ger asks: Which two? Brage answers: Diction and meter. What
+diction is used in poetry? There are three sorts of poetic diction.
+Which? One is to name everything by its own name; another is to name it
+with a pronoun, but the third sort of diction is called _kenning_ (a
+poetical periphrasis or descriptive name); and this sort is so managed
+that when we name Odin, or Thor or Tyr, or any other of the asas or
+elves, we add to their name a reference to some other asa, or we make
+mention of some of his works. Then the appellation belongs to him who
+corresponds to the whole phrase, and not to him who was actually named.
+Thus we speak of Odin as Sigtyr, Hangatyr or Farmatyr, and such names we
+call simple appellatives. In the same manner he is called Reidartyr.
+
+
+
+
+AFTERWORD
+
+TO BRAGE'S TALK.
+
+
+Now it is to be said to young skalds who are desirous of acquiring the
+diction of poetry, or of increasing their store of words with old names,
+or, on the other hand, are eager to understand what is obscurely sung,
+that they must master this book for their instruction and pastime. These
+sagas are not to be so forgotten or disproved as to take away from
+poetry old periphrases which great skalds have been pleased with. But
+christian men should not believe in heathen gods, nor in the truth of
+these sagas, otherwise than is explained in the beginning of this book,
+where the events are explained which led men away from the true faith,
+and where it, in the next place, is told of the Turks how the men from
+Asia, who are called asas, falsified the tales of the things that
+happened in Troy, in order that the people should believe them to be
+gods.
+
+King Priam in Troy was a great chief over all the Turkish host, and his
+sons were the most distinguished men in his whole army. That excellent
+hall, which the asas called Brime's Hall, or beer-hall, was King Priam's
+palace. As for the long tale that they tell of Ragnarok, that is the
+wars of the Trojans. When it is said that Oku-Thor angled with an
+ox-head and drew on board the Midgard-serpent, but that the serpent kept
+his life and sank back into the sea, then this is another version of the
+story that Hektor slew Volukrontes, a famous hero, in the presence of
+Achilleus, and so drew the latter onto him with the head of the slain,
+which they likened unto the head of an ox, which Oku-Thor had torn off.
+When Achilleus was drawn into this danger, on account of his daring,
+it was the salvation of his life that he fled from the fatal blows of
+Hektor, although he was wounded. It is also said that Hektor waged the
+war so mightily, and that his rage was so great when he caught sight of
+Achilleus, that nothing was so strong that it could stand before him.
+When he missed Achilleus, who had fled, he soothed his wrath by slaying
+the champion called Roddros. But the asas say that when Oku-Thor missed
+the serpent, he slew the giant Hymer. In Ragnarok the Midgard serpent
+came suddenly upon Thor and blew venom onto him, and thus struck him
+dead. But the asas could not make up their minds to say that this had
+been the fate of Oku-Thor, that anyone stood over him dead, though this
+had so happened. They rushed headlong over old sagas more than was true
+when they said that the Midgard-serpent there got his death; and they
+added this to the story, that Achilleus reaped the fame of Hektor's
+death, though he lay dead on the same battle-field on that account. This
+was the work of Elenus and Alexander, and Elenus the asas call Ale. They
+say that he avenged his brother, and that he lived when all the gods
+were dead, and after the fire was quenched that burned up Asgard and all
+the possessions of the gods. Pyrrhos they compared with the Fenris-wolf.
+He slew Odin, and Pyrrhos might be called a wolf according to their
+belief, for he did not spare the peace-steads, when he slew the king in
+the temple before the altar of Thor. The burning of Troy they call the
+flame of Surt. Mode and Magne, the sons of Oku-Thor, came to crave the
+land of Ale or Vidar. He is �neas. He came away from Troy, and wrought
+thereupon great works. It is said that the sons of Hektor came to
+Frigialand and established themselves in that kingdom, but banished
+Elenus.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM
+
+THE POETICAL DICTION.
+
+(SKALDSKAPARMAL.)[76]
+
+    [Footnote 76: This part of the Younger Edda corresponds to the
+    Latin Ars Poetica, and contains the rules and laws of ancient
+    poetry.]
+
+
+THOR AND HRUNGNER.
+
+Brage told �ger that Thor had gone eastward to crush trolls. Odin rode
+on his horse Sleipner to Jotunheim, and came to the giant whose name is
+Hrungner. Then asked Hrungner what man that was who with a golden helmet
+rode both through the air and over the sea, and added that he had a
+remarkably good horse. Odin said that he would wager his head that so
+good a horse could not be found in Jotunheim. Hrungner admitted that it
+was indeed an excellent horse, but he had one, called Goldfax, that
+could take much longer paces; and in his wrath he immediately sprang
+upon his horse and galloped after Odin, intending to pay him for his
+insolence. Odin rode so fast that he was a good distance ahead, but
+Hrungner had worked himself into such a giant rage that, before he was
+aware of it, he had come within the gates of Asgard. When he came to the
+hall door, the asas invited him to drink with them. He entered the hall
+and requested a drink. They then took the bowls that Thor was accustomed
+to drink from, and Hrungner emptied them all. When he became drunk, he
+gave the freest vent to his loud boastings. He said he was going to take
+Valhal and move it to Jotunheim, demolish Asgard and kill all the gods
+except Freyja and Sif, whom he was going to take home with him. When
+Freyja went forward to refill the bowls for him, he boasted that he was
+going to drink up all the ale of the asas. But when the asas grew weary
+of his arrogance, they named Thor's name. At once Thor was in the hall,
+swung his hammer in the air, and, being exceedingly wroth, asked who was
+to blame that dog-wise giants were permitted to drink there, who had
+given Hrungner permission to be in Valhal, and why Freyja should pour
+ale for him as she did in the feasts of the asas. Then answered
+Hrungner, looking with anything but friendly eyes at Thor, and said that
+Odin had invited him to drink, and that he was there under his
+protection. Thor replied that he should come to rue that invitation
+before he came out. Hrungner again answered that it would be but little
+credit to Asa-Thor to kill him, unarmed as he was. It would be a greater
+proof of his valor if he dared fight a duel with him at the boundaries
+of his territory, at Grjottungard. It was very foolish of me, he said,
+that I left my shield and my flint-stone at home; had I my weapons here,
+you and I would try a holmgang (duel on a rocky island); but as this is
+not the case, I declare you a coward if you kill me unarmed. Thor was by
+no means the man to refuse to fight a duel when he was challenged, an
+honor which never had been shown him before. Then Hrungner went his way,
+and hastened with all his might back to Jotunheim. His journey became
+famous among the giants, and the proposed meeting with Thor was much
+talked of. They regarded it very important who should gain the victory,
+and they feared the worst from Thor if Hrungner should be defeated, for
+he was the strongest among them. Thereupon the giants made at
+Grjottungard a man of clay, who was nine rasts tall and three rasts
+broad under the arms, but being unable to find a heart large enough to
+be suitable for him, they took the heart from a mare, but even this
+fluttered and trembled when Thor came. Hrungner had, as is well known,
+a heart of stone, sharp and three-sided; just as the rune has since been
+risted that is called Hrungner's heart. Even his head was of stone. His
+shield was of stone, and was broad and thick, and he was holding this
+shield before him as he stood at Grjottungard waiting for Thor. His
+weapon was a flint-stone, which he swung over his shoulders, and
+altogether he presented a most formidable aspect. On one side of him
+stood the giant of clay, who was named Mokkerkalfe. He was so
+exceedingly terrified, that it is said that he wet himself when he saw
+Thor. Thor proceeded to the duel, and Thjalfe was with him. Thjalfe ran
+forward to where Hrungner was standing, and said to him: You stand illy
+guarded, giant; you hold the shield before you, but Thor has seen you;
+he goes down into the earth and will attack you from below. Then
+Hrungner thrust the shield under his feet and stood on it, but the
+flint-stone he seized with both his hands. The next that he saw were
+flashes of lightning, and he heard loud crashings; and then he saw Thor
+in his asa-might advancing with impetuous speed, swinging his hammer and
+hurling it from afar at Hrungner. Hrungner seized the flint-stone with
+both his hands and threw it against the hammer. They met in the air, and
+the flint-stone broke. One part fell to the earth, and from it have come
+the flint-mountains; the other part hit Thor's head with such force that
+he fell forward to the ground. But the hammer Mjolner hit Hrungner right
+in the head, and crushed his skull in small pieces. He himself fell
+forward over Thor, so that his foot lay upon Thor's neck. Meanwhile
+Thjalfe attacked Mokkerkalfe, who fell with but little honor. Then
+Thjalfe went to Thor and was to take Hrungner's foot off from him, but
+he had not the strength to do it. When the asas learned that Thor had
+fallen, they all came to take the giant's foot off, but none of them was
+able to move it. Then came Magne, the son of Thor and Jarnsaxa. He was
+only three nights of age. He threw Hrungner's foot off Thor, and said It
+was a great mishap, father, that I came so late. I think I could have
+slain this giant with my fist, had I met him. Then Thor arose, greeted
+his son lovingly, saying that he would become great and powerful; and,
+added he, I will give you the horse Goldfax, that belonged to Hrungner.
+Odin said that Thor did wrong in giving so fine a horse to the son of a
+giantess, instead of to his father. Thor went home to Thrudvang, but the
+flint-stone still stuck fast in his head. Then came the vala whose name
+is Groa, the wife of Orvandel the Bold. She sang her magic songs over
+Thor until the flint-stone became loose. But when Thor perceived this,
+and was just expecting that the flint-stone would disappear, he desired
+to reward Groa for her healing, and make her heart glad. So he related
+to her how he had waded from the north over the Elivogs rivers, and had
+borne in a basket on his back Orvandel from Jotunheim; and in evidence
+of this he told her how that one toe of his had protruded from the
+basket and had frozen, wherefore Thor had broken it off and had cast it
+up into the sky, and made of it the star which is called Orvandel's toe.
+Finally he added that it would not be long before Orvandel would come
+home. But Groa became so glad that she forgot her magic songs, and so
+the flint-stone became no looser than it was, and it sticks fast in
+Thor's head yet. For this reason it is forbidden to throw a flint-stone
+across the floor, for then the stone in Thor's head is moved. Out of
+this saga Thjodolf of Hvin has made a song:
+
+  We have ample evidence
+  Of the giant-terrifier's[77] journey
+  To Grjottungard, to the giant Hrungner,
+  In the midst of encircling flames.
+  The courage waxed high in Meile's brother;[78]
+  The moon-way trembled
+  When Jord's son[79] went
+  To the steel-gloved contest.
+
+  The heavens stood all in flames
+  For Uller's step-father,[80]
+  And the earth rocked.
+  Svolne's[81] widow[82] burst asunder
+  When the span of goats
+  Drew the sublime chariot
+  And its divine master
+  To the meeting with Hrungner.
+
+  Balder's brother[83] did not tremble
+  Before the greedy fiend of men;
+  Mountains quaked and rocks broke;
+  The heavens were wrapped in flames.
+  Much did the giant
+  Get frightened, I learn,
+  When his bane man he saw
+  Ready to slay him.
+
+  Swiftly the gray shield flew
+  'Neath the heels of the giant.
+  So the gods willed it,
+  So willed it the valkyries.
+  Hrungner the giant,
+  Eager for slaughter,
+  Needed not long to wait for blows
+  From the valiant friend of the hammer.
+
+  The slayer[84] of Bele's evil race
+  Made fall the bear of the loud-roaring mountain;[85]
+  On his shield
+  Bite the dust
+  Must the giant
+  Before the sharp-edged hammer,
+  When the giant-crusher
+  Stood against the mighty Hrungner,
+
+  And the flint-stone
+  (So hard to break)
+  Of the friend of the troll-women
+  Into the skull did whiz
+  Of Jord's son,[86]
+  And this flinty piece
+  Fast did stick
+  In Eindride's[87] blood;
+
+  Until Orvandel's wife,
+  Magic songs singing,
+  From the head of Thor
+  Removed the giant's
+  Excellent flint-stone.
+  All do I know
+  About that shield-journey.
+  A shield adorned
+  With hues most splendid
+  I received from Thorleif.
+
+    [Footnote 77: Thor's.]
+
+    [Footnote 78: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 79: Jord's (= earth's) son = Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 80: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 81: Odin's.]
+
+    [Footnote 82: The earth.]
+
+    [Footnote 83: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 84: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 85: The giant Hrungner.]
+
+    [Footnote 86: Thor.]
+
+    [Footnote 87: Thor's.]
+
+
+THOR'S JOURNEY TO GEIRROD'S.
+
+Then said �ger: Much of a man, it seems to me, was that Hrungner. Has
+Thor accomplished any other great deeds in his intercourse with trolls
+(giants)? Then answered Brage: It is worth giving a full account of how
+Thor made a journey to Geirrodsgard. He had with him neither the hammer
+Mjolner, nor his belt of strength, Megingjard, nor his steel gloves; and
+that was Loke's fault,--he was with him. For it had happened to Loke,
+when he once flew out to amuse himself in Frigg's falcon-guise, that he,
+out of curiosity, flew into Geirrodsgard, where he saw a large hall. He
+sat down and looked in through the window, but Geirrod discovered him,
+and ordered the bird to be caught and brought to him. The servant had
+hard work to climb up the wall of the hall, so high was it. It amused
+Loke that it gave the servant so much trouble to get at him, and he
+thought it would be time enough to fly away when he had gotten over the
+worst. When the latter now caught at him, Loke spread his wings and
+spurned with his feet, but these were fast, and so Loke was caught and
+brought to the giant. When the latter saw his eyes he suspected that it
+was a man. He put questions to him and bade him answer, but Loke refused
+to speak. Then Geirrod locked him down in a chest, and starved him for
+three months; and when Geirrod finally took him up again, and asked him
+to speak, Loke confessed who he was, and to save his life he swore an
+oath to Geirrod that he would get Thor to come to Geirrodsgard without
+his hammer or his belt of strength.
+
+On his way Thor visited the giantess whose name is Grid. She was the
+mother of Vidar the Silent. She told Thor the truth concerning Geirrod,
+that he was a dog-wise and dangerous giant; and she lent him her own
+belt of strength and steel gloves, and her staff, which is called
+Gridarvol. Then went Thor to the river which is called Vimer, and which
+is the largest of all rivers. He buckled on the belt of strength and
+stemmed the wild torrent with Gridarvol, but Loke held himself fast in
+Megingjard. When Thor had come into the middle of the stream, the river
+waxed so greatly that the waves dashed over his shoulders. Then quoth
+Thor:
+
+  Wax not Vimer,
+  Since I intend to wade
+  To the gards of giants.
+  Know, if you wax,
+  Then waxes my asa-might
+  As high, as the heavens.
+
+Then Thor looked up and saw in a cleft Gjalp, the daughter of Geirrod,
+standing on both sides of the stream, and causing its growth. Then took
+he up out of the river a huge stone and threw at her, saying: At its
+source the stream must be stemmed.[88] He was not wont to miss his mark.
+At the same time he reached the river bank and got hold of a shrub, and
+so he got out of the river. Hence comes the adage that _a shrub saved
+Thor_.[89] When Thor came to Geirrod, he and his companion were shown to
+the guest-room, where lodgings were given them, but there was but one
+seat, and on that Thor sat down. Then he became aware that the seat was
+raised under him toward the roof. He put the Gridarvol against the
+rafters, and pressed himself down against the seat. Then was heard a
+great crash, which was followed by a loud screaming. Under the seat were
+Geirrod's daughters, Gjalp and Greip, and he had broken the backs of
+both of them. Then quoth Thor:
+
+  Once I employed
+  My asa-might
+  In the gards of the giants.
+  When Gjalp and Greip,
+  Geirrod's daughters,
+  Wanted to lift me to heaven.
+
+    [Footnote 88: Icelandic proverb.]
+
+    [Footnote 89: Icelandic proverb.]
+
+Then Geirrod had Thor invited into the hall to the games. Large fires
+burned along the whole length of the hall. When Thor came into the hall,
+and stood opposite Geirrod, the latter seized with a pair of tongs a
+red-hot iron wedge and threw it at Thor. But he caught it with his steel
+gloves, and lifted it up in the air. Geirrod sprang behind an iron post
+to guard himself. But Thor threw the wedge with so great force that it
+struck through the post, through Geirrod, through the wall, and then
+went out and into the ground. From this saga, Eilif, son of Gudrun, made
+the following song, called Thor's Drapa:
+
+  The Midgard-serpent's father exhorted
+  Thor, the victor of giants,
+  To set out from home.
+  A great liar was Loke.
+  Not quite confident,
+  The companion of the war-god
+  Declared green paths to lie
+  To the gard of Geirrod.
+
+  Thor did not long let Loke
+  Invite him to the arduous journey.
+  They were eager to crush
+  Thorn's descendants.
+  When he, who is wont to swing Megingjard,
+  Once set out from Odin's home
+  To visit Ymer's children in Gandvik,
+
+  The giantess Gjalp,
+  Perjured Geirrod's daughter,
+  Sooner got ready magic to use
+  Than the god of war and Loke.
+  A song I recite.
+  Those gods noxious to the giants
+  Planted their feet
+  In Endil's land,
+
+  And the men wont to battle
+  Went forth.
+  The message of death
+  Came of the moon-devourer's women,
+  When the cunning and wrathful
+  Conqueror of Loke
+  Challenged to a contest
+  The giantess.
+
+  And the troll-woman's disgracer
+  Waded across the roaring stream,--
+  Rolling full of drenched snow over its banks.
+  He who puts giants to flight
+  Rapidly advanced
+  O'er the broad watery way,
+  Where the noisy stream's
+  Venom belched forth.
+
+  Thor and his companions
+  Put before him the staff;
+  Thereon he rested
+  Whilst over they waded:
+  Nor sleep did the stones,--
+  The sonorous staff striking the rapid wave
+  Made the river-bed ring,--
+  The mountain-torrent rang with stones.
+
+  The wearer of Megingjard
+  Saw the flood fall
+  On his hard-waxed shoulders:
+  He could do no better.
+  The destroyer of troll-children
+  Let his neck-strength
+  Wax heaven high,
+  Till the mighty stream should diminish.
+
+  But the warriors,
+  The oath-bound protectors of Asgard,--
+  The experienced vikings,--
+  Waded fast and the stream sped on.
+  Thou god of the bow!
+  The billows
+  Blown by the mountain-storm
+  Powerfully rushed
+  Over Thor's shoulders.
+
+  Thjalfe and his companion,
+  With their heads above water,
+  Got over the river,--
+  To Thor's belt they clung.
+  Their strength was tested,--
+  Geirrod's daughters made hard the stream
+  For the iron rod.
+  Angry fared Thor with the Gridarvol.
+
+  Nor did courage fail
+  Those foes of the giant
+  In the seething vortex.
+  Those sworn companions
+  Regarded a brave heart
+  Better than gold.
+  Neither Thor's nor Thjalfe's heart
+  From fear did tremble.
+
+  And the war companions--
+  Weapons despising--
+  'Mong the giants made havoc,
+  Until, O woman!
+  The giant destroyers
+  The conflict of helmets
+  With the warlike race
+  Did commence.
+
+  The giants of Iva's[90] capes
+  Made a rush with Geirrod;
+  The foes of the cold Svithiod
+  Took to flight.
+  Geirrod's giants
+  Had to succumb
+  When the lightning wielder's[91] kinsmen
+  Closely pursued them.
+
+  Wailing was 'mongst the cave-dwellers
+  When the giants,
+  With warlike spirit endowed,
+  Went forward.
+  There was war.
+  The slayer of troll-women,
+  By foes surrounded,
+  The giant's hard head hit.
+
+  With violent pressure
+  Were pressed the vast eyes
+  Of Gjalp and Greip
+  Against the high roof.
+  The fire-chariot's driver
+  The old backs broke
+  Of both these maids
+  For the cave-woman.
+
+  The man of the rocky way
+  But scanty knowledge got;
+  Nor able were the giants
+  To enjoy perfect gladness.
+  Thou man of the bow-string!
+  The dwarf's kinsman
+  An iron beam, in the forge heated,
+  Threw against Odin's dear son.
+
+  But the battle-hastener,
+  Freyja's old friend,
+  With swift hands caught
+  In the air the beam
+  As it flew from the hands
+  Of the father of Greip,--
+  His breast with anger swollen
+  Against Thruda's[92] father.
+
+  Geirrod's hall trembled
+  When he struck,
+  With his broad head,
+  'Gainst the old column of the house-wall.
+  Uller's splendid flatterer
+  Swung the iron beam
+  Straight 'gainst the head
+  Of the knavish giant.
+
+  The crusher of the hall-wont troll-women
+  A splendid victory won
+  Over Glam's descendants;
+  With gory hammer fared Thor.
+  Gridarvol-staff,
+  Which made disaster
+  'Mong Geirrod's companion,
+  Was not used 'gainst that giant himself.
+
+  The much worshiped thunderer,
+  With all his might, slew
+  The dwellers in Alfheim
+  With that little willow-twig,
+  And no shield
+  Was able to resist
+  The strong age-diminisher
+  Of the mountain-king.
+
+    [Footnote 90: A river in Jotunheim.]
+
+    [Footnote 91: Thor's kinsmen = the asas.]
+
+    [Footnote 92: Thruda was a daughter of Thor and Sif.]
+
+
+IDUN.
+
+How shall Idun be named? She is called the wife of Brage, the keeper of
+the apples; but the apples are called the medicine to bar old age
+(ellilyf, elixir vit�). She is also called the booty of the giant
+Thjasse, according to what has before been said concerning how he took
+her away from the asas. From this saga Thjodolf, of Hvin, composed the
+following song in his Haustlong:
+
+  How shall the tongue
+  Pay an ample reward
+  For the sonorous shield
+  Which I received from Thorleif,
+  Foremost 'mong soldiers?
+  On the splendidly made shield
+  I see the unsafe journey
+  Of three gods and Thjasse.
+
+  Idun's robber flew long ago
+  The asas to meet
+  In the giant's old eagle-guise.
+  The eagle perched
+  Where the asas bore
+  Their food to be cooked.
+  Ye women! The mountain-giant
+  Was not wont to be timid.
+
+  Suspected of malice
+  Was the giant toward the gods.
+  Who causes this?
+  Said the chief of the gods.
+  The wise-worded giant-eagle
+  From the old tree began to speak.
+  The friend of Honer
+  Was not friendly to him.
+
+  The mountain-wolf from Honer
+  Asked for his fill
+  From the holy table:
+  It fell to Honer to blow the fire.
+  The giant, eager to kill,
+  Glided down
+  Where the unsuspecting gods,
+  Odin, Loke and Honer, were sitting.
+
+  The fair lord of the earth
+  Bade Farbaute's son
+  Quickly to share
+  The ox with the giant;
+  But the cunning foe of the asas
+  Thereupon laid
+  The four parts of the ox
+  Upon the broad table.
+
+  And the huge father of Morn[93]
+  Afterward greedily ate
+  The ox at the tree-root.
+  That was long ago,
+  Until the profound
+  Loke the hard rod laid
+  'Twixt the shoulders
+  Of the giant Thjasse.
+
+  Then clung with his hands
+  The husband of Sigyn
+  To Skade's foster-son,
+  In the presence of all the gods.
+  The pole stuck fast
+  To Jotunheim's strong fascinator,
+  But the hands of Honer's dear friend
+  Stuck to the other end.
+
+  Flew then with the wise god
+  The voracious bird of prey
+  Far away; so the wolf's father
+  To pieces must be torn.
+  Odin's friend got exhausted.
+  Heavy grew Lopt.
+  Odin's companion
+  Must sue for peace.
+
+  Hymer's kinsman demanded
+  That the leader of hosts
+  The sorrow-healing maid,
+  Who the asas' youth-preserving apples keeps,
+  Should bring to him.
+  Brisingamen's thief
+  Afterward brought Idun
+  To the gard of the giant.
+
+  Sorry were not the giants
+  After this had taken place,
+  Since from the south
+  Idun had come to the giants.
+  All the race
+  Of Yngve-Frey, at the Thing,
+  Grew old and gray,--
+  Ugly-looking were the gods.
+
+  Until the gods found the blood-dog,
+  Idun's decoying thrall,
+  And bound the maid's deceiver,
+  You shall, cunning Loke,
+  Spake Thor, die;
+  Unless back you lead,
+  With your tricks, that
+  Good joy-increasing maid.
+
+  Heard have I that thereupon
+  The friend of Honer flew
+  In the guise of a falcon
+  (He often deceived the asas with his cunning);
+  And the strong fraudulent giant,
+  The father of Morn,
+  With the wings of the eagle
+  Sped after the hawk's child.
+
+  The holy gods soon built a fire--
+  They shaved off kindlings--
+  And the giant was scorched.
+  This is said in memory
+  Of the dwarf's heel-bridge.[94]
+  A shield adorned with splendid lines
+  From Thorleif I received.
+
+    [Footnote 93: A troll-woman.]
+
+    [Footnote 94: Shield.]
+
+
+�GER'S FEAST.
+
+How shall gold be named? It may be called fire; the needles of Glaser;
+Sif's hair; Fulla's head-gear; Freyja's tears; the chatter, talk or word
+of the giants; Draupner's drop; Draupner's rain or shower; Freyja's
+eyes; the otter-ransom, or stroke-ransom, of the asas; the seed of
+Fyrisvold; Holge's how-roof; the fire of all waters and of the hand;
+or the stone, rock or gleam of the hand.
+
+Why is gold called �ger's fire? The saga relating to this is, as has
+before been told, that �ger made a visit to Asgard, but when he was
+ready to return home he invited Odin and all the asas to come and pay
+him a visit after the lapse of three months. On this journey went Odin,
+Njord, Frey, Tyr, Brage, Vidar, Loke; and also the asynjes, Frigg,
+Freyja, Gefjun, Skade, Idun, Sif. Thor was not there, for he had gone
+eastward to fight trolls. When the gods had taken their seats, �ger let
+his servants bring in on the hall floor bright gold, which shone and
+lighted up the whole hall like fire, just as the swords in Valhal are
+used instead of fire. Then Loke bandied hasty words with all the gods,
+and slew �ger's thrall who was called Fimafeng. The name of his other
+thrall is Elder. The name of �ger's wife is Ran, and they have nine
+daughters, as has before been written. At this feast all things passed
+around spontaneously, both food and ale and all the utensils needed for
+the feasting. Then the asas became aware that Ran had a net in which she
+caught all men who perish at sea. Then the saga goes on telling how it
+happens that gold is called the fire, or light or brightness of �ger, of
+Ran, or of �ger's daughters; and from these periphrases it is allowed to
+call gold the fire of the sea, or of any of the periphrases of the sea,
+since �ger and Ran are found in periphrases of the sea; and thus gold is
+now called the fire of waters, of rivers, or of all the periphrases of
+rivers. But these names have fared like other periphrases. The younger
+skald has composed poetry after the pattern of the old skalds, imitating
+their songs; but afterward they have expanded the metaphors whenever
+they thought they could improve upon what was sung before; and thus the
+water is the sea, the river is the lakes, the brook is the river. Hence
+all the figures that are expanded more than what has before been found
+are called new tropes, and all seem good that contain likelihood and are
+natural. Thus sang the skald Brage:
+
+  From the king I received
+  The fire of the brook.
+  This the king gave to me
+  And a head with song.
+
+Why is gold called the needles or leaves of Glaser? In Asgard, before
+the doors of Valhal, stands a grove which is called Glaser, and all its
+leaves are of red gold, as is here sung:
+
+  Glaser stands
+  With golden leaves
+  Before Sigtyr's halls.
+
+This is the fairest forest among gods and men.
+
+
+LOKE'S WAGER WITH THE DWARFS.
+
+Why is gold called Sif's hair? Loke Laufey's son had once craftily cut
+all the hair off Sif; but when Thor found it out he seized Loke, and
+would have broken every bone in him, had he not pledged himself with an
+oath to get the swarthy elves to make for Sif a hair of gold that should
+grow like other hair. Then went Loke to the dwarfs that are called
+Ivald's sons, and they made the hair and Skidbladner, and the spear that
+Odin owned and is called Gungner. Thereupon Loke wagered his head with
+the dwarf, who hight Brok, that his brother Sindre would not be able to
+make three other treasures equally as good as these were. But when they
+came to the smithy, Sindre laid a pig-skin in the furnace and requested
+Brok to blow the bellows, and not to stop blowing before he (Sindre) had
+taken out of the furnace what he had put into it. As soon, however, as
+Sindre had gone out of the smithy and Brok was blowing, a fly lighted on
+his hand and stung him; but he kept on blowing as before until the smith
+had taken the work out of the furnace. That was now a boar, and its
+bristles were of gold. Thereupon he laid gold in the furnace, and
+requested Brok to blow, and not to stop plying the bellows before he
+came back. He went out; but then came the fly and lighted on his neck
+and stung him still worse; but he continued to work the bellows until
+the smith took out of the furnace the gold ring called Draupner. Then
+Sindre placed iron in the furnace, and requested Brok to work the
+bellows, adding that otherwise all would be worthless. Now the fly
+lighted between his eyes and stung his eye-lids, and as the blood ran
+down into his eyes so that he could not see, he let go of the bellows
+just for a moment and drove the fly away with his hands. Then the smith
+came back and said that all that lay in the furnace came near being
+entirely spoiled. Thereupon he took a hammer out of the furnace. All
+these treasures he then placed in the hands of his brother Brok, and
+bade him go with Loke to Asgard to fetch the wager. When Loke and Brok
+brought forth the treasures, the gods seated themselves upon their
+doom-steads. It was agreed to abide by the decision which should be
+pronounced by Odin, Thor and Frey. Loke gave to Odin the spear Gungner,
+to Thor the hair, which Sif was to have, and to Frey, Skidbladner; and
+he described the qualities of all these treasures, stating that the
+spear never would miss its mark, that the hair would grow as soon as it
+was placed on Sif s head, and that Skidbladner would always have fair
+wind as soon as the sails were hoisted, no matter where its owner
+desired to go; besides, the ship could be folded together like a napkin
+and be carried in his pocket if he desired. Then Brok produced his
+treasures. He gave to Odin the ring, saying that every ninth night eight
+other rings as heavy as it would drop from it; to Frey he gave the boar,
+stating that it would run through the air and over seas, by night or by
+day, faster than any horse; and never could it become so dark in the
+night, or in the worlds of darkness, but that it would be light where
+this boar was present, so bright shone his bristles. Then he gave to
+Thor the hammer, and said that he might strike with it as hard as he
+pleased; no matter what was before him, the hammer would take no scathe,
+and wherever he might throw it he would never lose it; it would never
+fly so far that it did not return to his hand; and if he desired, it
+would become so small that he might conceal it in his bosom; but it had
+one fault, which was, that the handle was rather short. The decision of
+the gods was, that the hammer was the best of all these treasures and
+the greatest protection against the frost-giants, and they declared that
+the dwarf had fairly won the wager. Then Loke offered to ransom his
+head. The dwarf answered saying there was no hope for him on that score.
+Take me, then! said Loke; but when the dwarf was to seize him Loke was
+far away, for he had the shoes with which he could run through the air
+and over the sea. Then the dwarf requested Thor to seize him, and he did
+so. Now the dwarf wanted to cut the head off Loke, but Loke said that
+the head was his, but not the neck. Then the dwarf took thread and a
+knife and wanted to pierce holes in Loke's lips, so as to sew his mouth
+together, but the knife would not cut. Then said he, it would be better
+if he had his brother's awl, and as soon as he named it the awl was
+there and it pierced Loke's lips. Now Brok sewed Loke's mouth together,
+and broke off the thread at the end of the sewing. The thread with which
+the mouth of Loke was sewed together is called Vartare (a strap).
+
+
+THE NIFLUNGS AND GJUKUNGS.
+
+The following is the reason why gold is called otter-ransom: It is
+related that three asas went abroad to learn to know the whole world,
+Odin, Honer and Loke. They came to a river, and walked along the
+river-bank to a force, and near the force was an otter. The otter had
+caught a salmon in the force, and sat eating it with his eyes closed.
+Loke picked up a stone, threw it at the otter and hit him in the head.
+Loke bragged of his chase, for he had secured an otter and a salmon with
+one throw. They took the salmon and the otter with them, and came to a
+byre, where they entered. But the name of the bonde who lived there was
+Hreidmar. He was a mighty man, and thoroughly skilled in the black art.
+The asas asked for night-lodgings, stating that they had plenty of food,
+and showed the bonde their game. But when Hreidmar saw the otter he
+called his sons, Fafner and Regin, and said that Otter, their brother,
+was slain, and also told who had done it. Then the father and the sons
+attacked the asas, seized them and bound them, and then said, in
+reference to the otter, that he was Hreidmar's son. The asas offered,
+as a ransom for their lives, as much money as Hreidmar himself might
+demand, and this was agreed to, and confirmed with an oath. Then the
+otter was flayed. Hreidmar took the otter-belg and said to them that
+they should fill the belg with red gold, and then cover it with the same
+metal, and when this was done they should be set free. Thereupon Odin
+sent Loke to the home of the swarthy elves, and he came to the dwarf
+whose name is Andvare, and who lived as a fish, in the water. Loke
+caught him in his hands, and demanded of him, as a ransom for his life,
+all the gold that he had in his rock. And when they entered the rock,
+the dwarf produced all the gold that he owned, and that was a very large
+amount. Then the dwarf concealed in his hand a small gold ring. Loke saw
+this, and requested him to hand forth the ring. The dwarf begged him not
+to take the ring away from him, for with this ring he could increase his
+wealth again if he kept it. Loke said the dwarf should not keep as much
+as a penny, took the ring from him and went out. But the dwarf said that
+that ring should be the bane of every one who possessed it. Loke replied
+that he was glad of this, and said that all should be fulfilled
+according to his prophecy: he would take care to bring the curse to the
+ears of him who was to receive it. He went to Hreidmar and showed Odin
+the gold; but when the latter saw the ring, it seemed to him a fair one,
+and he took it and put it aside, giving Hreidmar the rest of the gold.
+They filled the otter-belg as full as it would hold, and raised it up
+when it was full. Then came Odin, and was to cover the belg with gold;
+and when this was done, he requested Hreidmar to come and see whether
+the belg was sufficiently covered. But Hreidmar looked at it, examined
+it closely, and saw a mouth-hair, and demanded that it should be
+covered, too, otherwise the agreement would be broken. Then Odin brought
+forth the ring and covered with it the mouth-hair, saying that now they
+had paid the otter-ransom. But when Odin had taken his spear, and Loke
+his shoes, so that they had nothing more to fear, Loke said that the
+curse that Andvare had pronounced should be fulfilled, and that the ring
+and that gold should be the bane of its possessor; and this curse was
+afterward fulfilled. This explains why gold is called the otter-ransom,
+or forced payment of the asas, or strife-metal.
+
+What more is there to be told of this gold? Hreidmar accepted the gold
+as a ransom for his son, but Fafner and Regin demanded their share of it
+as a ransom for their brother. Hreidmar was, however, unwilling to give
+them as much as a penny of it. Then the brothers made an agreement to
+kill their father for the sake of the gold. When this was done, Regin
+demanded that Fafner should give him one half of it. Fafner answered
+that there was but little hope that he would share the gold with his
+brother, since he had himself slain his father to obtain it; and he
+commanded Regin to get him gone, for else the same thing would happen to
+him as had happened to Hreidmar. Fafner had taken the sword hight
+Hrotte, and the helmet which had belonged to his father, and the latter
+he had placed on his head. This was called the �ger's helmet, and it was
+a terror to all living to behold it. Regin had the sword called Refil.
+With it he fled. But Fafner went to Gnita-heath (the glittering heath),
+where he made himself a bed, took on him the likeness of a serpent
+(dragon), and lay brooding over the gold.
+
+Regin then went to Thjode, to king Hjalprek, and became his smith. There
+he undertook the fostering of Sigurd (Sigfrid), the son of Sigmund, the
+son of Volsung and the son of Hjordis, the daughter of Eylime. Sigurd
+was the mightiest of all the kings of hosts, in respect to both family
+and power and mind. Regin explained to him where Fafner was lying on the
+gold, and egged him on to try to get possession thereof. Then Regin made
+the sword which is hight Gram (wrath), and which was so sharp that when
+Sigurd held it in the flowing stream it cut asunder a tuft of wool which
+the current carried down against the sword's edge. In the next place,
+Sigurd cut with his sword Regin's anvil in twain. Thereupon Sigurd and
+Regin repaired to Gnita-heath. Here Sigurd dug a ditch in Fafner's path
+and sat down in it; so when Fafner crept to the water and came directly
+over this ditch, Sigurd pierced him with the sword, and this thrust
+caused his death. Then Regin came and declared that Sigurd had slain his
+brother, and demanded of him as a ransom that he should cut out Fafner's
+heart and roast it on the fire; but Regin kneeled down, drank Fafner's
+blood, and laid himself down to sleep. While Sigurd was roasting the
+heart, and thought that it must be done, he touched it with his finger
+to see how tender it was; but the fat oozed out of the heart and onto
+his finger and burnt it, so that he thrust his finger into his mouth.
+The heart-blood came in contact with his tongue, which made him
+comprehend the speech of birds, and he understood what the eagles said
+that were sitting in the trees. One of the birds said:
+
+  There sits Sigurd,
+  Stained with blood.
+  On the fire is roasting
+  Fafner's heart.
+  Wise seemed to me
+  The ring-destroyer,
+  If he the shining
+  Heart would eat.
+
+Another eagle sang:
+
+  There lies Regin,
+  Contemplating
+  How to deceive the man
+  Who trusts him;
+  Thinks in his wrath
+  Of false accusations.
+  The evil smith plots
+  Revenge 'gainst the brother.[95]
+
+    [Footnote 95: Elder Edda: the Lay of Fafner, 32, 33.]
+
+Then Sigurd went to Regin and slew him, and thereupon he mounted his
+horse hight Grane, and rode until he came to Fafner's bed, took out all
+the gold, packed it in two bags and laid it on Grane's back, then got on
+himself and rode away. Now is told the saga according to which gold is
+called Fafner's bed or lair, the metal of Gnita-heath, or Grane's
+burden.
+
+Then Sigurd rode on until he found a house on the mountain. In it slept
+a woman clad in helmet and coat-of-mail. He drew his sword and cut the
+coat-of-mail off from her. Then she awaked and called herself Hild. Her
+name was Brynhild, and she was a valkyrie. Thence Sigurd rode on and
+came to the king whose name was Gjuke. His wife was called Grimhild, and
+their children were Gunnar, Hogne, Gudrun, Gudny; Gothorm was Gjuke's
+step-son. Here Sigurd remained a long time. Then he got the hand of
+Gudrun, Gjuke's daughter, and Gunnar and Hogne entered into a sworn
+brotherhood with Sigurd. Afterward Sigurd and the sons of Gjuke went to
+Atle, Budle's son, to ask for his sister, Brynhild, for Gunnar's wife.
+She sat on Hindfell, and her hall was surrounded by the bickering flame
+called the Vafurloge, and she had made a solemn promise not to wed any
+other man than him who dared to ride through the bickering flame. Then
+Sigurd and the Gjukungs (they are also called Niflungs) rode upon the
+mountain, and there Gunnar was to ride through the Vafurloge. He had the
+horse that was called Gote, but this horse did not dare to run into the
+flame. So Sigurd and Gunnar changed form and weapons, for Grane would
+not take a step under any other man than Sigurd. Then Sigurd mounted
+Grane and rode through the bickering flame. That same evening he held a
+wedding with Brynhild; but when they went to bed he drew his sword Gram
+from the sheath and placed it between them. In the morning when he had
+arisen, and had donned his clothes, he gave to Brynhild, as a bridal
+gift, the gold ring that Loke had taken from Andvare, and he received
+another ring as a memento from her. Then Sigurd mounted his horse and
+rode to his companions. He and Gunnar exchanged forms again and went
+back to Gjuke with Brynhild. Sigurd had two children with Gudrun. Their
+names were Sigmund and Swanhild.
+
+Once it happened that Brynhild and Gudrun went to the water to wash
+their hair. When they came to the river Brynhild waded from the river
+bank into the stream, and said that she could not bear to have that
+water in her hair that ran from Gudrun's hair, for she had a more
+high-minded husband. Then Gudrun followed her into the stream, and said
+that she was entitled to wash her hair farther up the stream than
+Brynhild, for the reason that she had the husband who was bolder than
+Gunnar, or any other man in the world; for it was he who slew Fafner and
+Regin, and inherited the wealth of both. Then answered Brynhild: A
+greater deed it was that Gunnar rode through the Vafurloge, which Sigurd
+did not dare to do. Then laughed Gudrun and said: Do you think it was
+Gunnar who rode through the bickering flame? Then I think you shared the
+bed with him who gave me this gold ring. The gold ring which you have on
+your finger, and which you received as a bridal-gift, is called
+Andvaranaut (Andvare's Gift), and I do not think Gunnar got it on
+Gnita-heath. Then Brynhild became silent and went home. Thereupon she
+egged Gunnar and Hogne to kill Sigurd; but being sworn brothers of
+Sigurd, they egged Guthorm, their brother, to slay Sigurd. Guthorm
+pierced him with his sword while he was sleeping; but as soon as Sigurd
+was wounded he threw his sword, Gram, after Guthorm, so that it cut him
+in twain through the middle. There Sigurd fell, and his son, three
+winters old, by name Sigmund, whom they also killed. Then Brynhild
+pierced herself with the sword and was cremated with Sigurd. But Gunnar
+and Hogne inherited Fafner's gold and the Gift of Andvare, and now ruled
+the lands.
+
+King Atle, Budle's son, Brynhild's brother, then got in marriage Gudrun,
+who had been Sigurd's wife, and they had children. King Atle invited
+Gunnar and Hogne to visit him, and they accepted his invitation. But
+before they started on their journey they concealed Fafner's hoard in
+the Rhine, and that gold has never since been found. King Atle had
+gathered together an army and fought a battle with Gunnar and Hogne, and
+they were captured. Atle had the heart cut out of Hogne alive. This was
+his death. Gunnar he threw into a den of snakes, but a harp was secretly
+brought to him, and he played the harp with his toes (for his hands were
+fettered), so that all the snakes fell asleep excepting the adder, which
+rushed at him and bit him in the breast, and then thrust its head into
+the wound and clung to his liver until he died. Gunnar and Hogne are
+called Niflungs (Niblungs) and Gjukungs. Hence gold is called the
+Niflung treasure or inheritance. A little later Gudrun slew her two sons
+and made from their skulls goblets trimmed with gold, and thereupon the
+funeral ceremonies took place. At the feast, Gudrun poured for King Atle
+in these goblets mead that was mixed with the blood of the youths. Their
+hearts she roasted and gave to the king to eat. When this was done she
+told him all about it, with many unkind words. There was no lack of
+strong mead, so that the most of the people sitting there fell asleep.
+On that night she went to the king when he had fallen asleep, and had
+with her her son Hogne. They slew him, and thus he ended his life. Then
+they set fire to the hall, and with it all the people who were in it
+were burned. Then she went to the sea and sprang into the water to drown
+herself; but she was carried across the fjord, and came to the land
+which belonged to King Jonaker. When he saw her he took her home and
+made her his wife. They had three children, whose names were Sorle,
+Hamder and Erp. They all had hair as black as ravens, like Gunnar and
+Hogne and the other Niflungs.
+
+There was fostered Swanhild, the daughter of Sigurd, and she was the
+fairest of all women. That Jormunrek, the rich, found out. He sent his
+son, Randver, to ask for her hand for him; and when he came to Jonaker,
+Swanhild was delivered to him, so that he might bring her to King
+Jormunrek. Then said Bikke that it would be more fitting that Randver
+should marry Swanhild, he being young and she too, but Jormunrek being
+old. This plan pleased the two young people well. Soon afterward Bikke
+informed the king of it, and so King Jormunrek seized his son and had
+him brought to the gallows. Then Randver took his hawk, plucked the
+feathers off him, and requested that it should be sent to his father,
+whereupon he was hanged. But when King Jormunrek saw the hawk, it came
+to his mind that as the hawk was flightless and featherless, so his
+kingdom was without preservation; for he was old and sonless. Then King
+Jormunrek riding out of the woods from the chase with his courtiers,
+while Queen Swanhild sat dressing her hair, had the courtiers ride onto
+her, and she was trampled to death beneath the feet of the horses. When
+Gudrun heard of this, she begged her sons to avenge Swanhild. While they
+were busking themselves for the journey, she brought them byrnies and
+helmets, so strong that iron could not scathe them. She laid the plan
+for them, that when they came to King Jormunrek, they should attack him
+in the night whilst he was sleeping. Sorle and Hamder should cut off his
+hands and feet, and Erp his head. On the way they asked Erp what
+assistance they were to get from him, when they came to King Jormunrek.
+He answered them that he would give them such assistance as the hand
+gives the foot. They said that the feet got no support from the hands
+whatsoever. They were angry at their mother, because she had forced them
+to undertake this journey with harsh words, and hence they were going to
+do that which would displease her most. So they killed Erp, for she
+loved him the most. A little later, while Sorle was walking, he slipped
+with one foot, and in falling supported himself with his hands. Then
+said he: Now the hands helped the foot; better were it now if Erp were
+living. When they came to Jormunrek, the king, in the night, while he
+was sleeping, they cut off both his hands and his feet. Then he awaked,
+called his men and bade them arise. Said Hamder then: The head would now
+have been off had Erp lived. The courtiers got up, attacked them, but
+could not overcome them with weapons. Then Jormunrek cried to them that
+they should stone them to death. This was done, Sorle and Hamder fell,
+and thus perished the last descendants of Gjuke.
+
+After King Sigurd lived a daughter hight Aslaug, who was fostered at
+Heimer's in Hlymdaler. From her mighty races are descended. It is said
+that Sigmund, the son of Volsung, was so powerful, that he drank venom
+and received no harm therefrom. But Sinfjotle, his son, and Sigurd, were
+so hard-skinned that no venom coming onto them could harm them.
+Therefore the skald Brage has sung as follows:
+
+  When the tortuous serpent,
+  Full of the drink of the Volsungs,[96]
+  Hung in coils
+  On the bait of the giant-slayer,[97]
+
+Upon these sagas very many skalds have made lays, and from them they
+have taken various themes. Brage the Old made the following song about
+the fall of Sorle and Hamder in the drapa, which he composed about
+Ragnar Lodbrok:
+
+  Jormunrek once,
+  In an evil dream, waked
+  In that sword-contest
+  Against the blood-stained kings.
+  A clashing of arms was heard
+  In the house of Randver's father,
+  When the raven-blue brothers of Erp
+  The insult avenged.
+
+  Sword-dew flowed
+  Off the bed on the floor.
+  Bloody hands and feet of the king
+  One saw cut off.
+  On his head fell Jormunrek,
+  Frothing in blood.
+  On the shield
+  This is painted.
+
+  The king saw
+  Men so stand
+  That a ring they made
+  'Round his house.
+  Sorle and Hamder
+  Were both at once,
+  With slippery stones,
+  Struck to the ground.
+
+  King Jormunrek
+  Ordered Gjuke's descendants
+  Violently to be stoned
+  When they came to take the life
+  Of Swanhild's husband.
+  All sought to pay
+  Jonaker's sons
+  With blows and wounds.
+
+  This fall of men
+  And sagas many
+  On the fair shield I see.
+  Ragnar gave me the shield.
+
+    [Footnote 96: The drink of the Volsungs = venom; the tortuous
+    venom-serpent = the Midgard-serpent.]
+
+    [Footnote 97: Thor.]
+
+
+MENJA AND FENJA.
+
+Why is gold called Frode's meal? The saga giving rise to this is the
+following:
+
+Odin had a son by name Skjold, from whom the Skjoldungs are descended.
+He had his throne and ruled in the lands that are now called Denmark,
+but were then called Gotland. Skjold had a son by name Fridleif, who
+ruled the lands after him. Fridleif's son was Frode. He took the kingdom
+after his father, at the time when the Emperor Augustus established
+peace in all the earth and Christ was born. But Frode being the
+mightiest king in the northlands, this peace was attributed to him by
+all who spake the Danish tongue, and the Norsemen called it the peace of
+Frode. No man injured the other, even though he might meet, loose or in
+chains, his father's or brother's bane. There was no thief or robber, so
+that a gold ring would be a long time on Jalanger's heath. King Frode
+sent messengers to Svithjod, to the king whose name was Fjolner, and
+bought there two maid-servants, whose names were Fenja and Menja. They
+were large and strong. About this time were found in Denmark two
+mill-stones, so large that no one had the strength to turn them. But the
+nature belonged to these mill-stones that they ground whatever was
+demanded of them by the miller. The name of this mill was Grotte. But
+the man to whom King Frode gave the mill was called Hengekjapt. King
+Frode had the maid-servants led to the mill, and requested them to grind
+for him gold and peace, and Frode's happiness. Then he gave them no
+longer time to rest or sleep than while the cuckoo was silent or while
+they sang a song. It is said that they sang the song called the
+Grottesong, and before they ended it they ground out a host against
+Frode; so that on the same night there came the sea-king, whose name was
+Mysing, and slew Frode and took a large amount of booty. Therewith the
+Frode-peace ended. Mysing took with him Grotte, and also Fenja and
+Menja, and bade them grind salt, and in the middle of the night they
+asked Mysing whether he did not have salt enough. He bade them grind
+more. They ground only a short time longer before the ship sank. But in
+the ocean arose a whirlpool (Maelstrom, mill-stream) in the place where
+the sea runs into the mill-eye. Thus the sea became salt.
+
+
+THE GROTTESONG.
+
+  Now are come
+  To the house of the king
+  The prescient two,
+  Fenja and Menja.
+  There must the mighty
+  Maidens toil
+  For King Frode,
+  Fridleif's son.
+
+  Brought to the mill
+  Soon they were;
+  The gray stones
+  They had to turn.
+  Nor rest nor peace
+  He gave to them:
+  He would hear the maidens
+  Turn the mill.
+
+  They turned the mill,
+  The prattling stones
+  The mill ever rattling.
+  What a noise it made!
+  Lay the planks!
+  Lift the stones![98]
+  But he[99] bade the maids
+  Yet more to grind.
+
+  They sang and swung
+  The swift mill-stone,
+  So that Frode's folk
+  Fell asleep.
+  Then, when she came
+  To the mill to grind,
+  With a hard heart
+  And with loud voice
+  Did Menja sing:
+
+  We grind for Frode
+  Wealth and happiness,
+  And gold abundant
+  On the mill of luck.
+  Dance on roses!
+  Sleep on down!
+  Wake when you please!
+  That is well ground.
+
+  Here shall no one
+  Hurt the other,
+  Nor in ambush lie,
+  Nor seek to kill;
+  Nor shall any one
+  With sharp sword hew,
+  Though bound he should find
+  His brother's bane.
+
+  They stood in the hall,
+  Their hands were resting;
+  Then was it the first
+  Word that he spoke:
+  Sleep not longer
+  Than the cuckoo on the hall,
+  Or only while
+  A song I sing:
+
+  Frode! you were not
+  Wary enough,--
+  You friend of men,--
+  When maids you bought!
+  At their strength you looked,
+  And at their fair faces,
+  But you asked no questions
+  About their descent.
+
+  Hard was Hrungner
+  And his father;
+  Yet was Thjasse
+  Stronger than they,
+  And Ide and Orner,
+  Our friends, and
+  The mountain-giants' brothers,
+  Who fostered us two.
+
+  Not would Grotte have come
+  From the mountain gray,
+  Nor this hard stone
+  Out from the earth;
+  The maids of the mountain-giants
+  Would not thus be grinding
+  If we two knew
+  Nothing of the mill.
+
+  Through winters nine
+  Our strength increased,
+  While below the sod
+  We played together.
+  Great deeds were the maids
+  Able to perform;
+  Mountains they
+  From their places moved.
+
+  The stone we rolled
+  From the giants' dwelling,
+  So that all the earth
+  Did rock and quake.
+  So we hurled
+  The rattling stone,
+  The heavy block,
+  That men caught it.
+
+  In Svithjod's land
+  Afterward we
+  Fire-wise women,
+  Fared to the battle,
+  Byrnies we burst,
+  Shields we cleaved,
+  Made our way
+  Through gray-clad hosts.
+
+  One chief we slew,
+  Another we aided,--
+  To Guthorm the Good
+  Help we gave.
+  Ere Knue had fallen
+  Nor rest we got.
+  Then bound we were
+  And taken prisoners.
+
+  Such were our deeds
+  In former days,
+  That we heroes brave
+  Were thought to be.
+  With spears sharp
+  Heroes we pierced,
+  So the gore did run
+  And our swords grew red.
+
+  Now we are come
+  To the house of the king,
+  No one us pities.
+  Bond-women are we.
+  Dirt eats our feet,
+  Our limbs are cold,
+  The peace-giver[100] we turn.
+  Hard it is at Frode's.
+
+  The hands shall stop,
+  The stone shall stand;
+  Now have I ground
+  For my part enough.
+  Yet to the hands
+  No rest must be given,
+  'Till Frode thinks
+  Enough has been ground.
+
+  Now hold shall the hands
+  The lances hard,
+  The weapons bloody,--
+  Wake now, Frode!
+  Wake now, Frode!
+  If you would listen
+  To our songs,--
+  To sayings old.
+
+  Fire I see burn
+  East of the burg,--
+  The warnews are awake.
+  That is called warning.
+  A host hither
+  Hastily approaches
+  To burn the king's
+  Lofty dwelling.
+
+  No longer you will sit
+  On the throne of Hleidra
+  And rule o'er red
+  Rings and the mill.
+  Now must we grind
+  With all our might,
+  No warmth will we get
+  From the blood of the slain.
+
+  Now my father's daughter
+  Bravely turns the mill.
+  The death of many
+  Men she sees.
+  Now broke the large
+  Braces 'neath the mill,--
+  The iron-bound braces.
+  Let us yet grind!
+
+  Let us yet grind!
+  Yrsa's son
+  Shall on Frode revenge
+  Halfdan's death.
+  He shall Yrsa's
+  Offspring be named,
+  And yet Yrsa's brother.
+  Both of us know it.
+
+  The mill turned the maidens,--
+  Their might they tested;
+  Young they were,
+  And giantesses wild.
+  The braces trembled.
+  Then fell the mill,--
+  In twain was broken
+  The heavy stone.
+
+  All the old world
+  Shook and trembled,
+  But the giant's maid
+  Speedily said:
+  We have turned the mill, Frode!
+  Now we may stop.
+  By the mill long enough
+  The maidens have stood.
+
+    [Footnote 98: These words are spoken by the maidens while they put
+    the mill together.]
+
+    [Footnote 99: Frode.]
+
+    [Footnote 100: The mill.]
+
+
+ROLF KRAKE.
+
+A king in Denmark hight Rolf Krake, and was the most famous of all kings
+of olden times; moreover, he was more mild, brave and condescending than
+all other men. A proof of his condescension, which is very often spoken
+of in olden stories, was the following: There was a poor little fellow
+by name Vog. He once came into King Rolf's hall while the king was yet a
+young man, and of rather delicate growth. Then Vog went before him and
+looked up at him. Then said the king: What do you mean to say, my
+fellow, by looking so at me? Answered Vog: When I was at home I heard
+people say that King Rolf, at Hleidra, was the greatest man in the
+northlands, but now sits here in the high-seat a little crow (krake),
+and it they call their king. Then made answer the king: You, my fellow,
+have given me a name, and I shall henceforth be called Rolf Krake, but
+it is customary that a gift accompanies the name. Seeing that you have
+no gift that you can give me with the name, or that would be suitable to
+me, then he who has must give to the other. Then he took a gold ring off
+his hand and gave it to the churl. Then said Vog: You give as the best
+king of all, and therefore I now pledge myself to become the bane of him
+who becomes your bane. Said the king, laughing: A small thing makes Vog
+happy.
+
+Another example is told of Rolf Krake's bravery. In Upsala reigned a
+king by name Adils, whose wife was Yrsa, Rolf Krake's mother. He was
+engaged in a war with Norway's king, Ale. They fought a battle on the
+ice of the lake called Wenern. King Adils sent a message to Rolf Krake,
+his stepson, asking him to come and help him, and promising to furnish
+pay for his whole army during the campaign. Furthermore King Rolf
+himself should have any three treasures that he might choose in Sweden.
+But Rolf Krake could not go to his assistance, on account of the war
+which he was then waging against the Saxons. Still he sent twelve
+berserks to King Adils. Among them were Bodvar Bjarke, Hjalte the
+Valiant, Hvitserk the Keen, Vot, Vidsete, and the brothers Svipday and
+Beigud. In that war fell King Ale and a large part of his army. Then
+King Adils took from the dead King Ale the helmet called Hildesvin, and
+his horse called Rafn. Then the berserks each demanded three pounds of
+gold in pay for their service, and also asked for the treasures which
+they had chosen for Rolf Krake, and which they now desired to bring to
+him. These were the helmet Hildegolt; the byrnie Finnsleif, which no
+steel could scathe; and the gold ring called Sviagris, which had
+belonged to Adils' forefathers. But the king refused to surrender any of
+these treasures, nor did he give the berserks any pay. The berserks then
+returned home, and were much dissatisfied. They reported all to King
+Rolf, who straightway busked himself to fare against Upsala; and when he
+came with his ships into the river Fyre, he rode against Upsala, and
+with him his twelve berserks, all peaceless. Yrsa, his mother, received
+him and took him to his lodgings, but not to the king's hall. Large
+fires were kindled for them, and ale was brought them to drink. Then
+came King Adils' men in and bore fuel onto the fireplace, and made a
+fire so great that it burnt the clothes of Rolf and his berserks,
+saying: Is it true that neither fire nor steel will put Rolf Krake and
+his berserks to flight? Then Rolf Krake and all his men sprang up, and
+he said:
+
+  Let us increase the blaze
+  In Adils' chambers.
+
+He took his shield and cast it into the fire, and sprang over the fire
+while the shield was burning, and cried:
+
+  From the fire flees not he
+  Who over it leaps.
+
+The same did also his men, one after the other, and then they took those
+who had put fuel on the fire and cast them into it. Now Yrsa came and
+handed Rolf Krake a deer's horn full of gold, and with it she gave him
+the ring Sviagris, and requested them to ride straightway to their army.
+They sprang upon their horses and rode away over the Fyrisvold. Then
+they saw that King Adils was riding after them with his whole army, all
+armed, and was going to slay them. Rolf Krake took gold out of the horn
+with his right hand, and scattered it over the whole way. But when the
+Swedes saw it they leaped out of their saddles, and each one took as
+much as he could. King Adils bade them ride, and he himself rode on with
+all his might. The name of his horse was Slungner, the fastest of all
+horses. When Rolf Krake saw that King Adils was riding near him, he took
+the ring Sviagris and threw it to him, asking him to take it as a gift.
+King Adils rode to the ring, picked it up with the end of his spear, and
+let it slide down to his hand. Then Rolf Krake turned round and saw that
+the other was stooping. Said he: Like a swine I have now bended the
+foremost of all Swedes. Thus they parted. Hence gold is called the seed
+of Krake or of Fyrisvold.
+
+
+HOGNE AND HILD.
+
+A king by name Hogne had a daughter by name Hild. Her a king, by name
+Hedin, son of Hjarrande, made a prisoner of war, while King Hogne had
+fared to the trysting of the kings. But when he learned that there had
+been harrying in his kingdom, and that his daughter had been taken away,
+he rode with his army in search of Hedin, and learned that he had sailed
+northward along the coast. When King Hogne came to Norway, he found out
+that Hedin had sailed westward into the sea. Then Hogne sailed after him
+to the Orkneys. And when he came to the island called Ha, then Hedin was
+there before him with his host. Then Hild went to meet her father, and
+offered him as a reconciliation from Hedin a necklace; but if he was not
+willing to accept this, she said that Hedin was prepared for a battle,
+and Hogne might expect no clemency from him. Hogne answered his daughter
+harshly. When she returned to Hedin, she told him that Hogne would not
+be reconciled, and bade him busk himself for the battle. And so both
+parties did; they landed on the island and marshaled their hosts. Then
+Hedin called to Hogne, his father-in-law, offering him a reconciliation
+and much gold as a ransom. Hogne answered: Too late do you offer to make
+peace with me, for now I have drawn the sword Dainsleif, which was
+smithied by the dwarfs, and must be the death of a man whenever it is
+drawn; its blows never miss the mark, and the wounds made by it never
+heal. Said Hedin: You boast the sword, but not the victory. That I call
+a good sword that is always faithful to its master. Then they began the
+battle which is called the Hjadninga-vig (the slaying of the
+Hedin_ians_); they fought the whole day, and in the evening the kings
+fared back to their ships. But in the night Hild went to the
+battlefield, and waked up with sorcery all the dead that had fallen. The
+next day the kings went to the battlefield and fought, and so did also
+all they who had fallen the day before. Thus the battle continued from
+day to day; and all they who fell, and all the swords that lay on the
+field of battle, and all the shields, became stone. But as soon as day
+dawned all the dead arose again and fought, and all the weapons became
+new again, and in songs it is said that the Hjadnings will so continue
+until Ragnarok.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+ENEA.
+
+The Enea mentioned in the Foreword to Gylfe's Fooling refers to the
+settlement of western Europe, where �neas is said to have founded a city
+on the Tiber. Bergmann, however, in his Fascination de Gulfi, page 28,
+refers it to the Thracian town Ainos.
+
+
+HERIKON.
+
+Herikon is undoubtedly a mutilated form for Erichthonios. The genealogy
+here given corresponds with the one given in the Iliad, Book 20, 215.
+
+
+THE HISTORICAL ODIN.
+
+The historical or anthropomorphized Odin, described in the Foreword to
+the Fooling of Gylfe, becomes interesting when we compare it with
+Snorre's account of that hero in Heimskringla, and then compare both
+accounts with the Roman traditions about �neas. Of course the whole
+story is only a myth; but we should remember that in the minds and
+hearts of our ancestors it served every purpose of genuine history. Our
+fathers accepted it in as good faith as any Christian ever believed in
+the gospel of Christ, and so it had a similar influence in moulding the
+social, religious, political and literary life of our ancestors. We
+become interested in this legend as much as if it were genuine history,
+on account of the influence it wielded upon the minds and hearts of a
+race destined to act so great a part in the social, religious and
+political drama of Europe. We look into this and other ancestral myths,
+and see mirrored in them all that we afterward find to be reliable
+history of the old Teutons. In the same manner we are interested in the
+story told about Romulus and Remus, about Mars and the wolf. This Roman
+myth is equally prophetic in reference to the future career of Rome. The
+warlike Mars, the rapacity of the wolf, and the fratricide Romulus, form
+a mirror in which we see reflected the whole historical development of
+the Romans; so that the story of Romulus is a vest-pocket edition of the
+history of Rome.
+
+There are many points of resemblance between this old story of Odin and
+the account that Virgil gives us of �neas, the founder of the Latin
+race; and it is believed that, while Virgil imitated Homer, he based his
+poem upon a legend current among his countrymen. The Greeks in Virgil's
+poem are Pompey and the Romans in our Teutonic story. The Trojans
+correspond to Mithridates and his allies. �neas and Odin are identical.
+Just as Odin, a heroic defender of Mithridates, after traversing various
+unknown countries, finally reaches the north of Europe, organizes the
+various Teutonic kingdoms, settles his sons upon the thrones of Germany,
+England, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, and instructs his people to gather
+strength and courage, so as eventually to take revenge on the cursed
+Romans; so �neas, one of the most valiant defenders of Troy, after many
+adventures in various lands, at length settles in Italy, and becomes the
+founder of a race that in course of time is to wreak vengeance upon the
+Greeks. The prophecy contained in the Roman legend was fulfilled by
+Metellus and Mummius, in the years 147 and 146 before Christ, when the
+Romans became the conquerors of Greece. The prophecy contained in our
+Teutonic legend foreshadowed with no less unrelenting necessity the
+downfall of proud Rome, when the Teutonic commander Odoacer, in the year
+476 after Christ, dethroned, not Romulus, brother of Remus, but Romulus
+Augustulus, son of Orestes. Thus history repeats itself. Roman history
+begins and ends with Romulus; and we fancy we can see some connection
+between Od-in and Od-oacer. "As the twig is bent the tree is inclined."
+
+It might be interesting to institute a similar comparison between our
+Teutonic race-founder Odin and Ulysses, king of Ithaca, but the reader
+will have to do this for himself.
+
+In one respect our heroes differ. The fall of Troy and the wanderings of
+Ulysses became the theme of two great epic poems among the Greeks. The
+wanderings and adventures of �neas, son of Anchises, were fashioned into
+a lordly epic by Virgil for the Romans. But the much-traveled man, the
++an�r polutropos+, the weapons and the hero, Odin, who, driven by the
+norns, first came to Teutondom and to the Baltic shores, has not yet
+been sung. This wonderful expedition of our race-founder, which, by
+giving a historic cause to all the later hostilities and conflicts
+between the Teutons and the Romans, might, as suggested by Gibbon,
+supply the noble ground-work of an epic poem as thrilling as the �neid
+of Virgil, has not yet been woven into a song for our race, and we give
+our readers this full account of Odin from the Heimskringla in
+connection with the Foreword to Gylfe's Fooling, with the hope that
+among our readers there may be found some descendant of Odin, whose
+skaldic wings are but just fledged for the flights he hopes to take,
+who will take a draught, first from Mimer's gushing fountain, then from
+Suttung's mead, brought by Odin to Asgard, and consecrate himself and
+his talents to this legend with all the ardor of his soul. For, as
+William Morris so beautifully says of the Volsung Saga, this is the
+great story of the Teutonic race, and should be to us what the tale of
+Troy was to the Greeks, and what the tale of �neas was to the Romans,
+to all our race first and afterward, when the evolution of the world has
+made the Teutonic race nothing more than a name of what it has been; a
+story, too, then, should it be to the races that come after us, no less
+than the Iliad, and the Odyssey and the �neid have been to us.[101] We
+sincerely trust that we shall see Odin wrought into a Teutonic epic,
+that will present in grand outline the contrast between the Roman and
+the Teuton. And now we are prepared to give the Heimskringla account of
+the historical Odin. We have adopted Samuel Laing's translation, with a
+few verbal alterations where such seemed necessary.
+
+    [Footnote 101: Quoted from memory.]
+
+It is said that the earth's circle (Heimskringla), which the human race
+inhabits, is torn across into many bights, so that great seas run into
+the land from the out-ocean. Thus it is known that a great sea goes into
+Njorvasound,[102] and up to the land of Jerusalem. From the same sea a
+long sea-bight stretches toward the northeast, and is called the Black
+Sea, and divides the three parts of the earth; of which the eastern part
+is called Asia, and the western is called by some Europe, by some
+Enea.[103] Northward of the Black Sea lies Svithjod the Great,[104] or
+the Cold. The Great Svithjod is reckoned by some not less than the
+Saracens' land,[105] others compare it to the Great Blueland.[106] The
+northern part of Svithjod lies uninhabited on account of frost and cold,
+as likewise the southern parts of Blueland are waste from the burning
+sun. In Svithjod are many great domains, and many wonderful races of
+men, and many kinds of languages. There are giants,[107] and there are
+dwarfs,[108] and there are also blue men.[109] There are wild beasts and
+dreadfully large dragons. On the north side of the mountains, which lie
+outside of all inhabited lands, runs a river through Svithjod, which is
+properly called by the name of Tanais,[110] but was formerly called
+Tanaquisl or Vanaquisl, and which falls into the ocean at the Black Sea.
+The country of the people on the Vanaquisl was called Vanaland or
+Vanaheim, and the river separates the three parts of the world, of which
+the easternmost is called Asia and the westernmost Europe.
+
+    [Footnote 102: Njorvasound, the Straits of Gibraltar; so called
+    from the first Norseman who sailed through them. His name was
+    Njorve. See Ann. for nordisk Oldkyndighed, Vol. I, p. 58.]
+
+    [Footnote 103: See note, page 221.]
+
+      [Transcriber's Note:
+      The reference is to the first "Note", on Enea.]
+
+    [Footnote 104: Svithjod the Great, or the Cold, is the ancient
+    Sarmatia and Scythia Magna, and formed the great part of the
+    present European Russia. In the mythological sagas it is also
+    called Godheim; that is, the home of Odin and the other gods.
+    Svithjod the Less is Sweden proper, and is called Mannheim; that
+    is, the home of the kings, the descendants of the gods.]
+
+    [Footnote 105: The Saracens' land (Serkland) means North Africa
+    and Spain, and the Saracen countries in Asia; that is, Persia,
+    Assyria, etc.]
+
+    [Footnote 106: Blueland, the country of the blacks in Africa, the
+    country south of Serkland, the modern Ethiopia.]
+
+    [Footnote 107: Tartareans.]
+
+    [Footnote 108: Kalmuks.]
+
+    [Footnote 109: Mongolians.]
+
+    [Footnote 110: The Tanais is the present Don river, which empties
+    into the Sea of Asov.]
+
+The country east of the Tanaquisl in Asia was called Asaland or Asaheim,
+and the chief city in that land was called Asgard.[111] In that city was
+a chief called Odin, and it was a great place for sacrifice. It was the
+custom there that twelve temple-priests[112] should both direct the
+sacrifices and also judge the people. They were called priests or
+masters, and all the people served and obeyed them. Odin was a great and
+very far-traveled warrior, who conquered many kingdoms, and so
+successful was he that in every battle the victory was on his side.
+It was the belief of his people that victory belonged to him in every
+battle. It was his custom when he sent his men into battle, or on any
+expedition, that he first laid his hand upon their heads, and called
+down a blessing upon them; and then they believed their undertaking
+would be successful. His people also were accustomed, whenever they fell
+into danger by land or sea, to call upon his name; and they thought that
+always they got comfort and aid by it, for where he was they thought
+help was near. Often he went away so long that he passed many seasons on
+his journeys.
+
+    [Footnote 111: Asgard is supposed, by those who look for
+    historical fact in mythological tales, to be the present Assor;
+    others, that it is Chasgar in the Caucasian ridge, called by
+    Strabo Aspargum the Asburg, or castle of the asas. We still have
+    in the Norse tongue the word Aas, meaning a ridge of high land.
+    The word asas is not derived from Asia, as Snorre supposed. It is
+    the O.H. Ger. _ans_; Anglo-Sax. _os_ = a hero. The word also
+    means a pillar; and in this latter sense the gods are the pillars
+    of the universe. Connected with the word is undoubtedly Aas, a
+    mountain-ridge, as supporter of the skies; and this reminds us of
+    _Atlas_, as bearer of the world.]
+
+    [Footnote 112: The temple-priests performed the functions of
+    priest and judge, and their office continued hereditary throughout
+    the heathen period of Norse history.]
+
+Odin had two brothers, the one hight Ve, the other Vile,[113] and they
+governed the kingdom when he was absent. It happened once when Odin had
+gone to a great distance, and had been so long away that the people of
+Asia doubted if he would ever return home, that his two brothers took it
+upon themselves to divide his estate; but both of them took his wife
+Frigg to themselves. Odin soon after returned home, and took his wife
+back.
+
+    [Footnote 113: See Norse Mythology, page 174.]
+
+Odin went out with a great army against the Vanaland people; but they
+were well prepared, and defended their land, so that victory was
+changeable, and they ravaged the lands of each other and did great
+damage. They tired of this at last, and, on both sides appointing a
+meeting for establishing peace, made a truce and exchanged hostages. The
+Vanaland people sent their best men,--Njord the Rich and his son Frey;
+the people of Asaland sent a man hight H[oe]ner,[114] as he was a
+stout and very handsome man, and with him they sent a man of great
+understanding, called Mimer; and on the other side the Vanaland people
+sent the wisest man in their community, who was called Quaser. Now when
+H[oe]ner came to Vanaheim he was immediately made a chief, and Mimer
+came to him with good counsel on all occasions. But when H[oe]ner stood
+in the Things, or other meetings, if Mimer was not near him, and any
+difficult matter was laid before him, he always answered in one way: Now
+let others give their advice; so that the Vanaland people got a
+suspicion that the Asaland people had deceived them in the exchange of
+men. They took Mimer, therefore, and beheaded him, and sent his head to
+the Asaland people. Odin took the head, smeared it with herbs, so that
+it should not rot, and sang incantations over it. Thereby he gave it the
+power that it spoke to him, and discovered to him many secrets.[115]
+Odin placed Njord and Frey as priests of the sacrifices, and they became
+deities of the Asaland people. Njord's daughter, Freyja, was priestess
+of the sacrifices, and first taught the Asaland people the magic art,
+as it was in use and fashion among the Vanaland people. While Njord was
+with the Vanaland people he had taken his own sister in marriage, for
+that was allowed by their law; and their children were Frey and Freyja.
+But among the Asaland people it was forbidden to come together in so
+near relationship.[116]
+
+    [Footnote 114: See Brage's Talk, p. 160; and Norse Mythology,
+    pp. 247 and 342.]
+
+    [Footnote 115: In the Vala's Prophecy of the Elder Edda it is
+    said that Odin talks with the head of Mimer before the coming of
+    Ragnarok. See Norse Mythology, p. 421.]
+
+    [Footnote 116: This shows that the vans must have belonged to the
+    mythological system of some older race that, like the ancient
+    Romans (Liber and Libera), recognized the propriety of marriage
+    between brothers and sisters, at least among their gods. Such
+    marriages were not allowed among our Odinic ancestors. Hence we
+    see that when Njord, Frey and Freyja were admitted to Asgard, they
+    entered into new marriage relations. Njord married Skade, Frey
+    married Gerd, and Freyja married Oder. Our ancestors were never
+    savages!]
+
+There goes a great mountain barrier from northeast to southwest, which
+divides the Great Svithjod from other kingdoms. South of this mountain
+ridge is not far to Turkland, where Odin had great possessions.[117] But
+Odin, having foreknowledge and magic-sight, knew that his posterity
+would come to settle and dwell in the northern half of the world. In
+those times the Roman chiefs went wide around the world, subduing to
+themselves all people; and on this account many chiefs fled from their
+domains.[118] Odin set his brothers Vile and Ve over Asgard, and he
+himself, with all the gods and a great many other people, wandered out,
+first westward to Gardarike (Russia), and then south to Saxland
+(Germany). He had many sons, and after having subdued an extensive
+kingdom in Saxland he set his sons to defend the country. He himself
+went northward to the sea, and took up his abode in an island which is
+called Odinse (see note below), in Funen. Then he sent Gefjun across the
+sound to the north to discover new countries, and she came to King
+Gylfe, who gave her a ploughland. Then she went to Jotunheim and bore
+four sons to a giant, and transformed them into a yoke of oxen, and
+yoked them to a plough and broke out the land into the ocean, right
+opposite to Odinse, which was called Seeland, where she afterward
+settled and dwelt.[119] Skjold, a son of Odin, married her, and they
+dwelt at Leidre.[120] Where the ploughed land was, is a lake or sea
+called Laage.[121] In the Swedish land the fjords of Laage correspond to
+the nesses of Seeland. Brage the old sings thus of it:
+
+  Gefjun glad
+  Drew from Gylfe
+  The excellent land,
+  Denmark's increase,
+  So that it reeked
+  From the running beasts.
+  Four heads and eight eyes
+  Bore the oxen,
+  As they went before the wide
+  Robbed land of the grassy isle.[122]
+
+    [Footnote 117: Turkland was usually supposed to mean Moldau and
+    Wallachia. Some, who regard the great mountain barrier as being
+    the Ural Mountains, think Turkland is Turkistan in Asia. Asia
+    Minor is also frequently styled Turkland.]
+
+    [Footnote 118: Ancient Norse writers connect this event with
+    Mithridates and Pompey the Great. They tell how Odin was a heroic
+    prince who, with his twelve peers or apostles, dwelt in the Black
+    Sea region. He became straightened for room, and so led the asas
+    out of Asia into eastern Europe. Then they go on to tell how the
+    Roman empire had arrived at its highest point of power, and saw
+    all the then known world--the orbis terrarum--subject to its laws,
+    when an unforeseen event raised up enemies against it from the
+    very heart of the forests of Scythia, and on the banks of the Don
+    river. The leader was Mithridates the Great, against whom the
+    Romans waged three wars, and the Romans looked upon him as the
+    most formidable enemy the empire had ever had to contend with.
+    Cicero delivered his famous oration, Pro lege Manilia, and
+    succeeded in getting Pompey appointed commander of the third war
+    against Mithridates. The latter, by flying, had drawn Pompey after
+    him into the wilds of Scythia. Here the king of Pontus sought
+    refuge and new means of vengeance. He hoped to arm against the
+    ambition of Rome all his neighboring nations whose liberties she
+    threatened. He was successful at first, but all those Scythian
+    peoples, ill-united as allies, ill-armed as soldiers, and still
+    worse disciplined, were at length forced to yield to the genius of
+    the great general Pompey. And here traditions tell us that Odin
+    and the other asas were among the allies of Mithridates. Odin had
+    been one of the gallant defenders of Troy, and at the same time,
+    with �neas and Anchises, he had taken flight out of the burning
+    and falling city. Now he was obliged to withdraw a second time by
+    flight, but this time it was not from the Greeks, but from the
+    Romans, whom he had offended by assisting Mithridates. He was now
+    compelled to go and seek, in lands unknown to his enemies, that
+    safety which he could no longer find in the Scythian forests. He
+    then proceeded to the north of Europe, and laid the foundations of
+    the Teutonic nations. As fast as he subdued the countries in the
+    west and north of Europe he gave them to one or another of his
+    sons to govern. Thus it comes to pass that so many sovereign
+    families throughout Teutondom are said to be descended from Odin.
+    Hengist and Horsa, the chiefs of those Saxons who conquered
+    Britain in the fifth century, counted Odin in the number of their
+    ancestors. The traditions go on to tell how he conquered Denmark,
+    founded Odinse (Odinsve = Odin's Sanctuary; comp. _ve_ with the
+    German _Wei_ in _Weinacht_), and gave the kingdom to his son
+    Skjold (shield); how he conquered Sweden, founded the Sigtuna
+    temple, and gave the country to his son Yngve; how finally Norway
+    had to submit to him, and be ruled by a third son of Odin, Saming.
+
+    It has been seriously contended,--and it would form an important
+    element in an epic based on the historical Odin,--that a desire of
+    being revenged on the Romans was one of the ruling principles of
+    Odin's whole conduct. Driven by those foes of universal liberty
+    from his former home in the east, his resentment was the more
+    violent, since the Teutons thought it a sacred duty to revenge all
+    injuries, especially those offered to kinsmen or country. Odin had
+    no other view in traversing so many distant lands, and in
+    establishing with so much zeal his doctrines of valor, than to
+    arouse all Teutonic nations, and unite them against so formidable
+    and odious a race as the Romans. And we, who live in the light of
+    the nineteenth century, and with the records before us, can read
+    the history of the convulsions of Europe during the decline of the
+    Roman empire; we can understand how that leaven, which Odin left
+    in the bosoms of the believers in the asa-faith, first fermented a
+    long time in secret; but we can also see how in the fullness of
+    time, the signal given, the descendants of Odin fell like a swarm
+    of locusts upon this unhappy empire, and, after giving it many
+    terrible shocks, eventually overturned it, thus completely
+    avenging the insult offered so many centuries before by Pompey to
+    their founder Odin. We can understand how it became possible for
+    "those vast multitudes, which the populous north poured from her
+    frozen loins, to pass the Rhine and the Danube, and come like a
+    deluge on the south, and spread beneath Gibraltar and the Libyan
+    sands;" how it were possible, we say, for them so largely to
+    remodel and invigorate a considerable part of Europe, nay, how
+    they could succeed in overrunning and overturning "the rich but
+    rotten, the mighty but marrowless, the disciplined but diseased,
+    Roman empire; that gigantic and heartless and merciless usurpation
+    of soulless materialism and abject superstition of universal
+    despotism, of systemized and relentless plunder, and of depravity
+    deep as hell." In connection with this subject we would refer our
+    readers to Mallet's Northern Antiquities, pp. 79-83, where
+    substantially the same account is given; to Norse Mythology, pp.
+    232-236; to George Stephen's Runic Monuments, Vol. I; and to
+    Charles Kingsley's The Roman and the Teuton.]
+
+    [Footnote 119: Compare this version of the myth with the one given
+    in the first chapter of The Fooling of Gylfe. Many explain the
+    myth to mean the breaking through of the Baltic between Sweden and
+    Denmark.]
+
+    [Footnote 120: Leidre or Leire, at the end of Isefjord, in the
+    county of Lithraborg, is considered the oldest royal seat in
+    Denmark.]
+
+    [Footnote 121: Laage is a general name for lakes and rivers. It
+    here stands for Lake Malar, in Sweden.]
+
+    [Footnote 122: The grassy isle is Seeland.]
+
+Now when Odin heard that things were in a prosperous condition in the
+land to the east beside Gylfe, he went thither, and Gylfe made a peace
+with him, for Gylfe thought he had no strength to oppose the people of
+Asaland. Odin and Gylfe had many tricks and enchantments against each
+other; but the Asaland people had always the superiority. Odin took up
+his residence at the Malar lake, at the place now called Sigtun.[123]
+There he erected a large temple, where there were sacrifices according
+to the customs of the Asaland people. He appropriated to himself the
+whole of that district of country, and called it Sigtun. To the temple
+gods he gave also domains. Njord dwelt in Noatun, Frey in Upsal, Heimdal
+in Himinbjorg, Thor in Thrudvang, Balder in Breidablik;[124] to all of
+them he gave good domains.
+
+    [Footnote 123: Sigtun. _Sige_, Ger. Sieg, (comp. Sigfrid,) means
+    victory, and is one of Odin's names; _tun_ means an inclosure, and
+    is the same word as our modern English _town_. Thus Sigtun would,
+    in modern English, be called Odinstown; like our Johnstown,
+    Williamstown, etc.]
+
+    [Footnote 124: Noatun, Thrudvang, Breidablik and Himinbjorg are
+    purely mythological names, and for their significance the reader
+    is referred to The Fooling of Gylfe. Snorre follows the lay of
+    Grimner in the Elder Edda.]
+
+When Odin of Asaland came to the north, and the gods with him, he began
+to exercise and to teach others the arts which the people long afterward
+have practiced. Odin was the cleverest of all, and from him all others
+learned their magic arts; and he knew them first, and knew many more
+than other people. But now, to tell why he is held in such high respect,
+we must mention various causes that contributed to it. When sitting
+among his friends his countenance was so beautiful and friendly, that
+the spirits of all were exhilarated by it; but when he was in war, he
+appeared fierce and dreadful. This arose from his being able to change
+his color and form in any way he liked. Another cause was, that he
+conversed so cleverly and smoothly, that all who heard were persuaded.
+He spoke everything in rhyme, such as is now composed, and which we call
+skald-craft. He and his temple gods were called song-smiths, for from
+them came that art of song into the northern countries. Odin could make
+his enemies in battle blind or deaf, or terror-struck, and their weapons
+so blunt that they could no more cut than a willow-twig; on the other
+hand, his men rushed forward without armor, were as mad as dogs or
+wolves, bit their shields, and were strong as bears or wild bulls, and
+killed people at a blow, and neither fire nor iron told upon them. These
+were called berserks.[125]
+
+    [Footnote 125: Berserk. The etymology of this word has been much
+    contested. Some, upon the authority of Snorre in the above quoted
+    passage, derive it from berr (_bare_) and serkr (comp. _sark_,
+    Scotch for shirt); but this etymology is inadmissible, because
+    serkr is a substantive, not an adjective. Others derive it from
+    berr (Germ. _B�r_ = _ursus_), which is greatly to be preferred,
+    for in olden ages athletes and champions used to wear hides of
+    bears, wolves and reindeer (as skins of lions in the south), hence
+    the names Bjalfe, Bjarnhedinn, Ulfhedinn (hedinn, _pellis_),--
+    "pellibus aut parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur." C�sar, Bell.
+    Gall. VI, 22. Even the old poets understood the name so, as may be
+    seen in the poem of Hornklofi (beginning of the 10th century), a
+    dialogue between a valkyrie and a raven, where the valkyrie says
+    at berserkja rei�u vil ek �ik spyrja, to which the raven replies,
+    Ulfhednar heita, _they are called wolf coats_. In battle the
+    berserks were subject to fits of frenzy, called _berserksgangr_
+    (_furor bersercicus_), when they howled like wild beasts, foamed at
+    the mouth, and gnawed the iron rim of their shields. During these
+    fits they were, according to a popular belief, proof against steel
+    and fire, and made great havoc in the ranks of the enemy. But when
+    the fever abated they were weak and tame. Vigfusson Cleasby's
+    Icelandic-English Dictionary, _sub voce_.]
+
+Odin could transform his shape; his body would lie as if dead or asleep,
+but then he would be in the shape of a fish, or worm, or bird, or beast,
+and be off in a twinkling to distant lands upon his own or other
+peoples' business. With words alone he could quench fire, still the
+ocean in tempest, and turn the wind to any quarter he pleased. Odin had
+a ship, which he called Skidbladner,[126] in which he sailed over wide
+seas, and which he could roll up like a cloth. Odin carried with him
+Mimer's head, which told him all the news of other countries. Sometimes
+even he called the dead out of the earth, or set himself beside the
+burial-mounds; whence he was called the ghost-sovereign, and the lord of
+the mounds. He had two ravens,[127] to whom he had taught the speech of
+man; and they flew far and wide through the land, and brought him the
+news. In all such things he was pre�minently wise. He taught all these
+arts in runes and songs, which are called incantations, and therefore
+the Asaland people are called incantation-smiths. Odin also understood
+the art in which the greatest power is lodged, and which he himself
+practiced, namely, what is called magic. By means of this he could know
+beforehand the predestined fate[128] of men, or their not yet completed
+lot, and also bring on the death, ill-luck or bad health of people, or
+take away the strength or wit from one person and give it to another.
+But after such witchcraft followed such weakness and anxiety, that it
+was not thought respectable for men to practice it; and therefore the
+priestesses were brought up in this art. Odin knew definitely where all
+missing cattle were concealed under the earth, and understood the songs
+by which the earth, the hills, the stones and mounds were opened to him;
+and he bound those who dwell in them by the power of his word, and went
+in and took what he pleased. From these arts he became very celebrated.
+His enemies dreaded him; his friends put their trust in him, and relied
+on his power and on himself. He taught the most of his arts to his
+priests of the sacrifices, and they came nearest to himself in all
+wisdom and witch-knowledge. Many others, however, occupied themselves
+much with it; and from that time witchcraft spread far and wide, and
+continued long. People sacrificed to Odin, and the twelve chiefs of
+Asaland,--called them their gods, and believed in them long after. From
+Odin's name came the name Audun, which people gave to his sons; and from
+Thor's name came Thorer, also Thorarinn; and it was also sometimes
+augmented by other additions, as Steinthor, Hafthor, and many kinds of
+alterations.
+
+    [Footnote 126: In the mythology this ship belongs to Frey, having
+    been made for him by the dwarfs.]
+
+    [Footnote 127: Hugin and Munin.]
+
+    [Footnote 128: The old Norse word is �rl�g, which is plural, (from
+    �r = Ger. _ur_, and l�g, _laws_,) and means the primal law, fate,
+    weird, doom; the Greek +moira+. The idea of predestination was a
+    salient feature in the Odinic religion. The word �rlog, O.H.G.
+    _urlac_, M.H.G. _urlone_, Dutch _orlog_, had special reference to
+    a man's fate in war. Hence Orlogschiffe in German means a naval
+    fleet. The Danish orlog means warfare at sea.]
+
+Odin established the same law in his land that had been before in
+Asaland. Thus he established by law that all dead men should be burned,
+and their property laid with them upon the pile, and the ashes be cast
+into the sea or buried in the earth. Thus, said he, everyone will come
+to Valhal with the riches he had with him upon the pile; and he would
+also enjoy whatever he himself had buried in the earth. For men of
+consequence a mound should be raised to their memory, and for all other
+warriors who had been distinguished for manhood, a standing stone; which
+custom remained long after Odin's time. Toward winter there should be a
+blood-sacrifice for a good year, and in the middle of winter for a good
+crop; and the third sacrifice should be in summer, for victory in
+battle. Over all Svithjod[129] the people paid Odin a scatt, or tax,--so
+much on each head; but he had to defend the country from enemy or
+disturbance, and pay the expense of the sacrifice-feasts toward winter
+for a good year.
+
+    [Footnote 129: Svithjod, which here means Sweden, is derived from
+    Odin's name, Svidr and thjod = folk, people. Svithjod thus means
+    Odin's people, and the country takes its name from the people.]
+
+Njord took a wife hight Skade; but she would not live with him, but
+married afterward Odin, and had many sons by him, of whom one was called
+Saming, and of this Eyvind Skaldespiller sings thus:
+
+  To Asason[130] Queen Skade bore
+  Saming, who dyed his shield in gore,--
+  The giant queen of rock and snow
+  Who loves to dwell on earth below,
+  The iron pine-tree's daughter she,
+  Sprung from the rocks that rib the sea,
+  To Odin bore full many a son,--
+  Heroes of many a battle won.
+
+    [Footnote 130: Odin.]
+
+To Saming Jarl Hakon the Great reckoned up his pedigree.[131] This
+Svithjod (Sweden) they call Mannheim, but the great Svithjod they call
+Godheim, and of Godheim great wonders and novelties were related.
+
+    [Footnote 131: Norway was given to Saming by Odin.]
+
+Odin died in his bed in Sweden; and when he was near his death he made
+himself be marked with the point of a spear,[132] and said he was going
+to Godheim, and would give a welcome there to all his friends, and all
+brave warriors should be dedicated to him; and the Swedes believed that
+he was gone to the ancient Asgard, and would live there eternally. Then
+began the belief in Odin, and the calling upon him. The Swedes believed
+that he often showed himself to them before any great battle. To some he
+gave victory, others he invited to himself; and they reckoned both of
+these to be well off in their fate. Odin was burnt, and at his pile
+there was great splendor. It was their faith that the higher the smoke
+arose in the air, the higher would he be raised whose pile it was; and
+the richer he would be the more property that was consumed with him.
+
+    [Footnote 132: He gave himself nine wounds in the form of the head
+    of a spear, or Thor's hammer; that is, he marked himself with the
+    sign of the _cross_, an ancient heathen custom.]
+
+Njord of Noatun was then the sole sovereign of the Swedes; and he
+continued the sacrifices, and was called the drot, or sovereign, by the
+Swedes, and he received scatt and gifts from them. In his days were
+peace and plenty, and such good years in all respects that the Swedes
+believed Njord ruled over the growth of seasons and the prosperity of
+the people. In his time all the diars, or gods, died, and
+blood-sacrifices were made for them. Njord died on a bed of sickness,
+and before he died made himself be marked for Odin with the spear-point.
+The Swedes burned him, and all wept over his grave-mound.
+
+Frey took the kingdom after Njord, and was called drot by the Swedes,
+and they paid taxes to him. He was like his father, fortunate in friends
+and in good seasons. Frey built a great temple at Upsala, made it his
+chief seat, and gave it all his taxes, his land and goods. Then began
+the Upsala domains, which have remained ever since. Then began in his
+day the Frode-peace; and then there were good seasons in all the land,
+which the Swedes ascribed to Frey, so that he was more worshiped than
+the other gods, as the people became much richer in his days by reason
+of the peace and good seasons. His wife was called Gerd, daughter of
+Gymer, and their son was called Fjolner. Frey was called by another
+name, Yngve; and this name Yngve was considered long after in his race
+as a name of honor, so that his descendants have since been called
+Ynglings (_i.e._ Yngve-lings). Frey fell into a sickness, and as his
+illness took the upper hand, his men took the plan of letting few
+approach him. In the meantime they raised a great mound, in which they
+placed a door with three holes in it. Now when Frey died they bore him
+secretly into the mound, but told the Swedes he was alive, and they kept
+watch over him for three years. They brought all the taxes into the
+mound, and through the one hole they put in the gold, through the other
+the silver, and through the third the copper money that was paid. Peace
+and good seasons continued.
+
+Freyja alone remained of the gods, and she became on this account so
+celebrated that all women of distinction were called by her name, whence
+they now have the title Frue (Germ. _Frau_), so that every woman is
+called frue (that is, mistress) over her property, and the wife is
+called the house-frue. Freyja continued the blood-sacrifices. Freyja had
+also many other names. Her husband was called Oder, and her daughters
+Hnos and Gersame. They were so very beautiful that afterward the most
+precious jewels were called by their names.
+
+When it became known to the Swedes that Frey was dead, and yet peace and
+good seasons continued, they believed that it must be so as long as Frey
+remained in Sweden, and therefore they would not burn his remains, but
+called him the god of this world, and afterward offered continually
+blood-sacrifices to him, principally for peace and good seasons.[133]
+
+    [Footnote 133: Here ends Snorre's account of the asas in
+    Heimskringla. The reader will, of course, compare the account here
+    given of Odin, Njord, Frey, Freyja, etc., with the purely
+    mythological description of them in the Younger Edda, and with
+    that in Norse Mythology. Upon the whole, Snorre has striven to
+    accommodate his sketch to the Eddas, while he has had to clothe
+    mythical beings with the characteristics of human kings. Like
+    Saxo-Grammaticus, Snorre has striven to show that the deities,
+    which we now recognize as personified forces and phenomena of
+    nature, were extraordinary and enterprising persons, who formerly
+    ruled in the North, and inaugurated the customs, government and
+    religion of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, England, and the
+    other Teutonic lands.]
+
+
+FORNJOT AND THE SETTLEMENT OF NORWAY.
+
+In the asa-faith we find various foreign elements introduced. Thus, for
+example, the vans did not originally belong to the Odinic system. As the
+Teutons came in contact with other races, the religious ideas of the
+latter were frequently adopted in some modified form. Especially do
+Finnish elements enter into the asa-system. The Finnish god of thunder
+was Ukko. He is supposed to have been confounded with our Thor, whence
+the latter got the name �ku-Thor (Ukko-Thor). The vans may be connected
+with the Finnish Wainamoinen, and in the same manner a number of Celtic
+elements have been mixed with Teutonic mythology. And this is not all.
+There must have flourished a religious system in the North before the
+arrival of Odin and his apostles. This was probably either Tshudic or
+Celtic, or a mixture of the two. The asa-doctrine superseded it, but
+there still remain traces in some of the oldest records of the North.
+Thus we have in the prehistoric sagas of Iceland an account of the
+finding of Norway, wherein it is related that Fornjot,[134] in Jotland,
+which is also called Finland or Quenland, east of the Gulf of Bothnia,
+had three sons: Hler, also called �ger, Loge and Kare.[135] Of Loge it
+is related that he was of giant descent, and, being very tall of
+stature, he was called Haloge, that is High Loge; and after him the
+northern part of Norway is called Halogaland (now Helgeland). He was
+married to Glod (a red-hot coal), and had with her two daughters, Eysa
+and Eimyrja; both words meaning glowing embers. Haloge had two jarls,
+Vifil (the one taking a vif = wife) and Vesete (the one who sits at the
+ve = the sanctuary, that is, the dweller by the hearth, the first
+sanctuary), who courted his daughters; the former addressing himself to
+Eimyrja, the latter to Eysa, but the king refusing to give his consent,
+they carried them away secretly. Vesete settled in Borgundarholm
+(Bornholm), and had a son, Bue (one who settles on a farm); Vifil sailed
+further east and settled on the island Vifilsey, on the coast of Sweden,
+and had a son, Viking (the pirate).
+
+    [Footnote 134: The word fornjot can be explained in two ways:
+    either as for-njot = the first enjoyer, possessor; or as forn-jot,
+    the ancient giant. He would then correspond to Ymer.]
+
+    [Footnote 135: Notice this trinity: Hler is the sea (comp. the
+    Welsh word _llyr_ = sea); Loge is fire (comp. the Welsh _llwg_),
+    he reminds us both by his name and his nature of Loke; Kare is the
+    wind.]
+
+The third son, Kare, had a numerous offspring. He had one son by name
+Jokul (iceberg), another Froste (frost), and Froste's son was named Sna
+(snow). He had a third son, by name Thorri (bare frost), after whom the
+mid-winter month, Thorra-month, was called; and his daughters hight Fonn
+(packed snow), Drifa (snow-drift), and Mjoll (meal, fine snow). All
+these correspond well to Kare's name, which, as stated, means wind.
+Thorri had two sons, Nor and Gor, and a daughter, Goe. The story goes on
+to tell how Goe, the sister, was lost, and how the brothers went to
+search for her, until they finally found him who had robbed her. He was
+Hrolf, from the mountain, a son of the giant Svade, and a grandson of
+Asa-Thor. They settled their trouble, and thereupon Hrolf married Goe,
+and Nor married Hrolf's sister, settled in the land and called it after
+his own name, Norvegr, that is, Norway. By this story we are reminded of
+Kadmos, who went to seek his lost sister Europa. In the Younger Edda the
+winds are called the sons of Fornjot, the sea is called the son of
+Fornjot, and the brother of the fire and of the winds, and Fornjot is
+named among the old giants. This makes it clear that Fornjot and his
+offspring are not historical persons, but cosmological impersonations.
+And additional proof of this is found by an examination of the beginning
+of the Saga of Thorstein, Viking's Son. (See Viking Tales of the North,
+pp. 1 and 2).
+
+
+THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+This story about the ploughing of Gylfe reminds us of the legend told in
+the first book of Virgil's �neid, about the founding of Carthage by
+Dido, who bought from the Libyan king as much ground as she could cover
+with a bull's hide. Elsewhere it is related that she cut the bull's hide
+into narrow strips and encircled therewith all the ground upon which
+Carthage was afterward built. Thus Dido deceived the Libyan king nearly
+as effectually as Gefjun deluded King Gylfe. The story is also told by
+Snorre in Heimskringla, see p. 231.
+
+The passage in verse, which has given translators so much trouble in a
+transposed form, would read as follows: Gefjun glad drew that excellent
+land (dj�pr�dul = the deep sun = gold; ��la = udal = property; dj�pr�dul
+��la = the golden property), Denmark's increase (Seeland), so that it
+reeked (steamed) from the running oxen. The oxen bore four heads and
+eight eyes, as they went before the wide piece of robbed land of the
+isle so rich in grass.
+
+Gefjun is usually interpreted as a goddess of agriculture, and her name
+is by some derived from +g�+; and _fjon_, that is, _terr� separatio_;
+others compare it with the Anglo-Saxon _geofon_ = the sea. The etymology
+remains very uncertain.
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+It is to the delusion or eye-deceit mentioned in this chapter that
+Snorre Sturlasson refers in his Heimskringla, in Chapter VI of Ynglinga
+Saga.
+
+Thjodolf of Hvin was a celebrated skald at the court of Harald Fairhair.
+
+Thinking thatchers, etc. Literally transposed, this passage would read:
+Reflecting men let shields (literally Svafner's, that is Odin's
+roof-trees,) glisten on the back. They were smitten with stones. To let
+shields glisten on the back, is said of men who throw their shields on
+their backs to protect themselves against those who pursue the flying
+host.
+
+Har means the High One, Jafnhar the Equally High One, and Thride the
+Third One. By these three may be meant the three chief gods of the
+North: Odin, Thor and Frey; or they may be simply an expression of the
+Eddic trinity. This trinity is represented in a number of ways: by Odin,
+Vile and Ve in the creation of the world, and by Odin, H[oe]ner and
+Loder in the creation of Ask and Embla, the first human pair. The
+number three figures extensively in all mythological systems. In the
+pre-chaotic state we have Muspelheim, Niflheim and Ginungagap. Fornjot
+had three sons: Hler, Loge and Kare. There are three norns: Urd,
+Verdande and Skuld. There are three fountains: Hvergelmer, Urd's and
+Mimer's; etc. (See Norse Mythology, pp. 183, 195, 196.)
+
+Har being Odin, Har's Hall will be Valhal. You will not come out from
+this hall unless you are wiser. In the lay of Vafthrudner, of the Elder
+Edda, we have a similar challenge, where Vafthrudner says to Odin:
+
+  Out will you not come
+  From our halls
+  Unless I find you to be wiser (than I am).
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+This chapter gives twelve names of Odin. In the Eddas and in the skaldic
+lays he has in all nearly two hundred names. His most common name is
+Odin (in Anglo-Saxon and in Old High German _Wodan_), and this is
+thought by many to be of the same origin as our word _god_. The other
+Old Norse word for god, _tivi_, is identical in root with Lat. _divus_;
+Sansk. _dwas_; Gr. +Dios+ (+Zeus+); and this is again connected with
+_Tyr_, the Tivisco in the Germania of Tacitus. (See Max M�ller's
+Lectures on the Science of Language, 2d series, p. 425). Paulus Diakonus
+states that Wodan, or Gwodan, was worshiped by all branches of the
+Teutons. Odin has also been sought and found in the Scythian _Zalmoxis_,
+in the Indian _Buddha_, in the Celtic Budd, and in the Mexican Votan.
+Zalmoxis, derived from the Gr. +Zalmos+, helmet, reminds us of Odin as
+the helmet-bearer (Grimm, Gesch. der Deutschen Sprache). According to
+Humboldt, a race in Guatemala, Mexico, claim to be descended from Votan
+(Vues des Cordill�res, 1817, I, 208). This suggests the question whether
+Odin's name may not have been brought to America by the Norse
+discoverers in the 10th and 11th centuries, and adopted by some of the
+native races. In the Lay of Grimner (Elder Edda) the following names of
+Odin are enumerated:
+
+  Grim is my name
+  And Ganglere,
+  Herjan and Helmet-bearer,
+  Thekk and Thride,
+  Thud and Ud,
+  Helblinde and Har,
+
+  Sad and Svipal,
+  And Sanngetal,
+  Herteit and Hnikar,
+  Bileyg and Baleyg,
+  Bolverk, Fjolner,
+  Grim and Grimner,
+  Glapsvid and Fjolsvid,
+
+  Sidhot, Sidskeg,
+  Sigfather, Hnikud,
+  Alfather, Valfather,
+  Atrid and Farmatyr.
+  With one name
+  Was I never named
+  When I fared 'mong the peoples.
+
+  Grimner they called me
+  Here at Geirrod's,
+  But Jalk at Asmund's,
+  And Kjalar the time
+  When sleds (kjalka) I drew,
+  And Thror at the Thing,
+  Vidur on the battle-field,
+  Oske and Ome,
+  Jafnhar and Biflinde,
+  Gondler and Harbard 'mong the gods.
+
+  Svidur and Svidre
+  Hight I at Sokmimer's,
+  And fooled the ancient giant
+  When I alone Midvitne's,
+  The mighty son's,
+  Bane had become.
+
+  Odin I now am called,
+  Ygg was my name before,
+  Before that I hight Thund,
+  Yak and Skilfing,
+  Vafud and Hroptatyr,
+  Got and Jalk 'mong the gods,
+  Ofner and Svafner.
+  All these names, I trow,
+  Have to me alone been given.
+
+What the etymology of all these names is, it is not easy to tell. The
+most of them are clearly Norse words, and express the various activities
+of their owner. It is worthy of notice that it is added when and where
+Odin bore this or that name (his name was Grim at Geirrod's, Jalk at
+Asmund's, etc.), and that the words sometimes indicate a progressive
+development, as Thund, then Ygg, and then Odin. First he was a mere
+sound in the air (Thund), then he took to thinking (Ygg), and at last he
+became the inspiring soul of the universe. Although we are unable to
+define all these names, they certainly each have a distinct meaning, and
+our ancestors certainly understood them perfectly. Har = the High One;
+Jafn-har = the Equally High One; Thride = the Third (+Zeus allos+ and
++Tritos+); Alfather probably contracted from _Alda_father = the Father
+of the Ages and the Creations; Veratyr = the Lord of Beings; R�gner =
+the Ruler (from regin); Got (Gautr, from _gj�ta_, to cast) = the
+Creator, Lat. Instillator; Mjotud = the Creator, the word being allied
+to Anglo-Saxon _meotod_, _metod_, Germ. _Messer_, and means originally
+cutter; but to cut and to make are synonymous. Such names as these have
+reference to Odin's divinity as creator, arranger and ruler of gods and
+men. Svid and Fjolsvid = the swift, the wise; Ganglere, Gangrad and
+Vegtam = the wanderer, the waywont; Vidrer = the weather-ruler, together
+with serpent-names like Ofner, Svafner, etc., refer to Odin's knowledge,
+his journeys, the various shapes he assumes. Permeating all nature, he
+appears in all its forms. Names like Sidhot = the slouchy hat; Sidskeg =
+the long-beard; Baleyg = the burning-eye; Grimner = the masked; Jalk
+(Jack) = the youth, etc., express the various forms in which he was
+thought to appear,--to his slouchy hat, his long beard, or his age,
+etc. Such names as Sanngetal = the true investigator; Farmatyr = the
+cargo-god, etc., refer to his various occupations as inventor,
+discoverer of runes, protector of trade and commerce, etc. Finally, all
+such names as Herfather = father of hosts; Herjan = the devastator;
+Sigfather = the father of victory; Sigtyr = god of victory; Skilfing =
+producing trembling; Hnikar = the breaker, etc., represent Odin as the
+god of war and victory. Oske = wish, is thus called because he gratifies
+our desires. Gimle, as will be seen later, is the abode of the blessed
+after Ragnarok. Vingolf (Vin and golf) means _friends' floor_, and is
+the hall of the goddesses. Hel is the goddess of death, and from her
+name our word _hell_ is derived.
+
+Our ancestors divided the universe into nine worlds: the uppermost was
+Muspelheim (the world of light); the lowest was Niflheim (the world
+of darkness). Compare the Greek word +nephel�+ = mist. (See Norse
+Mythology, p. 187.)
+
+GINUNGAGAP. Ginn means wide, large, far-reaching, perhaps also void
+(compare the Anglo-Saxon _gin_ = gaping, open, spacious; ginian = to
+gap; and ginnung = a yawning). Ginungagap thus means the yawning gap or
+abyss, and represents empty space. The poets use ginnung in the sense of
+a fish and of a hawk, and in geographical saga-fragments it is used as
+the name of the Polar Sea.
+
+HVERGELMER. This word is usually explained as a transposition for
+Hvergemler, which would then be derived from Hver and gamall (old) = the
+old kettle; but Petersen shows that gelmir must be taken from galm,
+which is still found in the Jutland dialect, and means a gale (compare
+Golmstead = a windy place, and _golme_ = to roar, blow). Gelmer is then
+the one producing galm, and Hvergelmer thus means the roaring kettle.
+The twelve rivers proceeding from Hvergelmer are called the Elivogs
+(�liv�gar) in the next chapter. �li-v�gar means, according to Vigfusson,
+ice-waves. The most of the names occur in the long list of river names
+given in the Lay of Grimner, of the Elder Edda. Svol = the cool;
+Gunnthro = the battle-trough. Slid is also mentioned in the Vala's
+Prophecy, where it is represented as being full of mud and swords. Sylg
+(from _svelgja_ = to swallow) = the devourer; Ylg (from _yla_ = to roar)
+= the roaring one; Leipt = the glowing, is also mentioned in the Lay of
+Helge Hunding's Bane, where it is stated that they swore by it (compare
+Styx); Gjoll (from _gjalla_ = to glisten and clang) = the shining,
+clanging one. The meaning of the other words is not clear, but they
+doubtless all, like those explained, express cold, violent motion, etc.
+The most noteworthy of these rivers are Leipt and Gjoll. In the Lay of
+Grimner they are said to flow nearest to the abode of man, and fall
+thence into Hel's realm. Over Gjoll was the bridge which Hermod, after
+the death of Balder, crossed on his way to Hel. It is said to be
+thatched with shining gold, and a maid by name Modgud watches it. In the
+song of Sturle Thordson, on the death of Skule Jarl, it is said that
+"the king's kinsman went over the Gjoll-bridge." The farther part of the
+horizon, which often appears like a broad bright stream, may have
+suggested this river.
+
+SURT means the swarthy or black one. Many have regarded him as the
+unknown (dark) god, but this is probably an error. But there was some
+one in Muspelheim who sent the heat, and gave life to the frozen drops
+of rime. The latter, and not Surt, who is a giant, is the eternal god,
+the mighty one, whom the skald in the Lay of Hyndla dare not name. It is
+interesting to notice that our ancestors divided the evolution of the
+world into three distinct periods: (1) a pre-chaotic condition
+(Niflheim, Muspelheim and Ginungagap); (2) a chaotic condition (Ymer and
+the cow Audhumbla); (3) and finally the three gods, Odin (spirit), Vile
+(will) and Ve (sanctity), transformed chaos into cosmos. And away back
+in this pre-chaotic state of the world we find this mighty being who
+sends the heat. It is not definitely stated, but it can be inferred from
+other passages, that just as the good principle existed from everlasting
+in Muspelheim, so the evil principle existed co-eternally with it in
+Hvergelmer in Niflheim. Hvergelmer is the source out of which all matter
+first proceeded, and the dragon or devil Nidhug, who dwells in
+Hvergelmer, is, in our opinion, the evil principle who is from eternity.
+The good principle shall continue forever, but the evil shall cease to
+exist after Ragnarok.
+
+YMER is the noisy one, and his name is derived from _ymja_ = to howl
+(compare also the Finnish deity Jumo, after whom the town Umea takes its
+name, like Odinse).
+
+AURGELMER, THRUDGELMER and BERGELMER express the gradual development
+from aur (clay) to thrud (that which is compressed), and finally to berg
+(rock).
+
+VIDOLF, VILMEIDE and SVARTHOFDE are mentioned nowhere else in the
+mythology.
+
+BURE and BORE mean the bearing and the born; that is, father and son.
+
+BOLTHORN means the miserable one, from bol = evil; and Bestla may mean
+that which is best. The idea then is that Bor united himself with that
+which was best of the miserable material at hand.
+
+That the flood caused by the slaying of Ymer reminds us of Noah and his
+ark, and of the Greek flood, needs only to be suggested.
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+ASK means an ash-tree, and EMBLA an elm-tree.
+
+While the etymology of the names in the myths are very obscure, the
+myths themselves are clear enough. Similar myths abound in Greek
+mythology. The story about Bil and Hjuke is our old English rhyme about
+Jack and Gill, who went up the hill to fetch a pail of water.
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+In reference to the golden age, see Norse Mythology, pp. 182 and 197.
+
+In the appendix to the German so-called Hero-Book we are told that the
+dwarfs were first created to cultivate the desert lands and the
+mountains; thereupon the giants, to subdue the wild beasts; and finally
+the heroes, to assist the dwarfs against the treacherous giants. While
+the giants are always hostile to the gods, the dwarfs are usually
+friendly to them.
+
+DWARFS. Both giants and dwarfs shun the light. If surprised by the
+breaking forth of day, they become changed to stone. In one of the poems
+of the Elder Edda (the Alvism�l), Thor amuses the dwarf Alvis with
+various questions till daylight, and then cooly says to him: With great
+artifices, I tell you, you have been deceived; you are surprised here,
+dwarf, by daylight! The sun now shines in the hall. In the Helgakvida
+Atle says to the giantess Hrimgerd: It is now day, Hrimgerd! But Atle
+has detained you, to your life's perdition. It will appear a laughable
+harbor-mark, where you stand as a stone-image.
+
+In the German tales the dwarfs are described as deformed and diminutive,
+coarsely clad and of dusky hue: "a little black man," "a little gray
+man." They are sometimes of the height of a child of four years,
+sometimes as two spans high, a thumb high (hence, Tom Thumb). The old
+Danish ballad of Eline of Villenwood mentions a troll not bigger than an
+ant. Dvergm�l (the speech of the dwarfs) is the Old Norse expression for
+the echo in the mountains.
+
+In the later popular belief, the dwarfs are generally called the
+subterraneans, the brown men in the moor, etc. They make themselves
+invisible by a hat or hood. The women spin and weave, the men are
+smiths. In Norway rock-crystal is called dwarf-stone. Certain stones are
+in Denmark called dwarf-hammers. They borrow things and seek advice from
+people, and beg aid for their wives when in labor, all which services
+they reward. But they also lame cattle, are thievish, and will carry off
+damsels. There have been instances of dwarf females having married and
+had children with men. (Thorpe's Northern Mythology.)
+
+WAR. It was the first warfare in the world, says the Elder Edda, when
+they pierced Gullveig (gold-thirst) through with a spear, and burned her
+in Odin's hall. Thrice they burned her, thrice she was born anew: again
+and again, but still she lives. When she comes to a house they call her
+Heide (the bright, the welcome), and regard her as a propitious vala or
+prophetess. She can tame wolves, understands witchcraft, and delights
+wicked women. Hereupon the gods consulted together whether they should
+punish this misdeed, or accept a blood-fine, when Odin cast forth a
+spear among mankind, and now began war and slaughter in the world. The
+defenses of the burgh of the asas was broken down. The vans anticipated
+war, and hastened over the field. The valkyries came from afar, ready to
+ride to the gods' people: Skuld with the shield, Skogul, Gunn, Hild,
+Gondul and Geirr Skogul. (Quoted by Thorpe.)
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+In reference to Ygdrasil, we refer our readers to Norse Mythology, pp.
+205-211, and to Thomas Carlyle's Heroes and Hero-worship.
+
+A connection between the norns Urd, Verdande and Skuld and the weird
+sisters in Shakspeare's _Macbeth_ has long since been recognized; but
+new light has recently been thrown upon the subject by the philosopher
+Karl Blind, who has contributed valuable articles on the subject in the
+German periodical "Die Gegenwart" and in the "London Academy." We take
+the liberty of reproducing here an abstract of his article in the
+"Academy":
+
+      *    *    *    *    *    *
+
+  The fact itself of these Witches being simply transfigurations, or
+  later disguises, of the Teutonic Norns is fully established--as may
+  be seen from Grimm or Simrock. In delineating these hags, Shakspeare
+  has practically drawn upon old Germanic sources, perhaps upon
+  current folk-lore of his time.
+
+  It has always struck me as noteworthy that in the greater part of
+  the scene between the Weird Sisters, Macbeth and Banquo, and
+  wherever the Witches come in, Shakspeare uses the staff-rime in a
+  remarkable manner. Not only does this add powerfully to the archaic
+  impressiveness and awe, but it also seems to bring the form and
+  figure of the Sisters of Fate more closely within the circle of the
+  Teutonic idea. I have pointed out this striking use of the
+  alliterative system in _Macbeth_ in an article on "An old German
+  Poem and a Vedic Hymn," which appeared in _Fraser_ in June, 1877,
+  and in which the derivation of the Weird Sisters from the Germanic
+  Norns is mentioned.
+
+  The very first scene in the first act of _Macbeth_ opens strongly
+  with the staff-rime:
+
+    _1st Witch_. When shall we three meet again--
+    In thunder, lightning or in rain?
+
+    _2d Witch_. When the hurly-burly's done,
+    When the battle's lost and won.
+
+    _3d Witch_. That will be ere set of sun.
+
+    _1st Witch_. Where the place?
+
+    _2d Witch_.              Upon the heath.
+
+    _3d Witch_. There to meet with Macbeth.
+
+    _1st Witch_. I come, Graymalkin!
+
+    _All_. Paddock calls. Anon.
+    Fair is foul, and foul is fair.
+    Hover through the fog and filthy air.
+
+  Not less marked is the adoption of the fullest staff-rime--together
+  (as above) with the end-rime--in the third scene, when the Weird
+  Sisters speak. Again, there is the staff-rime when Banquo addresses
+  them. Again, the strongest alliteration, combined with the end-rime,
+  runs all through the Witches' spell-song in Act iv, scene 1. This
+  feature in Shakspeare appears to me to merit closer investigation;
+  all the more so because a less regular alliteration, but still a
+  marked one, is found in not a few passages of a number of his plays.
+  Only one further instance of the systematic employment of
+  alliteration may here be noted in passing. It is in Ariel's songs in
+  the _Tempest_, Act i, scene 2. Schlegel and Tieck evidently did not
+  observe this alliterative peculiarity. Their otherwise excellent
+  translation does not render it, except so far as the obvious
+  similarity of certain English and German words involuntarily made
+  them do so. But in the notes to their version of _Macbeth_ the
+  character of the Weird Sisters is also misunderstood, though
+  Warburton is referred to, who had already suggested their
+  derivations from the Valkyrs or Norns.
+
+  It is an error to say that the Witches in _Macbeth_ "are never
+  called witches" (compare Act i, scene 3: "'Give me!' quoth I.
+  'A-roint thee, _witch_!' the rump-fed ronyon cries"). However, their
+  designation as Weird Sisters fully settles the case of their
+  Germanic origin.
+
+  This name "Weird" is derived from the Anglo-Saxon Norn Wyrd (Sax.
+  _Wurth_; O.H. Ger. _Wurd_; Norse, _Urd_), who represents the Past,
+  as her very name shows. Wurd is _die Gewordene_--the "Has Been," or
+  rather the "Has Become," if one could say so in English.
+
+      *    *    *    *    *    *
+
+  In Shakspeare the Witches are three in number--even as in Norse,
+  German, as well as in Keltic and other mythologies. Urd, properly
+  speaking, is the Past. Skuld is the Future, or "That Which shall
+  Be." Verdandi, usually translated as the Present, has an even deeper
+  meaning. Her name is not to be derived from _vera_ (to be), but from
+  _verda_ (Ger. _werden_). This verb, which has a mixed meaning of "to
+  be," "to become," or to "grow," has been lost in English. Verdandi
+  is, therefore, not merely a representative of present Being, but of
+  the process of Growing, or of Evolution--which gives her figure a
+  profounder aspect. Indeed, there is generally more significance in
+  mythological tales than those imagine who look upon them chiefly as
+  a barren play of fancy.
+
+  Incidentally it may be remarked that, though Shakspeare's Weird
+  Sisters are three in number--corresponding to Urd, Verdandi and
+  Skuld--German and Northern mythology and folk-lore occasionally
+  speak of twelve or seven of them. In the German tale of
+  _Dornr�schen_, or the Sleeping Beauty, there are twelve good fays;
+  and a thirteenth, who works the evil spell. Once, in German
+  folk-lore, we meet with but two Sisters of Fate--one of them called
+  _Kann_, the other _Muss_. Perhaps these are representatives of man's
+  measure of free will (that which he "can"), and of that which is his
+  inevitable fate--or, that which he "must" do.
+
+  Though the word "Norn" has been lost in England and Germany, it is
+  possibly preserved in a German folk-lore ditty, which speaks of
+  three Sisters of Fate as "Nuns." Altogether, German folk-lore is
+  still full of rimes about three Weird Sisters. They are sometimes
+  called Wild Women, or Wise Women, or the Measurers
+  (_Metten_)--namely, of Fate; or, euphemistically, like the
+  Eumenides, the Advisers of Welfare (_Heil-R�thinnen_), reminding us
+  of the counsels given to Macbeth in the apparition scene; or the
+  Quick Judges (_Gach-Schepfen_). Even as in the Edda, these German
+  fays weave and twist threads or ropes, and attach them to distant
+  parts, thus fixing the weft of Fate. One of these fays is sometimes
+  called Held, and described as black, or as half dark half
+  white--like Hel, the Mistress of the Nether World. That German fay
+  is also called Rachel, clearly a contraction of Rach-Hel, i.e. the
+  Avengeress Hel.
+
+  Now, in _Macbeth_ also the Weird Sisters are described as "black."
+  The coming up of Hekate with them in the cave-scene might not
+  unfitly be looked upon as a parallel with the German Held, or
+  Rach-Hel, and the Norse Hel; these Teutonic deities being originally
+  Goddesses of Nocturnal Darkness, and of the Nether World, even as
+  Hekate.
+
+  In German folk-lore, three Sisters of Fate bear the names of Wilbet,
+  Worbet and Ainbet. Etymologically these names seem to refer to the
+  well-disposed nature of a fay representing the Past; to the warring
+  or worrying troubles of the Present; and to the terrors (_Ain_ =
+  _Agin_) of the Future. All over southern Germany, from Austria to
+  Alsace and Rhenish Hesse, the three fays are known under various
+  names besides Wilbet, Worbet, and Ainbet--for instance, as Mechtild,
+  Ottilia, and Gertraud; as Irmina, Adela, and Chlothildis, and so
+  forth. The fay in the middle of this trio is always a good fay, a
+  white fay--but blind. Her treasure (the very names of Ottilia and
+  Adela point to a treasure) is continually being taken from her by
+  the third fay, a dark and evil one, as well as by the first. This
+  myth has been interpreted as meaning that the Present, being blinded
+  as to its own existence, is continually being encroached upon,
+  robbed as it were, by the dark Future and the Past. Of this
+  particular trait there is no vestige in Shakspeare's Weird Sisters.
+  They, like the Norns, "go hand in hand." But there is another point
+  which claims attention Shakspeare's Witches are bearded. ("You
+  should be women, and yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you
+  are so." Act i, scene 3.)
+
+  It need scarcely be brought to recollection that a commingling of
+  the female and male character occurs in the divine and semi-divine
+  figures of various mythological systems--including the Bearded
+  Venus. Of decisive importance is, however, the fact of a bearded
+  Weird Sister having apparently been believed in by our heathen
+  German forefathers.
+
+  Near Wessobrunn, in Upper Bavaria, where the semi-heathen fragment
+  of a cosmogonic lay, known as "Wessobrunn Prayer," was discovered,
+  there has also been found, of late, a rudely-sculptured three-headed
+  image. It is looked upon as an ancient effigy of the German Norns.
+  The Cloister of the three Holy Bournes, or Fountains, which stands
+  close by the place of discovery, is supposed to have been set up on
+  ground that had once served for pagan worship. Probably the later
+  monkish establishment of the Three Holy Bournes had taken the place
+  of a similarly named heathen sanctuary where the three Sisters of
+  Fate were once adored. Indeed, the name of all the corresponding
+  fays in yet current German folk-lore is connected with holy wells.
+  This quite fits in with the three Eddic Bournes near the great Tree
+  of Existence, at one of which--apparently at the oldest, which is
+  the very Source of Being--the Norns live, "the maidens that over the
+  Sea of Age travel in deep foreknowledge," and of whom it is said
+  that:
+
+    They laid the lots, they ruled the life
+    To the sons of men, their fate foretelling.
+
+  Now, curiously enough, the central head of the slab found near
+  Wessobrunn, in the neighborhood of the Cloister of the Three Holy
+  Bournes, is _bearded_. This has puzzled our arch�ologists. Some of
+  them fancied that what appears to be a beard might after all be the
+  hair of one of the fays or Norns, tied round the chin. By the light
+  of the description of the Weird Sisters in Shakspeare's _Macbeth_
+  we, however, see at once the true connection.
+
+  In every respect, therefore, his "Witches" are an echo from the
+  ancient Germanic creed--an echo, moreover, coming to us in the
+  oldest Teutonic verse-form; that is, in the staff-rime.
+
+      KARL BLIND.
+
+ELVES. The elves of later times seem a sort of middle thing between the
+light and dark elves. They are fair and lively, but also bad and
+mischievous. In some parts of Norway the peasants describe them as
+diminutive naked boys with hats on. Traces of their dance are sometimes
+to be seen on the wet grass, especially on the banks of rivers. Their
+exhalation is injurious, and is called _alfgust_ or _elfbl�st_, causing
+a swelling, which is easily contracted by too nearly approaching places
+where they have spat, etc. They have a predilection for certain spots,
+but particularly for large trees, which on that account the owners do
+not venture to meddle with, but look on them as something sacred, on
+which the weal or woe of the place depends. Certain diseases among their
+cattle are attributed to the elves, and are, therefore, called elf-fire
+or elf-shot. The dark elves are often confounded with the dwarfs, with
+whom they, indeed, seem identical, although they are distinguished in
+Odin's Haven's Song. The Norwegians also make a distinction between
+dwarfs and elves, believing the former to live solitary and in quiet,
+while the latter love music and dancing. (Faye, p. 48; quoted by
+Thorpe.)
+
+The fairies of Scotland are precisely identical with the above. They are
+described as a diminutive race of beings of a mixed or rather dubious
+nature, capricious in their dispositions and mischievous in their
+resentment. They inhabit the interior of green hills, chiefly those of a
+conical form, in Gaelic termed _Sighan_, on which they lead their dances
+by moonlight; impressing upon the surface the marks of circles, which
+sometimes appear yellow and blasted, sometimes of a deep green hue, and
+within which it is dangerous to sleep, or to be found after sunset.
+Cattle which are suddenly seized with the cramp, or some similar
+disorder, are said to be _elf-shot_. (Scott's Minstrelsy of the Scottish
+Border; quoted by Thorpe.)
+
+Of the Swedish elves, Arndt gives the following sketch: Of giants, of
+dwarfs, of the alp, of dragons, that keep watch over treasures, they
+have the usual stories; nor are the kindly elves forgotten. How often
+has my postillion, when he observed a circular mark in the dewy grass,
+exclaimed: See! there the elves have been dancing. These elf-dances play
+a great part in the spinning-room. To those who at midnight happen to
+enter one of these circles, the elves become visible, and may then play
+all kinds of pranks with them; though in general they are little, merry,
+harmless beings, both male and female. They often sit in small stones,
+that are hollowed out in circular form, and which are called elf-querns
+or mill-stones. Their voice is said to be soft like the air. If a loud
+cry is heard in the forest, it is that of the Skogsr� (spirit of the
+wood), which should be answered only by a _He!_ when it can do no harm.
+(Reise durch Sweden; quoted by Thorpe.)
+
+The elf-shot was known in England in very remote times, as appears from
+the Anglo-Saxon incantation, printed by Grimm in his Deutsche
+Mythologie, and in the appendix to Kemble's Saxons in England: Gif hit
+w[oe]re esa gescot o��e hit w[oe]re ylfa gescot; that is, if it were an
+asa-shot or an elf-shot. On this subject Grimm says: It is a very old
+belief that dangerous arrows were shot by the elves from the air. The
+thunder-bolt is also called elf-shot, and in Scotland a hard, sharp,
+wedge-shaped stone is known by the name of elf-arrow, elf-flint,
+elf-bolt, which, it is supposed, has been sent by the spirits. (Quoted
+by Thorpe.)
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Our ancestors divided the universe into nine worlds, and these again
+into three groups:
+
+1. Over the earth. Muspelheim, Ljosalfaheim and Asaheim.
+
+2. On the earth. Jotunheim, Midgard and Vanheim.
+
+3. Below the earth. Svartalfaheim, Niflheim and Niflhel.
+
+The gods had twelve abodes:
+
+1. THRUDHEIM. The abode of Thor. His realm is Thrudvang, and his palace
+is Bilskirner.
+
+2. YDALER. Uller's abode.
+
+3. VALASKJALF. Odin's hall.
+
+4. SOKVABEK. The abode of Saga.
+
+5. GLADSHEIM, where there are twelve seats for the gods, besides the
+throne occupied by Alfather.
+
+6. THRYMHEIM. Skade's abode.
+
+7. BREIDABLIK. Balder's abode.
+
+8. HIMMINBJORG. Heimdal's abode.
+
+9. FOLKVANG. Freyja's abode.
+
+10. GLITNER. Forsete's abode.
+
+11. NOATUN. Njord's abode.
+
+12. LANDVIDE. Vidar's abode.
+
+According to the Lay of Grimner, the gods had twelve horses, but the
+owner of each horse is not given:
+
+(1) Sleipner (Odin's), (2) Goldtop (Heimdal's), (3) Glad, (4) Gyller,
+(5) Gler, (6) Skeidbrimer, (7) Silvertop, (8) Siner, (9) Gisl, (10)
+Falhofner, (11) Lightfoot, (12) Blodughofdi (Frey's).
+
+The owners of nine of them are not given, and, moreover, it is stated
+that Thor had no horse, but always either went on foot or drove his
+goats.
+
+The favorite numbers are three, nine and twelve. Monotheism was
+recognized in the unknown god, who is from everlasting to everlasting.
+A number of trinities were established, and the nine worlds were
+classified into three groups. The week had nine days, and originally
+there were probably but nine gods, that is, before the vans were united
+with the asas. The number nine occurs where Heimdal is said to have nine
+mothers, Menglad is said to have nine maid-servants, �ger had nine
+daughters, etc. When the vans were united with the asas, the number rose
+to twelve:
+
+(1) Odin, (2) Thor, (3) Tyr, (4) Balder, (5) Hoder, (6) Heimdal, (7)
+Hermod, (8) Njord, (9) Frey, (10) Uller, (11) Vidar, (12) Forsete.
+
+If we add to this list Brage, Vale and Loke, we get fifteen; but the
+Eddas everywhere declare that there are twelve gods, who were entitled
+to divine worship.
+
+The number of the goddesses is usually given as twenty-six.
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Loke and his offspring are so fully treated in our Norse Mythology, that
+we content ourselves by referring our readers to that work.
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Freyja's ornament Brising. In the saga of Olaf Tryggvason, there is a
+rather awkward story of the manner in which Freyja became possessed of
+her ornament. Freyja, it is told, was a mistress of Odin. Not far from
+the palace dwelt four dwarfs, whose names were Alfrig, Dvalin, Berling
+and Grer; they were skillful smiths. Looking one day into their stony
+dwelling, Freyja saw them at work on a beautiful golden necklace, or
+collar, which she offered to buy, but which they refused to part with,
+except on conditions quite incompatible with the fidelity she owed to
+Odin, but to which she, nevertheless, was tempted to accede. Thus the
+ornament became hers. By some means this transaction came to the
+knowledge of Loke, who told it to Odin. Odin commanded him to get
+possession of the ornament. This was no easy task, for no one could
+enter Freyja's bower without her consent. He went away whimpering, but
+most were glad on seeing him in such tribulation. When he came to the
+locked bower, he could nowhere find an entrance, and, it being cold
+weather, he began to shiver. He then transformed himself into a fly and
+tried every opening, but in vain; there was nowhere air enough to make
+him to get through [Loke (fire) requires air]. At length he found a hole
+in the roof, but not bigger than the prick of a needle. Through this he
+slipt. On his entrance he looked around to see if anyone were awake, but
+all were buried in sleep. He peeped in at Freyja's bed, and saw that she
+had the ornament round her neck, but that the lock was on the side she
+lay on. He then transformed himself to a flea, placed himself on
+Freyja's cheek, and stung her so that she awoke, but only turned herself
+round and slept again. He then laid aside his assumed form, cautiously
+took the ornament, unlocked the bower, and took his prize to Odin. In
+the morning, on waking, Freyja seeing the door open, without having been
+forced, and that her ornament was gone, instantly understood the whole
+affair. Having dressed herself, she repaired to Odin's hall, and
+upbraided him with having stolen her ornament, and insisted on its
+restoration, which she finally obtained. (Quoted by Thorpe.)
+
+Mention is also made of the Br�singa-men in the Beowulf (verse 2394).
+Here it is represented as belonging to Hermanric, but the legend
+concerning it has never been found.
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+This myth about Frey and Gerd is the subject of one of the most
+fascinating poems in the Elder Edda, the Journey of Skirner. It is, as
+Auber Forestier, in Echoes from Mistland, says, the germ of the Niblung
+story. Frey is Sigurd or Sigfrid, and Gerd is Brynhild. The myth is also
+found in another poem of the Elder Edda, the Lay of Fjolsvin, in which
+the god himself--there called Svipday (the hastener of the
+day)--undertakes the journey to arouse from the winter sleep the cold
+giant nature of the maiden Menglad (the sun-radiant daughter), who is
+identical with Freyja (the goddess of spring, promise, or of love
+between man and woman, and who can easily be compared with Gerd). Before
+the bonds which enchain the maiden can in either case be broken, Bele
+(the giant of spring storms, corresponding to the dragon Fafner in the
+Niblung story,) must be conquered, and Wafurloge (the wall of bickering
+flames that surrounded the castle) must be penetrated. The fanes
+symbolize the funeral pyre, for whoever enters the nether world must
+scorn the fear of death. (Auber Forestier's Echoes from Mistland;
+Introduction, xliii, xliv.) We also find this story repeated again and
+again, in numberless variations, in Teutonic folk-lore; for instance,
+in The Maiden on the Glass Mountain, where the glass mountain takes the
+place of the bickering flame.
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+The tree Lerad (furnishing protection) must be regarded as a branch of
+Ygdrasil.
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+In Heimskringla Skidbladner is called Odin's ship. This is correct. All
+that belonged to the gods was his also.
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+For a thorough analysis of Thor as a spring god, as the god who dwells
+in the clouds, as the god of thunder and lightning, as the god of
+agriculture, in short, as the god of culture, we can do no better than
+to refer our readers to Der Mythus von Thor, nach Nordischen Quellen,
+von Ludwig Uhland, Stuttgart, 1836; and to Handbuch der Deutschen
+Mythologie, mit Einschluss der Nordischen, von Karl Simrock, Vierte
+Auflage, Bonn, 1874.
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+The death of Balder is justly regarded as the most beautiful myth in
+Teutonic mythology. It is connected with the Lay of Vegtam in the Elder
+Edda. Like so many other myths (Frey and Gerd, The Robbing of Idun,
+etc.) the myth symbolizes originally the end of summer and return of
+spring. Thus Balder dies every year and goes to Hel. But in the
+following spring he returns to the asas, and gladdens all things living
+and dead with his pure shining light. Gradually, however, the myth was
+changed from a symbol of the departing and returning summer, and applied
+to the departing and returning of the world year, and thus the death of
+Balder prepares the way for Ragnarok and Regeneration. Balder goes to
+Hel and does not return to this world. Thokk refuses to weep for him.
+His return is promised after Ragnarok. The next spring does not bring
+him back, but the rejuvenated earth. Thus the death of Balder becomes
+the central thought in the drama of the fate of the gods and of the
+world. It is inseparably connected with the punishment of Loke and the
+twilight of the gods. The winter following the death of Balder is not an
+ordinary winter, but the Fimbul-winter, which is followed by no summer,
+but by the destruction of the world. The central idea in the Odinic
+religion, the destruction and regeneration of the world, has taken this
+beautiful sun-myth of Balder into its service. Balder is then no more
+merely the pure holy light of heaven; he symbolizes at the same time the
+purity and innocence of the gods; he is changed from a physical to an
+ethical myth. He impersonated all that was good and holy in the life of
+the gods; and so it came to pass that when the golden age had ceased,
+when thirst for gold (Gulveig), when sin and crime had come into the
+world, he was too good to live in it. As in Genesis fratricide (Cain and
+Abel) followed upon the eating of the forbidden fruit, and the loss of
+paradise; so, when the golden age (paradise) had ended among the asas,
+Loke (the serpent) brought fratricide (Hoder and Balder) among the gods;
+themselves and our ancestors regarded fratricide as the lowest depth of
+moral depravity. After the death of Balder
+
+  Brothers slay brothers,
+  Sisters' children
+  Shed each other's blood,
+  Hard grows the world,
+  Sensual sin waxes huge.
+
+  There are sword-ages, ax-ages--
+  Shields are cleft in twain,--
+  Storm-ages, murder-ages,--
+  Till the world falls dead,
+  And men no longer spare
+  Or pity one another.
+
+Upon the whole we may say that a sun-myth first represents the death of
+the day at sunset, when the sky is radiant as if dyed in blood. In the
+flushing morn light wins its victory again. Then this same myth becomes
+transferred to the death and birth of summer. Once more it is lifted
+into a higher sphere, while still holding on to its physical
+interpretation, and is applied to the world year. Finally, it is clothed
+with ethical attributes, becomes thoroughly anthropomorphized, and
+typifies the good and the evil, the virtues and vices (light and
+darkness), in the character and life of gods and of men. Thus we get
+four stages in the development of the myth.
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+RAGNAROK. The word is found written in two ways, Ragnarok and ragnar�kr.
+Ragna is genitive plural, from the word regin (god), and means of the
+gods. Rok means reason, ground, origin, a wonder, sign, marvel. It is
+allied to the O.H.G. _rahha_ = sentence, judgment. Ragnar�k would then
+mean _the history of the gods_, and applied to the dissolution of the
+world, might be translated _the last judgment_, _doomsday_, _weird of
+gods and the world_. Rokr means _twilight_, and Ragnarokr, as the
+Younger Edda has it, thus means _the twilight of the gods_, and the
+latter is adopted by nearly all modern writers, although Gudbr.
+Vigfusson declares that Ragnarok (doomsday) is no doubt the correct
+form. And this is also to be said in favor of doomsday, that Ragnarok
+does not involve only the _twilight_, but the whole _night_ of the gods
+and the world.
+
+
+THE NIFLUNGS AND GJUKUNGS.
+
+This chapter of _Skaldskaparmal_ contains much valuable material for a
+correct understanding of the Nibelungen-Lied, especially as to the
+origin of the Niblung hoard, and the true character of Brynhild. The
+material given here, and in the Icelandic Volsunga Saga, has been used
+by Wm. Morris in his Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs.
+In the Nibelungen-Lied, as transposed by Auber Forestier, in Echoes from
+Mist-Land, we have a perfect gem of literature from the middle high
+German period, but its author had lost sight of the divine and mythical
+origin of the material that he wove into his poem. It is only by
+combining the German Nibelungen-Lied with the mythical materials found
+in Norseland that our national Teutonic epic can be restored to us.
+Wagner has done this for us in his famous drama; Jordan has done it in
+his Sigfrid's saga; Morris has done it in the work mentioned above; but
+will not Auber Forestier gather up all the scattered fragments relating
+to Sigurd and Brynhild, and weave them together into a prose narrative,
+that shall delight the young and the old of this great land?
+
+We are glad to welcome at this time a new book in the field of Niblung
+literature. We refer to Geibel's Brunhild, translated, with introduction
+and notes, by Prof. G. Theo. Dippold, and recently published in Boston.
+
+
+MENJA AND FENJA.
+
+This is usually called the peace of Frode, which corresponds to the
+golden age in the life of the asas. Avarice is the root of crime, and
+all other evils. Avarice is at the bottom of all the endless woes of the
+Niblung story. The myth explaining why the sea is salt is told in a
+variety of forms in different countries. In Germany there are several
+folk-lore stories and traditions in regard to it. In Norway, where
+folk-lore tales are so abundant, we find the myth about Menja and Fenja
+recurring in the following form:
+
+
+WHY THE SEA IS SALT.
+
+Long, long ago there were two brothers, the one was rich and the other
+was poor. On Christmas eve the poor one had not a morsel of bread or
+meat in his house, and so he went to his brother and asked him for
+mercy's sake to give him something for Christmas. It was not the first
+time the brother had had to give him, and he was not very much pleased
+to see him this time either.
+
+"If you will do what I ask of you, I will give you a whole ham of pork,"
+said he.
+
+The poor man promised immediately, and was very thankful besides.
+
+"There you have it, now go to hell," said the rich one, and threw the
+ham at him.
+
+"What I have promised, I suppose, I must keep," said the other. He took
+the ham and started. He walked and walked the whole day, and at twilight
+he came to a place where everything looked so bright and splendid.
+
+"This must be the place," thought the man with the ham.
+
+Out in the wood-shed stood an old man with a long white beard, cutting
+wood for Christmas.
+
+"Good evening," said the man with the ham.
+
+"Good evening, sir. Where are you going so late?" said the man.
+
+"I am on my way to hell, if I am on the right road," said the poor man.
+
+"Yes, you have taken the right road; it is here," said the old man. "Now
+when you get in, they will all want to buy your ham, for pork is rare
+food in hell; but you must not sell it, unless you get the hand-mill
+that stands back of the door for it. When you come out again I will show
+you how to regulate it. You will find it useful in more than one
+respect."
+
+The man with the ham thanked the old man for this valuable information,
+and rapped at the devil's door.
+
+When he came in it happened as the old man had said. All the devils,
+both the large ones and the small ones, crowded around him like ants
+around a worm, and the one bid higher than the other for the ham.
+
+"It is true my wife and I were to have it for our Christmas dinner, but,
+seeing that you are so eager for it, I suppose I will have to let you
+have it," said the man. "But if I am to sell it, I want that hand-mill
+that stands behind the door there for it."
+
+The devil did not like to spare it, and kept dickering and bantering
+with the man, but he insisted, and so the devil had to give him the
+hand-mill. When the man came out in the yard he asked the old
+wood-chopper how he should regulate the mill; and when he had learned
+how to do it, he said "thank you," and made for home as fast as he
+could. But still he did not reach home before twelve o'clock in the
+night Christmas eve.
+
+"Why, where in the world have you been?" said the woman. "Here I have
+been sitting hour after hour waiting and waiting, and I haven't as much
+as two sticks to put on the fire so as to cook the Christmas porridge."
+
+"Oh, I could not come any sooner. I had several errands to do, and I had
+a long way to go too. But now I will show you," said the man. He set the
+mill on the table, and had it first grind light, then a table-cloth,
+then food and ale and all sorts of good things for Christmas, and as he
+commanded the mill ground. The woman expressed her great astonishment
+again and again, and wanted to know where her husband had gotten the
+mill, but this he would not tell.
+
+"It makes no difference where I have gotten it; you see the mill is a
+good one, and that the water does not freeze," said the man.
+
+Then he ground food and drink, and all good things, for the whole
+Christmas week, and on the third day he invited his friends: he was
+going to have a party. When the rich brother saw all the nice and good
+things at the party, he became very wroth, for he could not bear to see
+his brother have anything.
+
+"Christmas eve he was so needy that he came to me and asked me for
+mercy's sake to give him a little food, and now he gives a feast as
+though he were both count and king," said he to the others.
+
+"But where in hell have you gotten all your riches from?" said he to his
+brother.
+
+"Behind the door," answered he who owned the mill. He did not care to
+give any definite account, but later in the evening, when he began to
+get a little tipsy, he could not help himself and brought out the mill.
+
+"There you see the one that has given me all the riches," said he, and
+then he let the mill grind both one thing and another. When the brother
+saw this he was bound to have the mill, and after a long bantering about
+it, he finally was to have it; but he was to pay three hundred dollars
+for it, and his brother was to keep it until harvest.
+
+"When I keep it until then, I shall have ground food enough to last many
+years," thought he.
+
+Of course the mill got no chance to grow rusty during the next six
+months, and when harvest-time came, the rich brother got it; but the
+other man had taken good care not to show him how to regulate it. It was
+in the evening that the rich man brought the mill home, and in the
+morning he bade his wife go and spread the hay after the mowers,--he
+would get dinner ready, he said. Toward dinner he put the mill on the
+table.
+
+"Grind fish and gruel: Grind both well and fast!" said the man, and the
+mill began to grind fish and gruel. It first filled all the dishes and
+tubs full, and after that it covered the whole floor with fish and
+gruel. The man kept puttering and tinkering, and tried to get the mill
+to stop; but no matter how he turned it and fingered at it, the mill
+kept on, and before long the gruel got so deep in the room that the man
+was on the point of drowning. Then he opened the door to the
+sitting-room, but before long that room was filled too, and the man had
+all he could do to get hold of the door-latch down in this flood of
+gruel. When he got the door open he did not remain long in the room. He
+ran out as fast as he could, and there was a perfect flood of fish gruel
+behind, deluging the yard and his fields.
+
+The wife, who was in the meadow making hay, began to think that it took
+a long time to get dinner ready. "Even if husband does not call us, we
+will have to go anyway. I suppose he does not know much about making
+gruel; I will have to go and help him," said the woman to the mowers.
+
+They went homeward, but on coming up the hill they met the flood of fish
+and gruel and bread, the one mixed up with the other, and the man came
+running ahead of the flood.
+
+"Would that each one of you had an hundred stomachs, but have a care
+that you do not drown in the gruel flood," cried the husband. He ran by
+them as though the devil had been after him, and hastened down to his
+brother. He begged him in the name of everything sacred to come and take
+the mill away immediately.
+
+"If it grinds another hour the whole settlement will perish in fish and
+gruel," said he.
+
+But the brother would not take it unless he got three hundred dollars,
+and this money had to be paid to him.
+
+Now the poor brother had both money and the mill, and so it did not take
+long before he got himself a farm, and a much nicer one than his
+brother's. With his mill he ground out so much gold that he covered his
+house all over with sheets of gold. The house stood down by the
+sea-shore, and it glistened far out upon the sea. All who sailed past
+had to go ashore and visit the rich man in the golden house, and all
+wanted to see the wonderful mill, for its fame spread far and wide, and
+there was none who had not heard speak of it.
+
+After a long time there came a sea-captain who wished to see the mill.
+He asked whether it could grind salt.
+
+"Yes, it can grind salt," said he who owned the mill; and when the
+captain heard this, he was bound to have it, let it cost what it will.
+For if he had that, thought he, he would not have to sail far off over
+dangerous waters after cargoes of salt. At first the man did not wish to
+sell it, but the captain teased and begged and finally the man sold it,
+and got many thousand dollars for it. When the captain had gotten the
+mill on his back, he did not stay there long, for he was afraid the man
+might reconsider the bargain and back out again. He had no time to ask
+how to regulate it; he went to his ship as fast as he could, and when he
+had gotten some distance out upon the sea, he got his mill out.
+
+"Grind salt both fast and well," said the captain. The mill began to
+grind salt, and that with all its might. When the captain had gotten the
+ship full he wanted to stop the mill; but no matter how he worked, and
+no matter how he handled it, the mill kept grinding as fast as ever, and
+the heap of salt kept growing larger and larger, and at last the ship
+sank. The mill stands on the bottom of the sea grinding this very day,
+and so it comes that the sea is salt.
+
+
+
+
+VOCABULARY.
+
+
+ADILS. A king who reigned in Upsala.
+AE. A dwarf.
+�GER. The god presiding over the stormy sea.
+ALF. A dwarf.
+ALFATHER. A name of Odin.
+ALFHEIM. The home of the elves.
+ALFRIG. A dwarf.
+ALSVID. One of the horses of the sun.
+ALTHJOF. A dwarf.
+ALVIS. A dwarf.
+AMSVARTNER. The name of the lake in which the island was situated where
+  the wolf Fenrer was chained.
+ANDHRIMNER. The cook in Valhal.
+ANDLANG. The second heaven.
+ANDVARE. A dwarf.
+ANDVARE-NAUT. The ring in the Niblung story.
+ANGERBODA. A giantess; mother of the Fenris-wolf.
+ANNAR. Husband of Night and father of Jord.
+ARVAK. The name of one of the horses of the sun.
+ASAHEIM. The home of the asas.
+ASALAND. The land of the asas.
+ASAS. The Teutonic gods.
+ASA-THOR. A common name for Thor.
+ASGARD. The residence of the gods.
+ASK. The name of the first man created by Odin, Honer and Loder.
+ASLAUG. Daughter of Sigurd and Brynhild.
+ASMUND. A man visited by Odin.
+ASYNJES. The Teutonic goddesses.
+ATLE. Gudrun's husband after the death of Sigurd.
+ATRID. A name of Odin.
+AUD. The son of Night and Naglfare.
+AUDHUMBLA. The cow that nourished the giant Ymer.
+AUDUN. A name derived from Odin.
+AURGELMER. A giant; grandfather of Bergelmer; the same as Ymer.
+AURVANG. A dwarf.
+AUSTRE. A dwarf.
+
+BAFUR. A dwarf.
+BALDER. Son of Odin and Frigg, slain by Hoder.
+BALEYG. A name of Odin.
+BAR-ISLE. A cool grove in which Gerd agreed with Skirner to meet Frey.
+BAUGE. A brother of Suttung. Odin worked for him one summer, in order to
+  get his help in obtaining Suttung's mead of poetry.
+BEIGUD. One of Rolf Krake's berserks.
+BELE. A giant, brother of Gerd, slain by Frey.
+BERGELMER. A giant; son of Thrudgelmer and grandson of Aurgelmer.
+BERLING. A dwarf.
+BESTLA. Wife of Bure and mother of Odin.
+BIFLIDE. A name of Odin.
+BIFLINDE. A name of Odin.
+BIFROST. The rainbow.
+BIFUR. A dwarf.
+BIKKE. A minister of Jormunrek; causes Randver to be hanged, and
+  Svanhild trodden to death by horses.
+BIL. One of the children that accompany Moon.
+BILEYG. A name of Odin.
+BILSKIRNER. Thor's abode.
+BLAIN. A dwarf.
+BLODUGHOFDE. Frey's horse.
+BODN. One of the three jars in which the poetic mead is kept.
+BODVAR BJARKE. One of Rolf Krake's berserks.
+BOL. One of the rivers flowing out of Hvergelmer.
+BOLTHORN. A giant; father of Bestla, mother of Odin.
+BOLVERK. A name of Odin.
+BOMBUR. A dwarf.
+BOR. Son of Bure; father of Odin.
+BRAGE. A son of Odin; the best of skalds.
+BREIDABLIK. The abode of Balder.
+BRIMER. One of the heavenly halls after Ragnarok.
+BRISING. Freyja's necklace.
+BROK. A dwarf.
+BRYNHILD. One of the chief heroines in the Niblung story.
+BUDLE. Father of Atle and Brynhild.
+BUE. A son of Vesete, who settled in Borgundarholm.
+BURE. Grandfather of Odin.
+BYLEIST. A brother of Loke.
+BYRGER. A well from which Bil and Hjuke were going when they were taken
+  by Moon.
+
+DAIN. A dwarf.
+DAIN. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.
+DAINSLEIF. Hogne's sword.
+DAY. Son of Delling.
+DAYBREAK. The father of Day.
+DELLING. Daybreak.
+DOLGTHVARE. A dwarf.
+DORE. A dwarf.
+DRAUPNER. Odin's ring.
+DROME. One of the fetters with which the Fenris-wolf was chained.
+DUF. A dwarf.
+DUNEY. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.
+DURATHRO. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.
+DURIN. A dwarf.
+DVALIN. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.
+DVALIN. A dwarf.
+
+EIKINSKJALDE. A dwarf.
+EIKTHYRNER. A hart that stands over Odin's hall.
+EILIF. Son of Gudrun; a skald.
+EIMYRJA. One of the daughters of Haloge and Glod.
+EINDRIDE. A name of Thor.
+EIR. An attendant of Menglod, and the best of all in the healing art.
+EKIN. One of the rivers flowing from Hvergelmer.
+ELDER. A servant of �ger.
+ELDHRIMNER. The kettle in which the boar Sahrimner is cooked in Valhal.
+ELIVOGS. The ice-cold streams that flow out of Niflheim.
+ELJUDNER. Hel's hall.
+ELLE. An old woman (old age) with whom Thor wrestled in Jotunheim.
+EMBLA. The first woman created by Odin, Honer and Loder.
+ENDIL. The name of a giant.
+ERP. A son of Jonaker, murdered by Sorle and Hamder.
+EYLIME. The father of Hjordis, mother of Volsung.
+EYSA. One of the daughters of Haloge and Glod.
+
+FAFNER. Son of Hreidmar, killed by Sigurd.
+FAL. A dwarf.
+FALHOFNER. One of the horses of the gods.
+FARBAUTE. The father of Loke.
+FARMAGOD. One of the names of Odin.
+FARMATYR. One of the names of Odin.
+FENJA. A female slave who ground at Frode's mill.
+FENRIS-WOLF. The monster wolf, son of Loke.
+FENSALER. The abode of Frigg.
+FID. A dwarf.
+FILE. A dwarf.
+FIMAFENG. �ger's servant.
+FIMBUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+FIMBULTHUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+FIMBUL-TYR. The unknown god.
+FIMBUL-WINTER. The great and awful winter of three years duration
+  preceding Ragnarok.
+FINNSLEIF. A byrnie belonging to King Adils, of Upsala.
+FJALAR. A dwarf.
+FJOLNER. A name of Odin.
+FJOLSVID. A name of Odin.
+FJORGVIN. The mother of Frigg and of Thor.
+FJORM. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+FOLKVANG. Freyja's abode.
+FORM. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+FORNJOT. The ancient giant; the father of �ger.
+FORSETE. The peace-maker; son of Balder and Nanna.
+FRANANGER FORCE. The waterfall into which Loke cast himself in the
+  likeness of a salmon.
+FREKE. One of Odin's wolves.
+FREY. Son of Njord and husband of Skade.
+FREYJA. The daughter of Njord and sister of Frey.
+FRIDLEIF. A son of Skjold.
+FRIGG. Wife of Odin and mother of the gods.
+FRODE. Grandson of Skjold.
+FROSTE. A dwarf.
+FULLA. Frigg's attendant.
+FUNDIN. A dwarf.
+FYRE. A river in Sweden.
+
+GAGNRAD. A name of Odin.
+GALAR. A dwarf.
+GANDOLF. A dwarf.
+GANG. A giant.
+GANGLARE. A name of Odin.
+GANGLATE. Hel's man-servant.
+GANGLERE. A name of Odin.
+GANGLOT. Hel's maid-servant.
+GANGRAD. A name of Odin.
+GARDROFA. A horse.
+GARM. A dog that barks at Ragnarok.
+GAUT. A name of Odin.
+GEFJUN. A goddess; she is present at �ger's feast.
+GEFN. One of the names of Freyja.
+GEIRAHOD. A valkyrie.
+GEIRROD. A giant visited by Thor.
+GEIR SKOGUL. A valkyrie.
+GEIRVIMUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GELGJA. The fetter with which the Fenris-wolf was chained.
+GERD. A beautiful giantess, daughter of Gymer.
+GERE. One of Odin's wolves.
+GERSAME. One of the daughters of Freyja.
+GILLING. Father of Suttung, who possessed the poetic mead.
+GIMLE. The abode of the righteous after Ragnarok.
+GINNAR. A dwarf.
+GINUNGAGAP. The premundane abyss.
+GIPUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GISL. One of the horses of the gods.
+GJALLAR-BRIDGE. The bridge across the river Gjol, near Helheim.
+GJALLAR-HORN. Heimdal's horn.
+GJALLAR-RIVER. The river near Helheim.
+GJALP. One of the daughters of Geirrod.
+GJUKE. A king in Germany, visited by Sigurd.
+GLADSHEIM. Odin's dwelling.
+GLAM. The name of a giant.
+GLAPSVID. A name of Odin.
+GLASER. A grove in Asgard.
+GLEIPNER. The last fetter with which the wolf Fenrer was bound.
+GLENER. The husband of Sol (sun).
+GLER. One of the horses of the gods.
+GLITNER. Forsete's hall.
+GLOIN. A dwarf.
+GNA. Frigg's messenger.
+GNIPA-CAVE. The cave before which the dog Garm barks.
+GNITA-HEATH. Fafner's abode, where he kept the treasure of the Niblungs.
+GOIN. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+GOL. A valkyrie.
+GOLDFAX. The giant Hrungner's horse.
+GOMUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GONDLER. One of the names of Odin.
+GONDUL. A valkyrie.
+GOPUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GOT. A name of Odin.
+GOTE. Gunnar's horse.
+GOTHORM. A son of Gjuke; murders Sigurd, and is slain by him.
+GRABAK. One of the serpents under Ygdrasil.
+GRAD. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GRAFVITNER. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+GRAFVOLLUD. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+GRAM. Sigurd's sword.
+GRANE. Sigurd's horse.
+GREIP. One of the daughters of Geirrod.
+GRID. A giantess visited by Thor.
+GRIDARVOL. Grid's staff.
+GRIM. A name of Odin.
+GRIMHILD. Gjuke's queen.
+GRIMNER. One of the names of Odin.
+GRJOTTUNGARD. The place where Thor fought with Hrungner.
+GROA. A giantess, mother of Orvandel.
+GROTTE. The name of King Frode's mill.
+GUD. A valkyrie.
+GUDNY. One of the children of Gjuke.
+GUDRUN. The famous daughter of Gjuke.
+GULLINBURSTE. The name of Frey's boar.
+GULLINTANNE. A name of Heimdal.
+GULLTOP. Heimdal's horse.
+GULLVEIG. A personification of gold; she is pierced and burnt.
+GUNGNER. Odin's spear.
+GUNLAT. The daughter of the giant Suttung.
+GUNN. A valkyrie.
+GUNNAR. The famous son of Gjuke.
+GUNTHRAIN. One of the rivers flowing from Hvergelmer.
+GWODAN. An old name for Odin.
+GYLFE. A king of Svithjod, who visited Asgard under the name of
+  Ganglere.
+GYLLER. One of the horses of the gods.
+GYMER. Another name of the ocean divinity �ger.
+
+HABROK. A celebrated hero.
+HALLINSKIDE. Another name of Heimdal.
+HALOGE. A giant, son of Fornjot; also called Loge.
+HAMDER. Son of Jonaker and Gudrun, incited by his mother to avenge his
+  sister's death.
+HAMSKERPER. A horse; the sire of Hofvarpner, which was Gna's horse.
+HANGAGOD. A name of Odin.
+HANGATYR. A name of Odin.
+HAPTAGOD. A name of Odin.
+HAR. The High One; applied to Odin.
+HARBARD. A name assumed by Odin.
+HATE. The wolf bounding before the sun, and will at last catch the moon.
+HEIDE. Another name for Gullveig.
+HEIDRUN. A goat that stands over Valhal.
+HEIMDAL. The god of the rainbow.
+HEIMER. Brynhild's foster-father.
+HEL. The goddess of death; daughter of Loke.
+HELBLINDE. A name of Odin.
+HELMET-BEARER. A name of Odin.
+HENGEKJAPT. The man to whom King Frode gave his mill.
+HEPTE. A dwarf.
+HERAN. A name of Odin.
+HERFATHER. A name of Odin.
+HERJAN. A name of Odin.
+HERMOD. The god who rode on Sleipner to Hel, to get Balder back.
+HERTEIT. A name of Odin.
+HILD. A valkyrie.
+HILDESVIN. A helmet, which King Adils took from King Ale.
+HIMINBJORG. Heimdal's dwelling.
+HINDFELL. The place where Brynhild sat in her hall, surrounded by the
+  Vafurloge.
+HJALMBORE. A name of Odin.
+HJALPREK. A king in Denmark; collects a fleet for Sigurd.
+HJATLE THE VALIANT. One of Rolf Krake's berserks.
+HJORDIS. Married to Sigmund, and mother of Sigurd.
+HJUKE. One of the children that accompany Moon.
+HLEDJOLF. A dwarf.
+HLER. Another name of �ger.
+HLIDSKJALF. The seat of Odin, whence he looked out over all the world.
+HLIN. One of the attendants of Frigg; Frigg herself is sometimes called
+  by this name.
+HLODYN. Thor's mother.
+HLOK. A valkyrie.
+HLORIDE. A name of Thor.
+HNIKER. A name of Odin.
+HNIKUD. A name of Odin.
+HNITBJORG. The place where Suttung hid the poetic mead.
+HNOS. Freyja's daughter.
+HODER. The slayer of Balder; he is blind.
+HODMIMER'S-HOLT. The grove where the two human beings, Lif and
+  Lifthraser, were preserved during Ragnarok.
+HOFVARPNER. Gna's horse.
+HOGNE. A son of Gjuke.
+HONER. One of the three creating gods; with Odin and Loder he creates
+  Ask and Embla.
+HOR. A dwarf.
+HORN. A name of Freyja.
+HRASVELG. A giant in an eagle's plumage, who produces the wind.
+HREIDMAR. The father of Regin and Fafner.
+HRIB. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+HRIMFAXE. The horse of Night.
+HRINGHORN. The ship upon which Balder's body was burned.
+HRIST. A valkyrie.
+HRODVITNER. A wolf; father of the wolf Hate.
+HRON. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+HROPTATYR. A name of Odin.
+HROTTE. Fafner's sword.
+HRUNGNER. A giant; Thor slew him.
+HRYM. A giant, who steers the ship Naglfar at Ragnarok.
+HVERGELMER. The fountain in the middle of Niflheim.
+HUGE. A person (Thought) who ran a race with Thjalfe, in Jotunheim.
+HUGIST. One of Odin's ravens.
+HUGSTORE. A dwarf.
+HYMER. A giant with whom Thor went fishing when he caught the
+  Midgard-serpent.
+HYNDLA. A vala visited by Freyja.
+HYRROKEN. A giantess who launched the ship on which Balder was burned.
+
+IDA. A plain where the gods first assemble, and where they assemble
+  again after Ragnarok.
+IDAVOLD. The same.
+IDE. A giant, son of Olvalde.
+IDUN. Wife of Brage; she kept the rejuvenating apples.
+IRONWOOD. The abode of giantesses called Jarnveds.
+IVA. A river in Jotunheim.
+IVALD. The father of the dwarfs that made Sif's hair, the ship
+  Skidbladner, and Odin's spear Gungner.
+
+JAFNHAR. A name of Odin.
+JALG. A name of Odin.
+JALK. A name of Odin.
+JARNSAXA. One of Heimdal's nine giant mothers.
+JARNVED. The same as Ironwood.
+JARNVIDJES. The giantesses dwelling in Ironwood.
+JORD. Wife of Odin, mother of Thor.
+JORMUNGAND. The Midgard-serpent.
+JORMUNREK. King of Goths, marries Svanhild.
+JORUVOLD. The country where Aurvang is situated. Thence come several
+  dwarfs.
+JOTUNHEIM. The home of the giants.
+
+KERLAUGS. The rivers that Thor every day must cross.
+KILE. A dwarf.
+KJALER. A name of Odin.
+KORMT. A river which Thor every day must cross.
+KVASER. The hostage given by the vans to the asas; his blood, when
+  slain, was the poetical meed kept by Suttung.
+
+LADING. One of the fetters with which the Fenris-wolf was bound.
+LANDVIDE. Vidar's abode.
+LAUFEY. Loke's mother.
+LEIPT. One of the rivers flowing out of Hvergelmer.
+LERAD. A tree near Valhal.
+LETFET. One of the horses of the gods.
+LIF.       } The two persons preserved in Hodmimer's-holt during
+LIFTHRASER.}   Ragnarok.
+LIT. A dwarf.
+LJOSALFAHEIM. The home of the light elves.
+LODER. One of the three gods who created Ask and Embla.
+LOFN. One of the asynjes.
+LOGE. A giant who tried his strength at eating with Loke in Jotunheim.
+LOKE. The giant-god of the Norse mythology.
+LOPT. Another name for Loke.
+LOVAR. A dwarf.
+LYNGVE. The island where the Fenris-wolf was chained.
+
+MAGNE. A son of Thor.
+MANNHEIM. The home of man; our earth.
+MARDOL. One of the names of Freyja.
+MEGINGJARDER. Thor's belt.
+MEILE. A son of Odin.
+MENGLAD. Svipdag's betrothed.
+MENJA. A female slave who ground at Frode's mill.
+MIDGARD. The name of the earth in the mythology.
+MIDVITNE. A giant.
+MIMER. The name of the wise giant; keeper of the holy well.
+MIST. A valkyrie.
+MJODVITNER. A dwarf.
+MJOLNER. Thorn's hammer.
+MJOTUD. A name of Odin.
+MODE. One of Thor's sons.
+MODGUD. The may who guards the Gjallar-bridge.
+MODSOGNER. A dwarf.
+MOIN. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+MOKKERKALFE. A clay giant in the myth of Thor and Hrungner.
+MOON, brother of Sun. Both children of Mundilfare.
+MOONGARM. A wolf of Loke's offspring; he devours the moon.
+MORN. A troll-woman.
+MUNDILFARE. Father of the sun and moon.
+MUNIN. One of Odin's ravens.
+MUSPEL. The name of an abode of fire.
+MUSPELHEIM. The world of blazing light before the creation.
+
+NA. A dwarf.
+NAGLFAR. A mythical ship made of nail-parings; it appears in Ragnarok.
+NAIN. A dwarf.
+NAL. Mother of Loke.
+NANNA. Daughter of Nep; mother of Forsete, and wife of Balder.
+NARE. Sod of Loke; also called Narfe.
+NARFE. _See_ Nare.
+NASTRAND. A place of punishment for the wicked after Ragnarok.
+NEP. Father of Nanna.
+NIBLUNGS. Identical with Gjukungs.
+NIDA MOUNTAINS. A place where there is, after Ragnarok, a golden hall
+  for the race of Sindre (the dwarfs).
+NIDE. A dwarf.
+NIDHUG. A serpent in the nether world.
+NIFLHEIM. The world of mist before the creation.
+NIFLUNGS. Identical with Niblungs.
+NIGHT. Daughter of Norfe.
+NIKAR. A name of Odin.
+NIKUZ. A name of Odin.
+NIPING. A dwarf.
+NJORD. A van; husband of Skade, and father of Frey and Freyja.
+NOATUN. Njord's dwelling.
+NON. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+NOR. The man after whom Norway was supposed to have been named.
+NORDRE. A dwarf.
+NORFE. A giant, father of Night.
+NORNS. The weird sisters.
+NOT. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+NY. A dwarf.
+NYE. A dwarf.
+NYRAD. A dwarf.
+
+ODER. Freyja's husband.
+ODIN. Son of Bor and Bestla; the chief of Teutonic gods.
+ODRARER. One of the vessels in which the poetic mead was kept.
+OFNER. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+OIN. A dwarf.
+OKU-THOR. A name of Thor.
+OLVALDE. A giant; father of Thjasse, Ide and Gang.
+OME. A name of Odin.
+ONAR. A dwarf.
+ORBODA. Wife of the giant Gymer.
+ORE. A dwarf.
+ORMT. One of the rivers that Thor has to cross.
+ORNER. The name of a giant.
+ORVANDEL. The husband of Groa, the vala who sang magic songs over Thor
+  after he had fought with Hrungner.
+OSKE. A name of Odin.
+OTTER. A son of Hreidmar; in the form of an otter he was killed by Loke.
+
+QUASER. _See_ Kvaser.
+
+RADGRID. A valkyrie.
+RADSVID. A dwarf.
+RAFNAGUD. A name of Odin.
+RAGNAROK. The last day; the dissolution of the gods and the world; the
+  twilight of the gods.
+RAN. The goddess of the sea; wife of �ger.
+RANDGRID. A valkyrie.
+RANDVER. A son of Jormunrek.
+RATATOSK. A squirrel in Ygdrasil.
+RATE. An auger used by Odin in obtaining the poetic mead.
+REGIN. Son of Hreidmar.
+REGINLEIF. A valkyrie.
+REIDARTYR. A name of Odin.
+REK. A dwarf.
+RIND. Mother of Vale.
+ROGNER. A name of Odin.
+ROSKVA. Thor's maiden follower.
+
+SAHRIMNER. The boar on which the gods and heroes in Valhal live.
+SAD. A name of Odin.
+SAGA. The goddess of history.
+SAGER. The bucket carried by Bil and Hjuke.
+SANGETAL. A name of Odin.
+SEKIN. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+SESSRYMNER. Freyja's palace.
+SIAR. A dwarf.
+SID. A stream flowing from Hvergelmer.
+SIDHOT. A name of Odin.
+SIDSKEG. A name of Odin.
+SIF. Thor's wife.
+SIGFATHER. A name of Odin.
+SIGFRID. The hero in the Niblung story; the same as Sigurd.
+SIGMUND. Son of Volsung. Also son of Sigurd and Gudrun.
+SINDRE. A dwarf.
+SIGTYR. A name of Odin.
+SIGYN. Loke's wife.
+SIGURD. The hero in the Niblung story; identical with Sigfrid.
+SILVERTOP. One of the horses of the gods.
+SIMUL. The pole on which Bil and Hjuke carried the bucket.
+SINFJOTLE. Son of Sigmund.
+SINER. One of the horses of the gods.
+SJOFN. One of the asynjes.
+SKADE. A giantess; daughter of Thjasse and wife of Njord.
+SKEGGOLD. A valkyrie.
+SKEIDBRIMER. One of the horses of the gods.
+SKIDBLADNER. Frey's ship.
+SKIFID. A dwarf.
+SKIFIR. A dwarf.
+SKILFING. A name of Odin.
+SKINFAXE. The horse of Day.
+SKIRNER. Frey's messenger.
+SKOGUL. A valkyrie.
+SKOL. The wolf that pursues the sun.
+SKRYMER. The name assumed by Utgard-Loke; a giant.
+SKULD. The norn of the future.
+SLEIPNER. Odin's eight-footed steed.
+SLID. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+SLIDRUGTANNE. Frey's boar.
+SNOTRA. One of the asynjes.
+SOKMIMER. A giant slain by Odin.
+SOKVABEK. A mansion, where Odin and Saga quaff from golden beakers.
+SOL. Daughter of Mundilfare.
+SON. One of the vessels containing the poetic mead.
+SORLE. Son of Jonaker and Gudrun; avenges the death of Svanhild.
+SUDRE. A dwarf.
+SUN. Identical with Sol.
+SURT. Guards Muspelheim. A fire-giant in Ragnarok.
+SUTTUNG. The giant possessing the poetic mead.
+SVADE. A giant.
+SVADILFARE. A horse, the sire of Sleipner.
+SVAFNER. A serpent under Ygdrasil.
+SVANHILD. Daughter of Sigurd and Gudrun.
+SVARIN. A dwarf.
+SVARTALFAHEIM. The home of the swarthy elves.
+SVARTHOFDE. The ancestor of all enchanters.
+SVASUD. The name of a giant; father of summer.
+SVIAGRIS. A ring demanded by the berserks for Rolf Krake.
+SVID. A name of Odin.
+SVIDAR. A name of Odin.
+SVIDR. A name of Odin.
+SVIDRE. A name of Odin.
+SVIDRIR. A name of Odin.
+SVIDUR. A name of Odin.
+SVIPDAG. The betrothed of Menglad.
+SVIPOL. A name of Odin.
+SVOL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+SVOLNE. A name of Odin.
+SYLG. A stream flowing from Hvergelmer.
+SYN. A minor goddess.
+SYR. A name of Freyja.
+
+TANGNJOST.  } Thor's goats.
+TANGRISNER. }
+THEK. A dwarf; also a name of Odin.
+THJALFE. The name of Thor's man-servant.
+THJASSE. A giant; the father of Njord's wife, Skade.
+THJODNUMA. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+THOK. Loke in the disguise of a woman.
+THOL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+THOR. Son of Odin and Fjorgyn. The god of thunder.
+THORIN. A dwarf.
+THORN. A giant.
+THRIDE. A name of Odin.
+THRO. A dwarf; also a name of Odin.
+THROIN. A dwarf.
+THROR. A name of Odin.
+THRUD. A valkyrie.
+THUD. A name of Odin.
+THUL. A stream flowing from Hvergelmer.
+THUND. A name of Odin.
+THVITE. A stone used in chaining the Fenris-wolf.
+THYN. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+TYR. The one-armed god of war.
+
+UD. A name of Odin.
+UKKO. The god of thunder in Tshudic mythology.
+UKKO-THOR. A name for Thor.
+ULLER. Son of Sif and step-son of Thor.
+URD. The norn of the past.
+UTGARD. The abode of the giant Utgard-Loke.
+UTGARD-LOKE. A giant visited by Thor; identical with Skrymer.
+
+VAFTHRUDNER. A giant visited by Odin.
+VAFUD. A name of Odin.
+VAFURLOGE. The bickering flame surrounding Brynhild on Hindfell.
+VAK. A name of Odin.
+VALASKJALF. One of Odin's dwellings.
+VALE. Brother of Balder; kills Hoder.
+VALFATHER. A name of Odin.
+VALHAL. The hall to which Odin invites those slain in battle.
+VANADIS. A name of Freyja.
+VANAHEIM. The home of the vans.
+VAR. The goddess of betrothals and marriages.
+VARTARE. The thread with which the mouth of Loke was sewed together.
+VASAD. The grandfather of Winter.
+VE. A brother of Odin. (Odin, Vile and Ve).
+VEDFOLNER. A hawk in Ygdrasil.
+VEGSVIN. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+VEGTAM. A name of Odin.
+VERATYR. A name of Odin.
+VERDANDE. The norn of the present.
+VESTRE. A dwarf.
+VID. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+VIDAR. Son of Odin and the giantess Grid.
+VIDBLAIN. The third heaven.
+VIDFIN. The father of Bil and Hjuke.
+VIDOLF. The ancestor of the valas.
+VIDRER. A name of Odin.
+VIDUR. A name of Odin.
+VIG. A dwarf.
+VIGRID. The field of battle where the gods and the hosts of Surt meet in
+  Ragnarok.
+VILE. Brother of Odin and Ve.
+VILMEIDE. The ancestor of all wizards.
+VIMER. A river that Thor crosses.
+VIN. A river that flows from Hvergelmer.
+VINA. A river that flows from Hvergelmer.
+VINDALF. A dwarf.
+VINDLONG. One of the names of the father of winter.
+VINDSVAL. One of the names of the father of winter.
+VINGNER. A name of Thor.
+VINGOLF. The palace of the asynjes.
+VINGTHOR. A name of Thor.
+VIRFIR. A dwarf.
+VIT. A dwarf.
+VOLSUNGS. The descendants of Volsung.
+VON. A river formed by the saliva running from the mouth of the chained
+  Fenris-wolf.
+VOR. One of the asynjes.
+
+WODAN. A name of Odin.
+
+YDALER. Uller's dwelling.
+YG. A name of Odin.
+YGDRASIL. The world-embracing ash-tree.
+YLG. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.
+YMER. The huge giant out of whose body the world was created.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+  [Transcriber's Note:
+
+  Page references in the 5-10 range do not correspond reliably to actual
+  citations; pages 5 and 6 do not exist at all. It is possible that the
+  Preface was rewritten and repaginated between 1879 (the original date
+  of the book) and 1901 (the date of the printing used as the basis for
+  this e-text).]
+
+
+A
+
+Abel, 265.
+Academy (London), 252.
+Achilleus, 167, 168.
+Adam, 33.
+Adela, 255.
+Adils, 215, 217.
+Ae, 71.
+�ger, 153, 154, 159, 160, 162, 164, 169, 176-189, 196, 240, 260.
+�neas, 168, 221-224, 229, 242.
+Africa and Africans, 36, 38, 225.
+Ainbet, 255.
+Ainos, 221.
+Aldafather, 246.
+Ale, 89, 168, 215.
+Alf, 71.
+Alfather, 65, 69, 72, 77, 80, 81, 92, 94, 98, 106, 245, 246, 259.
+Alfheim, 77, 183.
+Alfrig, 261.
+Alsace, 255.
+Alsvid, 66.
+Althjof, 70.
+Alvis, 251.
+America, 30, 244.
+Amsvartner, 94.
+Anchises, 223, 229.
+Andhrimner, 104.
+Andlang, 78.
+Andvare, 71, 194, 195, 199-201.
+Andvarenaut, 200.
+Angerboda, 91.
+Anglo-Saxon, 258.
+Annan, 45.
+Annar, 65.
+Argulos, 41.
+Ariadne, 29.
+Ariel, 253.
+Ark, 33.
+Arndt, 257, 258.
+Arvak, 66.
+Asaheim, 226, 259.
+Asaland, 226, 234.
+Asas, 79-90.
+Asa-Thor, 241.
+Asburg, 226.
+Asgard, 6, 7, 51, 54, 64, 65, 69, 133, 136, 148, 153, 156-158, 164,
+  168-176, 181, 189, 191, 224, 226, 228, 230, 237.
+Asia, 38, 43, 166, 225-229.
+Asiamen, 46, 48.
+Ask, 5, 64, 243, 250.
+Aslaug, 204.
+Asmund, 245, 246.
+Aspargum, 226.
+Asov, 225.
+Assor, 229.
+Asynjes, 97-100.
+Assyrians, 37, 40, 225.
+Atlas, 226.
+Atle, 198-202, 251.
+Atra, 45.
+Atrid, 81, 245.
+Aud, 65.
+Audhumbla, 59, 246.
+Audun, 235.
+Aurgelmer, 58, 250.
+Aurvang, 71.
+Austre, 61, 70.
+Austria, 255.
+
+
+B
+
+Baal, 37.
+Babylon, 39.
+Bafur, 70.
+Balder, 6, 7, 8, 46, 83, 84, 89, 131-136, 148, 158, 175, 232, 249, 259,
+  260, 264, 265.
+Baleyg, 81, 245, 247.
+Baltic, 223, 231.
+Banquo, 253.
+Bar, 61, 64, 250.
+Bar-Isle, 102.
+Bauge, 162, 163.
+Bavaria, 256.
+Bedvig, 45.
+Beigud, 215.
+Bel, 37.
+Beldegg, 46.
+Bele, 102, 103, 145, 175, 262.
+Beowulf, 262.
+Bergelmer, 60, 250.
+Bergmann, Fr., 18, 221.
+Berling, 261.
+Bestla, 60, 250.
+Biflide, 54.
+Biflinde, 54, 81, 245.
+Bifrost, 68, 73, 74, 77, 88, 108, 142.
+Bifur, 70.
+Bikke, 202, 203.
+Bil, 66, 99, 250.
+Bileyg, 81, 245.
+Bilskirner, 82, 259.
+Bjaf, 45.
+Bjalfe, 233.
+Bjar, 45.
+Bjarnhedinn, 233.
+Black Sea, 225, 229.
+Blackwell, W. L., 15, 18.
+Blain, 70.
+Blind, Karl, 252-256.
+Blodughofde, 260.
+Blueland, 225, 226.
+Bodn, 160-165.
+Bodvar Bjarke, 215.
+Bol, 106.
+Bolthorn, 60, 250.
+Bolverk, 81, 162, 163, 245.
+Bombur, 70.
+Bor, 50, 61, 64, 250.
+Borgundarholm, 240.
+Bornholm, 240.
+Bothnia, 240.
+Brage, 6, 9, 16, 25, 50, 87, 108, 153, 154, 159, 160, 164, 166, 169,
+  184, 187, 189, 205, 231, 260.
+Brander, 46.
+Breidablik, 77, 84, 232, 259.
+Brimer, 147, 166.
+Brising, 97, 186, 261, 262.
+Britain, 230.
+Brok, 190-192.
+Brynhild, 198-201, 262, 267.
+Budd, 244.
+Buddha, 244.
+Budle, 198, 201.
+Bue, 240.
+Bugge, Sophus, 18.
+Bure, 5, 60, 250.
+Byleist, 91, 144.
+Byrger, 66.
+
+
+C
+
+C�sar, 233.
+Cain, 265.
+Carlyle, Sir Thomas, 22, 252.
+Carthage, 31, 242.
+Cato, the Elder, 31.
+Caucasian, 226.
+Celtic, 239, 240, 244.
+Cerberos, 41.
+Chaldeans, 40.
+Chasgar, 226.
+China, 28.
+Chlotildis, 255.
+Christ, 201, 221, 223.
+Cicero, 229.
+Columbus, 30.
+Cottle, A. S., 15.
+Crete, 28, 39-42.
+
+
+D
+
+Dain, 70, 75.
+Dainsleif, 219.
+Dane, 46.
+Danube, 230.
+Dardanos, 42.
+Dasent, G. W., 15, 16, 18.
+Day, 65, 66.
+Daybreak, 65.
+Delling, 65.
+Denmark, 50, 206, 207, 214, 222, 230, 231, 239, 242, 251.
+Dido, 242.
+Dietrich, Fr., 18.
+Dippold, G. Theo., 267.
+Dolgthvare, 71.
+Don, 225, 229.
+Dore, 71.
+Dornr�schen, 254.
+Draupner, 71, 134, 136, 187.
+Drome, 93.
+Duf, 71.
+Duney, 75.
+Durathro, 75.
+Durin, 70.
+Dvalin, 70, 74, 75, 261.
+
+
+E
+
+Egilsson, S., 18, 19.
+Eikenskjalde, 71.
+Eikthyrner, 106.
+Eilif, 179.
+Eimyrja, 240.
+Eindride, 175.
+Eir, 97.
+Ekin, 106.
+Elder, 188.
+Eldhrimner, 104.
+Elenus, 168.
+Eline, 251.
+Elivogs, 5, 57, 59, 173, 248.
+Eljudner, 92.
+Elle, 124, 127.
+Embla, 5, 64, 243, 250.
+Emerson, R. W., 22.
+Endil, 180.
+Enea, 38, 221, 225.
+England, 30, 48, 222, 232, 239, 250, 258.
+Erichthonios, 221.
+Erp, 202-205.
+Ethiopia, 225.
+Ettm�ller, Ludw., 18.
+Europe, 38, 221-230, 241, 254.
+Eve, 33.
+Eylime, 196.
+Eysa, 240.
+Eyvind Skaldespiller, 236.
+
+
+F
+
+Fafner, 193-201, 263.
+Fal, 71.
+Falhofner, 73, 260.
+Farbaute, 91, 185.
+Farmagod, 81, 247.
+Farmatyr, 81, 165, 245.
+Faye, A., 257.
+Fenja, 206-208, 267.
+Fenris-wolf, 8, 87, 91-96, 104, 141, 142, 148, 149, 168.
+Fensaler, 97, 132.
+Fid, 71.
+File, 71.
+Fimafeng, 188.
+Fimbul, 56.
+Fimbulthul, 106.
+Fimbul-tyr, 5, 6, 8.
+Fimbul-winter, 7, 140, 264.
+Finnish, 239, 240, 241, 250.
+Finnsleif, 215.
+Fjalar, 160, 161.
+Fjarlaf, 45.
+Fjolner, 54, 81, 207, 238, 245.
+Fjolsvid, 81, 245, 246.
+Fjorgvin, 65.
+Fjorm, 106.
+Folkvang, 86, 259.
+Forestier, Auber, 262, 263, 266, 267.
+Form, 56, 241.
+Fornjot, 239-243.
+Forsete, 89, 90, 153, 259, 260.
+Frananger Force, 137.
+Frankland, 46.
+Fraser's Magazine, 253.
+Freke, 105.
+Freovit, 46.
+Frey, 6, 7, 8, 85, 86, 94, 101-103, 109-112, 134, 142, 143, 153, 187,
+  191, 192, 227, 228, 237-239, 243, 260, 262, 264.
+Freyja, 6, 7, 29, 85, 86, 97, 110, 134, 153, 157, 170, 183, 187, 228,
+  232, 239, 259, 261, 262.
+Fridleif, 45, 46, 206, 218.
+Frigialand, 168.
+Frigg, 6, 7, 43, 45, 65, 80, 94, 97, 98, 131-136, 145, 153, 176, 187,
+  227.
+Frigia, 43.
+Frigida, 45.
+Frjodiger, 46.
+Frode, 41, 206-213, 238, 267.
+Froste, 71, 240, 241.
+Fulla, 97, 136, 153, 187.
+Fundin, 71.
+Funen, 231.
+Fyre, 216.
+Fyrisvold, 187, 217.
+
+
+G
+
+Gaelic, 257.
+Gagnrad, 247.
+Galar, 160, 161.
+Gandolf, 70.
+Gandvik, 179.
+Gang, 159.
+Ganglare, 81.
+Ganglate, 92.
+Ganglere, 245, 246, 247.
+Ganglot, 92.
+Gangrad, 58.
+Gardarike, 230.
+Gardie, de la, 17.
+Gardrofa, 99.
+Garm, 8, 108, 143.
+Gaut, 81.
+Gave, 46.
+Gefjun, 49, 50, 97, 153, 187, 231, 242.
+Gefn, 97.
+Gegenwart, Die, 252.
+Geibel, Em., 267.
+Geir, 46.
+Geirabod, 99.
+Geirrod, 81, 176-183, 245, 246.
+Geir Skogul, 252.
+Geirvimul, 106.
+Gelgja, 96.
+Gelmer, 248.
+Gerd, 101-113, 153, 228, 238, 262, 265.
+Gere, 105, 261.
+Germania (of Tacitus), 244.
+Germany, 30, 222, 230, 239, 250-256.
+Gersame, 238.
+Gertraud, 255.
+Gibraltar, 225, 230.
+Gill, 250.
+Gilling, 161.
+Gimle, 9, 54, 77, 78, 147, 247.
+Ginnar, 71.
+Ginungagap, 5, 56, 57, 58, 61, 72, 243, 247-249.
+Gipul, 106.
+Gisl, 73, 260.
+Gissur, Jarl, 24.
+Gjallar-bridge, 135, 249.
+Gjallarhorn, 72, 88, 142.
+Gjallar-river, 135.
+Gjalp, 178, 179, 180, 182.
+Gjoll, 56, 96, 248.
+Gjuke, 199, 204, 206, 266.
+Gjukungs, 193-201.
+Glad, 73, 260.
+Gladsheim, 28, 69, 259.
+Glam, 183.
+Glapsvid, 81, 245.
+Glaser, 187, 199.
+Gleipner, 87, 94.
+Glener, 66.
+Gler, 73, 260.
+Glitner, 77, 89, 90, 259.
+Glod, 240.
+Gloin, 71.
+Glora, 44.
+Gna, 98, 99.
+Gnipa-cave, 8, 143.
+Gnita-heath, 196-200.
+God, 33-40, 54.
+Godheim, 225, 236.
+Goe, 241.
+Goin, 75.
+Gol, 99.
+Golden Age, 69-71.
+Goldfax, 169, 176.
+Gomul, 106.
+Gondler, 81, 245.
+Gondul, 252.
+Gopul, 106.
+Gor, 241.
+Got, 246.
+Gote, 199.
+Gothorm, 198-211.
+Gotland, 206.
+Goransson, J., 18.
+Grabak, 76.
+Grad, 106.
+Grafvitner, 75.
+Grafvollud, 76.
+Gram, 199, 200.
+Grane, 198.
+Grave, 199.
+Gray, 16.
+Greece and Greeks, 28, 31, 39-43, 222-229, 250.
+Greenland, 30.
+Greip, 178-183.
+Grid, 177.
+Gridarvol, 177, 181.
+Grim, 81, 245, 246.
+Grimhild, 198.
+Grimm (Brothers), 244, 253, 258.
+Grimner, 81, 244, 245, 247, 248.
+Grjottungard, 171, 174.
+Groa, 173, 174.
+Grotte, 207, 210.
+Grottesong, 207, 208.
+Guatemala, 88, 244.
+Gud, 100.
+Gudny, 198.
+Gudolf, 45.
+Gudrun, 179-203.
+Gullinburste, 134.
+Gullintanne, 88.
+Gulltop, 73, 88, 134, 259.
+Gullveig, 252, 265.
+Gungner, 142, 189-192.
+Gunlad, 160-165.
+Gunn, 252.
+Gunnar, 198-203.
+Gunnthro, 56, 248.
+Gunthrain, 106.
+Gwodan, 244.
+Gylfe, 9, 16, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 151, 221, 224, 231, 232, 242.
+Gyller, 73, 260.
+Gymer, 101, 103, 238.
+
+
+H
+
+Ha, 218.
+Habrok, 108.
+Hafthor, 235.
+Hakon, 21-24, 236.
+Haleygjatal, 47.
+Halfdan, 213.
+Hallinskide, 88.
+Haloge, 240.
+Halogeland, 240.
+Ham, 35, 36.
+Hamder, 202, 206.
+Hamskerper, 99.
+Hangagod, 81.
+Hangatyr, 165.
+Haptagod, 81.
+Har, 71, 81, 243-246.
+Harald Harfager, 51, 243.
+Harbard, 245.
+Hate, 67.
+Haustlong, 184.
+Hebrew, 37.
+Hedin, 218, 219.
+Hedinians, 219.
+Heide, 252.
+Heidrun, 106.
+Heimdal, 6, 8, 88, 89, 134, 142, 143, 153, 232, 259, 260.
+Heimer, 204.
+Heimskringla, 10, 22, 50, 57, 221, 224, 239, 242, 243, 263.
+Hekate, 255.
+Hektor, 43, 151, 167, 168.
+Hel, 6, 7, 55, 56, 57, 91-96, 133, 135-137, 142, 144, 148, 248, 255,
+  264.
+Helblinde, 81, 91, 245.
+Held, 255.
+Helge Hundings-Bane, 248.
+Helgeland, 240.
+Helmet-bearer, 245.
+Henderson, 16.
+Hendride, 44.
+Hengekjapt, 207.
+Hengist, 46, 229.
+Hepte, 71.
+Herakles, 41.
+Heran, 54.
+Herbert, 16.
+Herfather, 247.
+Herfjoter, 99.
+Herikon, 43, 221.
+Herjan, 54, 81, 245, 247.
+Hermanric, 262.
+Hermod, 45, 133, 135, 136, 249, 260.
+Hero-book, 250.
+Herodotos, 22.
+Herteit, 81, 245.
+Hesse (Rhenish), 255.
+Hild, 99, 198, 218, 219, 252.
+Hildebrand, Karl, 18.
+Hildesvin, 215.
+Himminbjorg, 77, 88, 89, 232, 259.
+Hindfell, 199.
+Hjaddingavig, 219.
+Hjalmbore, 81.
+Hjalprek, 196.
+Hjalte the Valiant, 215.
+Hjarrande, 218.
+Hjordis, 196.
+Hjuke, 66, 250.
+Hledjolf, 71.
+Hleidre, 212, 214.
+Hler, 153, 240, 243.
+Hlidskjalf, 64, 77, 101, 137.
+Hlin, 98, 145.
+Hlodyn, 145.
+Hlok, 99.
+Hloride, 44.
+Hlymdaler, 204.
+Hnikar, 54, 81, 245, 247.
+Hnikud, 54, 81, 245.
+Hnitbjorg, 161, 162.
+Hnos, 97, 238.
+Hoder, 7, 89, 132, 148, 260, 265.
+Hodmimer's-holt, 149.
+Hofvarpner, 99.
+Hogne, 198-218.
+Holge, 187.
+Holzmann, A., 18.
+Homer, 222.
+Honer, 84, 153, 155, 157, 184-186, 193, 227, 243.
+Hor, 71.
+Horn, 97.
+Hornklofe, 233.
+Horsa, 229.
+Howitts, the, 16.
+Hrasvelg, 79.
+Hreidmar, 193-196.
+Hrid, 56.
+Hrimfaxe, 65.
+Hrimgerd, 251.
+Hringhorn, 133.
+Hrist, 99.
+Hrodvitner, 67.
+Hrolf, 241.
+Hron, 106.
+Hroptatyr, 81, 246.
+Hrotte, 196.
+Hrungner, 7, 169-176, 210.
+Hrym, 141-144.
+Hvergelmer, 56, 72, 75, 106, 148, 243, 248, 249.
+Hvitserk, 215.
+Huge, 121, 126.
+Hugin, 105.
+Hugstare, 71.
+Humboldt, 244.
+Hymer, 128-133, 167, 186.
+Hyndla, 249.
+Hyrrokken, 133, 134.
+
+
+I
+
+Iceland, 240.
+Ida, 148.
+Idavold, 69.
+Ide, 159.
+Idun, 6, 7, 10, 28, 87, 88, 153, 155, 157, 184-187, 264.
+Iliad, 22, 221, 224.
+Ilos, 43.
+India, 28, 244.
+Irmina, 255.
+Ironwood, 57.
+Isefjord, 231.
+Italy, 42, 222.
+Ithaca, 223.
+Itrman, 45.
+Iva, 182.
+Ivalde, 112, 189.
+
+
+J
+
+Jack, 247, 250.
+Jafnhar, 81, 243, 245, 246.
+Jalanger, 207.
+Jalg, 54.
+Jalk, 54, 81, 245-247.
+Jamieson, 16.
+Japhet, 35.
+Jarnsaxa, 173.
+Jarnved, 67.
+Jarnvidjes, 67.
+Jat, 45.
+Jerusalem, 225.
+Jews, 29.
+Johnstown, 232.
+Jokul, 240.
+Jonaker, 202, 206.
+Jonsson (Arngrim), 17.
+Jonsson (Th.), 18, 19.
+Jord, 65, 100, 174, 175.
+Jormungand, 91-96, 144.
+Jormunrek, 202-206.
+Joruvold, 71.
+Jotland, 240.
+Jotunheim, 49, 65, 69, 91, 110, 111, 115, 133, 144, 157, 169, 176, 185,
+  187, 231, 259.
+Juno, 40, 250.
+Jupiter, 41, 42.
+Jutland, 46, 247.
+
+
+K
+
+Kadmos, 241.
+Kalevala, 84.
+Kalmuks, 225.
+Kann, 254.
+Kare, 240-243.
+Kemble, 258.
+Kerlangs, 73.
+Keyser (Rud.), 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26.
+Kesfet, 45.
+Kile, 71.
+Kingsley (Chas.), 230.
+Kjalar, 81, 245.
+Knue, 211.
+Kormt, 73.
+Kvaser, 137, 160-165, 227.
+
+
+L
+
+Laage, 231.
+Lading, 93.
+Laing (Samuel), 22, 224.
+Landvide, 259.
+Laomedon, 43.
+Latin, 222.
+Laufey, 91, 110, 113, 137.
+Leidre (See Hleidre), 231.
+Leipt, 56, 248.
+Lerad, 106, 263.
+Letfet, 73, 260.
+Liber, 228.
+Libera, 228.
+Lif, 149.
+Lifthraser, 149.
+Lit, 71, 134.
+Lithraborg, 231.
+Ljosalfaheim, 259.
+Loder, 243.
+Lofn, 98.
+Loge, 120, 126, 240, 243.
+Logrinn, 49.
+Loke, 6-8, 80, 91-96, 109-145, 151, 153, 155-158, 176-187, 188-199, 240,
+  260, 261, 264, 265.
+Lopt, 91, 186.
+Loptsson (Jon), 20.
+Lora, 44.
+Loricos, 44.
+Loride, 44.
+Lovar, 71.
+Lybia, 230, 242.
+Lyngve, 94.
+
+
+M
+
+Macbeth, 252-265.
+Macedonians, 39, 40, 42.
+Maelstrom, 208.
+Magi, 45.
+Magne, 45, 48, 149, 168, 173.
+Magnusson (Arne), 17, 18, 23.
+Malar, 49, 231, 232.
+Mallet, 16, 230.
+Manilius, 229.
+Mannheim, 225, 236.
+Mardol, 97.
+Mars, 222.
+Mechtild, 255.
+Mediterranean Sea, 38.
+Megingjarder, 83, 106, 176, 180.
+Meile, 174.
+Menglad, 260, 262.
+Menja, 206-209, 267.
+Menon, 44.
+Metellus, 223.
+Mexican, 244.
+Midgard, 5, 62, 63, 67, 109, 128, 145, 259.
+Midvitne, 245.
+Mimer, 10, 19, 72, 73, 142, 143, 224, 227, 228, 234, 243.
+Mist, 99.
+Mithridates, 222, 229.
+Mjodvitner, 70.
+Mjoll, 241.
+Mjolner, 6-8, 64, 83, 111-130, 134, 148, 149, 171, 176.
+Mjotud, 246.
+M�bius (Th.), 18.
+Mode, 45, 148, 149, 168.
+Modgud, 135, 249.
+Modsogner, 70.
+Moin, 75.
+Mokkerkalfe, 171, 173.
+Moldau, 228.
+Mongolians, 225.
+Moon, 66.
+Moongarm, 67.
+Morn, 185, 186.
+Morris (Wm.), 224, 266.
+M�ller (Max), 244.
+M�ller (P. E.), 18, 20.
+Mummius, 223.
+Munch (P. A.), 18.
+Mundilfare, 66.
+Munin, 105.
+Munon, 44.
+Muspel, 68, 103, 112, 142, 144.
+Muspelheim, 5, 56, 58, 61, 66, 243, 247, 249, 259.
+Muss, 254.
+Mysing, 207.
+
+
+N
+
+Na, 70.
+Naglfar, 65, 112, 141, 144.
+Nain, 70.
+Nal, 91.
+Nanna, 81, 134, 136, 153.
+Nare, 91, 139.
+Narfe, 65, 91, 139.
+Nastrand, 9, 147.
+Nep, 89, 134.
+Neptune, 41.
+Niblungs, 101, 193, 199, 201, 202, 262, 263, 266.
+Niblung Story, 30, 266, 267.
+Nida Mountains, 147.
+Nide, 70.
+Nidhug, 9, 72, 75, 148, 249.
+Niflheim, 5, 56, 58, 72, 92, 243, 247, 249, 259.
+Niflhel, 55, 111, 259.
+Niflungs, 193-199, 201, 202, 266.
+Night,65.
+Nikar, 54.
+Nikuz, 54.
+Nile, 41.
+Niping, 70.
+Njord, 6, 42, 84, 85, 101, 153, 158, 159, 187, 227, 228, 232, 236, 237,
+  239, 259, 260.
+Njorvasnud, 225.
+Njorve, 225.
+Noah, 33, 35, 225.
+Noatun, 84, 85, 158, 232, 237, 259.
+Non, 106.
+Nor, 241.
+Nordre, 61, 70.
+Norfe, 65.
+Norns, 73-78.
+Norway, 215, 218, 222, 230, 236, 239, 240, 241, 251, 256, 257.
+Not, 106.
+Ny, 71.
+Nye, 70.
+Nyrad, 71.
+Nyerup (R.), 18.
+
+
+O
+
+Oder, 97, 112, 228, 238.
+Odin, 5-10, 29, 39, 43, 45-47, 60, 65, 73, 77, 80, 83, 86, 89, 96, 100,
+  104-112, 132-134, 137, 142, 143, 145, 153, 155, 157, 158, 160-165,
+  168-176, 181, 185, 186, 187, 189-192, 194, 195, 206, 221, 239, 240,
+  243-263.
+Odinse, 230, 231, 250.
+Odinstown, 232.
+Odoacer, 223.
+Odrarer, 160-165.
+Odyssey, 22, 224.
+Ofner, 76, 245, 247.
+Oin, 70.
+Oku-Thor, 82, 151, 167, 168, 209.
+Olafsson (Magnus), 17.
+Olafsson (Stephan), 17.
+Olaf (Thordsson), 9, 20, 22, 23-27.
+Olaf (Tryggvason), 261.
+Olvalde, 159.
+Ome, 54, 81, 245.
+Onar, 70.
+Orboda, 101.
+Ore, 70, 71.
+Orestes, 223.
+Orkneys, 218.
+Ormt, 73.
+Orner, 210.
+Orvandel, 173-175.
+Oske, 54, 81, 245, 247.
+Otter, 193.
+Ottilia, 255.
+
+
+P
+
+Paulus (Diakonos), 244.
+Persia, 225.
+Petersen (N. M.), 248.
+Pfeiffer (Fr.), 18.
+Pigott, 16.
+Pluto, 49.
+Poetry (origin of), 161-165.
+Polar Sea, 248.
+Pompey, 43, 222, 229, 230.
+Pontus, 229.
+Priamos, 39, 43, 44, 166, 167.
+Pyrrhus, 168.
+
+
+Q
+
+Quaser (see Kvaser).
+Quenland, 240.
+
+
+R
+
+Rachel, 255.
+Radgrid, 99.
+Redsvid, 71.
+Rafn, 215.
+Rafnagud, 105.
+Ragnar, 206.
+Ragnar (Lodbrok), 205.
+Ragnarok, 8, 88, 96, 104, 139-145, 167, 219, 228, 247, 249, 264, 266.
+Ran, 188.
+Randgrid, 99.
+Randver, 202-205.
+Rask (Rasmus), 18.
+Ratatosk, 75.
+Rate, 163.
+Refil, 196.
+Regin, 193-200.
+Reginleif, 99.
+Reidartyr, 165.
+Reidgotaland, 46.
+Rek, 71.
+Remus, 222, 223.
+Resen (P. J.), 17.
+Rhine, 201, 230.
+Rind, 89, 100.
+Ritta, 46.
+Roddros, 167.
+Rolf Krake, 214-217.
+Rogner, 246.
+Rome, 31, 43, 221-230.
+Romulus, 222, 223.
+Romulus (Augustulus), 223.
+Roskva, 114, 115.
+Rosta, 100.
+Rugman (Jon), 17.
+Russia, 225, 230.
+
+
+S
+
+Sad, 81, 245.
+Saga, 97, 259.
+Sager, 66.
+Sahrimner, 104.
+Saming, 47, 230, 236.
+Samund the Wise, 20, 26.
+Sangetal, 81, 245, 247.
+Saracens, 225.
+Sarmatia, 225.
+Saturn, 38, 40, 41, 42.
+Saxland, 45, 48, 230, 231.
+Saxo-Grammaticus, 239.
+Saxons, 215, 229.
+Schlegel, 253.
+Scotland, 257, 258.
+Scott (Walter), 257, 258.
+Scythia (Magna), 225, 229, 244.
+Seeland, 49, 50, 231, 242.
+Sekin, 106.
+Sennar, 36.
+Serkland, 225.
+Sessrymner, 86.
+Shakspeare, 252-256.
+Shem, 36.
+Siar, 71.
+Sibyl, 44.
+Sid, 106.
+Sidhot, 81, 245, 247.
+Sidskeg, 81, 245, 247.
+Sif, 44, 89, 170, 187, 189-192.
+Sigar, 46.
+Sigfather, 81, 245, 247.
+Sigfrid, 19, 232, 263.
+Sigge, 46.
+Sighan, 257.
+Sighvat, 20.
+Sigmund, 196-204.
+Sigtuna, 47, 230, 232.
+Sigtyr, 165, 189, 247.
+Sigurd, 196-204, 262, 267.
+Sigyn, 139, 153, 185.
+Silvertop, 73, 260.
+Simrock (K.), 18, 19, 253, 263.
+Simul, 66.
+Sindre, 147, 190-192.
+Siner, 73, 260.
+Sinfjotle, 204.
+Sjafne, 98.
+Sjofn, 98.
+Skade, 84, 85, 139, 158, 159, 185, 187, 228, 236, 259.
+Skeggold, 99.
+Skeidbrimer, 73, 200.
+Skidbladner, 108-113, 189-192, 234, 263.
+Skifid, 71.
+Skilfing, 81, 246, 247.
+Skinfaxe, 66.
+Skirfir, 71.
+Skirner, 94, 101-103, 143, 263.
+Skjaldun, 45.
+Skjold, 45, 46, 206, 230, 231.
+Skogul, 99, 252.
+Skol, 67.
+Skrymer, 116-127.
+Skuld, 74, 100, 243, 252, 256.
+Skule (Jarl), 21-24, 249.
+Sleeping Beauty, 254.
+Sleipner, 73, 108-112, 133, 169-176, 259.
+Slid, 56, 248.
+Slidrugtanne, 134.
+Sna, 241.
+Snorre, 9, 19-27, 221, 226, 233, 239, 242, 243.
+Snotra, 98.
+Sokmimer, 245.
+Sokvabek, 97, 259.
+Sol, 99.
+Solvarg, 67.
+Son, 164, 165.
+Sorle, 202-206
+Spain, 225.
+Steinthor, 235.
+Stephens (Geo.), 230.
+Strabo, 226.
+Sturle (Thordsson), 21, 249.
+Styx, 248.
+Sudre, 61, 70.
+Sun, 66.
+Surt, 8, 57, 78, 142-149, 168, 249.
+Suttung, 164, 165.
+Svade, 241.
+Svadilfare, 110, 111.
+Svafner, 76, 243, 246, 247.
+Svanhild, 199-206.
+Svarin, 71, 259.
+Svartalfaheim, 94.
+Svarthofde, 58, 250.
+Svasud, 80.
+Sveinsson (Br.), 17.
+Sviagris, 215, 217.
+Svid, 246.
+Svidar, 54.
+Svidr, 236.
+Svidrer, 54, 245.
+Svidrir, 81.
+Svidur, 245.
+Svipdag, 46, 215, 262.
+Svipol, 81, 245.
+Svithjod, 46, 49, 181, 207, 211, 225, 228, 236.
+Svebdegg, 46.
+Svol, 56, 106, 248.
+Svolne, 174.
+Sylg, 56, 248.
+Syn, 98.
+Syr, 97.
+
+
+T
+
+Tacitus, 244.
+Tanais, 225.
+Tanaquisl, 225, 226.
+Tangnjost, 83.
+Tangrisner, 83.
+Tartareans, 225.
+Taylor (W.), 16.
+Testament (New), 28.
+Testament (Old), 28.
+Teutons, 222-224, 229, 230, 239, 244, 253, 263, 264.
+Thek, 71, 81, 245.
+Thjalfe, 114, 115, 120, 121, 126, 171, 173, 181.
+Thjasse, 84, 85, 155-158, 184-187, 210.
+Thjode, 196.
+Thjodnuma, 106.
+Thjodolf, 51, 174, 184, 243.
+Thok, 136, 137, 264.
+Thol, 106.
+Thor, 6, 8, 29, 41, 44, 65, 73, 82, 83, 89, 100, 109-153, 165-192,
+  205-243, 251, 259, 260, 263.
+Thorarin, 235.
+Thord, 20.
+Thorer, 235.
+Thorin, 70.
+Thorleif, 176, 184, 187.
+Thorn, 179.
+Thorodd (Runemaster), 27.
+Thorpe (Benjamin), 15, 252, 257, 259, 262.
+Thorre, 241.
+Thorstein (Viking's son), 241.
+Thrace, 44, 221.
+Thride, 81, 243-246.
+Thro, 71, 81.
+Throin, 71.
+Thror, 245.
+Thrud, 99.
+Thruda, 183.
+Thrudgelmer, 250.
+Thrudheim, 44, 259.
+Thrudvang, 82, 127, 173, 232, 259.
+Thrym, 7.
+Thrymheim, 84, 85, 156, 259.
+Thucydides, 22.
+Thud, 81, 245.
+Thul, 56.
+Thule, 30.
+Thund, 81, 246.
+Thvite, 96.
+Thyn, 106.
+Tiber, 221.
+Tieck, 250.
+Tivisco, 244.
+Tom Thumb, 251.
+Torfason (T.), 17.
+Tror, 44.
+Tros, 43.
+Troy, 38, 43, 44, 47, 64, 151, 166, 167, 168, 222-224, 229.
+Tshudic, 240.
+Turkey, 38, 45, 47, 151, 166.
+Turkistan, 228, 229.
+Turkland, 229.
+Tyr, 6, 8, 29, 87, 92, 95, 143, 153, 165, 187, 244, 260.
+
+
+U
+
+Ud, 81, 245.
+Uhland (Ludw.), 18, 263.
+Ukko, 82, 84, 239.
+Ukko-Thor, 239.
+Ulfhedinn, 233.
+Uller, 89, 153, 174, 183, 259, 260.
+Ulysses, 151, 223.
+Umea, 250.
+Upsala, 47, 215, 216, 232, 237.
+Ural Mountains, 229.
+Urd, 10, 19, 73, 74, 76, 243, 252-256.
+Utgard, 118-127.
+Utgard-Loke, 119-130.
+
+
+V
+
+Vafthrudner, 58, 243, 244.
+Vafud, 81, 246.
+Vafurloge, 199, 200.
+Vag, 214, 215.
+Vainamoinen, 84.
+Vak, 81, 246.
+Valaskjalf, 77, 80, 259.
+Valdemar (King), 23, 27.
+Vale, 71, 89, 100, 139, 148, 153, 260.
+Valfather, 73, 243.
+Valhal, 6, 7, 28, 51, 81, 99, 104-109, 132, 170-176, 188, 235, 243.
+Vanadis, 97.
+Vanaheim, 226, 227, 259.
+Vanaland, 226-228.
+Vanaquisl, 225-226.
+Var, 98.
+Vartare, 192.
+Vasad, 80.
+Ve, 60, 227, 230, 243, 249.
+Vedas, 253.
+Vedfolner, 75.
+Veggdegg, 45.
+Vegsvin, 106.
+Vegtam, 247, 264.
+Venus, 42, 256.
+Veratyr, 81, 247.
+Verdande, 74, 243, 252, 256.
+Verer, 46.
+Vesete, 240.
+Vestfal, 46.
+Vestre, 61.
+Vid, 56, 106.
+Vidar, 8, 89, 143, 145, 148, 153, 168, 177, 187, 259, 260.
+Vidblain, 78.
+Vidfin, 66.
+Vidolf, 58, 250.
+Vidrer, 54, 247.
+Vidsete, 215.
+Vidur, 81.
+Vifil, 240.
+Vifilsey, 240.
+Vig, 70.
+Vigfusson (G.), 9, 26, 75, 223, 248, 265.
+Vigrid, 142, 146.
+Viking, 240.
+Vile, 60, 230, 243, 249, 277.
+Villenwood, 251.
+Vilmeide, 58, 250.
+Vimer, 177, 178.
+Vin, 106.
+Vina, 106.
+Vindalf, 70.
+Vindlone, 80.
+Vindsval, 80.
+Vingener, 45, 149.
+Vingethor, 44.
+Vingolf, 54, 69, 81, 247.
+Vinland, 30.
+Virfir, 71.
+Virgil, 222, 223, 242.
+Vit, 71.
+Vitrgils, 46.
+Vodin, 45.
+Vog, 214, 215.
+Volsungs, 46, 196-205.
+Volsung saga, 224, 266.
+Volukrontes, 167.
+Von, 96.
+Vor, 98.
+Vot, 215.
+Votan, 244.
+
+
+W
+
+Wafurloge, 263.
+Wainamoinen, 239.
+Wallachia, 228.
+Warburton, 253.
+Weird Sisters, 253-256.
+Welsh, 240.
+Wenern, 215.
+Wessebrun Prayer, 256.
+Wilbet, 255.
+Wilkin (E.), 18, 19, 20.
+Williamstown, 232.
+Witches, 253-256.
+Wodan, 244.
+Worbet, 255.
+Worm (Chr.), 17.
+Worm (Ole), 17.
+
+
+Y
+
+Ydaler, 259.
+Yg, 81, 246.
+Ygdrasil, 6, 8, 15, 29, 72, 73-78, 108, 142, 143, 252, 263.
+Ylg, 56, 248.
+Ymer, 5, 24, 58-63, 70, 128, 179, 240, 249, 250.
+Ynglinga saga, 50, 243.
+Ynglings, 47, 238.
+Yngve, 47, 230, 238.
+Yngve-Frey, 186.
+Yrsa, 213-216.
+Yvigg, 46.
+
+
+Z
+
+Zalmoxis, 244.
+Zeus, 244, 246.
+Zoroaster, 37, 40.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Errors and anomalies noted by transcriber:
+
+A few paragraph-ending periods (full stops) have been supplied.
+
+The author omitted vowel modifiers and diacritics from all names in
+the body text: Hakon, Malar, Mjolnir. The footnotes are generally more
+linguistically precise.
+
+The name "Svanhild/Swanhild" is spelled "Swanhild" in the body text,
+"Svanhild" in the Vocabulary (all occurrences) and Index. The spelling
+"skees" is used consistently.
+
+
+Ambiguous stanzas in verse:
+    The king saw
+    ...
+    'Round his house.
+    ...
+    Struck to the ground.
+    ...
+    With blows and wounds.
+  _page break after "his house"; no stanza break in printed text until
+  after "blows and wounds"_
+
+
+Typographical errors (all from "Notes", Vocabulary and Index):
+
+a great sea goes into / Njorvasound
+Footnote 102: Njorvasound ...
+  _spelling as in original: should probably be "Njorvasund"_
+
+Chapter VI of Ynglinga / Saga
+  _text reads "Ynglingla"_
+
+the much-traveled man, the / +an�r polutropos+
+  _text reads "poluthropos"_
+
+the valkyrie says / at berserkja rei�u vil ek �ik spyrja
+  _text reads "pik spyrja"_
+
+identical in root with Lat. _divus_; / Sansk. _dwas_
+  _so in original; the Sanskrit is usually given as "dyaus"_
+
+Zalmoxis, derived from the Gr. +Zalmos+, helmet
+  _so in original. +Zalmos+ is defined by Liddell and Scott--
+  a dictionary available to the author-- as Thracian for "a skin."
+
+Compare the Greek word +nephel�+ = mist.
+  _text reads "nephelg"_
+
+and then cooly says to him
+  _spelling as in original_
+
+Through this he / slipt.
+  _variant spelling in original_
+
+He impersonated all that was good and holy
+  _text reads "al"_
+
+This chapter of _Skaldskaparmal_
+  _text reads "Skaldkaparmal"_
+
+Echoes from Mistland; Echoes from Mist-Land
+  _inconsistent forms in original_
+
+JARNVIDJES. The giantesses dwelling in Ironwood.
+  _text reads "JARNVIDJIS"_
+
+JORMUNGAND. The Midgard-serpent.
+  _text reads "JORMUNDGAND"_
+
+... from the mouth {of the} chained Fenris-wolf.
+... out of whose body the world was cr{eated.}
+  _page image incomplete; words and letters in braces supplied from
+  context_
+
+Randver, 202-205.
+  _text reads "22-205"_
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Younger Edda, by Snorre
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE YOUNGER EDDA ***
+
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+<html>
+<head>
+<title>The Younger Edda</title>
+<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Younger Edda, by Snorre
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Younger Edda
+       Also called Snorre's Edda, or The Prose Edda
+
+Author: Snorre
+
+Translator: Rasmus B. Anderson
+
+Release Date: July 31, 2006 [EBook #18947]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE YOUNGER EDDA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, R. Cedron and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class = "mynote">
+A few paragraph-ending periods (full stops) have been supplied.<br>
+The author omitted vowel modifiers and diacritics from all names in
+the body text: Hakon, Malar, Mjolnir. The footnotes are generally more
+linguistically precise.<br>
+The name “Svanhild/Swanhild” is spelled “Swanhild” in the body text,
+“Svanhild” in the Vocabulary (all occurrences) and Index. The spelling
+“skees” is used consistently.<br>
+<p class = "contents">
+<a href = "#preface">Translator’s Preface</a><br>
+<a href = "#gylfe">The Fooling of Gylfe</a><br>
+<a href = "#brage">Brage’s Talk</a><br>
+<a href = "#poet">The Poetical Diction</a><br>
+<a href = "#notes">Notes</a><br>
+<a href = "#vocab">Vocabulary</a><br>
+<a href = "#index">Index</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h1>THE YOUNGER EDDA:</h1>
+
+<h6>ALSO CALLED</h6>
+
+<h3>SNORRE’S EDDA, OR THE PROSE EDDA.</h3>
+
+<h5>AN ENGLISH VERSION OF THE FOREWORD; THE FOOLING OF GYLFE,<br>
+THE AFTERWORD; BRAGE’S TALK, THE AFTERWORD<br>
+TO BRAGE’S TALK, AND THE IMPORTANT<br>
+PASSAGES IN THE POETICAL DICTION<br>
+(SKALDSKAPARMAL).</h5>
+
+<h6>WITH AN</h6>
+
+<h3>INTRODUCTION, NOTES, VOCABULARY, AND INDEX.</h3>
+
+<h3 class = "smallcaps">By RASMUS B. ANDERSON, LL.D.,</h3>
+
+<h6>FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF THE SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY
+OF WISCONSIN, EX-U.S. MINISTER TO DENMARK, AUTHOR OF “AMERICA NOT
+DISCOVERED BY COLUMBUS,” “NORSE MYTHOLOGY,” “VIKING TALES OF THE NORTH,”
+ETC.</h6>
+
+
+<h4 class = "chapter">Chicago<br>
+Scott, Foresman and Company<br>
+1901</h4>
+
+
+<h5 class = "chapter smallcaps">Copyright, 1879,<br>
+By S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY.</h5>
+
+
+<h6 class = "section">PRESS OF<br>
+THE HENRY O. SHEPARD CO.
+CHICAGO.</h6>
+
+
+<h5 class = "chapter">TO</h5>
+
+<h4>HON. THOS. F. BAYARD,</h4>
+
+<h6>AMBASSADOR TO THE COURT OF ST. JAMES, IN GRATEFUL<br>
+RECOLLECTION OF PLEASANT OFFICIAL<br>
+RELATIONS.</h6>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">7</span>
+<a name = "page7"> </a>
+<h4 class = "chapter"><a name = "preface">PREFACE.</a></h4>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">In</span> the beginning, before the heaven
+and the earth and the sea were created, the great abyss Ginungagap was
+without form and void, and the spirit of Fimbultyr moved upon the face
+of the deep, until the ice-cold rivers, the Elivogs, flowing from
+Niflheim, came in contact with the dazzling flames from Muspelheim. This
+was before Chaos.</p>
+
+<p>And Fimbultyr said: Let the melted drops of vapor quicken into life,
+and the giant Ymer was born in the midst of Ginungagap. He was not a
+god, but the father of all the race of evil giants. This was Chaos.</p>
+
+<p>And Fimbultyr said: Let Ymer be slain and let order be established.
+And straightway Odin and his brothers&mdash;the bright sons of
+Bure&mdash;gave Ymer a mortal wound, and from his body made they the
+universe; from his flesh, the earth; from his blood, the sea; from his
+bones, the rocks; from his hair, the trees; from his skull, the vaulted
+heavens; from his eye-brows, the bulwark called Midgard. And the gods
+formed man and woman in their own image of two trees, and breathed into
+them the breath of life. Ask and Embla became living souls, and they
+received a garden in Midgard as a dwelling-place for themselves and
+their children until the end of time. This was Cosmos.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">8</span>
+<a name = "page8"> </a>
+The world’s last day approaches. All bonds and fetters that bound the
+forces of heaven and earth together are severed, and the powers of good
+and of evil are brought together in an internecine feud. Loke advances
+with the Fenris-wolf and the Midgard-serpent, his own children, with all
+the hosts of the giants, and with Surt, who flings fire and flame over
+the world. Odin advances with all the asas and all the blessed
+einherjes. They meet, contend, and fall. The wolf swallows Odin, but
+Vidar, the Silent, sets his foot upon the monster’s lower jaw, he seizes
+the other with his hand, and thus rends him till he dies. Frey
+encounters Surt, and terrible blows are given ere Frey falls. Heimdal
+and Loke fight and kill each other, and so do Tyr and the dog Garm from
+the Gnipa Cave. Asa-Thor fells the Midgard-serpent with his Mjolner, but
+he retreats only nine paces when he himself falls dead, suffocated by
+the serpent’s venom. Then smoke wreathes up around the ash Ygdrasil, the
+high flames play against the heavens, the graves of the gods, of the
+giants and of men are swallowed up by the sea, and the end has come.
+This is Ragnarok, the twilight of the gods.</p>
+
+<p>But the radiant dawn follows the night. The earth, completely green,
+rises again from the sea, and where the mews have but just been rocking
+on restless waves, rich fields unplowed and unsown, now wave their
+golden harvests before the gentle breezes. The asas awake to a new life,
+Balder is with them again. Then comes the mighty Fimbultyr, the god who
+is from everlasting to
+<span class = "pagenum">9</span>
+<a name = "page9"> </a>
+everlasting; the god whom the Edda skald dared not name. The god of gods
+comes to the asas. He comes to the great judgment and gathers all the
+good into Gimle to dwell there forever, and evermore delights enjoy; but
+the perjurers and murderers and adulterers he sends to Nastrand, that
+terrible hall, to be torn by Nidhug until they are purged from their
+wickedness. This is Regeneration.</p>
+
+<p>These are the outlines of the Teutonic religion. Such were the
+doctrines established by Odin among our ancestors. Thus do we find it
+recorded in the Eddas of Iceland.</p>
+
+<p>The present volume contains all of the Younger Edda that can possibly
+be of any importance to English readers. In fact, it gives more than has
+ever before been presented in any translation into English, German or
+any of the modern Scandinavian tongues.</p>
+
+<p>We would recommend our readers to omit the Forewords and Afterwords
+until they have perused the Fooling of Gylfe and Brage’s Speech. The
+Forewords and Afterwords, it will readily be seen, are written by a
+later and less skillful hand, and we should be sorry to have anyone lay
+the book aside and lose the pleasure of reading Snorre’s and Olaf’s
+charming work, because he became disgusted with what seemed to him mere
+silly twaddle. And yet these Forewords and Afterwords become interesting
+enough when taken up in connection with a study of the historical
+anthropomorphized Odin. With a view of giving a pretty complete outline
+<span class = "pagenum">10</span>
+<a name = "page10"> </a>
+of the founder of the Teutonic race we have in our notes given all the
+Heimskringla sketch of the Black Sea Odin. We have done this, not only
+on account of the material it furnishes as the groundwork of a Teutonic
+epic, which we trust the muses will ere long direct some one to write,
+but also on account of the vivid picture it gives of Teutonic life as
+shaped and controlled by the Odinic faith.</p>
+
+<p>All the poems quoted in the Younger Edda have in this edition been
+traced back to their sources in the Elder Edda and elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>Where the notes seem to the reader insufficient, we must refer him to
+our Norse Mythology, where he will, we trust, find much of the
+additional information he may desire.</p>
+
+<p>Well aware that our work has many imperfections, and begging our
+readers to deal generously with our shortcomings, we send the book out
+into the world with the hope that it may aid some young son or daughter
+of Odin to find his way to the fountains of Urd and Mimer and to Idun’s
+rejuvenating apples. The son must not squander, but husband wisely, what
+his father has accumulated. The race must cherish and hold fast and add
+to the thought that the past has bequeathed to it. Thus does it grow
+greater and richer with each new generation. The past is the mirror that
+reflects the future.</p>
+
+<p align = "right">
+R. B. ANDERSON.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class = "smallcaps">University of Wisconsin,<br>
+<span class = "inset">
+Madison, Wis.</span>,</span>
+<i>September, 1879</i>.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">11</span>
+<a name = "page11"> </a>
+<h4 class = "chapter">CONTENTS.</h4>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<table class = "index">
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#preface">
+Preface</a></td>
+<td class = "number">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#intro">
+Introduction</a></td>
+<td class = "number">15</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#foreword">
+Foreword</a></td>
+<td class = "number">33</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapgroup" colspan = "2">
+THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER I.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_I">
+Gefjun’s Plowing</a></td>
+<td class = "number">49</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER II.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_II">
+Gylfe’s Journey to Asgard</a></td>
+<td class = "number">51</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER III.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_III">
+Of the Highest God</a></td>
+<td class = "number">54</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER IV.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_IV">
+The Creation of the World</a></td>
+<td class = "number">56</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER V.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_V">
+The Creation (continued)</a></td>
+<td class = "number">64</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER VI.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_VI">
+The First Works of the Asas&mdash;The Golden Age</a></td>
+<td class = "number">69</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER VII.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_VII">
+On the Wonderful Things in Heaven</a></td>
+<td class = "number">72</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<span class = "pagenum">12</span>
+<a name = "page12"> </a>
+CHAPTER VIII.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_VIII">
+The Asas</a></td>
+<td class = "number">79</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER IX.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_IX">
+Loke and his Offspring</a></td>
+<td class = "number">91</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER X.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_X">
+The Goddesses (Asynjes)</a></td>
+<td class = "number">97</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER XI.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XI">
+The Giantess Gerd and Skirner’s Journey</a></td>
+<td class = "number">101</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER XII.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XII">
+Life in Valhal</a></td>
+<td class = "number">104</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER XIII.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XIII">
+Odin’s Horse and Frey’s Ship</a></td>
+<td class = "number">109</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER XIV.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XIV">
+Thor’s Adventures</a></td>
+<td class = "number">113</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER XV.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XV">
+The Death of Balder</a></td>
+<td class = "number">131</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER XVI.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XVI">
+Ragnarok</a></td>
+<td class = "number">140</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER XVII.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_XVII">
+Regeneration</a></td>
+<td class = "number">147</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#gylfe_after">
+Afterword to the Fooling of Gylfe</a></td>
+<td class = "number">151</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapgroup" colspan = "2">
+<span class = "pagenum">13</span>
+<a name = "page13"> </a>
+BRAGE’S TALK
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER I.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#brage_I">
+Æger’s Journey to Asgard</a></td>
+<td class = "number">152</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER II.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#brage_II">
+Idun and her Apples</a></td>
+<td class = "number">155</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER III.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#brage_III">
+How Njord got Skade to Wife</a></td>
+<td class = "number">158</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+CHAPTER IV.
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#brage_IV">
+The Origin of Poetry</a></td>
+<td class = "number">160</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#brage_after">
+Afterword to Brage’s Talk</a></td>
+<td class = "number">166</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapgroup" colspan = "2">
+EXTRACTS FROM THE POETICAL DICTION.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_hrungner">
+Thor and Hrungner</a></td>
+<td class = "number">169</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_journey">
+Thor’s Journey to Geirrod’s</a></td>
+<td class = "number">176</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_idun">
+Idun</a></td>
+<td class = "number">184</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_feast">
+Æger’s Feast</a></td>
+<td class = "number">187</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_wager">
+Loke’s Wager with the Dwarfs</a></td>
+<td class = "number">189</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_niflungs">
+The Niflungs and Gjukungs</a></td>
+<td class = "number">193</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_menja">
+Menja and Fenja</a></td>
+<td class = "number">206</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_grottesong">
+The Grottesong</a></td>
+<td class = "number">208</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_rolf">
+Rolf Krake</a></td>
+<td class = "number">214</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#poet_hogne">
+Hogne and Hild</a></td>
+<td class = "number">218</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapgroup" colspan = "2">
+<span class = "pagenum">14</span>
+<a name = "page14"> </a>
+NOTES
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_enea">
+Enea</a></td>
+<td class = "number">221</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_herikon">
+Herikon</a></td>
+<td class = "number">221</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_historical">
+The Historical Odin</a></td>
+<td class = "number">221</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_fornjot">
+Fornjot and the Settlement of Norway</a></td>
+<td class = "number">239</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_gylfe">
+Notes to the Fooling of Gylfe</a></td>
+<td class = "number">242</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_niflungs">
+Note on the Niflungs and Gjukungs</a></td>
+<td class = "number">266</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_menja">
+Note on Menja and Fenja</a></td>
+<td class = "number">267</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#notes_salt">
+Why the Sea is Salt</a></td>
+<td class = "number">268</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname toppad"><a class = "plain" href = "#vocab">
+VOCABULARY</a></td>
+<td class = "number toppad">275</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname"><a class = "plain" href = "#index">
+INDEX</a></td>
+<td class = "number">291</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">15</span>
+<a name = "page15"> </a>
+<h3 class = "chapter">THE YOUNGER EDDA.</h3>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<h4><a name = "intro">INTRODUCTION.</a></h4>
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">The</span> records of our Teutonic past
+have hitherto received but slight attention from the English-speaking
+branch of the great world-ash Ygdrasil. This indifference is the more
+deplorable, since a knowledge of our heroic forefathers would naturally
+operate as a most powerful means of keeping alive among us, and our
+posterity, that spirit of courage, enterprise and independence for which
+the old Teutons were so distinguished.</p>
+
+<p>The religion of our ancestors forms an important chapter in the
+history of the childhood of our race, and this fact has induced us to
+offer the public an English translation of the Eddas. The purely
+mythological portion of the Elder Edda was translated and published by
+A.&nbsp;S. Cottle, in Bristol, in 1797, and the whole work was
+translated by Benjamin Thorpe, and published in London in 1866. Both
+these works are now out of print. Of the Younger Edda we have likewise
+had two translations into English,&mdash;the first by Dasent in 1842,
+the second by Blackwell, in his
+<span class = "pagenum">16</span>
+<a name = "page16"> </a>
+edition of Mallet’s Northern Antiquities, in 1847. The former has long
+been out of print, the latter is a poor imitation of Dasent’s. Both of
+them are very incomplete. These four books constitute all the Edda
+literature we have had in the English language, excepting, of course,
+single lays and chapters translated by Gray, Henderson, W. Taylor,
+Herbert, Jamieson, Pigott, William and Mary Howitt, and others.</p>
+
+<p>The Younger Edda (also called Snorre’s Edda, or the Prose Edda), of
+which we now have the pleasure of presenting our readers an English
+version, contains, as usually published in the original, the following
+divisions:</p>
+
+<p>1. The Foreword.</p>
+
+<p>2. Gylfaginning (The Fooling of Gylfe).</p>
+
+<p>3. The Afterword to Gylfaginning.</p>
+
+<p>4. Brage’s Speech.</p>
+
+<p>5. The Afterword.</p>
+
+<p>6. Skaldskaparmal (a collection of poetic paraphrases, and
+denominations in Skaldic language without paraphrases).</p>
+
+<p>7. Hattatal (an enumeration of metres; a sort of Clavis Metrica).</p>
+
+<p>In some editions there are also found six additional chapters on the
+alphabet, grammar, figures of speech, etc.</p>
+
+<p>There are three important parchment manuscripts of the Younger Edda,
+viz:</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">17</span>
+<a name = "page17"> </a>
+1. <i>Codex Regius</i>, the so-called King’s Book. This was presented to
+the Royal Library in Copenhagen, by Bishop Brynjulf Sveinsson, in the
+year 1640, where it is still kept.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Codex Wormianus</i>. This is found in the University Library in
+Copenhagen, in the Arne Magnæan collection. It takes its name from
+Professor Ole Worm [died 1654], to whom it was presented by the learned
+Arngrim Jonsson. Christian Worm, the grandson of Ole Worm, and Bishop of
+Seeland [died 1737], afterward presented it to Arne Magnusson.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Codex Upsaliensis</i>. This is preserved in the Upsala
+University Library. Like the other two, it was found in Iceland, where
+it was given to Jon Rugmann. Later it fell into the hands of Count
+Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie, who in the year 1669 presented it to the
+Upsala University. Besides these three chief documents, there exist four
+fragmentary parchments, and a large number of paper manuscripts.</p>
+
+<p>The first printed edition of the Younger Edda, in the original, is
+the celebrated “Edda Islandorum,” published by Peter Johannes Resen, in
+Copenhagen, in the year 1665. It contains a translation into Latin, made
+partly by Resen himself, and partly also by Magnus Olafsson, Stephan
+Olafsson and Thormod Torfason.</p>
+
+<p>Not until eighty years later, that is in 1746, did
+<span class = "pagenum">18</span>
+<a name = "page18"> </a>
+the second edition of the Younger Edda appear in Upsala under the
+auspices of Johannes Goransson. This was printed from the Codex
+Upsaliensis.</p>
+
+<p>In the present century we find a third edition by Rasmus Rask,
+published in Stockholm in 1818. This is very complete and critical. The
+fourth edition was issued by Sveinbjorn Egilsson, in Reykjavik, 1849;
+the fifth by the Arne-Magnæan Commission in Copenhagen, 1852.<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag1" href = "#note1">1</a> All these five editions have
+long been out of print, and in place of them we have a sixth edition by
+Thorleif Jonsson (Copenhagen, 1875), and a seventh by Ernst Wilkin
+(Paderborn, 1877). Both of these, and especially the latter, are
+thoroughly critical and reliable.</p>
+
+<p>Of translations, we must mention in addition to those into English by
+Dasent and Blackwell, R.&nbsp;Nyerup’s translation into Danish
+(Copenhagen, 1808); Karl Simrock’s into German (Stuttgart and Tübingen,
+1851); and Fr. Bergmann’s into French (Paris, 1871). Among the chief
+authorities to be consulted in the study of the Younger Edda may be
+named, in addition to those already mentioned, Fr. Dietrich, Th. Mobius,
+Fr. Pfeiffer, Ludw. Ettmuller, K.&nbsp;Hildebrand, Ludw. Uhland,
+P.&nbsp;E. Muller, Adolf Holzmann, Sophus Bugge, P.&nbsp;A. Munch and
+Rudolph Keyser. For the material in our introduction and notes, we are
+chiefly
+<span class = "pagenum">19</span>
+<a name = "page19"> </a>
+indebted to Simrock, Wilkin and Keyser. While we have had no opportunity
+of making original researches, the published works have been carefully
+studied, and all we claim for our work is, that it shall contain the
+results of the latest and most thorough investigations by scholars who
+live nearer the fountains of Urd and Mimer than do we. Our translations
+are made from Egilsson’s, Jonsson’s and Wilkins’ editions of the
+original. We have not translated any of the Hattatal, and only the
+narrative part of Skaldskaparmal, and yet our version contains more of
+the Younger Edda than any English, German, French or Danish translation
+that has hitherto been published. The parts omitted cannot possibly be
+of any interest to any one who cannot read them in the original. All the
+paraphrases of the asas and asynjes, of the world, the earth, the sea,
+the sun, the wind, fire, summer, man, woman, gold, of war, arms, of a
+ship, emperor, king, ruler, etc., are of interest only as they help to
+explain passages of Old Norse poems. The same is true of the enumeration
+of metres, which contains a number of epithets and metaphors used by the
+scalds, illustrated by specimens of their poetry, and also by a poem of
+Snorre Sturleson, written in one hundred different metres.</p>
+
+<p>There has been a great deal of learned discussion in regard to the
+authorship of the Younger
+<span class = "pagenum">20</span>
+<a name = "page20"> </a>
+Edda. Readers specially interested in this knotty subject we must refer
+to Wilkins’ elaborate treatise, Untersuchungen zur Snorra Edda
+(Paderborn, 1878), and to P.&nbsp;E. Muller’s, Die Æchtheit der Asalehre
+(Copenhagen, 1811).</p>
+
+<p>Two celebrated names that without doubt are intimately connected with
+the work are Snorre Sturleson and Olaf Thordsson Hvitaskald. Both of
+these are conspicuous, not only in the literary, but also in the
+political history of Iceland.</p>
+
+<p>Snorre Sturleson<a class = "tag" name = "tag2" href = "#note2">2</a>
+was born in Iceland in the year 1178. Three years old, he came to the
+house of the distinguished chief, Jon Loptsson, at Odde, a grandson of
+Sæmund the Wise, the reputed collector of the Elder Edda, where he
+appears to have remained until Jon Loptsson’s death, in the year 1197.
+Soon afterward Snorre married into a wealthy family, and in a short time
+he became one of the most distinguished leaders in Iceland, He was
+several times elected chief magistrate, and no man in the land was his
+equal in riches and prominence. He and his two elder brothers, Thord and
+Sighvat, who were but little inferior to him in wealth and power, were
+at one time well-nigh supreme in Iceland, and Snorre sometimes appeared
+at the Althing at Thingvols accompanied by from eight hundred to nine
+hundred armed&nbsp;men.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">21</span>
+<a name = "page21"> </a>
+Snorre and his brothers did not only have bitter feuds with other
+families, but a deadly hatred also arose between themselves, making
+their lives a perpetual warfare. Snorre was shrewd as a politician and
+magistrate, and eminent as an orator and skald, but his passions were
+mean, and many of his ways were crooked. He was both ambitious and
+avaricious. He is said to have been the first Icelander who laid plans
+to subjugate his fatherland to Norway, and in this connection is
+supposed to have expected to become a jarl under the king of Norway. In
+this effort he found himself outwitted by his brother’s son, Sturle
+Thordsson, and thus he came into hostile relations with the latter. In
+this feud Snorre was defeated, but when Sturle shortly after fell in a
+battle against his foes, Snorre’s star of hope rose again, and he began
+to occupy himself with far-reaching, ambitious plans. He had been for
+the first time in Norway during the years 1218-1220, and had been well
+received by King Hakon, and especially by Jarl Skule, who was then the
+most influential man in the country. In the year 1237 Snorre visited
+Norway again, and entered, as it is believed, into treasonable
+conspiracies with Jarl Skule. In 1239 he left Norway against the wishes
+of King Hakon, whom he owed obedience, and thereby incurred the king’s
+greatest displeasure. When King Hakon, in
+<span class = "pagenum">22</span>
+<a name = "page22"> </a>
+1240, had crushed Skule’s rebellion and annihilated this dangerous
+opponent, it became Snorre’s turn to feel the effects of the king’s
+wrath. At the instigation of King Hakon, several chiefs of Iceland
+united themselves against Snorre and murdered him at Reykholt, where
+ruins of his splendid mansion are still to be seen. This event took
+place on the 22d of September, 1241, and Snorre Sturleson was then
+sixty-three years old. Snorre was Iceland’s most distinguished skald and
+sagaman. As a writer of history he deserves to be compared with
+Herodotos or Thukydides. His Heimskringla, embracing an elaborate
+history of the kings of Norway, is famous throughout the civilized
+world, and Emerson calls it the Iliad and Odyssey of our race. An
+English translation of this work was published by Samuel Laing, in
+London, in 1844. Carlyle’s Early Kings of Norway (London, 1875) was
+inspired by the Heimskringla.</p>
+
+<p>Olaf Thordsson, surnamed Hvitaskald,<a class = "tag" name = "tag3"
+href = "#note3">3</a> to distinguish him from his contemporary, Olaf
+Svartaskald,<a class = "tag" name = "tag4" href = "#note4">4</a> was a
+son of Snorre’s brother. Though not as prominent and influential as his
+uncle, he took an active part in all the troubles of his native island
+during the first half of the thirteenth century. He visited Norway in
+1236, whence he went to Denmark, where he was a guest at the
+<span class = "pagenum">23</span>
+<a name = "page23"> </a>
+court of King Valdemar, and is said to have enjoyed great esteem. In
+1240 we find him again in Norway, where he espoused the cause of King
+Hakon against Skule. On his return to Iceland he served four years as
+chief magistrate of the island. His death occurred in the year 1259, and
+he is numbered among the great skalds of Iceland.</p>
+
+<p>Snorre Sturleson and Olaf Hvitaskald are the two names to whom the
+authorship of the Younger Edda has generally been attributed, and the
+work is by many, even to this day, called Snorra Edda&mdash;that is,
+Snorre’s Edda. We do not propose to enter into any elaborate discussion
+of this complicated subject, but we will state briefly the reasons given
+by Keyser and others for believing that these men had a hand in
+preparing the Prose Edda. In the first place, we find that the writer of
+the grammatical and rhetorical part of the Younger Edda distinctly
+mentions Snorre as author of Hattatal (the Clavis Metrica), and not only
+of the poem itself, but also of the treatise in prose. In the second
+place, the Arne Magnæan parchment manuscript, which dates back to the
+close of the thirteenth or beginning of the fourteenth century, has the
+following note prefaced to the Skaldskaparmal. “Here ends that part of
+the book which Olaf Thordsson put together, and now begins
+Skaldskaparmal and the Kenningar,
+<span class = "pagenum">24</span>
+<a name = "page24"> </a>
+according to that which has been found in the lays of the chief skalds,
+and which Snorre afterward suffered to be brought together.” In the
+third place, the Upsala manuscript of the Younger Edda, which is known
+with certainty to have been written in the beginning of the fourteenth
+century, contains this preface, written with the same hand as the body
+of the work: “This book hight Edda. Snorre has compiled it in the manner
+in which it is arranged: first, in regard to the asas and Ymer, then
+Skaldskaparmal and the denominations of many things, and finally that
+Hattatal, which Snorre composed about King Hakon and Duke Skule.” In the
+fourth place, there is a passage in the so-called Annales Breviores,
+supposed to have been written about the year 1400. The passage relates
+to the year 1241, and reads thus: “Snorre Sturleson died at Reykholt. He
+was a wise and very learned man, a great chief and shrewd. He was the
+first man in this land who brought property into the hands of the king
+(the king of Norway). He compiled Edda and many other learned historical
+works and Icelandic sagas. He was murdered at Reykholt by Jarl
+Gissur’s&nbsp;men.”</p>
+
+<p>It seems, then, that there is no room for any doubt that these two
+men have had a share in the authorship of the Younger Edda. How great a
+share each has had is another and more difficult
+<span class = "pagenum">25</span>
+<a name = "page25"> </a>
+problem to solve. Rudolf Keyser’s opinion is (and we know no higher
+authority on the subject), that Snorre is the author, though not in so
+strict a sense as we now use the word, of Gylfaginning, Brage’s Speech,
+Skaldskaparmal and Hattatal. This part of the Younger Edda may thus be
+said to date back to the year 1230, though the material out of which the
+mythological system is constructed is of course much older. We find it
+in the ancient Vala’s Prophecy, of the Elder Edda, a poem that breathes
+in every line the purest asa-faith, and is, without the least doubt,
+much older than the introduction of christianity in the north, or the
+discovery and settlement of Iceland. It is not improbable that the
+religious system of the Odinic religion had assumed a permanent prose
+form in the memories of the people long before the time of Snorre, and
+that he merely was the means of having it committed to writing almost
+without verbal change.</p>
+
+<p>Olaf Thordsson is unmistakably the author of the grammatical and
+rhetorical portion of the Younger Edda, and its date can therefore
+safely be put at about 1250. The author of the treatise on the alphabet
+is not known, but Professor Keyser thinks it must have been written, its
+first chapter, about the year 1150, and its second chapter about the
+year 1200. The forewords and afterwords are evidently also from another
+pen.
+<span class = "pagenum">26</span>
+<a name = "page26"> </a>
+Their author is unknown, but they are thought to have been written about
+the year 1300. To sum up, then, we arrive at this conclusion: The
+mythological material of the Younger Edda is as old as the Teutonic
+race. Parts of it are written by authors unknown to fame. A small
+portion is the work of Olaf Thordsson. The most important portion is
+written, or perhaps better, compiled, by Snorre Sturleson, and the whole
+is finally edited and furnished with forewords and afterwords, early in
+the fourteenth century,&mdash;according to Keyser, about 1320-1330.</p>
+
+<p>About the name Edda there has also been much learned discussion. Some
+have suggested that it may be a mutilated form of the word Odde, the
+home of Sæmund the Wise, who was long supposed to be the compiler of the
+Elder Edda. In this connection, it has been argued that possibly Sæmund
+had begun the writing of the Younger Edda, too. Others derive the word
+from <i>óðr</i> (mind, soul), which in poetical usage also means song,
+poetry. Others, again, connect Edda with the Sanscrit word Veda, which
+is supposed to mean knowledge. Finally, others adopt the meaning which
+the word has where it is actually used in the Elder Edda, and where it
+means great-grandmother. Vigfusson adopts this definition, and it is
+certainly both scientific and poetical. What can be more beautiful than
+the idea
+<span class = "pagenum">27</span>
+<a name = "page27"> </a>
+that our great ancestress teaches her descendants the sacred traditions,
+the concentrated wisdom, of the race? To sum up, then, we say the
+Younger, or Prose, or Snorre’s Edda has been produced at different times
+by various hands, and the object of its authors has been to produce a
+manual for the skalds. In addition to the forewords and afterwords, it
+contains two books, one greater (Gylfaginning) and one lesser (Brage’s
+Speech), giving a tolerably full account of Norse mythology. Then
+follows Skaldskaparmal, wherein is an analysis of the various
+circumlocutions practiced by the skalds, all illustrated by copious
+quotations from the poets. How much of these three parts is written by
+Snorre is not certain, but on the other hand, there is no doubt that he
+is the author of Hattatal (Clavis Metrica), which gives an enumeration
+of metres. To these four treatises are added four chapters on grammar
+and rhetoric. The writer of the oldest grammatical treatise is thought
+to be one Thorodd Runemaster, who lived in the middle of the twelfth
+century; and the third treatise is evidently written by Olaf Thordsson
+Hvitaskald, the nephew of Snorre, a scholar who spent some time at the
+court of the Danish king, Valdemar the Victorious.</p>
+
+<p>The Younger Edda contains the systematized theogony and cosmogony of
+our forefathers, while the Elder Edda presents the Odinic faith in a
+<span class = "pagenum">28</span>
+<a name = "page28"> </a>
+series of lays or rhapsodies. The Elder Edda is poetry, while the
+Younger Edda is mainly prose. The Younger Edda may in one sense be
+regarded as the sequel or commentary of the Elder Edda. Both complement
+each other, and both must be studied in connection with the sagas and
+all the Teutonic traditions and folk-lore in order to get a
+comprehensive idea of the asa-faith. The two Eddas constitute, as it
+were, the Odinic Bible. The Elder Edda is the Old Testament, the Younger
+Edda the New. Like the Old Testament, the Elder Edda is in poetry. It is
+prophetic and enigmatical. Like the New Testament, the Younger Edda is
+in prose; it is lucid, and gives a clue to the obscure passages in the
+Elder Edda. Nay, in many respects do the two Eddas correspond with the
+two Testaments of the Christian Bible.</p>
+
+<p>It is a deplorable fact that the religion of our forefathers seems to
+be but little cared for in this country. The mythologies of other
+nations every student manifests an interest for. He reads with the
+greatest zeal all the legends of Rome and Greece, of India and China. He
+is familiar with every room in the labyrinth of Crete, while when he is
+introduced to the shining halls of Valhal and Gladsheim he gropes his
+way like a blind man. He does not know that Idun, with her beautiful
+apples, might, if applied to, render even
+<span class = "pagenum">29</span>
+<a name = "page29"> </a>
+greater services than Ariadne with her wonderful thread. When we inquire
+whom Tuesday and Wednesday and Thursday and Friday are named after, and
+press questions in reference to Tyr, Odin, Thor and Freyja, we get at
+best but a wise and knowing look. Are we, then, as a nation, like the
+ancient Jews, and do we bend the knee before the gods of foreign nations
+and forsake the altars of our own gods? What if we then should suffer
+the fate of that unhappy people&mdash;be scattered over all the world
+and lose our fatherland? In these Eddas our fathers have bequeathed unto
+us all their profoundest, all their sublimest, all their best thought.
+They are the concentrated result of their greatest intellectual and
+spiritual effort, and it behooves us to cherish this treasure and make
+it the fountain at which the whole American branch of the Ygdrasil ash
+may imbibe a united national sentiment. It is not enough to brush the
+dust off these gods and goddesses of our ancestors and put them up on
+pedestals as ornaments in our museums and libraries. These coins of the
+past are not to be laid away in numismatic collections. The grandson
+must use what he has inherited from his grandfather. If the coin is not
+intelligible, then it will have to be sent to the mint and stamped anew,
+in order that it may circulate freely. Our
+<span class = "pagenum">30</span>
+<a name = "page30"> </a>
+ancestral deities want a place in our hearts and in our songs.</p>
+
+<p>On the European continent and in England the zeal of the priests in
+propagating Christianity was so great that they sought to root out every
+trace of the asa-faith. They left but unintelligible fragments of the
+heathen religious structure. Our gods and goddesses and heroes were
+consigned to oblivion, and all knowledge of the Odinic religion and of
+the Niblung-story would have been well nigh totally obliterated had not
+a more lucky star hovered over the destinies of Iceland. In this
+remotest corner of the world the ancestral spirit was preserved like the
+glowing embers of Hekla beneath the snow and ice of the glacier. From
+the farthest Thule the spirit of our fathers rises and shines like an
+aurora over all Teutondom. It was in the year 860 that Iceland was
+discovered. In 874 the Teutonic spirit fled thither for refuge from
+tyranny. Here a government based on the principles of old Teutonic
+liberty was established. From here went forth daring vikings, who
+discovered Greenland and Vinland, and showed Columbus the way to
+America. From here the courts of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, England and
+Germany were supplied with skalds to sing their praises. Here was put in
+writing the laws and sagas that give us a clue to the form of old
+Teutonic institutions. Here was
+<span class = "pagenum">31</span>
+<a name = "page31"> </a>
+preserved the Old Norse language, and in it a record of the customs, the
+institutions and the religion of our fathers. Its literature does not
+belong to that island alone,&mdash;it belongs to the whole Teutonic
+race! Iceland is for the Teutons what Greece and Rome are for the south
+of Europe, and she accomplished her mission with no less efficiency and
+success. Cato the Elder used to end all his speeches with these words:
+<i>“Præterea censeo Carthaginem esse delendam.”</i> In these days, when
+so many worship at the shrine of Romanism, we think it perfectly just to
+adopt Cato’s sentence in this form: <i>Præterea censeo Romam esse
+delendam</i>.</p>
+
+
+<a name = "page32"> </a>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">33</span>
+<a name = "page33"> </a>
+<h4 class = "chapter"><a name = "foreword">FOREWORD.</a></h4>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<p>1. <span class = "firstword">In</span> the beginning Almighty God
+created heaven and earth, and all things that belong to them, and last
+he made two human beings, from whom the races are descended (Adam and
+Eve), and their children multiplied and spread over all the world. But
+in the course of time men became unequal; some were good and
+right-believing, but many more turned them after the lusts of the world
+and heeded not God’s laws; and for this reason God drowned the world in
+the flood, and all that was quick in the world, except those who were in
+the ark with Noah. After the flood of Noah there lived eight men, who
+inhabited the world, and from them the races are descended; and now, as
+before, they increased and filled the world, and there were very many
+men who loved to covet wealth and power, but turned away from obedience
+to God, and so much did they do this that they would not name God. And
+who could then tell their sons of the wonderful works of God? So it came
+to pass that they lost God’s name; and in the wide world the man was not
+to be found who could tell of his
+<span class = "pagenum">34</span>
+<a name = "page34"> </a>
+Maker. But, nevertheless, God gave them earthly-gifts, wealth and
+happiness, that should be with them in the world; he also shared wisdom
+among them, so that they understood all earthly things, and all kinds
+that might be seen in the air and on the earth. This they thought upon,
+and wondered at, how it could come to pass that the earth and the beasts
+and the birds had the same nature in some things but still were unlike
+in manners.</p>
+
+<p>One evidence of this nature was that the earth might be dug into upon
+high mountain-peaks and water would spring up there, and it was not
+necessary to dig deeper for water there than in deep dales; thus, also,
+in beasts and birds it is no farther to the blood in the head than in
+the feet. Another proof of this nature is, that every year there grow on
+the earth grass and flowers, and the same year it falls and withers;
+thus, also, on beasts and birds do hair and feathers grow and fall off
+each year. The third nature of the earth is, that when it is opened and
+dug into, then grass grows on the mould which is uppermost on the earth.
+Rocks and stones they explained to correspond to the teeth and bones of
+living things. From these things they judged that the earth must be
+quick and must have life in some way, and they knew that it was of a
+wonderfully great age and of a mighty nature. It nourished all that was
+quick and took to itself
+<span class = "pagenum">35</span>
+<a name = "page35"> </a>
+all that died. On this account they gave it a name, and numbered their
+ancestors back to it This they also learned from their old kinsmen, that
+when many hundred winters were numbered, the course of the heavenly
+bodies was uneven; some had a longer course than others. From such
+things they suspected that some one must be the ruler of the heavenly
+bodies who could stay their course at his own will, and he must be
+strong and mighty; and of him they thought that, if he ruled the prime
+elements, he must also have been before the heavenly bodies, and they
+saw that, if he ruled the course of the heavenly bodies, he must rule
+the sunshine, and the dew of the heavens, and the products of the earth
+that follow them; and thus, also, the winds of the air and therewith the
+storms of the sea. They knew not where his realm was, but they believed
+that he ruled over all things on the earth and in the air, over the
+heavens and the heavenly bodies, the seas and the weather. But in order
+that these things might be better told and remembered, they gave him the
+same name with themselves, and this belief has been changed in many
+ways, as the peoples have been separated and the tongues have been
+divided.</p>
+
+<p>2. In his old age Noah shared the world with his sons: for Ham he
+intended the western region, for Japheth the northern region, but for
+<span class = "pagenum">36</span>
+<a name = "page36"> </a>
+Shem the southern region, with those parts which will hereafter be
+marked out in the division of the earth into three parts. In the time
+that the sons of these men were in the world, then increased forthwith
+the desire for riches and power, from the fact that they knew many
+crafts that had not been discovered before, and each one was exalted
+with his own handiwork; and so far did they carry their pride, that the
+Africans, descended from Ham, harried in that part of the world which
+the offspring of Shem, their kinsman, inhabited. And when they had
+conquered them, the world seemed to them too small, and they smithied a
+tower with tile and stone, which they meant should reach to heaven, on
+the plain called Sennar. And when this building was so far advanced that
+it extended above the air, and they were no less eager to continue the
+work, and when God saw how their pride waxed high, then he sees that he
+will have to strike it down in some way. And the same God, who is
+almighty, and who might have struck down all their work in the twinkling
+of an eye, and made themselves turn into dust, still preferred to
+frustrate their purpose by making them realize their own littleness, in
+that none of them should understand what the other talked; and thus no
+one knew what the other commanded, and one broke what the other wished
+to build up, until they came
+<span class = "pagenum">37</span>
+<a name = "page37"> </a>
+to strife among themselves, and therewith was frustrated, in the
+beginning, their purpose of building a tower. And he who was foremost,
+hight Zoroaster, he laughed before he wept when he came into the world;
+but the master-smiths were seventy-two, and so many tongues have spread
+over the world since the giants were dispersed over the land, and the
+nations became numerous. In this same place was built the most famous
+city, which took its name from the tower, and was called Babylon. And
+when the confusion of tongues had taken place, then increased the names
+of men and of other things, and this same Zoroaster had many names; and
+although he understood that his pride was laid low by the said building,
+still he worked his way unto worldly power, and had himself chosen king
+over many peoples of the Assyrians. From him arose the error of
+idolatry; and when he was worshiped he was called Baal; we call him Bel;
+he also had many other names. But as the names increased in number, so
+was truth lost; and from this first error every following man worshiped
+his head-master, beasts or birds, the air and the heavenly bodies, and
+various lifeless things, until the error at length spread over the whole
+world; and so carefully did they lose the truth that no one knew his
+maker, excepting those men alone who spoke the Hebrew tongue,&mdash;that
+which
+<span class = "pagenum">38</span>
+<a name = "page38"> </a>
+flourished before the building of the tower,&mdash;and still they did
+not lose the bodily endowments that were given them, and therefore they
+judged of all things with earthly understanding, for spiritual wisdom
+was not given unto them. They deemed that all things were smithied of
+some one material.</p>
+
+<p>3. The world was divided into three parts, one from the south,
+westward to the Mediterranean Sea, which part was called Africa; but the
+southern portion of this part is hot and scorched by the sun. The second
+part, from the west and to the north and to the sea, is that called
+Europe, or Enea. The northern portion of this is cold, so that grass
+grows not, nor can anyone dwell there. From the north around the east
+region, and all to the south, that is called Asia. In that part of the
+world is all beauty and pomp, and wealth of the earth’s products, gold
+and precious stones. There is also the mid-world, and as the earth there
+is fairer and of a better quality than elsewhere, so are also the people
+there most richly endowed with all gifts, with wisdom and strength, with
+beauty and with all knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>4. Near the middle of the world was built the house and inn, the most
+famous that has been made, which was called Troy, in the land which we
+call Turkey. This city was built much larger than others, with more
+skill in many ways, at
+<span class = "pagenum">39</span>
+<a name = "page39"> </a>
+great expense, and with such means as were at hand. There were twelve
+kingdoms and one over-king, and many lands and nations belonged to each
+kingdom; there were in the city twelve chief languages.<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag5" href = "#note5">5</a> Their chiefs have surpassed all men
+who have been in the world in all heroic things. No scholar who has ever
+told of these things has ever disputed this fact, and for this reason,
+that all rulers of the north region trace their ancestors back thither,
+and place in the number of the gods all who were rulers of the city.
+Especially do they place Priamos himself in the stead of Odin; nor must
+that be called wonderful, for Priamos was sprung from Saturn, him whom
+the north region for a long time believed to be God himself.</p>
+
+<p>5. This Saturn grew up in that island in Greece which hight Crete. He
+was greater and stronger and fairer than other men. As in other natural
+endowments, so he excelled all men in wisdom. He invented many crafts
+which had not before been discovered. He was also so great in the art of
+magic that he was certain about things that had not yet come to pass. He
+found, too, that red thing in the earth from which he smelted gold, and
+from such things he soon became very mighty. He also foretold harvests
+<span class = "pagenum">40</span>
+<a name = "page40"> </a>
+and many other secret things, and for such, and many other deeds, he was
+chosen chief of the island. And when he had ruled it a short time, then
+there speedily enough became a great abundance of all things. No money
+circulated excepting gold coins, so plentiful was this metal; and though
+there was famine in other lands, the crops never failed in Crete, so
+that people might seek there all the things which they needed to have.
+And from this and many other secret gifts of power that he had, men
+believed him to be God, and from him arose another error among the
+Cretans and Macedonians like the one before mentioned among the
+Assyrians and Chaldeans from Zoroaster. And when Saturn finds how great
+strength the people think they have in him, he calls himself God, and
+says that he rules heaven and earth and all things.</p>
+
+<p>6. Once he went to Greece in a ship, for there was a king’s daughter
+on whom he had set his heart. He won her love in this way, that one day
+when she was out with her maid-servants, he took upon himself the
+likeness of a bull, and lay before her in the wood, and so fair was he
+that the hue of gold was on every hair; and when the king’s daughter saw
+him she patted his lips. He sprang up and threw off the bull’s likeness
+and took her into his arms and bore her to the ship and took her to
+Crete. But his wife, Juno,
+<span class = "pagenum">41</span>
+<a name = "page41"> </a>
+found this out, so he turned her (the king’s daughter) into the likeness
+of a heifer and sent her east to the arms of the great river (that is,
+of the Nile, to the Nile country), and let the thrall, who hight
+Argulos, take care of her. She was there twelve months before he changed
+her shape again. Many things did he do like this, or even more wonderful
+He had three sons: one hight Jupiter, another Neptune, the third Pluto.
+They were all men of the greatest accomplishments, and Jupiter was by
+far the greatest; he was a warrior and won many kingdoms; he was also
+crafty like his father, and took upon himself the likeness of many
+animals, and thus he accomplished many things which are impossible for
+mankind; and on account of this, and other things, he was held in awe by
+all nations. Therefore Jupiter is put in the place of Thor, since all
+evil wights fear&nbsp;him.</p>
+
+<p>7. Saturn had built in Crete seventy-two burgs, and when he thought
+himself firmly established in his kingdom, he shared it with his sons,
+whom he set up with himself as gods; and to Jupiter he gave the realm of
+heaven; to Neptune, the realm of the earth, and to Pluto, hell; and this
+last seemed to him the worst to manage, and therefore he gave to him his
+dog, the one whom he called Cerberos, to guard hell. This Cerberos, the
+Greeks say, Herakles dragged out of hell and
+<span class = "pagenum">42</span>
+<a name = "page42"> </a>
+upon earth. And although Saturn had given the realm of heaven to
+Jupiter, the latter nevertheless desired to possess the realm of the
+earth, and so he harried his father’s kingdom, and it is said that he
+had him taken and emasculated, and for such great achievements he
+declared himself to be god, and the Macedonians say that he had the
+members taken and cast into the sea, and therefore they believed for
+ages that therefrom had come a woman; her they called Venus, and
+numbered among the gods, and she has in all ages since been called
+goddess of love, for they believed she was able to turn the hearts of
+all men and women to love. When Saturn was emasculated by Jupiter, his
+son, he fled from the east out of Crete and west into Italy. There dwelt
+at that time such people as did not work, and lived on acorns and grass,
+and lay in caves or holes in the earth. And when Saturn came there he
+changed his name and called himself Njord, for the reason that he
+thought that Jupiter, his son, might afterward seek him out. He was the
+first there to teach men to plow and plant vineyards. There the soil was
+good and fresh, and it soon produced heavy crops. He was made chief and
+thus he got possession of all the realms there and built many burgs.</p>
+
+<p>8. Jupiter, his son, had many sons, from whom races have descended;
+his son was Dardanos, his
+<span class = "pagenum">43</span>
+<a name = "page43"> </a>
+son Herikon, his son Tros, his son Ilos, his son Laomedon, the father of
+the chief king Priamos. Priamos had many sons; one of them was Hektor,
+who was the most famous of all men in the world for strength, and
+stature and accomplishments, and for all manly deeds of a knightly kind;
+and it is found written that when the Greeks and all the strength of the
+north and east regions fought with the Trojans, they would never have
+become victors had not the Greeks invoked the gods; and it is also
+stated that no human strength would conquer them unless they were
+betrayed by their own men, which afterward was done. And from their fame
+men that came after gave themselves titles, and especially was this done
+by the Romans, who were the most famous in many things after their days;
+and it is said that, when Rome was built, the Romans adapted their
+customs and laws as nearly as possible to those of the Trojans, their
+forefathers. And so much power accompanied these men for many ages
+after, that when Pompey, a Roman chieftain, harried in the east region,
+Odin fled out of Asia and hither to the north country, and then he gave
+to himself and his men their names, and said that Priamos had hight Odin
+and his queen Frigg, and from this the realm afterward took its name and
+was called Frigia where the burg stood. And whether Odin said
+<span class = "pagenum">44</span>
+<a name = "page44"> </a>
+this of himself out of pride, or that it was wrought by the changing of
+tongues; nevertheless many wise men have regarded it a true saying, and
+for a long time after every man who was a great chieftain followed his
+example.</p>
+
+<p>9. A king in Troy hight Munon or Mennon, his wife was a daughter of
+the head-king Priamos and hight Troan; they had a son who hight Tror,
+him we call Thor. He was fostered in Thrace by the duke, who is called
+Loricos. But when he was ten winters old he took his father’s weapons.
+So fair of face was he, when he stood by other men, as when ivory is set
+in oak; his hair was fairer than gold. When he was twelve winters old he
+had full strength; then he lifted from the ground ten bear skins all at
+once, and then he slew Loricos, the duke, his foster-father and his
+wife, Lora or Glora, and took possession of Thrace; this we call
+Thrudheim. Then he visited many lands and knew the countries of the
+world, and conquered single-handed all the berserks and all the giants,
+and one very big dragon and many beasts. In the north region he found
+that prophetess who hight Sibyl, whom we call Sif, and married her. None
+can tell the genealogy of Sif; she was the fairest of all women, her
+hair was like gold. Their son was Loride (Hloride), who was like his
+father; his son was Henrede; his son Vingethor (Vingthor);
+<span class = "pagenum">45</span>
+<a name = "page45"> </a>
+his son Vingener (Vingner); his son Moda (Mode); his son Magi (Magne);
+his son Kesfet; his son Bedvig; his son Atra, whom we call Annan; his
+son Itrman; his son Heremod (Hermod); his son Skjaldun, whom we call
+Skjold; his son Bjaf, whom we call Bjar; his son Jat; his son Gudolf,
+his son Fjarlaf, whom we call Fridleif; he had the son who is called
+Vodin, whom we call Odin; he was a famous man for wisdom and all
+accomplishments. His wife hight Frigida, whom we call Frigg.</p>
+
+<p>10. Odin had the power of divination, and so had his wife, and from
+this knowledge he found out that his name would be held high in the
+north part of the world, and honored beyond that of all kings. For this
+reason he was eager to begin his journey from Turkey, and he had with
+him very many people, young and old, men and women, and he had with him
+many costly things. But wherever they fared over the lands great fame
+was spoken of them, and they were said to be more like gods than men.
+And they stopped not on their journey before they came north into that
+land which is now called Saxland; there Odin remained a long time, and
+subjugated the country far and wide. There Odin established his three
+sons as a defense of the land. One is named Veggdegg; he was a strong
+king and ruled over East Saxland. His son was
+<span class = "pagenum">46</span>
+<a name = "page46"> </a>
+Vitrgils, and his sons were Ritta, the father of Heingest (Hengist), and
+Sigar, the father of Svebdegg, whom we call Svipdag. Another son of Odin
+hight Beldegg, whom we call Balder; he possessed the land which now
+hight Vestfal; his son was Brander, and his son Frjodigar, whom we call
+Froda (Frode). His son was Freovit, his son Yvigg, his son Gevis, whom
+we call Gave. The third son of Odin is named Sigge, his son Verer. These
+forefathers ruled the land which is now called Frankland, and from them
+is come the race that is called the Volsungs. From all of these many and
+great races are descended.</p>
+
+<p>11. Then Odin continued his journey northward and came into the
+country which was called Reidgotaland, and in that land he conquered all
+that he desired. He established there his son, who hight Skjold; his son
+hight Fridleif; from him is descended the race which hight Skjoldungs;
+these are the Dane kings, and that land hight now Jutland, which then
+was called Reidgotaland.</p>
+
+<p>12. Thereupon he fared north to what is now called Svithjod (Sweden),
+there was the king who is called Gylfe. But when he heard of the coming
+of those Asiamen, who were called asas, he went to meet them, and
+offered Odin such things in his kingdom as he himself might desire.
+<span class = "pagenum">47</span>
+<a name = "page47"> </a>
+And such good luck followed their path, that wherever they stopped in
+the lands, there were bountiful crops and good peace; and all believed
+that they were the cause thereof. The mighty men of the kingdom saw that
+they were unlike other men whom they had seen, both in respect to beauty
+and understanding. The land there seemed good to Odin, and he chose
+there for himself a place for a burg, which is now called Sigtuna.<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag6" href = "#note6">6</a> He there established
+chiefs, like unto what had formerly existed in Troy; he appointed twelve
+men in the burg to be judges of the law of the land, and made all rights
+to correspond with what had before been in Troy, and to what the Turks
+had been accustomed.</p>
+
+<p>13. Thereupon he fared north until he reached the sea, which they
+thought surrounded all lands, and there he established his son in the
+kingdom, which is now called Norway; he is hight Saming, and the kings
+of Norway count their ancestors back to him, and so do the jarls and
+other mighty men, as it is stated in the Haleygjatal.<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag7" href = "#note7">7</a> But Odin had with him that son who
+is called Yngve, who was king in Sweden, and from him is descended the
+families called Ynglings (Yngvelings). The asas took to themselves wives
+there within the land. But some took
+<span class = "pagenum">48</span>
+<a name = "page48"> </a>
+wives for their sons, and these families became so numerous that they
+spread over Saxland, and thence over the whole north region, and the
+tongue of these Asiamen became the native tongue of all these lands. And
+men think they can understand from the way in which the names of their
+forefathers is written, that these names have belonged to this tongue,
+and that the asas have brought this tongue hither to the north, to
+Norway, to Sweden and to Saxland. But in England are old names of places
+and towns which can be seen to have been given in another tongue than
+this.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">49</span>
+<a name = "page49"> </a>
+<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "gylfe">THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<h4><a name = "gylfe_I">CHAPTER I.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>GEFJUN’S PLOWING.</h6>
+
+<p>1. King Gylfe ruled the lands that are now called Svithjod (Sweden).
+Of him it is said that he gave to a wayfaring woman, as a reward for the
+entertainment she had afforded him by her story-telling, a plow-land in
+his realm, as large as four oxen could plow it in a day and a night But
+this woman was of the asa-race; her name was Gefjun. She took from the
+north, from Jotunheim, four oxen, which were the sons of a giant and
+her, and set them before the plow. Then went the plow so hard and deep
+that it tore up the land, and the oxen drew it westward into the sea,
+until it stood still in a sound. There Gefjun set the land, gave it a
+name and called it Seeland. And where the land had been taken away
+became afterward a sea, which in Sweden is now called Logrinn (the Lake,
+the Malar Lake in Sweden). And in the Malar Lake the bays correspond
+<span class = "pagenum">50</span>
+<a name = "page50"> </a>
+to the capes in Seeland. Thus Brage, the old skald:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Gefjun glad<br>
+Drew from Gylfe<br>
+The excellent land,<br>
+Denmark’s increase,<br>
+So that it reeked<br>
+From the running beasts.<br>
+Four heads and eight eyes<br>
+Bore the oxen<br>
+As they went before the wide<br>
+Robbed land of the grassy isle.<a class = "tag" name = "tag8" href =
+"#note8">8</a></p>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">51</span>
+<a name = "page51"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_II">CHAPTER II.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>GYLFE’S JOURNEY TO ASGARD.</h6>
+
+<p>2. King Gylfe was a wise man and skilled in the black art. He
+wondered much that the asa-folk was so mighty in knowledge, that all
+things went after their will. He thought to himself whether this could
+come from their own nature, or whether the cause must be sought for
+among the gods whom they worshiped. He therefore undertook a journey to
+Asgard. He went secretly, having assumed the likeness of an old man, and
+striving thus to disguise himself. But the asas were wiser, for they see
+into the future, and, foreseeing his journey before he came, they
+received him with an eye-deceit. So when he came into the burg he saw
+there a hall so high that he could hardly look over it. Its roof was
+thatched with golden shields as with shingles. Thus says Thjodolf of
+Hvin, that Valhal was thatched with shields:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Thinking thatchers<br>
+Thatched the roof;<br>
+The beams of the burg<br>
+Beamed with gold.<a class = "tag" name = "tag9" href = "#note9">9</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">52</span>
+<a name = "page52"> </a>
+In the door of the hall Gylfe saw a man who played with swords so
+dexterously that seven were in the air at one time. That man asked him
+what his name was. Gylfe answered that his name was Ganglere;<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag10" href = "#note10">10</a> that he had come a long
+way, and that he sought lodgings for the night. He also asked who owned
+the burg. The other answered that it belonged to their king: I will go
+with you to see him and then you may ask him for his name yourself. Then
+the man turned and led the way into the hall. Ganglere followed, and
+suddenly the doors closed behind him. There he saw many rooms and a
+large number of people, of whom some were playing, others were drinking,
+and some were fighting with weapons. He looked around him, and much of
+what he saw seemed to him incredible. Then quoth he:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Gates all,<br>
+Before in you go,<br>
+You must examine well;<br>
+For you cannot know<br>
+Where enemies sit<br>
+In the house before you.<a class = "tag" name = "tag11" href =
+"#note11">11</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>He saw three high-seats, one above the other, and in each sat a man.
+He asked what the names of these chiefs were. He, who had conducted him
+in, answered that the one who sat
+<span class = "pagenum">53</span>
+<a name = "page53"> </a>
+in the lowest high-seat was king, and hight Har; the one next above him,
+Jafnhar; but the one who sat on the highest throne, Thride. Har asked
+the comer what more his errand was, and added that food and drink was
+there at his service, as for all in Har’s hall. Ganglere answered that
+he first would like to ask whether there was any wise man. Answered Har:
+You will not come out from here hale unless you are wiser.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+And stand now forth<br>
+While you ask;<br>
+He who answers shall sit.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">54</span>
+<a name = "page54"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_III">CHAPTER III.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>OF THE HIGHEST GOD.</h6>
+
+<p>3. Ganglere then made the following question: Who is the highest and
+oldest of all the gods? Made answer Har: Alfather he is called in our
+tongue, but in Asgard of old he had twelve names. The first is Alfather,
+the second is Herran or Herjan, the third Nikar or Hnikar, the fourth
+Nikuz or Hnikud, the fifth Fjolner, the sixth Oske, the seventh Ome, the
+eighth Biflide or Biflinde, the ninth Svidar, the tenth Svidrer, the
+eleventh Vidrer, the twelfth Jalg or Jalk. Ganglere asks again: Where is
+this god? What can he do? What mighty works has he accomplished?
+Answered Har: He lives from everlasting to everlasting, rules over all
+his realm, and governs all things, great and small. Then remarked
+Jafnhar: He made heaven and earth, the air and all things in them.
+Thride added: What is most important, he made man and gave him a spirit,
+which shall live, and never perish, though the body may turn to dust or
+burn to ashes. All who live a life of virtue shall dwell with him in
+Gimle or Vingolf. The wicked,
+<span class = "pagenum">55</span>
+<a name = "page55"> </a>
+on the other hand, go to Hel, and from her to Niflhel, that is, down
+into the ninth world. Then asked Ganglere: What was he doing before
+heaven and earth were made? Har gave answer: Then was he with the
+frost-giants.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">56</span>
+<a name = "page56"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE CREATION OF THE WORLD.</h6>
+
+<p>4. Said Ganglere: How came the world into existence, or how did it
+rise? What was before? Made answer to him Har: Thus is it said in the
+Vala’s Prophecy:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+It was Time’s morning,<br>
+When there nothing was;<br>
+Nor sand, nor sea,<br>
+Nor cooling billows.<br>
+Earth there was not,<br>
+Nor heaven above.<br>
+The Ginungagap was,<br>
+But grass nowhere.<a class = "tag" name = "tag12" href =
+"#note12">12</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Jafnhar remarked: Many ages before the earth was made, Niflheim had
+existed, in the midst of which is the well called Hvergelmer, whence
+flow the following streams: Svol, Gunnthro, Form, Fimbul, Thul, Slid and
+Hrid, Sylg and Ylg, Vid, Leipt and Gjoll, the last of which is nearest
+the gate of Hel. Then added Thride: Still there was before a world to
+the south which hight Muspelheim. It is light and hot, and so bright and
+dazzling that no stranger, who is not a
+<span class = "pagenum">57</span>
+<a name = "page57"> </a>
+native there, can stand it. Surt is the name of him who stands on its
+border guarding it. He has a flaming sword in his hand, and at the end
+of the world he will come and harry, conquer all the gods, and burn up
+the whole world with fire. Thus it is said in the Vala’s Prophecy:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Surt from the south fares<br>
+With blazing flames;<br>
+From the sword shines<br>
+The sun of the war-god.<br>
+Rocks dash together<br>
+And witches collapse,<br>
+Men go the way to Hel<br>
+And the heavens are cleft.<a class = "tag" name = "tag13" href =
+"#note13">13</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>5. Said Ganglere: What took place before the races came into
+existence, and men increased and multiplied? Replied Har, explaining,
+that as soon as the streams, that are called the Elivogs, had come so
+far from their source that the venomous yeast which flowed with them
+hardened, as does dross that runs from the fire, then it turned into
+ice. And when this ice stopped and flowed no more, then gathered over it
+the drizzling rain that arose from the venom and froze into rime, and
+one layer of ice was laid upon the other clear into Ginungagap. Then
+said Jafnhar: All that part of Ginungagap that turns toward the north
+was filled with thick and heavy ice and rime, and everywhere within were
+<span class = "pagenum">58</span>
+<a name = "page58"> </a>
+drizzling rains and gusts. But the south part of Ginungagap was lighted
+up by the glowing sparks that flew out of Muspelheim. Added Thride: As
+cold and all things grim proceeded from Niflheim, so that which bordered
+on Muspelheim was hot and bright, and Ginungagap was as warm and mild as
+windless air. And when the heated blasts from Muspelheim met the rime,
+so that it melted into drops, then, by the might of him who sent the
+heat, the drops quickened into life and took the likeness of a man, who
+got the name Ymer. But the Frost giants call him Aurgelmer. Thus it is
+said in the short Prophecy of the Vala (the Lay of Hyndla):</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+All the valas are<br>
+From Vidolf descended;<br>
+All wizards are<br>
+Of Vilmeide’s race;<br>
+All enchanters<br>
+Are sons of Svarthofde;<br>
+All giants have<br>
+Come from Ymer.<a class = "tag" name = "tag14" href = "#note14">14</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>And on this point, when Vafthrudner, the giant, was asked by
+Gangrad:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Whence came Aurgelmer<br>
+Originally to the sons<br>
+Of the giants?&mdash;thou wise giant!<a class = "tag" name = "tag15"
+href = "#note15">15</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">59</span>
+<a name = "page59"> </a>
+he said</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+From the Elivogs<br>
+Sprang drops of venom,<br>
+And grew till a giant was made.<br>
+Thence our race<br>
+Are all descended,<br>
+Therefore are we all so fierce.<a class = "tag" name = "tag16" href =
+"#note16">16</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Then asked Ganglere: How were the races developed from him? Or what
+was done so that more men were made? Or do you believe him to be god of
+whom you now spake? Made answer Har: By no means do we believe him to be
+god; evil was he and all his offspring, them we call frost-giants. It is
+said that when he slept he fell into a sweat, and then there grew under
+his left arm a man and a woman, and one of his feet begat with the other
+a son. From these come the races that are called frost-giants. The old
+frost-giant we call Ymer.</p>
+
+<p>6. Then said Ganglere: Where did Ymer dwell, and on what did he live?
+Answered Har: The next thing was that when the rime melted into drops,
+there was made thereof a cow, which hight Audhumbla. Four milk-streams
+ran from her teats, and she fed Ymer. Thereupon asked Ganglere: On what
+did the cow subsist? Answered Har: She licked the salt-stones that were
+covered with rime, and the first day that she
+<span class = "pagenum">60</span>
+<a name = "page60"> </a>
+licked the stones there came out of them in the evening a man’s hair,
+the second day a man’s head, and the third day the whole man was there.
+This man’s name was Bure; he was fair of face, great and mighty, and he
+begat a son whose name was Bor. This Bor married a woman whose name was
+Bestla, the daughter of the giant Bolthorn; they had three
+sons,&mdash;the one hight Odin, the other Vile, and the third Ve. And it
+is my belief that this Odin and his brothers are the rulers of heaven
+and earth. We think that he must be so called. That is the name of the
+man whom we know to be the greatest and most famous, and well may men
+call him by that name.</p>
+
+<p>7. Ganglere asked: How could these keep peace with Ymer, or who was
+the stronger? Then answered Har: The sons of Bor slew the giant Ymer,
+but when he fell, there flowed so much blood from his wounds that they
+drowned therein the whole race of frost giants; excepting one, who
+escaped with his household. Him the giants call Bergelmer. He and his
+wife went on board his ark and saved themselves in it. From them are
+come new races of frost-giants, as is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Countless winters<br>
+Ere the earth was made,<br>
+Was born Bergelmer.
+<span class = "pagenum">61</span>
+<a name = "page61"> </a><br>
+This first I call to mind<br>
+How that crafty giant<br>
+Safe in his ark lay.<a class = "tag" name = "tag17" href =
+"#note17">17</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>8. Then said Ganglere: What was done then by the sons of Bor, since
+you believe that they were gods? Answered Har: About that there is not a
+little to be said. They took the body of Ymer, carried it into the midst
+of Ginungagap and made of him the earth. Of his blood they made the seas
+and lakes; of his flesh the earth was made, but of his bones the rocks;
+of his teeth and jaws, and of the bones that were broken, they made
+stones and pebbles. Jafnhar remarked: Of the blood that flowed from the
+wounds, and was free, they made the ocean; they fastened the earth
+together and around it they laid this ocean in a ring without, and it
+must seem to most men impossible to cross it. Thride added: They took
+his skull and made thereof the sky, and raised it over the earth with
+four sides. Under each corner they set a dwarf, and the four dwarfs were
+called Austre (east), Vestre (West), Nordre (North), Sudre (South). Then
+they took glowing sparks, that were loose and had been cast out from
+Muspelheim, and placed them in the midst of the boundless heaven, both
+above and below, to light up heaven and earth. They gave resting-places
+to all fires, and set some in heaven;
+<span class = "pagenum">62</span>
+<a name = "page62"> </a>
+some were made to go free under heaven, but they gave them a place and
+shaped their course. In old songs it is said that from that time days
+and years were reckoned. Thus in the Prophecy of the Vala:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The sun knew not<br>
+Where her hall she had;<br>
+The moon knew not<br>
+What might he had;<br>
+The stars knew not<br>
+Their resting-places.<a class = "tag" name = "tag18" href =
+"#note18">18</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Thus it was before these things were made. Then said Ganglere:
+Wonderful tidings are these I now hear; a wondrous great building is
+this, and deftly constructed. How was the earth fashioned? Made answer
+Har: The earth is round, and without it round about lies the deep ocean,
+and along the outer strand of that sea they gave lands for the giant
+races to dwell in; and against the attack of restless giants they built
+a burg within the sea and around the earth. For this purpose they used
+the giant Ymer’s eyebrows, and they called the burg Midgard. They also
+took his brains and cast them into the air, and made therefrom the
+clouds, as is here said:</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">63</span>
+<a name = "page63"> </a></p>
+<p class = "verse">
+Of Ymer’s flesh<br>
+The earth was made,<br>
+And of his sweat the seas;<br>
+Rocks of his bones,<br>
+Trees of his hair,<br>
+And the sky of his skull;<br>
+But of his eyebrows<br>
+The blithe powers<br>
+Made Midgard for the sons of men.<br>
+Of his brains<br>
+All the melancholy<br>
+Clouds were made.<a class = "tag" name = "tag19" href = "#note19">19</a>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">64</span>
+<a name = "page64"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_V">CHAPTER V.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE CREATION&mdash;(CONTINUED.)</h6>
+
+<p>9. Then said Ganglere: Much had been done, it seemed to me, when
+heaven and earth were made, when sun and moon were set in their places,
+and when days were marked out; but whence came the people who inhabit
+the world? Har answered as follows: As Bor’s sons went along the
+sea-strand, they found two trees. These trees they took up and made men
+of them. The first gave them spirit and life; the second endowed them
+with reason and power of motion; and the third gave them form, speech,
+hearing and eyesight. They gave them clothes and names; the man they
+called Ask, and the woman Embla. From them all mankind is descended, and
+a dwelling-place was given them under Midgard. In the next place, the
+sons of Bor made for themselves in the middle of the world a burg, which
+is called Asgard, and which we call Troy. There dwelt the gods and their
+race, and thence were wrought many tidings and adventures, both on earth
+and in the sky. In Asgard is a place called Hlidskjalf, and when
+<span class = "pagenum">65</span>
+<a name = "page65"> </a>
+Odin seated himself there in the high-seat, he saw over the whole world,
+and what every man was doing, and he knew all things that he saw. His
+wife hight Frigg, and she was the daughter of Fjorgvin, and from their
+offspring are descended the race that we call asas, who inhabited Asgard
+the old and the realms that lie about it, and all that race are known to
+be gods. And for this reason Odin is called Alfather, that he is the
+father of all gods and men, and of all things that were made by him and
+by his might. Jord (earth) was his daughter and his wife; with her he
+begat his first son, and that is Asa-Thor. To him was given force and
+strength, whereby he conquers all things quick.</p>
+
+<p>10. Norfe, or Narfe, hight a giant, who dwelt in Jotunheim. He had a
+daughter by name Night. She was swarthy and dark like the race she
+belonged to. She was first married to a man who hight Naglfare. Their
+son was Aud. Afterward she was married to Annar. Jord hight their
+daughter. Her last husband was Delling (Daybreak), who was of asa-race.
+Their son was Day, who was light and fair after his father. Then took
+Alfather Night and her son Day, gave them two horses and two cars, and
+set them up in heaven to drive around the earth, each in twelve hours by
+turns. Night rides first on the horse which is called Hrimfaxe, and
+every morning he bedews
+<span class = "pagenum">66</span>
+<a name = "page66"> </a>
+the earth with the foam from his bit. The horse on which Day rides is
+called Skinfaxe, and with his mane he lights up all the sky and the
+earth.</p>
+
+<p>11. Then said Ganglere: How does he steer the course of the sun and
+the moon? Answered Har: Mundilfare hight the man who had two children.
+They were so fair and beautiful that he called his son Moon, and his
+daughter, whom he gave in marriage to a man by name Glener, he called
+Sun. But the gods became wroth at this arrogance, took both the brother
+and the sister, set them up in heaven, and made Sun drive the horses
+that draw the car of the sun, which the gods had made to light up the
+world from sparks that flew out of Muspelheim. These horses hight Arvak
+and Alsvid. Under their withers the gods placed two wind-bags to cool
+them, but in some songs it is called ironcold (ísarnkol). Moon guides
+the course of the moon, and rules its waxing and waning. He took from
+the earth two children, who hight Bil and Hjuke, as they were going from
+the well called Byrger, and were carrying on their shoulders the bucket
+called Sager and the pole Simul. Their father’s name is Vidfin. These
+children always accompany Moon, as can be seen from the earth.</p>
+
+<p>12. Then said Ganglere: Swift fares Sun, almost as if she were
+afraid, and she could make no more haste in her course if she feared her
+destroyer.
+<span class = "pagenum">67</span>
+<a name = "page67"> </a>
+Then answered Har: Nor is it wonderful that she speeds with all her
+might. Near is he who pursues her, and there is no escape for her but to
+run before him. Then asked Ganglere: Who causes her this toil? Answered
+Har: It is two wolves. The one hight Skol, he runs after her; she fears
+him and he will one day overtake her. The other hight Hate, Hrodvitner’s
+son; he bounds before her and wants to catch the moon, and so he will at
+last.<a class = "tag" name = "tag20" href = "#note20">20</a> Then asked
+Ganglere: Whose offspring are these wolves? Said Har; A hag dwells east
+of Midgard, in the forest called Jarnved (Ironwood), where reside the
+witches called Jarnvidjes. The old hag gives birth to many giant sons,
+and all in wolf’s likeness. Thence come these two wolves. It is said
+that of this wolf-race one is the mightiest, and is called Moongarm. He
+is filled with the life-blood of all dead men. He will devour the moon,
+and stain the heavens and all the sky with blood. Thereby the sun will
+be darkened, the winds will grow wild, and roar hither and thither, as
+it is said in the Prophecy of the Vala:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+In the east dwells the old hag,<br>
+In the Jarnved forest;<br>
+And brings forth there<br>
+Fenrer’s offspring.<br>
+There comes of them all<br>
+One the worst,
+<span class = "pagenum">68</span>
+<a name = "page68"> </a><br>
+The moon’s devourer<br>
+In a troll’s disguise.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+He is filled with the life-blood<br>
+Of men doomed to die;<br>
+The seats of the gods<br>
+He stains with red gore;<br>
+Sunshine grows black<br>
+The summer thereafter,<br>
+All weather gets fickle.<br>
+Know you yet or not?<a class = "tag" name = "tag21" href =
+"#note21">21</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>13. Then asked Ganglere: What is the path from earth to heaven? Har
+answered, laughing: Foolishly do you now ask. Have you not been told
+that the gods made a bridge from earth to heaven, which is called
+Bifrost? You must have seen it. It may be that you call it the rainbow.
+It has three colors, is very strong, and is made with more craft and
+skill than other structures. Still, however strong it is, it will break
+when the sons of Muspel come to ride over it, and then they will have to
+swim their horses over great rivers in order to get on. Then said
+Ganglere: The gods did not, it seems to me, build that bridge honestly,
+if it shall be able to break to pieces, since they could have done so,
+had they desired. Then made answer Har: The gods are worthy of no blame
+for this structure. Bifrost is indeed a good bridge, but there is no
+thing in the world that is able to stand when the sons of Muspel come to
+the fight.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">69</span>
+<a name = "page69"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE FIRST WORKS OF THE ASAS. THE GOLDEN AGE.</h6>
+
+<p>14. Then said Ganglere: What did Alfather do when Asgard had been
+built? Said Har: In the beginning he appointed rulers in a place in the
+middle of the burg which is called Idavold, who were to judge with him
+the disputes of men and decide the affairs of the burg. Their first work
+was to erect a court, where there were seats for all the twelve, and,
+besides, a high-seat for Alfather. That is the best and largest house
+ever built on earth, and is within and without like solid gold. This
+place is called Gladsheim. Then they built another hall as a home for
+the goddesses, which also is a very beautiful mansion, and is called
+Vingolf. Thereupon they built a forge; made hammer, tongs, anvil, and
+with these all other tools. Afterward they worked in iron, stone and
+wood, and especially in that metal which is called gold. All their
+household wares were of gold. That age was called the golden age, until
+it was lost by the coming of those women from Jotunheim. Then the gods
+set themselves in their high-seats and held counsel.
+<span class = "pagenum">70</span>
+<a name = "page70"> </a>
+They remembered how the dwarfs had quickened in the mould of the earth
+like maggots in flesh. The dwarfs had first been created and had
+quickened in Ymer’s flesh, and were then maggots; but now, by the
+decision of the gods, they got the understanding and likeness of men,
+but still had to dwell in the earth and in rocks. Modsogner was one
+dwarf and Durin another. So it is said in the Vala’s Prophecy:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Then went all the gods,<br>
+The all-holy gods,<br>
+On their judgment seats,<br>
+And thereon took counsel<br>
+Who should the race<br>
+Of dwarfs create<br>
+From the bloody sea<br>
+And from Blain’s bones.<br>
+In the likeness of men<br>
+Made they many<br>
+Dwarfs in the earth,<br>
+As Durin said.
+</p>
+
+<p>And these, says the Vala, are the names of the dwarfs:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Nye, Nide,<br>
+Nordre, Sudre,<br>
+Austre, Vestre,<br>
+Althjof, Dvalin,<br>
+Na, Nain,<br>
+Niping, Dain,<br>
+Bifur, Bafur,<br>
+Bombor, Nore,<br>
+Ore, Onar,<br>
+Oin, Mjodvitner,<br>
+Vig, Gandalf,<br>
+Vindalf, Thorin,
+<span class = "pagenum">71</span>
+<a name = "page71"> </a><br>
+File, Kile,<br>
+Fundin, Vale,<br>
+Thro, Throin,<br>
+Thek, Lit, Vit,<br>
+Ny, Nyrad,<br>
+Rek, Radsvid.
+</p>
+
+<p>But the following are also dwarfs and dwell in the rocks, while the
+above-named dwell in the mould:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Draupner, Dolgthvare,<br>
+Hor, Hugstare,<br>
+Hledjolf, Gloin,<br>
+Dore, Ore,<br>
+Duf, Andvare,<br>
+Hepte, File,<br>
+Har, Siar.
+</p>
+
+<p>But the following come from Svarin’s How to Aurvang on Joruvold, and
+from them is sprung Lovar. Their names are:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Skirfer, Virfir,<br>
+Skafid, Ae,<br>
+Alf, Inge,<br>
+Eikinslgalde,<br>
+Fal, Froste,<br>
+Fid, Ginnar.<a class = "tag" name = "tag22" href = "#note22">22</a>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">72</span>
+<a name = "page72"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>ON THE WONDERFUL THINGS IN HEAVEN.</h6>
+
+<p>15. Then said Ganglere: Where is the chief or most holy place of the
+gods? Har answered: That is by the ash Ygdrasil. There the gods meet in
+council every day. Said Ganglere: What is said about this place?
+Answered Jafnhar: This ash is the best and greatest of all trees; its
+branches spread over all the world, and reach up above heaven. Three
+roots sustain the tree and stand wide apart; one root is with the asas
+and another with the frost-giants, where Ginungagap formerly was; the
+third reaches into Niflheim; under it is Hvergelmer, where Nidhug gnaws
+the root from below. But under the second root, which extends to the
+frost-giants, is the well of Mimer, wherein knowledge and wisdom are
+concealed. The owner of the well hight Mimer. He is full of wisdom, for
+he drinks from the well with the Gjallar-horn. Alfather once came there
+and asked for a drink from the well, but he did not get it before he
+left one of his eyes as a pledge. So it is said in the Vala’s
+Prophecy:</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">73</span>
+<a name = "page73"> </a></p>
+<p class = "verse">
+Well know I, Odin,<br>
+Where you hid your eye:<br>
+In the crystal-clear<br>
+Well of Mimer.<br>
+Mead drinks Mimer<br>
+Every morning<br>
+From Valfather’s pledge.<br>
+Know you yet or not?<a class = "tag" name = "tag23" href =
+"#note23">23</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>The third root of the ash is in heaven, and beneath it is the most
+sacred fountain of Urd. Here the gods have their doomstead. The asas
+ride hither every day over Bifrost, which is also called Asa-bridge. The
+following are the names of the horses of the gods: Sleipner is the best
+one; he belongs to Odin, and he has eight feet. The second is Glad, the
+third Gyller, the fourth Gler, the fifth Skeidbrimer, the sixth
+Silfertop, the seventh Siner, the eighth Gisl, the ninth Falhofner, the
+tenth Gulltop, the eleventh Letfet. Balder’s horse was burned with him.
+Thor goes on foot to the doomstead, and wades the following rivers:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Kormt and Ormt<br>
+And the two Kerlaugs;<br>
+These shall Thor wade<br>
+Every day<br>
+When he goes to judge<br>
+Near the Ygdrasil ash;<br>
+For the Asa-bridge<br>
+Burns all ablaze,&mdash;<br>
+The holy waters roar.<a class = "tag" name = "tag24" href =
+"#note24">24</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">74</span>
+<a name = "page74"> </a>
+Then asked Ganglere: Does fire burn over Bifrost? Har answered: The red
+which you see in the rainbow is burning fire. The frost-giants and the
+mountain-giants would go up to heaven if Bifrost were passable for all
+who desired to go there. Many fair places there are in heaven, and they
+are all protected by a divine defense. There stands a beautiful hall
+near the fountain beneath the ash. Out of it come three maids, whose
+names are Urd, Verdande and Skuld. These maids shape the lives of men,
+and we call them norns. There are yet more norns, namely those who come
+to every man when he is born, to shape his life, and these are known to
+be of the race of gods; others, on the other hand, are of the race of
+elves, and yet others are of the race of dwarfs. As is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Far asunder, I think,<br>
+The norns are born,<br>
+They are not of the same race.<br>
+Some are of the asas,<br>
+Some are of the elves,<br>
+Some are daughters of Dvalin.<a class = "tag" name = "tag25" href =
+"#note25">25</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Then said Ganglere: If the norns rule the fortunes of men, then they
+deal them out exceedingly unevenly. Some live a good life and are rich;
+some get neither wealth nor praise. Some have a long, others a short
+life. Har answered:
+<span class = "pagenum">75</span>
+<a name = "page75"> </a>
+Good norns and of good descent shape good lives, and when some men are
+weighed down with misfortune, the evil norns are the cause
+of&nbsp;it.</p>
+
+<p>16. Then said Ganglere: What other remarkable things are there to be
+said about the ash? Har answered: Much is to be said about it. On one of
+the boughs of the ash sits an eagle, who knows many things. Between his
+eyes sits a hawk that is called Vedfolner. A squirrel, by name Ratatosk,
+springs up and down the tree, and carries words of envy between the
+eagle and Nidhug. Four stags leap about in the branches of the ash and
+bite the leaves.<a class = "tag" name = "tag26" href = "#note26">26</a>
+Their names are: Dain, Dvalin, Duney and Durathro. In Hvergelmer with
+Nidhug are more serpents than tongue can tell. As is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The ash Ygdrasil<br>
+Bears distress<br>
+Greater than men know.<br>
+Stags bite it above,<br>
+At the side it rots,<br>
+Nidhug gnaws it below.
+</p>
+
+<p>And so again it is said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+More serpents lie<br>
+’Neath the Ygdrasil ash<br>
+Than is thought of<br>
+By every foolish ape.<br>
+Goin and Moin<br>
+(They are sons of Grafvitner),
+<span class = "pagenum">76</span>
+<a name = "page76"> </a><br>
+Grabak and Grafvollud,<br>
+Ofner and Svafner<br>
+Must for aye, methinks,<br>
+Gnaw the roots of that tree.<a class = "tag" name = "tag27" href =
+"#note27">27</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Again, it is said that the norns, that dwell in the fountain of Urd,
+every day take water from the fountain and take the clay that lies
+around the fountain and sprinkle therewith the ash, in order that its
+branches may not wither or decay. This water is so holy that all things
+that are put into the fountain become as white as the film of an
+egg-shell As is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+An ash I know<br>
+Hight Ygdrasil;<br>
+A high, holy tree<br>
+With white clay sprinkled.<br>
+Thence come the dews<br>
+That fall in the dales.<br>
+Green forever it stands<br>
+Over Urd’s fountain.<a class = "tag" name = "tag28" href =
+"#note28">28</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>The dew which falls on the earth from this tree men call honey-fall,
+and it is the food of bees. Two birds are fed in Urd’s fountain; they
+are called swans, and they are the parents of the race of swans.</p>
+
+<p>17. Then said Ganglere: Great tidings you are able to tell of the
+heavens. Are there other remarkable places than the one by Urd’s
+fountain? Answered Har: There are many magnificent
+<span class = "pagenum">77</span>
+<a name = "page77"> </a>
+dwellings. One is there called Alfheim. There dwell the folk that are
+called light-elves; but the dark-elves dwell down in the earth, and they
+are unlike the light-elves in appearance, but much more so in deeds. The
+light-elves are fairer than the sun to look upon, but the dark-elves are
+blacker than pitch. Another place is called Breidablik, and no place is
+fairer. There is also a mansion called Glitner, of which the walls and
+pillars and posts are of red gold, and the roof is of silver.
+Furthermore, there is a dwelling, by name Himinbjorg, which stands at
+the end of heaven, where the Bifrost-bridge is united with heaven. And
+there is a great dwelling called Valaskjalf, which belongs to Odin. The
+gods made it and thatched it with, sheer silver. In this hall is the
+high-seat, which is called Hlidskjalf, and when Alfather sits in this
+seat, he sees over all the world. In the southern end of the world is
+the palace, which is the fairest of all, and brighter than the sun; its
+name is Gimle. It shall stand when both heaven and earth shall have
+passed away. In this hall the good and the righteous shall dwell through
+all ages. Thus says the Prophecy of the Vala:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+A hall I know, standing<br>
+Than the sun fairer,<br>
+Than gold better,<br>
+Gimle by name.
+<span class = "pagenum">78</span>
+<a name = "page78"> </a><br>
+There shall good<br>
+People dwell,<br>
+And forever<br>
+Delights enjoy.<a class = "tag" name = "tag29" href = "#note29">29</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Then said Ganglere: Who guards this palace when Surt’s fire burns up
+heaven and earth? Har answered: It is said that to the south and above
+this heaven is another heaven, which is called Andlang. But there is a
+third, which is above these, and is called Vidblain, and in this heaven
+we believe this mansion (Gimle) to be situated; but we deem that the
+light-elves alone dwell in it&nbsp;now.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">79</span>
+<a name = "page79"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE ASAS.</h6>
+
+<p>18. Then said Ganglere: Whence comes the wind? It is so strong that
+it moves great seas, and fans fires to flame, and yet, strong as it is,
+it cannot be seen. Therefore it is wonderfully made. Then answered Har:
+That I can tell you well. At the northern end of heaven sits a giant,
+who hight Hrasvelg. He is clad in eagles’ plumes, and when he spreads
+his wings for flight, the winds arise from under them. Thus is it here
+said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Hrasvelg hight he<br>
+Who sits at the end of heaven,<br>
+A giant in eagle’s disguise.<br>
+From his wings, they say,<br>
+The wind does come<br>
+Over all mankind.<a class = "tag" name = "tag30" href = "#note30">30</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>19. Then said Ganglere: How comes it that summer is so hot, but the
+winter so cold? Har answered: A wise man would not ask such a question,
+for all are able to tell this; but if you alone have become so stupid
+that you have not heard of it, then I would rather forgive you for
+<span class = "pagenum">80</span>
+<a name = "page80"> </a>
+asking unwisely once than that you should go any longer in ignorance of
+what you ought to know. Svasud is the name of him who is father of
+summer, and he lives such a life of enjoyment, that everything that is
+mild is from him called sweet (svasligt). But the father of winter has
+two names, Vindlone and Vindsval. He is the son of Vasad, and all that
+race are grim and of icy breath, and winter is like them.</p>
+
+<p>20. Then asked Ganglere: Which are the asas, in whom men are bound to
+believe? Har answered him: Twelve are the divine asas. Jafnhar said: No
+less holy are the asynjes (goddesses), nor is their power less. Then
+added Thride: Odin is the highest and oldest of the asas. He rules all
+things, but the other gods, each according to his might, serve him as
+children a father. Frigg is his wife, and she knows the fate of men,
+although she tells not thereof, as it is related that Odin himself said
+to Asa-Loke:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Mad are you, Loke!<br>
+And out of your senses;<br>
+Why do you not stop?<br>
+Fortunes all,<br>
+Methinks, Frigg knows,<br>
+Though she tells them not herself.<a class = "tag" name = "tag31" href =
+"#note31">31</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Odin is called Alfather, for he is the father of all the gods; he is
+also called Valfather, for all
+<span class = "pagenum">81</span>
+<a name = "page81"> </a>
+who fall in fight are his chosen sons. For them he prepares Valhal and
+Vingolf, where they are called einherjes (heroes). He is also called
+Hangagod, Haptagod, Farmagod; and he gave himself still more names when
+he came to King Geirrod:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Grim is my name,<br>
+And Ganglare,<br>
+Herjan, Hjalmbore,<br>
+Thek, Thride,<br>
+Thud, Ud,<br>
+Helblinde, Har,<br>
+Sad, Svipal,<br>
+Sangetal,<br>
+Herteit, Hnikar,<br>
+Bileyg, Baleyg,<br>
+Bolverk, Fjolner,<br>
+Grimner, Glapsvid, Fjolsvid,<br>
+Sidhot, Sidskeg,<br>
+Sigfather, Hnikud,<br>
+Alfather, Atrid, Farmatyr,<br>
+Oske, Ome,<br>
+Jafnhar, Biflinde,<br>
+Gondler, Harbard,<br>
+Svidur, Svidrir,<br>
+Jalk, Kjalar, Vidur,<br>
+Thro, Yg, Thund,<br>
+Vak, Skilfing,<br>
+Vafud, Hroptatyr,<br>
+Gaut, Veratyr.<a class = "tag" name = "tag32" href = "#note32">32</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Then said Ganglere: A very great number of names you have given him;
+and this I know, forsooth, that he must be a very wise man who is able
+to understand and decide what chances are
+<span class = "pagenum">82</span>
+<a name = "page82"> </a>
+the causes of all these names. Har answered: Much knowledge is needed to
+explain it all rightly, but still it is shortest to tell you that most
+of these names have been given him for the reason that, as there are
+many tongues in the world, so all peoples thought they ought to turn his
+name into their tongue, in order that they might be able to worship him
+and pray to him each in its own language. Other causes of these names
+must be sought in his journeys, which are told of in old sagas; and you
+can lay no claim to being called a wise man if you are not able to tell
+of these wonderful adventures.</p>
+
+<p>21. Then said Ganglere: What are the names of the other asas? What is
+their occupation, and what works have they wrought? Har answered: Thor
+is the foremost of them. He is called Asa-Thor, or Oku-Thor.<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag33" href = "#note33">33</a> He is the strongest of all
+gods and men, and rules over the realm which is called Thrudvang. His
+hall is called Bilskirner. Therein are five hundred and forty floors,
+and it is the largest house that men have made. Thus it is said in
+Grimner’s Lay:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Five hundred floors<br>
+And forty more,<br>
+Methinks, has bowed Bilskirner.<br>
+Of houses all<br>
+That I know roofed<br>
+I know my son’s is the largest.<a class = "tag" name = "tag34" href =
+"#note34">34</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">83</span>
+<a name = "page83"> </a>
+Thor has two goats, by name Tangnjost and Tangrisner, and a chariot,
+wherein he drives. The goats draw the chariot; wherefore he is called
+Oku-Thor.<a class = "tag" name = "tag35" href = "#note35">35</a> He
+possesses three valuable treasures. One of them is the hammer Mjolner,
+which the frost-giants and mountain-giants well know when it is raised;
+and this is not to be wondered at, for with it he has split many a skull
+of their fathers or friends. The second treasure he possesses is
+Megingjarder (belt of strength); when he girds himself with it his
+strength is doubled. His third treasure that is of so great value is his
+iron gloves; these he cannot do without when he lays hold of the
+hammer’s haft. No one is so wise that he can tell all his great works;
+but I can tell you so many tidings of him that it will grow late before
+all is told that I know.</p>
+
+<p>22. Thereupon said Ganglere: I wish to ask tidings of more of the
+asas. Har gave him answer: Odin’s second son is Balder, and of him good
+things are to be told. He is the best, and all praise him. He is so fair
+of face and so bright that rays of light issue from him; and there is a
+plant so white that it is likened unto Balder’s brow, and it is the
+whitest of all plants. From this you can judge of the beauty both of his
+hair and of his body. He is the wisest, mildest and
+<span class = "pagenum">84</span>
+<a name = "page84"> </a>
+most eloquent of all the asas; and such is his nature that none can
+alter the judgment he has pronounced. He inhabits the place in heaven
+called Breidablik, and there nothing unclean can enter. As is here
+said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Breidablik it is called,<br>
+Where Balder has<br>
+Built for himself a hall<br>
+In the land<br>
+Where I know is found<br>
+The least of evil.<a class = "tag" name = "tag36" href =
+"#note36">36</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>23. The third asa is he who is called Njord. He dwells in Noatun,
+which is in heaven. He rules the course of the wind and checks the fury
+of the sea and of fire. He is invoked by seafarers and by fishermen. He
+is so rich and wealthy that he can give broad lands and abundance to
+those who call on him for them. He was fostered in Vanaheim, but the
+vans<a class = "tag" name = "tag37" href = "#note37">37</a> gave him as
+a hostage to the gods, and received in his stead as an asa-hostage the
+god whose name is Honer. He established peace between the gods and vans.
+Njord took to wife Skade, a daughter of the giant Thjasse. She wished to
+live where her father had dwelt, that is, on the mountains in Thrymheim;
+Njord, on the other hand, preferred to be near the sea. They therefore
+agreed to pass nine
+<span class = "pagenum">85</span>
+<a name = "page85"> </a>
+nights in Thrymheim and three in Noatun. But when Njord came back from
+the mountains to Noatun he sang this:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Weary am I of the mountains,<br>
+Not long was I there,<br>
+Only nine nights.<br>
+The howl of the wolves<br>
+Methought sounded ill<br>
+To the song of the swans.
+</p>
+
+<p>Skade then sang this:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Sleep I could not<br>
+On my sea-strand couch,<br>
+For the scream of the sea-fowl.<br>
+<i>There</i> wakes me,<br>
+As he comes from the sea,<br>
+Every morning the mew.
+</p>
+
+<p>Then went Skade up on the mountain, and dwelt in Thrymheim. She often
+goes on skees (snow-shoes), with her bow, and shoots wild beasts. She is
+called skee-goddess or skee-dis. Thus it is said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Thrymheim it is called<br>
+Where Thjasse dwelt,<br>
+That mightiest giant.<br>
+But now dwells Skade,<br>
+Pure bride of the gods,<br>
+In her father’s old homestead.<a class = "tag" name = "tag38" href =
+"#note38">38</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>24. Njord, in Noatun, afterward begat two children: a son, by name
+Frey, and a daughter, by name Freyja. They were fair of face, and
+<span class = "pagenum">86</span>
+<a name = "page86"> </a>
+mighty. Frey is the most famous of the asas. He rules over rain and
+sunshine, and over the fruits of the earth. It is good to call on him
+for harvests and peace. He also sways the wealth of men. Freyja is the
+most famous of the goddesses. She has in heaven a dwelling which is
+called Folkvang, and when she rides to the battle, one half of the slain
+belong to her, and the other half to Odin. As is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Folkvang it is called,<br>
+And there rules Freyja.<br>
+For the seats in the hall<br>
+Half of the slain<br>
+She chooses each day;<br>
+The other half is Odin’s.<a class = "tag" name = "tag39" href =
+"#note39">39</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Her hall is Sesrynmer, and it is large and beautiful. When she goes
+abroad, she drives in a car drawn by two cats. She lends a favorable ear
+to men who call upon her, and it is from her name the title has come
+that women of birth and wealth are called frur.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag40" href = "#note40">40</a> She is fond of love ditties, and it is
+good to call on her in love affairs.</p>
+
+<p>25. Then said Ganglere: Of great importance these asas seem to me to
+be, and it is not wonderful that you have great power, since you have
+such excellent knowledge of the gods, and know to which of them to
+address your prayers on each
+<span class = "pagenum">87</span>
+<a name = "page87"> </a>
+occasion. But what other gods are there? Har answered: There is yet an
+asa, whose name is Tyr. He is very daring and stout-hearted. He sways
+victory in war, wherefore warriors should call on him. There is a saw,
+that he who surpasses others in bravery, and never yields, is
+Tyr-strong. He is also so wise, that it is said of anyone who is
+specially intelligent, that he is Tyr-learned. A proof of his daring is,
+that when the asas induced the wolf Fenrer to let himself be bound with
+the chain Gleipner, he would not believe that they would loose him again
+until Tyr put his hand in his mouth as a pledge. But when the asas would
+not loose the Fenris-wolf, he bit Tyr’s hand off at the place of the
+wolf’s joint (the wrist; Icel. <i>úlfliðr</i><a class = "tag" name =
+"tag41" href = "#note41">41</a>). From that time Tyr is one-handed, and
+he is now called a peacemaker among&nbsp;men.</p>
+
+<p>26. Brage is the name of another of the asas. He is famous for his
+wisdom, eloquence and flowing speech. He is a master-skald, and from him
+song-craft is called brag (poetry), and such men or women as distinguish
+themselves by their eloquence are called brag-men<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag42" href = "#note42">42</a> and brag-women. His wife is Idun. She
+keeps in a box those
+<span class = "pagenum">88</span>
+<a name = "page88"> </a>
+apples of which the gods eat when they grow old, and then they become
+young again, and so it will be until Ragnarok (the twilight of the
+gods). Then said Ganglere: Of great importance to the gods it must be,
+it seems to me, that Idun preserves these apples with care and honesty.
+Har answered, and laughed: They ran a great risk on one occasion,
+whereof I might tell you more, but you shall first hear the names of
+more asas.</p>
+
+<p>27. Heimdal is the name of one. He is also called the white-asa. He
+is great and holy; born of nine maidens, all of whom were sisters. He
+hight also Hallinskide and Gullintanne, for his teeth were of gold. His
+horse hight Gulltop (Gold-top). He dwells in a place called Himinbjorg,
+near Bifrost. He is the ward of the gods, and sits at the end of heaven,
+guarding the bridge against the mountain-giants. He needs less sleep
+than a bird; sees an hundred miles around him, and as well by night as
+by day. He hears the grass grow and the wool on the backs of the sheep,
+and of course all things that sound louder than these. He has a trumpet
+called the Gjallarhorn, and when he blows it it can be heard in all the
+worlds. The head is called Heimdal’s sword. Thus it is here said:</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">89</span>
+<a name = "page89"> </a></p>
+<p class = "verse">
+Himinbjorg it is called,<br>
+Where Heimdal rules<br>
+Over his holy halls;<br>
+There drinks the ward of the gods<br>
+In his delightful dwelling<br>
+Glad the good mead.<a class = "tag" name = "tag43" href =
+"#note43">43</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>And again, in Heimdal’s Song, he says himself:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Son I am of maidens nine,<br>
+Born I am of sisters nine.
+</p>
+
+<p>28. Hoder hight one of the asas, who is blind, but exceedingly
+strong; and the gods would wish that this asa never needed to be named,
+for the work of his hand will long be kept in memory both by gods
+and&nbsp;men.</p>
+
+<p>29. Vidar is the name of the silent asa. He has a very thick shoe,
+and he is the strongest next after Thor. From him the gods have much
+help in all hard tasks.</p>
+
+<p>30. Ale, or Vale, is the son of Odin and Rind. He is daring in
+combat, and a good shot.</p>
+
+<p>31. Uller is the name of one, who is a son of Sif, and a step-son of
+Thor. He is so good an archer, and so fast on his skees, that no one can
+contend with him. He is fair of face, and possesses every quality of a
+warrior. Men should invoke him in single combat.</p>
+
+<p>32. Forsete is a son of Balder and Nanna, Nep’s daughter. He has in
+heaven the hall which hight
+<span class = "pagenum">90</span>
+<a name = "page90"> </a>
+Glitner. All who come to him with disputes go away perfectly reconciled.
+No better tribunal is to be found among gods and men. Thus it is here
+said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Glitner hight the hall,<br>
+On gold pillars standing,<br>
+And roofed with silver.<br>
+There dwells Forsete<br>
+Throughout all time,<br>
+And settles all disputes.<a class = "tag" name = "tag44" href =
+"#note44">44</a>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">91</span>
+<a name = "page91"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>LOKE AND HIS OFFSPRING.</h6>
+
+<p>33. There is yet one who is numbered among the asas, but whom some
+call the backbiter of the asas. He is the originator of deceit, and the
+disgrace of all gods and men. His name is Loke, or Lopt. His father is
+the giant Farbaute, but his mother’s name is Laufey, or Nal. His
+brothers are Byleist and Helblinde. Loke is fair and beautiful of face,
+but evil in disposition, and very fickle-minded. He surpasses other men
+in the craft called cunning, and cheats in all things. He has often
+brought the asas into great trouble, and often helped them out again,
+with his cunning contrivances. His wife hight Sygin, and their son,
+Nare, or Narfe.</p>
+
+<p>34. Loke had yet more children. A giantess in Jotunheim, hight
+Angerboda. With her he begat three children. The first was the
+Fenris-wolf; the second, Jormungand, that is, the Midgard-serpent, and
+the third, Hel. When the gods knew that these three children were being
+fostered in Jotunheim, and were aware of the prophecies that much woe
+and misfortune would thence come to
+<span class = "pagenum">92</span>
+<a name = "page92"> </a>
+them, and considering that much evil might be looked for from them on
+their mother’s side, and still more on their father’s, Alfather sent
+some of the gods to take the children and bring them to him. When they
+came to him he threw the serpent into the deep sea which surrounds all
+lands. There waxed the serpent so that he lies in the midst of the
+ocean, surrounds all the earth, and bites his own tail. Hel he cast into
+Niflheim, and gave her power over nine worlds,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag45" href = "#note45">45</a> that she should appoint abodes to them
+that are sent to her, namely, those who die from sickness or old age.
+She has there a great mansion, and the walls around it are of strange
+height, and the gates are huge. Eljudner is the name of her hall. Her
+table hight famine; her knife, starvation. Her man-servant’s name is
+Ganglate; her maid-servant’s, Ganglot.<a class = "tag" name = "tag46"
+href = "#note46">46</a> Her threshold is called stumbling-block; her
+bed, care; the precious hangings of her bed, gleaming bale. One-half of
+her is blue, and the other half is of the hue of flesh; hence she is
+easily known. Her looks are very stern and grim.</p>
+
+<p>35. The wolf was fostered by the asas at home, and Tyr was the only
+one who had the courage to go to him and give him food. When the gods
+<span class = "pagenum">93</span>
+<a name = "page93"> </a>
+saw how much he grew every day, and all prophecies declared that he was
+predestined to become fatal to them, they resolved to make a very strong
+fetter, which they called Lading. They brought it to the wolf, and bade
+him try his strength on the fetter. The wolf, who did not think it would
+be too strong for him, let them do therewith as they pleased. But as
+soon as he spurned against it the fetter burst asunder, and he was free
+from Lading. Then the asas made another fetter, by one-half stronger,
+and this they called Drome. They wanted the wolf to try this also,
+saying to him that he would become very famous for his strength, if so
+strong a chain was not able to hold him. The wolf thought that this
+fetter was indeed very strong, but also that his strength had increased
+since he broke Lading. He also took into consideration that it was
+necessary to expose one’s self to some danger if he desired to become
+famous; so he let them put the fetter on him. When the asas said they
+were ready, the wolf shook himself, spurned against and dashed the
+fetter on the ground, so that the broken pieces flew a long distance.
+Thus he broke loose out of Drome. Since then it has been held as a
+proverb, “to get loose out of Lading” or “to dash out of Drome,”
+whenever anything is extraordinarily hard. The asas now began to fear
+that they would not get the wolf bound.
+<span class = "pagenum">94</span>
+<a name = "page94"> </a>
+So Alfather sent the youth, who is called Skirner, and is Frey’s
+messenger, to some dwarfs in Svartalfaheim, and had them make the fetter
+which is called Gleipner. It was made of six things: of the footfall of
+cats, of the beard of woman, of the roots of the mountain, of the sinews
+of the bear, of the breath of the fish, and of the spittle of the birds.
+If you have not known this before, you can easily find out that it is
+true and that there is no lie about it, since you must have observed
+that a woman has no beard, that a cat’s footfall cannot be heard, and
+that mountains have no roots; and I know, forsooth, that what I have
+told you is perfectly true, although there are some things that you do
+not understand. Then said Ganglere: This I must surely understand to be
+true. I can see these things which you have taken as proof. But how was
+the fetter smithied? Answered Har: That I can well explain to you. It
+was smooth and soft as a silken string. How strong and trusty it was you
+shall now hear. When the fetter was brought to the asas, they thanked
+the messenger for doing his errand so well. Then they went out into the
+lake called Amsvartner, to the holm (rocky island) called Lyngve, and
+called the wolf to go with them. They showed him the silken band and
+bade him break it, saying that it was somewhat stronger than its
+thinness would lead one to suppose.
+<span class = "pagenum">95</span>
+<a name = "page95"> </a>
+Then they handed it from one to the other and tried its strength with
+their hands, but it did not break. Still they said the wolf would be
+able to snap it. The wolf answered: It seems to me that I will get no
+fame though I break asunder so slender a thread as this is. But if it is
+made with craft and guile, then, little though it may look, that band
+will never come on my feet. Then said the asas that he would easily be
+able to break a slim silken band, since he had already burst large iron
+fetters asunder. But even if you are unable to break this band, you have
+nothing to fear from the gods, for we will immediately loose you again.
+The wolf answered: If you get me bound so fast that I am not able to
+loose myself again, you will skulk away, and it will be long before I
+get any help from you, wherefore I am loth to let this band be laid on
+me; but in order that you may not accuse me of cowardice, let some one
+of you lay his hand in my mouth as a pledge that this is done without
+deceit. The one asa looked at the other, and thought there now was a
+choice of two evils, and no one would offer his hand, before Tyr held
+out his right hand and laid it in the wolf’s mouth. But when the wolf
+now began to spurn against it the band grew stiffer, and the more he
+strained the tighter it got. They all laughed except Tyr; he lost his
+hand. When the asas saw that the
+<span class = "pagenum">96</span>
+<a name = "page96"> </a>
+wolf was sufficiently well bound, they took the chain which was fixed to
+the fetter, and which was called Gelgja, and drew it through a large
+rock which is called Gjol, and fastened this rock deep down in the
+earth. Then they took a large stone, which is called Tvite, and drove it
+still deeper into the ground, and used this stone for a fastening-pin.
+The wolf opened his mouth terribly wide, raged and twisted himself with
+all his might, and wanted to bite them; but they put a sword in his
+mouth, in such a manner that the hilt stood in his lower jaw and the
+point in the upper, that is his gag. He howls terribly, and the saliva
+which runs from his mouth forms a river called Von. There he will lie
+until Ragnarok. Then said Ganglere: Very bad are these children of Loke,
+but they are strong and mighty. But why did not the asas kill the wolf
+when they have evil to expect from him? Har answered: So great respect
+have the gods for their holiness and peace-stead, that they would not
+stain them with the blood of the wolf, though prophecies foretell that
+he must become the bane of Odin.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">97</span>
+<a name = "page97"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_X">CHAPTER X.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE GODDESSES (ASYNJES).</h6>
+
+<p>36. Ganglere asked: Which are the goddesses? Har answered: Frigg is
+the first; she possesses the right lordly dwelling which is called
+Fensaler. The second is Saga, who dwells in Sokvabek, and this is a
+large dwelling. The third is Eir, who is the best leech. The fourth is
+Gefjun, who is a may, and those who die maids become her hand-maidens.
+The fifth is Fulla, who is also a may, she wears her hair flowing and
+has a golden ribbon about her head; she carries Frigg’s chest, takes
+care of her shoes and knows her secrets. The sixth is Freyja, who is
+ranked with Frigg. She is wedded to the man whose name is Oder; their
+daughter’s name is Hnos, and she is so fair that all things fair and
+precious are called, from her name, Hnos. Oder went far away. Freyja
+weeps for him, but her tears are red gold. Freyja has many names, and
+the reason therefor is that she changed her name among the various
+nations to which she came in search of Oder. She is called Mardol, Horn,
+Gefn, and Syr. She has the necklace Brising, and she is called Vanadis.
+The
+<span class = "pagenum">98</span>
+<a name = "page98"> </a>
+seventh is Sjofn, who is fond of turning men’s and women’s hearts to
+love, and it is from her name that love is called Sjafne. The eighth is
+Lofn, who is kind and good to those who call upon her, and she has
+permission from Alfather or Frigg to bring together men and women, no
+matter what difficulties may stand in the way; therefore “love” is so
+called from her name, and also that which is much loved by men. The
+ninth is Var. She hears the oaths and troths that men and women plight
+to each other. Hence such vows are called vars, and she takes vengeance
+on those who break their promises. The tenth is Vor, who is so wise and
+searching that nothing can be concealed from her. It is a saying that a
+woman becomes vor (ware) of what she becomes wise. The eleventh is Syn,
+who guards the door of the hall, and closes it against those who are not
+to enter. In trials she guards those suits in which anyone tries to make
+use of falsehood. Hence is the saying that “syn is set against it,” when
+anyone tries to deny ought. The twelfth is Hlin, who guards those men
+whom Frigg wants to protect from any danger. Hence is the saying that he
+hlins who is forewarned. The thirteenth is Snotra, who is wise and
+courtly. After her, men and women who are wise are called Snotras. The
+fourteenth is Gna, whom Frigg sends on her errands into various worlds.
+She rides upon a
+<span class = "pagenum">99</span>
+<a name = "page99"> </a>
+horse called Hofvarpner, that runs through the air and over the sea.
+Once, when she was riding, some vans saw her faring through the air.
+Then said one of them:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+What flies there?<br>
+What fares there?<br>
+What glides in the air?
+</p>
+
+<p>She answered</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+I fly not,<br>
+Though I fare<br>
+And glide through the air<br>
+On Hofvarpner,<br>
+That Hamskerper,<br>
+Begat with Gardrofa.<a class = "tag" name = "tag47" href =
+"#note47">47</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>From Gna’s name it is said that anything that fares high in the air
+gnas. Sol and Bil are numbered among the goddesses, but their nature has
+already been described.<a class = "tag" name = "tag48" href =
+"#note48">48</a></p>
+
+<p>37. There are still others who are to serve in Valhal, bear the drink
+around, wait upon the table and pass the ale-horns. Thus they are named
+in Grimner’s Lay:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Hrist and Mist<br>
+I want my horn to bring to me;<br>
+Skeggold and Skogul,<br>
+Hild and Thrud,<br>
+Hlok and Heifjoter,<br>
+Gol and Geirahod,<br>
+Randgrid and Radgrid,<br>
+And Reginleif;<br>
+These bear ale to the einherjes.<a class = "tag" name = "tag49" href =
+"#note49">49</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">100</span>
+<a name = "page100"> </a>
+These are called valkyries. Odin sends them to all battles, where they
+choose those who are to be slain, and rule over the victory. Gud and
+Rosta, and the youngest norn, Skuld, always ride to sway the battle and
+choose the slain. Jord, the mother of Thor, and Rind, Vale’s mother, are
+numbered among the goddesses.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">101</span>
+<a name = "page101"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE GIANTESS GERD AND SKIRNER’S JOURNEY.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag50" href = "#note50">50</a></h6>
+
+<p>38. Gymer hight a man whose wife was Orboda, of the race of the
+mountain giants. Their daughter was Gerd, the fairest of all women. One
+day when Frey had gone into Hlidskjalf, and was looking out upon all the
+worlds, he saw toward the north a hamlet wherein was a large and
+beautiful house. To this house went a woman, and when she raised her
+hands to open the door, both the sky and the sea glistened therefrom,
+and she made all the world bright. As a punishment for his audacity in
+seating himself in that holy seat, Frey went away full of grief. When he
+came home, he neither spake, slept, nor drank, and no one dared speak to
+him. Then Njord sent for Skirner, Frey’s servant, bade him go to Frey
+and ask him with whom he was so angry, since he would speak to nobody.
+Skirner said that he would go, though he was loth to do so, as it was
+probable that he would get evil words in reply. When he came to Frey and
+asked him why he was so sad that he would not
+<span class = "pagenum">102</span>
+<a name = "page102"> </a>
+talk, Frey answered that he had seen a beautiful woman, and for her sake
+he had become so filled with grief, that he could not live any longer if
+he could not get her. And now you must go, he added, and ask her hand
+for me and bring her home to me, whether it be with or without the
+consent of her father. I will reward you well for your trouble. Skirner
+answered saying that he would go on this errand, but Frey must give him
+his sword, that was so excellent that it wielded itself in fight. Frey
+made no objection to this and gave him the sword. Skirner went on his
+journey, courted Gerd for him, and got the promise of her that she nine
+nights thereafter should come to Bar-Isle and there have her wedding
+with Frey. When Skirner came back and gave an account of his journey,
+Frey said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Long is one night,<br>
+Long are two nights,<br>
+How can I hold out three?<br>
+Oft to me one month<br>
+Seemed less<br>
+Than this half night of love.<a class = "tag" name = "tag51" href =
+"#note51">51</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>This is the reason why Frey was unarmed when he fought with Bele, and
+slew him with a hart’s horn. Then said Ganglere: It is a great wonder
+that such a lord as Frey would give away his sword, when he did not have
+another as good.
+<span class = "pagenum">103</span>
+<a name = "page103"> </a>
+A great loss it was to him when he fought with Bele; and this I know,
+forsooth, that he must have repented of that gift. Har answered: Of no
+great account was his meeting with Bele. Frey could have slain him with
+his hand. But the time will come when he will find himself in a worse
+plight for not having his sword, and that will be when the sons of
+Muspel sally forth to the fight.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">104</span>
+<a name = "page104"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XII">CHAPTER XII.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>LIFE IN VALHAL.</h6>
+
+<p>39. Then said Ganglere: You say that all men who since the beginning
+of the world have fallen in battle have come to Odin in Valhal. What
+does he have to give them to eat? It seems to me there must be a great
+throng of people. Har answered: It is true, as you remark, that there is
+a great throng; many more are yet to come there, and still they will be
+thought too few when the wolf<a class = "tag" name = "tag52" href =
+"#note52">52</a> comes. But however great may be the throng in Valhal,
+they will get plenty of flesh of the boar Sahrimner. He is boiled every
+day and is whole again in the evening. But as to the question you just
+asked, it seems to me there are but few men so wise that they are able
+to answer it correctly. The cook’s name is Andhrimner, and the kettle is
+called Eldhrimner as is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Andhrimner cooks<br>
+In Eldhrimner<br>
+Sahrimner.<br>
+’Tis the best of flesh.<br>
+There are few who know<br>
+What the einherjes eat.<a class = "tag" name = "tag53" href =
+"#note53">53</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">105</span>
+<a name = "page105"> </a>
+Ganglere asked: Does Odin have the same kind of food as the einherjes?
+Har answered: The food that is placed on his table he gives to his two
+wolves, which hight Gere and Freke. He needs no food himself. Wine is to
+him both food and drink, as is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Gere and Freke<br>
+Sates the warfaring,<br>
+Famous father of hosts;<br>
+But on wine alone<br>
+Odin in arms renowned<br>
+Forever lives.<a class = "tag" name = "tag54" href = "#note54">54</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Two ravens sit on Odin’s shoulders, and bring to his ears all that
+they hear and see. Their names are Hugin and Munin. At dawn he sends
+them out to fly over the whole world, and they come back at breakfast
+time. Thus he gets information about many things, and hence he is called
+Rafnagud (raven-god). As is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Hugin and Munin<br>
+Fly every day<br>
+Over the great earth.<br>
+I fear for Hugin<br>
+That he may not return,<br>
+Yet more am I anxious for Munin.<a class = "tag" name = "tag55" href =
+"#note55">55</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>40. Then asked Ganglere: What do the einherjes have to drink that is
+furnished them as bountifully as the food? Or do they drink water? Har
+answered: That is a wonderful question.
+<span class = "pagenum">106</span>
+<a name = "page106"> </a>
+Do you suppose that Alfather invites kings, jarls, or other great men,
+and gives them water to drink? This I know, forsooth, that many a one
+comes to Valhal who would think he was paying a big price for his
+water-drink, if there were no better reception to be found
+there,&mdash;persons, namely, who have died from wounds and pain. But I
+can tell you other tidings. A she-goat, by name Heidrun, stands up in
+Valhal and bites the leaves off the branches of that famous tree called
+Lerad. From her teats runs so much mead that she fills every day a
+vessel in the hall from which the horns are filled, and which is so
+large that all the einherjes get all the drink they want out of it. Then
+said Ganglere: That is a most useful goat, and a right excellent tree
+that must be that she feeds upon. Then said Har: Still more remarkable
+is the hart Eikthyrner, which stands over Valhal and bites the branches
+of the same tree. From his horns fall so many drops down into
+Hvergelmer, that thence flow the rivers that are called Sid, Vid, Sekin,
+Ekin, Svol, Gunthro, Fjorm, Fimbulthul, Gipul, Gopul, Gomul and
+Geirvimul, all of which fall about the abodes of the asas. The following
+are also named: Thyn, Vin, Thol, Bol, Grad, Gunthrain, Nyt, Not, Non,
+Hron, Vina, Vegsvin, Thjodnuma.</p>
+
+<p>41. Then said Ganglere: That was a wonderful tiding that you now told
+me. A mighty
+<span class = "pagenum">107</span>
+<a name = "page107"> </a>
+house must Valhal be, and a great crowd there must often be at the door.
+Then answered Har: Why do you not ask how many doors there are in
+Valhal, and how large they are? When you find that out, you will confess
+that it would rather be wonderful if everybody could not easily go in
+and out. It is also a fact that it is no more difficult to find room
+within than to get in. Of this you may hear what the Lay of Grimner
+says:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Five hundred doors<br>
+And forty more,<br>
+I trow, there are in Valhal.<br>
+Eight hundred einherjes<br>
+Go at a time through one door<br>
+When they fare to fight with the wolf.<a class = "tag" name = "tag56"
+href = "#note56">56</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>42. Then said Ganglere: A mighty band of men there is in Valhal, and,
+forsooth, I know that Odin is a very great chief, since he commands so
+mighty a host. But what is the pastime of the einherjes when they do not
+drink? Har answered: Every morning, when they have dressed themselves,
+they take their weapons and go out into the court and fight and slay
+each other. That is their play. Toward breakfast-time they ride home to
+Valhal and sit down to drink. As is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+All the einherjes<br>
+In Odin’s court<br>
+Hew daily each other.
+<span class = "pagenum">108</span>
+<a name = "page108"> </a><br>
+They choose the slain<br>
+And ride from the battle-field,<br>
+Then sit they in peace together.<a class = "tag" name = "tag57" href =
+"#note57">57</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>But true it is, as you said, that Odin is a great chief. There are
+many proofs of that. Thus it is said in the very words of the asas
+themselves:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The Ygdrasil ash<br>
+Is the foremost of trees,<br>
+But Skidbladner of ships,<br>
+Odin of asas,<br>
+Sleipner of steeds,<br>
+Bifrost of bridges,<br>
+Brage of Skalds,<br>
+Habrok of hows,<br>
+But Garm of dogs.<a class = "tag" name = "tag58" href = "#note58">58</a>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">109</span>
+<a name = "page109"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>ODIN’S HORSE AND FREY’S SHIP.</h6>
+
+<p>43. Ganglere asked: Whose is that horse Sleipner, and what is there
+to say about it? Har answered: You have no knowledge of Sleipner, nor do
+you know the circumstances attending his birth; but it must seem to you
+worth the telling. In the beginning, when the town of the gods was
+building, when the gods had established Midgard and made Valhal, there
+came a certain builder and offered to make them a burg, in three half
+years, so excellent that it should be perfectly safe against the
+mountain-giants and frost-giants, even though they should get within
+Midgard. But he demanded as his reward, that he should have Freyja, and
+he wanted the sun and moon besides. Then the asas came together and held
+counsel, and the bargain was made with the builder that he should get
+what he demanded if he could get the burg done in one winter; but if on
+the first day of summer any part of the burg was unfinished, then the
+contract should be void. It was also agreed that no man should help him
+with the work. When they told him these terms, he requested
+<span class = "pagenum">110</span>
+<a name = "page110"> </a>
+that they should allow him to have the help of his horse, called
+Svadilfare, and at the suggestion of Loke this was granted&nbsp;him.</p>
+
+<p>On the first day of winter he began to build the burg, but by night
+he hauled stone for it with his horse. But it seemed a great wonder to
+the asas what great rocks that horse drew, and the horse did one half
+more of the mighty task than the builder. The bargain was firmly
+established with witnesses and oaths, for the giant did not deem it safe
+to be among the asas without truce if Thor should come home, who now was
+on a journey to the east fighting trolls. Toward the end of winter the
+burg was far built, and it was so high and strong that it could in
+nowise be taken. When there were three days left before summer, the work
+was all completed excepting the burg gate. Then went the gods to their
+judgment-seats and held counsel, and asked each other who could have
+advised to give Freyja in marriage in Jotunheim, or to plunge the air
+and the heavens in darkness by taking away the sun and the moon and
+giving them to the giant; and all agreed that this must have been
+advised by him who gives the most bad counsels, namely, Loke, son of
+Laufey, and they threatened him with a cruel death if he could not
+contrive some way of preventing the builder from fulfilling his part of
+the bargain, and they proceeded
+<span class = "pagenum">111</span>
+<a name = "page111"> </a>
+to lay hands on Loke. He in his fright then promised with an oath that
+he should so manage that the builder should lose his wages, let it cost
+him what it would. And the same evening, when the builder drove out
+after stone with his horse Svadilfare, a mare suddenly ran out of the
+woods to the horse and began to neigh at him. The steed, knowing what
+sort of horse this was, grew excited, burst the reins asunder and ran
+after the mare, but she ran from him into the woods. The builder hurried
+after them with all his might, and wanted to catch the steed, but these
+horses kept running all night, and thus the time was lost, and at dawn
+the work had not made the usual progress. When the builder saw that his
+work was not going to be completed, he resumed his giant form. When the
+asas thus became sure that it was really a mountain-giant that had come
+among them, they did not heed their oaths, but called on Thor. He came
+straightway, swung his hammer, Mjolner, and paid the workman his
+wages,&mdash;not with the sun and moon, but rather by preventing him
+from dwelling in Jotunheim; and this was easily done with the first blow
+of the hammer, which broke his skull into small pieces and sent him down
+to Niflhel. But Loke had run such a race with Svadilfare that he some
+time after bore a foal. It was gray, and had eight feet, and this is the
+<span class = "pagenum">112</span>
+<a name = "page112"> </a>
+best horse among gods and men. Thus it is said in the Vala’s
+Prophecy:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Then went the gods.<br>
+The most holy gods,<br>
+Onto their judgment-seats,<br>
+And counseled together<br>
+Who all the air<br>
+With guile had blended<br>
+Or to the giant race<br>
+Oder’s may had given.<br>
+Broken were oaths,<br>
+And words and promises,&mdash;<br>
+All mighty speech<br>
+That had passed between them.<br>
+Thor alone did this,<br>
+Swollen with anger.<br>
+Seldom sits he still<br>
+When such things he hears.<a class = "tag" name = "tag59" href =
+"#note59">59</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>44. Then asked Ganglere: What is there to be said of Skidbladner,
+which you say is the best of ships? Is there no ship equally good, or
+equally great? Made answer Har: Skidbladner is the best of ships, and is
+made with the finest workmanship; but Naglfare, which is in Muspel, is
+the largest. Some dwarfs, the sons of Ivalde, made Skidbladner and gave
+it to Frey. It is so large that all the asas, with their weapons and
+war-gear, can find room on board it, and as soon as the sails are
+hoisted it has fair wind, no matter whither it is going. When it is not
+wanted for a voyage, it is made of so many pieces and with so much
+skill, that Frey can fold it together like a napkin and carry it in his
+pocket.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">113</span>
+<a name = "page113"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THOR’S ADVENTURES.</h6>
+
+<p>Then said Ganglere: A good ship is Skidbladner, but much black art
+must have been resorted to ere it was so fashioned. Has Thor never come
+where he has found anything so strong and mighty that it has been
+superior to him either in strength or in the black art? Har answered:
+Few men, I know, are able to tell thereof, but still he has often been
+in difficult straits. But though there have been things so mighty and
+strong that Thor has not been able to gain the victory, they are such as
+ought not to be spoken of; for there are many proofs which all must
+accept that Thor is the mightiest. Then said Ganglere: It seems to me
+that I have now asked about something that no one can answer. Said
+Jafnhar: We have heard tell of adventures that seem to us incredible,
+but here sits one near who is able to tell true tidings thereof, and you
+may believe that he will not lie for the first time now, who never told
+a lie before. Then said Ganglere: I will stand here and listen, to see
+if any answer is to be had to this question. But if you cannot
+<span class = "pagenum">114</span>
+<a name = "page114"> </a>
+answer my question I declare you to be defeated. Then answered Thride:
+It is evident that he now is bound to know, though it does not seem
+proper for us to speak thereof. The beginning of this adventure is that
+Oku-Thor went on a journey with his goats and chariot, and with him went
+the asa who is called Loke. In the evening they came to a bonde<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag60" href = "#note60">60</a> and got there lodgings
+for the night. In the evening Thor took his goats and killed them both,
+whereupon he had them flayed and borne into a kettle. When the flesh was
+boiled, Thor and his companion sat down to supper. Thor invited the
+bonde, his wife and their children, a son by name Thjalfe, and a
+daughter by name Roskva, to eat with them. Then Thor laid the goat-skins
+away from the fire-place, and requested the bonde and his household to
+cast the bones onto the skins. Thjalfe, the bonde’s son, had the thigh
+of one of the goats, which he broke asunder with his knife, in order to
+get at the marrow, Thor remained there over night. In the morning, just
+before daybreak, he arose, dressed himself, took the hammer Mjolner,
+lifted it and hallowed the goat-skins. Then the goats arose, but one of
+them limped on one of its hind legs. When Thor saw this he said that
+either the bonde or one of his folk had not dealt skillfully with the
+goat’s bones, for he noticed that
+<span class = "pagenum">115</span>
+<a name = "page115"> </a>
+the thigh was broken. It is not necessary to dwell on this part of the
+story. All can understand how frightened the bonde became when he saw
+that Thor let his brows sink down over his eyes. When he saw his eyes he
+thought he must fall down at the sight of them alone. Thor took hold of
+the handle of his hammer so hard that his knuckles grew white. As might
+be expected, the bonde and all his household cried aloud and sued for
+peace, offering him as an atonement all that they possessed. When he saw
+their fear, his wrath left him. He was appeased, and took as a ransom
+the bonders children, Thjalfe and Roskva. They became his servants, and
+have always accompanied him since that time.</p>
+
+<p>46. He left his goats there and went on his way east into Jotunheim,
+clear to the sea, and then he went on across the deep ocean, and went
+ashore on the other side, together with Loke and Thjalfe and Roskva.
+When they had proceeded a short distance, there stood before them a
+great wood, through which they kept going the whole day until dark.
+Thjalfe, who was of all men the fleetest of foot, bore Thor’s bag, but
+the wood was no good place for provisions. When it had become dark, they
+sought a place for their night lodging, and found a very large hall. At
+the end of it was a door as wide as the
+<span class = "pagenum">116</span>
+<a name = "page116"> </a>
+hall. Here they remained through the night. About midnight there was a
+great earthquake; the ground trembled beneath them, and the house shook.
+Then Thor stood up and called his companions. They looked about them and
+found an adjoining room to the right, in the midst of the hall, and
+there they went in. Thor seated himself in the door; the others went
+farther in and were very much frightened. Thor held his hammer by the
+handle, ready to defend himself. Then they heard a great groaning and
+roaring. When it began to dawn, Thor went out and saw a man lying not
+far from him in the wood. He was very large, lay sleeping, and snored
+loudly. Then Thor thought he had found out what noise it was that they
+had heard in the night. He girded himself with his Megingjarder, whereby
+his asa-might increased. Meanwhile the man woke, and immediately arose.
+It is said that Thor this once forbore to strike him with the hammer,
+and asked him for his name. He called himself Skrymer; but, said he, I
+do not need to ask you what your name is,&mdash;I know that you are
+Asa-Thor. But what have you done with my glove? He stretched out his
+hand and picked up his glove. Then Thor saw that the glove was the hall
+in which he had spent the night, and that the adjoining room was the
+thumb of the glove. Skrymer asked whether
+<span class = "pagenum">117</span>
+<a name = "page117"> </a>
+they would accept of his company. Thor said yes. Skrymer took and loosed
+his provision-sack and began to eat his breakfast; but Thor and his
+fellows did the same in another place. Skrymer proposed that they should
+lay their store of provisions together, to which Thor consented. Then
+Skrymer bound all their provisions into one bag, laid it on his back,
+and led the way all the day, taking gigantic strides. Late in the
+evening he sought out a place for their night quarters under a large
+oak. Then Skrymer said to Thor that he wanted to lie down to sleep; they
+might take the provision-sack and make ready their supper. Then Skrymer
+fell asleep and snored tremendously. When Thor took the provision-sack
+and was to open it, then happened what seems incredible, but still it
+must be told,&mdash;that he could not get one knot loosened, nor could
+he stir a single end of the strings so that it was looser than before.
+When he saw that all his efforts were in vain he became wroth, seized
+his hammer Mjolner with both his hands, stepped with one foot forward to
+where Skrymer was lying and dashed the hammer at his head. Skrymer awoke
+and asked whether some leaf had fallen upon his head; whether they had
+taken their supper, and were ready to go to sleep. Thor answered that
+they were just going to sleep. Then they went under another oak. But the
+<span class = "pagenum">118</span>
+<a name = "page118"> </a>
+truth must be told, that there was no fearless sleeping. About midnight
+Thor heard that Skrymer was snoring and sleeping so fast that it
+thundered in the wood. He arose and went over to him, clutched the
+hammer tight and hard, and gave him a blow in the middle of the crown,
+so that he knew that the head of the hammer sank deep into his head. But
+just then Skrymer awoke and asked: What is that? Did an acorn fall onto
+my head? How is it with you, Thor? Thor hastened back, answered that he
+had just waked up, and said that it was midnight and still time to
+sleep. Then Thor made up his mind that if he could get a chance to give
+him the third blow, he should never see him again, and he now lay
+watching for Skrymer to sleep fast. Shortly before daybreak he heard
+that Skrymer had fallen asleep. So he arose and ran over to him. He
+clutched the hammer with all his might and dashed it at his temples,
+which he saw uppermost. The hammer sank up to the handle. Skrymer sat
+up, stroked his temples, and said: Are there any birds sitting in the
+tree above me? Methought, as I awoke, that some moss from the branches
+fell on my head. What! are you awake, Thor? It is now time to get up and
+dress; but you have not far left to the burg that is called Utgard. I
+have heard that you have been whispering among yourselves that I
+<span class = "pagenum">119</span>
+<a name = "page119"> </a>
+am not small of stature, but you will see greater men when you come to
+Utgard. Now I will give you wholesome advice. Do not brag too much of
+yourselves, for Utgard-Loke’s thanes will not brook the boasting of such
+insignificant little fellows as you are; otherwise turn back, and that
+is, in fact, the best thing for you to do. But if you are bound to
+continue your journey, then keep straight on eastward; my way lies to
+the north, to those mountains that you there see. Skrymer then took the
+provision-sack and threw it on his back, and, leaving them, turned into
+the wood, and it has not been learned whether the asas wished to meet
+him again in health.</p>
+
+<p>47. Thor and his companions went their way and continued their
+journey until noon. Then they saw a burg standing on a plain, and it was
+so high that they had to bend their necks clear back before they could
+look over it. They drew nearer and came to the burg-gate, which was
+closed. Thor finding himself unable to open it, and being anxious to get
+within the burg, they crept between the bars and so came in. They
+discovered a large hall and went to it. Finding the door open they
+entered, and saw there many men, the most of whom were immensely large,
+sitting on two benches. Thereupon they approached the king, Utgard-Loke,
+and greeted him. He scarcely deigned to look at them, smiled scornfully
+and
+<span class = "pagenum">120</span>
+<a name = "page120"> </a>
+showed his teeth, saying: It is late to ask for tidings of a long
+journey, but if I am not mistaken this stripling is Oku-Thor, is it not?
+It may be, however, that you are really bigger than you look For what
+feats are you and your companions prepared? No one can stay with us
+here, unless he is skilled in some craft or accomplishment beyond the
+most of men. Then answered he who came in last, namely Loke: I know the
+feat of which I am prepared to give proof, that there is no one present
+who can eat his food faster than I. Then said Utgard-Loke: That is a
+feat, indeed, if you can keep your word, and you shall try it
+immediately. He then summoned from the bench a man by name Loge, and
+requested him to come out on the floor and try his strength against
+Loke. They took a trough full of meat and set it on the floor, whereupon
+Loke seated himself at one end and Loge at the other. Both ate as fast
+as they could, and met at the middle of the trough. Loke had eaten all
+the flesh off from the bones, but Loge had consumed both the flesh and
+the bones, and the trough too. All agreed that Loke had lost the wager.
+Then Utgard-Loke asked what game that young man knew? Thjalfe answered
+that he would try to run a race with anyone that Utgard-Loke might
+designate. Utgard-Loke said this was a good feat, and added that it was
+to be
+<span class = "pagenum">121</span>
+<a name = "page121"> </a>
+hoped that he excelled in swiftness if he expected to win in this game,
+but he would soon have the matter decided. He arose and went out. There
+was an excellent race-course along the flat plain. Utgard-Loke then
+summoned a young man, whose name was Huge, and bade him run a race with
+Thjalfe. Then they took the first heat, and Huge was so much ahead that
+when he turned at the goal he met Thjalfe. Said Utgard-Loke: You must
+lay yourself more forward, Thjalfe, if you want to win the race; but
+this I confess, that there has never before come anyone hither who was
+swifter of foot than you. Then they took a second heat, and when Huge
+came to the goal and turned, there was a long bolt-shot to Thjalfe. Then
+said Utgard-Loke: Thjalfe seems to me to run well; still I scarcely
+think he will win the race, but this will be proven when they run the
+third heat. Then they took one more heat. Huge ran to the goal and
+turned back, but Thjalfe had not yet gotten to the middle of the course.
+Then all said that this game had been tried sufficiently. Utgard-Loke
+now asked Thor what feats there were that he would be willing to exhibit
+before them, corresponding to the tales that men tell of his great
+works. Thor replied that he preferred to compete with someone in
+drinking. Utgard-Loke said there would be no objection to this. He went
+into the hall,
+<span class = "pagenum">122</span>
+<a name = "page122"> </a>
+called his cup-bearer, and requested him to take the sconce-horn that
+his thanes were wont to drink from. The cup-bearer immediately brought
+forward the horn and handed it to Thor. Said Utgard-Loke: From this horn
+it is thought to be well drunk if it is emptied in one draught, some men
+empty it in two draughts, but there is no drinker so wretched that he
+cannot exhaust it in three. Thor looked at the horn and did not think it
+was very large, though it seemed pretty long, but he was very thirsty.
+He put it to his lips and swallowed with all his might, thinking that he
+should not have to bend over the horn a second time. But when his breath
+gave out, and he looked into the horn to see how it had gone with his
+drinking, it seemed to him difficult to determine whether there was less
+in it than before. Then said Utgard-Loke: That is well drunk, still it
+is not very much. I could never have believed it, if anyone had told me,
+that Asa-Thor could not drink more, but I know you will be able to empty
+it in a second draught. Thor did not answer, but set the horn to his
+lips, thinking that he would now take a larger draught. He drank as long
+as he could and drank deep, as he was wont, but still he could not make
+the tip of the horn come up as much as he would like. And when he set
+the horn away and looked into it, it seemed to him that he had drunk
+less than
+<span class = "pagenum">123</span>
+<a name = "page123"> </a>
+the first time; but the horn could now be borne without spilling. Then
+said Utgard-Loke: How now, Thor! Are you not leaving more for the third
+draught than befits your skill? It seems to me that if you are to empty
+the horn with the third draught, then this will be the greatest. You
+will not be deemed so great a man here among us as the asas call you, if
+you do not distinguish yourself more in other feats than you seem to me
+to have done in this. Then Thor became wroth, set the horn to his mouth
+and drank with all his might and kept on as long as he could, and when
+he looked into it its contents had indeed visibly diminished, but he
+gave back the horn and would not drink any more. Said Utgard-Loke: It is
+clear that your might is not so great as we thought. Would you like to
+try other games? It is evident that you gained nothing by the first.
+Answered Thor: I should like to try other games, but I should be
+surprised if such a drink at home among the asas would be called small.
+What game will you now offer me? Answered Utgard-Loke: Young lads here
+think it nothing but play to lift my cat up from the ground, and I
+should never have dared to offer such a thing to Asa-Thor had I not
+already seen that you are much less of a man than I thought. Then there
+sprang forth on the floor a gray cat, and it was rather large. Thor went
+over to it,
+<span class = "pagenum">124</span>
+<a name = "page124"> </a>
+put his hand under the middle of its body and tried to lift it up, but
+the cat bent its back in the same degree as Thor raised his hands; and
+when he had stretched them up as far as he was able the cat lifted one
+foot, and Thor did not carry the game any further. Then said
+Utgard-Loke: This game ended as I expected. The cat is rather large, and
+Thor is small, and little compared with the great men that are here with
+us. Said Thor: Little as you call me, let anyone who likes come hither
+and wrestle with me, for now I am wroth. Answered Utgard-Loke, looking
+about him on the benches: I do not see anyone here who would not think
+it a trifle to wrestle with you. And again he said: Let me see first!
+Call hither that old woman, Elle, my foster-mother, and let Thor wrestle
+with her if he wants to. She has thrown to the ground men who have
+seemed to me no less strong than Thor. Then there came into the hall an
+old woman. Utgard-Loke bade her take a wrestle with Asa-Thor. The tale
+is not long. The result of the grapple was, that the more Thor tightened
+his grasp, the firmer she stood. Then the woman began to bestir herself,
+and Thor lost his footing. They had some very hard tussles, and before
+long Thor was brought down on one knee. Then Utgard-Loke stepped
+forward, bade them cease the wrestling, and added that Thor did not need
+to challenge
+<span class = "pagenum">125</span>
+<a name = "page125"> </a>
+anybody else to wrestle with him in his hall, besides it was now getting
+late. He showed Thor and his companions to seats, and they spent the
+night there enjoying the best of hospitality.</p>
+
+<p>48. At daybreak the next day Thor and his companions arose, dressed
+themselves and were ready to depart. Then came Utgard-Loke and had the
+table spread for them, and there was no lack of feasting both in food
+and in drink. When they had breakfasted, they immediately departed from
+the burg. Utgard-Loke went with them out of the burg, but at parting he
+spoke to Thor and asked him how he thought his journey had turned out,
+or whether he had ever met a mightier man than himself. Thor answered
+that he could not deny that he had been greatly disgraced in this
+meeting; and this I know, he added, that you will call me a man of
+little account, whereat I am much mortified. Then said Utgard-Loke: Now
+I will tell you the truth, since you have come out of the burg, that if
+I live, and may have my way, you shall never enter it again; and this I
+know, forsooth, that you should never have come into it had I before
+known that you were so strong, and that you had come so near bringing us
+into great misfortune. Know, then, that I have deceived you with
+illusions. When I first found you in the woods I came to meet you, and
+when you were
+<span class = "pagenum">126</span>
+<a name = "page126"> </a>
+to loose the provision-sack I had bound it with iron threads, but you
+did not find where it was to be untied. In the next place, you struck me
+three times with the hammer. The first blow was the least, and still it
+was so severe that it would have been my death if it had hit me. You saw
+near my burg a mountain cloven at the top into three square dales, of
+which one was the deepest,&mdash;these were the dints made by your
+hammer. The mountain I brought before the blows without your seeing it.
+In like manner I deceived you in your contests with my courtiers. In
+regard to the first, in which Loke took part, the facts were as follows:
+He was very hungry and ate fast; but he whose name was Loge was
+wildfire, and he burned the trough no less rapidly than the meat. When
+Thjalfe ran a race with him whose name was Huge, that was my thought,
+and it was impossible for him to keep pace with its swiftness. When you
+drank from the horn, and thought that it diminished so little, then, by
+my troth, it was a great wonder, which I never could have deemed
+possible.. One end of the horn stood in the sea, but that you did not
+see. When you come to the sea-shore you will discover how much the sea
+has sunk by your drinking; that is now called the ebb. Furthermore he
+said: Nor did it seem less wonderful to me that you lifted up the cat;
+and, to tell you the truth, all
+<span class = "pagenum">127</span>
+<a name = "page127"> </a>
+who saw it were frightened when they saw that you raised one of its feet
+from the ground, for it was not such a cat as you thought. It was in
+reality the Midgard-serpent, which surrounds all lands. It was scarcely
+long enough to touch the earth with its tail and head, and you raised it
+so high that your hand nearly reached to heaven. It was also a most
+astonishing feat when you wrestled with Elle, for none has ever been,
+and none shall ever be, that Elle (eld, old age) will not get the better
+of him, though he gets to be old enough to abide her coming. And now the
+truth is that we must part; and it will be better for us both that you
+do not visit me again. I will again defend my burg with similar or other
+delusions, so that you will get no power over me. When Thor heard this
+tale he seized his hammer and lifted it into the air, but when he was
+about to strike he saw Utgard-Loke nowhere; and when he turned back to
+the burg and was going to dash that to pieces, he saw a beautiful and
+large plain, but no burg. So he turned and went his way back to
+Thrudvang. But it is truthfully asserted that he then resolved in his
+own mind to seek that meeting with the Midgard-serpent, which afterward
+took place. And now I think that no one can tell you truer tidings of
+this journey of Thor.</p>
+
+<p>49. Then said Ganglere: A most powerful
+<span class = "pagenum">128</span>
+<a name = "page128"> </a>
+man is Utgard-Loke, though he deals much with delusions and sorcery. His
+power is also proven by the fact that he had thanes who were so mighty.
+But has not Thor avenged himself for this? Made answer Har: It is not
+unknown, though no wise men tell thereof, how Thor made amends for the
+journey that has now been spoken of. He did not remain long at home,
+before he busked himself so suddenly for a new journey, that he took
+neither chariot, nor goats nor any companions with him. He went out of
+Midgard in the guise of a young man, and came in the evening to a giant
+by name Hymer.<a class = "tag" name = "tag61" href = "#note61">61</a>
+Thor tarried there as a guest through the night. In the morning Hymer
+arose, dressed himself, and busked himself to row out upon the sea to
+fish. Thor also sprang up, got ready in a hurry and asked Hymer whether
+he might row out with him. Hymer answered that he would get but little
+help from Thor, as he was so small and young; and he added, you will get
+cold if I row as far out and remain as long as I am wont. Thor said that
+he might row as far from shore as he pleased, for all that, and it was
+yet to be seen who would be the first to ask to row back to land. And
+Thor grew so wroth at the giant that he came near letting the hammer
+ring on
+<span class = "pagenum">129</span>
+<a name = "page129"> </a>
+his head straightway, but he restrained himself, for he intended to try
+his strength elsewhere. He asked Hymer what they were to have for bait,
+but Hymer replied that he would have to find his own bait. Then Thor
+turned away to where he saw a herd of oxen, that belonged to Hymer. He
+took the largest ox, which was called Himinbrjot, twisted his head off
+and brought it down to the sea-strand. Hymer had then shoved the boat
+off. Thor went on board and seated himself in the stern; he took two
+oars and rowed so that Hymer had to confess that the boat sped fast from
+his rowing. Hymer plied the oars in the bow, and thus the rowing soon
+ended. Then said Hymer that they had come to the place where he was wont
+to sit and catch flat-fish, but Thor said he would like to row much
+farther out, and so they made another swift pull. Then said Hymer that
+they had come so far out that it was dangerous to stay there, for the
+Midgard-serpent. Thor said he wished to row a while longer, and so he
+did; but Hymer was by no means in a happy mood. Thor took in the oars,
+got ready a very strong line, and the hook was neither less nor weaker.
+When he had put on the ox-head for bait, he cast it overboard and it
+sank to the bottom. It must be admitted that Thor now beguiled the
+Midgard-serpent not a whit less than Utgard-Loke
+<span class = "pagenum">130</span>
+<a name = "page130"> </a>
+mocked him when he was to lift the serpent with his hand. The
+Midgard-serpent took the ox-head into his mouth, whereby the hook
+entered his palate, but when the serpent perceived this he tugged so
+hard that both Thor’s hands were dashed against the gunwale. Now Thor
+became angry, assumed his asa-might and spurned so hard that both his
+feet went through the boat and he stood on the bottom of the sea. He
+pulled the serpent up to the gunwale; and in truth no one has ever seen
+a more terrible sight than when Thor whet his eyes on the serpent, and
+the latter stared at him and spouted venom. It is said that the giant
+Hymer changed hue and grew pale from fear when he saw the serpent and
+beheld the water flowing into the boat; but just at the moment when Thor
+grasped the hammer and lifted it in the air, the giant fumbled for his
+fishing-knife and cut off Thor’s line at the gunwale, whereby the
+serpent sank back into the sea. Thor threw the hammer after it, and it
+is even said that he struck off his head at the bottom, but I think the
+truth is that the Midgard-serpent still lives and lies in the ocean.
+Thor clenched his fist and gave the giant a box on the ear so that he
+fell backward into the sea, and he saw his heels last, but Thor waded
+ashore.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">131</span>
+<a name = "page131"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XV">CHAPTER XV.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE DEATH OF BALDER.</h6>
+
+<p>50. Then asked Ganglere: Have there happened any other remarkable
+things among the asas? A great deed it was, forsooth, that Thor wrought
+on this journey. Har answered: Yes, indeed, there are tidings to be told
+that seemed of far greater importance to the asas. The beginning of this
+tale is, that Balder dreamed dreams great and dangerous to his life.
+When he told these dreams to the asas they took counsel together, and it
+was decided that they should seek peace for Balder against all kinds of
+harm. So Frigg exacted an oath from fire, water, iron and all kinds of
+metal, stones, earth, trees, sicknesses, beasts, birds and creeping
+things, that they should not hurt Balder. When this was done and made
+known, it became the pastime of Balder and the asas that he should stand
+up at their meetings while some of them should shoot at him, others
+should hew at him, while others should throw stones at him; but no
+matter what they did, no harm came to him, and this seemed to all a
+great honor. When Loke, Laufey’s son, saw this, it
+<span class = "pagenum">132</span>
+<a name = "page132"> </a>
+displeased him very much that Balder was not scathed. So he went to
+Frigg, in Fensal, having taken on himself the likeness of a woman. Frigg
+asked this woman whether she knew what the asas were doing at their
+meeting. She answered that all were shooting at Balder, but that he was
+not scathed thereby. Then said Frigg: Neither weapon nor tree can hurt
+Balder, I have taken an oath from them all. Then asked the woman: Have
+all things taken an oath to spare Balder? Frigg answered: West of Valhal
+there grows a little shrub that is called the mistletoe, that seemed to
+me too young to exact an oath from. Then the woman suddenly disappeared.
+Loke went and pulled up the mistletoe and proceeded to the meeting.
+Hoder stood far to one side in the ring of men, because he was blind.
+Loke addressed himself to him, and asked: Why do you not shoot at
+Balder? He answered: Because I do not see where he is, and furthermore I
+have no weapons. Then said Loke: Do like the others and show honor to
+Balder; I will show you where he stands; shoot at him with this wand.
+Hoder took the mistletoe and shot at Balder under the guidance of Loke.
+The dart pierced him and he fell dead to the ground. This is the
+greatest misfortune that has ever happened to gods and men. When Balder
+had fallen, the asas were struck speechless with horror, and their hands
+<span class = "pagenum">133</span>
+<a name = "page133"> </a>
+failed them to lay hold of the corpse. One looked at the other, and all
+were of one mind toward him who had done the deed, but being assembled
+in a holy peace-stead, no one could take vengeance. When the asas at
+length tried to speak, the wailing so choked their voices that one could
+not describe to the other his sorrow. Odin took this misfortune most to
+heart, since he best comprehended how great a loss and injury the fall
+of Balder was to the asas. When the gods came to their senses, Frigg
+spoke and asked who there might be among the asas who desired to win all
+her love and good will by riding the way to Hel and trying to find
+Balder, and offering Hel a ransom if she would allow Balder to return
+home again to Asgard. But he is called Hermod, the Nimble, Odin’s swain,
+who undertook this journey. Odin’s steed, Sleipner, was led forth.
+Hermod mounted him and galloped away.</p>
+
+<p>51. The asas took the corpse of Balder and brought it to the
+sea-shore. Hringhorn was the name of Balder’s ship, and it was the
+largest of all ships. The gods wanted to launch it and make Balder’s
+bale-fire thereon, but they could not move it. Then they sent to
+Jotunheim after the giantess whose name is Hyrrokken. She came riding on
+a wolf, and had twisted serpents for reins. When she alighted, Odin
+appointed four berserks to take care of her steed, but they
+<span class = "pagenum">134</span>
+<a name = "page134"> </a>
+were unable to hold him except by throwing him down on the ground.
+Hyrrokken went to the prow and launched the ship with one single push,
+but the motion was so violent that fire sprang from the underlaid
+rollers and all the earth shook. Then Thor became wroth, grasped his
+hammer, and would forthwith have crushed her skull, had not all the gods
+asked peace for her. Balder’s corpse was borne out on the ship; and when
+his wife, Nanna, daughter of Nep, saw this, her heart was broken with
+grief and she died. She was borne to the funeral-pile and cast on the
+fire. Thor stood by and hallowed the pile with Mjolner. Before his feet
+ran a dwarf, whose name is Lit. Him Thor kicked with his foot and dashed
+him into the fire, and he, too, was burned. But this funeral-pile was
+attended by many kinds of folk. First of all came Odin, accompanied by
+Frigg and the valkyries and his ravens. Frey came riding in his chariot
+drawn by the boar called Gullinburste or Slidrugtanne. Heimdal rode his
+steed Gulltop, and Freyja drove her cats. There was a large number of
+frost-giants and mountain-giants. Odin laid on the funeral-pile his gold
+ring, Draupner, which had the property of producing, every ninth night,
+eight gold rings of equal weight. Balder’s horse, fully caparisoned, was
+led to his master’s pile.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">135</span>
+<a name = "page135"> </a>
+52. But of Hermod it is to be told that he rode nine nights through deep
+and dark valleys, and did not see light until he came to the
+Gjallar-river and rode on the Gjallar-bridge, which is thatched with
+shining gold. Modgud is the name of the may who guards the bridge. She
+asked him for his name, and of what kin he was, saying that the day
+before there rode five fylkes (kingdoms, bands) of dead men over the
+bridge; but she added, it does not shake less under you alone, and you
+do not have the hue of dead men. Why do you ride the way to Hel? He
+answered: I am to ride to Hel to find Balder. Have you seen him pass
+this way? She answered that Balder had ridden over the Gjallar-bridge;
+adding: But downward and northward lies the way to Hel. Then Hermod rode
+on till he came to Hel’s gate. He alighted from his horse, drew the
+girths tighter, remounted him, clapped the spurs into him, and the horse
+leaped over the gate with so much force that he never touched it.
+Thereupon Hermod proceeded to the hall and alighted from his steed. He
+went in, and saw there sitting on the foremost seat his brother Balder.
+He tarried there over night. In the morning he asked Hel whether Balder
+might ride home with him, and told how great weeping there was among the
+asas. But Hel replied that it should now be tried whether Balder was so
+<span class = "pagenum">136</span>
+<a name = "page136"> </a>
+much beloved as was said. If all things, said she, both quick and dead,
+will weep for him, then he shall go back to the asas, but if anything
+refuses to shed tears, then he shall remain with Hel. Hermod arose, and
+Balder accompanied him out of the hall. He took the ring Draupner and
+sent it as a keepsake to Odin. Nanna sent Frigg a kerchief and other
+gifts, and to Fulla she sent a ring. Thereupon Hermod rode back and came
+to Asgard, where he reported the tidings he had seen and heard.</p>
+
+<p>53. Then the asas sent messengers over all the world, praying that
+Balder might be wept out of Hel’s power. All things did so,&mdash;men
+and beasts, the earth, stones, trees and all metals, just as you must
+have seen that these things weep when they come out of frost and into
+heat. When the messengers returned home and had done their errand well,
+they found a certain cave wherein sat a giantess (gygr = ogress) whose
+name was Thok. They requested her to weep Balder from Hel; but she
+answered:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Thok will weep<br>
+With dry tears<br>
+For Balder’s burial;<br>
+Neither in life nor in death<br>
+Gave he me gladness.<br>
+Let Hel keep what she has!
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">137</span>
+<a name = "page137"> </a>
+It is generally believed that this Thok was Loke, Laufey’s son, who has
+wrought most evil among the asas.</p>
+
+<p>54. Then said Ganglere: A very great wrong did Loke perpetrate; first
+of all in causing Balder’s death, and next in standing in the way of his
+being loosed from Hel. Did he get no punishment for this misdeed? Har
+answered: Yes, he was repaid for this in a way that he will long
+remember. The gods became exceedingly wroth, as might be expected. So he
+ran away and hid himself in a rock. Here he built a house with four
+doors, so that he might keep an outlook on all sides. Oftentimes in the
+daytime he took on him the likeness of a salmon and concealed himself in
+Frananger Force. Then he thought to himself what stratagems the asas
+might have recourse to in order to catch him. Now, as he was sitting in
+his house, he took flax and yarn and worked them into meshes, in the
+manner that nets have since been made; but a fire was burning before
+him. Then he saw that the asas were not far distant. Odin had seen from
+Hlidskjalf where Loke kept himself. Loke immediately sprang up, cast the
+net on the fire and leaped into the river. When the asas came to the
+house, he entered first who was wisest of them all, and whose name was
+Kvaser; and when he saw in the fire the ashes of the net that had
+<span class = "pagenum">138</span>
+<a name = "page138"> </a>
+been burned, he understood that this must be a contrivance for catching
+fish, and this he told to the asas. Thereupon they took flax and made
+themselves a net after the pattern of that which they saw in the ashes
+and which Loke had made. When the net was made, the asas went to the
+river and cast it into the force. Thor held one end of the net, and all
+the other asas laid hold on the other, thus jointly drawing it along the
+stream. Loke went before it and laid himself down between two stones, so
+that they drew the net over him, although they perceived that some
+living thing touched the meshes. They went up to the force again and
+cast out the net a second time. This time they hung a great weight to
+it, making it so heavy that nothing could possibly pass under it. Loke
+swam before the net, but when he saw that he was near the sea he sprang
+over the top of the net and hastened back to the force. When the asas
+saw whither he went they proceeded up to the force, dividing themselves
+into two bands, but Thor waded in the middle of the stream, and so they
+dragged the net along to the sea. Loke saw that he now had only two
+chances of escape,&mdash;either to risk his life and swim out to sea, or
+to leap again over the net. He chose the latter, and made a tremendous
+leap over the top line of the net. Thor grasped after him and caught
+him, but he slipped in his hand so that
+<span class = "pagenum">139</span>
+<a name = "page139"> </a>
+Thor did not get a firm hold before he got to the tail, and this is the
+reason why the salmon has so slim a tail. Now Loke was taken without
+truce and was brought to a cave. The gods took three rocks and set them
+up on edge, and bored a hole through each rock. Then they took Loke’s
+sons, Vale and Nare or Narfe. Vale they changed into the likeness of a
+wolf, whereupon he tore his brother Narfe to pieces, with whose
+intestines the asas bound Loke over the three rocks. One stood under his
+shoulders, another under his loins, and the third under his hams, and
+the fetters became iron. Skade took a serpent and fastened up over him,
+so that the venom should drop from the serpent into his face. But Sigyn,
+his wife, stands by him, and holds a dish under the venom-drops.
+Whenever the dish becomes full, she goes and pours away the venom, and
+meanwhile the venom drops onto Loke’s face. Then he twists his body so
+violently that the whole earth shakes, and this you call earthquakes.
+There he will lie bound until Ragnarok.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">140</span>
+<a name = "page140"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XVI">CHAPTER XVI.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>RAGNAROK.</h6>
+
+<p>55. Then said Ganglere: What tidings are to be told of Ragnarok? Of
+this I have never heard before. Har answered: Great things are to be
+said thereof. First, there is a winter called the Fimbul-winter, when
+snow drives from all quarters, the frosts are so severe, the winds so
+keen and piercing, that there is no joy in the sun. There are three such
+winters in succession, without any intervening summer. But before these
+there are three other winters, during which great wars rage over all the
+world. Brothers slay each other for the sake of gain, and no one spares
+his father or mother in that manslaughter and adultery. Thus says the
+Vala’s Prophecy:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Brothers will fight together<br>
+And become each other’s bane;<br>
+Sisters’ children<br>
+Their sib shall spoil.<a class = "tag" name = "tag62" href =
+"#note62">62</a><br>
+Hard is the world,<br>
+Sensual sins grow huge.<br>
+There are ax-ages, sword-ages&mdash;<br>
+Shields are cleft in twain,&mdash;<br>
+There are wind-ages, wolf-ages,<br>
+Ere the world falls dead.<a class = "tag" name = "tag63" href =
+"#note63">63</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">141</span>
+<a name = "page141"> </a>
+Then happens what will seem a great miracle, that the wolf<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag64" href = "#note64">64</a> devours the sun, and this
+will seem a great loss. The other wolf will devour the moon, and this
+too will cause great mischief. The stars shall be Hurled from heaven.
+Then it shall come to pass that the earth and the mountains will shake
+so violently that trees will be torn up by the roots, the mountains will
+topple down, and all bonds and fetters will be broken and snapped. The
+Fenris-wolf gets loose. The sea rushes over the earth, for the
+Midgard-serpent writhes in giant rage and seeks to gain the land. The
+ship that is called Naglfar also becomes loose. It is made of the nails
+of dead men; wherefore it is worth warning that, when a man dies with
+unpared nails, he supplies a large amount of materials for the building
+of this ship, which both gods and men wish may be finished as late as
+possible. But in this flood Naglfar gets afloat. The giant Hrym is its
+steersman. The Fenris-wolf advances with wide open mouth; the upper jaw
+reaches to heaven and the lower jaw is on the earth. He would open it
+still wider had he room. Fire flashes from his eyes and nostrils. The
+Midgard-serpent vomits forth venom, defiling all the air and the sea; he
+is very terrible, and places himself by the side of the wolf. In the
+midst of this clash and din
+<span class = "pagenum">142</span>
+<a name = "page142"> </a>
+the heavens are rent in twain, and the sons of Muspel come riding
+through the opening. Surt rides first, and before him and after him
+flames burning fire. He has a very good sword, which shines brighter
+than the sun. As they ride over Bifrost it breaks to pieces, as has
+before been stated. The sons of Muspel direct their course to the plain
+which is called Vigrid. Thither repair also the Fenris-wolf and the
+Midgard-serpent. To this place have also come Loke and Hrym, and with
+him all the frost-giants. In Loke’s company are all the friends of Hel.
+The sons of Muspel have there effulgent bands alone by themselves. The
+plain Vigrid is one hundred miles (rasts) on each side.</p>
+
+<p>56. While these things are happening, Heimdal stands up, blows with
+all his might in the Gjallar-horn and awakens all the gods, who
+thereupon hold counsel. Odin rides to Mimer’s well to ask advice of
+Mimer for himself and his folk. Then quivers the ash Ygdrasil, and all
+things in heaven and earth fear and tremble. The asas and the einherjes
+arm themselves and speed forth to the battle-field. Odin rides first;
+with his golden helmet, resplendent byrnie, and his spear Gungner, he
+advances against the Fenris-wolf. Thor stands by his side, but can give
+him no assistance, for he has his hands full in his struggle with the
+Midgard-serpent. Frey encounters
+<span class = "pagenum">143</span>
+<a name = "page143"> </a>
+Surt, and heavy blows are exchanged ere Frey falls. The cause of his
+death is that he has not that good sword which he gave to Skirner. Even
+the dog Garm, that was bound before the Gnipa-cave, gets loose. He is
+the greatest plague. He contends with Tyr, and they kill each other.
+Thor gets great renown by slaying the Midgard-serpent, but retreats only
+nine paces when he falls to the earth dead, poisoned by the venom that
+the serpent blows on him. The wolf swallows Odin, and thus causes his
+death; but Vidar immediately turns and rushes at the wolf, placing one
+foot on his nether jaw. On this foot he has the shoe for which materials
+have been gathering through all ages, namely, the strips of leather
+which men cut off for the toes and heels of shoes; wherefore he who
+wishes to render assistance to the asas must cast these strips away.
+With one hand Vidar seizes the upper jaw of the wolf, and thus rends
+asunder his mouth. Thus the wolf perishes. Loke fights with Heimdal, and
+they kill each other. Thereupon Surt flings fire over the earth and
+burns up all the world. Thus it is said in the Vala’s Prophecy:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Loud blows Heimdal<br>
+His uplifted horn.<br>
+Odin speaks<br>
+With Mimer’s head.<br>
+The straight-standing ash<br>
+Ygdrasil quivers,
+<span class = "pagenum">144</span>
+<a name = "page144"> </a><br>
+The old tree groans,<br>
+And the giant gets loose.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+How fare the asas?<br>
+How fare the elves?<br>
+All Jotunheim roars.<br>
+The asas hold counsel;<br>
+Before their stone-doors<br>
+Groan the dwarfs,<br>
+The guides of the wedge-rock.<br>
+Know you now more or not?</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+From the east drives Hrym,<br>
+Bears his shield before him.<br>
+Jormungand welters<br>
+In giant rage<br>
+And smites the waves.<br>
+The eagle screams,<br>
+And with pale beak tears corpses,<br>
+Naglfar gets loose.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+A ship comes from the east,<br>
+The hosts of Muspel<br>
+Come o’er the main,<br>
+And Loke is steersman.<br>
+All the fell powers<br>
+Are with the wolf;<br>
+Along with them<br>
+Is Byleist’s brother.<a class = "tag" name = "tag65" href =
+"#note65">65</a></p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+From the south comes Surt<br>
+With blazing fire-brand,&mdash;<br>
+The sun of the war-god<br>
+Shines from his sword.<br>
+Mountains dash together,<br>
+Giant maids are frightened,<br>
+Heroes go the way to Hel,<br>
+And heaven is rent in twain.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">145</span>
+<a name = "page145"> </a>
+Then comes to Hlin<br>
+Another woe,<br>
+When Odin goes<br>
+With the wolf to fight,<br>
+And Bele’s bright slayer<a class = "tag" name = "tag66" href =
+"#note66">66</a><br>
+To contend with Surt.<br>
+There will fall<br>
+Frigg’s beloved.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Odin’s son goes<br>
+To fight with the wolf,<br>
+And Vidar goes on his way<br>
+To the wild beast.<a class = "tag" name = "tag67" href =
+"#note67">67</a><br>
+With his hand he thrusts<br>
+His sword to the heart<br>
+Of the giant’s child,<br>
+And avenges his father.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Then goes the famous<br>
+Son<a class = "tag" name = "tag68" href = "#note68">68</a> of Hlodyn<br>
+To fight with the serpent.<br>
+Though about to die,<br>
+He fears not the contest;<br>
+All men<br>
+Abandon their homesteads<br>
+When the warder of Midgard<br>
+In wrath slays the serpent.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The sun grows dark,<br>
+The earth sinks into the sea,<br>
+The bright stars<br>
+From heaven vanish;<br>
+Fire rages,<br>
+Heat blazes,<br>
+And high flames play<br>
+’Gainst heaven itself.<a class = "tag" name = "tag69" href =
+"#note69">69</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">146</span>
+<a name = "page146"> </a>
+And again it is said as follows:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Vigrid is the name of the plain<br>
+Where in fight shall meet<br>
+Surt and the gentle god.<br>
+A hundred miles<br>
+It is every way.<br>
+This field is marked out for them.<a class = "tag" name = "tag70" href =
+"#note70">70</a>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">147</span>
+<a name = "page147"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_XVII">CHAPTER XVII.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>REGENERATION.</h6>
+
+<p>57. Then asked Ganglere: What happens when heaven and earth and all
+the world are consumed in flames, and when all the gods and all the
+einherjes and all men are dead? You have already said that all men shall
+live in some world through all ages. Har answered: There are many good
+and many bad abodes. Best it is to be in Gimle, in heaven. Plenty is
+there of good drink for those who deem this a joy in the hall called
+Brimer. That is also in heaven. There is also an excellent hall which
+stands on the Nida mountains. It is built of red gold, and is called
+Sindre. In this hall good and well-minded men shall dwell. Nastrand is a
+large and terrible hall, and its doors open to the north. It is built of
+serpents wattled together, and all the heads of the serpents turn into
+the hall and vomit forth venom that flows in streams along the hall, and
+in these streams wade perjurers and murderers. So it is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+A hall I know standing<br>
+Far from the sun<br>
+On the strand of dead bodies.
+<span class = "pagenum">148</span>
+<a name = "page148"> </a><br>
+Drops of venom<br>
+Fall through the loop-holes.<br>
+Of serpents’ backs<br>
+The hall is made.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+There shall wade<br>
+Through heavy streams<br>
+Perjurers<br>
+And murderers.
+</p>
+
+<p>But in Hvergelmer it is worst.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+There tortures Nidhug<br>
+The bodies of the dead.<a class = "tag" name = "tag71" href =
+"#note71">71</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>58. Then said Ganglere: Do any gods live then? Is there any earth or
+heaven? Har answered: The earth rises again from the sea, and is green
+and fair. The fields unsown produce their harvests. Vidar and Vale live.
+Neither the sea nor Surfs fire has harmed them, and they dwell on the
+plains of Ida, where Asgard was before. Thither come also the sons of
+Thor, Mode and Magne, and they have Mjolner. Then come Balder and Hoder
+from Hel. They all sit together and talk about the things that happened
+aforetime,&mdash;about the Midgard-serpent and the Fenris-wolf. They
+find in the grass those golden tables which the asas once had. Thus it
+is said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Vidar and Vale<br>
+Dwell in the house of the gods,<br>
+When quenched is the fire of Surt.
+<span class = "pagenum">149</span>
+<a name = "page149"> </a><br>
+Mode and Magne<br>
+Vingner’s Mjolner shall have<br>
+When the fight is ended.<a class = "tag" name = "tag72" href =
+"#note72">72</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>In a place called Hodmimer’s-holt<a class = "tag" name = "tag73" href
+= "#note73">73</a> are concealed two persons during Surt’s fire, called
+Lif and Lifthraser. They feed on the morning dew. From these so numerous
+a race is descended that they fill the whole world with people, as is
+here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Lif and Lifthraser<br>
+Will lie hid<br>
+In Hodmimer’s-holt.<br>
+The morning dew<br>
+They have for food.<br>
+From them are the races descended.<a class = "tag" name = "tag74" href =
+"#note74">74</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>But what will seem wonderful to you is that the sun has brought forth
+a daughter not less fair than herself, and she rides in the heavenly
+course of her mother, as is here said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+A daughter<br>
+Is born of the sun<br>
+Ere Fenrer takes her.<br>
+In her mother’s course<br>
+When the gods are dead<br>
+This maid shall ride.<a class = "tag" name = "tag75" href =
+"#note75">75</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>And if you now can ask more questions, said Har to Ganglere, I know
+not whence that power came to you. I have never heard any one tell
+<span class = "pagenum">150</span>
+<a name = "page150"> </a>
+further the fate of the world. Make now the best use you can of what has
+been told&nbsp;you.</p>
+
+<p>59. Then Ganglere heard a terrible noise on all sides, and when he
+looked about him he stood out-doors on a level plain. He saw neither
+hall nor burg. He went his way and came back to his kingdom, and told
+the tidings which he had seen and heard, and ever since those tidings
+have been handed down from man to&nbsp;man.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">151</span>
+<a name = "page151"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "gylfe_after">AFTERWORD</a></h4>
+
+<h6>TO THE FOOLING OF GYLFE.</h6>
+
+<p>The asas now sat down to talk, and held their counsel, and remembered
+all the tales that were told to Gylfe. They gave the very same names
+that had been named before to the men and places that were there. This
+they did for the reason that, when a long time has elapsed, men should
+not doubt that those asas of whom these tales were now told and those to
+whom the same names were given were all identical. There was one who is
+called Thor, and he is Asa-Thor, the old. He is Oku-Thor, and to him are
+ascribed the great deeds done by Hektor in Troy. But men think that the
+Turks have told of Ulysses, and have called him Loke, for the Turks were
+his greatest enemies.</p>
+
+
+<a name = "page152"> </a>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">153</span>
+<a name = "page153"> </a>
+<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "brage">BRAGE’S TALK.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<h4><a name = "brage_I">CHAPTER I.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>ÆGER’S JOURNEY TO ASGARD.</h6>
+
+<p>1. A man by name Æger, or Hler, who dwelt on the island called Hler’s
+Isle, was well skilled in the black art. He made a journey to Asgard.
+But the asas knew of his coming and gave him a friendly reception; but
+they also made use of many sorts of delusions. In the evening, when the
+feast began, Odin had swords brought into the hall, and they were so
+bright that it glistened from them so that there was no need of any
+other light while they sat drinking. Then went the asas to their feast,
+and the twelve asas who were appointed judges seated themselves in their
+high-seats. These are their names: Thor, Njord, Frey, Tyr, Heimdal,
+Brage, Vidar, Vale, Uller, Honer, Forsete, Loke. The asynjes (goddesses)
+also were with them: Frigg, Freyja, Gefjun, Idun, Gerd, Sigyn, Fulla,
+Nanna. Æger thought all that he saw looked very grand. The panels of the
+walls
+<span class = "pagenum">154</span>
+<a name = "page154"> </a>
+were all covered with beautiful shields. The mead was very strong, and
+they drank deep. Next to Æger sat Brage, and they talked much together
+over their drink. Brage spoke to Æger of many things that had happened
+to the asas.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">155</span>
+<a name = "page155"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "brage_II">CHAPTER II.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>IDUN AND HER APPLES.</h6>
+
+<p>2. Brage began his tale by telling how three asas, Odin, Loke and
+Honer, went on a journey over mountains and heaths, where they could get
+nothing to eat. But when they came down into a valley they saw a herd of
+cattle. From this herd they took an ox and went to work to boil it. When
+they deemed that it must be boiled enough they uncovered the broth, but
+it was not yet done. After a little while they lifted the cover off
+again, but it was not yet boiled. They talked among themselves about how
+this could happen. Then they heard a voice in the oak above them, and he
+who sat there said that he was the cause that the broth did not get
+boiled. They looked up and saw an eagle, and it was not a small one.
+Then said the eagle: If you will give me my fill of the ox, then the
+broth will be boiled. They agreed to this. So he flew down from the
+tree, seated himself beside the boiling broth, and immediately snatched
+up first the two thighs of the ox and then both the shoulders. This made
+Loke wroth: he grasped a large pole, raised it with all
+<span class = "pagenum">156</span>
+<a name = "page156"> </a>
+his might and dashed it at the body of the eagle. The eagle shook
+himself after the blow and flew up. One end of the pole fastened itself
+to the body of the eagle, and the other end stuck to Loke’s hands. The
+eagle flew just high enough so that Loke’s feet were dragged over stones
+and rocks and trees, and it seemed to him that his arms would be torn
+from his shoulder-blades. He calls and prays the eagle most earnestly
+for peace, but the latter declares that Loke shall never get free unless
+he will pledge himself to bring Idun and her apples out of Asgard. When
+Loke had promised this, he was set free and went to his companions
+again; and no more is related of this journey, except that they returned
+home. But at the time agreed upon, Loke coaxed Idun out of Asgard into a
+forest, saying that he had found apples that she would think very nice,
+and he requested her to take with her her own apples in order to compare
+them. Then came the giant Thjasse in the guise of an eagle, seized Idun
+and flew away with her to his home in Thrymheim. The asas were ill at
+ease on account of the disappearance of Idun,&mdash;they became
+gray-haired and old. They met in council and asked each other who last
+had seen Idun. The last that had been seen of her was that she had gone
+out of Asgard in company with Loke. Then Loke was seized and brought
+into the council,
+<span class = "pagenum">157</span>
+<a name = "page157"> </a>
+and he was threatened with death or torture. But he became frightened,
+and promised to bring Idun back from Jotunheim if Freyja would lend him
+the falcon-guise that she had. He got the falcon-guise, flew north into
+Jotunheim, and came one day to the giant Thjasse. The giant had rowed
+out to sea, and Idun was at home alone. Loke turned her into the
+likeness of a nut, held her in his claws and flew with all his might.
+But when Thjasse returned home and missed Idun, he took on his
+eagle-guise, flew after Loke, gaining on the latter with his eagle
+wings. When the asas saw the falcon coming flying with the nut, and how
+the eagle flew, they went to the walls of Asgard and brought with them
+bundles of plane-shavings. When the falcon flew within the burg, he let
+himself drop down beside the burg-wall. Then the asas kindled a fire in
+the shavings; and the eagle, being unable to stop himself when he missed
+the falcon, caught fire in his feathers, so that he could not fly any
+farther. The asas were on hand and slew the giant Thjasse within the
+gates of Asgard, and that slaughter is most famous.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">158</span>
+<a name = "page158"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "brage_III">CHAPTER III.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>HOW NJORD GOT SKADE TO WIFE.</h6>
+
+<p>Skade, the daughter of the giant Thjasse, donned her helmet, and
+byrnie, and all her war-gear, and betook herself to Asgard to avenge her
+father’s death. The asas offered her ransom and atonement; and it was
+agreed to, in the first place, that she should choose herself a husband
+among the asas, but she was to make her choice by the feet, which was
+all she was to see of their persons. She saw one man’s feet that were
+wonderfully beautiful, and exclaimed: This one I choose! On Balder there
+are few blemishes. But it was Njord, from Noatun. In the second place,
+it was stipulated that the asas were to do what she did not deem them
+capable of, and that was to make her laugh. Then Loke tied one end of a
+string fast to the beard of a goat and the other around his own body,
+and one pulled this way and the other that, and both of them shrieked
+out loud. Then Loke let himself fall on Skade’s knees, and this made her
+laugh. It is said that Odin did even more than was asked, in that he
+took Thjasse’s eyes and
+<span class = "pagenum">159</span>
+<a name = "page159"> </a>
+cast them up into heaven, and made two stars of them. Then said Æger:
+This Thjasse seems to me to have been considerable of a man; of what kin
+was he? Brage answered: His father’s name was Olvalde, and if I told you
+of him, you would deem it very remarkable. He was very rich in gold, and
+when he died and his sons were to divide their heritage, they had this
+way of measuring the gold, that each should take his mouthful of gold,
+and they should all take the same number of mouthfuls. One of them was
+Thjasse, another Ide, and the third Gang. But we now have it as a saw
+among us, that we call gold the mouth-number of these giants. In runes
+and songs we wrap the gold up by calling it the measure, or word, or
+tale, of these giants. Then said Æger: It seems to me that it will be
+well hidden in the runes.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">160</span>
+<a name = "page160"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "brage_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></h4>
+
+<h6>THE ORIGIN OF POETRY.</h6>
+
+<p>3. And again said Æger: Whence originated the art that is called
+skaldship? Made answer Brage: The beginning of this was, that the gods
+had a war with the people that are called vans. They agreed to hold a
+meeting for the purpose of making peace, and settled their dispute in
+this wise, that they both went to a jar and spit into it. But at parting
+the gods, being unwilling to let this mark of peace perish, shaped it
+into a man whose name was Kvaser, and who was so wise that no one could
+ask him any question that he could not answer. He traveled much about in
+the world to teach men wisdom. Once he came to the home of the dwarfs
+Fjalar and Galar. They called him aside, saying they wished to speak
+with him alone, slew him and let his blood run into two jars called Son
+and Bodn, and into a kettle called Odrarer. They mixed honey with the
+blood, and thus was produced such mead that whoever drinks from it
+becomes a skald and sage. The dwarfs told the asas that Kvaser had
+choked in his wisdom, because no one was so wise that he could ask him
+enough about learning.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">161</span>
+<a name = "page161"> </a>
+4. Then the dwarfs invited to themselves the giant whose name is
+Gilling, and his wife; and when he came they asked him to row out to sea
+with them. When they had gotten a short distance from shore, the dwarfs
+rowed onto a blind rock and capsized the boat. Gilling, who was unable
+to swim, was drowned, but the dwarfs righted the boat again and rowed
+ashore. When they told of this mishap to his wife she took it much to
+heart, and began to cry aloud. Then Fjalar asked her whether it would
+not lighten her sorrow if she could look out upon the sea where her
+husband had perished, and she said it would. He then said to his brother
+Galar that he should go up over the doorway, and as she passed out he
+should let a mill-stone drop onto her head, for he said he was tired of
+her bawling, Galar did so. When the giant Suttung, the son of Gilling,
+found this out he came and seized the dwarfs, took them out to sea and
+left them on a rocky island, which was flooded at high tide. They prayed
+Suttung to spare their lives, and offered him in atonement for their
+father’s blood the precious mead, which he accepted. Suttung brought the
+mead home with him, and hid it in a place called Hnitbjorg. He set his
+daughter Gunlad to guard it. For these reasons we call songship Kvaser’s
+blood; the drink of the dwarfs; the dwarfs’ fill; some kind of liquor of
+Odrarer,
+<span class = "pagenum">162</span>
+<a name = "page162"> </a>
+or Bodn or Son; the ship of the dwarfs (because this mead ransomed their
+lives from the rocky isle); the mead of Suttung, or the liquor of
+Hnitbjorg.</p>
+
+<p>5. Then remarked Æger: It seems dark to me to call songship by these
+names; but how came the asas by Suttung’s mead? Answered Brage: The saga
+about this is, that Odin set out from home and came to a place where
+nine thralls were mowing hay. He asked them whether they would like to
+have him whet their scythes. To this they said yes. Then he took a
+whet-stone from his belt and whetted the scythes. They thought their
+scythes were much improved, and asked whether the whet-stone was for
+sale. He answered that he who would buy it must pay a fair price for it.
+All said they were willing to give the sum demanded, and each wanted
+Odin to sell it to him. But he threw the whet-stone up in the air, and
+when all wished to catch it they scrambled about it in such a manner
+that each brought his scythe onto the other’s neck. Odin sought lodgings
+for the night at the house of the giant Bauge, who was a brother of
+Suttung. Bauge complained of what had happened to his household, saying
+that his nine thralls had slain each other, and that he did not know
+where he should get other workmen. Odin called himself Bolverk. He
+offered to undertake
+<span class = "pagenum">163</span>
+<a name = "page163"> </a>
+the work of the nine men for Bauge, but asked in payment therefor a
+drink of Suttung’s mead. Bauge answered that he had no control over the
+mead, saying that Suttung was bound to keep that for himself alone. But
+he agreed to go with Bolverk and try whether they could get the mead.
+During the summer Bolverk did the work of the nine men for Bauge, but
+when winter came he asked for his pay. Then they both went to Suttung.
+Bauge explained to Suttung his bargain with Bolverk, but Suttung stoutly
+refused to give even a drop of the mead. Bolverk then proposed to Bauge
+that they should try whether they could not get at the mead by the aid
+of some trick, and Bauge agreed to this. Then Bolverk drew forth the
+auger which is called Rate, and requested Bauge to bore a hole through
+the rock, if the auger was sharp enough. He did so. Then said Bauge that
+there was a hole through the rock; but Bolverk blowed into the hole that
+the auger had made, and the chips flew back into his face. Thus he saw
+that Bauge intended to deceive him, and commanded him to bore through.
+Bauge bored again, and when Bolverk blew a second time the chips flew
+inward. Now Bolverk changed himself into the likeness of a serpent and
+crept into the auger-hole. Bauge thrust after him with the auger, but
+missed him. Bolverk went to where Gunlad was, and shared
+<span class = "pagenum">164</span>
+<a name = "page164"> </a>
+her couch for three nights. She then promised to give him three draughts
+from the mead. With the first draught he emptied Odrarer, in the second
+Bodn, and in the third Son, and thus he had all the mead. Then he took
+on the guise of an eagle, and flew off as fast as he could. When Suttung
+saw the flight of the eagle, he also took on the shape of an eagle and
+flew after him. When the asas saw Odin coming, they set their jars out
+in the yard. When Odin reached Asgard, he spewed the mead up into the
+jars. He was, however, so near being caught by Suttung, that he sent
+some of the mead after him backward, and as no care was taken of this,
+anybody that wished might have it. This we call the share of poetasters.
+But Suttung’s mead Odin gave to the asas and to those men who are able
+to make verses. Hence we call songship Odin’s prey, Odin’s find, Odin’s
+drink, Odin’s gift, and the drink of the asas.</p>
+
+<p>6. Then said Æger: In how many ways do you vary the poetical
+expressions, or how many kinds of poetry are there? Answered Brage:
+There are two kinds, and all poetry falls into one or the other of these
+classes. Æger asks: Which two? Brage answers: Diction and meter. What
+diction is used in poetry? There are three sorts of poetic diction.
+Which? One is to name everything by its own name; another is to name it
+with a pronoun,
+<span class = "pagenum">165</span>
+<a name = "page165"> </a>
+but the third sort of diction is called <i>kenning</i> (a&nbsp;poetical
+periphrasis or descriptive name); and this sort is so managed that when
+we name Odin, or Thor or Tyr, or any other of the asas or elves, we add
+to their name a reference to some other asa, or we make mention of some
+of his works. Then the appellation belongs to him who corresponds to the
+whole phrase, and not to him who was actually named. Thus we speak of
+Odin as Sigtyr, Hangatyr or Farmatyr, and such names we call simple
+appellatives. In the same manner he is called Reidartyr.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">166</span>
+<a name = "page166"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section"><a name = "brage_after">AFTERWORD</a></h4>
+
+<h6>TO BRAGE’S TALK.</h6>
+
+
+<p>Now it is to be said to young skalds who are desirous of acquiring
+the diction of poetry, or of increasing their store of words with old
+names, or, on the other hand, are eager to understand what is obscurely
+sung, that they must master this book for their instruction and pastime.
+These sagas are not to be so forgotten or disproved as to take away from
+poetry old periphrases which great skalds have been pleased with. But
+christian men should not believe in heathen gods, nor in the truth of
+these sagas, otherwise than is explained in the beginning of this book,
+where the events are explained which led men away from the true faith,
+and where it, in the next place, is told of the Turks how the men from
+Asia, who are called asas, falsified the tales of the things that
+happened in Troy, in order that the people should believe them to be
+gods.</p>
+
+<p>King Priam in Troy was a great chief over all the Turkish host, and
+his sons were the most distinguished men in his whole army. That
+excellent hall, which the asas called Brime’s Hall, or
+<span class = "pagenum">167</span>
+<a name = "page167"> </a>
+beer-hall, was King Priam’s palace. As for the long tale that they tell
+of Ragnarok, that is the wars of the Trojans. When it is said that
+Oku-Thor angled with an ox-head and drew on board the Midgard-serpent,
+but that the serpent kept his life and sank back into the sea, then this
+is another version of the story that Hektor slew Volukrontes, a famous
+hero, in the presence of Achilleus, and so drew the latter onto him with
+the head of the slain, which they likened unto the head of an ox, which
+Oku-Thor had torn off. When Achilleus was drawn into this danger, on
+account of his daring, it was the salvation of his life that he fled
+from the fatal blows of Hektor, although he was wounded. It is also said
+that Hektor waged the war so mightily, and that his rage was so great
+when he caught sight of Achilleus, that nothing was so strong that it
+could stand before him. When he missed Achilleus, who had fled, he
+soothed his wrath by slaying the champion called Roddros. But the asas
+say that when Oku-Thor missed the serpent, he slew the giant Hymer. In
+Ragnarok the Midgard serpent came suddenly upon Thor and blew venom onto
+him, and thus struck him dead. But the asas could not make up their
+minds to say that this had been the fate of Oku-Thor, that anyone stood
+over him dead, though this had so happened. They rushed headlong over
+old sagas
+<span class = "pagenum">168</span>
+<a name = "page168"> </a>
+more than was true when they said that the Midgard-serpent there got his
+death; and they added this to the story, that Achilleus reaped the fame
+of Hektor’s death, though he lay dead on the same battle-field on that
+account. This was the work of Elenus and Alexander, and Elenus the asas
+call Ale. They say that he avenged his brother, and that he lived when
+all the gods were dead, and after the fire was quenched that burned up
+Asgard and all the possessions of the gods. Pyrrhos they compared with
+the Fenris-wolf. He slew Odin, and Pyrrhos might be called a wolf
+according to their belief, for he did not spare the peace-steads, when
+he slew the king in the temple before the altar of Thor. The burning of
+Troy they call the flame of Surt. Mode and Magne, the sons of Oku-Thor,
+came to crave the land of Ale or Vidar. He is Æneas. He came away from
+Troy, and wrought thereupon great works. It is said that the sons of
+Hektor came to Frigialand and established themselves in that kingdom,
+but banished Elenus.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">169</span>
+<a name = "page169"> </a>
+<h4 class = "section">&nbsp;</h4>
+<h6><a name = "poet">EXTRACTS FROM</a></h6>
+
+<h4>THE POETICAL DICTION.</h4>
+
+<h6>(SKALDSKAPARMAL.)<a class = "tag" name = "tag76" href =
+"#note76">76</a></h6>
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_hrungner">THOR AND
+HRUNGNER.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Brage told Æger that Thor had gone eastward to crush trolls. Odin
+rode on his horse Sleipner to Jotunheim, and came to the giant whose
+name is Hrungner. Then asked Hrungner what man that was who with a
+golden helmet rode both through the air and over the sea, and added that
+he had a remarkably good horse. Odin said that he would wager his head
+that so good a horse could not be found in Jotunheim. Hrungner admitted
+that it was indeed an excellent horse, but he had one, called Goldfax,
+that could take much longer paces; and in his wrath he immediately
+sprang upon his horse and galloped after Odin, intending to pay him for
+his insolence. Odin rode so fast that he was a good distance ahead, but
+Hrungner had worked himself into such a giant rage that, before he was
+aware of it, he had come within the gates of Asgard.
+<span class = "pagenum">170</span>
+<a name = "page170"> </a>
+When he came to the hall door, the asas invited him to drink with them.
+He entered the hall and requested a drink. They then took the bowls that
+Thor was accustomed to drink from, and Hrungner emptied them all. When
+he became drunk, he gave the freest vent to his loud boastings. He said
+he was going to take Valhal and move it to Jotunheim, demolish Asgard
+and kill all the gods except Freyja and Sif, whom he was going to take
+home with him. When Freyja went forward to refill the bowls for him, he
+boasted that he was going to drink up all the ale of the asas. But when
+the asas grew weary of his arrogance, they named Thor’s name. At once
+Thor was in the hall, swung his hammer in the air, and, being
+exceedingly wroth, asked who was to blame that dog-wise giants were
+permitted to drink there, who had given Hrungner permission to be in
+Valhal, and why Freyja should pour ale for him as she did in the feasts
+of the asas. Then answered Hrungner, looking with anything but friendly
+eyes at Thor, and said that Odin had invited him to drink, and that he
+was there under his protection. Thor replied that he should come to rue
+that invitation before he came out. Hrungner again answered that it
+would be but little credit to Asa-Thor to kill him, unarmed as he was.
+It would be a greater proof of his valor if he dared fight a duel
+<span class = "pagenum">171</span>
+<a name = "page171"> </a>
+with him at the boundaries of his territory, at Grjottungard. It was
+very foolish of me, he said, that I left my shield and my flint-stone at
+home; had I my weapons here, you and I would try a holmgang (duel on a
+rocky island); but as this is not the case, I declare you a coward if
+you kill me unarmed. Thor was by no means the man to refuse to fight a
+duel when he was challenged, an honor which never had been shown him
+before. Then Hrungner went his way, and hastened with all his might back
+to Jotunheim. His journey became famous among the giants, and the
+proposed meeting with Thor was much talked of. They regarded it very
+important who should gain the victory, and they feared the worst from
+Thor if Hrungner should be defeated, for he was the strongest among
+them. Thereupon the giants made at Grjottungard a man of clay, who was
+nine rasts tall and three rasts broad under the arms, but being unable
+to find a heart large enough to be suitable for him, they took the heart
+from a mare, but even this fluttered and trembled when Thor came.
+Hrungner had, as is well known, a heart of stone, sharp and three-sided;
+just as the rune has since been risted that is called Hrungner’s heart.
+Even his head was of stone. His shield was of stone, and was broad and
+thick, and he was holding this shield before him as he stood at
+Grjottungard waiting
+<span class = "pagenum">172</span>
+<a name = "page172"> </a>
+for Thor. His weapon was a flint-stone, which he swung over his
+shoulders, and altogether he presented a most formidable aspect. On one
+side of him stood the giant of clay, who was named Mokkerkalfe. He was
+so exceedingly terrified, that it is said that he wet himself when he
+saw Thor. Thor proceeded to the duel, and Thjalfe was with him. Thjalfe
+ran forward to where Hrungner was standing, and said to him: You stand
+illy guarded, giant; you hold the shield before you, but Thor has seen
+you; he goes down into the earth and will attack you from below. Then
+Hrungner thrust the shield under his feet and stood on it, but the
+flint-stone he seized with both his hands. The next that he saw were
+flashes of lightning, and he heard loud crashings; and then he saw Thor
+in his asa-might advancing with impetuous speed, swinging his hammer and
+hurling it from afar at Hrungner. Hrungner seized the flint-stone with
+both his hands and threw it against the hammer. They met in the air, and
+the flint-stone broke. One part fell to the earth, and from it have come
+the flint-mountains; the other part hit Thor’s head with such force that
+he fell forward to the ground. But the hammer Mjolner hit Hrungner right
+in the head, and crushed his skull in small pieces. He himself fell
+forward over Thor, so that his foot lay upon Thor’s neck. Meanwhile
+Thjalfe
+<span class = "pagenum">173</span>
+<a name = "page173"> </a>
+attacked Mokkerkalfe, who fell with but little honor. Then Thjalfe went
+to Thor and was to take Hrungner’s foot off from him, but he had not the
+strength to do it. When the asas learned that Thor had fallen, they all
+came to take the giant’s foot off, but none of them was able to move it.
+Then came Magne, the son of Thor and Jarnsaxa. He was only three nights
+of age. He threw Hrungner’s foot off Thor, and said It was a great
+mishap, father, that I came so late. I think I could have slain this
+giant with my fist, had I met him. Then Thor arose, greeted his son
+lovingly, saying that he would become great and powerful; and, added he,
+I will give you the horse Goldfax, that belonged to Hrungner. Odin said
+that Thor did wrong in giving so fine a horse to the son of a giantess,
+instead of to his father. Thor went home to Thrudvang, but the
+flint-stone still stuck fast in his head. Then came the vala whose name
+is Groa, the wife of Orvandel the Bold. She sang her magic songs over
+Thor until the flint-stone became loose. But when Thor perceived this,
+and was just expecting that the flint-stone would disappear, he desired
+to reward Groa for her healing, and make her heart glad. So he related
+to her how he had waded from the north over the Elivogs rivers, and had
+borne in a basket on his back Orvandel from Jotunheim; and in evidence
+of this he told
+<span class = "pagenum">174</span>
+<a name = "page174"> </a>
+her how that one toe of his had protruded from the basket and had
+frozen, wherefore Thor had broken it off and had cast it up into the
+sky, and made of it the star which is called Orvandel’s toe. Finally he
+added that it would not be long before Orvandel would come home. But
+Groa became so glad that she forgot her magic songs, and so the
+flint-stone became no looser than it was, and it sticks fast in Thor’s
+head yet. For this reason it is forbidden to throw a flint-stone across
+the floor, for then the stone in Thor’s head is moved. Out of this saga
+Thjodolf of Hvin has made a song:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+We have ample evidence<br>
+Of the giant-terrifier’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag77" href =
+"#note77">77</a> journey<br>
+To Grjottungard, to the giant Hrungner,<br>
+In the midst of encircling flames.<br>
+The courage waxed high in Meile’s brother;<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag78" href = "#note78">78</a><br>
+The moon-way trembled<br>
+When Jord’s son<a class = "tag" name = "tag79" href = "#note79">79</a>
+went<br>
+To the steel-gloved contest.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The heavens stood all in flames<br>
+For Uller’s step-father,<a class = "tag" name = "tag80" href =
+"#note80">80</a><br>
+And the earth rocked.<br>
+Svolne’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag81" href = "#note81">81</a> widow<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag82" href = "#note82">82</a> burst asunder<br>
+When the span of goats<br>
+Drew the sublime chariot<br>
+And its divine master<br>
+To the meeting with Hrungner.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">175</span>
+<a name = "page175"> </a></p>
+<p class = "verse">
+Balder’s brother<a class = "tag" name = "tag83" href = "#note83">83</a>
+did not tremble<br>
+Before the greedy fiend of men;<br>
+Mountains quaked and rocks broke;<br>
+The heavens were wrapped in flames.<br>
+Much did the giant<br>
+Get frightened, I learn,<br>
+When his bane man he saw<br>
+Ready to slay him.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Swiftly the gray shield flew<br>
+’Neath the heels of the giant.<br>
+So the gods willed it,<br>
+So willed it the valkyries.<br>
+Hrungner the giant,<br>
+Eager for slaughter,<br>
+Needed not long to wait for blows<br>
+From the valiant friend of the hammer.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The slayer<a class = "tag" name = "tag84" href = "#note84">84</a> of
+Bele’s evil race<br>
+Made fall the bear of the loud-roaring mountain;<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag85" href = "#note85">85</a><br>
+On his shield<br>
+Bite the dust<br>
+Must the giant<br>
+Before the sharp-edged hammer,<br>
+When the giant-crusher<br>
+Stood against the mighty Hrungner,</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+And the flint-stone<br>
+(So hard to break)<br>
+Of the friend of the troll-women<br>
+Into the skull did whiz<br>
+Of Jord’s son,<a class = "tag" name = "tag86" href =
+"#note86">86</a><br>
+And this flinty piece<br>
+Fast did stick<br>
+In Eindride’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag87" href = "#note87">87</a>
+blood;</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Until Orvandel’s wife,<br>
+Magic songs singing,<br>
+<span class = "pagenum">176</span>
+<a name = "page176"> </a>
+From the head of Thor<br>
+Removed the giant’s<br>
+Excellent flint-stone.<br>
+All do I know<br>
+About that shield-journey.<br>
+A shield adorned<br>
+With hues most splendid<br>
+I received from Thorleif.
+</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_journey">THOR’S JOURNEY TO
+GEIRROD’S.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Then said Æger: Much of a man, it seems to me, was that Hrungner. Has
+Thor accomplished any other great deeds in his intercourse with trolls
+(giants)? Then answered Brage: It is worth giving a full account of how
+Thor made a journey to Geirrodsgard. He had with him neither the hammer
+Mjolner, nor his belt of strength, Megingjard, nor his steel gloves; and
+that was Loke’s fault,&mdash;he was with him. For it had happened to
+Loke, when he once flew out to amuse himself in Frigg’s falcon-guise,
+that he, out of curiosity, flew into Geirrodsgard, where he saw a large
+hall. He sat down and looked in through the window, but Geirrod
+discovered him, and ordered the bird to be caught and brought to him.
+The servant had hard work to climb up the wall of the hall, so high was
+it. It amused Loke that it gave the servant so much trouble to get at
+him, and he thought it would be time enough to fly away when he
+<span class = "pagenum">177</span>
+<a name = "page177"> </a>
+had gotten over the worst. When the latter now caught at him, Loke
+spread his wings and spurned with his feet, but these were fast, and so
+Loke was caught and brought to the giant. When the latter saw his eyes
+he suspected that it was a man. He put questions to him and bade him
+answer, but Loke refused to speak. Then Geirrod locked him down in a
+chest, and starved him for three months; and when Geirrod finally took
+him up again, and asked him to speak, Loke confessed who he was, and to
+save his life he swore an oath to Geirrod that he would get Thor to come
+to Geirrodsgard without his hammer or his belt of strength.</p>
+
+<p>On his way Thor visited the giantess whose name is Grid. She was the
+mother of Vidar the Silent. She told Thor the truth concerning Geirrod,
+that he was a dog-wise and dangerous giant; and she lent him her own
+belt of strength and steel gloves, and her staff, which is called
+Gridarvol. Then went Thor to the river which is called Vimer, and which
+is the largest of all rivers. He buckled on the belt of strength and
+stemmed the wild torrent with Gridarvol, but Loke held himself fast in
+Megingjard. When Thor had come into the middle of the stream, the river
+waxed so greatly that the waves dashed over his shoulders. Then quoth
+Thor:</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">178</span>
+<a name = "page178"> </a></p>
+<p class = "verse">
+Wax not Vimer,<br>
+Since I intend to wade<br>
+To the gards of giants.<br>
+Know, if you wax,<br>
+Then waxes my asa-might<br>
+As high, as the heavens.
+</p>
+
+<p>Then Thor looked up and saw in a cleft Gjalp, the daughter of
+Geirrod, standing on both sides of the stream, and causing its growth.
+Then took he up out of the river a huge stone and threw at her, saying:
+At its source the stream must be stemmed.<a class = "tag" name = "tag88"
+href = "#note88">88</a> He was not wont to miss his mark. At the same
+time he reached the river bank and got hold of a shrub, and so he got
+out of the river. Hence comes the adage that <i>a shrub saved
+Thor</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag89" href = "#note89">89</a> When
+Thor came to Geirrod, he and his companion were shown to the guest-room,
+where lodgings were given them, but there was but one seat, and on that
+Thor sat down. Then he became aware that the seat was raised under him
+toward the roof. He put the Gridarvol against the rafters, and pressed
+himself down against the seat. Then was heard a great crash, which was
+followed by a loud screaming. Under the seat were Geirrod’s daughters,
+Gjalp and Greip, and he had broken the backs of both of them. Then quoth
+Thor:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Once I employed<br>
+My asa-might<br>
+In the gards of the giants.
+<span class = "pagenum">179</span>
+<a name = "page179"> </a><br>
+When Gjalp and Greip,<br>
+Geirrod’s daughters,<br>
+Wanted to lift me to heaven.
+</p>
+
+<p>Then Geirrod had Thor invited into the hall to the games. Large fires
+burned along the whole length of the hall. When Thor came into the hall,
+and stood opposite Geirrod, the latter seized with a pair of tongs a
+red-hot iron wedge and threw it at Thor. But he caught it with his steel
+gloves, and lifted it up in the air. Geirrod sprang behind an iron post
+to guard himself. But Thor threw the wedge with so great force that it
+struck through the post, through Geirrod, through the wall, and then
+went out and into the ground. From this saga, Eilif, son of Gudrun, made
+the following song, called Thor’s Drapa:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The Midgard-serpent’s father exhorted<br>
+Thor, the victor of giants,<br>
+To set out from home.<br>
+A great liar was Loke.<br>
+Not quite confident,<br>
+The companion of the war-god<br>
+Declared green paths to lie<br>
+To the gard of Geirrod.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Thor did not long let Loke<br>
+Invite him to the arduous journey.<br>
+They were eager to crush<br>
+Thorn’s descendants.<br>
+When he, who is wont to swing Megingjard,<br>
+Once set out from Odin’s home<br>
+To visit Ymer’s children in Gandvik,
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">180</span>
+<a name = "page180"> </a>
+The giantess Gjalp,<br>
+Perjured Geirrod’s daughter,<br>
+Sooner got ready magic to use<br>
+Than the god of war and Loke.<br>
+A song I recite.<br>
+Those gods noxious to the giants<br>
+Planted their feet<br>
+In Endil’s land,</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+And the men wont to battle<br>
+Went forth.<br>
+The message of death<br>
+Came of the moon-devourer’s women,<br>
+When the cunning and wrathful<br>
+Conqueror of Loke<br>
+Challenged to a contest<br>
+The giantess.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+And the troll-woman’s disgracer<br>
+Waded across the roaring stream,&mdash;<br>
+Rolling full of drenched snow over its banks.<br>
+He who puts giants to flight<br>
+Rapidly advanced<br>
+O’er the broad watery way,<br>
+Where the noisy stream’s<br>
+Venom belched forth.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Thor and his companions<br>
+Put before him the staff;<br>
+Thereon he rested<br>
+Whilst over they waded:<br>
+Nor sleep did the stones,&mdash;<br>
+The sonorous staff striking the rapid wave<br>
+Made the river-bed ring,&mdash;<br>
+The mountain-torrent rang with stones.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The wearer of Megingjard<br>
+Saw the flood fall<br>
+On his hard-waxed shoulders:<br>
+He could do no better.
+<span class = "pagenum">181</span>
+<a name = "page181"> </a><br>
+The destroyer of troll-children<br>
+Let his neck-strength<br>
+Wax heaven high,<br>
+Till the mighty stream should diminish.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+But the warriors,<br>
+The oath-bound protectors of Asgard,&mdash;<br>
+The experienced vikings,&mdash;<br>
+Waded fast and the stream sped on.<br>
+Thou god of the bow!<br>
+The billows<br>
+Blown by the mountain-storm<br>
+Powerfully rushed<br>
+Over Thor’s shoulders.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Thjalfe and his companion,<br>
+With their heads above water,<br>
+Got over the river,&mdash;<br>
+To Thor’s belt they clung.<br>
+Their strength was tested,&mdash;<br>
+Geirrod’s daughters made hard the stream<br>
+For the iron rod.<br>
+Angry fared Thor with the Gridarvol.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Nor did courage fail<br>
+Those foes of the giant<br>
+In the seething vortex.<br>
+Those sworn companions<br>
+Regarded a brave heart<br>
+Better than gold.<br>
+Neither Thor’s nor Thjalfe’s heart<br>
+From fear did tremble.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+And the war companions&mdash;<br>
+Weapons despising&mdash;<br>
+’Mong the giants made havoc,<br>
+Until, O woman!<br>
+The giant destroyers<br>
+The conflict of helmets<br>
+With the warlike race<br>
+Did commence.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">182</span>
+<a name = "page182"> </a>
+The giants of Iva’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag90" href =
+"#note90">90</a> capes<br>
+Made a rush with Geirrod;<br>
+The foes of the cold Svithiod<br>
+Took to flight.<br>
+Geirrod’s giants<br>
+Had to succumb<br>
+When the lightning wielder’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag91" href =
+"#note91">91</a> kinsmen<br>
+Closely pursued them.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Wailing was ’mongst the cave-dwellers<br>
+When the giants,<br>
+With warlike spirit endowed,<br>
+Went forward.<br>
+There was war.<br>
+The slayer of troll-women,<br>
+By foes surrounded,<br>
+The giant’s hard head hit.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+With violent pressure<br>
+Were pressed the vast eyes<br>
+Of Gjalp and Greip<br>
+Against the high roof.<br>
+The fire-chariot’s driver<br>
+The old backs broke<br>
+Of both these maids<br>
+For the cave-woman.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The man of the rocky way<br>
+But scanty knowledge got;<br>
+Nor able were the giants<br>
+To enjoy perfect gladness.<br>
+Thou man of the bow-string!<br>
+The dwarf’s kinsman<br>
+An iron beam, in the forge heated,<br>
+Threw against Odin’s dear son.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">183</span>
+<a name = "page183"> </a>
+But the battle-hastener,<br>
+Freyja’s old friend,<br>
+With swift hands caught<br>
+In the air the beam<br>
+As it flew from the hands<br>
+Of the father of Greip,&mdash;<br>
+His breast with anger swollen<br>
+Against Thruda’s<a class = "tag" name = "tag92" href = "#note92">92</a>
+father.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Geirrod’s hall trembled<br>
+When he struck,<br>
+With his broad head,<br>
+’Gainst the old column of the house-wall.<br>
+Uller’s splendid flatterer<br>
+Swung the iron beam<br>
+Straight ’gainst the head<br>
+Of the knavish giant.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The crusher of the hall-wont troll-women<br>
+A splendid victory won<br>
+Over Glam’s descendants;<br>
+With gory hammer fared Thor.<br>
+Gridarvol-staff,<br>
+Which made disaster<br>
+’Mong Geirrod’s companion,<br>
+Was not used ’gainst that giant himself.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The much worshiped thunderer,<br>
+With all his might, slew<br>
+The dwellers in Alfheim<br>
+With that little willow-twig,<br>
+And no shield<br>
+Was able to resist<br>
+The strong age-diminisher<br>
+Of the mountain-king.
+</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">184</span>
+<a name = "page184"> </a>
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_idun">IDUN.</a></h5>
+
+<p>How shall Idun be named? She is called the wife of Brage, the keeper
+of the apples; but the apples are called the medicine to bar old age
+(ellilyf, elixir vitæ). She is also called the booty of the giant
+Thjasse, according to what has before been said concerning how he took
+her away from the asas. From this saga Thjodolf, of Hvin, composed the
+following song in his Haustlong:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+How shall the tongue<br>
+Pay an ample reward<br>
+For the sonorous shield<br>
+Which I received from Thorleif,<br>
+Foremost ’mong soldiers?<br>
+On the splendidly made shield<br>
+I see the unsafe journey<br>
+Of three gods and Thjasse.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Idun’s robber flew long ago<br>
+The asas to meet<br>
+In the giant’s old eagle-guise.<br>
+The eagle perched<br>
+Where the asas bore<br>
+Their food to be cooked.<br>
+Ye women! The mountain-giant<br>
+Was not wont to be timid.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Suspected of malice<br>
+Was the giant toward the gods.<br>
+Who causes this?<br>
+Said the chief of the gods.<br>
+The wise-worded giant-eagle<br>
+From the old tree began to speak.<br>
+The friend of Honer<br>
+Was not friendly to him.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">185</span>
+<a name = "page185"> </a>
+The mountain-wolf from Honer<br>
+Asked for his fill<br>
+From the holy table:<br>
+It fell to Honer to blow the fire.<br>
+The giant, eager to kill,<br>
+Glided down<br>
+Where the unsuspecting gods,<br>
+Odin, Loke and Honer, were sitting.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The fair lord of the earth<br>
+Bade Farbaute’s son<br>
+Quickly to share<br>
+The ox with the giant;<br>
+But the cunning foe of the asas<br>
+Thereupon laid<br>
+The four parts of the ox<br>
+Upon the broad table.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+And the huge father of Morn<a class = "tag" name = "tag93" href =
+"#note93">93</a><br>
+Afterward greedily ate<br>
+The ox at the tree-root.<br>
+That was long ago,<br>
+Until the profound<br>
+Loke the hard rod laid<br>
+’Twixt the shoulders<br>
+Of the giant Thjasse.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Then clung with his hands<br>
+The husband of Sigyn<br>
+To Skade’s foster-son,<br>
+In the presence of all the gods.<br>
+The pole stuck fast<br>
+To Jotunheim’s strong fascinator,<br>
+But the hands of Honer’s dear friend<br>
+Stuck to the other end.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Flew then with the wise god<br>
+The voracious bird of prey<br>
+Far away; so the wolf’s father<br>
+To pieces must be torn.<br>
+<span class = "pagenum">186</span>
+<a name = "page186"> </a>
+Odin’s friend got exhausted.<br>
+Heavy grew Lopt.<br>
+Odin’s companion<br>
+Must sue for peace.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Hymer’s kinsman demanded<br>
+That the leader of hosts<br>
+The sorrow-healing maid,<br>
+Who the asas’ youth-preserving apples keeps,<br>
+Should bring to him.<br>
+Brisingamen’s thief<br>
+Afterward brought Idun<br>
+To the gard of the giant.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Sorry were not the giants<br>
+After this had taken place,<br>
+Since from the south<br>
+Idun had come to the giants.<br>
+All the race<br>
+Of Yngve-Frey, at the Thing,<br>
+Grew old and gray,&mdash;<br>
+Ugly-looking were the gods.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Until the gods found the blood-dog,<br>
+Idun’s decoying thrall,<br>
+And bound the maid’s deceiver,<br>
+You shall, cunning Loke,<br>
+Spake Thor, die;<br>
+Unless back you lead,<br>
+With your tricks, that<br>
+Good joy-increasing maid.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Heard have I that thereupon<br>
+The friend of Honer flew<br>
+In the guise of a falcon<br>
+(He often deceived the asas with his cunning);<br>
+And the strong fraudulent giant,<br>
+The father of Morn,<br>
+With the wings of the eagle<br>
+Sped after the hawk’s child.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">187</span>
+<a name = "page187"> </a>
+The holy gods soon built a fire&mdash;<br>
+They shaved off kindlings&mdash;<br>
+And the giant was scorched.<br>
+This is said in memory<br>
+Of the dwarf’s heel-bridge.<a class = "tag" name = "tag94" href =
+"#note94">94</a><br>
+A shield adorned with splendid lines<br>
+From Thorleif I received.
+</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_feast">ÆGER’S FEAST.</a></h5>
+
+<p>How shall gold be named? It may be called fire; the needles of
+Glaser; Sif’s hair; Fulla’s head-gear; Freyja’s tears; the chatter, talk
+or word of the giants; Draupner’s drop; Draupner’s rain or shower;
+Freyja’s eyes; the otter-ransom, or stroke-ransom, of the asas; the seed
+of Fyrisvold; Holge’s how-roof; the fire of all waters and of the hand;
+or the stone, rock or gleam of the hand.</p>
+
+<p>Why is gold called Æger’s fire? The saga relating to this is, as has
+before been told, that Æger made a visit to Asgard, but when he was
+ready to return home he invited Odin and all the asas to come and pay
+him a visit after the lapse of three months. On this journey went Odin,
+Njord, Frey, Tyr, Brage, Vidar, Loke; and also the asynjes, Frigg,
+Freyja, Gefjun, Skade, Idun, Sif. Thor was not there, for he had gone
+eastward to fight trolls. When the gods had taken their seats, Æger let
+his servants bring in
+<span class = "pagenum">188</span>
+<a name = "page188"> </a>
+on the hall floor bright gold, which shone and lighted up the whole hall
+like fire, just as the swords in Valhal are used instead of fire. Then
+Loke bandied hasty words with all the gods, and slew Æger’s thrall who
+was called Fimafeng. The name of his other thrall is Elder. The name of
+Æger’s wife is Ran, and they have nine daughters, as has before been
+written. At this feast all things passed around spontaneously, both food
+and ale and all the utensils needed for the feasting. Then the asas
+became aware that Ran had a net in which she caught all men who perish
+at sea. Then the saga goes on telling how it happens that gold is called
+the fire, or light or brightness of Æger, of Ran, or of Æger’s
+daughters; and from these periphrases it is allowed to call gold the
+fire of the sea, or of any of the periphrases of the sea, since Æger and
+Ran are found in periphrases of the sea; and thus gold is now called the
+fire of waters, of rivers, or of all the periphrases of rivers. But
+these names have fared like other periphrases. The younger skald has
+composed poetry after the pattern of the old skalds, imitating their
+songs; but afterward they have expanded the metaphors whenever they
+thought they could improve upon what was sung before; and thus the water
+is the sea, the river is the lakes, the brook is the river. Hence all
+the figures that are expanded more than what has
+<span class = "pagenum">189</span>
+<a name = "page189"> </a>
+before been found are called new tropes, and all seem good that contain
+likelihood and are natural. Thus sang the skald Brage:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+From the king I received<br>
+The fire of the brook.<br>
+This the king gave to me<br>
+And a head with song.
+</p>
+
+<p>Why is gold called the needles or leaves of Glaser? In Asgard, before
+the doors of Valhal, stands a grove which is called Glaser, and all its
+leaves are of red gold, as is here sung:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Glaser stands<br>
+With golden leaves<br>
+Before Sigtyr’s halls.
+</p>
+
+<p>This is the fairest forest among gods and men.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_wager">LOKE’S WAGER WITH THE
+DWARFS.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Why is gold called Sif’s hair? Loke Laufey’s son had once craftily
+cut all the hair off Sif; but when Thor found it out he seized Loke, and
+would have broken every bone in him, had he not pledged himself with an
+oath to get the swarthy elves to make for Sif a hair of gold that should
+grow like other hair. Then went Loke to the dwarfs that are called
+Ivald’s sons, and they made the hair and Skidbladner, and the spear that
+Odin owned and is called Gungner. Thereupon Loke wagered his head with
+the dwarf,
+<span class = "pagenum">190</span>
+<a name = "page190"> </a>
+who hight Brok, that his brother Sindre would not be able to make three
+other treasures equally as good as these were. But when they came to the
+smithy, Sindre laid a pig-skin in the furnace and requested Brok to blow
+the bellows, and not to stop blowing before he (Sindre) had taken out of
+the furnace what he had put into it. As soon, however, as Sindre had
+gone out of the smithy and Brok was blowing, a fly lighted on his hand
+and stung him; but he kept on blowing as before until the smith had
+taken the work out of the furnace. That was now a boar, and its bristles
+were of gold. Thereupon he laid gold in the furnace, and requested Brok
+to blow, and not to stop plying the bellows before he came back. He went
+out; but then came the fly and lighted on his neck and stung him still
+worse; but he continued to work the bellows until the smith took out of
+the furnace the gold ring called Draupner. Then Sindre placed iron in
+the furnace, and requested Brok to work the bellows, adding that
+otherwise all would be worthless. Now the fly lighted between his eyes
+and stung his eye-lids, and as the blood ran down into his eyes so that
+he could not see, he let go of the bellows just for a moment and drove
+the fly away with his hands. Then the smith came back and said that all
+that lay in the furnace came near being entirely spoiled. Thereupon he
+took a hammer out of the furnace.
+<span class = "pagenum">191</span>
+<a name = "page191"> </a>
+All these treasures he then placed in the hands of his brother Brok, and
+bade him go with Loke to Asgard to fetch the wager. When Loke and Brok
+brought forth the treasures, the gods seated themselves upon their
+doom-steads. It was agreed to abide by the decision which should be
+pronounced by Odin, Thor and Frey. Loke gave to Odin the spear Gungner,
+to Thor the hair, which Sif was to have, and to Frey, Skidbladner; and
+he described the qualities of all these treasures, stating that the
+spear never would miss its mark, that the hair would grow as soon as it
+was placed on Sif s head, and that Skidbladner would always have fair
+wind as soon as the sails were hoisted, no matter where its owner
+desired to go; besides, the ship could be folded together like a napkin
+and be carried in his pocket if he desired. Then Brok produced his
+treasures. He gave to Odin the ring, saying that every ninth night eight
+other rings as heavy as it would drop from it; to Frey he gave the boar,
+stating that it would run through the air and over seas, by night or by
+day, faster than any horse; and never could it become so dark in the
+night, or in the worlds of darkness, but that it would be light where
+this boar was present, so bright shone his bristles. Then he gave to
+Thor the hammer, and said that he might strike with it as hard as he
+pleased; no matter what was before him, the hammer would take no scathe,
+<span class = "pagenum">192</span>
+<a name = "page192"> </a>
+and wherever he might throw it he would never lose it; it would never
+fly so far that it did not return to his hand; and if he desired, it
+would become so small that he might conceal it in his bosom; but it had
+one fault, which was, that the handle was rather short. The decision of
+the gods was, that the hammer was the best of all these treasures and
+the greatest protection against the frost-giants, and they declared that
+the dwarf had fairly won the wager. Then Loke offered to ransom his
+head. The dwarf answered saying there was no hope for him on that score.
+Take me, then! said Loke; but when the dwarf was to seize him Loke was
+far away, for he had the shoes with which he could run through the air
+and over the sea. Then the dwarf requested Thor to seize him, and he did
+so. Now the dwarf wanted to cut the head off Loke, but Loke said that
+the head was his, but not the neck. Then the dwarf took thread and a
+knife and wanted to pierce holes in Loke’s lips, so as to sew his mouth
+together, but the knife would not cut. Then said he, it would be better
+if he had his brother’s awl, and as soon as he named it the awl was
+there and it pierced Loke’s lips. Now Brok sewed Loke’s mouth together,
+and broke off the thread at the end of the sewing. The thread with which
+the mouth of Loke was sewed together is called Vartare
+(a&nbsp;strap).</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">193</span>
+<a name = "page193"> </a>
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_niflungs">THE NIFLUNGS AND
+GJUKUNGS.</a></h5>
+
+<p>The following is the reason why gold is called otter-ransom: It is
+related that three asas went abroad to learn to know the whole world,
+Odin, Honer and Loke. They came to a river, and walked along the
+river-bank to a force, and near the force was an otter. The otter had
+caught a salmon in the force, and sat eating it with his eyes closed.
+Loke picked up a stone, threw it at the otter and hit him in the head.
+Loke bragged of his chase, for he had secured an otter and a salmon with
+one throw. They took the salmon and the otter with them, and came to a
+byre, where they entered. But the name of the bonde who lived there was
+Hreidmar. He was a mighty man, and thoroughly skilled in the black art.
+The asas asked for night-lodgings, stating that they had plenty of food,
+and showed the bonde their game. But when Hreidmar saw the otter he
+called his sons, Fafner and Regin, and said that Otter, their brother,
+was slain, and also told who had done it. Then the father and the sons
+attacked the asas, seized them and bound them, and then said, in
+reference to the otter, that he was Hreidmar’s son. The asas offered, as
+a ransom for their lives, as much money as Hreidmar himself might
+demand, and this was agreed to, and confirmed with an oath. Then the
+otter was
+<span class = "pagenum">194</span>
+<a name = "page194"> </a>
+flayed. Hreidmar took the otter-belg and said to them that they should
+fill the belg with red gold, and then cover it with the same metal, and
+when this was done they should be set free. Thereupon Odin sent Loke to
+the home of the swarthy elves, and he came to the dwarf whose name is
+Andvare, and who lived as a fish, in the water. Loke caught him in his
+hands, and demanded of him, as a ransom for his life, all the gold that
+he had in his rock. And when they entered the rock, the dwarf produced
+all the gold that he owned, and that was a very large amount. Then the
+dwarf concealed in his hand a small gold ring. Loke saw this, and
+requested him to hand forth the ring. The dwarf begged him not to take
+the ring away from him, for with this ring he could increase his wealth
+again if he kept it. Loke said the dwarf should not keep as much as a
+penny, took the ring from him and went out. But the dwarf said that that
+ring should be the bane of every one who possessed it. Loke replied that
+he was glad of this, and said that all should be fulfilled according to
+his prophecy: he would take care to bring the curse to the ears of him
+who was to receive it. He went to Hreidmar and showed Odin the gold; but
+when the latter saw the ring, it seemed to him a fair one, and he took
+it and put it aside, giving Hreidmar the rest of the gold. They filled
+the
+<span class = "pagenum">195</span>
+<a name = "page195"> </a>
+otter-belg as full as it would hold, and raised it up when it was full.
+Then came Odin, and was to cover the belg with gold; and when this was
+done, he requested Hreidmar to come and see whether the belg was
+sufficiently covered. But Hreidmar looked at it, examined it closely,
+and saw a mouth-hair, and demanded that it should be covered, too,
+otherwise the agreement would be broken. Then Odin brought forth the
+ring and covered with it the mouth-hair, saying that now they had paid
+the otter-ransom. But when Odin had taken his spear, and Loke his shoes,
+so that they had nothing more to fear, Loke said that the curse that
+Andvare had pronounced should be fulfilled, and that the ring and that
+gold should be the bane of its possessor; and this curse was afterward
+fulfilled. This explains why gold is called the otter-ransom, or forced
+payment of the asas, or strife-metal.</p>
+
+<p>What more is there to be told of this gold? Hreidmar accepted the
+gold as a ransom for his son, but Fafner and Regin demanded their share
+of it as a ransom for their brother. Hreidmar was, however, unwilling to
+give them as much as a penny of it. Then the brothers made an agreement
+to kill their father for the sake of the gold. When this was done, Regin
+demanded that Fafner should give him one half of it. Fafner answered
+that there was but little hope that he
+<span class = "pagenum">196</span>
+<a name = "page196"> </a>
+would share the gold with his brother, since he had himself slain his
+father to obtain it; and he commanded Regin to get him gone, for else
+the same thing would happen to him as had happened to Hreidmar. Fafner
+had taken the sword hight Hrotte, and the helmet which had belonged to
+his father, and the latter he had placed on his head. This was called
+the Æger’s helmet, and it was a terror to all living to behold it. Regin
+had the sword called Refil. With it he fled. But Fafner went to
+Gnita-heath (the glittering heath), where he made himself a bed, took on
+him the likeness of a serpent (dragon), and lay brooding over the
+gold.</p>
+
+<p>Regin then went to Thjode, to king Hjalprek, and became his smith.
+There he undertook the fostering of Sigurd (Sigfrid), the son of
+Sigmund, the son of Volsung and the son of Hjordis, the daughter of
+Eylime. Sigurd was the mightiest of all the kings of hosts, in respect
+to both family and power and mind. Regin explained to him where Fafner
+was lying on the gold, and egged him on to try to get possession
+thereof. Then Regin made the sword which is hight Gram (wrath), and
+which was so sharp that when Sigurd held it in the flowing stream it cut
+asunder a tuft of wool which the current carried down against the
+sword’s edge. In the next place, Sigurd cut with his sword Regin’s anvil
+in twain.
+<span class = "pagenum">197</span>
+<a name = "page197"> </a>
+Thereupon Sigurd and Regin repaired to Gnita-heath. Here Sigurd dug a
+ditch in Fafner’s path and sat down in it; so when Fafner crept to the
+water and came directly over this ditch, Sigurd pierced him with the
+sword, and this thrust caused his death. Then Regin came and declared
+that Sigurd had slain his brother, and demanded of him as a ransom that
+he should cut out Fafner’s heart and roast it on the fire; but Regin
+kneeled down, drank Fafner’s blood, and laid himself down to sleep.
+While Sigurd was roasting the heart, and thought that it must be done,
+he touched it with his finger to see how tender it was; but the fat
+oozed out of the heart and onto his finger and burnt it, so that he
+thrust his finger into his mouth. The heart-blood came in contact with
+his tongue, which made him comprehend the speech of birds, and he
+understood what the eagles said that were sitting in the trees. One of
+the birds said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+There sits Sigurd,<br>
+Stained with blood.<br>
+On the fire is roasting<br>
+Fafner’s heart.<br>
+Wise seemed to me<br>
+The ring-destroyer,<br>
+If he the shining<br>
+Heart would eat.
+</p>
+
+<p>Another eagle sang:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+There lies Regin,<br>
+Contemplating
+<span class = "pagenum">198</span>
+<a name = "page198"> </a><br>
+How to deceive the man<br>
+Who trusts him;<br>
+Thinks in his wrath<br>
+Of false accusations.<br>
+The evil smith plots<br>
+Revenge ’gainst the brother.<a class = "tag" name = "tag95" href =
+"#note95">95</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Then Sigurd went to Regin and slew him, and thereupon he mounted his
+horse hight Grane, and rode until he came to Fafner’s bed, took out all
+the gold, packed it in two bags and laid it on Grane’s back, then got on
+himself and rode away. Now is told the saga according to which gold is
+called Fafner’s bed or lair, the metal of Gnita-heath, or Grane’s
+burden.</p>
+
+<p>Then Sigurd rode on until he found a house on the mountain. In it
+slept a woman clad in helmet and coat-of-mail. He drew his sword and cut
+the coat-of-mail off from her. Then she awaked and called herself Hild.
+Her name was Brynhild, and she was a valkyrie. Thence Sigurd rode on and
+came to the king whose name was Gjuke. His wife was called Grimhild, and
+their children were Gunnar, Hogne, Gudrun, Gudny; Gothorm was Gjuke’s
+step-son. Here Sigurd remained a long time. Then he got the hand of
+Gudrun, Gjuke’s daughter, and Gunnar and Hogne entered into a sworn
+brotherhood with Sigurd. Afterward Sigurd and the sons of Gjuke went to
+Atle, Budle’s son, to ask for his sister,
+<span class = "pagenum">199</span>
+<a name = "page199"> </a>
+Brynhild, for Gunnar’s wife. She sat on Hindfell, and her hall was
+surrounded by the bickering flame called the Vafurloge, and she had made
+a solemn promise not to wed any other man than him who dared to ride
+through the bickering flame. Then Sigurd and the Gjukungs (they are also
+called Niflungs) rode upon the mountain, and there Gunnar was to ride
+through the Vafurloge. He had the horse that was called Gote, but this
+horse did not dare to run into the flame. So Sigurd and Gunnar changed
+form and weapons, for Grane would not take a step under any other man
+than Sigurd. Then Sigurd mounted Grane and rode through the bickering
+flame. That same evening he held a wedding with Brynhild; but when they
+went to bed he drew his sword Gram from the sheath and placed it between
+them. In the morning when he had arisen, and had donned his clothes, he
+gave to Brynhild, as a bridal gift, the gold ring that Loke had taken
+from Andvare, and he received another ring as a memento from her. Then
+Sigurd mounted his horse and rode to his companions. He and Gunnar
+exchanged forms again and went back to Gjuke with Brynhild. Sigurd had
+two children with Gudrun. Their names were Sigmund and Swanhild.</p>
+
+<p>Once it happened that Brynhild and Gudrun went to the water to wash
+their hair. When they came to the river Brynhild waded from the
+<span class = "pagenum">200</span>
+<a name = "page200"> </a>
+river bank into the stream, and said that she could not bear to have
+that water in her hair that ran from Gudrun’s hair, for she had a more
+high-minded husband. Then Gudrun followed her into the stream, and said
+that she was entitled to wash her hair farther up the stream than
+Brynhild, for the reason that she had the husband who was bolder than
+Gunnar, or any other man in the world; for it was he who slew Fafner and
+Regin, and inherited the wealth of both. Then answered Brynhild: A
+greater deed it was that Gunnar rode through the Vafurloge, which Sigurd
+did not dare to do. Then laughed Gudrun and said: Do you think it was
+Gunnar who rode through the bickering flame? Then I think you shared the
+bed with him who gave me this gold ring. The gold ring which you have on
+your finger, and which you received as a bridal-gift, is called
+Andvaranaut (Andvare’s Gift), and I do not think Gunnar got it on
+Gnita-heath. Then Brynhild became silent and went home. Thereupon she
+egged Gunnar and Hogne to kill Sigurd; but being sworn brothers of
+Sigurd, they egged Guthorm, their brother, to slay Sigurd. Guthorm
+pierced him with his sword while he was sleeping; but as soon as Sigurd
+was wounded he threw his sword, Gram, after Guthorm, so that it cut him
+in twain through the middle. There Sigurd fell, and his
+<span class = "pagenum">201</span>
+<a name = "page201"> </a>
+son, three winters old, by name Sigmund, whom they also killed. Then
+Brynhild pierced herself with the sword and was cremated with Sigurd.
+But Gunnar and Hogne inherited Fafner’s gold and the Gift of Andvare,
+and now ruled the lands.</p>
+
+<p>King Atle, Budle’s son, Brynhild’s brother, then got in marriage
+Gudrun, who had been Sigurd’s wife, and they had children. King Atle
+invited Gunnar and Hogne to visit him, and they accepted his invitation.
+But before they started on their journey they concealed Fafner’s hoard
+in the Rhine, and that gold has never since been found. King Atle had
+gathered together an army and fought a battle with Gunnar and Hogne, and
+they were captured. Atle had the heart cut out of Hogne alive. This was
+his death. Gunnar he threw into a den of snakes, but a harp was secretly
+brought to him, and he played the harp with his toes (for his hands were
+fettered), so that all the snakes fell asleep excepting the adder, which
+rushed at him and bit him in the breast, and then thrust its head into
+the wound and clung to his liver until he died. Gunnar and Hogne are
+called Niflungs (Niblungs) and Gjukungs. Hence gold is called the
+Niflung treasure or inheritance. A little later Gudrun slew her two sons
+and made from their skulls goblets trimmed with gold, and thereupon the
+<span class = "pagenum">202</span>
+<a name = "page202"> </a>
+funeral ceremonies took place. At the feast, Gudrun poured for King Atle
+in these goblets mead that was mixed with the blood of the youths. Their
+hearts she roasted and gave to the king to eat. When this was done she
+told him all about it, with many unkind words. There was no lack of
+strong mead, so that the most of the people sitting there fell asleep.
+On that night she went to the king when he had fallen asleep, and had
+with her her son Hogne. They slew him, and thus he ended his life. Then
+they set fire to the hall, and with it all the people who were in it
+were burned. Then she went to the sea and sprang into the water to drown
+herself; but she was carried across the fjord, and came to the land
+which belonged to King Jonaker. When he saw her he took her home and
+made her his wife. They had three children, whose names were Sorle,
+Hamder and Erp. They all had hair as black as ravens, like Gunnar and
+Hogne and the other Niflungs.</p>
+
+<p>There was fostered Swanhild, the daughter of Sigurd, and she was the
+fairest of all women. That Jormunrek, the rich, found out. He sent his
+son, Randver, to ask for her hand for him; and when he came to Jonaker,
+Swanhild was delivered to him, so that he might bring her to King
+Jormunrek. Then said Bikke that it would be more fitting that Randver
+should marry Swanhild,
+<span class = "pagenum">203</span>
+<a name = "page203"> </a>
+he being young and she too, but Jormunrek being old. This plan pleased
+the two young people well. Soon afterward Bikke informed the king of it,
+and so King Jormunrek seized his son and had him brought to the gallows.
+Then Randver took his hawk, plucked the feathers off him, and requested
+that it should be sent to his father, whereupon he was hanged. But when
+King Jormunrek saw the hawk, it came to his mind that as the hawk was
+flightless and featherless, so his kingdom was without preservation; for
+he was old and sonless. Then King Jormunrek riding out of the woods from
+the chase with his courtiers, while Queen Swanhild sat dressing her
+hair, had the courtiers ride onto her, and she was trampled to death
+beneath the feet of the horses. When Gudrun heard of this, she begged
+her sons to avenge Swanhild. While they were busking themselves for the
+journey, she brought them byrnies and helmets, so strong that iron could
+not scathe them. She laid the plan for them, that when they came to King
+Jormunrek, they should attack him in the night whilst he was sleeping.
+Sorle and Hamder should cut off his hands and feet, and Erp his head. On
+the way they asked Erp what assistance they were to get from him, when
+they came to King Jormunrek. He answered them that he would give them
+such assistance as the hand gives the foot. They said
+<span class = "pagenum">204</span>
+<a name = "page204"> </a>
+that the feet got no support from the hands whatsoever. They were angry
+at their mother, because she had forced them to undertake this journey
+with harsh words, and hence they were going to do that which would
+displease her most. So they killed Erp, for she loved him the most. A
+little later, while Sorle was walking, he slipped with one foot, and in
+falling supported himself with his hands. Then said he: Now the hands
+helped the foot; better were it now if Erp were living. When they came
+to Jormunrek, the king, in the night, while he was sleeping, they cut
+off both his hands and his feet. Then he awaked, called his men and bade
+them arise. Said Hamder then: The head would now have been off had Erp
+lived. The courtiers got up, attacked them, but could not overcome them
+with weapons. Then Jormunrek cried to them that they should stone them
+to death. This was done, Sorle and Hamder fell, and thus perished the
+last descendants of Gjuke.</p>
+
+<p>After King Sigurd lived a daughter hight Aslaug, who was fostered at
+Heimer’s in Hlymdaler. From her mighty races are descended. It is said
+that Sigmund, the son of Volsung, was so powerful, that he drank venom
+and received no harm therefrom. But Sinfjotle, his son, and Sigurd, were
+so hard-skinned that no venom coming
+<span class = "pagenum">205</span>
+<a name = "page205"> </a>
+onto them could harm them. Therefore the skald Brage has sung as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+When the tortuous serpent,<br>
+Full of the drink of the Volsungs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag96" href =
+"#note96">96</a><br>
+Hung in coils<br>
+On the bait of the giant-slayer,<a class = "tag" name = "tag97" href =
+"#note97">97</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Upon these sagas very many skalds have made lays, and from them they
+have taken various themes. Brage the Old made the following song about
+the fall of Sorle and Hamder in the drapa, which he composed about
+Ragnar Lodbrok:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Jormunrek once,<br>
+In an evil dream, waked<br>
+In that sword-contest<br>
+Against the blood-stained kings.<br>
+A clashing of arms was heard<br>
+In the house of Randver’s father,<br>
+When the raven-blue brothers of Erp<br>
+The insult avenged.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Sword-dew flowed<br>
+Off the bed on the floor.<br>
+Bloody hands and feet of the king<br>
+One saw cut off.<br>
+On his head fell Jormunrek,<br>
+Frothing in blood.<br>
+On the shield<br>
+This is painted.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The king saw<br>
+Men so stand<br>
+That a ring they made<br>
+’Round his house<ins class = "correction"
+title = "page break">.&nbsp;</ins><br>
+<span class = "pagenum">206</span>
+<a name = "page206"> </a>
+Sorle and Hamder<br>
+Were both at once,<br>
+With slippery stones,<br>
+Struck to the ground<ins class = "correction"
+title = "no stanza break in printed text">.&nbsp;</ins></p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+King Jormunrek<br>
+Ordered Gjuke’s descendants<br>
+Violently to be stoned<br>
+When they came to take the life<br>
+Of Swanhild’s husband.<br>
+All sought to pay<br>
+Jonaker’s sons<br>
+With blows and wounds.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+This fall of men<br>
+And sagas many<br>
+On the fair shield I see.<br>
+Ragnar gave me the shield.
+</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_menja">MENJA AND FENJA.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Why is gold called Frode’s meal? The saga giving rise to this is the
+following:</p>
+
+<p>Odin had a son by name Skjold, from whom the Skjoldungs are
+descended. He had his throne and ruled in the lands that are now called
+Denmark, but were then called Gotland. Skjold had a son by name
+Fridleif, who ruled the lands after him. Fridleif’s son was Frode. He
+took the kingdom after his father, at the time when the Emperor Augustus
+established peace in all the earth and Christ was born. But Frode being
+the mightiest king in the northlands, this peace was attributed to him
+by all who spake the Danish tongue, and the Norsemen called it the
+<span class = "pagenum">207</span>
+<a name = "page207"> </a>
+peace of Frode. No man injured the other, even though he might meet,
+loose or in chains, his father’s or brother’s bane. There was no thief
+or robber, so that a gold ring would be a long time on Jalanger’s heath.
+King Frode sent messengers to Svithjod, to the king whose name was
+Fjolner, and bought there two maid-servants, whose names were Fenja and
+Menja. They were large and strong. About this time were found in Denmark
+two mill-stones, so large that no one had the strength to turn them. But
+the nature belonged to these mill-stones that they ground whatever was
+demanded of them by the miller. The name of this mill was Grotte. But
+the man to whom King Frode gave the mill was called Hengekjapt. King
+Frode had the maid-servants led to the mill, and requested them to grind
+for him gold and peace, and Frode’s happiness. Then he gave them no
+longer time to rest or sleep than while the cuckoo was silent or while
+they sang a song. It is said that they sang the song called the
+Grottesong, and before they ended it they ground out a host against
+Frode; so that on the same night there came the sea-king, whose name was
+Mysing, and slew Frode and took a large amount of booty. Therewith the
+Frode-peace ended. Mysing took with him Grotte, and also Fenja and
+Menja, and bade them grind salt, and in the middle of the night they
+asked Mysing
+<span class = "pagenum">208</span>
+<a name = "page208"> </a>
+whether he did not have salt enough. He bade them grind more. They
+ground only a short time longer before the ship sank. But in the ocean
+arose a whirlpool (Maelstrom, mill-stream) in the place where the sea
+runs into the mill-eye. Thus the sea became salt.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_grottesong">THE
+GROTTESONG.</a></h5>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Now are come<br>
+To the house of the king<br>
+The prescient two,<br>
+Fenja and Menja.<br>
+There must the mighty<br>
+Maidens toil<br>
+For King Frode,<br>
+Fridleif’s son.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Brought to the mill<br>
+Soon they were;<br>
+The gray stones<br>
+They had to turn.<br>
+Nor rest nor peace<br>
+He gave to them:<br>
+He would hear the maidens<br>
+Turn the mill.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+They turned the mill,<br>
+The prattling stones<br>
+The mill ever rattling.<br>
+What a noise it made!<br>
+Lay the planks!<br>
+Lift the stones!<a class = "tag" name = "tag98"
+href = "#note98">98</a><br>
+<span class = "pagenum">209</span>
+<a name = "page209"> </a>
+But he<a class = "tag" name = "tag99" href = "#note99">99</a> bade the
+maids<br>
+Yet more to grind.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+They sang and swung<br>
+The swift mill-stone,<br>
+So that Frode’s folk<br>
+Fell asleep.<br>
+Then, when she came<br>
+To the mill to grind,<br>
+With a hard heart<br>
+And with loud voice<br>
+Did Menja sing:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+We grind for Frode<br>
+Wealth and happiness,<br>
+And gold abundant<br>
+On the mill of luck.<br>
+Dance on roses!<br>
+Sleep on down!<br>
+Wake when you please!<br>
+That is well ground.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Here shall no one<br>
+Hurt the other,<br>
+Nor in ambush lie,<br>
+Nor seek to kill;<br>
+Nor shall any one<br>
+With sharp sword hew,<br>
+Though bound he should find<br>
+His brother’s bane.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+They stood in the hall,<br>
+Their hands were resting;<br>
+Then was it the first<br>
+Word that he spoke:<br>
+Sleep not longer<br>
+Than the cuckoo on the hall,<br>
+Or only while<br>
+A song I sing:
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">210</span>
+<a name = "page210"> </a>
+Frode! you were not<br>
+Wary enough,&mdash;<br>
+You friend of men,&mdash;<br>
+When maids you bought!<br>
+At their strength you looked,<br>
+And at their fair faces,<br>
+But you asked no questions<br>
+About their descent.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Hard was Hrungner<br>
+And his father;<br>
+Yet was Thjasse<br>
+Stronger than they,<br>
+And Ide and Orner,<br>
+Our friends, and<br>
+The mountain-giants’ brothers,<br>
+Who fostered us two.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Not would Grotte have come<br>
+From the mountain gray,<br>
+Nor this hard stone<br>
+Out from the earth;<br>
+The maids of the mountain-giants<br>
+Would not thus be grinding<br>
+If we two knew<br>
+Nothing of the mill.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Through winters nine<br>
+Our strength increased,<br>
+While below the sod<br>
+We played together.<br>
+Great deeds were the maids<br>
+Able to perform;<br>
+Mountains they<br>
+From their places moved.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The stone we rolled<br>
+From the giants’ dwelling,<br>
+So that all the earth<br>
+Did rock and quake.
+<span class = "pagenum">211</span>
+<a name = "page211"> </a><br>
+So we hurled<br>
+The rattling stone,<br>
+The heavy block,<br>
+That men caught it.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+In Svithjod’s land<br>
+Afterward we<br>
+Fire-wise women,<br>
+Fared to the battle,<br>
+Byrnies we burst,<br>
+Shields we cleaved,<br>
+Made our way<br>
+Through gray-clad hosts.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+One chief we slew,<br>
+Another we aided,&mdash;<br>
+To Guthorm the Good<br>
+Help we gave.<br>
+Ere Knue had fallen<br>
+Nor rest we got.<br>
+Then bound we were<br>
+And taken prisoners.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Such were our deeds<br>
+In former days,<br>
+That we heroes brave<br>
+Were thought to be.<br>
+With spears sharp<br>
+Heroes we pierced,<br>
+So the gore did run<br>
+And our swords grew red.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Now we are come<br>
+To the house of the king,<br>
+No one us pities.<br>
+Bond-women are we.<br>
+Dirt eats our feet,<br>
+Our limbs are cold,<br>
+The peace-giver<a class = "tag" name = "tag100" href =
+"#note100">100</a> we turn.<br>
+Hard it is at Frode’s.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">212</span>
+<a name = "page212"> </a>
+The hands shall stop,<br>
+The stone shall stand;<br>
+Now have I ground<br>
+For my part enough.<br>
+Yet to the hands<br>
+No rest must be given,<br>
+’Till Frode thinks<br>
+Enough has been ground.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Now hold shall the hands<br>
+The lances hard,<br>
+The weapons bloody,&mdash;<br>
+Wake now, Frode!<br>
+Wake now, Frode!<br>
+If you would listen<br>
+To our songs,&mdash;<br>
+To sayings old.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Fire I see burn<br>
+East of the burg,&mdash;<br>
+The warnews are awake.<br>
+That is called warning.<br>
+A host hither<br>
+Hastily approaches<br>
+To burn the king’s<br>
+Lofty dwelling.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+No longer you will sit<br>
+On the throne of Hleidra<br>
+And rule o’er red<br>
+Rings and the mill.<br>
+Now must we grind<br>
+With all our might,<br>
+No warmth will we get<br>
+From the blood of the slain.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Now my father’s daughter<br>
+Bravely turns the mill.<br>
+The death of many<br>
+Men she sees.
+<span class = "pagenum">213</span>
+<a name = "page213"> </a><br>
+Now broke the large<br>
+Braces ’neath the mill,&mdash;<br>
+The iron-bound braces.<br>
+Let us yet grind!</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Let us yet grind!<br>
+Yrsa’s son<br>
+Shall on Frode revenge<br>
+Halfdan’s death.<br>
+He shall Yrsa’s<br>
+Offspring be named,<br>
+And yet Yrsa’s brother.<br>
+Both of us know it.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+The mill turned the maidens,&mdash;<br>
+Their might they tested;<br>
+Young they were,<br>
+And giantesses wild.<br>
+The braces trembled.<br>
+Then fell the mill,&mdash;<br>
+In twain was broken<br>
+The heavy stone.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+All the old world<br>
+Shook and trembled,<br>
+But the giant’s maid<br>
+Speedily said:<br>
+We have turned the mill, Frode!<br>
+Now we may stop.<br>
+By the mill long enough<br>
+The maidens have stood.
+</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">214</span>
+<a name = "page214"> </a>
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_rolf">ROLF KRAKE.</a></h5>
+
+<p>A king in Denmark hight Rolf Krake, and was the most famous of all
+kings of olden times; moreover, he was more mild, brave and
+condescending than all other men. A proof of his condescension, which is
+very often spoken of in olden stories, was the following: There was a
+poor little fellow by name Vog. He once came into King Rolf’s hall while
+the king was yet a young man, and of rather delicate growth. Then Vog
+went before him and looked up at him. Then said the king: What do you
+mean to say, my fellow, by looking so at me? Answered Vog: When I was at
+home I heard people say that King Rolf, at Hleidra, was the greatest man
+in the northlands, but now sits here in the high-seat a little crow
+(krake), and it they call their king. Then made answer the king: You, my
+fellow, have given me a name, and I shall henceforth be called Rolf
+Krake, but it is customary that a gift accompanies the name. Seeing that
+you have no gift that you can give me with the name, or that would be
+suitable to me, then he who has must give to the other. Then he took a
+gold ring off his hand and gave it to the churl. Then said Vog: You give
+as the best king of all, and therefore I now pledge myself to become the
+bane of
+<span class = "pagenum">215</span>
+<a name = "page215"> </a>
+him who becomes your bane. Said the king, laughing: A small thing makes
+Vog happy.</p>
+
+<p>Another example is told of Rolf Krake’s bravery. In Upsala reigned a
+king by name Adils, whose wife was Yrsa, Rolf Krake’s mother. He was
+engaged in a war with Norway’s king, Ale. They fought a battle on the
+ice of the lake called Wenern. King Adils sent a message to Rolf Krake,
+his stepson, asking him to come and help him, and promising to furnish
+pay for his whole army during the campaign. Furthermore King Rolf
+himself should have any three treasures that he might choose in Sweden.
+But Rolf Krake could not go to his assistance, on account of the war
+which he was then waging against the Saxons. Still he sent twelve
+berserks to King Adils. Among them were Bodvar Bjarke, Hjalte the
+Valiant, Hvitserk the Keen, Vot, Vidsete, and the brothers Svipday and
+Beigud. In that war fell King Ale and a large part of his army. Then
+King Adils took from the dead King Ale the helmet called Hildesvin, and
+his horse called Rafn. Then the berserks each demanded three pounds of
+gold in pay for their service, and also asked for the treasures which
+they had chosen for Rolf Krake, and which they now desired to bring to
+him. These were the helmet Hildegolt; the byrnie Finnsleif, which no
+steel could scathe; and the gold ring called Sviagris, which had
+<span class = "pagenum">216</span>
+<a name = "page216"> </a>
+belonged to Adils’ forefathers. But the king refused to surrender any of
+these treasures, nor did he give the berserks any pay. The berserks then
+returned home, and were much dissatisfied. They reported all to King
+Rolf, who straightway busked himself to fare against Upsala; and when he
+came with his ships into the river Fyre, he rode against Upsala, and
+with him his twelve berserks, all peaceless. Yrsa, his mother, received
+him and took him to his lodgings, but not to the king’s hall. Large
+fires were kindled for them, and ale was brought them to drink. Then
+came King Adils’ men in and bore fuel onto the fireplace, and made a
+fire so great that it burnt the clothes of Rolf and his berserks,
+saying: Is it true that neither fire nor steel will put Rolf Krake and
+his berserks to flight? Then Rolf Krake and all his men sprang up, and
+he said:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Let us increase the blaze<br>
+In Adils’ chambers.
+</p>
+
+<p>He took his shield and cast it into the fire, and sprang over the
+fire while the shield was burning, and cried:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+From the fire flees not he<br>
+Who over it leaps.
+</p>
+
+<p>The same did also his men, one after the other, and then they took
+those who had put fuel on the fire and cast them into it. Now Yrsa came
+<span class = "pagenum">217</span>
+<a name = "page217"> </a>
+and handed Rolf Krake a deer’s horn full of gold, and with it she gave
+him the ring Sviagris, and requested them to ride straightway to their
+army. They sprang upon their horses and rode away over the Fyrisvold.
+Then they saw that King Adils was riding after them with his whole army,
+all armed, and was going to slay them. Rolf Krake took gold out of the
+horn with his right hand, and scattered it over the whole way. But when
+the Swedes saw it they leaped out of their saddles, and each one took as
+much as he could. King Adils bade them ride, and he himself rode on with
+all his might. The name of his horse was Slungner, the fastest of all
+horses. When Rolf Krake saw that King Adils was riding near him, he took
+the ring Sviagris and threw it to him, asking him to take it as a gift.
+King Adils rode to the ring, picked it up with the end of his spear, and
+let it slide down to his hand. Then Rolf Krake turned round and saw that
+the other was stooping. Said he: Like a swine I have now bended the
+foremost of all Swedes. Thus they parted. Hence gold is called the seed
+of Krake or of Fyrisvold.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">218</span>
+<a name = "page218"> </a>
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "poet_hogne">HOGNE AND HILD.</a></h5>
+
+<p>A king by name Hogne had a daughter by name Hild. Her a king, by name
+Hedin, son of Hjarrande, made a prisoner of war, while King Hogne had
+fared to the trysting of the kings. But when he learned that there had
+been harrying in his kingdom, and that his daughter had been taken away,
+he rode with his army in search of Hedin, and learned that he had sailed
+northward along the coast. When King Hogne came to Norway, he found out
+that Hedin had sailed westward into the sea. Then Hogne sailed after him
+to the Orkneys. And when he came to the island called Ha, then Hedin was
+there before him with his host. Then Hild went to meet her father, and
+offered him as a reconciliation from Hedin a necklace; but if he was not
+willing to accept this, she said that Hedin was prepared for a battle,
+and Hogne might expect no clemency from him. Hogne answered his daughter
+harshly. When she returned to Hedin, she told him that Hogne would not
+be reconciled, and bade him busk himself for the battle. And so both
+parties did; they landed on the island and marshaled their hosts. Then
+Hedin called to Hogne, his father-in-law, offering him a reconciliation
+and much gold as a ransom. Hogne answered:
+<span class = "pagenum">219</span>
+<a name = "page219"> </a>
+Too late do you offer to make peace with me, for now I have drawn the
+sword Dainsleif, which was smithied by the dwarfs, and must be the death
+of a man whenever it is drawn; its blows never miss the mark, and the
+wounds made by it never heal. Said Hedin: You boast the sword, but not
+the victory. That I call a good sword that is always faithful to its
+master. Then they began the battle which is called the Hjadninga-vig
+(the slaying of the Hedin<i>ians</i>); they fought the whole day, and in
+the evening the kings fared back to their ships. But in the night Hild
+went to the battlefield, and waked up with sorcery all the dead that had
+fallen. The next day the kings went to the battlefield and fought, and
+so did also all they who had fallen the day before. Thus the battle
+continued from day to day; and all they who fell, and all the swords
+that lay on the field of battle, and all the shields, became stone. But
+as soon as day dawned all the dead arose again and fought, and all the
+weapons became new again, and in songs it is said that the Hjadnings
+will so continue until Ragnarok.</p>
+
+
+<a name = "page220"> </a>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">221</span>
+<a name = "page221"> </a>
+<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "notes">NOTES.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_enea">ENEA.</a></h5>
+
+<p>The Enea mentioned in the Foreword to Gylfe’s Fooling refers to the
+settlement of western Europe, where Æneas is said to have founded a city
+on the Tiber. Bergmann, however, in his Fascination de Gulfi,
+page&nbsp;28, refers it to the Thracian town Ainos.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_herikon">HERIKON.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Herikon is undoubtedly a mutilated form for Erichthonios. The
+genealogy here given corresponds with the one given in the Iliad, Book
+20, 215.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_historical">THE HISTORICAL
+ODIN.</a></h5>
+
+<p>The historical or anthropomorphized Odin, described in the Foreword
+to the Fooling of Gylfe, becomes interesting when we compare it with
+Snorre’s account of that hero in Heimskringla, and then compare both
+accounts with the Roman traditions about Æneas. Of course the whole
+story is only a myth; but we should remember that in the minds and
+hearts of our ancestors it served every purpose of genuine history. Our
+fathers accepted it in as good faith as any Christian ever believed in
+the gospel of Christ, and so it had a similar influence in moulding the
+social, religious, political and literary life of our ancestors. We
+become interested in this legend as
+<span class = "pagenum">222</span>
+<a name = "page222"> </a>
+much as if it were genuine history, on account of the influence it
+wielded upon the minds and hearts of a race destined to act so great a
+part in the social, religious and political drama of Europe. We look
+into this and other ancestral myths, and see mirrored in them all that
+we afterward find to be reliable history of the old Teutons. In the same
+manner we are interested in the story told about Romulus and Remus,
+about Mars and the wolf. This Roman myth is equally prophetic in
+reference to the future career of Rome. The warlike Mars, the rapacity
+of the wolf, and the fratricide Romulus, form a mirror in which we see
+reflected the whole historical development of the Romans; so that the
+story of Romulus is a vest-pocket edition of the history of Rome.</p>
+
+<p>There are many points of resemblance between this old story of Odin
+and the account that Virgil gives us of Æneas, the founder of the Latin
+race; and it is believed that, while Virgil imitated Homer, he based his
+poem upon a legend current among his countrymen. The Greeks in Virgil’s
+poem are Pompey and the Romans in our Teutonic story. The Trojans
+correspond to Mithridates and his allies. Æneas and Odin are identical.
+Just as Odin, a heroic defender of Mithridates, after traversing various
+unknown countries, finally reaches the north of Europe, organizes the
+various Teutonic kingdoms, settles his sons upon the thrones of Germany,
+England, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, and instructs his people to gather
+strength and courage, so as eventually to take revenge on the cursed
+Romans; so Æneas, one of the most valiant defenders of Troy, after many
+adventures in various lands, at length settles in Italy,
+<span class = "pagenum">223</span>
+<a name = "page223"> </a>
+and becomes the founder of a race that in course of time is to wreak
+vengeance upon the Greeks. The prophecy contained in the Roman legend
+was fulfilled by Metellus and Mummius, in the years 147 and 146 before
+Christ, when the Romans became the conquerors of Greece. The prophecy
+contained in our Teutonic legend foreshadowed with no less unrelenting
+necessity the downfall of proud Rome, when the Teutonic commander
+Odoacer, in the year 476 after Christ, dethroned, not Romulus, brother
+of Remus, but Romulus Augustulus, son of Orestes. Thus history repeats
+itself. Roman history begins and ends with Romulus; and we fancy we can
+see some connection between Od-in and Od-oacer. “As the twig is bent the
+tree is inclined.”</p>
+
+<p>It might be interesting to institute a similar comparison between our
+Teutonic race-founder Odin and Ulysses, king of Ithaca, but the reader
+will have to do this for himself.</p>
+
+<p>In one respect our heroes differ. The fall of Troy and the wanderings
+of Ulysses became the theme of two great epic poems among the Greeks.
+The wanderings and adventures of Æneas, son of Anchises, were fashioned
+into a lordly epic by Virgil for the Romans. But the much-traveled man,
+the <span class = "greek" title =
+"Greek: anêr polutropos (text reads ‘πολύθροπος/poluthropos’)">ἀνὴρ
+πολύτροπος</span> the weapons and the hero, Odin, who, driven by the
+norns, first came to Teutondom and to the Baltic shores, has not yet
+been sung. This wonderful expedition of our race-founder, which, by
+giving a historic cause to all the later hostilities and conflicts
+between the Teutons and the Romans, might, as suggested by Gibbon,
+supply the noble ground-work of an epic poem as thrilling as the Æneid
+of Virgil, has not yet
+<span class = "pagenum">224</span>
+<a name = "page224"> </a>
+been woven into a song for our race, and we give our readers this full
+account of Odin from the Heimskringla in connection with the Foreword to
+Gylfe’s Fooling, with the hope that among our readers there may be found
+some descendant of Odin, whose skaldic wings are but just fledged for
+the flights he hopes to take, who will take a draught, first from
+Mimer’s gushing fountain, then from Suttung’s mead, brought by Odin to
+Asgard, and consecrate himself and his talents to this legend with all
+the ardor of his soul. For, as William Morris so beautifully says of the
+Volsung Saga, this is the great story of the Teutonic race, and should
+be to us what the tale of Troy was to the Greeks, and what the tale of
+Æneas was to the Romans, to all our race first and afterward, when the
+evolution of the world has made the Teutonic race nothing more than a
+name of what it has been; a story, too, then, should it be to the races
+that come after us, no less than the Iliad, and the Odyssey and the
+Æneid have been to us.<a class = "tag" name = "tag101" href =
+"#note101">101</a> We sincerely trust that we shall see Odin wrought
+into a Teutonic epic, that will present in grand outline the contrast
+between the Roman and the Teuton. And now we are prepared to give the
+Heimskringla account of the historical Odin. We have adopted Samuel
+Laing’s translation, with a few verbal alterations where such seemed
+necessary.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that the earth’s circle (Heimskringla), which the human
+race inhabits, is torn across into many bights, so that great seas run
+into the land from the out-ocean. Thus it is known that a great
+<span class = "pagenum">225</span>
+<a name = "page225"> </a>
+sea goes into <ins class = "correction" title =
+"so in original: ‘-sund’?">Njorvasound</ins>,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag102" href = "#note102">102</a> and up to the land of Jerusalem. From
+the same sea a long sea-bight stretches toward the northeast, and is
+called the Black Sea, and divides the three parts of the earth; of which
+the eastern part is called Asia, and the western is called by some
+Europe, by some Enea.<a class = "tag" name = "tag103" href =
+"#note103">103</a> Northward of the Black Sea lies Svithjod the Great,<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag104" href = "#note104">104</a> or the Cold. The
+Great Svithjod is reckoned by some not less than the Saracens’ land,<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag105" href = "#note105">105</a> others compare
+it to the Great Blueland.<a class = "tag" name = "tag106" href =
+"#note106">106</a> The northern part of Svithjod lies uninhabited on
+account of frost and cold, as likewise the southern parts of Blueland
+are waste from the burning sun. In Svithjod are many great domains, and
+many wonderful races of men, and many kinds of languages. There are
+giants,<a class = "tag" name = "tag107" href = "#note107">107</a> and
+there are dwarfs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag108" href =
+"#note108">108</a> and there are also blue men.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag109" href = "#note109">109</a> There are wild beasts and dreadfully
+large dragons. On the north side of the mountains, which lie outside of
+all inhabited lands, runs a river through Svithjod, which is properly
+called by the name of Tanais,<a class = "tag" name = "tag110" href =
+"#note110">110</a> but was formerly called Tanaquisl or Vanaquisl, and
+which falls into the ocean at
+<span class = "pagenum">226</span>
+<a name = "page226"> </a>
+the Black Sea. The country of the people on the Vanaquisl was called
+Vanaland or Vanaheim, and the river separates the three parts of the
+world, of which the easternmost is called Asia and the westernmost
+Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The country east of the Tanaquisl in Asia was called Asaland or
+Asaheim, and the chief city in that land was called Asgard.<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag111" href = "#note111">111</a> In that city was a chief
+called Odin, and it was a great place for sacrifice. It was the custom
+there that twelve temple-priests<a class = "tag" name = "tag112" href =
+"#note112">112</a> should both direct the sacrifices and also judge the
+people. They were called priests or masters, and all the people served
+and obeyed them. Odin was a great and very far-traveled warrior, who
+conquered many kingdoms, and so successful was he that in every battle
+the victory was on his side. It was the belief of his people that
+victory belonged to him in every battle. It was his custom when he sent
+his men into battle, or on any expedition, that he first laid his hand
+upon their heads, and called down a blessing upon them; and then they
+believed their undertaking would be successful. His people also were
+accustomed, whenever they fell into danger by land or sea, to call upon
+his name; and they thought
+<span class = "pagenum">227</span>
+<a name = "page227"> </a>
+that always they got comfort and aid by it, for where he was they
+thought help was near. Often he went away so long that he passed many
+seasons on his journeys.</p>
+
+<p>Odin had two brothers, the one hight Ve, the other Vile,<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag113" href = "#note113">113</a> and they governed the
+kingdom when he was absent. It happened once when Odin had gone to a
+great distance, and had been so long away that the people of Asia
+doubted if he would ever return home, that his two brothers took it upon
+themselves to divide his estate; but both of them took his wife Frigg to
+themselves. Odin soon after returned home, and took his wife back.</p>
+
+<p>Odin went out with a great army against the Vanaland people; but they
+were well prepared, and defended their land, so that victory was
+changeable, and they ravaged the lands of each other and did great
+damage. They tired of this at last, and, on both sides appointing a
+meeting for establishing peace, made a truce and exchanged hostages. The
+Vanaland people sent their best men,&mdash;Njord the Rich and his son
+Frey; the people of Asaland sent a man hight Hœner,<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag114" href = "#note114">114</a> as he was a stout and very handsome
+man, and with him they sent a man of great understanding, called Mimer;
+and on the other side the Vanaland people sent the wisest man in their
+community, who was called Quaser. Now when Hœner came to Vanaheim he was
+immediately made a chief, and Mimer came to him with good counsel on all
+occasions. But when Hœner stood in the Things, or other meetings, if
+Mimer was not near him, and any difficult matter was
+<span class = "pagenum">228</span>
+<a name = "page228"> </a>
+laid before him, he always answered in one way: Now let others give
+their advice; so that the Vanaland people got a suspicion that the
+Asaland people had deceived them in the exchange of men. They took
+Mimer, therefore, and beheaded him, and sent his head to the Asaland
+people. Odin took the head, smeared it with herbs, so that it should not
+rot, and sang incantations over it. Thereby he gave it the power that it
+spoke to him, and discovered to him many secrets.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag115" href = "#note115">115</a> Odin placed Njord and Frey as priests
+of the sacrifices, and they became deities of the Asaland people.
+Njord’s daughter, Freyja, was priestess of the sacrifices, and first
+taught the Asaland people the magic art, as it was in use and fashion
+among the Vanaland people. While Njord was with the Vanaland people he
+had taken his own sister in marriage, for that was allowed by their law;
+and their children were Frey and Freyja. But among the Asaland people it
+was forbidden to come together in so near relationship.<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag116" href = "#note116">116</a></p>
+
+<p>There goes a great mountain barrier from northeast to southwest,
+which divides the Great Svithjod from other kingdoms. South of this
+mountain ridge is not
+<span class = "pagenum">229</span>
+<a name = "page229"> </a>
+far to Turkland, where Odin had great possessions.<a class = "tag" name
+= "tag117" href = "#note117">117</a> But Odin, having foreknowledge and
+magic-sight, knew that his posterity would come to settle and dwell in
+the northern half of the world. In those times the Roman chiefs went
+wide around the world, subduing to themselves all people; and on this
+account many chiefs fled from their domains.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag118" href = "#note118">118</a> Odin set his brothers
+<span class = "pagenum">230</span>
+<a name = "page230"> </a>
+Vile and Ve over Asgard, and he himself, with all the gods and a great
+many other people, wandered out, first westward to Gardarike (Russia),
+and then south to Saxland (Germany). He had many sons, and
+<span class = "pagenum">231</span>
+<a name = "page231"> </a>
+after having subdued an extensive kingdom in Saxland he set his sons to
+defend the country. He himself went northward to the sea, and took up
+his abode in an island which is called Odinse (see note below), in
+Funen. Then he sent Gefjun across the sound to the north to discover new
+countries, and she came to King Gylfe, who gave her a ploughland. Then
+she went to Jotunheim and bore four sons to a giant, and transformed
+them into a yoke of oxen, and yoked them to a plough and broke out the
+land into the ocean, right opposite to Odinse, which was called Seeland,
+where she afterward settled and dwelt.<a class = "tag" name = "tag119"
+href = "#note119">119</a> Skjold, a son of Odin, married her, and they
+dwelt at Leidre.<a class = "tag" name = "tag120" href =
+"#note120">120</a> Where the ploughed land was, is a lake or sea called
+Laage.<a class = "tag" name = "tag121" href = "#note121">121</a> In the
+Swedish land the fjords of Laage correspond to the nesses of Seeland.
+Brage the old sings thus of it:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Gefjun glad<br>
+Drew from Gylfe<br>
+The excellent land,<br>
+Denmark’s increase,<br>
+So that it reeked<br>
+From the running beasts.<br>
+Four heads and eight eyes<br>
+Bore the oxen,<br>
+As they went before the wide<br>
+Robbed land of the grassy isle.<a class = "tag" name = "tag122" href =
+"#note122">122</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Now when Odin heard that things were in a prosperous condition in the
+land to the east beside Gylfe,
+<span class = "pagenum">232</span>
+<a name = "page232"> </a>
+he went thither, and Gylfe made a peace with him, for Gylfe thought he
+had no strength to oppose the people of Asaland. Odin and Gylfe had many
+tricks and enchantments against each other; but the Asaland people had
+always the superiority. Odin took up his residence at the Malar lake, at
+the place now called Sigtun.<a class = "tag" name = "tag123" href =
+"#note123">123</a> There he erected a large temple, where there were
+sacrifices according to the customs of the Asaland people. He
+appropriated to himself the whole of that district of country, and
+called it Sigtun. To the temple gods he gave also domains. Njord dwelt
+in Noatun, Frey in Upsal, Heimdal in Himinbjorg, Thor in Thrudvang,
+Balder in Breidablik;<a class = "tag" name = "tag124" href =
+"#note124">124</a> to all of them he gave good domains.</p>
+
+<p>When Odin of Asaland came to the north, and the gods with him, he
+began to exercise and to teach others the arts which the people long
+afterward have practiced. Odin was the cleverest of all, and from him
+all others learned their magic arts; and he knew them first, and knew
+many more than other people. But now, to tell why he is held in such
+high respect, we must mention various causes that contributed to it.
+When sitting among his friends his countenance was so beautiful and
+friendly, that the spirits of all were exhilarated by it; but when he
+was in war, he appeared fierce and dreadful. This arose from his being
+able to
+<span class = "pagenum">233</span>
+<a name = "page233"> </a>
+change his color and form in any way he liked. Another cause was, that
+he conversed so cleverly and smoothly, that all who heard were
+persuaded. He spoke everything in rhyme, such as is now composed, and
+which we call skald-craft. He and his temple gods were called
+song-smiths, for from them came that art of song into the northern
+countries. Odin could make his enemies in battle blind or deaf, or
+terror-struck, and their weapons so blunt that they could no more cut
+than a willow-twig; on the other hand, his men rushed forward without
+armor, were as mad as dogs or wolves, bit their shields, and were strong
+as bears or wild bulls, and killed people at a blow, and neither fire
+nor iron told upon them. These were called berserks.<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag125" href = "#note125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Odin could transform his shape; his body would lie as if dead or
+asleep, but then he would be in the shape of a fish, or worm, or bird,
+or beast, and be off
+<span class = "pagenum">234</span>
+<a name = "page234"> </a>
+in a twinkling to distant lands upon his own or other peoples’ business.
+With words alone he could quench fire, still the ocean in tempest, and
+turn the wind to any quarter he pleased. Odin had a ship, which he
+called Skidbladner,<a class = "tag" name = "tag126" href =
+"#note126">126</a> in which he sailed over wide seas, and which he could
+roll up like a cloth. Odin carried with him Mimer’s head, which told him
+all the news of other countries. Sometimes even he called the dead out
+of the earth, or set himself beside the burial-mounds; whence he was
+called the ghost-sovereign, and the lord of the mounds. He had two
+ravens,<a class = "tag" name = "tag127" href = "#note127">127</a> to
+whom he had taught the speech of man; and they flew far and wide through
+the land, and brought him the news. In all such things he was
+preëminently wise. He taught all these arts in runes and songs, which
+are called incantations, and therefore the Asaland people are called
+incantation-smiths. Odin also understood the art in which the greatest
+power is lodged, and which he himself practiced, namely, what is called
+magic. By means of this he could know beforehand the predestined fate<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag128" href = "#note128">128</a> of men, or their
+not yet completed lot, and also bring on the death, ill-luck or bad
+health of people, or take away the strength or wit from one person and
+give it to another. But after such witchcraft followed such
+<span class = "pagenum">235</span>
+<a name = "page235"> </a>
+weakness and anxiety, that it was not thought respectable for men to
+practice it; and therefore the priestesses were brought up in this art.
+Odin knew definitely where all missing cattle were concealed under the
+earth, and understood the songs by which the earth, the hills, the
+stones and mounds were opened to him; and he bound those who dwell in
+them by the power of his word, and went in and took what he pleased.
+From these arts he became very celebrated. His enemies dreaded him; his
+friends put their trust in him, and relied on his power and on himself.
+He taught the most of his arts to his priests of the sacrifices, and
+they came nearest to himself in all wisdom and witch-knowledge. Many
+others, however, occupied themselves much with it; and from that time
+witchcraft spread far and wide, and continued long. People sacrificed to
+Odin, and the twelve chiefs of Asaland,&mdash;called them their gods,
+and believed in them long after. From Odin’s name came the name Audun,
+which people gave to his sons; and from Thor’s name came Thorer, also
+Thorarinn; and it was also sometimes augmented by other additions, as
+Steinthor, Hafthor, and many kinds of alterations.</p>
+
+<p>Odin established the same law in his land that had been before in
+Asaland. Thus he established by law that all dead men should be burned,
+and their property laid with them upon the pile, and the ashes be cast
+into the sea or buried in the earth. Thus, said he, everyone will come
+to Valhal with the riches he had with him upon the pile; and he would
+also enjoy whatever he himself had buried in the earth. For men of
+consequence a mound should be raised to their memory, and for all other
+warriors who had been
+<span class = "pagenum">236</span>
+<a name = "page236"> </a>
+distinguished for manhood, a standing stone; which custom remained long
+after Odin’s time. Toward winter there should be a blood-sacrifice for a
+good year, and in the middle of winter for a good crop; and the third
+sacrifice should be in summer, for victory in battle. Over all
+Svithjod<a class = "tag" name = "tag129" href = "#note129">129</a> the
+people paid Odin a scatt, or tax,&mdash;so much on each head; but he had
+to defend the country from enemy or disturbance, and pay the expense of
+the sacrifice-feasts toward winter for a good year.</p>
+
+<p>Njord took a wife hight Skade; but she would not live with him, but
+married afterward Odin, and had many sons by him, of whom one was called
+Saming, and of this Eyvind Skaldespiller sings thus:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+To Asason<a class = "tag" name = "tag130" href = "#note130">130</a>
+Queen Skade bore<br>
+Saming, who dyed his shield in gore,&mdash;<br>
+The giant queen of rock and snow<br>
+Who loves to dwell on earth below,<br>
+The iron pine-tree’s daughter she,<br>
+Sprung from the rocks that rib the sea,<br>
+To Odin bore full many a son,&mdash;<br>
+Heroes of many a battle won.
+</p>
+
+<p>To Saming Jarl Hakon the Great reckoned up his pedigree.<a class =
+"tag" name = "tag131" href = "#note131">131</a> This Svithjod (Sweden)
+they call Mannheim, but the great Svithjod they call Godheim, and of
+Godheim great wonders and novelties were related.</p>
+
+<p>Odin died in his bed in Sweden; and when he was near his death he
+made himself be marked with the point of a spear,<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag132" href = "#note132">132</a> and said he was going to Godheim,
+<span class = "pagenum">237</span>
+<a name = "page237"> </a>
+and would give a welcome there to all his friends, and all brave
+warriors should be dedicated to him; and the Swedes believed that he was
+gone to the ancient Asgard, and would live there eternally. Then began
+the belief in Odin, and the calling upon him. The Swedes believed that
+he often showed himself to them before any great battle. To some he gave
+victory, others he invited to himself; and they reckoned both of these
+to be well off in their fate. Odin was burnt, and at his pile there was
+great splendor. It was their faith that the higher the smoke arose in
+the air, the higher would he be raised whose pile it was; and the richer
+he would be the more property that was consumed with&nbsp;him.</p>
+
+<p>Njord of Noatun was then the sole sovereign of the Swedes; and he
+continued the sacrifices, and was called the drot, or sovereign, by the
+Swedes, and he received scatt and gifts from them. In his days were
+peace and plenty, and such good years in all respects that the Swedes
+believed Njord ruled over the growth of seasons and the prosperity of
+the people. In his time all the diars, or gods, died, and
+blood-sacrifices were made for them. Njord died on a bed of sickness,
+and before he died made himself be marked for Odin with the spear-point.
+The Swedes burned him, and all wept over his grave-mound.</p>
+
+<p>Frey took the kingdom after Njord, and was called drot by the Swedes,
+and they paid taxes to him. He was like his father, fortunate in friends
+and in good seasons. Frey built a great temple at Upsala, made it his
+chief seat, and gave it all his taxes, his land and goods. Then began
+the Upsala domains, which have remained ever since. Then began in his
+day the
+<span class = "pagenum">238</span>
+<a name = "page238"> </a>
+Frode-peace; and then there were good seasons in all the land, which the
+Swedes ascribed to Frey, so that he was more worshiped than the other
+gods, as the people became much richer in his days by reason of the
+peace and good seasons. His wife was called Gerd, daughter of Gymer, and
+their son was called Fjolner. Frey was called by another name, Yngve;
+and this name Yngve was considered long after in his race as a name of
+honor, so that his descendants have since been called Ynglings
+(<i>i.e.</i> Yngve-lings). Frey fell into a sickness, and as his illness
+took the upper hand, his men took the plan of letting few approach him.
+In the meantime they raised a great mound, in which they placed a door
+with three holes in it. Now when Frey died they bore him secretly into
+the mound, but told the Swedes he was alive, and they kept watch over
+him for three years. They brought all the taxes into the mound, and
+through the one hole they put in the gold, through the other the silver,
+and through the third the copper money that was paid. Peace and good
+seasons continued.</p>
+
+<p>Freyja alone remained of the gods, and she became on this account so
+celebrated that all women of distinction were called by her name, whence
+they now have the title Frue (Germ. <i>Frau</i>), so that every woman is
+called frue (that is, mistress) over her property, and the wife is
+called the house-frue. Freyja continued the blood-sacrifices. Freyja had
+also many other names. Her husband was called Oder, and her daughters
+Hnos and Gersame. They were so very beautiful that afterward the most
+precious jewels were called by their names.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">239</span>
+<a name = "page239"> </a>
+When it became known to the Swedes that Frey was dead, and yet peace and
+good seasons continued, they believed that it must be so as long as Frey
+remained in Sweden, and therefore they would not burn his remains, but
+called him the god of this world, and afterward offered continually
+blood-sacrifices to him, principally for peace and good seasons.<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag133" href = "#note133">133</a></p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_fornjot">FORNJOT AND THE
+SETTLEMENT OF NORWAY.</a></h5>
+
+<p>In the asa-faith we find various foreign elements introduced. Thus,
+for example, the vans did not originally belong to the Odinic system. As
+the Teutons came in contact with other races, the religious ideas of the
+latter were frequently adopted in some modified form. Especially do
+Finnish elements enter into the asa-system. The Finnish god of thunder
+was Ukko. He is supposed to have been confounded with our Thor, whence
+the latter got the name Öku-Thor (Ukko-Thor). The vans may be connected
+with the Finnish Wainamoinen, and in the same manner a number of Celtic
+elements have been mixed with Teutonic mythology. And this is not all.
+There must have flourished a religious system in the North before the
+arrival of Odin and
+<span class = "pagenum">240</span>
+<a name = "page240"> </a>
+his apostles. This was probably either Tshudic or Celtic, or a mixture
+of the two. The asa-doctrine superseded it, but there still remain
+traces in some of the oldest records of the North. Thus we have in the
+prehistoric sagas of Iceland an account of the finding of Norway,
+wherein it is related that Fornjot,<a class = "tag" name = "tag134" href
+= "#note134">134</a> in Jotland, which is also called Finland or
+Quenland, east of the Gulf of Bothnia, had three sons: Hler, also called
+Æger, Loge and Kare.<a class = "tag" name = "tag135" href =
+"#note135">135</a> Of Loge it is related that he was of giant descent,
+and, being very tall of stature, he was called Haloge, that is High
+Loge; and after him the northern part of Norway is called Halogaland
+(now Helgeland). He was married to Glod (a&nbsp;red-hot coal), and had
+with her two daughters, Eysa and Eimyrja; both words meaning glowing
+embers. Haloge had two jarls, Vifil (the one taking a vif = wife) and
+Vesete (the one who sits at the ve = the sanctuary, that is, the dweller
+by the hearth, the first sanctuary), who courted his daughters; the
+former addressing himself to Eimyrja, the latter to Eysa, but the king
+refusing to give his consent, they carried them away secretly. Vesete
+settled in Borgundarholm (Bornholm), and had a son, Bue (one who settles
+on a farm); Vifil sailed further east and settled on the island
+Vifilsey, on the coast of Sweden, and had a son, Viking (the
+pirate).</p>
+
+<p>The third son, Kare, had a numerous offspring. He had one son by name
+Jokul (iceberg), another Froste
+<span class = "pagenum">241</span>
+<a name = "page241"> </a>
+(frost), and Froste’s son was named Sna (snow). He had a third son, by
+name Thorri (bare frost), after whom the mid-winter month, Thorra-month,
+was called; and his daughters hight Fonn (packed snow), Drifa
+(snow-drift), and Mjoll (meal, fine snow). All these correspond well to
+Kare’s name, which, as stated, means wind. Thorri had two sons, Nor and
+Gor, and a daughter, Goe. The story goes on to tell how Goe, the sister,
+was lost, and how the brothers went to search for her, until they
+finally found him who had robbed her. He was Hrolf, from the mountain, a
+son of the giant Svade, and a grandson of Asa-Thor. They settled their
+trouble, and thereupon Hrolf married Goe, and Nor married Hrolf’s
+sister, settled in the land and called it after his own name, Norvegr,
+that is, Norway. By this story we are reminded of Kadmos, who went to
+seek his lost sister Europa. In the Younger Edda the winds are called
+the sons of Fornjot, the sea is called the son of Fornjot, and the
+brother of the fire and of the winds, and Fornjot is named among the old
+giants. This makes it clear that Fornjot and his offspring are not
+historical persons, but cosmological impersonations. And additional
+proof of this is found by an examination of the beginning of the Saga of
+Thorstein, Viking’s Son. (See Viking Tales of the North, pp. 1
+and&nbsp;2).</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">242</span>
+<a name = "page242"> </a>
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_gylfe">THE FOOLING OF
+GYLFE.</a></h5>
+
+<h6>CHAPTER I.</h6>
+
+<p>This story about the ploughing of Gylfe reminds us of the legend told
+in the first book of Virgil’s Æneid, about the founding of Carthage by
+Dido, who bought from the Libyan king as much ground as she could cover
+with a bull’s hide. Elsewhere it is related that she cut the bull’s hide
+into narrow strips and encircled therewith all the ground upon which
+Carthage was afterward built. Thus Dido deceived the Libyan king nearly
+as effectually as Gefjun deluded King Gylfe. The story is also told by
+Snorre in Heimskringla, see p.&nbsp;231.</p>
+
+<p>The passage in verse, which has given translators so much trouble in
+a transposed form, would read as follows: Gefjun glad drew that
+excellent land (djúpródul = the deep sun = gold; öðla = udal = property;
+djúpródul öðla = the golden property), Denmark’s increase (Seeland), so
+that it reeked (steamed) from the running oxen. The oxen bore four heads
+and eight eyes, as they went before the wide piece of robbed land of the
+isle so rich in grass.</p>
+
+<p>Gefjun is usually interpreted as a goddess of agriculture, and her
+name is by some derived from <span class = "greek" title =
+"Greek: gê">γῆ</span>; and <i>fjon</i>, that is, <i>terræ separatio</i>;
+others compare it with the Anglo-Saxon <i>geofon</i> = the sea. The
+etymology remains very uncertain.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">243</span>
+<a name = "page243"> </a>
+<h6>CHAPTER II.</h6>
+
+<p>It is to the delusion or eye-deceit mentioned in this chapter that
+Snorre Sturlasson refers in his Heimskringla, in Chapter VI of <ins
+class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Ynglingla’">Ynglinga</ins>
+Saga.</p>
+
+<p>Thjodolf of Hvin was a celebrated skald at the court of Harald
+Fairhair.</p>
+
+<p>Thinking thatchers, etc. Literally transposed, this passage would
+read: Reflecting men let shields (literally Svafner’s, that is Odin’s
+roof-trees,) glisten on the back. They were smitten with stones. To let
+shields glisten on the back, is said of men who throw their shields on
+their backs to protect themselves against those who pursue the flying
+host.</p>
+
+<p>Har means the High One, Jafnhar the Equally High One, and Thride the
+Third One. By these three may be meant the three chief gods of the
+North: Odin, Thor and Frey; or they may be simply an expression of the
+Eddic trinity. This trinity is represented in a number of ways: by Odin,
+Vile and Ve in the creation of the world, and by Odin, Hœner and Loder
+in the creation of Ask and Embla, the first human pair. The number three
+figures extensively in all mythological systems. In the pre-chaotic
+state we have Muspelheim, Niflheim and Ginungagap. Fornjot had three
+sons: Hler, Loge and Kare. There are three norns: Urd, Verdande and
+Skuld. There are three fountains: Hvergelmer, Urd’s and Mimer’s; etc.
+(See Norse Mythology, pp. 183, 195, 196.)</p>
+
+<p>Har being Odin, Har’s Hall will be Valhal. You will not come out from
+this hall unless you are wiser. In the lay of Vafthrudner, of the Elder
+Edda, we
+<span class = "pagenum">244</span>
+<a name = "page244"> </a>
+have a similar challenge, where Vafthrudner says to Odin:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Out will you not come<br>
+From our halls<br>
+Unless I find you to be wiser (than I am).
+</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER III.</h6>
+
+<p>This chapter gives twelve names of Odin. In the Eddas and in the
+skaldic lays he has in all nearly two hundred names. His most common
+name is Odin (in&nbsp;Anglo-Saxon and in Old High German <i>Wodan</i>),
+and this is thought by many to be of the same origin as our word
+<i>god</i>. The other Old Norse word for god, <i>tivi</i>, is identical
+in root with Lat. <i>divus</i>; Sansk. <ins class = "correction" title =
+"so in original: ‘dyaus’?"><i>dwas</i></ins>; Gr. <span class = "greek"
+title = "Greek: Dios (Zeus)">Διός (Ζεύς)</span>; and this is again
+connected with <i>Tyr</i>, the Tivisco in the Germania of Tacitus. (See
+Max Müller’s Lectures on the Science of Language, 2d series,
+p.&nbsp;425). Paulus Diakonus states that Wodan, or Gwodan, was
+worshiped by all branches of the Teutons. Odin has also been sought and
+found in the Scythian <i>Zalmoxis</i>, in the Indian <i>Buddha</i>, in
+the Celtic Budd, and in the Mexican Votan. Zalmoxis, derived from the
+Gr. <span class = "greek" title = "Greek: Zalmos">Ζαλμός</span>,<a class
+= "tag" name = "trans_tagA" href = "#trans_noteA">A</a> helmet, reminds
+us of Odin as the helmet-bearer (Grimm, Gesch. der Deutschen Sprache).
+According to Humboldt, a race in Guatemala, Mexico, claim to be
+descended from Votan (Vues des Cordillères, 1817, I, 208). This suggests
+the question whether Odin’s name may not have been brought to America by
+the Norse discoverers in the 10th and 11th centuries, and adopted by
+some of the native races. In the Lay of Grimner (Elder Edda) the
+following names of Odin are enumerated:</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">245</span>
+<a name = "page245"> </a></p>
+<p class = "verse">
+Grim is my name<br>
+And Ganglere,<br>
+Herjan and Helmet-bearer,<br>
+Thekk and Thride,<br>
+Thud and Ud,<br>
+Helblinde and Har,</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Sad and Svipal,<br>
+And Sanngetal,<br>
+Herteit and Hnikar,<br>
+Bileyg and Baleyg,<br>
+Bolverk, Fjolner,<br>
+Grim and Grimner,<br>
+Glapsvid and Fjolsvid,</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Sidhot, Sidskeg,<br>
+Sigfather, Hnikud,<br>
+Alfather, Valfather,<br>
+Atrid and Farmatyr.<br>
+With one name<br>
+Was I never named<br>
+When I fared ’mong the peoples.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Grimner they called me<br>
+Here at Geirrod’s,<br>
+But Jalk at Asmund’s,<br>
+And Kjalar the time<br>
+When sleds (kjalka) I drew,<br>
+And Thror at the Thing,<br>
+Vidur on the battle-field,<br>
+Oske and Ome,<br>
+Jafnhar and Biflinde,<br>
+Gondler and Harbard ’mong the gods.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Svidur and Svidre<br>
+Hight I at Sokmimer’s,<br>
+And fooled the ancient giant<br>
+When I alone Midvitne’s,<br>
+The mighty son’s,<br>
+Bane had become.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<span class = "pagenum">246</span>
+<a name = "page246"> </a>
+Odin I now am called,<br>
+Ygg was my name before,<br>
+Before that I hight Thund,<br>
+Yak and Skilfing,<br>
+Vafud and Hroptatyr,<br>
+Got and Jalk ’mong the gods,<br>
+Ofner and Svafner.<br>
+All these names, I trow,<br>
+Have to me alone been given.</p>
+
+<p>What the etymology of all these names is, it is not easy to tell. The
+most of them are clearly Norse words, and express the various activities
+of their owner. It is worthy of notice that it is added when and where
+Odin bore this or that name (his name was Grim at Geirrod’s, Jalk at
+Asmund’s, etc.), and that the words sometimes indicate a progressive
+development, as Thund, then Ygg, and then Odin. First he was a mere
+sound in the air (Thund), then he took to thinking (Ygg), and at last he
+became the inspiring soul of the universe. Although we are unable to
+define all these names, they certainly each have a distinct meaning, and
+our ancestors certainly understood them perfectly. Har = the High One;
+Jafn-har = the Equally High One; Thride = the Third (<span class =
+"greek" title = "Greek: Zeus allos">Ζεὺς ἄλλος</span> and <span class =
+"greek" title = "Greek: Tritos">Τρίτος</span>; Alfather probably
+contracted from <i>Alda</i>father = the Father of the Ages and the
+Creations; Veratyr = the Lord of Beings; Rögner = the Ruler (from
+regin); Got (Gautr, from <i>gjóta</i>, to cast) = the Creator, Lat.
+Instillator; Mjotud = the Creator, the word being allied to Anglo-Saxon
+<i>meotod</i>, <i>metod</i>, Germ. <i>Messer</i>, and means originally
+cutter; but to cut and to make are synonymous. Such names as these have
+reference to Odin’s divinity as creator, arranger and ruler of gods and
+men. Svid and Fjolsvid
+<span class = "pagenum">247</span>
+<a name = "page247"> </a>
+= the swift, the wise; Ganglere, Gangrad and Vegtam = the wanderer, the
+waywont; Vidrer = the weather-ruler, together with serpent-names like
+Ofner, Svafner, etc., refer to Odin’s knowledge, his journeys, the
+various shapes he assumes. Permeating all nature, he appears in all its
+forms. Names like Sidhot = the slouchy hat; Sidskeg = the long-beard;
+Baleyg = the burning-eye; Grimner = the masked; Jalk (Jack) = the youth,
+etc., express the various forms in which he was thought to
+appear,&mdash;to his slouchy hat, his long beard, or his age, etc. Such
+names as Sanngetal = the true investigator; Farmatyr = the cargo-god,
+etc., refer to his various occupations as inventor, discoverer of runes,
+protector of trade and commerce, etc. Finally, all such names as
+Herfather = father of hosts; Herjan = the devastator; Sigfather = the
+father of victory; Sigtyr = god of victory; Skilfing = producing
+trembling; Hnikar = the breaker, etc., represent Odin as the god of war
+and victory. Oske = wish, is thus called because he gratifies our
+desires. Gimle, as will be seen later, is the abode of the blessed after
+Ragnarok. Vingolf (Vin and golf) means <i>friends’ floor</i>, and is the
+hall of the goddesses. Hel is the goddess of death, and from her name
+our word <i>hell</i> is derived.</p>
+
+<p>Our ancestors divided the universe into nine worlds: the uppermost
+was Muspelheim (the world of light); the lowest was Niflheim (the world
+of darkness). Compare the Greek word <span class = "greek" title =
+"Greek: nephelê (text reads ‘νεφέλγ/nephelg’)">νεφέλη</span> = mist.
+(See Norse Mythology, p.&nbsp;187.)</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ginungagap.</span> Ginn means wide, large,
+far-reaching, perhaps also void (compare the Anglo-Saxon <i>gin</i> =
+gaping, open, spacious; ginian = to gap; and ginnung
+<span class = "pagenum">248</span>
+<a name = "page248"> </a>
+= a yawning). Ginungagap thus means the yawning gap or abyss, and
+represents empty space. The poets use ginnung in the sense of a fish and
+of a hawk, and in geographical saga-fragments it is used as the name of
+the Polar&nbsp;Sea.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hvergelmer.</span> This word is usually
+explained as a transposition for Hvergemler, which would then be derived
+from Hver and gamall (old) = the old kettle; but Petersen shows that
+gelmir must be taken from galm, which is still found in the Jutland
+dialect, and means a gale (compare Golmstead = a windy place, and
+<i>golme</i> = to roar, blow). Gelmer is then the one producing galm,
+and Hvergelmer thus means the roaring kettle. The twelve rivers
+proceeding from Hvergelmer are called the Elivogs (Élivágar) in the next
+chapter. Éli-vágar means, according to Vigfusson, ice-waves. The most of
+the names occur in the long list of river names given in the Lay of
+Grimner, of the Elder Edda. Svol = the cool; Gunnthro = the
+battle-trough. Slid is also mentioned in the Vala’s Prophecy, where it
+is represented as being full of mud and swords. Sylg (from
+<i>svelgja</i> = to swallow) = the devourer; Ylg (from <i>yla</i> = to
+roar) = the roaring one; Leipt = the glowing, is also mentioned in the
+Lay of Helge Hunding’s Bane, where it is stated that they swore by it
+(compare Styx); Gjoll (from <i>gjalla</i> = to glisten and clang) = the
+shining, clanging one. The meaning of the other words is not clear, but
+they doubtless all, like those explained, express cold, violent motion,
+etc. The most noteworthy of these rivers are Leipt and Gjoll. In the Lay
+of Grimner they are said to flow nearest to the abode of man, and fall
+thence into Hel’s realm. Over Gjoll was
+<span class = "pagenum">249</span>
+<a name = "page249"> </a>
+the bridge which Hermod, after the death of Balder, crossed on his way
+to Hel. It is said to be thatched with shining gold, and a maid by name
+Modgud watches it. In the song of Sturle Thordson, on the death of Skule
+Jarl, it is said that “the king’s kinsman went over the Gjoll-bridge.”
+The farther part of the horizon, which often appears like a broad bright
+stream, may have suggested this river.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Surt</span> means the swarthy or black one.
+Many have regarded him as the unknown (dark) god, but this is probably
+an error. But there was some one in Muspelheim who sent the heat, and
+gave life to the frozen drops of rime. The latter, and not Surt, who is
+a giant, is the eternal god, the mighty one, whom the skald in the Lay
+of Hyndla dare not name. It is interesting to notice that our ancestors
+divided the evolution of the world into three distinct periods:
+(1)&nbsp;a pre-chaotic condition (Niflheim, Muspelheim and Ginungagap);
+(2)&nbsp;a chaotic condition (Ymer and the cow Audhumbla); (3)&nbsp;and
+finally the three gods, Odin (spirit), Vile (will) and Ve (sanctity),
+transformed chaos into cosmos. And away back in this pre-chaotic state
+of the world we find this mighty being who sends the heat. It is not
+definitely stated, but it can be inferred from other passages, that just
+as the good principle existed from everlasting in Muspelheim, so the
+evil principle existed co-eternally with it in Hvergelmer in Niflheim.
+Hvergelmer is the source out of which all matter first proceeded, and
+the dragon or devil Nidhug, who dwells in Hvergelmer, is, in our
+opinion, the evil principle who is from eternity. The good principle
+shall continue forever, but the evil shall cease to exist after
+Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">250</span>
+<a name = "page250"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Ymer</span> is the noisy one, and his name is
+derived from <i>ymja</i> = to howl (compare also the Finnish deity Jumo,
+after whom the town Umea takes its name, like Odinse).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Aurgelmer</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Thrudgelmer</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Bergelmer</span> express the gradual development from aur
+(clay) to thrud (that which is compressed), and finally to berg
+(rock).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidolf</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Vilmeide</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Svarthofde</span> are mentioned nowhere else in the
+mythology.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bure</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Bore</span> mean the bearing and the born; that is, father
+and&nbsp;son.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bolthorn</span> means the miserable one,
+from bol = evil; and Bestla may mean that which is best. The idea then
+is that Bor united himself with that which was best of the miserable
+material at hand.</p>
+
+<p>That the flood caused by the slaying of Ymer reminds us of Noah and
+his ark, and of the Greek flood, needs only to be suggested.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER IV.</h6>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ask</span> means an ash-tree, and <span
+class = "smallcaps">Embla</span> an elm-tree.</p>
+
+<p>While the etymology of the names in the myths are very obscure, the
+myths themselves are clear enough. Similar myths abound in Greek
+mythology. The story about Bil and Hjuke is our old English rhyme about
+Jack and Gill, who went up the hill to fetch a pail of water.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER V.</h6>
+
+<p>In reference to the golden age, see Norse Mythology, pp. 182 and
+197.</p>
+
+<p>In the appendix to the German so-called Hero-Book we are told that
+the dwarfs were first created
+<span class = "pagenum">251</span>
+<a name = "page251"> </a>
+to cultivate the desert lands and the mountains; thereupon the giants,
+to subdue the wild beasts; and finally the heroes, to assist the dwarfs
+against the treacherous giants. While the giants are always hostile to
+the gods, the dwarfs are usually friendly to them.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dwarfs.</span> Both giants and dwarfs shun
+the light. If surprised by the breaking forth of day, they become
+changed to stone. In one of the poems of the Elder Edda (the Alvismál),
+Thor amuses the dwarf Alvis with various questions till daylight, and
+then <ins class = "correction" title = "so in original">cooly</ins>
+says to him: With great artifices, I tell you, you have been
+deceived; you are surprised here, dwarf, by daylight! The sun now shines
+in the hall. In the Helgakvida Atle says to the giantess Hrimgerd: It is
+now day, Hrimgerd! But Atle has detained you, to your life’s perdition.
+It will appear a laughable harbor-mark, where you stand as a
+stone-image.</p>
+
+<p>In the German tales the dwarfs are described as deformed and
+diminutive, coarsely clad and of dusky hue: “a little black man,” “a
+little gray man.” They are sometimes of the height of a child of four
+years, sometimes as two spans high, a thumb high (hence, Tom Thumb). The
+old Danish ballad of Eline of Villenwood mentions a troll not bigger
+than an ant. Dvergmál (the speech of the dwarfs) is the Old Norse
+expression for the echo in the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>In the later popular belief, the dwarfs are generally called the
+subterraneans, the brown men in the moor, etc. They make themselves
+invisible by a hat or hood. The women spin and weave, the men are
+smiths. In Norway rock-crystal is called dwarf-stone. Certain
+<span class = "pagenum">252</span>
+<a name = "page252"> </a>
+stones are in Denmark called dwarf-hammers. They borrow things and seek
+advice from people, and beg aid for their wives when in labor, all which
+services they reward. But they also lame cattle, are thievish, and will
+carry off damsels. There have been instances of dwarf females having
+married and had children with men. (Thorpe’s Northern Mythology.)</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">War.</span> It was the first warfare in the
+world, says the Elder Edda, when they pierced Gullveig (gold-thirst)
+through with a spear, and burned her in Odin’s hall. Thrice they burned
+her, thrice she was born anew: again and again, but still she lives.
+When she comes to a house they call her Heide (the bright, the welcome),
+and regard her as a propitious vala or prophetess. She can tame wolves,
+understands witchcraft, and delights wicked women. Hereupon the gods
+consulted together whether they should punish this misdeed, or accept a
+blood-fine, when Odin cast forth a spear among mankind, and now began
+war and slaughter in the world. The defenses of the burgh of the asas
+was broken down. The vans anticipated war, and hastened over the field.
+The valkyries came from afar, ready to ride to the gods’ people: Skuld
+with the shield, Skogul, Gunn, Hild, Gondul and Geirr Skogul. (Quoted by
+Thorpe.)</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER VI.</h6>
+
+<p>In reference to Ygdrasil, we refer our readers to Norse Mythology,
+pp. 205-211, and to Thomas Carlyle’s Heroes and Hero-worship.</p>
+
+<p>A connection between the norns Urd, Verdande and Skuld and the weird
+sisters in Shakspeare’s <i>Macbeth</i> has long since been recognized;
+but new light has
+<span class = "pagenum">253</span>
+<a name = "page253"> </a>
+recently been thrown upon the subject by the philosopher Karl Blind, who
+has contributed valuable articles on the subject in the German
+periodical “Die Gegenwart” and in the “London Academy.” We take the
+liberty of reproducing here an abstract of his article in the
+“Academy”:</p>
+
+<div class = "longquote">
+<p class = "aster">* * * * * *</p>
+
+<p>The fact itself of these Witches being simply transfigurations, or
+later disguises, of the Teutonic Norns is fully established&mdash;as may
+be seen from Grimm or Simrock. In delineating these hags, Shakspeare has
+practically drawn upon old Germanic sources, perhaps upon current
+folk-lore of his time.</p>
+
+<p>It has always struck me as noteworthy that in the greater part of the
+scene between the Weird Sisters, Macbeth and Banquo, and wherever the
+Witches come in, Shakspeare uses the staff-rime in a remarkable manner.
+Not only does this add powerfully to the archaic impressiveness and awe,
+but it also seems to bring the form and figure of the Sisters of Fate
+more closely within the circle of the Teutonic idea. I have pointed out
+this striking use of the alliterative system in <i>Macbeth</i> in an
+article on “An old German Poem and a Vedic Hymn,” which appeared in
+<i>Fraser</i> in June, 1877, and in which the derivation of the Weird
+Sisters from the Germanic Norns is mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The very first scene in the first act of <i>Macbeth</i> opens
+strongly with the staff-rime:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>1st Witch</i>. When shall we three meet again&mdash;<br>
+In thunder, lightning or in rain?</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>2d Witch</i>. When the hurly-burly’s done,<br>
+When the battle’s lost and won.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>3d Witch</i>. That will be ere set of sun.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>1st Witch</i>. Where the place?</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>2d Witch</i>.<span class = "inset">Upon the heath.</span></p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>3d Witch</i>. There to meet with Macbeth.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>1st Witch</i>. I come, Graymalkin!</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+<i>All</i>. Paddock calls. Anon.<br>
+Fair is foul, and foul is fair.<br>
+Hover through the fog and filthy air.
+</p>
+
+<p>Not less marked is the adoption of the fullest
+staff-rime&mdash;together (as&nbsp;above) with the end-rime&mdash;in the
+third scene, when the Weird Sisters speak. Again, there is the
+staff-rime when Banquo addresses them. Again, the strongest
+alliteration, combined with the
+<span class = "pagenum">254</span>
+<a name = "page254"> </a>
+end-rime, runs all through the Witches’ spell-song in Act iv, scene 1.
+This feature in Shakspeare appears to me to merit closer investigation;
+all the more so because a less regular alliteration, but still a marked
+one, is found in not a few passages of a number of his plays. Only one
+further instance of the systematic employment of alliteration may here
+be noted in passing. It is in Ariel’s songs in the <i>Tempest</i>, Act
+i, scene 2. Schlegel and Tieck evidently did not observe this
+alliterative peculiarity. Their otherwise excellent translation does not
+render it, except so far as the obvious similarity of certain English
+and German words involuntarily made them do so. But in the notes to
+their version of <i>Macbeth</i> the character of the Weird Sisters is
+also misunderstood, though Warburton is referred to, who had already
+suggested their derivations from the Valkyrs or Norns.</p>
+
+<p>It is an error to say that the Witches in <i>Macbeth</i> “are never
+called witches” (compare Act i, scene 3: “‘Give me!’ quoth I. ‘A-roint
+thee, <i>witch</i>!’ the rump-fed ronyon cries”). However, their
+designation as Weird Sisters fully settles the case of their Germanic
+origin.</p>
+
+<p>This name “Weird” is derived from the Anglo-Saxon Norn Wyrd (Sax.
+<i>Wurth</i>; O. H. Ger. <i>Wurd</i>; Norse, <i>Urd</i>), who represents
+the Past, as her very name shows. Wurd is <i>die Gewordene</i>&mdash;the
+“Has Been,” or rather the “Has Become,” if one could say so in
+English.</p>
+
+<p class = "aster">* * * * * *</p>
+
+<p>In Shakspeare the Witches are three in number&mdash;even as in Norse,
+German, as well as in Keltic and other mythologies. Urd, properly
+speaking, is the Past. Skuld is the Future, or “That Which shall Be.”
+Verdandi, usually translated as the Present, has an even deeper meaning.
+Her name is not to be derived from <i>vera</i> (to&nbsp;be), but from
+<i>verda</i> (Ger. <i>werden</i>). This verb, which has a mixed meaning
+of “to be,” “to become,” or to “grow,” has been lost in English.
+Verdandi is, therefore, not merely a representative of present Being,
+but of the process of Growing, or of Evolution&mdash;which gives her
+figure a profounder aspect. Indeed, there is generally more significance
+in mythological tales than those imagine who look upon them chiefly as a
+barren play of fancy.</p>
+
+<p>Incidentally it may be remarked that, though Shakspeare’s Weird
+Sisters are three in number&mdash;corresponding to Urd, Verdandi and
+Skuld&mdash;German and Northern mythology and folk-lore occasionally
+speak of twelve or seven of them. In the German tale of
+<i>Dornröschen</i>,
+<span class = "pagenum">255</span>
+<a name = "page255"> </a>
+or the Sleeping Beauty, there are twelve good fays; and a thirteenth,
+who works the evil spell. Once, in German folk-lore, we meet with but
+two Sisters of Fate&mdash;one of them called <i>Kann</i>, the other
+<i>Muss</i>. Perhaps these are representatives of man’s measure of free
+will (that which he “can”), and of that which is his inevitable
+fate&mdash;or, that which he “must”&nbsp;do.</p>
+
+<p>Though the word “Norn” has been lost in England and Germany, it is
+possibly preserved in a German folk-lore ditty, which speaks of three
+Sisters of Fate as “Nuns.” Altogether, German folk-lore is still full of
+rimes about three Weird Sisters. They are sometimes called Wild Women,
+or Wise Women, or the Measurers (<i>Metten</i>)&mdash;namely, of Fate;
+or, euphemistically, like the Eumenides, the Advisers of Welfare
+(<i>Heil-Räthinnen</i>), reminding us of the counsels given to Macbeth
+in the apparition scene; or the Quick Judges (<i>Gach-Schepfen</i>).
+Even as in the Edda, these German fays weave and twist threads or ropes,
+and attach them to distant parts, thus fixing the weft of Fate. One of
+these fays is sometimes called Held, and described as black, or as half
+dark half white&mdash;like Hel, the Mistress of the Nether World. That
+German fay is also called Rachel, clearly a contraction of Rach-Hel,
+i.e. the Avengeress&nbsp;Hel.</p>
+
+<p>Now, in <i>Macbeth</i> also the Weird Sisters are described as
+“black.” The coming up of Hekate with them in the cave-scene might not
+unfitly be looked upon as a parallel with the German Held, or Rach-Hel,
+and the Norse Hel; these Teutonic deities being originally Goddesses of
+Nocturnal Darkness, and of the Nether World, even as Hekate.</p>
+
+<p>In German folk-lore, three Sisters of Fate bear the names of Wilbet,
+Worbet and Ainbet. Etymologically these names seem to refer to the
+well-disposed nature of a fay representing the Past; to the warring or
+worrying troubles of the Present; and to the terrors (<i>Ain</i> =
+<i>Agin</i>) of the Future. All over southern Germany, from Austria to
+Alsace and Rhenish Hesse, the three fays are known under various names
+besides Wilbet, Worbet, and Ainbet&mdash;for instance, as Mechtild,
+Ottilia, and Gertraud; as Irmina, Adela, and Chlothildis, and so forth.
+The fay in the middle of this trio is always a good fay, a white
+fay&mdash;but blind. Her treasure (the very names of Ottilia and Adela
+point to a treasure) is continually being taken from her by the third
+fay, a dark and evil one, as well as by the first. This myth has been
+interpreted as meaning that the Present, being blinded as to its own
+existence, is continually being encroached upon, robbed as it were, by
+the dark Future and the Past.
+<span class = "pagenum">256</span>
+<a name = "page256"> </a>
+Of this particular trait there is no vestige in Shakspeare’s Weird
+Sisters. They, like the Norns, “go hand in hand.” But there is another
+point which claims attention Shakspeare’s Witches are bearded. (“You
+should be women, and yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you are
+so.” Act i, scene&nbsp;3.)</p>
+
+<p>It need scarcely be brought to recollection that a commingling of the
+female and male character occurs in the divine and semi-divine figures
+of various mythological systems&mdash;including the Bearded Venus. Of
+decisive importance is, however, the fact of a bearded Weird Sister
+having apparently been believed in by our heathen German
+forefathers.</p>
+
+<p>Near Wessobrunn, in Upper Bavaria, where the semi-heathen fragment of
+a cosmogonic lay, known as “Wessobrunn Prayer,” was discovered, there
+has also been found, of late, a rudely-sculptured three-headed image. It
+is looked upon as an ancient effigy of the German Norns. The Cloister of
+the three Holy Bournes, or Fountains, which stands close by the place of
+discovery, is supposed to have been set up on ground that had once
+served for pagan worship. Probably the later monkish establishment of
+the Three Holy Bournes had taken the place of a similarly named heathen
+sanctuary where the three Sisters of Fate were once adored. Indeed, the
+name of all the corresponding fays in yet current German folk-lore is
+connected with holy wells. This quite fits in with the three Eddic
+Bournes near the great Tree of Existence, at one of
+which&mdash;apparently at the oldest, which is the very Source of
+Being&mdash;the Norns live, “the maidens that over the Sea of Age travel
+in deep foreknowledge,” and of whom it is said that:</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+They laid the lots, they ruled the life<br>
+To the sons of men, their fate foretelling.
+</p>
+
+<p>Now, curiously enough, the central head of the slab found near
+Wessobrunn, in the neighborhood of the Cloister of the Three Holy
+Bournes, is <i>bearded</i>. This has puzzled our archæologists. Some of
+them fancied that what appears to be a beard might after all be the hair
+of one of the fays or Norns, tied round the chin. By the light of the
+description of the Weird Sisters in Shakspeare’s <i>Macbeth</i> we,
+however, see at once the true connection.</p>
+
+<p>In every respect, therefore, his “Witches” are an echo from the
+ancient Germanic creed&mdash;an echo, moreover, coming to us in the
+oldest Teutonic verse-form; that is, in the staff-rime.</p>
+
+<p class = "smallcaps" align = "right">Karl Blind.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">257</span>
+<a name = "page257"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Elves.</span> The elves of later times seem a
+sort of middle thing between the light and dark elves. They are fair and
+lively, but also bad and mischievous. In some parts of Norway the
+peasants describe them as diminutive naked boys with hats on. Traces of
+their dance are sometimes to be seen on the wet grass, especially on the
+banks of rivers. Their exhalation is injurious, and is called
+<i>alfgust</i> or <i>elfblæst</i>, causing a swelling, which is easily
+contracted by too nearly approaching places where they have spat, etc.
+They have a predilection for certain spots, but particularly for large
+trees, which on that account the owners do not venture to meddle with,
+but look on them as something sacred, on which the weal or woe of the
+place depends. Certain diseases among their cattle are attributed to the
+elves, and are, therefore, called elf-fire or elf-shot. The dark elves
+are often confounded with the dwarfs, with whom they, indeed, seem
+identical, although they are distinguished in Odin’s Haven’s Song. The
+Norwegians also make a distinction between dwarfs and elves, believing
+the former to live solitary and in quiet, while the latter love music
+and dancing. (Faye, p.&nbsp;48; quoted by Thorpe.)</p>
+
+<p>The fairies of Scotland are precisely identical with the above. They
+are described as a diminutive race of beings of a mixed or rather
+dubious nature, capricious in their dispositions and mischievous in
+their resentment. They inhabit the interior of green hills, chiefly
+those of a conical form, in Gaelic termed <i>Sighan</i>, on which they
+lead their dances by moonlight; impressing upon the surface the marks of
+circles, which sometimes appear yellow and blasted,
+<span class = "pagenum">258</span>
+<a name = "page258"> </a>
+sometimes of a deep green hue, and within which it is dangerous to
+sleep, or to be found after sunset. Cattle which are suddenly seized
+with the cramp, or some similar disorder, are said to be
+<i>elf-shot</i>. (Scott’s Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border; quoted by
+Thorpe.)</p>
+
+<p>Of the Swedish elves, Arndt gives the following sketch: Of giants, of
+dwarfs, of the alp, of dragons, that keep watch over treasures, they
+have the usual stories; nor are the kindly elves forgotten. How often
+has my postillion, when he observed a circular mark in the dewy grass,
+exclaimed: See! there the elves have been dancing. These elf-dances play
+a great part in the spinning-room. To those who at midnight happen to
+enter one of these circles, the elves become visible, and may then play
+all kinds of pranks with them; though in general they are little, merry,
+harmless beings, both male and female. They often sit in small stones,
+that are hollowed out in circular form, and which are called elf-querns
+or mill-stones. Their voice is said to be soft like the air. If a loud
+cry is heard in the forest, it is that of the Skogsrå (spirit of the
+wood), which should be answered only by a <i>He!</i> when it can do no
+harm. (Reise durch Sweden; quoted by Thorpe.)</p>
+
+<p>The elf-shot was known in England in very remote times, as appears
+from the Anglo-Saxon incantation, printed by Grimm in his Deutsche
+Mythologie, and in the appendix to Kemble’s Saxons in England: Gif hit
+wœre esa gescot oððe hit wœre ylfa gescot; that is, if it were an
+asa-shot or an elf-shot. On this subject Grimm says: It is a very old
+belief that dangerous arrows were shot by the elves from the air. The
+thunder-bolt is also called elf-shot, and in Scotland
+<span class = "pagenum">259</span>
+<a name = "page259"> </a>
+a hard, sharp, wedge-shaped stone is known by the name of elf-arrow,
+elf-flint, elf-bolt, which, it is supposed, has been sent by the
+spirits. (Quoted by Thorpe.)</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER VII.</h6>
+
+<p>Our ancestors divided the universe into nine worlds, and these again
+into three groups:</p>
+
+<p>1. Over the earth. Muspelheim, Ljosalfaheim and Asaheim.</p>
+
+<p>2. On the earth. Jotunheim, Midgard and Vanheim.</p>
+
+<p>3. Below the earth. Svartalfaheim, Niflheim and Niflhel.</p>
+
+<p>The gods had twelve abodes:</p>
+
+<p>1. <span class = "smallcaps">Thrudheim.</span> The abode of Thor. His
+realm is Thrudvang, and his palace is Bilskirner.</p>
+
+<p>2. <span class = "smallcaps">Ydaler.</span> Uller’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>3. <span class = "smallcaps">Valaskjalf.</span> Odin’s hall.</p>
+
+<p>4. <span class = "smallcaps">Sokvabek.</span> The abode of Saga.</p>
+
+<p>5. <span class = "smallcaps">Gladsheim</span>, where there are twelve
+seats for the gods, besides the throne occupied by Alfather.</p>
+
+<p>6. <span class = "smallcaps">Thrymheim.</span> Skade’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>7. <span class = "smallcaps">Breidablik.</span> Balder’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>8. <span class = "smallcaps">Himminbjorg.</span> Heimdal’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>9. <span class = "smallcaps">Folkvang.</span> Freyja’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>10. <span class = "smallcaps">Glitner.</span> Forsete’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>11. <span class = "smallcaps">Noatun.</span> Njord’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>12. <span class = "smallcaps">Landvide.</span> Vidar’s abode.</p>
+
+<p>According to the Lay of Grimner, the gods had twelve horses, but the
+owner of each horse is not given:</p>
+
+<p>(1) Sleipner (Odin’s), (2) Goldtop (Heimdal’s),
+<span class = "pagenum">260</span>
+<a name = "page260"> </a>
+(3) Glad, (4) Gyller, (5)&nbsp;Gler, (6)&nbsp;Skeidbrimer,
+(7)&nbsp;Silvertop, (8)&nbsp;Siner, (9)&nbsp;Gisl, (10)&nbsp;Falhofner,
+(11)&nbsp;Lightfoot, (12)&nbsp;Blodughofdi (Frey’s).</p>
+
+<p>The owners of nine of them are not given, and, moreover, it is stated
+that Thor had no horse, but always either went on foot or drove his
+goats.</p>
+
+<p>The favorite numbers are three, nine and twelve. Monotheism was
+recognized in the unknown god, who is from everlasting to everlasting. A
+number of trinities were established, and the nine worlds were
+classified into three groups. The week had nine days, and originally
+there were probably but nine gods, that is, before the vans were united
+with the asas. The number nine occurs where Heimdal is said to have nine
+mothers, Menglad is said to have nine maid-servants, Æger had nine
+daughters, etc. When the vans were united with the asas, the number rose
+to twelve:</p>
+
+<p>(1) Odin, (2) Thor, (3) Tyr, (4) Balder, (5)&nbsp;Hoder,
+(6)&nbsp;Heimdal, (7)&nbsp;Hermod, (8)&nbsp;Njord, (9)&nbsp;Frey,
+(10)&nbsp;Uller, (11)&nbsp;Vidar, (12)&nbsp;Forsete.</p>
+
+<p>If we add to this list Brage, Vale and Loke, we get fifteen; but the
+Eddas everywhere declare that there are twelve gods, who were entitled
+to divine worship.</p>
+
+<p>The number of the goddesses is usually given as twenty-six.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER VIII.</h6>
+
+<p>Loke and his offspring are so fully treated in our Norse Mythology,
+that we content ourselves by referring our readers to that work.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">261</span>
+<a name = "page261"> </a>
+<h6>CHAPTER IX.</h6>
+
+<p>Freyja’s ornament Brising. In the saga of Olaf Tryggvason, there is a
+rather awkward story of the manner in which Freyja became possessed of
+her ornament. Freyja, it is told, was a mistress of Odin. Not far from
+the palace dwelt four dwarfs, whose names were Alfrig, Dvalin, Berling
+and Grer; they were skillful smiths. Looking one day into their stony
+dwelling, Freyja saw them at work on a beautiful golden necklace, or
+collar, which she offered to buy, but which they refused to part with,
+except on conditions quite incompatible with the fidelity she owed to
+Odin, but to which she, nevertheless, was tempted to accede. Thus the
+ornament became hers. By some means this transaction came to the
+knowledge of Loke, who told it to Odin. Odin commanded him to get
+possession of the ornament. This was no easy task, for no one could
+enter Freyja’s bower without her consent. He went away whimpering, but
+most were glad on seeing him in such tribulation. When he came to the
+locked bower, he could nowhere find an entrance, and, it being cold
+weather, he began to shiver. He then transformed himself into a fly and
+tried every opening, but in vain; there was nowhere air enough to make
+him to get through [Loke (fire) requires air]. At length he found a hole
+in the roof, but not bigger than the prick of a needle. Through this he
+<ins class = "correction" title = "variant spelling in original">slipt</ins>.
+On his entrance he looked around to see if anyone were awake, but
+all were buried in sleep. He peeped in at Freyja’s bed, and saw that she
+had the ornament round her neck, but that the lock was on the side she
+lay on. He then
+<span class = "pagenum">262</span>
+<a name = "page262"> </a>
+transformed himself to a flea, placed himself on Freyja’s cheek, and
+stung her so that she awoke, but only turned herself round and slept
+again. He then laid aside his assumed form, cautiously took the
+ornament, unlocked the bower, and took his prize to Odin. In the
+morning, on waking, Freyja seeing the door open, without having been
+forced, and that her ornament was gone, instantly understood the whole
+affair. Having dressed herself, she repaired to Odin’s hall, and
+upbraided him with having stolen her ornament, and insisted on its
+restoration, which she finally obtained. (Quoted by Thorpe.)</p>
+
+<p>Mention is also made of the Brósinga-men in the Beowulf (verse 2394).
+Here it is represented as belonging to Hermanric, but the legend
+concerning it has never been found.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER X.</h6>
+
+<p>This myth about Frey and Gerd is the subject of one of the most
+fascinating poems in the Elder Edda, the Journey of Skirner. It is, as
+Auber Forestier, in Echoes from Mistland, says, the germ of the Niblung
+story. Frey is Sigurd or Sigfrid, and Gerd is Brynhild. The myth is also
+found in another poem of the Elder Edda, the Lay of Fjolsvin, in which
+the god himself&mdash;there called Svipday (the hastener of the
+day)&mdash;undertakes the journey to arouse from the winter sleep the
+cold giant nature of the maiden Menglad (the sun-radiant daughter), who
+is identical with Freyja (the goddess of spring, promise, or of love
+between man and woman, and who can easily be compared with Gerd). Before
+the bonds which enchain the maiden can in either case be broken, Bele
+(the
+<span class = "pagenum">263</span>
+<a name = "page263"> </a>
+giant of spring storms, corresponding to the dragon Fafner in the
+Niblung story,) must be conquered, and Wafurloge (the wall of bickering
+flames that surrounded the castle) must be penetrated. The fanes
+symbolize the funeral pyre, for whoever enters the nether world must
+scorn the fear of death. (Auber Forestier’s Echoes from Mistland;
+Introduction, xliii, xliv.) We also find this story repeated again and
+again, in numberless variations, in Teutonic folk-lore; for instance, in
+The Maiden on the Glass Mountain, where the glass mountain takes the
+place of the bickering flame.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER XI.</h6>
+
+<p>The tree Lerad (furnishing protection) must be regarded as a branch
+of Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER XII.</h6>
+
+<p>In Heimskringla Skidbladner is called Odin’s ship. This is correct.
+All that belonged to the gods was his also.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER XIII.</h6>
+
+<p>For a thorough analysis of Thor as a spring god, as the god who
+dwells in the clouds, as the god of thunder and lightning, as the god of
+agriculture, in short, as the god of culture, we can do no better than
+to refer our readers to Der Mythus von Thor, nach Nordischen Quellen,
+von Ludwig Uhland, Stuttgart, 1836; and to Handbuch der Deutschen
+Mythologie, mit Einschluss der Nordischen, von Karl Simrock, Vierte
+Auflage, Bonn, 1874.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">264</span>
+<a name = "page264"> </a>
+<h6>CHAPTER XIV.</h6>
+
+<p>The death of Balder is justly regarded as the most beautiful myth in
+Teutonic mythology. It is connected with the Lay of Vegtam in the Elder
+Edda. Like so many other myths (Frey and Gerd, The Robbing of Idun,
+etc.) the myth symbolizes originally the end of summer and return of
+spring. Thus Balder dies every year and goes to Hel. But in the
+following spring he returns to the asas, and gladdens all things living
+and dead with his pure shining light. Gradually, however, the myth was
+changed from a symbol of the departing and returning summer, and applied
+to the departing and returning of the world year, and thus the death of
+Balder prepares the way for Ragnarok and Regeneration. Balder goes to
+Hel and does not return to this world. Thokk refuses to weep for him.
+His return is promised after Ragnarok. The next spring does not bring
+him back, but the rejuvenated earth. Thus the death of Balder becomes
+the central thought in the drama of the fate of the gods and of the
+world. It is inseparably connected with the punishment of Loke and the
+twilight of the gods. The winter following the death of Balder is not an
+ordinary winter, but the Fimbul-winter, which is followed by no summer,
+but by the destruction of the world. The central idea in the Odinic
+religion, the destruction and regeneration of the world, has taken this
+beautiful sun-myth of Balder into its service. Balder is then no more
+merely the pure holy light of heaven; he symbolizes at the same time the
+purity and innocence of the gods; he is changed from a physical to an
+ethical myth. He impersonated <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘al’">all</ins>
+<span class = "pagenum">265</span>
+<a name = "page265"> </a>
+that was good and holy in the life of the gods; and so it came to pass
+that when the golden age had ceased, when thirst for gold (Gulveig),
+when sin and crime had come into the world, he was too good to live in
+it. As in Genesis fratricide (Cain and Abel) followed upon the eating of
+the forbidden fruit, and the loss of paradise; so, when the golden age
+(paradise) had ended among the asas, Loke (the serpent) brought
+fratricide (Hoder and Balder) among the gods; themselves and our
+ancestors regarded fratricide as the lowest depth of moral depravity.
+After the death of Balder</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+Brothers slay brothers,<br>
+Sisters’ children<br>
+Shed each other’s blood,<br>
+Hard grows the world,<br>
+Sensual sin waxes huge.</p>
+
+<p class = "verse">
+There are sword-ages, ax-ages&mdash;<br>
+Shields are cleft in twain,&mdash;<br>
+Storm-ages, murder-ages,&mdash;<br>
+Till the world falls dead,<br>
+And men no longer spare<br>
+Or pity one another.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the whole we may say that a sun-myth first represents the death
+of the day at sunset, when the sky is radiant as if dyed in blood. In
+the flushing morn light wins its victory again. Then this same myth
+becomes transferred to the death and birth of summer. Once more it is
+lifted into a higher sphere, while still holding on to its physical
+interpretation, and is applied to the world year. Finally, it is clothed
+with ethical attributes, becomes thoroughly anthropomorphized, and
+typifies the good and the evil, the virtues and vices (light and
+darkness), in the character and life of gods
+<span class = "pagenum">266</span>
+<a name = "page266"> </a>
+and of men. Thus we get four stages in the development of the myth.</p>
+
+
+<h6>CHAPTER XV.</h6>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ragnarok.</span> The word is found written
+in two ways, Ragnarok and ragnarökr. Ragna is genitive plural, from the
+word regin (god), and means of the gods. Rok means reason, ground,
+origin, a wonder, sign, marvel. It is allied to the O.H.G. <i>rahha</i>
+= sentence, judgment. Ragnarök would then mean <i>the history of the
+gods</i>, and applied to the dissolution of the world, might be
+translated <i>the last judgment</i>, <i>doomsday</i>, <i>weird of gods
+and the world</i>. Rokr means <i>twilight</i>, and Ragnarokr, as the
+Younger Edda has it, thus means <i>the twilight of the gods</i>, and the
+latter is adopted by nearly all modern writers, although Gudbr.
+Vigfusson declares that Ragnarok (doomsday) is no doubt the correct
+form. And this is also to be said in favor of doomsday, that Ragnarok
+does not involve only the <i>twilight</i>, but the whole <i>night</i> of
+the gods and the world.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_niflungs">THE NIFLUNGS AND
+GJUKUNGS.</a></h5>
+
+<p>This chapter of <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘Skaldkaparmal’"><i>Skaldskaparmal</i></ins> contains much
+valuable material for a correct understanding of the Nibelungen-Lied,
+especially as to the origin of the Niblung hoard, and the true character
+of Brynhild. The material given here, and in the Icelandic Volsunga
+Saga, has been used by Wm. Morris in his Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall
+of the Niblungs. In the Nibelungen-Lied, as transposed by Auber
+Forestier, in Echoes from <ins class = "correction" title =
+"inconsistent hyphenation in original">Mist-Land,</ins> we have a
+perfect gem of literature from the middle high German
+<span class = "pagenum">267</span>
+<a name = "page267"> </a>
+period, but its author had lost sight of the divine and mythical origin
+of the material that he wove into his poem. It is only by combining the
+German Nibelungen-Lied with the mythical materials found in Norseland
+that our national Teutonic epic can be restored to us. Wagner has done
+this for us in his famous drama; Jordan has done it in his Sigfrid’s
+saga; Morris has done it in the work mentioned above; but will not Auber
+Forestier gather up all the scattered fragments relating to Sigurd and
+Brynhild, and weave them together into a prose narrative, that shall
+delight the young and the old of this great land?</p>
+
+<p>We are glad to welcome at this time a new book in the field of
+Niblung literature. We refer to Geibel’s Brunhild, translated, with
+introduction and notes, by Prof. G. Theo. Dippold, and recently
+published in Boston.</p>
+
+
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_menja">MENJA AND FENJA.</a></h5>
+
+<p>This is usually called the peace of Frode, which corresponds to the
+golden age in the life of the asas. Avarice is the root of crime, and
+all other evils. Avarice is at the bottom of all the endless woes of the
+Niblung story. The myth explaining why the sea is salt is told in a
+variety of forms in different countries. In Germany there are several
+folk-lore stories and traditions in regard to it. In Norway, where
+folk-lore tales are so abundant, we find the myth about Menja and Fenja
+recurring in the following form:</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">268</span>
+<a name = "page268"> </a>
+<h5 class = "section"><a name = "notes_salt">WHY THE SEA IS
+SALT.</a></h5>
+
+<p>Long, long ago there were two brothers, the one was rich and the
+other was poor. On Christmas eve the poor one had not a morsel of bread
+or meat in his house, and so he went to his brother and asked him for
+mercy’s sake to give him something for Christmas. It was not the first
+time the brother had had to give him, and he was not very much pleased
+to see him this time either.</p>
+
+<p>“If you will do what I ask of you, I will give you a whole ham of
+pork,” said&nbsp;he.</p>
+
+<p>The poor man promised immediately, and was very thankful besides.</p>
+
+<p>“There you have it, now go to hell,” said the rich one, and threw the
+ham at&nbsp;him.</p>
+
+<p>“What I have promised, I suppose, I must keep,” said the other. He
+took the ham and started. He walked and walked the whole day, and at
+twilight he came to a place where everything looked so bright and
+splendid.</p>
+
+<p>“This must be the place,” thought the man with the ham.</p>
+
+<p>Out in the wood-shed stood an old man with a long white beard,
+cutting wood for Christmas.</p>
+
+<p>“Good evening,” said the man with the ham.</p>
+
+<p>“Good evening, sir. Where are you going so late?” said
+the&nbsp;man.</p>
+
+<p>“I am on my way to hell, if I am on the right road,” said the
+poor&nbsp;man.</p>
+
+<p>“Yes, you have taken the right road; it is here,” said the old man.
+“Now when you get in, they will all want to buy your ham, for pork is
+rare food in
+<span class = "pagenum">269</span>
+<a name = "page269"> </a>
+hell; but you must not sell it, unless you get the hand-mill that stands
+back of the door for it. When you come out again I will show you how to
+regulate it. You will find it useful in more than one respect.”</p>
+
+<p>The man with the ham thanked the old man for this valuable
+information, and rapped at the devil’s door.</p>
+
+<p>When he came in it happened as the old man had said. All the devils,
+both the large ones and the small ones, crowded around him like ants
+around a worm, and the one bid higher than the other for
+the&nbsp;ham.</p>
+
+<p>“It is true my wife and I were to have it for our Christmas dinner,
+but, seeing that you are so eager for it, I suppose I will have to let
+you have it,” said the man. “But if I am to sell it, I want that
+hand-mill that stands behind the door there for&nbsp;it.”</p>
+
+<p>The devil did not like to spare it, and kept dickering and bantering
+with the man, but he insisted, and so the devil had to give him the
+hand-mill. When the man came out in the yard he asked the old
+wood-chopper how he should regulate the mill; and when he had learned
+how to do it, he said “thank you,” and made for home as fast as he
+could. But still he did not reach home before twelve o’clock in the
+night Christmas&nbsp;eve.</p>
+
+<p>“Why, where in the world have you been?” said the woman. “Here I have
+been sitting hour after hour waiting and waiting, and I haven’t as much
+as two sticks to put on the fire so as to cook the Christmas
+porridge.”</p>
+
+<p>“Oh, I could not come any sooner. I had several errands to do, and I
+had a long way to go too. But
+<span class = "pagenum">270</span>
+<a name = "page270"> </a>
+now I will show you,” said the man. He set the mill on the table, and
+had it first grind light, then a table-cloth, then food and ale and all
+sorts of good things for Christmas, and as he commanded the mill ground.
+The woman expressed her great astonishment again and again, and wanted
+to know where her husband had gotten the mill, but this he would not
+tell.</p>
+
+<p>“It makes no difference where I have gotten it; you see the mill is a
+good one, and that the water does not freeze,” said the&nbsp;man.</p>
+
+<p>Then he ground food and drink, and all good things, for the whole
+Christmas week, and on the third day he invited his friends: he was
+going to have a party. When the rich brother saw all the nice and good
+things at the party, he became very wroth, for he could not bear to see
+his brother have anything.</p>
+
+<p>“Christmas eve he was so needy that he came to me and asked me for
+mercy’s sake to give him a little food, and now he gives a feast as
+though he were both count and king,” said he to the others.</p>
+
+<p>“But where in hell have you gotten all your riches from?” said he to
+his brother.</p>
+
+<p>“Behind the door,” answered he who owned the mill. He did not care to
+give any definite account, but later in the evening, when he began to
+get a little tipsy, he could not help himself and brought out the
+mill.</p>
+
+<p>“There you see the one that has given me all the riches,” said he,
+and then he let the mill grind both one thing and another. When the
+brother saw this he was bound to have the mill, and after a long
+<span class = "pagenum">271</span>
+<a name = "page271"> </a>
+bantering about it, he finally was to have it; but he was to pay three
+hundred dollars for it, and his brother was to keep it until
+harvest.</p>
+
+<p>“When I keep it until then, I shall have ground food enough to last
+many years,” thought&nbsp;he.</p>
+
+<p>Of course the mill got no chance to grow rusty during the next six
+months, and when harvest-time came, the rich brother got it; but the
+other man had taken good care not to show him how to regulate it. It was
+in the evening that the rich man brought the mill home, and in the
+morning he bade his wife go and spread the hay after the
+mowers,&mdash;he would get dinner ready, he said. Toward dinner he put
+the mill on the table.</p>
+
+<p>“Grind fish and gruel: Grind both well and fast!” said the man, and
+the mill began to grind fish and gruel. It first filled all the dishes
+and tubs full, and after that it covered the whole floor with fish and
+gruel. The man kept puttering and tinkering, and tried to get the mill
+to stop; but no matter how he turned it and fingered at it, the mill
+kept on, and before long the gruel got so deep in the room that the man
+was on the point of drowning. Then he opened the door to the
+sitting-room, but before long that room was filled too, and the man had
+all he could do to get hold of the door-latch down in this flood of
+gruel. When he got the door open he did not remain long in the room. He
+ran out as fast as he could, and there was a perfect flood of fish gruel
+behind, deluging the yard and his fields.</p>
+
+<p>The wife, who was in the meadow making hay, began to think that it
+took a long time to get dinner ready.
+<span class = "pagenum">272</span>
+<a name = "page272"> </a>
+“Even if husband does not call us, we will have to go anyway. I suppose
+he does not know much about making gruel; I will have to go and help
+him,” said the woman to the mowers.</p>
+
+<p>They went homeward, but on coming up the hill they met the flood of
+fish and gruel and bread, the one mixed up with the other, and the man
+came running ahead of the flood.</p>
+
+<p>“Would that each one of you had an hundred stomachs, but have a care
+that you do not drown in the gruel flood,” cried the husband. He ran by
+them as though the devil had been after him, and hastened down to his
+brother. He begged him in the name of everything sacred to come and take
+the mill away immediately.</p>
+
+<p>“If it grinds another hour the whole settlement will perish in fish
+and gruel,” said&nbsp;he.</p>
+
+<p>But the brother would not take it unless he got three hundred
+dollars, and this money had to be paid to&nbsp;him.</p>
+
+<p>Now the poor brother had both money and the mill, and so it did not
+take long before he got himself a farm, and a much nicer one than his
+brother’s. With his mill he ground out so much gold that he covered his
+house all over with sheets of gold. The house stood down by the
+sea-shore, and it glistened far out upon the sea. All who sailed past
+had to go ashore and visit the rich man in the golden house, and all
+wanted to see the wonderful mill, for its fame spread far and wide, and
+there was none who had not heard speak of&nbsp;it.</p>
+
+<p>After a long time there came a sea-captain who
+<span class = "pagenum">273</span>
+<a name = "page273"> </a>
+wished to see the mill. He asked whether it could grind salt.</p>
+
+<p>“Yes, it can grind salt,” said he who owned the mill; and when the
+captain heard this, he was bound to have it, let it cost what it will.
+For if he had that, thought he, he would not have to sail far off over
+dangerous waters after cargoes of salt. At first the man did not wish to
+sell it, but the captain teased and begged and finally the man sold it,
+and got many thousand dollars for it. When the captain had gotten the
+mill on his back, he did not stay there long, for he was afraid the man
+might reconsider the bargain and back out again. He had no time to ask
+how to regulate it; he went to his ship as fast as he could, and when he
+had gotten some distance out upon the sea, he got his mill&nbsp;out.</p>
+
+<p>“Grind salt both fast and well,” said the captain. The mill began to
+grind salt, and that with all its might. When the captain had gotten the
+ship full he wanted to stop the mill; but no matter how he worked, and
+no matter how he handled it, the mill kept grinding as fast as ever, and
+the heap of salt kept growing larger and larger, and at last the ship
+sank. The mill stands on the bottom of the sea grinding this very day,
+and so it comes that the sea is salt.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "mid chapter">
+
+<a name = "page274"> </a>
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES</h4>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note1" href = "#tag1">1.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">18</span>
+The third volume of this work has not yet appeared.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note2" href = "#tag2">2.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">20</span>
+Keyser.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note3" href = "#tag3">3.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">22</span>
+White Skald.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note4" href = "#tag4">4.</a>
+Black Skald.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note5" href = "#tag5">5.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">39</span>
+Dasent translates “hövuðtungur” (chief or head tongues) with “lords,”
+which is certainly an error.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note6" href = "#tag6">6.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">47</span>
+Near Upsala.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note7" href = "#tag7">7.</a>
+A heroic poem, giving the pedigree (tal) of Norse kings.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note8" href = "#tag8">8.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">50</span>
+Heimskringla: Ynglinga Saga, ch. v.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note9" href = "#tag9">9.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">51</span>
+Heimskringla: Harald Harfager’s Saga, ch. xix.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note10" href = "#tag10">10.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">52</span>
+The walker.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note11" href = "#tag11">11.</a>
+Elder Edda: Havamal.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note12" href = "#tag12">12.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">56</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 6.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note13" href = "#tag13">13.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">57</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 56.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note14" href = "#tag14">14.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">58</span>
+Elder Edda: Hyndla’a Lay, 34.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note15" href = "#tag15">15.</a>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 30.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note16" href = "#tag16">16.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">59</span>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 31.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note17" href = "#tag17">17.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">61</span>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 35.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note18" href = "#tag18">18.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">62</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 8. In Old Norse the sun is feminine,
+and the moon masculine. See below, sections 11 and&nbsp;12.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note19" href = "#tag19">19.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">63</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 40, 41. Comp. Vafthrudner’s Lay, 21.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note20" href = "#tag20">20.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">67</span>
+That wolves follow the sun and moon, is a wide-spread popular
+superstition. In Sweden, a parhelion is called Solvarg (sun-wolf).</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note21" href = "#tag21">21.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">68</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 43, 44.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note22" href = "#tag22">22.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">71</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 12, 14-16, 18, 19.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note23" href = "#tag23">23.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">74</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 24.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note24" href = "#tag24">24.</a>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 29.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note25" href = "#tag25">25.</a>
+Elder Edda: Fafner’s Lay, 13.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note26" href = "#tag26">26.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">75</span>
+The Icelandic barr. See Vigfusson, <i>sub voce</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note27" href = "#tag27">27.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">76</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 35, 34.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note28" href = "#tag28">28.</a>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 22.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note29" href = "#tag29">29.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">78</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 70.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note30" href = "#tag30">30.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">79</span>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 37.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note31" href = "#tag31">31.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">80</span>
+Elder Edda. Loke’s Quarrel, 29, 47.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note32" href = "#tag32">32.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">81</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 46-50.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note33" href = "#tag33">33.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">82</span>
+Oku is derived from the Finnish thunder-god, Ukko.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note34" href = "#tag34">34.</a>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 24.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note35" href = "#tag35">35.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">83</span>
+The author of the Younger Edda is here mistaken. See <a href =
+"#note33">note on page&nbsp;82</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note36" href = "#tag36">36.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">84</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 12.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note37" href = "#tag37">37.</a>
+Compare Vainamoinen, the son of Ukko, in the Finnish epic Kalevala.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note38" href = "#tag38">38.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">85</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 11.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note39" href = "#tag39">39.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">86</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 14.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note40" href = "#tag40">40.</a>
+Icel. <i>frú</i> (Ger. <i>frau</i>; Dan. <i>frue</i>), pl. <i>frúr</i>,
+means a lady. It is used of the wives of men of rank or title. It is
+derived from Freyja.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note41" href = "#tag41">41.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">87</span>
+This etymology is, however, erroneous, for the word is derived from
+<i>oln</i> or <i>öln</i>, and the true form of the word is
+<i>ölnliðr</i> = the ell-joint (wrist); thus we have
+<i>ölnboge</i>&mdash;the elbow; <i>öln</i> = <i>alin</i> (Gr. <span
+class = "greek" title = "Greek: ôdinê">ὠδίνη</span>; Lat. <i>ulna</i>;
+cp. A.-S. <i>el-boga</i>; Eng. <i>elbow</i>) is the arm from the elbow
+to the end of the middle finger, hence an ell in long measure.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note42" href = "#tag42">42.</a>
+Compare the Anglo-Saxon <i>brego</i> = princeps, chief.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note43" href = "#tag43">43.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">89</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 13.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note44" href = "#tag44">44.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">90</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 15.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note45" href = "#tag45">45.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">92</span>
+Possibly this ought to read the ninth world, which would correspond with
+what we read on <a href = "#page72">page&nbsp;72</a>, and in the Vala’s
+Prophecy. See also notes. It may be a mistake of the transcriber.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note46" href = "#tag46">46.</a>
+Both these words mean sloth.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note47" href = "#tag47">47.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">99</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 36</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note48" href = "#tag48">48.</a>
+See <a href = "#page66">page&nbsp;66</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note49" href = "#tag49">49.</a>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 36.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note50" href = "#tag50">50.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">101</span>
+This is the Niblung story in a nut-shell.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note51" href = "#tag51">51.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">102</span>
+Elder Edda: Skirner’s Journey, 42.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note52" href = "#tag52">52.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">104</span>
+The Fenris-wolf in Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note53" href = "#tag53">53.</a>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 18.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note54" href = "#tag54">54.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">105</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 19.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note55" href = "#tag55">55.</a>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 20.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note56" href = "#tag56">56.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">107</span>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 23.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note57" href = "#tag57">57.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">108</span>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 41.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note58" href = "#tag58">58.</a>
+Elder Edda: Grimner’s Lay, 44.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note59" href = "#tag59">59.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">112</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 29, 30.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note60" href = "#tag60">60.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">114</span>
+Bonde = peasant.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note61" href = "#tag61">61.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">128</span>
+Called Ymer in the Younger Edda, but the Elder Edda calls him Hymer.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note62" href = "#tag62">62.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">140</span>
+Commit adultery.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note63" href = "#tag63">63.</a>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 48, 49.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note64" href = "#tag64">64.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">141</span>
+Fenris-wolf.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note65" href = "#tag65">65.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">144</span>
+Loke.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note66" href = "#tag66">66.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">145</span>
+Frey.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note67" href = "#tag67">67.</a>
+The Fenris-wolf.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note68" href = "#tag68">68.</a>
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note69" href = "#tag69">69.</a>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 50-52, 54-57, 59, 60, 62, 63.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note70" href = "#tag70">70.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">146</span>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 18.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note71" href = "#tag71">71.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">184</span>
+Elder Edda: The Vala’s Prophecy, 40, 41.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note72" href = "#tag72">72.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">149</span>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 51.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note73" href = "#tag73">73.</a>
+Holt = grove.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note74" href = "#tag74">74.</a>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 45.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note75" href = "#tag75">75.</a>
+Elder Edda: Vafthrudner’s Lay, 47.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note76" href = "#tag76">76.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">169</span>
+This part of the Younger Edda corresponds to the Latin Ars Poetica, and
+contains the rules and laws of ancient poetry.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note77" href = "#tag77">77.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">174</span>
+Thor’s.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note78" href = "#tag78">78.</a>
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note79" href = "#tag79">79.</a>
+Jord’s (=&nbsp;earth’s) son = Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note80" href = "#tag80">80.</a>
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note81" href = "#tag81">81.</a>
+Odin’s.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note82" href = "#tag82">82.</a>
+The earth.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note83" href = "#tag83">83.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">175</span>
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note84" href = "#tag84">84.</a>
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note85" href = "#tag85">85.</a>
+The giant Hrungner.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note86" href = "#tag86">86.</a>
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note87" href = "#tag87">87.</a>
+Thor’s.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note88" href = "#tag88">88.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">178</span>
+Icelandic proverb.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note89" href = "#tag89">89.</a>
+Icelandic proverb.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note90" href = "#tag90">90.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">182</span>
+A river in Jotunheim.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note91" href = "#tag91">91.</a>
+Thor’s kinsmen = the asas.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note92" href = "#tag92">92.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">183</span>
+Thruda was a daughter of Thor and Sif.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note93" href = "#tag93">93.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">185</span>
+A troll-woman.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note94" href = "#tag94">94.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">187</span>
+Shield.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note95" href = "#tag95">95.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">198</span>
+Elder Edda: the Lay of Fafner, 32, 33.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note96" href = "#tag96">96.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">205</span>
+The drink of the Volsungs = venom; the tortuous venom-serpent = the
+Midgard-serpent.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note97" href = "#tag97">97.</a>
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note98" href = "#tag98">98.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">208</span>
+These words are spoken by the maidens while they put the mill
+together.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note99" href = "#tag99">99.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">209</span>
+Frode.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note100" href = "#tag100">100.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">211</span>
+The mill.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note101" href = "#tag101">101.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">224</span>
+Quoted from memory.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note102" href = "#tag102">102.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">225</span>
+<ins class = "correction" title =
+"so in original: ‘-sund’?">Njorvasound</ins>, the Straits of Gibraltar;
+so called from the first Norseman who sailed through them. His name was
+Njorve. See Ann. for nordisk Oldkyndighed, Vol. I, p.&nbsp;58.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note103" href = "#tag103">103.</a>
+See <a href = "#notes_enea">note, page 221</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note104" href = "#tag104">104.</a>
+Svithjod the Great, or the Cold, is the ancient Sarmatia and Scythia
+Magna, and formed the great part of the present European Russia. In the
+mythological sagas it is also called Godheim; that is, the home of Odin
+and the other gods. Svithjod the Less is Sweden proper, and is called
+Mannheim; that is, the home of the kings, the descendants of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note105" href = "#tag105">105.</a>
+The Saracens’ land (Serkland) means North Africa and Spain, and the
+Saracen countries in Asia; that is, Persia, Assyria, etc.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note106" href = "#tag106">106.</a>
+Blueland, the country of the blacks in Africa, the country south of
+Serkland, the modern Ethiopia.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note107" href = "#tag107">107.</a>
+Tartareans.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note108" href = "#tag108">108.</a>
+Kalmuks.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note109" href = "#tag109">109.</a>
+Mongolians.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note110" href = "#tag110">110.</a>
+The Tanais is the present Don river, which empties into the Sea of
+Asov.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note111" href = "#tag111">111.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">226</span>
+Asgard is supposed, by those who look for historical fact in
+mythological tales, to be the present Assor; others, that it is Chasgar
+in the Caucasian ridge, called by Strabo Aspargum the Asburg, or castle
+of the asas. We still have in the Norse tongue the word Aas, meaning a
+ridge of high land. The word asas is not derived from Asia, as Snorre
+supposed. It is the O.H. Ger. <i>ans</i>; Anglo-Sax. <i>os</i> = a hero.
+The word also means a pillar; and in this latter sense the gods are the
+pillars of the universe. Connected with the word is undoubtedly Aas, a
+mountain-ridge, as supporter of the skies; and this reminds us of
+<i>Atlas</i>, as bearer of the world.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note112" href = "#tag112">112.</a>
+The temple-priests performed the functions of priest and judge, and
+their office continued hereditary throughout the heathen period of Norse
+history.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note113" href = "#tag113">113.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">227</span>
+See Norse Mythology, page 174.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note114" href = "#tag114">114.</a>
+See Brage’s Talk, p.&nbsp;160; and Norse Mythology, pp. 247 and 342.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note115" href = "#tag115">115.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">228</span>
+In the Vala’s Prophecy of the Elder Edda it is said that Odin talks with
+the head of Mimer before the coming of Ragnarok. See Norse Mythology,
+p.&nbsp;421.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note116" href = "#tag116">116.</a>
+This shows that the vans must have belonged to the mythological system
+of some older race that, like the ancient Romans (Liber and Libera),
+recognized the propriety of marriage between brothers and sisters, at
+least among their gods. Such marriages were not allowed among our Odinic
+ancestors. Hence we see that when Njord, Frey and Freyja were admitted
+to Asgard, they entered into new marriage relations. Njord married
+Skade, Frey married Gerd, and Freyja married Oder. Our ancestors were
+never savages!</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note117" href = "#tag117">117.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">229</span>
+Turkland was usually supposed to mean Moldau and Wallachia. Some, who
+regard the great mountain barrier as being the Ural Mountains, think
+Turkland is Turkistan in Asia. Asia Minor is also frequently styled
+Turkland.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note118" href = "#tag118">118.</a>
+Ancient Norse writers connect this event with Mithridates and Pompey the
+Great. They tell how Odin was a heroic prince who, with his twelve peers
+or apostles, dwelt in the Black Sea region. He became straightened for
+room, and so led the asas out of Asia into eastern Europe. Then they go
+on to tell how the Roman empire had arrived at its highest point of
+power, and saw all the then known world&mdash;the orbis
+terrarum&mdash;subject to its laws, when an unforeseen event raised up
+enemies against it from the very heart of the forests of Scythia, and on
+the banks of the Don river. The leader was Mithridates the Great,
+against whom the Romans waged three wars, and the Romans looked upon him
+as the most formidable enemy the empire had ever had to contend with.
+Cicero delivered his famous oration, Pro lege Manilia, and succeeded in
+getting Pompey appointed commander of the third war against Mithridates.
+The latter, by flying, had drawn Pompey after him into the wilds of
+Scythia. Here the king of Pontus sought refuge and new means of
+vengeance. He hoped to arm against the ambition of Rome all his
+neighboring nations whose liberties she threatened. He was successful at
+first, but all those Scythian peoples, ill-united as allies, ill-armed
+as soldiers, and still worse disciplined, were at length forced to yield
+to the genius of the great general Pompey. And here traditions tell us
+that Odin and the other asas were among the allies of Mithridates. Odin
+had been one of the gallant defenders of Troy, and at the same time,
+with Æneas and Anchises, he had taken flight out of the burning and
+falling city. Now he was obliged to withdraw a second time by flight,
+but this time it was not from the Greeks, but from the Romans, whom he
+had offended by assisting Mithridates. He was now compelled to go and
+seek, in lands unknown to his enemies, that safety which he could no
+longer find in the Scythian forests. He then proceeded to the north of
+Europe, and laid the foundations of the Teutonic nations. As fast as he
+subdued the countries in the west and north of Europe he gave them to
+one or another of his sons to govern. Thus it comes to pass that so many
+sovereign families throughout Teutondom are said to be descended from
+Odin. Hengist and Horsa, the chiefs of those Saxons who conquered
+Britain in the fifth century, counted Odin in the number of their
+ancestors. The traditions go on to tell how he conquered Denmark,
+founded Odinse (Odinsve = Odin’s Sanctuary; comp. <i>ve</i> with the
+German <i>Wei</i> in <i>Weinacht</i>), and gave the kingdom to his son
+Skjold (shield); how he conquered Sweden, founded the Sigtuna temple,
+and gave the country to his son Yngve; how finally Norway had to submit
+to him, and be ruled by a third son of Odin, Saming.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+It has been seriously contended,&mdash;and it would form an important
+element in an epic based on the historical Odin,&mdash;that a desire of
+being revenged on the Romans was one of the ruling principles of Odin’s
+whole conduct. Driven by those foes of universal liberty from his former
+home in the east, his resentment was the more violent, since the Teutons
+thought it a sacred duty to revenge all injuries, especially those
+offered to kinsmen or country. Odin had no other view in traversing so
+many distant lands, and in establishing with so much zeal his doctrines
+of valor, than to arouse all Teutonic nations, and unite them against so
+formidable and odious a race as the Romans. And we, who live in the
+light of the nineteenth century, and with the records before us, can
+read the history of the convulsions of Europe during the decline of the
+Roman empire; we can understand how that leaven, which Odin left in the
+bosoms of the believers in the asa-faith, first fermented a long time in
+secret; but we can also see how in the fullness of time, the signal
+given, the descendants of Odin fell like a swarm of locusts upon this
+unhappy empire, and, after giving it many terrible shocks, eventually
+overturned it, thus completely avenging the insult offered so many
+centuries before by Pompey to their founder Odin. We can understand how
+it became possible for “those vast multitudes, which the populous north
+poured from her frozen loins, to pass the Rhine and the Danube, and come
+like a deluge on the south, and spread beneath Gibraltar and the Libyan
+sands;” how it were possible, we say, for them so largely to remodel and
+invigorate a considerable part of Europe, nay, how they could succeed in
+overrunning and overturning “the rich but rotten, the mighty but
+marrowless, the disciplined but diseased, Roman empire; that gigantic
+and heartless and merciless usurpation of soulless materialism and
+abject superstition of universal despotism, of systemized and relentless
+plunder, and of depravity deep as hell.” In connection with this subject
+we would refer our readers to Mallet’s Northern Antiquities, pp. 79-83,
+where substantially the same account is given; to Norse Mythology, pp.
+232-236; to George Stephen’s Runic Monuments, Vol. I; and to Charles
+Kingsley’s The Roman and the Teuton.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note119" href = "#tag119">119.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">231</span>
+Compare this version of the myth with the one given in the first chapter
+of The Fooling of Gylfe. Many explain the myth to mean the breaking
+through of the Baltic between Sweden and Denmark.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note120" href = "#tag120">120.</a>
+Leidre or Leire, at the end of Isefjord, in the county of Lithraborg, is
+considered the oldest royal seat in Denmark.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note121" href = "#tag121">121.</a>
+Laage is a general name for lakes and rivers. It here stands for Lake
+Malar, in Sweden.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note122" href = "#tag122">122.</a>
+The grassy isle is Seeland.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note123" href = "#tag123">123.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">232</span>
+Sigtun. <i>Sige</i>, Ger. Sieg, (comp. Sigfrid,) means victory, and is
+one of Odin’s names; <i>tun</i> means an inclosure, and is the same word
+as our modern English <i>town</i>. Thus Sigtun would, in modern English,
+be called Odinstown; like our Johnstown, Williamstown, etc.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note124" href = "#tag124">124.</a>
+Noatun, Thrudvang, Breidablik and Himinbjorg are purely mythological
+names, and for their significance the reader is referred to The Fooling
+of Gylfe. Snorre follows the lay of Grimner in the Elder Edda.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note125" href = "#tag125">125.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">233</span>
+Berserk. The etymology of this word has been much contested. Some, upon
+the authority of Snorre in the above quoted passage, derive it from berr
+(<i>bare</i>) and serkr (comp. <i>sark</i>, Scotch for shirt); but this
+etymology is inadmissible, because serkr is a substantive, not an
+adjective. Others derive it from berr (Germ. <i>Bär</i> = <i>ursus</i>),
+which is greatly to be preferred, for in olden ages athletes and
+champions used to wear hides of bears, wolves and reindeer
+(as&nbsp;skins of lions in the south), hence the names Bjalfe,
+Bjarnhedinn, Ulfhedinn (hedinn, <i>pellis</i>),&mdash;“pellibus aut
+parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur.” Cæsar, Bell. Gall. VI, 22. Even the
+old poets understood the name so, as may be seen in the poem of
+Hornklofi (beginning of the 10th century), a dialogue between a valkyrie
+and a raven, where the valkyrie says at berserkja reiðu vil ek <ins
+class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘pik’">þik</ins> spyrja, to which the raven replies,
+Ulfhednar heita, <i>they are called wolf coats</i>. In battle the
+berserks were subject to fits of frenzy, called <i>berserksgangr</i>
+(<i>furor bersercicus</i>), when they howled like wild beasts, foamed at
+the mouth, and gnawed the iron rim of their shields. During these fits
+they were, according to a popular belief, proof against steel and fire,
+and made great havoc in the ranks of the enemy. But when the fever
+abated they were weak and tame. Vigfusson Cleasby’s Icelandic-English
+Dictionary, <i>sub voce</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note126" href = "#tag126">126.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">234</span>
+In the mythology this ship belongs to Frey, having been made for him by
+the dwarfs.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note127" href = "#tag127">127.</a>
+Hugin and Munin.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note128" href = "#tag128">128.</a>
+The old Norse word is órlög, which is plural, (from ör = Ger. <i>ur</i>,
+and lög, <i>laws</i>,) and means the primal law, fate, weird, doom; the
+Greek <span class = "greek" title = "Greek: moira">μοῖρα</span>. The
+idea of predestination was a salient feature in the Odinic religion. The
+word örlog, O.H.G. <i>urlac</i>, M.H.G. <i>urlone</i>, Dutch
+<i>orlog</i>, had special reference to a man’s fate in war. Hence
+Orlogschiffe in German means a naval fleet. The Danish orlog means
+warfare at&nbsp;sea.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note129" href = "#tag129">129.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">236</span>
+Svithjod, which here means Sweden, is derived from Odin’s name, Svidr
+and thjod = folk, people. Svithjod thus means Odin’s people, and the
+country takes its name from the people.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note130" href = "#tag130">130.</a>
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note131" href = "#tag131">131.</a>
+Norway was given to Saming by Odin.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note132" href = "#tag132">132.</a>
+He gave himself nine wounds in the form of the head of a spear, or
+Thor’s hammer; that is, he marked himself with the sign of the
+<i>cross</i>, an ancient heathen custom.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note133" href = "#tag133">133.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">239</span>
+Here ends Snorre’s account of the asas in Heimskringla. The reader will,
+of course, compare the account here given of Odin, Njord, Frey, Freyja,
+etc., with the purely mythological description of them in the Younger
+Edda, and with that in Norse Mythology. Upon the whole, Snorre has
+striven to accommodate his sketch to the Eddas, while he has had to
+clothe mythical beings with the characteristics of human kings. Like
+Saxo-Grammaticus, Snorre has striven to show that the deities, which we
+now recognize as personified forces and phenomena of nature, were
+extraordinary and enterprising persons, who formerly ruled in the North,
+and inaugurated the customs, government and religion of Norway, Sweden,
+Denmark, Germany, England, and the other Teutonic lands.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note134" href = "#tag134">134.</a>
+<span class = "pagenum note">240</span>
+The word fornjot can be explained in two ways: either as for-njot = the
+first enjoyer, possessor; or as forn-jot, the ancient giant. He would
+then correspond to Ymer.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote"><a name = "note135" href = "#tag135">135.</a>
+Notice this trinity: Hler is the sea (comp. the Welsh word <i>llyr</i> =
+sea); Loge is fire (comp. the Welsh <i>llwg</i>), he reminds us both by
+his name and his nature of Loke; Kare is the wind.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote sans"><a name = "trans_noteA" href =
+"#trans_tagA">A.</a>
+Transcriber’s Footnote: Zalmoxis or Salmoxis was a Thracian deity. The
+word <span class = "greek" title = "Greek: Zalmos">Ζαλμός</span> is
+defined by Liddell and Scott&mdash;a dictionary available to the
+author&mdash;as Thracian for “a skin”.</p>
+
+
+<hr class = "mid chapter">
+
+<div class = "vocab">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">275</span>
+<a name = "page275"> </a>
+<h3><a name = "vocab">VOCABULARY.</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Adils.</span> A king who reigned in
+Upsala.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ae.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Æger.</span> The god presiding over the
+stormy&nbsp;sea.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alf.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alfather.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alfheim.</span> The home of the elves.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alfrig.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alsvid.</span> One of the horses of
+the&nbsp;sun.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Althjof.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Alvis.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Amsvartner.</span> The name of the lake in
+which the island was situated where the wolf Fenrer was chained.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Andhrimner.</span> The cook in Valhal.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Andlang.</span> The second heaven.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Andvare.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Andvare-naut.</span> The ring in the
+Niblung story.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Angerboda.</span> A giantess; mother of the
+Fenris-wolf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Annar.</span> Husband of Night and father
+of Jord.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Arvak.</span> The name of one of the horses
+of the&nbsp;sun.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asaheim.</span> The home of the asas.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asaland.</span> The land of the asas.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asas.</span> The Teutonic gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asa-thor.</span> A common name for
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asgard.</span> The residence of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ask.</span> The name of the first man
+created by Odin, Honer and Loder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Aslaug.</span> Daughter of Sigurd and
+Brynhild.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asmund.</span> A man visited by Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Asynjes.</span> The Teutonic goddesses.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Atle.</span> Gudrun’s husband after the
+death of Sigurd.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Atrid.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Aud.</span> The son of Night and
+Naglfare.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Audhumbla.</span> The cow that nourished
+the giant Ymer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Audun.</span> A name derived from Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Aurgelmer.</span> A giant; grandfather of
+Bergelmer; the same as Ymer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">276</span>
+<a name = "page276"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Aurvang.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Austre.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Bafur.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Balder.</span> Son of Odin and Frigg, slain
+by Hoder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Baleyg.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bar-isle.</span> A cool grove in which Gerd
+agreed with Skirner to meet Frey.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bauge.</span> A brother of Suttung. Odin
+worked for him one summer, in order to get his help in obtaining
+Suttung’s mead of poetry.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Beigud.</span> One of Rolf Krake’s
+berserks.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bele.</span> A giant, brother of Gerd,
+slain by Frey.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bergelmer.</span> A giant; son of
+Thrudgelmer and grandson of Aurgelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Berling.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bestla.</span> Wife of Bure and mother of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Biflide.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Biflinde.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bifrost.</span> The rainbow.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bifur.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bikke.</span> A minister of Jormunrek;
+causes Randver to be hanged, and Svanhild trodden to death by
+horses.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bil.</span> One of the children that
+accompany Moon.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bileyg.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bilskirner.</span> Thor’s abode.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Blain.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Blodughofde.</span> Frey’s horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bodn.</span> One of the three jars in which
+the poetic mead is kept.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bodvar bjarke.</span> One of Rolf Krake’s
+berserks.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bol.</span> One of the rivers flowing out
+of Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bolthorn.</span> A giant; father of Bestla,
+mother of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bolverk.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bombur.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bor.</span> Son of Bure; father of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Brage.</span> A son of Odin; the best of
+skalds.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Breidablik.</span> The abode of Balder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Brimer.</span> One of the heavenly halls
+after Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Brising.</span> Freyja’s necklace.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Brok.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Brynhild.</span> One of the chief heroines
+in the Niblung story.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Budle.</span> Father of Atle and
+Brynhild.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bue.</span> A son of Vesete, who settled in
+Borgundarholm.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">277</span>
+<a name = "page277"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Bure.</span> Grandfather of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Byleist.</span> A brother of Loke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Byrger.</span> A well from which Bil and
+Hjuke were going when they were taken by Moon.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Dain.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dain.</span> One of the stags that bite the
+leaves of Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dainsleif.</span> Hogne’s sword.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Day.</span> Son of Delling.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Daybreak.</span> The father of Day.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Delling.</span> Daybreak.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dolgthvare.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dore.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Draupner.</span> Odin’s ring.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Drome.</span> One of the fetters with which
+the Fenris-wolf was chained.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Duf.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Duney.</span> One of the stags that bite
+the leaves of Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Durathro.</span> One of the stags that bite
+the leaves of Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Durin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dvalin.</span> One of the stags that bite
+the leaves of Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dvalin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Eikinskjalde.</span> A
+dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eikthyrner.</span> A hart that stands over
+Odin’s hall.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eilif.</span> Son of Gudrun; a skald.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eimyrja.</span> One of the daughters of
+Haloge and Glod.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eindride.</span> A name of Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eir.</span> An attendant of Menglod, and
+the best of all in the healing&nbsp;art.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ekin.</span> One of the rivers flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Elder.</span> A servant of Æger.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eldhrimner.</span> The kettle in which the
+boar Sahrimner is cooked in Valhal.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Elivogs.</span> The ice-cold streams that
+flow out of Niflheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eljudner.</span> Hel’s hall.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Elle.</span> An old woman (old age) with
+whom Thor wrestled in Jotunheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Embla.</span> The first woman created by
+Odin, Honer and Loder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Endil.</span> The name of a giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Erp.</span> A son of Jonaker, murdered by
+Sorle and Hamder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eylime.</span> The father of Hjordis,
+mother of Volsung.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eysa.</span> One of the daughters of Haloge
+and Glod.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Fafner.</span> Son of
+Hreidmar, killed by Sigurd.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">278</span>
+<a name = "page278"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Fal.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Falhofner.</span> One of the horses of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Farbaute.</span> The father of Loke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Farmagod.</span> One of the names of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Farmatyr.</span> One of the names of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fenja.</span> A female slave who ground at
+Frode’s mill.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fenris-wolf.</span> The monster wolf, son
+of Loke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fensaler.</span> The abode of Frigg.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fid.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">File.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fimafeng.</span> Æger’s servant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fimbul.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fimbulthul.</span> One of the streams
+flowing from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fimbul-tyr.</span> The unknown god.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fimbul-winter.</span> The great and awful
+winter of three years duration preceding Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Finnsleif.</span> A byrnie belonging to
+King Adils, of Upsala.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fjalar.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fjolner.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fjolsvid.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fjorgvin.</span> The mother of Frigg and of
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fjorm.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Folkvang.</span> Freyja’s abode.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Form.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fornjot.</span> The ancient giant; the
+father of Æger.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Forsete.</span> The peace-maker; son of
+Balder and Nanna.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Frananger force.</span> The waterfall into
+which Loke cast himself in the likeness of a salmon.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Freke.</span> One of Odin’s wolves.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Frey.</span> Son of Njord and husband of
+Skade.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Freyja.</span> The daughter of Njord and
+sister of Frey.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fridleif.</span> A son of Skjold.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Frigg.</span> Wife of Odin and mother of
+the gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Frode.</span> Grandson of Skjold.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Froste.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fulla.</span> Frigg’s attendant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fundin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fyre.</span> A river in Sweden.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Gagnrad.</span> A name of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Galar.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gandolf.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">279</span>
+<a name = "page279"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Gang.</span> A giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ganglare.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ganglate.</span> Hel’s man-servant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ganglere.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ganglot.</span> Hel’s maid-servant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gangrad.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gardrofa.</span> A horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Garm.</span> A dog that barks at
+Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gaut.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gefjun.</span> A goddess; she is present at
+Æger’s feast.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gefn.</span> One of the names of
+Freyja.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Geirahod.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Geirrod.</span> A giant visited by
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Geir Skogul.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Geirvimul.</span> One of the streams
+flowing from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gelgja.</span> The fetter with which the
+Fenris-wolf was chained.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gerd.</span> A beautiful giantess, daughter
+of Gymer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gere.</span> One of Odin’s wolves.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gersame.</span> One of the daughters of
+Freyja.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gilling.</span> Father of Suttung, who
+possessed the poetic mead.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gimle.</span> The abode of the righteous
+after Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ginnar.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ginungagap.</span> The premundane
+abyss.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gipul.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gisl.</span> One of the horses of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gjallar-bridge.</span> The bridge across
+the river Gjol, near Helheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gjallar-horn.</span> Heimdal’s horn.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gjallar-river.</span> The river near
+Helheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gjalp.</span> One of the daughters of
+Geirrod.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gjuke.</span> A king in Germany, visited by
+Sigurd.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gladsheim.</span> Odin’s dwelling.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Glam.</span> The name of a giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Glapsvid.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Glaser.</span> A grove in Asgard.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gleipner.</span> The last fetter with which
+the wolf Fenrer was bound.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Glener.</span> The husband of Sol
+(sun).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gler.</span> One of the horses of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Glitner.</span> Forsete’s hall.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gloin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gna.</span> Frigg’s messenger.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gnipa-cave.</span> The cave before which
+the dog Garm barks.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">280</span>
+<a name = "page280"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Gnita-heath.</span> Fafner’s abode, where he
+kept the treasure of the Niblungs.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Goin.</span> A serpent under Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gol.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Goldfax.</span> The giant Hrungner’s
+horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gomul.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gondler.</span> One of the names of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gondul.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gopul.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Got.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gote.</span> Gunnar’s horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gothorm.</span> A son of Gjuke; murders
+Sigurd, and is slain by&nbsp;him.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grabak.</span> One of the serpents under
+Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grad.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grafvitner.</span> A serpent under
+Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grafvollud.</span> A serpent under
+Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gram.</span> Sigurd’s sword.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grane.</span> Sigurd’s horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Greip.</span> One of the daughters of
+Geirrod.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grid.</span> A giantess visited by
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gridarvol.</span> Grid’s staff.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grim.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grimhild.</span> Gjuke’s queen.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grimner.</span> One of the names of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grjottungard.</span> The place where Thor
+fought with Hrungner.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Groa.</span> A giantess, mother of
+Orvandel.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grotte.</span> The name of King Frode’s
+mill.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gud.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gudny.</span> One of the children of
+Gjuke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gudrun.</span> The famous daughter of
+Gjuke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gullinburste.</span> The name of Frey’s
+boar.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gullintanne.</span> A name of Heimdal.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gulltop.</span> Heimdal’s horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gullveig.</span> A personification of gold;
+she is pierced and burnt.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gungner.</span> Odin’s spear.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gunlat.</span> The daughter of the giant
+Suttung.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gunn.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gunnar.</span> The famous son of Gjuke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gunthrain.</span> One of the rivers flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gwodan.</span> An old name for Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">281</span>
+<a name = "page281"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Gylfe.</span> A king of Svithjod, who visited
+Asgard under the name of Ganglere.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gyller.</span> One of the horses of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gymer.</span> Another name of the ocean
+divinity Æger.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Habrok.</span> A celebrated
+hero.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hallinskide.</span> Another name of
+Heimdal.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Haloge.</span> A giant, son of Fornjot;
+also called Loge.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hamder.</span> Son of Jonaker and Gudrun,
+incited by his mother to avenge his sister’s death.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hamskerper.</span> A horse; the sire of
+Hofvarpner, which was Gna’s horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hangagod.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hangatyr.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Haptagod.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Har.</span> The High One; applied to
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Harbard.</span> A name assumed by Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hate.</span> The wolf bounding before the
+sun, and will at last catch the moon.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Heide.</span> Another name for
+Gullveig.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Heidrun.</span> A goat that stands over
+Valhal.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Heimdal.</span> The god of the rainbow.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Heimer.</span> Brynhild’s
+foster-father.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hel.</span> The goddess of death; daughter
+of Loke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Helblinde.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Helmet-bearer.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hengekjapt.</span> The man to whom King
+Frode gave his mill.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hepte.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Heran.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Herfather.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Herjan.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hermod.</span> The god who rode on Sleipner
+to Hel, to get Balder back.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Herteit.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hild.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hildesvin.</span> A helmet, which King
+Adils took from King&nbsp;Ale.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Himinbjorg.</span> Heimdal’s dwelling.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hindfell.</span> The place where Brynhild
+sat in her hall, surrounded by the Vafurloge.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hjalmbore.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hjalprek.</span> A king in Denmark;
+collects a fleet for Sigurd.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hjatle the valiant.</span> One of Rolf
+Krake’s berserks.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hjordis.</span> Married to Sigmund, and
+mother of Sigurd.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">282</span>
+<a name = "page282"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Hjuke.</span> One of the children that
+accompany Moon.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hledjolf.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hler.</span> Another name of Æger.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hlidskjalf.</span> The seat of Odin, whence
+he looked out over all the world.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hlin.</span> One of the attendants of
+Frigg; Frigg herself is sometimes called by this name.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hlodyn.</span> Thor’s mother.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hlok.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hloride.</span> A name of Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hniker.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hnikud.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hnitbjorg.</span> The place where Suttung
+hid the poetic mead.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hnos.</span> Freyja’s daughter.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hoder.</span> The slayer of Balder; he is
+blind.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hodmimer’s-holt.</span> The grove where the
+two human beings, Lif and Lifthraser, were preserved during
+Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hofvarpner.</span> Gna’s horse.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hogne.</span> A son of Gjuke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Honer.</span> One of the three creating
+gods; with Odin and Loder he creates Ask and Embla.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hor.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Horn.</span> A name of Freyja.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrasvelg.</span> A giant in an eagle’s
+plumage, who produces the wind.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hreidmar.</span> The father of Regin and
+Fafner.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrib.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrimfaxe.</span> The horse of Night.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hringhorn.</span> The ship upon which
+Balder’s body was burned.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrist.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrodvitner.</span> A wolf; father of the
+wolf Hate.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hron.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hroptatyr.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrotte.</span> Fafner’s sword.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrungner.</span> A giant; Thor
+slew&nbsp;him.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hrym.</span> A giant, who steers the ship
+Naglfar at Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hvergelmer.</span> The fountain in the
+middle of Niflheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Huge.</span> A person (Thought) who ran a
+race with Thjalfe, in Jotunheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hugist.</span> One of Odin’s ravens.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hugstore.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">283</span>
+<a name = "page283"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Hymer.</span> A giant with whom Thor went
+fishing when he caught the Midgard-serpent.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hyndla.</span> A vala visited by
+Freyja.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Hyrroken.</span> A giantess who launched
+the ship on which Balder was burned.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Ida.</span> A plain where
+the gods first assemble, and where they assemble again after
+Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Idavold.</span> The same.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ide.</span> A giant, son of Olvalde.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Idun.</span> Wife of Brage; she kept the
+rejuvenating apples.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ironwood.</span> The abode of giantesses
+called Jarnveds.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Iva.</span> A river in Jotunheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ivald.</span> The father of the dwarfs that
+made Sif’s hair, the ship Skidbladner, and Odin’s spear Gungner.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Jafnhar.</span> A name of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jalg.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jalk.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jarnsaxa.</span> One of Heimdal’s nine
+giant mothers.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jarnved.</span> The same as Ironwood.</p>
+
+<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Jarnvidjis’"><span
+class = "smallcaps">Jarnvidjes.</span></ins> The giantesses dwelling in
+Ironwood.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jord.</span> Wife of Odin, mother of
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Jormundgand’"><span
+class = "smallcaps">Jormungand.</span></ins> The Midgard-serpent.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jormunrek.</span> King of Goths, marries
+Svanhild.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Joruvold.</span> The country where Aurvang
+is situated. Thence come several dwarfs.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jotunheim.</span> The home of the
+giants.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Kerlaugs.</span> The rivers
+that Thor every day must cross.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Kile.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Kjaler.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Kormt.</span> A river which Thor every day
+must cross.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Kvaser.</span> The hostage given by the
+vans to the asas; his blood, when slain, was the poetical meed kept by
+Suttung.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Lading.</span> One of the
+fetters with which the Fenris-wolf was bound.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Landvide.</span> Vidar’s abode.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Laufey.</span> Loke’s mother.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Leipt.</span> One of the rivers flowing out
+of Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lerad.</span> A tree near Valhal.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Letfet.</span> One of the horses of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<table class = "group">
+<tr>
+<td class = "group smallcaps">Lif.</td>
+<td class = "leftline" rowspan = "2"><p class = "nospace">
+The two persons preserved in Hodmimer’s-holt during Ragnarok.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "group smallcaps">Lifthraser.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lit.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">284</span>
+<a name = "page284"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Ljosalfaheim.</span> The home of the light
+elves.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Loder.</span> One of the three gods who
+created Ask and Embla.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lofn.</span> One of the asynjes.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Loge.</span> A giant who tried his strength
+at eating with Loke in Jotunheim.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Loke.</span> The giant-god of the Norse
+mythology.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lopt.</span> Another name for Loke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lovar.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lyngve.</span> The island where the
+Fenris-wolf was chained.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Magne.</span> A son of
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mannheim.</span> The home of man; our
+earth.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mardol.</span> One of the names of
+Freyja.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Megingjarder.</span> Thor’s belt.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Meile.</span> A son of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Menglad.</span> Svipdag’s betrothed.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Menja.</span> A female slave who ground at
+Frode’s mill.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Midgard.</span> The name of the earth in
+the mythology.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Midvitne.</span> A giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mimer.</span> The name of the wise giant;
+keeper of the holy well.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mist.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mjodvitner.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mjolner.</span> Thorn’s hammer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mjotud.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mode.</span> One of Thor’s sons.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Modgud.</span> The may who guards the
+Gjallar-bridge.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Modsogner.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Moin.</span> A serpent under Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mokkerkalfe.</span> A clay giant in the
+myth of Thor and Hrungner.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Moon, brother of sun.</span> Both children
+of Mundilfare.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Moongarm.</span> A wolf of Loke’s
+offspring; he devours the moon.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Morn.</span> A troll-woman.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mundilfare.</span> Father of the sun and
+moon.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Munin.</span> One of Odin’s ravens.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Muspel.</span> The name of an abode of
+fire.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Muspelheim.</span> The world of blazing
+light before the creation.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Na.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Naglfar.</span> A mythical ship made of
+nail-parings; it appears in Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nain.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nal.</span> Mother of Loke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nanna.</span> Daughter of Nep; mother of
+Forsete, and wife of Balder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">285</span>
+<a name = "page285"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Nare.</span> Sod of Loke; also called
+Narfe.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Narfe.</span> <i>See</i> Nare.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nastrand.</span> A place of punishment for
+the wicked after Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nep.</span> Father of Nanna.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Niblungs.</span> Identical with
+Gjukungs.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nida mountains.</span> A place where there
+is, after Ragnarok, a golden hall for the race of Sindre (the
+dwarfs).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nide.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nidhug.</span> A serpent in the nether
+world.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Niflheim.</span> The world of mist before
+the creation.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Niflungs.</span> Identical with
+Niblungs.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Night.</span> Daughter of Norfe.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nikar.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nikuz.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Niping.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Njord.</span> A van; husband of Skade, and
+father of Frey and Freyja.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Noatun.</span> Njord’s dwelling.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Non.</span> One of the streams flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nor.</span> The man after whom Norway was
+supposed to have been named.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nordre.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Norfe.</span> A giant, father of Night.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Norns.</span> The weird sisters.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Not.</span> One of the streams flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ny.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nye.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nyrad.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Oder.</span> Freyja’s
+husband.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Odin.</span> Son of Bor and Bestla; the
+chief of Teutonic gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Odrarer.</span> One of the vessels in which
+the poetic mead was kept.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ofner.</span> A serpent under Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Oin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Oku-thor.</span> A name of Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Olvalde.</span> A giant; father of Thjasse,
+Ide and Gang.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ome.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Onar.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Orboda.</span> Wife of the giant Gymer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ore.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ormt.</span> One of the rivers that Thor
+has to cross.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Orner.</span> The name of a giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">286</span>
+<a name = "page286"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Orvandel.</span> The husband of Groa, the vala
+who sang magic songs over Thor after he had fought with Hrungner.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Oske.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Otter.</span> A son of Hreidmar; in the
+form of an otter he was killed by Loke.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Quaser.</span> <i>See</i>
+Kvaser.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Radgrid.</span> A
+valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Radsvid.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Rafnagud.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ragnarok.</span> The last day; the
+dissolution of the gods and the world; the twilight of the gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ran.</span> The goddess of the sea; wife of
+Æger.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Randgrid.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Randver.</span> A son of Jormunrek.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ratatosk.</span> A squirrel in
+Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Rate.</span> An auger used by Odin in
+obtaining the poetic mead.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Regin.</span> Son of Hreidmar.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Reginleif.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Reidartyr.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Rek.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Rind.</span> Mother of Vale.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Rogner.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Roskva.</span> Thor’s maiden follower.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Sahrimner.</span> The boar
+on which the gods and heroes in Valhal live.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sad.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Saga.</span> The goddess of history.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sager.</span> The bucket carried by Bil and
+Hjuke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sangetal.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sekin.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sessrymner.</span> Freyja’s palace.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Siar.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sid.</span> A stream flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sidhot.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sidskeg.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sif.</span> Thor’s wife.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sigfather.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sigfrid.</span> The hero in the Niblung
+story; the same as Sigurd.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sigmund.</span> Son of Volsung. Also son of
+Sigurd and Gudrun.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sindre.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sigtyr.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sigyn.</span> Loke’s wife.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">287</span>
+<a name = "page287"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Sigurd.</span> The hero in the Niblung story;
+identical with Sigfrid.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Silvertop.</span> One of the horses of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Simul.</span> The pole on which Bil and
+Hjuke carried the bucket.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sinfjotle.</span> Son of Sigmund.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Siner.</span> One of the horses of the
+gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sjofn.</span> One of the asynjes.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skade.</span> A giantess; daughter of
+Thjasse and wife of Njord.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skeggold.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skeidbrimer.</span> One of the horses of
+the gods.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skidbladner.</span> Frey’s ship.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skifid.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skifir.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skilfing.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skinfaxe.</span> The horse of Day.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skirner.</span> Frey’s messenger.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skogul.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skol.</span> The wolf that pursues
+the&nbsp;sun.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skrymer.</span> The name assumed by
+Utgard-Loke; a giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Skuld.</span> The norn of the future.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sleipner.</span> Odin’s eight-footed
+steed.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Slid.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Slidrugtanne.</span> Frey’s boar.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Snotra.</span> One of the asynjes.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sokmimer.</span> A giant slain by Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sokvabek.</span> A mansion, where Odin and
+Saga quaff from golden beakers.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sol.</span> Daughter of Mundilfare.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Son.</span> One of the vessels containing
+the poetic mead.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sorle.</span> Son of Jonaker and Gudrun;
+avenges the death of Svanhild.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sudre.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sun.</span> Identical with Sol.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Surt.</span> Guards Muspelheim. A
+fire-giant in Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Suttung.</span> The giant possessing the
+poetic mead.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svade.</span> A giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svadilfare.</span> A horse, the sire of
+Sleipner.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svafner.</span> A serpent under
+Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><ins class = "correction" title =
+"inconsistent spelling in original"><span class =
+"smallcaps">Svanhild.</span></ins> Daughter of Sigurd and Gudrun.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svarin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svartalfaheim.</span> The home of the
+swarthy elves.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svarthofde.</span> The ancestor of all
+enchanters.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svasud.</span> The name of a giant; father
+of summer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">288</span>
+<a name = "page288"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Sviagris.</span> A ring demanded by the
+berserks for Rolf Krake.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svid.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svidar.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svidr.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svidre.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svidrir.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svidur.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svipdag.</span> The betrothed of
+Menglad.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svipol.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svol.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Svolne.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sylg.</span> A stream flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Syn.</span> A minor goddess.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Syr.</span> A name of Freyja.</p>
+
+<table class = "group space">
+<tr>
+<td class = "group smallcaps">Tangnjost.</td>
+<td class = "leftline" rowspan = "2"><p class = "nospace">
+Thor’s goats.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "group smallcaps">Tangrisner.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thek.</span> A dwarf; also a name of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thjalfe.</span> The name of Thor’s
+man-servant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thjasse.</span> A giant; the father of
+Njord’s wife, Skade.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thjodnuma.</span> One of the streams
+flowing from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thok.</span> Loke in the disguise of a
+woman.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thol.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thor.</span> Son of Odin and Fjorgyn. The
+god of thunder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thorin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thorn.</span> A giant.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thride.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thro.</span> A dwarf; also a name of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Throin.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thror.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thrud.</span> A valkyrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thud.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thul.</span> A stream flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thund.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thvite.</span> A stone used in chaining the
+Fenris-wolf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thyn.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Tyr.</span> The one-armed god
+of&nbsp;war.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Ud.</span> A name of
+Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ukko.</span> The god of thunder in Tshudic
+mythology.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ukko-thor.</span> A name for Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Uller.</span> Son of Sif and step-son of
+Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Urd.</span> The norn of the past.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">289</span>
+<a name = "page289"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Utgard.</span> The abode of the giant
+Utgard-Loke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Utgard-loke.</span> A giant visited by
+Thor; identical with Skrymer.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Vafthrudner.</span> A giant
+visited by Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vafud.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vafurloge.</span> The bickering flame
+surrounding Brynhild on Hindfell.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vak.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Valaskjalf.</span> One of Odin’s
+dwellings.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vale.</span> Brother of Balder; kills
+Hoder.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Valfather.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Valhal.</span> The hall to which Odin
+invites those slain in battle.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vanadis.</span> A name of Freyja.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vanaheim.</span> The home of the vans.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Var.</span> The goddess of betrothals and
+marriages.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vartare.</span> The thread with which the
+mouth of Loke was sewed together.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vasad.</span> The grandfather of
+Winter.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ve.</span> A brother of Odin. (Odin, Vile
+and&nbsp;Ve).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vedfolner.</span> A hawk in Ygdrasil.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vegsvin.</span> One of the streams flowing
+from Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vegtam.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Veratyr.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Verdande.</span> The norn of the
+present.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vestre.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vid.</span> One of the streams flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidar.</span> Son of Odin and the giantess
+Grid.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidblain.</span> The third heaven.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidfin.</span> The father of Bil and
+Hjuke.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidolf.</span> The ancestor of the
+valas.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidrer.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vidur.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vig.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vigrid.</span> The field of battle where
+the gods and the hosts of Surt meet in Ragnarok.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vile.</span> Brother of Odin
+and&nbsp;Ve.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vilmeide.</span> The ancestor of all
+wizards.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vimer.</span> A river that Thor
+crosses.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vin.</span> A river that flows from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vina.</span> A river that flows from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vindalf.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vindlong.</span> One of the names of the
+father of winter.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">290</span>
+<a name = "page290"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Vindsval.</span> One of the names of the
+father of winter.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vingner.</span> A name of Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vingolf.</span> The palace of the
+asynjes.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vingthor.</span> A name of Thor.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Virfir.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vit.</span> A dwarf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Volsungs.</span> The descendants of
+Volsung.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Von.</span> A river formed by the saliva
+running from the mouth <ins class = "correction" title = "illegible">of
+the</ins> chained Fenris-wolf.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vor.</span> One of the asynjes.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Wodan.</span> A name of
+Odin.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "space"><span class = "smallcaps">Ydaler.</span> Uller’s
+dwelling.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Yg.</span> A name of Odin.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ygdrasil.</span> The world-embracing
+ash-tree.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ylg.</span> One of the streams flowing from
+Hvergelmer.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ymer.</span> The huge giant out of whose
+body the world was cr<ins class = "correction" title =
+"illegible">eated.</ins></p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">291</span>
+<a name = "page291"> </a>
+<h3 class = "chapter"><a name = "index">INDEX.</a></h3>
+
+<p class = "mynote">
+Page references in the 5-10 range were left unlinked, as they do not
+correspond reliably to actual citations; pages 5 and 6 do not exist
+at all. It is possible that the Preface was rewritten and repaginated
+between 1879 (the original date of the book) and 1901 (the date of the
+printing used as the basis for this e-text).
+</p>
+
+<div class = "index">
+
+<table>
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>A - Annar</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td width = "50%">
+<p>Abel, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Academy (London), <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Achilleus, <a href = "#page167">167</a>, <a href =
+"#page168">168</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Adam, <a href = "#page33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Adela, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Adils, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a href =
+"#page217">217</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ae, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Æger, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page154">154</a>, <a
+href = "#page159">159</a>, <a href = "#page160">160</a>, <a href =
+"#page162">162</a>, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, <a href =
+"#page169">169</a>, <a href = "#page176">176</a>-189, <a href =
+"#page196">196</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Æneas, <a href = "#page168">168</a>, <a href =
+"#page221">221</a>-224, <a href = "#page229">229</a>, <a href =
+"#page242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Africa and Africans, <a href = "#page36">36</a>, <a href =
+"#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ainbet, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ainos, <a href = "#page221">221</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aldafather, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ale, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>, <a
+href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alf, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alfather, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page69">69</a>, <a
+href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href =
+"#page80">80</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page92">92</a>, <a href = "#page94">94</a>, <a href =
+"#page98">98</a>, <a href = "#page106">106</a>, <a href =
+"#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Alfheim, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href =
+"#page183">183</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alfrig, <a href = "#page261">261</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alsace, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alsvid, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Althjof, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alvis, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p>
+
+<p>America, <a href = "#page30">30</a>, <a href =
+"#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Amsvartner, <a href = "#page94">94</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Anchises, <a href = "#page223">223</a>, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Andhrimner, <a href = "#page104">104</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Andlang, <a href = "#page78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Andvare, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page194">194</a>, <a
+href = "#page195">195</a>, <a href = "#page199">199</a>-201.</p>
+
+<p>Andvarenaut, <a href = "#page200">200</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Angerboda, <a href = "#page91">91</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Anglo-Saxon, <a href = "#page258">258</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Annan, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Annar, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Argulos - Austria</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Argulos, <a href = "#page41">41</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ariadne, <a href = "#page29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ariel, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ark, <a href = "#page33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arndt, <a href = "#page257">257</a>, <a href =
+"#page258">258</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arvak, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asaheim, <a href = "#page226">226</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asaland, <a href = "#page226">226</a>, <a href =
+"#page234">234</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asas, <a href = "#page79">79</a>-90.</p>
+
+<p>Asa-Thor, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asburg, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asgard, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page51">51</a>, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href =
+"#page64">64</a>, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href =
+"#page69">69</a>, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, <a href =
+"#page136">136</a>, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a href =
+"#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page156">156</a>-158, <a href =
+"#page164">164</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>-176, <a href =
+"#page181">181</a>, <a href = "#page189">189</a>, <a href =
+"#page191">191</a>, <a href = "#page224">224</a>, <a href =
+"#page226">226</a>, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href =
+"#page230">230</a>, <a href = "#page237">237</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asia, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href
+= "#page166">166</a>, <a href = "#page225">225</a>-229.</p>
+
+<p>Asiamen, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href = "#page48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ask, 5, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Aslaug, <a href = "#page204">204</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asmund, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href =
+"#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aspargum, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asov, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Assor, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asynjes, <a href = "#page97">97</a>-100.</p>
+
+<p>Assyrians, <a href = "#page37">37</a>, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, <a
+href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Atlas, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Atle, <a href = "#page198">198</a>-202, <a href =
+"#page251">251</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Atra, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Atrid, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aud, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Audhumbla, <a href = "#page59">59</a>, <a href =
+"#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Audun, <a href = "#page235">235</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aurgelmer, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aurvang, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Austre, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Austria, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>B - Bjarnhedinn</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Baal, <a href = "#page37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Babylon, <a href = "#page39">39</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bafur, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Balder, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page8">8</a>, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href = "#page83">83</a>,
+<a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href =
+"#page131">131</a>-136, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a href =
+"#page158">158</a>, <a href = "#page175">175</a>, <a href =
+"#page232">232</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>, <a href =
+"#page264">264</a>, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Baleyg, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a
+href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Baltic, <a href = "#page223">223</a>, <a href =
+"#page231">231</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Banquo, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bar, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a href
+= "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bar-Isle, <a href = "#page102">102</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bauge, <a href = "#page162">162</a>, <a href =
+"#page163">163</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">292</span>
+<a name = "page292"> </a>
+<p>Bavaria, <a href = "#page256">256</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bedvig, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Beigud, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bel, <a href = "#page37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Beldegg, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bele, <a href = "#page102">102</a>, <a href = "#page103">103</a>, <a
+href = "#page145">145</a>, <a href = "#page175">175</a>, <a href =
+"#page262">262</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Beowulf, <a href = "#page262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bergelmer, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bergmann, Fr., <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href =
+"#page221">221</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Berling, <a href = "#page261">261</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bestla, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Biflide, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Biflinde, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a
+href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bifrost, <a href = "#page68">68</a>, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a
+href = "#page74">74</a>, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href =
+"#page88">88</a>, <a href = "#page108">108</a>, <a href =
+"#page142">142</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bifur, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bikke, <a href = "#page202">202</a>, <a href =
+"#page203">203</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bil, <a href = "#page66">66</a>, <a href = "#page99">99</a>, <a href
+= "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bileyg, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bilskirner, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bjaf, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bjalfe, <a href = "#page233">233</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bjar, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bjarnhedinn, <a href = "#page233">233</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Black Sea - Byrger</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Black Sea, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blackwell, W. L., <a href = "#page15">15</a>, <a href =
+"#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blain, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blind, Karl, <a href = "#page252">252</a>-256.</p>
+
+<p>Blodughofde, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blueland, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bodn, <a href = "#page160">160</a>-165.</p>
+
+<p>Bodvar Bjarke, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bol, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bolthorn, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bolverk, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page162">162</a>, <a
+href = "#page163">163</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bombur, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bor, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href
+= "#page64">64</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Borgundarholm, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bornholm, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bothnia, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Brage, 6, 9, <a href =
+"#page16">16</a>, <a href = "#page25">25</a>, <a href =
+"#page50">50</a>, <a href = "#page87">87</a>, <a href =
+"#page108">108</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page154">154</a>, <a href = "#page159">159</a>, <a href =
+"#page160">160</a>, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, <a href =
+"#page166">166</a>, <a href = "#page169">169</a>, <a href =
+"#page184">184</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page189">189</a>, <a href = "#page205">205</a>, <a href =
+"#page231">231</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Brander, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Breidablik, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page84">84</a>,
+<a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Brimer, <a href = "#page147">147</a>, <a href =
+"#page166">166</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Brising, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page186">186</a>, <a
+href = "#page261">261</a>, <a href = "#page262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Britain, <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Brok, <a href = "#page190">190</a>-192.</p>
+
+<p>Brynhild, <a href = "#page198">198</a>-201, <a href =
+"#page262">262</a>, <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Budd, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Buddha, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Budle, <a href = "#page198">198</a>, <a href =
+"#page201">201</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bue, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bugge, Sophus, <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bure, 5, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Byleist, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href =
+"#page144">144</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Byrger, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>C</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Cæsar, <a href = "#page233">233</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cain, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Carlyle, Sir Thomas, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, <a href =
+"#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Carthage, <a href = "#page31">31</a>, <a href =
+"#page242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cato, the Elder, <a href = "#page31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Caucasian, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Celtic, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>,
+<a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cerberos, <a href = "#page41">41</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Chaldeans, <a href = "#page40">40</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chasgar, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>China, <a href = "#page28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chlotildis, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Christ, <a href = "#page201">201</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>,
+<a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cicero, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Columbus, <a href = "#page30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cottle, A. S., <a href = "#page15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Crete, <a href = "#page28">28</a>, <a href = "#page39">39</a>-42.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>D</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Dain, <a href = "#page70">70</a>, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dainsleif, <a href = "#page219">219</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dane, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Danube, <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dardanos, <a href = "#page42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dasent, G. W., <a href = "#page15">15</a>, <a href =
+"#page16">16</a>, <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Day, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Daybreak, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Delling, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Denmark, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a href = "#page206">206</a>, <a
+href = "#page207">207</a>, <a href = "#page214">214</a>, <a href =
+"#page222">222</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href =
+"#page231">231</a>, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href =
+"#page242">242</a>, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Dido, <a href = "#page242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dietrich, Fr., <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dippold, G. Theo., <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dolgthvare, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Don, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dore, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dornröschen, <a href = "#page254">254</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Draupner, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page134">134</a>,
+<a href = "#page136">136</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Drome, <a href = "#page93">93</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Duf, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Duney, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Durathro, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Durin, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dvalin, <a href = "#page70">70</a>, <a href = "#page74">74</a>, <a
+href = "#page75">75</a>, <a href = "#page261">261</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<span class = "pagenum">293</span>
+<a name = "page293"> </a>
+<h5>E</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Egilsson, S., <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href =
+"#page19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eikenskjalde, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eikthyrner, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eilif, <a href = "#page179">179</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eimyrja, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eindride, <a href = "#page175">175</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eir, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ekin, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Elder, <a href = "#page188">188</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eldhrimner, <a href = "#page104">104</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Elenus, <a href = "#page168">168</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eline, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Elivogs, 5, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, <a
+href = "#page59">59</a>, <a href = "#page173">173</a>, <a href =
+"#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eljudner, <a href = "#page92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Elle, <a href = "#page124">124</a>, <a href = "#page127">127</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Embla, 5, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a href
+= "#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Emerson, R. W., <a href = "#page22">22</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Endil, <a href = "#page180">180</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Enea, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>, <a
+href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>England, <a href = "#page30">30</a>, <a href = "#page48">48</a>, <a
+href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href =
+"#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>, <a href =
+"#page258">258</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Erichthonios, <a href = "#page221">221</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Erp, <a href = "#page202">202</a>-205.</p>
+
+<p>Ethiopia, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ettmüller, Ludw., <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Europe, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>-230,
+<a href = "#page241">241</a>, <a href = "#page254">254</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eve, <a href = "#page33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eylime, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eysa, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Eyvind Skaldespiller, <a href = "#page236">236</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>F - Fjorm</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Fafner, <a href = "#page193">193</a>-201, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fal, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Falhofner, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Farbaute, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href =
+"#page185">185</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Farmagod, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Farmatyr, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page165">165</a>,
+<a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Faye, A., <a href = "#page257">257</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fenja, <a href = "#page206">206</a>-208, <a href =
+"#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fenris-wolf, 8, <a href = "#page87">87</a>, <a
+href = "#page91">91</a>-96, <a href = "#page104">104</a>, <a href =
+"#page141">141</a>, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href =
+"#page148">148</a>, <a href = "#page149">149</a>, <a href =
+"#page168">168</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fensaler, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href =
+"#page132">132</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fid, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>File, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Fimafeng, <a href = "#page188">188</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fimbul, <a href = "#page56">56</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fimbulthul, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fimbul-tyr, 5, 6, <a
+href = "#page8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fimbul-winter, 7, <a href =
+"#page140">140</a>, <a href = "#page264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Finnish, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>,
+<a href = "#page241">241</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Finnsleif, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fjalar, <a href = "#page160">160</a>, <a href =
+"#page161">161</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fjarlaf, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fjolner, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a
+href = "#page207">207</a>, <a href = "#page238">238</a>, <a href =
+"#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fjolsvid, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>,
+<a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fjorgvin, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fjorm, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Folkvang - Fyrisvold</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Folkvang, <a href = "#page86">86</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Forestier, Auber, <a href = "#page262">262</a>, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>, <a href = "#page266">266</a>, <a href =
+"#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Form, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fornjot, <a href = "#page239">239</a>-243.</p>
+
+<p>Forsete, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page90">90</a>, <a
+href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frananger Force, <a href = "#page137">137</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frankland, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fraser’s Magazine, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Freke, <a href = "#page105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Freovit, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frey, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page8">8</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a href = "#page86">86</a>,
+<a href = "#page94">94</a>, <a href = "#page101">101</a>-103, <a href =
+"#page109">109</a>-112, <a href = "#page134">134</a>, <a href =
+"#page142">142</a>, <a href = "#page143">143</a>, <a href =
+"#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page191">191</a>, <a href = "#page192">192</a>, <a href =
+"#page227">227</a>, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href =
+"#page237">237</a>-239, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>, <a href = "#page262">262</a>, <a href =
+"#page264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Freyja, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page29">29</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a href =
+"#page86">86</a>, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href =
+"#page110">110</a>, <a href = "#page134">134</a>, <a href =
+"#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page157">157</a>, <a href =
+"#page170">170</a>, <a href = "#page183">183</a>, <a href =
+"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href =
+"#page232">232</a>, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>, <a href = "#page261">261</a>, <a href =
+"#page262">262</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Fridleif, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a
+href = "#page206">206</a>, <a href = "#page218">218</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frigialand, <a href = "#page168">168</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frigg, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page43">43</a>, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href =
+"#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, <a href =
+"#page94">94</a>, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href =
+"#page98">98</a>, <a href = "#page131">131</a>-136, <a href =
+"#page145">145</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page176">176</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page227">227</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frigia, <a href = "#page43">43</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frigida, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frjodiger, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frode, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, <a href = "#page206">206</a>-213,
+<a href = "#page238">238</a>, <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Froste, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, <a
+href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fulla, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page136">136</a>, <a
+href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fundin, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Funen, <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fyre, <a href = "#page216">216</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fyrisvold, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page217">217</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>G - Gissur</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Gaelic, <a href = "#page257">257</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gagnrad, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Galar, <a href = "#page160">160</a>, <a href =
+"#page161">161</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gandolf, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gandvik, <a href = "#page179">179</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gang, <a href = "#page159">159</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ganglare, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">294</span>
+<a name = "page294"> </a>
+<p>Ganglate, <a href = "#page92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ganglere, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>,
+<a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ganglot, <a href = "#page92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gangrad, <a href = "#page58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gardarike, <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gardie, de la, <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gardrofa, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Garm, 8, <a href = "#page108">108</a>, <a href
+= "#page143">143</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gaut, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gave, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gefjun, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a
+href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page231">231</a>, <a href =
+"#page242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gefn, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gegenwart, Die, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Geibel, Em., <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Geir, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Geirabod, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Geirrod, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page176">176</a>-183, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href =
+"#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Geir Skogul, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Geirvimul, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gelgja, <a href = "#page96">96</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gelmer, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gerd, <a href = "#page101">101</a>-113, <a href = "#page153">153</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href = "#page238">238</a>, <a href =
+"#page262">262</a>, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gere, <a href = "#page105">105</a>, <a href = "#page261">261</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Germania (of Tacitus), <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Germany, <a href = "#page30">30</a>, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a
+href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>-256.</p>
+
+<p>Gersame, <a href = "#page238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gertraud, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gibraltar, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gill, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gilling, <a href = "#page161">161</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gimle, 9, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href
+= "#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page78">78</a>, <a href =
+"#page147">147</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ginnar, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ginungagap, 5, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a
+href = "#page57">57</a>, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href =
+"#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>-249.</p>
+
+<p>Gipul, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gisl, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gissur, Jarl, <a href = "#page24">24</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Gjallar - Goransson</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Gjallar-bridge, <a href = "#page135">135</a>, <a href =
+"#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gjallarhorn, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href = "#page88">88</a>,
+<a href = "#page142">142</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gjallar-river, <a href = "#page135">135</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gjalp, <a href = "#page178">178</a>, <a href = "#page179">179</a>, <a
+href = "#page180">180</a>, <a href = "#page182">182</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gjoll, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page96">96</a>, <a
+href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gjuke, <a href = "#page199">199</a>, <a href = "#page204">204</a>, <a
+href = "#page206">206</a>, <a href = "#page266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gjukungs, <a href = "#page193">193</a>-201.</p>
+
+<p>Glad, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gladsheim, <a href = "#page28">28</a>, <a href = "#page69">69</a>, <a
+href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Glam, <a href = "#page183">183</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Glapsvid, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Glaser, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page199">199</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gleipner, <a href = "#page87">87</a>, <a href = "#page94">94</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Glener, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gler, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Glitner, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a
+href = "#page90">90</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Glod, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gloin, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Glora, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Gna, <a href = "#page98">98</a>, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gnipa-cave, 8, <a href =
+"#page143">143</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gnita-heath, <a href = "#page196">196</a>-200.</p>
+
+<p>God, <a href = "#page33">33</a>-40, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Godheim, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page236">236</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Goe, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Goin, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gol, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Golden Age, <a href = "#page69">69</a>-71.</p>
+
+<p>Goldfax, <a href = "#page169">169</a>, <a href =
+"#page176">176</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gomul, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gondler, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gondul, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gopul, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gor, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Got, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gote, <a href = "#page199">199</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gothorm, <a href = "#page198">198</a>-211.</p>
+
+<p>Gotland, <a href = "#page206">206</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Goransson, J., <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Grabak - Gymer</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Grabak, <a href = "#page76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grad, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grafvitner, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grafvollud, <a href = "#page76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gram, <a href = "#page199">199</a>, <a href = "#page200">200</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grane, <a href = "#page198">198</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grave, <a href = "#page199">199</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gray, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Greece and Greeks, <a href = "#page28">28</a>, <a href =
+"#page31">31</a>, <a href = "#page39">39</a>-43, <a href =
+"#page222">222</a>-229, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Greenland, <a href = "#page30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Greip, <a href = "#page178">178</a>-183.</p>
+
+<p>Grid, <a href = "#page177">177</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gridarvol, <a href = "#page177">177</a>, <a href =
+"#page181">181</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grim, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a
+href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grimhild, <a href = "#page198">198</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grimm (Brothers), <a href = "#page244">244</a>, <a href =
+"#page253">253</a>, <a href = "#page258">258</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grimner, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page244">244</a>, <a
+href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>, <a href =
+"#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grjottungard, <a href = "#page171">171</a>, <a href =
+"#page174">174</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Groa, <a href = "#page173">173</a>, <a href = "#page174">174</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grotte, <a href = "#page207">207</a>, <a href =
+"#page210">210</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grottesong, <a href = "#page207">207</a>, <a href =
+"#page208">208</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Guatemala, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, <a href =
+"#page244">244</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">295</span>
+<a name = "page295"> </a>
+<p>Gud, <a href = "#page100">100</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gudny, <a href = "#page198">198</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gudolf, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gudrun, <a href = "#page179">179</a>-203.</p>
+
+<p>Gullinburste, <a href = "#page134">134</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gullintanne, <a href = "#page88">88</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gulltop, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, <a
+href = "#page134">134</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gullveig, <a href = "#page252">252</a>, <a href =
+"#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gungner, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href =
+"#page189">189</a>-192.</p>
+
+<p>Gunlad, <a href = "#page160">160</a>-165.</p>
+
+<p>Gunn, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gunnar, <a href = "#page198">198</a>-203.</p>
+
+<p>Gunnthro, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href =
+"#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gunthrain, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gwodan, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gylfe, 9, <a href = "#page16">16</a>, <a href
+= "#page46">46</a>, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href =
+"#page50">50</a>, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, <a href =
+"#page52">52</a>, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, <a href =
+"#page221">221</a>, <a href = "#page224">224</a>, <a href =
+"#page231">231</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href =
+"#page242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gyller, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gymer, <a href = "#page101">101</a>, <a href = "#page103">103</a>, <a
+href = "#page238">238</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>H - Helmet</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Ha, <a href = "#page218">218</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Habrok, <a href = "#page108">108</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hafthor, <a href = "#page235">235</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hakon, <a href = "#page21">21</a>-24, <a href =
+"#page236">236</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Haleygjatal, <a href = "#page47">47</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Halfdan, <a href = "#page213">213</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hallinskide, <a href = "#page88">88</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Haloge, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Halogeland, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ham, <a href = "#page35">35</a>, <a href = "#page36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hamder, <a href = "#page202">202</a>, <a href =
+"#page206">206</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hamskerper, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hangagod, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hangatyr, <a href = "#page165">165</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Haptagod, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Har, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href
+= "#page243">243</a>-246.</p>
+
+<p>Harald Harfager, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Harbard, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hate, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Haustlong, <a href = "#page184">184</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Hebrew, <a href = "#page37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hedin, <a href = "#page218">218</a>, <a href =
+"#page219">219</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hedinians, <a href = "#page219">219</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heide, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heidrun, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heimdal, 6, 8, <a href
+= "#page88">88</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href =
+"#page134">134</a>, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href =
+"#page143">143</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page232">232</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heimer, <a href = "#page204">204</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heimskringla, 10, <a href = "#page22">22</a>,
+<a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, <a href =
+"#page221">221</a>, <a href = "#page224">224</a>, <a href =
+"#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page242">242</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hekate, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hektor, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, <a
+href = "#page167">167</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hel, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page55">55</a>, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href =
+"#page57">57</a>, <a href = "#page91">91</a>-96, <a href =
+"#page133">133</a>, <a href = "#page135">135</a>-137, <a href =
+"#page142">142</a>, <a href = "#page144">144</a>, <a href =
+"#page148">148</a>, <a href = "#page248">248</a>, <a href =
+"#page255">255</a>, <a href = "#page264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Helblinde, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a
+href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Held, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Helge Hundings-Bane, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Helgeland, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Helmet-bearer, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Henderson - Hlymdaler</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Henderson, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hendride, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hengekjapt, <a href = "#page207">207</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hengist, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hepte, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herakles, <a href = "#page41">41</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heran, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herbert, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herfather, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herfjoter, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herikon, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href =
+"#page221">221</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herjan, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a
+href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hermanric, <a href = "#page262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hermod, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, <a
+href = "#page135">135</a>, <a href = "#page136">136</a>, <a href =
+"#page249">249</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hero-book, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herodotos, <a href = "#page22">22</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herteit, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hesse (Rhenish), <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Hild, <a href = "#page99">99</a>, <a href = "#page198">198</a>, <a
+href = "#page218">218</a>, <a href = "#page219">219</a>, <a href =
+"#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hildebrand, Karl, <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hildesvin, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Himminbjorg, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page88">88</a>,
+<a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hindfell, <a href = "#page199">199</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hjaddingavig, <a href = "#page219">219</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hjalmbore, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hjalprek, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hjalte the Valiant, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hjarrande, <a href = "#page218">218</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hjordis, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hjuke, <a href = "#page66">66</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hledjolf, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hleidre, <a href = "#page212">212</a>, <a href =
+"#page214">214</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hler, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, <a
+href = "#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hlidskjalf, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a href = "#page77">77</a>,
+<a href = "#page101">101</a>, <a href = "#page137">137</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hlin, <a href = "#page98">98</a>, <a href = "#page145">145</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hlodyn, <a href = "#page145">145</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hlok, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hloride, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hlymdaler, <a href = "#page204">204</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Hnikar - Hyrrokken</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Hnikar, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a
+href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">296</span>
+<a name = "page296"> </a>
+<p>Hnikud, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a
+href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hnitbjorg, <a href = "#page161">161</a>, <a href =
+"#page162">162</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hnos, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hoder, 7, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href
+= "#page132">132</a>, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hodmimer’s-holt, <a href = "#page149">149</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hofvarpner, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hogne, <a href = "#page198">198</a>-218.</p>
+
+<p>Holge, <a href = "#page187">187</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Holzmann, A., <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Homer, <a href = "#page222">222</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Honer, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a
+href = "#page155">155</a>, <a href = "#page157">157</a>, <a href =
+"#page184">184</a>-186, <a href = "#page193">193</a>, <a href =
+"#page227">227</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hor, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Horn, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hornklofe, <a href = "#page233">233</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Horsa, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Howitts, the, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrasvelg, <a href = "#page79">79</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hreidmar, <a href = "#page193">193</a>-196.</p>
+
+<p>Hrid, <a href = "#page56">56</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Hrimfaxe, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrimgerd, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hringhorn, <a href = "#page133">133</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrist, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrodvitner, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrolf, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hron, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hroptatyr, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrotte, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrungner, 7, <a href = "#page169">169</a>-176,
+<a href = "#page210">210</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hrym, <a href = "#page141">141</a>-144.</p>
+
+<p>Hvergelmer, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page72">72</a>,
+<a href = "#page75">75</a>, <a href = "#page106">106</a>, <a href =
+"#page148">148</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href =
+"#page248">248</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hvitserk, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Huge, <a href = "#page121">121</a>, <a href = "#page126">126</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hugin, <a href = "#page105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hugstare, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Humboldt, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hymer, <a href = "#page128">128</a>-133, <a href =
+"#page167">167</a>, <a href = "#page186">186</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hyndla, <a href = "#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hyrrokken, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, <a href =
+"#page134">134</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>I</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Iceland, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ida, <a href = "#page148">148</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Idavold, <a href = "#page69">69</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ide, <a href = "#page159">159</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Idun, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page10">10</a>, <a href = "#page28">28</a>, <a href =
+"#page87">87</a>, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, <a href =
+"#page153">153</a>, <a href = "#page155">155</a>, <a href =
+"#page157">157</a>, <a href = "#page184">184</a>-187, <a href =
+"#page264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Iliad, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>, <a
+href = "#page224">224</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ilos, <a href = "#page43">43</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>India, <a href = "#page28">28</a>, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Irmina, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ironwood, <a href = "#page57">57</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Isefjord, <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Italy, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, <a href = "#page222">222</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ithaca, <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Itrman, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Iva, <a href = "#page182">182</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ivalde, <a href = "#page112">112</a>, <a href =
+"#page189">189</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>J</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Jack, <a href = "#page247">247</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jafnhar, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a
+href = "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jalanger, <a href = "#page207">207</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jalg, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jalk, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href
+= "#page245">245</a>-247.</p>
+
+<p>Jamieson, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Japhet, <a href = "#page35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jarnsaxa, <a href = "#page173">173</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jarnved, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jarnvidjes, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jat, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jerusalem, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jews, <a href = "#page29">29</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Johnstown, <a href = "#page232">232</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jokul, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jonaker, <a href = "#page202">202</a>, <a href =
+"#page206">206</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jonsson (Arngrim), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jonsson (Th.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href =
+"#page19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jord, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page100">100</a>, <a
+href = "#page174">174</a>, <a href = "#page175">175</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jormungand, <a href = "#page91">91</a>-96, <a href =
+"#page144">144</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jormunrek, <a href = "#page202">202</a>-206.</p>
+
+<p>Joruvold, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jotland, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jotunheim, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a
+href = "#page69">69</a>, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href =
+"#page110">110</a>, <a href = "#page111">111</a>, <a href =
+"#page115">115</a>, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, <a href =
+"#page144">144</a>, <a href = "#page157">157</a>, <a href =
+"#page169">169</a>, <a href = "#page176">176</a>, <a href =
+"#page185">185</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page231">231</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Juno, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jupiter, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, <a href = "#page42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jutland, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href =
+"#page247">247</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>K</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Kadmos, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kalevala, <a href = "#page84">84</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kalmuks, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kann, <a href = "#page254">254</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kare, <a href = "#page240">240</a>-243.</p>
+
+<p>Kemble, <a href = "#page258">258</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kerlangs, <a href = "#page73">73</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Keyser (Rud.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href =
+"#page19">19</a>, <a href = "#page20">20</a>, <a href =
+"#page23">23</a>, <a href = "#page25">25</a>, <a href =
+"#page26">26</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">297</span>
+<a name = "page297"> </a>
+<p>Kesfet, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kile, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kingsley (Chas.), <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kjalar, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Knue, <a href = "#page211">211</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kormt, <a href = "#page73">73</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kvaser, <a href = "#page137">137</a>, <a href =
+"#page160">160</a>-165, <a href = "#page227">227</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>L</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Laage, <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lading, <a href = "#page93">93</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Laing (Samuel), <a href = "#page22">22</a>, <a href =
+"#page224">224</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Landvide, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Laomedon, <a href = "#page43">43</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Latin, <a href = "#page222">222</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Laufey, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href = "#page110">110</a>, <a
+href = "#page113">113</a>, <a href = "#page137">137</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Leidre (See Hleidre), <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Leipt, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lerad, <a href = "#page106">106</a>, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Letfet, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Liber, <a href = "#page228">228</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Libera, <a href = "#page228">228</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lif, <a href = "#page149">149</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lifthraser, <a href = "#page149">149</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lit, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page134">134</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lithraborg, <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Ljosalfaheim, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Loder, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lofn, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Loge, <a href = "#page120">120</a>, <a href = "#page126">126</a>, <a
+href = "#page240">240</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Logrinn, <a href = "#page49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Loke, 6-8, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, <a href
+= "#page91">91</a>-96, <a href = "#page109">109</a>-145, <a href =
+"#page151">151</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page155">155</a>-158, <a href = "#page176">176</a>-187, <a href =
+"#page188">188</a>-199, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>, <a href = "#page261">261</a>, <a href =
+"#page264">264</a>, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lopt, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href = "#page186">186</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Loptsson (Jon), <a href = "#page20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lora, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Loricos, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Loride, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lovar, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lybia, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href =
+"#page242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lyngve, <a href = "#page94">94</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>M - Mithridates</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Macbeth, <a href = "#page252">252</a>-265.</p>
+
+<p>Macedonians, <a href = "#page39">39</a>, <a href = "#page40">40</a>,
+<a href = "#page42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Maelstrom, <a href = "#page208">208</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Magi, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Magne, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page48">48</a>, <a
+href = "#page149">149</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>, <a href =
+"#page173">173</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Magnusson (Arne), <a href = "#page17">17</a>, <a href =
+"#page18">18</a>, <a href = "#page23">23</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Malar, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href = "#page231">231</a>, <a
+href = "#page232">232</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mallet, <a href = "#page16">16</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Manilius, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mannheim, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page236">236</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mardol, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mars, <a href = "#page222">222</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mechtild, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mediterranean Sea, <a href = "#page38">38</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Megingjarder, <a href = "#page83">83</a>, <a href =
+"#page106">106</a>, <a href = "#page176">176</a>, <a href =
+"#page180">180</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Meile, <a href = "#page174">174</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Menglad, <a href = "#page260">260</a>, <a href =
+"#page262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Menja, <a href = "#page206">206</a>-209, <a href =
+"#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Menon, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Metellus, <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mexican, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Midgard, 5, <a href = "#page62">62</a>, <a
+href = "#page63">63</a>, <a href = "#page67">67</a>, <a href =
+"#page109">109</a>, <a href = "#page128">128</a>, <a href =
+"#page145">145</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Midvitne, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mimer, 10, <a href = "#page19">19</a>, <a
+href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href =
+"#page142">142</a>, <a href = "#page143">143</a>, <a href =
+"#page224">224</a>, <a href = "#page227">227</a>, <a href =
+"#page228">228</a>, <a href = "#page234">234</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mist, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mithridates, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Mjodvitner - Mysing</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Mjodvitner, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mjoll, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mjolner, 6-8, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a
+href = "#page83">83</a>, <a href = "#page111">111</a>-130, <a href =
+"#page134">134</a>, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a href =
+"#page149">149</a>, <a href = "#page171">171</a>, <a href =
+"#page176">176</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mjotud, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Möbius (Th.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mode, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a
+href = "#page149">149</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Modgud, <a href = "#page135">135</a>, <a href =
+"#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Modsogner, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moin, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mokkerkalfe, <a href = "#page171">171</a>, <a href =
+"#page173">173</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moldau, <a href = "#page228">228</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mongolians, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moon, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moongarm, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Morn, <a href = "#page185">185</a>, <a href = "#page186">186</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Morris (Wm.), <a href = "#page224">224</a>, <a href =
+"#page266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Müller (Max), <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Müller (P. E.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href =
+"#page20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mummius, <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Munch (P. A.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mundilfare, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Munin, <a href = "#page105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Munon, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Muspel, <a href = "#page68">68</a>, <a href = "#page103">103</a>, <a
+href = "#page112">112</a>, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href =
+"#page144">144</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Muspelheim, 5, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a
+href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href =
+"#page66">66</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href =
+"#page247">247</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Muss, <a href = "#page254">254</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mysing, <a href = "#page207">207</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<span class = "pagenum">298</span>
+<a name = "page298"> </a>
+<h5>N</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Na, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Naglfar, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page112">112</a>, <a
+href = "#page141">141</a>, <a href = "#page144">144</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nain, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nal, <a href = "#page91">91</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nanna, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page134">134</a>, <a
+href = "#page136">136</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nare, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a href = "#page139">139</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Narfe, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page91">91</a>, <a
+href = "#page139">139</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nastrand, 9, <a href = "#page147">147</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nep, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page134">134</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Neptune, <a href = "#page41">41</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Niblungs, <a href = "#page101">101</a>, <a href = "#page193">193</a>,
+<a href = "#page199">199</a>, <a href = "#page201">201</a>, <a href =
+"#page202">202</a>, <a href = "#page262">262</a>, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>, <a href = "#page266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Niblung Story, <a href = "#page30">30</a>, <a href =
+"#page266">266</a>, <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nida Mountains, <a href = "#page147">147</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nide, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nidhug, 9, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href
+= "#page75">75</a>, <a href = "#page148">148</a>, <a href =
+"#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Niflheim, 5, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a
+href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href = "#page72">72</a>, <a href =
+"#page92">92</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href =
+"#page247">247</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Niflhel, <a href = "#page55">55</a>, <a href = "#page111">111</a>, <a
+href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Niflungs, <a href = "#page193">193</a>-199, <a href =
+"#page201">201</a>, <a href = "#page202">202</a>, <a href =
+"#page266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Night, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Nikar, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nikuz, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nile, <a href = "#page41">41</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Niping, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Njord, 6, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, <a href
+= "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a href =
+"#page101">101</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page158">158</a>, <a href = "#page159">159</a>, <a href =
+"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page227">227</a>, <a href =
+"#page228">228</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href =
+"#page236">236</a>, <a href = "#page237">237</a>, <a href =
+"#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Njorvasnud, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Njorve, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Noah, <a href = "#page33">33</a>, <a href = "#page35">35</a>, <a href
+= "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Noatun, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a
+href = "#page158">158</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href =
+"#page237">237</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Non, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nor, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nordre, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Norfe, <a href = "#page65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Norns, <a href = "#page73">73</a>-78.</p>
+
+<p>Norway, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a href = "#page218">218</a>,
+<a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href =
+"#page236">236</a>, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href =
+"#page240">240</a>, <a href = "#page241">241</a>, <a href =
+"#page251">251</a>, <a href = "#page256">256</a>, <a href =
+"#page257">257</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Not, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ny, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nye, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nyrad, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nyerup (R.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>O</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Oder, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page112">112</a>, <a
+href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href = "#page238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Odin, 5-10, <a href = "#page29">29</a>, <a
+href = "#page39">39</a>, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href =
+"#page45">45</a>-47, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href =
+"#page65">65</a>, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href =
+"#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, <a href =
+"#page83">83</a>, <a href = "#page86">86</a>, <a href =
+"#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page96">96</a>, <a href =
+"#page100">100</a>, <a href = "#page104">104</a>-112, <a href =
+"#page132">132</a>-134, <a href = "#page137">137</a>, <a href =
+"#page142">142</a>, <a href = "#page143">143</a>, <a href =
+"#page145">145</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page155">155</a>, <a href = "#page157">157</a>, <a href =
+"#page158">158</a>, <a href = "#page160">160</a>-165, <a href =
+"#page168">168</a>-176, <a href = "#page181">181</a>, <a href =
+"#page185">185</a>, <a href = "#page186">186</a>, <a href =
+"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page189">189</a>-192, <a href =
+"#page194">194</a>, <a href = "#page195">195</a>, <a href =
+"#page206">206</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>, <a href =
+"#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page240">240</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>-263.</p>
+
+<p>Odinse, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href = "#page231">231</a>,
+<a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Odinstown, <a href = "#page232">232</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Odoacer, <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Odrarer, <a href = "#page160">160</a>-165.</p>
+
+<p>Odyssey, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, <a href =
+"#page224">224</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ofner, <a href = "#page76">76</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a
+href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Oin, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Oku-Thor, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, <a href = "#page151">151</a>,
+<a href = "#page167">167</a>, <a href = "#page168">168</a>, <a href =
+"#page209">209</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Olafsson (Magnus), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Olafsson (Stephan), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Olaf (Thordsson), 9, <a href =
+"#page20">20</a>, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, <a href =
+"#page23">23</a>-27.</p>
+
+<p>Olaf (Tryggvason), <a href = "#page261">261</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Olvalde, <a href = "#page159">159</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ome, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href
+= "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Onar, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orboda, <a href = "#page101">101</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ore, <a href = "#page70">70</a>, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orestes, <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orkneys, <a href = "#page218">218</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ormt, <a href = "#page73">73</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orner, <a href = "#page210">210</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orvandel, <a href = "#page173">173</a>-175.</p>
+
+<p>Oske, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href
+= "#page245">245</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Otter, <a href = "#page193">193</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ottilia, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>P</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Paulus (Diakonos), <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Persia, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Petersen (N. M.), <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pfeiffer (Fr.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pigott, <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pluto, <a href = "#page49">49</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Poetry (origin of), <a href = "#page161">161</a>-165.</p>
+
+<p>Polar Sea, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pompey, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a
+href = "#page229">229</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pontus, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Priamos, <a href = "#page39">39</a>, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a
+href = "#page44">44</a>, <a href = "#page166">166</a>, <a href =
+"#page167">167</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pyrrhus, <a href = "#page168">168</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Q</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Quaser (see Kvaser).</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Quenland, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>R</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Rachel, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Radgrid, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Redsvid, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">299</span>
+<a name = "page299"> </a>
+<p>Rafn, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rafnagud, <a href = "#page105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ragnar, <a href = "#page206">206</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ragnar (Lodbrok), <a href = "#page205">205</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ragnarok, 8, <a href = "#page88">88</a>, <a
+href = "#page96">96</a>, <a href = "#page104">104</a>, <a href =
+"#page139">139</a>-145, <a href = "#page167">167</a>, <a href =
+"#page219">219</a>, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href =
+"#page247">247</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href =
+"#page264">264</a>, <a href = "#page266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ran, <a href = "#page188">188</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Randgrid, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Randver, <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘22’"><a href
+= "#page202">202</a></ins>-205.</p>
+
+<p>Rask (Rasmus), <a href = "#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ratatosk, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rate, <a href = "#page163">163</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Refil, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Regin, <a href = "#page193">193</a>-200.</p>
+
+<p>Reginleif, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Reidartyr, <a href = "#page165">165</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Reidgotaland, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rek, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Remus, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href =
+"#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Resen (P. J.), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rhine, <a href = "#page201">201</a>, <a href =
+"#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rind, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page100">100</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ritta, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Roddros, <a href = "#page167">167</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rolf Krake, <a href = "#page214">214</a>-217.</p>
+
+<p>Rogner, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rome, <a href = "#page31">31</a>, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href
+= "#page221">221</a>-230.</p>
+
+<p>Romulus, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href =
+"#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Romulus (Augustulus), <a href = "#page223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Roskva, <a href = "#page114">114</a>, <a href =
+"#page115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rosta, <a href = "#page100">100</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rugman (Jon), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Russia, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page230">230</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>S - Sinfjotle</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Sad, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saga, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sager, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sahrimner, <a href = "#page104">104</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saming, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a
+href = "#page236">236</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Samund the Wise, <a href = "#page20">20</a>, <a href =
+"#page26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sangetal, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>,
+<a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saracens, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sarmatia, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saturn, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, <a
+href = "#page41">41</a>, <a href = "#page42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saxland, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page48">48</a>, <a
+href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href = "#page231">231</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saxo-Grammaticus, <a href = "#page239">239</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saxons, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Schlegel, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Scotland, <a href = "#page257">257</a>, <a href =
+"#page258">258</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Scott (Walter), <a href = "#page257">257</a>, <a href =
+"#page258">258</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Scythia (Magna), <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Seeland, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a
+href = "#page231">231</a>, <a href = "#page242">242</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sekin, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sennar, <a href = "#page36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Serkland, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sessrymner, <a href = "#page86">86</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Shakspeare, <a href = "#page252">252</a>-256.</p>
+
+<p>Shem, <a href = "#page36">36</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Siar, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sibyl, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sid, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sidhot, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a
+href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sidskeg, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>, <a
+href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sif, <a href = "#page44">44</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href
+= "#page170">170</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page189">189</a>-192.</p>
+
+<p>Sigar, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sigfather, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>,
+<a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sigfrid, <a href = "#page19">19</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a
+href = "#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sigge, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sighan, <a href = "#page257">257</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sighvat, <a href = "#page20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sigmund, <a href = "#page196">196</a>-204.</p>
+
+<p>Sigtuna, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a
+href = "#page232">232</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sigtyr, <a href = "#page165">165</a>, <a href = "#page189">189</a>,
+<a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sigurd, <a href = "#page196">196</a>-204, <a href =
+"#page262">262</a>, <a href = "#page267">267</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sigyn, <a href = "#page139">139</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a
+href = "#page185">185</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Silvertop, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Simrock (K.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href = "#page19">19</a>,
+<a href = "#page253">253</a>, <a href = "#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Simul, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sindre, <a href = "#page147">147</a>, <a href =
+"#page190">190</a>-192.</p>
+
+<p>Siner, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sinfjotle, <a href = "#page204">204</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Sjafne - Snotra</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Sjafne, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sjofn, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skade, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a
+href = "#page139">139</a>, <a href = "#page158">158</a>, <a href =
+"#page159">159</a>, <a href = "#page185">185</a>, <a href =
+"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href =
+"#page236">236</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skeggold, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skeidbrimer, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href =
+"#page200">200</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skidbladner, <a href = "#page108">108</a>-113, <a href =
+"#page189">189</a>-192, <a href = "#page234">234</a>, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skifid, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skilfing, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>,
+<a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skinfaxe, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skirfir, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skirner, <a href = "#page94">94</a>, <a href =
+"#page101">101</a>-103, <a href = "#page143">143</a>, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skjaldun, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skjold, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a
+href = "#page206">206</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href =
+"#page231">231</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Skogul, <a href = "#page99">99</a>, <a href = "#page252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skol, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skrymer, <a href = "#page116">116</a>-127.</p>
+
+<p>Skuld, <a href = "#page74">74</a>, <a href = "#page100">100</a>, <a
+href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page252">252</a>, <a href =
+"#page256">256</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skule (Jarl), <a href = "#page21">21</a>-24, <a href =
+"#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">300</span>
+<a name = "page300"> </a>
+<p>Sleeping Beauty, <a href = "#page254">254</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sleipner, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href =
+"#page108">108</a>-112, <a href = "#page133">133</a>, <a href =
+"#page169">169</a>-176, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Slid, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Slidrugtanne, <a href = "#page134">134</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sna, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Snorre, 9, <a href = "#page19">19</a>-27, <a
+href = "#page221">221</a>, <a href = "#page226">226</a>, <a href =
+"#page233">233</a>, <a href = "#page239">239</a>, <a href =
+"#page242">242</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Snotra, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Sokmimer - Syr</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Sokmimer, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sokvabek, <a href = "#page97">97</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sol, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Solvarg, <a href = "#page67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Son, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, <a href = "#page165">165</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sorle, <a href = "#page202">202</a>-206</p>
+
+<p>Spain, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Steinthor, <a href = "#page235">235</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Stephens (Geo.), <a href = "#page230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Strabo, <a href = "#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sturle (Thordsson), <a href = "#page21">21</a>, <a href =
+"#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Styx, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sudre, <a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sun, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Surt, 8, <a href = "#page57">57</a>, <a href =
+"#page78">78</a>, <a href = "#page142">142</a>-149, <a href =
+"#page168">168</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Suttung, <a href = "#page164">164</a>, <a href =
+"#page165">165</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svade, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svadilfare, <a href = "#page110">110</a>, <a href =
+"#page111">111</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svafner, <a href = "#page76">76</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a
+href = "#page246">246</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svanhild, <a href = "#page199">199</a>-206.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Svarin, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svartalfaheim, <a href = "#page94">94</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svarthofde, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svasud, <a href = "#page80">80</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sveinsson (Br.), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sviagris, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a href =
+"#page217">217</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svid, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svidar, <a href = "#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svidr, <a href = "#page236">236</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svidrer, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href =
+"#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svidrir, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svidur, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svipdag, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a
+href = "#page262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svipol, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svithjod, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a
+href = "#page181">181</a>, <a href = "#page207">207</a>, <a href =
+"#page211">211</a>, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page228">228</a>, <a href = "#page236">236</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svebdegg, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svol, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page106">106</a>, <a
+href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Svolne, <a href = "#page174">174</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sylg, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Syn, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Syr, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>T - Thorstein</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Tacitus, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tanais, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tanaquisl, <a href = "#page225">225</a>, <a href =
+"#page226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tangnjost, <a href = "#page83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tangrisner, <a href = "#page83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tartareans, <a href = "#page225">225</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Taylor (W.), <a href = "#page16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Testament (New), <a href = "#page28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Testament (Old), <a href = "#page28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Teutons, <a href = "#page222">222</a>-224, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a href =
+"#page239">239</a>, <a href = "#page244">244</a>, <a href =
+"#page253">253</a>, <a href = "#page263">263</a>, <a href =
+"#page264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thek, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href
+= "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thjalfe, <a href = "#page114">114</a>, <a href = "#page115">115</a>,
+<a href = "#page120">120</a>, <a href = "#page121">121</a>, <a href =
+"#page126">126</a>, <a href = "#page171">171</a>, <a href =
+"#page173">173</a>, <a href = "#page181">181</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thjasse, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a
+href = "#page155">155</a>-158, <a href = "#page184">184</a>-187, <a href
+= "#page210">210</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thjode, <a href = "#page196">196</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Thjodnuma, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thjodolf, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, <a href = "#page174">174</a>,
+<a href = "#page184">184</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thok, <a href = "#page136">136</a>, <a href = "#page137">137</a>, <a
+href = "#page264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thol, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thor, 6, 8, <a href =
+"#page29">29</a>, <a href = "#page41">41</a>, <a href =
+"#page44">44</a>, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, <a href =
+"#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, <a href =
+"#page83">83</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href =
+"#page100">100</a>, <a href = "#page109">109</a>-153, <a href =
+"#page165">165</a>-192, <a href = "#page205">205</a>-243, <a href =
+"#page251">251</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>, <a href = "#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorarin, <a href = "#page235">235</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thord, <a href = "#page20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorer, <a href = "#page235">235</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorin, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorleif, <a href = "#page176">176</a>, <a href = "#page184">184</a>,
+<a href = "#page187">187</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorn, <a href = "#page179">179</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorodd (Runemaster), <a href = "#page27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorpe (Benjamin), <a href = "#page15">15</a>, <a href =
+"#page252">252</a>, <a href = "#page257">257</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>, <a href = "#page262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorre, <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorstein (Viking’s son), <a href = "#page241">241</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Thrace - Tyr</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Thrace, <a href = "#page44">44</a>, <a href = "#page221">221</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thride, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>-246.</p>
+
+<p>Thro, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Throin, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thror, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thrud, <a href = "#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thruda, <a href = "#page183">183</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thrudgelmer, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thrudheim, <a href = "#page44">44</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thrudvang, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, <a href = "#page127">127</a>,
+<a href = "#page173">173</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thrym, 7.</p>
+
+<p>Thrymheim, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href = "#page85">85</a>, <a
+href = "#page156">156</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thucydides, <a href = "#page22">22</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thud, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thul, <a href = "#page56">56</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">301</span>
+<a name = "page301"> </a>
+<p>Thule, <a href = "#page30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thund, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Thvite, <a href = "#page96">96</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thyn, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tiber, <a href = "#page221">221</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tieck, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tivisco, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tom Thumb, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Torfason (T.), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tror, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tros, <a href = "#page43">43</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Troy, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page43">43</a>, <a href
+= "#page44">44</a>, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href =
+"#page64">64</a>, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, <a href =
+"#page166">166</a>, <a href = "#page167">167</a>, <a href =
+"#page168">168</a>, <a href = "#page222">222</a>-224, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tshudic, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Turkey, <a href = "#page38">38</a>, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a
+href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, <a href =
+"#page166">166</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Turkistan, <a href = "#page228">228</a>, <a href =
+"#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Turkland, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tyr, 6, 8, <a href =
+"#page29">29</a>, <a href = "#page87">87</a>, <a href =
+"#page92">92</a>, <a href = "#page95">95</a>, <a href =
+"#page143">143</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page165">165</a>, <a href = "#page187">187</a>, <a href =
+"#page244">244</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>U</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Ud, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Uhland (Ludw.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ukko, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, <a href = "#page84">84</a>, <a href
+= "#page239">239</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ukko-Thor, <a href = "#page239">239</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ulfhedinn, <a href = "#page233">233</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Uller, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a
+href = "#page174">174</a>, <a href = "#page183">183</a>, <a href =
+"#page259">259</a>, <a href = "#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ulysses, <a href = "#page151">151</a>, <a href =
+"#page223">223</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Umea, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Upsala, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = "#page215">215</a>, <a
+href = "#page216">216</a>, <a href = "#page232">232</a>, <a href =
+"#page237">237</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ural Mountains, <a href = "#page229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Urd, 10, <a href = "#page19">19</a>, <a href
+= "#page73">73</a>, <a href = "#page74">74</a>, <a href =
+"#page76">76</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href =
+"#page252">252</a>-256.</p>
+
+<p>Utgard, <a href = "#page118">118</a>-127.</p>
+
+<p>Utgard-Loke, <a href = "#page119">119</a>-130.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>V - Vestre</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Vafthrudner, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vafud, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vafurloge, <a href = "#page199">199</a>, <a href =
+"#page200">200</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vag, <a href = "#page214">214</a>, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vainamoinen, <a href = "#page84">84</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vak, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Valaskjalf, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, <a href = "#page80">80</a>,
+<a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Valdemar (King), <a href = "#page23">23</a>, <a href =
+"#page27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vale, <a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href
+= "#page100">100</a>, <a href = "#page139">139</a>, <a href =
+"#page148">148</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Valfather, <a href = "#page73">73</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Valhal, 6, 7, <a href =
+"#page28">28</a>, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, <a href =
+"#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page99">99</a>, <a href =
+"#page104">104</a>-109, <a href = "#page132">132</a>, <a href =
+"#page170">170</a>-176, <a href = "#page188">188</a>, <a href =
+"#page235">235</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vanadis, <a href = "#page97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vanaheim, <a href = "#page226">226</a>, <a href = "#page227">227</a>,
+<a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vanaland, <a href = "#page226">226</a>-228.</p>
+
+<p>Vanaquisl, <a href = "#page225">225</a>-226.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Var, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vartare, <a href = "#page192">192</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vasad, <a href = "#page80">80</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ve, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href = "#page227">227</a>, <a href
+= "#page230">230</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href =
+"#page249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vedas, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vedfolner, <a href = "#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Veggdegg, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vegsvin, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vegtam, <a href = "#page247">247</a>, <a href =
+"#page264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Venus, <a href = "#page42">42</a>, <a href = "#page256">256</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Veratyr, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href =
+"#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Verdande, <a href = "#page74">74</a>, <a href = "#page243">243</a>,
+<a href = "#page252">252</a>, <a href = "#page256">256</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Verer, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vesete, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vestfal, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vestre, <a href = "#page61">61</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Vid - Votan</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Vid, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vidar, 8, <a href = "#page89">89</a>, <a href
+= "#page143">143</a>, <a href = "#page145">145</a>, <a href =
+"#page148">148</a>, <a href = "#page153">153</a>, <a href =
+"#page168">168</a>, <a href = "#page177">177</a>, <a href =
+"#page187">187</a>, <a href = "#page259">259</a>, <a href =
+"#page260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vidblain, <a href = "#page78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vidfin, <a href = "#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vidolf, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href = "#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vidrer, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vidsete, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vidur, <a href = "#page81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vifil, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vifilsey, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vig, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vigfusson (G.), 9, <a href = "#page26">26</a>,
+<a href = "#page75">75</a>, <a href = "#page223">223</a>, <a href =
+"#page248">248</a>, <a href = "#page265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vigrid, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href =
+"#page146">146</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Viking, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vile, <a href = "#page60">60</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a
+href = "#page243">243</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href =
+"#page277">277</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Villenwood, <a href = "#page251">251</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vilmeide, <a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vimer, <a href = "#page177">177</a>, <a href =
+"#page178">178</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vin, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vina, <a href = "#page106">106</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Vindalf, <a href = "#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vindlone, <a href = "#page80">80</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vindsval, <a href = "#page80">80</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vingener, <a href = "#page45">45</a>, <a href =
+"#page149">149</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vingethor, <a href = "#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vingolf, <a href = "#page54">54</a>, <a href = "#page69">69</a>, <a
+href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vinland, <a href = "#page30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Virfir, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Virgil, <a href = "#page222">222</a>, <a href = "#page223">223</a>,
+<a href = "#page242">242</a>.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">302</span>
+<a name = "page302"> </a>
+<p>Vit, <a href = "#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vitrgils, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vodin, <a href = "#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vog, <a href = "#page214">214</a>, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Volsungs, <a href = "#page46">46</a>, <a href =
+"#page196">196</a>-205.</p>
+
+<p>Volsung saga, <a href = "#page224">224</a>, <a href =
+"#page266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Volukrontes, <a href = "#page167">167</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Von, <a href = "#page96">96</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vor, <a href = "#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vot, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Votan, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>W</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Wafurloge, <a href = "#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wainamoinen, <a href = "#page239">239</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wallachia, <a href = "#page228">228</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Warburton, <a href = "#page253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Weird Sisters, <a href = "#page253">253</a>-256.</p>
+
+<p>Welsh, <a href = "#page240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wenern, <a href = "#page215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wessebrun Prayer, <a href = "#page256">256</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Wilbet, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wilkin (E.), <a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href = "#page19">19</a>,
+<a href = "#page20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Williamstown, <a href = "#page232">232</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Witches, <a href = "#page253">253</a>-256.</p>
+
+<p>Wodan, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Worbet, <a href = "#page255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Worm (Chr.), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Worm (Ole), <a href = "#page17">17</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Y</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Ydaler, <a href = "#page259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Yg, <a href = "#page81">81</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ygdrasil, 6, 8, <a href
+= "#page15">15</a>, <a href = "#page29">29</a>, <a href =
+"#page72">72</a>, <a href = "#page73">73</a>-78, <a href =
+"#page108">108</a>, <a href = "#page142">142</a>, <a href =
+"#page143">143</a>, <a href = "#page252">252</a>, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ylg, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page248">248</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ymer, 5, <a href = "#page24">24</a>, <a href =
+"#page58">58</a>-63, <a href = "#page70">70</a>, <a href =
+"#page128">128</a>, <a href = "#page179">179</a>, <a href =
+"#page240">240</a>, <a href = "#page249">249</a>, <a href =
+"#page250">250</a>.</p>
+</td>
+
+<td>
+<p>Ynglinga saga, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, <a href =
+"#page243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ynglings, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href =
+"#page238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Yngve, <a href = "#page47">47</a>, <a href = "#page230">230</a>, <a
+href = "#page238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Yngve-Frey, <a href = "#page186">186</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Yrsa, <a href = "#page213">213</a>-216.</p>
+
+<p>Yvigg, <a href = "#page46">46</a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan = "2">
+<h5>Z</h5>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>
+<p>Zalmoxis, <a href = "#page244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Zeus, <a href = "#page244">244</a>, <a href = "#page246">246</a>.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Zoroaster, <a href = "#page37">37</a>, <a href =
+"#page40">40</a>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+</pre>
+
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