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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Continental Monthly , Vol IV, Issue VI,
+December 1863, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Continental Monthly , Vol IV, Issue VI, December 1863
+       Devoted to Literature and National Policy.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 30, 2006 [EBook #18946]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Janet Blenkinship and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CONTINENTAL MONTHLY:
+
+DEVOTED TO
+
+LITERATURE AND NATIONAL POLICY.
+
+VOL. IV.--DECEMBER, 1863.--No. VI.
+
+
+
+
+THE NATION.
+
+
+We are of the race of the Empire Builders. Some races have been sent
+into the world to destroy. Ours has been sent to create. It was needed
+that the blunders of ten centuries and more, across the water, should be
+given a chance for amendment. On virgin soil, the European races might
+cure themselves of the fever pains of ages. So they were called here to
+try. There was no rubbish to sweep away. The mere destructive had no
+occupation. The builder and creator was the man wanted. In the full glow
+of civilization, with the accumulated experience of the toiling
+generations, with all the wealth of the fruitful past, we, 'the foremost
+in the files of time,' have been called to this business of _nation
+making_.
+
+The men of our blood, they say, are given to boasting. America adds
+flashing nerve fire to the dull muscle of Europe. That is the fact. But
+the tendency to boasting is an honest inheritance. We can hardly boast
+louder than our fathers across the sea have taught us. The boasting of
+New York can scarcely drown the boasting of London. Jonathan thinks
+highly of himself, but, certainly, John Bull is not behind him in
+self-esteem.
+
+But, after all, what wonder? Ten centuries of victory over nature and
+over men may give a race the right to boast--ten centuries of victory
+with never a defeat! The English tongue is an arrogant tongue, we grant.
+Command, mastery, lordliness, are bred into its tones. The old tongue of
+the Romans was never deeper marked in those respects than our own. It is
+a freeman's speech, this mother language. A slave can never speak it. He
+garbles, clips, and mumbles it, makes 'quarter talk' of it. The hour he
+learns to speak English he is spoiled for a slave. It is the tongue of
+conquerors, the language of imperial will, of self-asserting
+individuality, of courage, masterhood, and freedom. There is no need of
+being thin-skinned under the charge of boasting. A man cannot very well
+learn, in his cradle, 'the tongue that Shakspeare spake,' without
+talking sometimes as if he and his owned creation.
+
+For the tongue is the representative of the speaker. A people embodies
+its soul in its language. And the people who inherit English have done
+work enough in this little world to give them a right to do some
+talking. They, at least, can speak their boast, and hear it seconded, in
+the bold accents their mothers taught them, on every shore and on every
+sea. They have been the world's day-laborers now for some centuries.
+They have felled its forests, drained its marshes, dug in its mines,
+ploughed its wastes, built its cities. They have done rough pioneer work
+over all its surface. They have done it, too, as it never was done
+before. They have made it _stay done_. They have never given up one inch
+of conquered ground. They have never yielded back one square foot to
+barbarism. Won once to civilization, under their leadership, and your
+square mile of savage waste and jungle is won forever.
+
+We are inclined to think the world might bear with us. We talk a great
+deal about ourselves, perhaps; but, on the whole, are we not buying the
+privilege? Did a race ever buckle to its business in this world in more
+splendid style than our own? With both hands clenched, stripped to the
+waist, blackened and begrimed and sweat bathed, this race takes its
+place in the vanguard of the world and bends to its chosen toil. The
+grand, patient, hopeful people, how they grasp blind brute nature, and
+tame her, and use her at their word! How they challenge and defeat in
+the death grapple the grim giants of the waste and the storm--fever,
+famine, and the frost!
+
+You will find them down, to-day, among the firedamps in the mines,
+to-morrow among the splendid pinnacles of the mountains, to settle a
+fact of science, or add a mite to human knowledge. Here is one,
+painfully toiling through the tangled depths of a desert continent, to
+find a highway for commerce or Christianity. Here is another, in the
+lonely seas around the pole, where the ghostly ice-mountains go drifting
+through the gray mists, patiently wrestling with the awful powers of
+nature, to snatch its secret from the hoary deep, and bring it home in
+triumph. Hard fisted, big boned, tough brained, and stout hearted,
+scared at nothing, beaten back by no resistance, baffled, for long, by
+no obstacle, this race works as though the world were only one vast
+workshop, and they wanted all the tools and all the materials, and were
+anxious to monopolize the work of the world.
+
+They are workers primarily, makers, producers, builders. Labor is their
+appointed business as a people. Sometimes they have to fight, when fools
+stand in their way, or traitors oppose their endeavors. They have had to
+do, indeed, their fair share of fighting. Things go so awry in this
+world that a patient worker is often called to drop his tools, square
+himself, and knock down some idiot who insists on bothering him. And
+this race of ours has therefore often, patient as it is, flamed out into
+occasional leonine wrath. It really does not like fighting. That
+performance interferes with its proper business. It takes to the
+ploughshare more kindly than to the sabre, and likes to manage a steam
+engine better than a six-gun battery. But if imbeciles and scoundrels
+will get in its way, and will mar its pet labors, then, heaven help
+them! The patient blood blazes into lava, fire, the big muscles strain
+over the black cannon, the brawny arm guides the fire-belching tower of
+iron on the sea, and, when these people do fight, they fight, like the
+Titans when they warred with Jove, with a roar that shakes the spheres.
+They go at that as they do at everything. They fight to clear this
+confusion up, to settle it once for all, so it will _stay_ settled, that
+they may go to their work again in peace. Fond of a clean job, they
+insist on making a clean job of their fighting, if they have to fight at
+all.
+
+'But, after all, this race of ours is selfish,' you say. 'It works only
+for itself, and you are making something grand and heroic out of that.
+If it civilizes, it civilizes for itself. If it builds cities, drains
+marshes, redeems jungles, explores rivers, builds railroads, and prints
+newspapers, it is doing all for its own pocket.' Well, we say, why not?
+Is the laborer not worthy of his hire? Do you expect a patient, toiling
+people to conquer a waste continent here, for God and man, and get
+nothing for it from either? A people never yet did a good stroke of work
+in this world without getting a fair day's wages for the job. The old
+two-fisted Romans, in their day, did a good deal of hard work in the way
+of road and bridge building, and the like of that, across the sea, and
+did it well, and they got paid for it by several centuries of mastery
+over Europe. We rather think, high as the pay was, and little as the
+late Romans seem to have deserved it, it was, on the whole, a profitable
+bargain for Europe. The truth is, our race has, like all other great
+creating races, been building wiser than it knew. It is not necessary
+that such a race should be conscious of its mission. In its own
+intention it may work for itself. By the guiding of the Great Master, it
+does work for all humanity and all time. If a race comes on the earth
+mere fighters, brigands, and thieves, living by force, fraud, and
+oppression, even then it serves a purpose. It destroys something that
+needs destroying. In its own turn, however, it must perish. But an
+honest race, that undertakes to earn its honest living on the earth, and
+in the main does earn it, honestly and industriously, by planting and
+building, like our own, never works merely for itself. It plants and
+builds to stand forever. The results of patient toil never perish. They
+are so much clear gain to humanity.
+
+To many, the _conscious_ end of the existence of the Yankee nation may
+have been a small affair indeed. That end is only what they make it. Its
+_unconscious_ end is, however, another matter. That end God has made. To
+one man, the nation exists that he may make wooden clocks and sell them.
+To another, the chief end of the nation's existence is that he may get a
+good crop of wheat to market during rising quotations. To another, that
+he may do a good stroke of business in the boot and shoe line. To
+another, that he may make a good thing in stocks. To some in the past,
+this nation existed solely that men might breed negroes in Virginia, and
+work them in Alabama! This great nation was worth the blacks it owned,
+and the cotton it raised! Actually that was all. The _conscious_ end to
+thousands amounted to about this. Men looked at the nation from their
+own small place. They dwarfed its purposes. They made them small and
+mean and low. They did this three years ago more commonly, we think,
+than they do now. The war has taught us many things. It has certainly
+taught us higher ideas of the value of the Nation, and a loftier idea of
+the meaning of its life. We have awaked to the fact that we are trustees
+of this continent for the world. We have been fighting for two years and
+more, not to save this nation for the value of its wheat, or cotton, or
+manufactures, or exports, but for the value of the ideas, the hopes, the
+aspirations, the tendencies this nation embodies. We have risen to see
+that it were a good bargain to barter all the material wealth it holds
+for the priceless spiritual ideas it represents. France babbles about
+'going to war for an idea.' We don't babble. We buckle on our armor and
+fight, we practical, money-making Yankees, who are said to value
+everything by dollars, and, after two years of tremendous fighting, are
+half amazed ourselves to find we have been fighting solely for a
+half-dozen ideas the world can lose only at the cost of despair. Since
+the days when men left house and home and friends, with red crosses on
+their hearts, to redeem from the hands of the infidel the sepulchre
+which the dead Christ once made holy, the world has never seen a war
+carried on for a more purely ideal end than our own. We fight for the
+integrity of _the Nation_. We fight for what that word means of hope
+and confidence and freedom and advancement to the groaning and
+bewildered world. We say, let all else perish,--wealth, commerce,
+agriculture, cunning manufacture, humanizing art. We expend all to save
+_the Nation_. That priceless possession we shall hold intact to the end,
+for ourselves, our children, and the coming years!
+
+Let us see what this thing is that we prize so highly. Let us see if we
+are paying any too high a price for our object--if it is worth a million
+lives and a countless treasure. What is _the Nation_?
+
+There used to be a theory of 'the Social Compact.' It was a prominent
+theory in the French Revolution, It was vastly older, however, than that
+event. It was originally a theory of the Epicureans. Ovid has something
+to say about it. Horace advocates it. It has not perished. It exists in
+a fragmentary way in some books taught in colleges. It has more or less
+of a hold still on many minds. This theory teaches that the natural
+state of man is a state of warfare, an isolated savagery, where each
+man's hand is against his neighbor, each lord and master for himself,
+with no rights except what force gives him, and no possessions except
+what he can hold by force. This natural state, however, was found to be
+a very uncomfortable state, and so men contrive to get out of it as soon
+as possible. For this purpose they form a 'social compact.' They come
+together, and agree to give up some of their natural rights to a settled
+government, on condition that government protect them in the others.
+That is to say, naturally they have the right to steal all they can lay
+their hands on, to rob, plunder, murder, and commit adultery, if they
+have the power, and, generally, to live like a pack of amiable tiger
+cats; but that these pleasant and amusing natural rights they consent to
+give up, on condition they are relieved from the trouble of guarding
+others. Just such babblement as that you can read in very learned books,
+and stuff like that has actually been taught in colleges, and nobody was
+sent to the lunatic asylum! That is the theory of the 'Social Compact.'
+That is the way, according to that theory, that nations are made.
+
+It is enough to say of this old heathen dream, that there never was such
+a state of savage brutalism known since man was man. All men are born
+under some law, some government, some controlling authority. As long as
+fathers and mothers are necessary, in the economy of nature, to a man's
+getting into the world at all, it is very hard for him to escape law and
+control when he comes. I was never asked whether I would be a citizen of
+the United States, whether it was my high will to come into 'the Social
+Compact' existing here. Neither were you. No man ever was. Just fancy
+the United States solemnly asking all the infants born this year, 'if
+they are willing to join the social compact and behave themselves in the
+country as respectable babies should!
+
+It is vastly better to take facts and try to comprehend and use them.
+And, as a fact, man is not naturally a brute beast. He never had to make
+a Social Compact. He has always found one made ready to his hand. Some
+established order, some national life has always stood ready to receive
+the new recruit to the ranks of humanity, put him in his place, and ask
+him no questions. He is made for society. Society is made for him. He is
+not isolated, but joined to his fellows by links stronger than iron, by
+bands no steel can sever. The nation stands waiting for him. In some
+shape, with some development of national life, but always essentially
+the same, the nation takes him, plastic at his birth, into its great
+hands, and moulds and fashions him, by felt and unfelt influences,
+whether he will or no, into the national shape and figure.
+
+And that is what nations are made for. They do not exist to produce
+wheat, corn, cattle, cotton, or cutlery, but to produce _men_. The
+wheat, corn, and the rest exist for the sake of the men. The real value
+of the nation, to itself and to the world, is not the things it
+produces, but the style of man it produces. That is the broad difference
+between China and Massachusetts, between Japan and New York. Nations
+exist to be training schools for men. That is their real business.
+Accordingly as they do it better or worse they are prospering or the
+reverse. What is France about? The newspaper people tell me she is
+building ships, drilling zouaves, diplomatizing at Rome, brigandizing in
+Mexico, huzzaing for glory and Napoleon the Third. That is about the
+wisdom of the newspapers. She is moulding a million unsuspecting little
+innocents into Frenchmen! That is what she is at, and nobody seems to
+notice. What is England doing? Weaving cotton, when she can get it, I am
+told, drilling rifle brigades, blustering in the _Times_, starving her
+workmen in Lancashire, and feasting her Prince in London, talking
+'strict neutrality' in Parliament, and building pirates on the Clyde.
+She's doing worse than that. That is not half her wrong-doing. She is
+taking thousands of plastic, impressible, innocent babes, into her big
+hands, monthly, and kneading them and hardening them into regular John
+Bulls! That's a pretty job to think of!
+
+So the nations are at work all over the world. And the nation that, as a
+rule, takes 'mamma's darling' into its arms, and in twenty or thirty
+years makes him the best specimen of a man, is the most perfect nation
+and best fulfils a nation's purpose.
+
+For the business of Education, which so many consider the schoolmaster's
+speciality, is a larger business than they think. The Family exists to
+do it, the Church exists to do it. It is the real business of the State.
+The great Universe itself, with all its vastness, its powers and its
+mysteries, was created for this. It is simply God's great schoolroom. He
+has floored it with the emerald queen of the earth and of the gleaming
+seas. He has roofed it with a sapphire dome, lit with flaming starfire
+and sun blaze. He has set the great organ music of the spheres
+reverberating forevermore through its high arches. He has put his
+children here, to train them for their grand inheritance. He has ordered
+nature and life and circumstance for this one great end.
+
+Therefore the Nation is not a joint-stock company. It is not a
+paper association. It is not a mutual assurance society for life
+and property. That is the shallow, surface notion that makes
+such miserable babble in political speeches. The Nation is Divine and
+not Human. It is of GOD's making and not of man's. It is a moral
+school, a spiritual training institute for educating and graduating men.
+For that purpose it is _alive_. Men can make associations, companies,
+compacts. God only makes _living bodies_, divine, perpetual
+institutions, with life in themselves, which exist because man exists,
+which can never end till man ends. The Family is one of these. The Church
+is another, in any shape it comes. The Nation is another, holding Family
+and Church both in its arms.
+
+True, from the fact that the power, the administration and the
+arrangements of details are in men's hands in the nation mistake is
+common, and people are tempted to think the Nation purely human. All
+thought below the surface will show the fallacy and stamp the Nation as
+the handiwork of God.
+
+We believe true thought on this matter is, at this day and in this land,
+of first importance. The Lord of Hosts rules, and not the master of a
+thousand regiments with smoking cannon. God builds the Nation for a
+purpose. While it fulfils that purpose it shall stand. The banded folly
+and scoundrelhood within and the gathered force of all enemies without
+shall never overthrow one pillar in its strong foundations or topple
+down one stone from its battlements while it works honestly toward its
+true end. Not till it turn traitor to its place and purposes, not till
+it madly plant itself in the way of the great wheels that roll the world
+back to light and justice, will He who built it hurl it to the earth
+again in crashing ruin, to build another order in its place. The man who
+has let that great truth, written out in flame across the dusky forehead
+of the Past, slip from his foolish atheist's heart and his shallow
+atheist's brain, is blind, not only to our own land's short history, but
+to the lessons of the long ages and the broad world.
+
+We have been driven back to the loftiest ground on this question. We
+have found that only on that could we stand. When the very foundations
+of what we held most awful and reverential have been assailed by mad
+traitorous hands, as though they were vulgar things, when frenzied
+self-will has laid its profane grasp upon the Ark of the Covenant, we
+have been forced back to those strong foundations on which nations
+stand, for hope and confidence, to those tremendous sanctions that
+girdle in, as with the fires of God, the sanctity of Law, the majesty of
+Order, and established Right. We have declared these things Divine. We
+have said men administer truly, but men did not create, and men have no
+right to destroy. We arise in the defence of institutions of which
+Jehovah has made us the guardians for men!
+
+We have said the Nation exists to train men, that the best nation is the
+one that trains the best men. Let us see how it does this.
+
+In the first place, it educates by Written Law. To be sure, laws are
+passed to define and protect human rights, in person, purse, family, or
+good name. People sometimes think that is all they do. But consider.
+These laws on the Statute Book are the Nation's deliberate convictions,
+so far, on right and wrong, a real code of morals, the decisions of the
+national conscience on moral subjects. An act is passed punishing theft.
+It is intended to protect property indeed, but it does more. It stands
+there, the Nation's conviction on a point of ethics. Theft is absolutely
+wrong. It passes another act punishing perjury. The mere lawyer looks at
+this solely as a facility for getting at the truth before a jury. It is
+vastly more. It is a moral decision. The Nation binds the Ten
+Commandments on the popular conscience, and declares, 'Thou shalt not
+bear false witness.' It declares, 'There are everlasting distinctions,
+things absolutely right, and things absolutely wrong. So far has the
+conscience of the Nation made things clear. The good citizen knows all
+this without the Statute Book, and much more. But there must be a limit
+somewhere. Here it is. Up to this point you may come, but no farther.
+Everlasting distinctions must be taught by bolts, chains, and scaffolds,
+if there are those in the Nation who will learn them from no other
+teachers.'
+
+It has been very easy to tamper with Law among ourselves, very easy to
+try experiments. And people get the notion that Law is a mere human
+affair, the act of a legislature, the will of a majority. It is all a
+mistake. A Nation's living laws are the slow growth of ages. They are
+its solemn convictions on wrongs and rights, written in its heart. The
+business of a wise legislator is to help all those convictions to
+expression in formal enactment. Meddling fools try to choke them, pass
+acts against them even, think they can annihilate such convictions. One
+day the convictions insist on being heard, if not by formal law, then by
+terrible informal protest against some legalized wrong. Think how
+laboriously lawmakers have toiled to prevent the expression of the
+Nation's determined convictions on the subject of Slavery! Think of the
+end! Nay, all enactments which accord with these deep decisions of the
+National Conscience, which help them to better expression and clearer
+acknowledgment, are the real Laws of the Land. All that oppose these
+decisions, though passed by triumphant majorities, with loud jubilation,
+and fastened on the Nation as its sense of right, are mere rubbish, sure
+to be swept away as the waves of the National life roll on.
+
+We, by no means, hold that even the best nation, in its most living
+laws, always declares perfect truth and perfect right. Human errors and
+weaknesses enter into all things with which men deal. And the Nation is
+ordered and guided by men. Nevertheless the Nation is an authorized
+teacher of morals, and these errors are the accidents of the
+institution. They are not of its essence. So far as they exist, they
+block its working, they stand in its way. Pure, clear Justice is the
+perfect ideal toward which a living, advancing Nation aims. That it
+daily come nearer this ideal is the basis of its permanence. And,
+meanwhile, though the result be far from attained, we none the less hold
+that the Law of the Nation is, to every man within it, the Law of God.
+His business, as a wise man, is to accept it, obey it, help it to
+amendment where he believes there is error, with all patience and
+loyalty.
+
+For the first disorder in the makeup of man is wilfulness. The child
+kicks and scratches in his cradle. It wants to have its own small will.
+The first lesson it has to learn is the lesson of submission, that the
+untried world, into which it is thrust, is not a place of self-pleasing
+but of law. It takes parents and teachers years to get that fact through
+the stubborn youngster's head. It will burn its fingers, it will tumble
+down stairs, it will pitch head first over fences, because it will not
+learn to forego its own small, ignorant will, and submit to wiser and
+larger wills. In the good old days they used to think that matter ought
+to be learned in childhood once for all, and they labored faithfully to
+convince us urchins, by the unsparing logic of the rod, that the law of
+life is not self-will. Some of us, possibly, remember those emphatic
+lessons yet.
+
+It is hard, however, to learn this thing perfectly. And so after the
+Mother, Father, and Teacher get through, the Nation takes up the lesson.
+A wise, wide, unselfish will takes command, and puts down the narrow,
+conceited, selfish will of the individual. The individual will may think
+itself very wise and very right. But the large will, the broad, strong,
+wise will of the Nation, comes and says: 'Here is the _Law_, the
+embodiment of the great, wide, wise will, to which the wisest and the
+strongest must submit and bow.'
+
+That is the law of human position. Not self-will but obedience, not
+anarchy but order, not mad uncontrolledness, but calm submission, even
+to temporary error and wrong, is the road to ultimate perfection.
+Therefore, we can say nothing too reverential of Law. We cannot guard
+too jealously the clear trumpet-tongued preacher of everlasting right,
+sounding out a great Nation's convictions of obligation and duty. Hedge
+its sanctity with a ring wall of fire. Reverence the voice of the land
+for right and order. We have exploded forever, let us trust, the notion
+of 'the right divine of kings to govern wrong.' We must cling,
+therefore, with tenfold tenacity to the right divine of Law, the Sacred
+Majesty of the Nation's settled Order.
+
+But the Written Law is only one way in which the Nation brings its
+teachings home to the individual. It is not the strongest way. The
+Nation's most powerful formative influence lies in its _traditions_, its
+unwritten law, its sense and feeling about the questions of human life
+and conduct, handed down from father to son in the continuity of the
+national life. And the power to hand these down depends on the fact that
+the Nation is a living organism.
+
+For examine, and you will find every nation has a power to mould men
+after a certain model. We are Americans because we have been made so by
+the national influence. Rome, in old time, moulded men after a certain
+type, and, with infinite small diversities, made them all Romans. Greece
+took them, and, on another model, made them Greeks. England has the
+artistic power, and kneads the clay of childhood into the grown up
+creature the world knows as an Englishman. France has the same power,
+and manufactures the Frenchman.
+
+Now this moulding power, which every nation has, and the greatest
+nations the most markedly of all, comes mostly from what we call the
+National Tradition. Some people call it Public Opinion. They think they
+can even make it. They suppose it belongs to the present. In fact, they
+cannot make it to any extent at all. It belongs to the past. It is a
+thing inherited. It is best to call it National Tradition.
+
+For the nation, being an organism, and living, its life does not end
+with one generation. The river flows to-day, and is the same river it
+was a thousand years ago, though every wave and every drop has changed a
+million times. So the generations heave on into the great sea and are
+forgotten, but the Nation abides the same. So all the thought, and
+feeling, and conviction of the Nation to-day, on questions of human life
+and duty, it brings from the far-away past, from the gray mists of the
+distant hills where it took its rise.
+
+Just think! The life of every great, strong man and woman, who has
+lived, thought, worked in the Nation, has it not entered into the
+Nation's life? Is not here yet, a part of the Nation's influence? Every
+great, distinct type of human nature grown in the Nation becomes forever
+a mould in which to cast men. Every great deed done, every strong
+thought uttered, every noble life lived, is committed to the stream of
+this national tradition. Every great victory won, every terrible defeat
+suffered, every grand word spoken, every noble song sung, is alive to
+the last. The living Nation drops nothing, loses nothing out of its
+life. The Saxon Alfred, the Norman William, Scandinavian viking, moss
+trooper of the border, they have all gone into our circulation, they all
+help to shape Americans. And we have added Washington, the stainless
+gentleman, and Jefferson, the unselfish statesman, and Franklin, the
+patient conqueror of circumstance, and a thousand others, as types by
+which to form the children of this people for a thousand years.
+
+Think, too, how the national tradition rejects all bad models, all mean
+types, how it refuses to touch them at any price, how it will only carry
+down the grand models, the noble types. Arnold never enters as an
+influence into national training. The Arnolds and their treason are
+whelmed and sunk, as the Davises and their treason will be. The
+Washingtons do live as types. Their deeds sweep on, like stately barks,
+borne proudly on the rolling waves of the Nation's life, with triumphal
+music on their snowy decks, the land's glory for evermore! Only the
+noble, only the good, the true in some shape, never the utterly false or
+vile, will this national tradition hold and keep, as an influence and a
+power for time.
+
+Unseen, unfelt, but strong like God's hand, this power surrounds the
+cradle of the child. He finds it waiting for him. He does not know about
+it or reason about it. It takes him, soft and plastic as it finds him,
+and calls out his powers, and fashions them after its own forms. Before
+he is twenty-one he is made up for good and all, an American, an
+Englishman, or a Frenchman, _for life_. The creating influence was like
+the air. He breathed it into his circulation.
+
+There are people who think it very wise to quarrel with this state of
+things. They think it philosophic to sneer at national prejudices, as
+they call them, to call national pride and national feeling narrow and
+bigoted. It is simply very silly to quarrel with any divine and
+unalterable order of life. Better work under it and with it. Does not
+love of country exalt and ennoble, and all the more because of its
+prejudices? Does not the very meanest feel himself higher, more worthy,
+more self-respecting, because he is one of a strong, great, free people,
+with a grand inheritance of heroism from the past, and grand
+possibilities for the future? Who will quarrel with the Frenchman, the
+Englishman, or the Japanese, for holding his land the fairest land, his
+nation the noblest nation the sun shines on? Is it not my fixed faith
+that he is utterly deluded? Do I not _know_ that my own land is the
+garden of the Lord? Do I not see that its valleys are the holiest, and
+its mountains the loftiest, its rivers the most majestic, and its seas
+the broadest, its men the bravest, and its women the purest and fairest
+on the broad earth's face? Even Fourth of July orations have their uses.
+
+No! thank Heaven for this virtue of patriotism! It lifts a man out of
+his lower nature, and makes his heart beat with the hearts of heroes.
+There are two or three things in the world men will die for. The Nation
+is one. They will die for the land where their fathers sleep. They will
+fling fortune, hope, peace, family bliss, life itself, all into the
+gulf, to save its hearths from shame, its roof trees from dishonor. They
+will follow the tattered rag they have made the symbol of its right,
+through bursting shells and hissing hail of rifle shot, and serried
+ranks of gleaming bayonets, 'into the jaws of death, into the mouth of
+Hell,' when they are called. They will do this in thousands, the poorest
+better than the richest often, the humblest just as heroically as the
+leaders of the people. And therefore, we say, thank God for the
+elevating power of Patriotism, for national Pride, for national
+_prejudice_, if you will, that can, by this great love of country, so
+conquer selfishness, meanness, cowardice, and all lower loves, and make
+the very lowest by its power a hero, while the mortal man dies for the
+immortal Nation! Let a man commit himself boldly to the tendencies and
+influences of his race then. Let him work with them, not against them.
+He cannot be too much an American, too thoroughly penetrated with the
+convictions and the spirit of his country. And he need fear no
+contracting narrowness. The Nation's aims are wiser far and loftier far
+than the wisest and the loftiest of any one man, or any one generation.
+
+We have faintly shadowed out here something of the meaning of THE
+NATION. If we are right, we can pay no price that shall come near
+its value. For ourselves, for our children, for the ages coming, it is
+verily the Ark of the Covenant. We have seen that we are here to build
+it. Because GOD needed these United States, He kept a continent
+till the time was ripe, and then sent His workmen to the work. We are
+all, in our degree, builders on those walls. We are building fast, these
+days. Some rotten stones have entered into the structure, and it is hard
+work to get them out, but we shall succeed. We shall see that no more of
+that kind get in. Let us build on the broad foundation of the fathers a
+stately palace, of marble, pure and white, whose towers shall flash back
+in glory the sunlight of centuries, towers of refuge against falsehood
+and wrong and cruelty forevermore.
+
+We are all builders, we say. The humblest does his share. There's fear
+in that thought, but more of hope. Nothing perishes. The private, who
+falls, bravely fighting, does his part like the general. The ploughman's
+honest life gives its contribution to the Nation's greatness as the
+life of Webster does. All is telling in 'the long results of time,'
+helping to decide what style of manhood shall be fashioned in America
+for generations.
+
+For the great Nation grows slowly upward to its perfect proportions, as
+the parent and teacher of men. And all things and all men in it help to
+decide and develop that capacity. Not dazzling battle-bursts alone, not
+alone victorious charges on the trampled plain, not splendid triumphs,
+when laurelled legions march home from conquered provinces and humbled
+lands, not the mighty deeds of mighty men in camps, nor the mighty words
+of mighty men in senates, though all these do their part, and a grand
+part too--not these alone give the great land its character and might.
+These come from a thousand little things, we seldom think of. By the
+workman's axe that fells the forest as by the soldier's bayonet, by the
+gleaming ploughshare in the furrow as by the black Columbiad couchant on
+the rampart, by the schoolhouse in the valley as by the grim battery on
+the bay, by the church spire rising from the grove, by the humble
+cottage in the glen, by the Bible on the stand at eve, by the prayer
+from the peaceful hearth, by the bell that calls to worship through the
+hallowed air; by the merchant at his desk, and by the farmer in the
+harvest field, by the judge upon the bench, and the workman in his shop,
+by the student in his silent room, and by the sailor on the voiceful
+sea, by the honest speaker's tongue, by the honest writer's pen, and by
+the free press that gives the words of both a thousand pair of eagles'
+wings over land and sea, by every just and kindly word and work, by
+every honest, humble industry, by every due reward to manliness and
+right and loyalty, and by every shackle forged and every gallows built
+for villany and scoundrelhood; by a thousand things like these about us
+daily, working unnoticed year by year, is the great river swelled, of
+thought and feeling and conviction, that floats a mighty nation's
+grandeur on through the waiting centuries.
+
+
+
+
+BUCKLE, DRAPER, AND A SCIENCE OF HISTORY.
+
+_SECOND PAPER._
+
+
+The word _Science_ has been so indiscriminately applied to very diverse
+departments of our intellectual domain, that it has ceased to have any
+distinctive or well-defined signification. Meaning, appropriately, that
+which is certainly _known_, as distinguished from that which is matter
+of conjecture, opinion, thought, or plausible supposition merely, its
+application to any special branch of human inquiry signifies, in that
+sense, that the facts and principles relating to the given branch, or
+constituting it, are no longer subjects of uncertain investigation, but
+have become accurately and positively _known_, so as to be demonstrable
+to all intelligent minds and invariably recognized by them as true when
+rightly apprehended and understood. In the absence, however, of any
+clear conception of what constitutes _knowledge_, of where the dividing
+line between it and opinion lay, departments of the universe of
+intelligence almost wholly wanting in exactness and certainty have been
+dignified with the same title which we apply to departments most
+positively _known_. We hear of the Science of Mathematics, the Science
+of Chemistry, the Science of Medicine, the Science of Political Economy,
+and even of the Science of Theology.
+
+This vague use of the word Science is not confined to general custom
+only, but appertains as well to Scientists and writers on scientific
+subjects. So general is this indistinct understanding of the meaning of
+this term, that there does not exist in the range of scientific
+literature a precise, compact, exhaustive, intelligible definition of
+it. In order, therefore, to approach our present subject with clear
+mental vision, we must gain an accurate conception of the character and
+constituents of Science.
+
+In his _History of the Inductive Sciences_, Professor Whewell says:
+
+     'In the first place, then, I remark, that to the formation of
+     science, two things are requisite:--Facts and Ideas; observation of
+     Things without, and an inward effort of Thought; or, in other
+     words, Sense and Reason. Neither of these elements, by itself, can
+     constitute substantial general knowledge. The impression of sense,
+     unconnected by some rational and speculative principle, can only
+     end in a practical acquaintance with individual objects; the
+     operations of the rational faculties, on the other hand, if allowed
+     to go on without a constant reference of external things, can lead
+     only to empty abstraction and barren ingenuity. Real speculative
+     knowledge demands the combination of the two ingredients--right
+     reason and facts to reason upon. It has been well said, that true
+     knowledge is the interpretation of nature; and therefore it
+     requires both the interpreting mind, and nature for its subject,
+     both the document, and ingenuity to read it aright. Thus invention,
+     acuteness, and connection of thought, are necessary on the one
+     hand, for the progress of philosophical knowledge; and on the other
+     hand, the precise and steady application of these faculties to
+     facts well known and clearly conceived.'
+
+This explanation of the nature of Science, more elaborately expanded in
+_The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences_, is limited by its author to
+the Physical Sciences only. In addition to this circumscribed
+application, it is moreover indistinct by reason of the use of the word
+Ideas, a word to which so many different significations have been
+attached by different writers that its meaning is vague and
+undefined--to convey the impression of Laws or Principles. The same
+defect exists in the detailed exposition is perhaps the most extended
+and complete extant.
+
+But even when we gain a clear conception of the proposition which
+Professor Whewell only vaguely apprehends and therefore does not clearly
+state, namely--that Science is an assemblage of Facts correlated by Laws
+or Principles, a system in which the mutual _relations_ of the Facts are
+known, and the Laws or Principles established by them are
+discovered;--when we understand this ever so distinctly, we are still at
+the beginning of a knowledge of what constitutes Science. When do we
+know that we have a Fact? How are we to be sure that our proof is not
+defective? By what means shall it be certain, beyond the cavil of a
+doubt, that the right Laws or Principles, and no more than those
+warranted by the Facts, are deduced? These and some other questions must
+be definitely settled before we can thoroughly comprehend the nature of
+Science, and the consideration of which brings us, in the first place,
+to the examination of the characteristics of Scientific Methods.
+
+The intellectual development of the world has proceeded under the
+operation of three Methods. Two of these, identical in their mode of
+action, but arriving, nevertheless, at widely different results, from
+the different points at which they take their departure, are not
+commonly discriminated, but are both included in the technical term
+_Deductive Method_. The other is denominated the _Inductive_. A brief
+analysis of these Methods will clear the way for an understanding of the
+nature of Science, particularly in its application to the subject of
+History, with which we are at present especially concerned.
+
+The earliest evolution of that which has been called Science,--the
+Mathematics, which we dismiss for the instant, excepted,--took place
+under the operation of a Method, which, ordinarily confounded with the
+true Deductive one, is now better known among rigorous Scientists as the
+Hypothetical or Anticipative Method. This has two modes of expression,
+one of which consists in the assumption of Laws or Principles, which
+have not been adequately verified, or in the erection of fanciful
+hypotheses, as the starting points of reasoning for the purpose of
+establishing other Facts. The second and most common operation referred
+to this Method, which is, however, strictly speaking, an imperfect
+application of the Inductive Method, is _to draw conclusions from Facts
+which these do not warrant_--sometimes conclusions not related to the
+Facts, oftener those which, being so related, are a step beyond the
+legitimate inferences which the Facts authorize, though in the same
+direction. This results in the establishment of Laws or Principles as
+true, which are by no means proven, many of which are subsequently found
+to be incorrect. It is to this operation of the Hypothetical Method that
+Professor Whewell, who does not discriminate the two, refers when he
+describes the defect in the physical speculations of the Greek
+philosophers to have been, 'that though they had in their possession
+Facts and Ideas, _the Ideas were not distinct and appropriate to the
+Facts_.' The main cause of defect in the mental process here employed is
+the tendency of the human mind to generalize at too early a stage of the
+investigation, and consequently upon a too narrow basis of Facts.
+
+This Method characterized the intellectual activity of the race from the
+earliest beginnings of thought up to a period which is commonly said to
+have commenced with the publication of the _Novum Organum_ of Lord
+Bacon. It was of course fruitless of _Scientific_ results, as it was not
+a Scientific, but an absolutely Unscientific Method, since _certainty_
+is the basis of all Science, and since a Method which attempts to deduce
+Facts from Principles which are not ascertained to be Principles, or
+Principles from an insufficient accumulation of Facts, cannot insure
+certainty.
+
+It is common to aver that the Anticipative or Hypothetical Method failed
+to secure distinct and established verities, and thus to answer the
+purpose of a guide to knowledge, because it neglected Facts, disregarded
+experience, and endeavored to spin philosophy out of the unverified
+thoughts of men. Professor Whewell, in the two able and valuable works
+to which we have referred, has shown that this was not the case among
+the Greeks, at least, whose Philosophy 'did, in its opinions, recognize
+the necessity and paramount value of observation; did, in its origin,
+proceed upon observed Facts, and did employ itself to no small extent in
+classifying and arranging phenomena;' and furthermore, 'that Aristotle,
+and other ancient philosophers, not only asserted in the most pointed
+manner that all our knowledge must begin from experience, but also
+stated, in language much resembling the habitual phraseology of the most
+modern schools of philosophizing, that particular facts must be
+_collected_; that from these, general principles must be obtained by
+induction; and that these principles, when of the most general kind, are
+_axioms_.'
+
+The confusion of thought which has existed and, to a considerable
+extent, still exists, even among Scientific men, in relation to the
+nature of this Method, arises from the want of an understanding of its
+twofold mode of operation, as just explained. The assertion of those
+who ascribe the failure of this Method to its neglect of Facts, is true;
+the averment of Professor Whewell that it was neither from a lack of
+Facts nor Ideas, but because the Ideas were not distinct and appropriate
+to the Facts, is not less so. But the former statement applies to that
+phase of the Method which assumed unverified Laws or Principles, or
+fanciful hypotheses, as the starting points of reasoning without
+reference to Facts; while the latter refers to the process, which, while
+it collected Facts and derived Laws therefrom, did not stop at the
+inferences which were warranted by the Facts. This last was the mode of
+applying the Method most in vogue with Aristotle and the Greek
+Scientists; while the first was preëminently, almost exclusively, the
+process of the Greek Philosophers and the mediæval Schoolmen.
+
+But while the endeavor to arrive at certain knowledge by the Deductive
+Method, by attempting to reason from Principles to Facts, from Generals
+to Particulars, failed so completely as far as the Anticipative or
+Hypothetical branch, of the Method was concerned, the same mode of
+procedure was productive of the most satisfactory results when applied
+to Mathematics, and furnished a rapid and easy means of arriving at the
+ulterior Facts of this department of the universe with precision and
+certainty. We have thus the curious exhibition of the same process
+leading into utter confusion when applied to one set of phenomena, and
+into exactitude and surety when applied to another; and behold the
+Scientific world condemning as utterly useless for other departments of
+investigation, and throwing aside, a Method which is still retained in
+the only Science that is called _exact_, and in which proof amounts to
+_demonstration_, in the strict sense of the term. This anomaly will be
+recurred to and explained farther on.
+
+Soon after the invention of printing, with its resulting multiplication
+of books and increased intellectual activity, the mind of Europe began
+to emerge from the deep darkness in which it had been shrouded for
+centuries, and a number of great intellects engaged in the search after
+knowledge by the close and laborious examination of the actual
+existences and operations of nature around them. Leonardo da Vinci and
+Galileo in Italy; Copernicus, Kepler, and Tycho Brahe in Central Europe;
+and Gilbert in England, peered into the hidden depths of the universe,
+collected Facts, and established those Principles which are the
+foundations of the magnificent structures of modern Astronomy and
+Physics. About the same time, Francis Bacon put forth the formal and
+elaborate statement of that Method of acquiring knowledge which is often
+called after him the Baconian, but more commonly the Inductive Method;
+substantially the Method pursued by the great scientific dicoverers whom
+we have just named.
+
+The characteristic of this Method is the precise Observation of Facts or
+Phenomena and the Induction (drawing in) or accumulation of these
+accurate Observations as the basis of knowledge. (This is seemingly the
+first or etymological reason for the use of the term _Induction_; a term
+subsequently transferred, as we shall see, to the establishment of the
+Laws, from which then _ulterior_ Facts are to be _deduced_.) When a
+sufficient number of Facts have been accumulated and classified in any
+sphere of investigation, and these are found uniformly to reveal the
+same Law or Principle, it is assumed that all similar Phenomena are
+invariably governed by this Principle or Law, which, in reality
+_deduced_ or derived, is, by this inversion of terms, said to be
+_induced_ from the observed Facts. The Law so established has
+thenceforth two distinct functions: I, all the Facts of subsequent
+Observation, by the primitive Method of observation, are ranged under
+the Law which, to this extent, serves merely as a superior mode of
+classification; and, II, the Law itself, now assumed to be known and
+infallible, becomes an instrument of prevision and the consequent
+discovery through it of new Facts, the same which were meant by the
+expression 'ulterior Facts' above used. It is this _deduction_ of new
+Facts from an established Law which constitutes the true and legitimate
+Deductive Method of Science, the third of the three Methods above stated
+and the one which, as has been pointed out, is often erroneously
+confounded with the Anticipative or Hypothetical Method.
+
+The mode of investigation by the Inductive Method is, therefore, in
+general, similar to that which Aristotle and the Greek Scientists
+adopted. It first Observes and Collects Facts; then it resorts to
+Classification for the purpose of discovering the Law by which the
+observed Facts are regulated; then _derives_ from this Classification a
+General Law, presumed to be applicable to all similar Facts, although
+they have not yet been observed; and, finally, _deduces_ from the
+General Law thus established, new Facts and Particulars, by bringing
+them in under the Law.
+
+The Inductive Method is, therefore, almost identical in its mode of
+procedure with one of the processes anciently adopted for the
+acquisition of knowledge under the Anticipative or Hypothetical Method.
+It failed of fruitful results, in this earlier age, because, as we have
+seen, men were not content with adhering rigorously and patiently to the
+logical, irresistible conclusions which Facts evolved, but sought to
+wrench from them Principles, which required for their establishment a
+wider or different range of phenomena. On the revival of this Method
+among the modern Scientists, it was conceived, especially by Bacon, that
+a rigid adhesion to the legitimate deductions of Facts and a faithful
+exclusion from the domain of knowledge of everything which did _not_
+logically and inevitably result from the Observation and Classification
+of Facts, was the only safe way to arrive at certainty in any department
+of thought. It is this fidelity to conclusions rigorously derived from
+Facts, and the severe exclusion of everything not clearly substantiated
+by Observation, Classification, and Induction, which has given us the
+body of proximately definite knowledge that we now possess, and which,
+so far as it has been persevered in, has been productive of such
+beneficial intellectual results.
+
+Under the guidance of this Inductive Method new Sciences have been
+gradually generated, whose foundations and Principles are capable of
+such a degree of satisfactory proof as the Method itself affords. During
+the present century, Auguste Comte, a distinguished French philosopher,
+often denominated the Bacon of our epoch, the special champion of the
+Inductive Method, has undertaken, for our day, the task which his
+illustrious English predecessor attempted for his, namely--an Inventory
+and Classification of our intellectual stores. He endeavored to bring
+the Scientific world up to the _practical_ recognition of that which
+they had _theoretically_ maintained since Bacon's time,--that nothing
+deserves to be considered as true, which cannot be undoubtedly,
+conclusively established by inference, from the Facts of Experience,--a
+theory to which they had never strictly adhered. He insisted that all
+Theological, Metaphysical, and Transcendental Speculations were wholly
+beyond the range of exact inquiry, and should therefore be excluded from
+the domain in which human knowledge was to be sought; and that
+investigation should be confined to those regions of thought and
+activity which were within the limits of precise apprehension. Upon this
+clear, logical and right application of the Inductive Method, Comte
+based his Classification of our existing knowledge. He denominated as
+_Positive_ Sciences those systems of Principles and correlated Facts,
+comprising Mathematics, Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry, Biology,
+Sociology, and their derivative domains, which were founded on the exact
+Observation of Phenomena, and set aside all other realms of the universe
+of thought as departments in which _exact_ knowledge was impossible, and
+whose intellectual examination was therefore fruitless. The Philosophy
+based on this critical Method was denominated by its founder Positivism.
+All modern Scientists, with rare exceptions, whether they are disciples
+of Comte or not, are theoretical Positivists in their modes of
+investigation, in their unwillingness to accept theories not proven, in
+their partiality for Facts, and in their devotion to the Inductive
+Method, although the nature of _proof_ is still but dimly comprehended
+by them as a body, and much laxity creeps into their practical efforts
+at demonstration. Under the influence of Positivism, however, the
+Scientific field is being rapidly cleared of unestablished theories
+which formerly mingled with it, claiming to be an integral part of its
+area, and the boundaries of Science are becoming more closely defined.
+The Inductive Method is enthusiastically eulogized as the source of the
+success of modern Scientific investigators, as the true Scientific
+Method, and--except among a few of the most advanced thinkers--as the
+final word of wisdom in regard to the manner of establishing definite
+and exact knowledge. The Deductive, often called the _à priori_
+Method--in which term the Anticipative or Hypothetical and the true
+Deductive Method, seen in Mathematical investigations, are not
+sufficiently discriminated--is, on the other hand, almost everywhere
+denounced as essentially false, the source of all error; and we are
+assured that the attempt to work it was the fault of the old world,
+prior to Bacon, and the cause of its failure to secure great
+intellectual results.
+
+A distinguished thinker, Stephen Pearl Andrews, from whose writings some
+of these suggestions concerning Methods have been borrowed, points out
+three sources of confusion in the minds even of the learned themselves,
+in connection with this subject. First, in the verbal point of view, the
+terms Induction and Deduction are applied in a way directly the opposite
+of that which their Etymology would indicate: _In_-duction is used for
+the _De_-rivation of a Law from Facts, and _De_-duction for the
+_Intro_-duction of new Facts under the Law. Secondly, the two terms
+Inductive and Deductive, which are alone usually spoken of, are not
+enough to designate all the processes involved in the several Scientific
+Methods; and, thirdly, these terms are sometimes used to denote
+_Processes_ merely, and sometimes to designate Methods which are merely
+characterized by the predominance of one or the other of these
+Processes.
+
+This intricate subject of Methods may be better understood after a
+statement of the following considerations. Induction, as a _Process_,
+occurs whenever Facts are used as an instrument by which to discover a
+Principle or Law of Nature. The Principle is derived from, or, as
+Scientists have chosen to conceive it, _induced upon_ the Facts.
+Deduction, as a _Process_, occurs whenever a Principle or Law of Nature
+is used as an instrument by which to discover Facts. The new Facts are
+ranged under, or, as it is conceived, _deduced from_ the Principle.
+
+Each, of these Processes occurs in _every_ Scientific Method; but
+different Methods are _characterised_ by that one of these two Processes
+which is _put first or takes the lead in the given Method_. Thus, in
+both Methods which are included in the one generally called the
+Deductive, the main Process was _Deduction_, there being no perceptible
+_Induction_ from Collected Facts in the proper Hypothetical or
+Anticipative Method, while in the true Deductive Method, as applied to
+Mathematics, the Inductive stage is so short and so slight that it is
+performed instinctively by all people and the Deductive stage at once
+reached. The other branch of the Hypothetical Method, that used by
+Aristotle and the Greek Scientists, was, as we have seen, in reality a
+first and imperfect attempt to use the Inductive Method. In this Method
+itself, on the other hand, the main Process is the _Induction_ or
+derivation of a Principle or Law from accumulated Facts, while
+_Deduction_, or the bringing in of new Facts under the Law, is a
+subordinate or Secondary Process.
+
+In reality, there is but ONE Method, having several stages or
+_Processes_, which Processes, preponderating at different epochs, have
+not been clearly apprehended as necessary complements of each other, and
+have, hence, been regarded as different Methods. In one phase of the
+Anticipative or Hypothetical stage,--the assumption of basic Principles
+as points to reason from,--the Observation and Collection of Facts, and
+the Induction therefrom, were processes so imperfectly performed, that
+they appeared to have no existence; in another phase, that employed by
+Aristotle, these Processes were apparent, but still imperfectly
+conducted, and hence, in both cases, the Law or Principle employed for
+the _Deductive_ Process was liable to be defective, and therefore
+insufficient as a guide to the acquisition of certain knowledge. In the
+Inductive stage or Method, on the other hand, the Processes thus
+defectively employed in the former stage, the Hypothetical, are
+preëminently and disproportionately active, while the Deductive Process
+is given a very inferior position. The establishment of the just,
+reciprocal activity of these two Processes in intellectual investigation
+would secure the perfection of the _one true Scientific Method_.
+
+The Inductive Method--preserving the term Method to avoid confusion--in
+which the mode of procedure from Facts to Principles predominates, and
+which is hence sometimes called the Empirical, or the Experimental, or
+the Positive, or the _à posteriori_ Method, is that which now prevails
+in the world, which is extolled as if it were the only legitimate
+Method, and the only possible route to Scientific Discovery. That the
+just claims of the Inductive Method are very great is universally
+admitted, but let us not stultify ourselves by assuming a position in
+its defence which is in direct violation of the teachings of the Method
+itself,--namely, the assumption of a theory which is not verified by
+Facts. That the Inductive Method is vastly superior to the Anticipative
+or Hypothetical one, is abundantly proved; but that it is the _only_
+correct path to Scientific truth, that it is the best path to Scientific
+truth which will ever be known, or that in a rightly balanced Method it
+would be the _main_ Process, is an averment for which there is no
+warrant. On the contrary, a very cursory examination of the Inductive
+Method will show defects which render it unavailable as the sole or the
+chief guide in Scientific inquiry.
+
+The leading characteristic of the Inductive Method, that for which it is
+mainly admired, is its cautious, laborious, oftentimes tedious
+Observation and Collection of the Facts of Experience, and their careful
+Classification as a basis for the derivation of a Principle or Law
+applicable to the Phenomena grouped together. By this means, it is said,
+we secure precision and _certainty_, by which is intended, not only the
+_certainty of that which is already observed and classified_, but also
+_the certainty of that which is deduced from the Law or Principle
+derived from these known Facts_. It is just here, however, that the
+Inductive Method is lacking. Experience may testify a thousand, ten
+thousand, any indefinite number of times, to the repetition of the same
+Phenomena, and yet we can have no _certainty_ of the recurrence of the
+same Phenomena, in the future, in the same way. All the Facts of
+Observation and Experience for thousands of years went to convince men
+that the earth was at rest and the sun and stars passing around it. A
+larger Experience showed them their error. How shall we know that our
+Observation has at any time included all the Facts necessary to
+establish a Law? The history of Science, even under the guidance of the
+Inductive Method, is a history of Principles announced as firmly
+established, which a little later were found to be defective and had to
+be adjusted to the advanced stage of human Experience. The very nature
+of the Inductive Method indicates its inadequacy for the largest and
+most important purposes of Science. It gives certainty, where it does
+give it, only up to the point of the present, _it can never afford
+complete certainty for the future_. The logical and rigid testimony of
+this Method can never be more than this;--Observation and Experience
+show that such has been the uniform operation of Nature in this
+particular _so far as can be discovered_, and _in all probability_ it
+will always continue to be such. _High Probability_, amounting, it may
+be, at times, to an assurance of certainty, is the strongest proof which
+this Method can, from its very nature, produce. To establish a Principle
+or Law for a _certainty beyond any possibility of doubt_ by the
+Inductive Method, it is essential that we should know that we are in
+possession of every Fact in the universe which has any relation to the
+given Principle, or rather that we should know that there are _no_ Facts
+in the universe at variance with it. To _know_ this, it is necessary to
+be in possession of _all_ the Facts in the universe, since the Inductive
+Method has no mode of discovering when it has sifted out of the immense
+mass of Facts all those which exist in connection with any given Law. As
+we shall _never_ be in possession of all the Facts of the universe, we
+shall never be able, by the Inductive Method, to possess _certainty_ in
+respect to the future operations of Nature; and thus we discover the
+insufficiency of this Method as a perfect guide to the acquisition of
+knowledge.
+
+The famed Inductive Method, like the Anticipative or Hypothetical,
+furnishes, in truth, only an _assumption_ as a starting point for
+reasoning in the endeavor to establish other Facts than those already
+known. The verification of the Law or Principle assumed is, indeed, in
+the former Method, as complete as it can be, in the nature of the case,
+while in the latter it is not; but we have just seen that the strongest
+proof which Observation, Classification, and Induction can give is that
+of High Probability, on the _supposition_ that a certain number of Facts
+from which a Law is derived include substantially all that the whole
+range of Phenomena belonging to the given sphere would represent. Any
+possible application of the Inductive Method is, therefore, only a
+nearer or more remote approximation to an Exactitude and Certainty which
+the Method itself can never _fully_ attain.
+
+The Inductive Method being thus defective as a Scientific guide, in the
+most important requirement of Science, it is unnecessary to enter into
+an exposition of minor defects, not the least of which is the _slowness_
+with which conclusions must necessarily be arrived at, when they are
+reached only by the gradual accumulation of Facts and the derivation of
+a Law from these. A Method or a Process which lacks that which is the
+very essence of Science--the power of making _known_, of introducing
+_certainty_ into investigation, may be an important factor in the _true
+Scientific_ Method, but cannot constitute the _Method itself_, or its
+_leading_ feature. Let it not be understood, however, that in bringing
+the Inductive Method in Science to the ordeal of a critical examination,
+it is designed to detract from its just dues or to depreciate its true
+value. Science is preëminently severe in its probings; and that which,
+asserts its claim to the highest Scientific position, and affects to be
+the only guide to exact knowledge, cannot expect anything less than the
+most rigorous inquiry into the validity of such claim, and the most
+peremptory insistence upon the production of proper credentials before
+so lofty a seat be accorded it. If inquiry discovers deficiencies in its
+character, Science should rejoice that truth is vindicated, and that, by
+correctly understanding the nature and powers of their present guide,
+Scientific men may avoid being tempted to consider it as competent to
+conduct them into regions where the blind must inevitably be leading the
+blind, and both be in danger of the ditch. If the devotees of the
+Inductive Method have in their enthusiasm set up claims for it which
+cannot be substantiated, they must not blame the rigorous hand, which,
+in the service of Science, unmasks their idol and exhibits its defects,
+but rather impute to their own deviation from the severity of Scientific
+truth, the disappointment which they may experience. The question of
+Method lies at the foundation of all Science. Until it is thoroughly
+understood, until the exact character of all our Methods or Processes is
+definitely and rightly apprehended, there can be no full understanding
+of the true nature of Science, and, hence, no critical and exact line
+drawn between that which is Science and that which is not.
+
+Our examination of the Methods in use thus far in our past search after
+knowledge has developed these facts:--that prior to an era which is
+commonly said to commence with Bacon, the Method of intellectual
+investigation was _mainly_ by attempting to proceed from Principles to
+Facts, and that the attempt exhibits three distinct phases: one, in
+which the Induction stage is so simple and so short as to be
+instinctively and correctly performed by all people, and the Deductive
+stage at once reached--this furnishes the Mathematics, the only Science
+in which hitherto the _true_ Deductive Method has prevailed; a second,
+in which Principles are assumed to reason from, without any previous
+effort at Induction, such as existed, being unconsciously made from the
+supposed Facts or Knowledge which the mind was in possession of; and a
+third, in which Facts were collected, classified, and Induction
+therefrom as a basis of further investigation attempted, but in which
+the Laws or Principles assumed as established by the Facts were not
+rigorously and accurately derived from Facts; or, in other words, in
+which the Facts were not strictly used for the purpose of deriving from
+them just such Laws or Principles only as they actually established, but
+were wrenched to the attempted support of Laws, Principles, or Ideas
+more or less fanciful or unrelated to the Facts. These two last phases
+are included in what is known among Scientists as the Anticipative or
+Hypothetical Method; while the three phases are commonly undiscriminated
+and collectively termed the Deductive Method. It was also developed that
+the results of this period of intellectual activity were fruitless of
+definite Scientific achievements, _except so far as the true Deductive
+Method_ had been employed. It was furthermore seen that since Bacon's
+time, the opposite Method of procedure, namely, from Facts to
+Principles, has been chiefly in vogue; that under its impulse
+distinctness and clearness have been brought to pervade those stores of
+knowledge which were already in our possession, thus fulfilling _one_ of
+the requisites of a perfect Scientific Method, while, however, the other
+necessary requirement, that of furnishing a _certain_ guide to future
+discoveries, has been only proximately attained by it.
+
+It is obvious from this exhibition of the characteristics of the two
+leading Scientific Methods, or the two leading Processes of the one
+Method, in whichever light we may choose to view them, that so far from
+being the best or the only true Method or Process of intellectual
+investigation, the Inductive is far inferior to the _true Deductive_
+Method or Process, in all the essentials of a Scientific guide. The
+Inductive can give us only a _high degree_ of precision and
+definiteness, with only proximate certainty for the future as the result
+of a slow mode of procedure; while the true Deductive Method gives us
+perfect precision, exactitude, and complete certainty, as the result of
+a rapid mode. The true Deductive Method--brought into disrepute by being
+confounded with the Anticipative or Hypothetical, which differs from it
+only in this, that the Principles from which the latter reasons are
+_true_, while those of the former are _doubtful_--has thus far prevailed
+in Mathematics alone, and _Mathematics_ is, up to our day, _the only
+recognized Exact Science_, the only Science in which _Demonstration_, in
+the strict sense of that term, is now possible,--the fruits of the
+Inductive Method being known as the _Inexact_ Sciences, in which only
+Probable Reasoning prevails.
+
+It is necessary to say, in the _strict sense of the term_, because the
+same laxity exists in the use of the word _Demonstration_, as in that of
+Science, and hence it has lost the distinctive meaning which attaches to
+it, in its legitimate use, as signifying a mode of reasoning in which
+the _self-evident truths or axioms_, with which we start, and every step
+in the deduction, 'are not only perfectly definite, but incapable of
+being apprehended differently--if really apprehended, they must be
+apprehended alike by all and at all times.' It is because this Method of
+proof exists only in Mathematics, that this alone is denominated the
+_Exact_ Science, or its branches, the Exact Sciences; Sciences whose
+Laws or Principles, and the Facts connected with or deduced from them,
+are irresistible conclusions of thought, in all minds, which conclusions
+rest upon universally recognized axioms; while the _Inexact Sciences_,
+including all except Mathematics, the Sciences in which the Inductive
+Method prevails, are systems of Laws or Principles, with their related
+Facts, of the truth of which there is great probability, but of which
+there is, nevertheless, no complete certainty; whose conclusions are not
+_based_ upon universally undeniable axioms, or are not _themselves_
+irresistible to the human mind.
+
+The superiority of the Deductive Method, both in its mode of advancing
+to the discovery of new truth and in the precision, clearness, and
+certainty which accompany its findings, must now easily become apparent.
+Whether we regard Induction and Deduction as correlative Processes
+belonging to one Method, each of which has been disproportionately in
+vogue at different epochs, or as distinctive Methods, having each their
+own Deductive and Inductive Processes, in either aspect, Induction is
+only a preparative labor, leading in the more important work of the
+application of the Law or Principle derived. It is only, indeed, for the
+purpose of discovering this Law that Observation, Classification, and
+Induction are undertaken. It has been the triumphant boast of the
+Inductive Method, that it guarded, by means of these preliminary steps,
+in the most careful manner, against error in establishing its Laws. To
+the extent of its capacity it has done so. But we have already seen,
+that deriving its Principles, as it was obliged to, from less than _all_
+the Facts which appertained to the Principles, these must inevitably
+have been lacking in some particulars; it being impossible to make the
+whole out of less than all its parts.
+
+The Inductive Method has obtained an importance greatly exaggerated, for
+the reason that it has been brought into comparison, for the most part,
+with the Anticipative or Hypothetical, the bastard Deductive Method
+only, and its superiority over this exhibited in the most detailed
+manner, while the right application of the Deductive Method, except in
+Mathematics, has not been considered possible. The reason of this can be
+made obvious.
+
+The immense superiority of _Mathematical_ Reasoning, as _Demonstration_
+is often called, over all other kinds, is universally known and
+recognized. For in this mode of reasoning there is no room for doubt or
+uncertainty. It starts from Principles of whose truth there can be no
+doubt, because it is impossible for _the human mind to apprehend them in
+more than one way_, and proceeds by steps, every one of which can
+likewise be apprehended in only one way. Hence all men arrive
+_inevitably_ at the same conclusion at the close of the chain of
+reasoning. It is, therefore, a Method of proof which sets out from a
+precise, definite, universally established Law or Principle which really
+contains the conclusion in itself, and which can be developed to the end
+through a series of necessary and irresistible convincements; while in
+the Inductive Method we are obliged to start from this or that admitted
+Fact or Truth assumed after Observation, Classification, and Induction,
+which may have been rigorously performed, but which, nevertheless, could
+not, in the nature of the case, prove the Fact or Truth with complete
+certainty, and which is not, perhaps, universally admitted, and proceed
+by merely probable inferences drawn from various, diverse, and often
+uncertain relations, until we reach a conclusion. Such reasoning may be
+sufficient to incline the mind to a particular conclusion, as against
+those which tend to any other conclusion, but they are never quite
+sufficient, as in Demonstrative or _true_ Deductive reasoning, to
+_necessitate_ the conclusion, and render any other impossible.
+
+A Method of Scientific investigation which proceeds from self-evident
+truths to necessary results by undeniable steps, would of course be
+preferable to one which, starting from truths whose precision and
+certainty might be doubtful, advances by more or less probable
+inferences to a more or less probable conclusion, did there not exist
+some powerful cause for a contrary action. A difficulty thus far
+insurmountable has, indeed, stood in the way of the adoption of the
+Deductive Method in any department of investigation, save the one
+already referred to. This Method, we have seen, leads to truth or error
+accordingly as the Principles or Laws from which it commences its
+reasoning process are true or false. In the Mathematics, the basic
+truths, being of a simple character, were arrived at by easy and
+instinctive mental processes, and the Method achieved in this department
+great success. But the other domains of human knowledge being more
+complex, involving more qualities or characteristics than mere Number
+and Form and Force, which are all that come within the scope of
+Mathematics, their fundamental bases or truths were not so easily
+attainable. Hence, when Principles or Ideas which men believed to
+contain all the fundamentals of a specific domain of thought were
+adopted as starting points of reasoning, they were generally lacking in
+some important element, which caused the conclusion to be in some way
+incorrect. We have seen the historical results of this mode of procedure
+in what is denominated the Anticipative or Hypothetical Method. The
+failure of this to secure good results, and the absence of any standard
+by which to be certain when a Law or Principle was fundamental, exact,
+and inclusive, when it was a valid basis to reason from, led to the
+abandonment of the Deductive Method, except in its application to
+Mathematics, where true starting points were known. The Observation and
+Classification of Facts was then resorted to, first, in a loose way, in
+Greece, and afterward, in a more rigorous way, in the world at large,
+for the purpose of endeavoring to discover, by the only mode considered
+effective--the examination of Phenomena--the fundamental Principles,
+which, like those of Mathematics, should include all the essentials of
+the special domain under consideration. These being discovered, might
+furnish, it was instinctively felt, starting points from which to work
+the Deductive Process, with the same success as that which attended its
+application to Mathematics.
+
+The Inductive Principle, considered either as a Process or a Method, is
+valuable, therefore, mainly as it furnishes proper starting points for
+the activity of the Deductive Principle. Thus far in the history of the
+Natural Sciences it has been the best and safest guide in affording such
+starting points. But the indications are numerous all about us that the
+progress of Scientific discovery will ere long bring us to a stage,
+where the Laws or Principles which underlie every department of the
+Universe being fully revealed, the function of the Inductive Principle
+as a guide to fundamental bases, will be at an end, and the Deductive
+Method once more assume the leadership, opening to us all departments of
+investigation, with the rapidity, precision, and certainty which
+characterize Mathematical research and Demonstrative Reasoning.
+
+This _desideratum_ must necessarily result whenever a Unitary Law shall
+be discovered in Science; whenever the Sciences, and the Phenomena
+within the different Sciences, shall be _basically_ connected. All the
+present conditions and tendencies of knowledge indicate that the
+attainment of this crowning intellectual goal was predestined to our
+epoch. It has been the grand work of the Inductive Method to arrange
+Facts under Principles, and these latter as Facts or Truths under a
+smaller number of Principles, and these in turn under a still smaller
+number, until all the Phenomena of the different domains of thought
+which are reckoned as Sciences are included within a few Principles
+which lie at the foundation of each domain. The connection of these few
+Principles by a still more fundamental Law, is all that is necessary to
+the completion of the work of the centuries and the establishment of a
+Universal or Unitary Science. Already those recognized as leaders in the
+Scientific world watch expectantly the signs of the times and await the
+advent of the Grand Discovery which is to usher in a new intellectual
+era, 'We have reached the point,' says Agassiz, in one of his _Atlantic
+Monthly_ articles, 'where the results of Science _touch the very problem
+of existence, and all men listen for the solving of that mystery_. When
+it will come, and how, none can say; but this much, at least, is
+certain, _that all our researches are leading up to that question_, and
+mankind will never rest till it is answered.'
+
+'All the Phenomena of Physics,' says Professor Silliman, in his _First
+Principles of Philosophy_, 'are dependent on a limited number of general
+laws, _of which they are the necessary consequences_. However various
+and complex may be the phenomena, their laws are few, and distinguished
+for their exceeding simplicity. All of them may be represented by
+numbers and algebraic symbols, and these condensed _formulæ_ enable us
+to conduct investigations _with the certainty and precision of pure
+Mathematics_. As in geometry, all the properties of figures are deduced
+from a few axioms and definitions; so _when the general laws of Physics
+are known, we may deduce from them, by a series of rigorous reasonings,
+all the phenomena to which they give rise_.'
+
+Auguste Comte, in his elaborate and encyclopædic _Course of Positive
+Philosophy_, tells us that 'these _three_ laws [the Law of Inertia, the
+Law of the Equality of action and reaction, and the Law of the
+Composition of forces] are the experimental basis of the Science of
+Mechanics. From them the mind may proceed _to the logical construction
+of the Science, without further reference to the external world_. * * *
+We cannot, however, conceive of any case which is not met by these three
+laws of Kepler, of Newton, and of Galileo, and their expression is so
+precise that they can be immediately treated in the form of analytical
+equations easily obtained.' While also exhibiting the small number of
+Principles which lie at the foundation of other domains of our
+intellectual accumulations, Comte remarks: 'The ultimate perfection of
+the Positive system would be (if such perfection could be hoped for) to
+represent all phenomena as particular aspects of a single general
+fact;--such as Gravitation, for instance.'
+
+These are a few specimens of what may be found in the books, pointing
+out the gradual approach of Scientific investigation to the discovery of
+a Unitary Law, and the expectation among Scientists of the advent, at
+some period not far distant, of a new Science, the greatest among
+Sciences, a true Pantology or Universology. Upon the apprehension of
+this Law, which must establish the true basis of every domain of thought
+or activity, and show it to be identical or analogous in the several
+domains, we shall be placed, _in relation to the whole universe_,
+precisely where we now stand in relation to Mathematics, Mechanics, and
+Physics; that is, the General Law or Laws of every domain of
+investigation will become known, as we now know those of these Sciences,
+and, to adopt the words of the French writer, 'from them the mind may
+proceed to the logical construction of the Science [being now the
+Science of the whole Universe], without further reference to the
+external world;' or to use the language of Professor Silliman, 'when the
+general laws of [the Universe] are known, we may _deduce_ from them, by
+a series of rigorous reasonings, _all the phenomena to which they give
+rise_.' Thus, upon the discovery of a Unitary Law, linking the Sciences
+together, and showing the identity of their starting points or bases,
+the Deductive Principle, considered either as a Method or a Process,
+must once more take the lead, and the Inductive occupy its legitimate
+position as a subordinate and corroborative auxiliary. Under the
+guidance of this new adjustment of the Deductive and Inductive
+Principles, a full, exact, complete, definite, _Scientific_
+Classification of our knowledge will become possible, and the true
+boundaries of every domain of intellectual examination may be critically
+and clearly established. In the absence of such a Classification, it is
+only by viewing departments of the Universe with reference to the Method
+or Process employed in the investigation of their Phenomena, that we are
+able to estimate their present relations to Science, and to ascertain
+proximately their Scientific or Unscientific character. We proceed,
+then, to examine the connection of History, in its present development,
+with Science, a task to which the foregoing brief and incomplete
+consideration of the subject of Method has been a necessary preliminary.
+
+A number of Classifications of human knowledge have been attempted, none
+of which were exact or complete, or could have been, for a reason which
+was stated above, and none of which are now considered to be
+satisfactory by the Scientific world. Bacon and D'Alembert, men of
+vigorous and vast intellectual capacity, were admirably adapted to such
+a work, so far as it could be performed in their day. But the state of
+knowledge and Scientific progress was not sufficiently advanced, at that
+time, to render any Classification which could be made of more than
+temporary value, and those furnished by these illustrious thinkers now
+appertain only to the archæology of Science.
+
+The Classification of Auguste Comte, in the absence of a more exact,
+complete, and inclusive one, still holds the highest rank, and is the
+only one which now claims the attention of the general Thinker. It is
+very restricted in its application, professing to include only the
+domain which Comte calls abstract or general Science, which has for its
+object the discovery of the laws which regulate Phenomena in all
+conceivable cases within their domain, and excluding the sphere of what
+he denominates concrete, particular, or descriptive Science, whose
+function it is to apply these laws to the history of existing beings.
+This throws such Natural Sciences as Botany, Zoology, Mineralogy,
+Geology, etc., out of his range. He also excludes the domain of
+_practical_ Knowledge, comprising what is included under the terms, the
+Applied Sciences, the Arts, the Mechanical Sciences, etc. A
+Classification, far more detailed and comprehensive in its scope than
+anything yet published, is in preparation by Professor P. H. Vander
+Weyde, of the Cooper Institute--advanced sheets of which, so far as it
+is elaborated, have been kindly furnished to the writer by the
+author--the incomplete state of which, however, prevents a further
+consideration here.
+
+The Principle which Comte adopted to guide him in his Classification was
+the following: 'All observable phenomena may be included within a very
+few natural categories, so arranged as that the study of each category
+may be grounded on the principal laws of the preceding, and serve as the
+basis of the next ensuing. This order is determined by the degree of
+simplicity, or, what comes to the same thing, of generality of their
+phenomena. Hence results their successive dependence, and the greater or
+lesser facility for being studied.' In accordance with this Principle,
+Comte establishes what he denominates the _Hierarchy of the Sciences_.
+Mathematics stands at the base of this, as being that Science whose
+Phenomena are the most general, the most simple, and the most abstract
+of all. Astronomy comes next, wherein the Static and Dynamic properties
+of the heavenly bodies complicate the nature of the investigation; in
+Physics, Phenomena must be considered in the midst of the still greater
+complications of Weight, Light, Heat, Sound, etc.; Chemistry has
+additional characteristics to trace in its subjects; Biology adds the
+intricacies of vital Phenomena to all below it; and Sociology, the sixth
+and last of Comte's Hierarchy--all other departments of thought other
+than those previously excluded from his survey, being regarded as out of
+the bounds of human cognition--deals with the still more complicated
+problem of the relations of men to each other in society.
+
+This Classification is admirable for the purpose of showing the mutual
+interdependence of the branches of Knowledge included in it; but aside
+from its covering only a small part of our intellectual domain, it is
+also defective in not distinguishing with sufficient clearness that
+which is properly Science, from that which is merely Theory or Plausible
+Conjecture. Biology and Sociology are classed with Mathematics as
+_Positive_ Sciences, as if the Laws or Principles which correlated the
+Phenomena of the former were established as certainly and definitely as
+those of the latter; while there is no prominence given to the different
+nature of _proof_ in Mathematics and that in every other department of
+investigation--except in so far as Mathematical Phenomena and Processes
+enter into the latter--if, indeed, the founder of Positivism has even
+anywhere distinctly stated it. Chemistry, Biology, and Sociology,
+leaving Astronomy and Physics aside for the present, are not yet
+_Positive_ Sciences, in any such sense as Mathematics. The lack of
+_exact_ analysis is apparent in all of Comte's generalizations,
+otherwise magnificent and masterly as they undoubtedly are. In respect
+to the matter under consideration, it renders his Classification
+unavailing for determining with sufficient precision and exactitude the
+character of any intellectual domain. History, while it is the source
+whence the proof of his fundamental positions is drawn, finds no place
+in his Scientific schedule. Even had it been otherwise, the defect just
+alluded to would have rendered it useless for our present purposes,
+until a prior Classification had first been made, exhibiting the radical
+difference between the various domains, which are all indiscriminately
+grouped under the name of _Science_. After such a Classification, based
+on the nature of _proof_ as involved in Method, the Principle which
+guided Comte in the establishment of the Hierarchy of the Sciences will
+enable us, in a concluding paper, to estimate with proximate certainty
+the character of a possible Science of History, and to ascertain how far
+the labors of Mr. Buckle and Professor Draper have aided toward the
+creation of such a Science.
+
+
+
+
+DIARY OF FRANCES KRASINSKA;
+
+OR, LIFE IN POLAND DURING THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
+
+
+                                            Friday, _April 10th._
+
+Easter week is over, and I am really sorry; I had found happiness in
+repose, and already have care and disquiet won their way into my heart
+and my mind.... How many sins I have committed! Poor humanity! poor
+nature, so frail and weak! Notwithstanding my promises and the
+resolutions which I fancied so strong, I yield to the least temptation.
+
+For example, and it is indeed incredible, but a fact, that on Holy
+Thursday, the very day after my confession, I sinned, and sinned through
+pride. I should have worn black when I went to be present at the court
+ceremony, but I could not resist the seduction of a beautiful costume.
+Just as I was beginning my preparations, the Princess Lubomirska entered
+my room, accompanied by her maids, who brought me a charming dress of
+white velvet, with a long train, and trimmed with white roses; the
+headdress consisted of a garland of white roses, and a long white blonde
+veil. The taste and richness of this costume surpasses description! How
+could I resist the happiness of seeing myself so becomingly attired!
+
+I asked the princess why she required me to wear so brilliant a costume
+to church; she replied that on Holy Thursday it was customary after the
+service to go into the great hall of the castle, where the king would
+wash the feet of twelve old men, in commemoration of the humility of our
+Saviour, and that he would also wait upon them at table. During this
+pious and edifying ceremony, a young girl belonging to one of the
+noblest families must make a collection for the poor; the king himself
+names the lady, and this year he was pleased to honor me by his
+selection; he at the same time announced that the results of my efforts
+should be given to the hospital for the poor under the Abbé Baudoin's
+charge.
+
+I was very happy as I listened to the princess; but, must I confess it?
+I was not happy through the good action I was about to perform; I
+thought only of myself, of my beauty, of the charming costume, of the
+effect I should produce among all the other women dressed in black, and
+I rejoiced to think that I should be the most beautiful. What culpable
+vanity! And on Holy Thursday! But at least I frankly admit my sin, and
+humiliate myself for it.
+
+My collection surpassed my hopes. I received nearly four thousand
+ducats. Prince Charles Radziwill said, as he put his hand to his purse:
+'My dear (Panie Kochanku, his favorite expression), one must give
+something to so beautiful a lady;' and he threw five hundred gold pieces
+on my plate, which would have fallen from my hands had I not been aided
+in holding it. When I began my collection, I was very much embarrassed;
+I trembled all over, and blushed at each new offering I received; but by
+degrees I gained courage, and profited by my dancing master's lessons.
+The grand marshal of the court gave me his hand, and named each lord as
+he repeated the customary formula employed in handing them the plate; as
+for me, I could not have said a word; I found it quite enough to make a
+proper and becoming courtesy to each one. When the plate became too
+heavy, the marshal emptied it into a large bag, borne behind us.
+
+I heard many compliments, and I was more looked at and admired than I
+ever had been before in my life. The prince royal said to me: 'If you
+had asked each of us to give you his heart, no one could have refused
+you.'
+
+I replied: 'Affection is not solicited, it is inspired.'
+
+He seemed pleased with my frankness. I cannot comprehend how a woman
+could solicit love, and say: Love me, admire me.... For a king I could
+not thus degrade myself. Tenderness is involuntary; one may seek to win
+it, one may gladly accept it when offered; but to solicit it, is even
+more ridiculous than criminal.
+
+The washing of the feet is one of the most striking ceremonies of our
+religion. A king kneeling before those twelve aged men, and then
+standing behind them while they are at table, is a most touching and
+sublime spectacle. That ceremony can never pass from my memory. Augustus
+III, although no longer young, is still handsome; his gestures bear the
+impress of dignity and nobility: the prince royal, Charles, resembles
+him exactly.
+
+On Good Friday we visited the sepulchre; all the court ladies were
+dressed in black; we made our stations in seven churches, and in each we
+said appropriate prayers. I was on my knees during a whole hour in the
+cathedral. On Holy Saturday the services were magnificent, and the
+organs pealed forth the most heavenly strains of music.
+
+Tho princess's Easter collation (swiencone) was superb; until yesterday,
+the tables were continually covered with cakes and cold meats. It is
+just one year since I assisted at Madame Strumle's very modest
+collation; I was then a schoolgirl; who could have guessed that on the
+following Easter Monday I should be with the princess palatiness, that
+the prince royal would partake of the same collation with myself, and
+that we should eat out of the same plate!
+
+One really finds a pleasure in eating meat after a Lent so rigorously
+observed; for all here are as particular as at Maleszow. During holy
+week, everything is cooked in oil, and on Good Friday a severe fast is
+adhered to, each one taking only food sufficient to keep him from
+starving.
+
+The prince royal has fasted so much that he has become quite thin. I
+noticed this yesterday, and my eyes involuntarily rested upon his
+features with a more tender expression than usual: as he was talking
+with the prince palatine, I did not think he was paying any attention to
+me, but thoughts springing from the heart never escape him, he is so
+good, so quick in understanding; soon after, he thanked me for my
+solicitude. I grew very red, and promised myself in future to keep a
+strict guard over the expression of my eyes.
+
+A woman's part, especially that of an unmarried girl, is very difficult;
+not only must she measure out her words and watch the tones of her
+voice, but she must also command the expression of her countenance. I
+must ask, of what use are governesses and their lessons in such cases?
+The princess is quite right when she says, that ten governesses, let
+them be as watchful as they may, cannot guard a young girl who does not
+know how to guard herself.
+
+                                         Wednesday, _April 15th._
+
+We leave Warsaw to-morrow; I am going with the prince and princess to
+their estate at Opole. My father has written to the princess to say that
+I may remain with her so long as my presence may be agreeable to her. I
+hope she will never be dissatisfied with me; I endeavor to please her in
+every possible way. She inspires me with infinite fear and respect; she
+controls me entirely, and I am always ready to yield to the lightest
+expression of her will; when she smiles upon me, when she looks at me
+kindly, it seems to me as if heaven were opening before me. If I should
+ever reach an advanced age, I would like to inspire the same feelings
+which I experience toward her. The prince royal himself is afraid of the
+princess.
+
+Would any one believe that I am glad to think that I shall not now go to
+Maleszow? I dread the home of my childhood; it seems to me as if I
+should profane it were I to visit it with a heart so filled with unrest
+and disquietude!
+
+Ought I to regret the past? Will a life of torment be the price of a
+single ray of happiness enlightening the highest pinnacle of human
+felicity? If the wish which I dare not express should ever be
+accomplished, I will surely be equal to my position; but I will also
+know how to bear the shipwreck of my dearest hopes.... Great God, how
+can I write, how dare I confide to paper what I fear to confess to
+myself! When I think of him, I tremble lest any one should divine my
+feelings, and yet I write!... If my journal were to fall into any one's
+hands I should be deemed mad, or at least most foolishly presumptuous; I
+must shut it up under four locks.
+
+                           CASTLE OF OPOLE, Friday, _April 24th._
+
+We have been here nearly a week; the situation of the castle is very
+agreeable, but I am no longer gay, and nothing pleases me. The trees
+should already be green, and they are still bare; it should be warm, and
+the air freezes me. I desired to embroider, but the indispensable silks
+were wanting; I tried the piano, but it was not in tune: it will be
+necessary to send to Lublin for the organist. There is quite a large
+library here, but I dare not ask the princess for the key. The prince
+has several new works; he paid in my presence six gold ducats for ten
+little volumes of M. Voltaire's works: Voltaire is now the most
+celebrated writer in France. The princess forbids my reading his books,
+and I am sure I am quite content. But what I cannot endure is, that I am
+not permitted to read a romance lately come from Paris, entitled _La
+Nouvelle Héloïse_. It is by a certain Rousseau, and has made a great
+sensation here. I picked up one volume, and read a few pages of the
+preface, but what did I see? Rousseau himself says: 'A mother will
+forbid her daughter to read it.' The princess is quite right, and I laid
+the book aside with a flutter at my heart which still continues.
+
+The physicians in Warsaw have ordered the princess to ride on horseback
+during her sojourn in the country; they say this exercise will be
+excellent for her health. She laughed at the prescription, and had not
+the faintest intention of trying it; but the prince palatine will hear
+of no jesting where physicians are concerned.
+
+He has bought a pretty mare, very gentle and well trained, as also a
+most comfortable saddle; but the princess still refuses to mount the
+animal. She was with great difficulty persuaded yesterday to mount a
+donkey, and thus make the circuit of the garden. She will be obliged to
+repeat this exercise every day. As for me, who have no fear of horses, I
+had a most burning desire to try the mare; I spoke of it yesterday
+evening; but the princess chid me, and told me with quite a severe air,
+that it was the most improper thing in the world for a young lady. I
+must of course renounce my desire; but I do it with real regret, for I
+already saw myself in fancy riding through the forests, going to the
+chase, climbing the steep mountain sides with _him_, and admiring his
+strength and skill....
+
+The castle has become more lively; several persons have come from the
+city and the neighborhood to present their homage to the palatine. They
+might perhaps afford me amusement; and yet I do not even find a passing
+distraction in their presence. I have seen Michael Chronowski, my
+father's former chamberlain; how the poor young man is changed! The
+prince palatine, in consequence of my father's recommendation, placed
+him at the bar in Lublin. They say he is doing very well, but he is
+thin, bent, and old before his time; his face is strangely colored, and
+he has some frightful scars. He has not danced once since Barbara's
+wedding. The time for mazourkas and cracoviennes is past: they have been
+replaced by law cases, pleading, chicanery, and all its tiresome
+accompaniments; his language is so learned that one can no longer
+understand him.
+
+As a compensation, however, we have here one very agreeable visitor,
+Prince Martin Lubomirski, the prince palatine's cousin, though much
+younger than he. I had already met him in society at Warsaw. The
+princess, who is severe, and who never overlooks the least defect,
+criticizes him a little; but I find his manners very agreeable: he owns
+in the neighborhood the estate of Janowiec, and has given us all a most
+pressing invitation to visit his castle. It is possible we may go there;
+I should be charmed, for no one talks more agreeably. He is gay, fond of
+pleasantry, and a great friend to the prince royal; he often speaks of
+him, and always well and worthily; he appreciates him and knows how to
+praise him.... My heart swells with pleasure while I listen.
+
+
+                     CASTLE OF JANOWIEC, Friday, _May 1st, 1760._
+
+We came here two days ago, and Prince Martin says he will not let us
+soon depart. Everything is more beautiful at Janowiec than at Opole; no
+one can be more generous, more hospitable, or more amiable than Prince
+Martin. The princess says he scatters gold and silver about as if he
+expected it to grow. He is now having a wide avenue cut through the
+forest surrounding the castle. I can see from the windows of my room
+immense trees falling beneath the axes of hundreds of laborers; at the
+end of the avenue, a pavilion is being built, at which they work so
+rapidly that one can see it grow from hour to hour. The prince sent to
+Warsaw and to various other places for his workmen; he pays them double
+wages, and he has made a bet with the palatine that the pavilion will be
+entirely finished in four weeks. I am quite sure he will win. The forest
+is to be transformed into an enclosed park. The whole neighborhood
+abounds in wild beasts; but he has had many elks and bears taken to
+people his wonderful park. There must be some mystery lurking behind all
+these preparations. I feel, rather than guess it.
+
+I like Janowiec better than any other place; the situation is charming,
+and the castle magnificent. It stands upon a mountain overlooking the
+Vistula; its architecture belongs to a very ancient period. From the
+castle the whole city may be seen, with the granaries of Kazimierz, and
+also Pulawy, belonging to the Princess Czartoryski. The apartments are
+large, very numerous, and gorgeously furnished; but I believe that my
+boudoir is the most delightful room in the castle. It is situated at the
+top of a tower, and while I am in it I can fancy myself a real heroine
+of romance. It has three windows, all opening in different directions,
+and each with a most enchanting view. I generally sit by the window
+overlooking the new avenue and the pavilion, which rises as if built by
+fairies. The panels of my cabinet are adorned with paintings,
+representing Olympus. 'Venus alone was wanting,' said the prince, with
+that grace for which he is distinguished, 'but you have come to finish
+the picture.'
+
+I feel here an incomprehensible sense of well-being, I am soothed by
+such sweet presentiments, I fancy myself on the eve of some very happy
+event.
+
+
+                                                Sunday, _May 3d._
+
+I do not think I ever rose so early before in my whole life; the castle
+clock has just struck three, and I am already at my writing. I took a
+walk before daylight through the long corridors of the castle: had any
+one seen me, I should have been taken for an ancestral shade, come to
+visit the domain of its descendants. Prince Martin, following an old and
+excellent custom, has built a gallery, containing the portraits of all
+the most distinguished members of his family; all the memories of the
+race of Lubomirski may be found in this gallery. He sent to Italy for an
+artist to execute the portraits, and he called to his aid a learned man
+fully acquainted with the history of the Lubomirski family and of our
+country. After much deliberation and many discussions, the project was
+finally carried into effect in 1756, as announced by the main
+inscription. It is to be regretted, says the princess, that these
+pictures are in fresco, and not in oil colors, as they would then have
+been more solid and transportable.
+
+Let what will happen in the future, at present this gallery is truly
+magnificent. Yesterday, Prince Martin, with the palatine and the
+palatiness, gave me a historical account of each picture; I immediately
+determined to transfer them to my journal. With this intention I rose
+before day and visited the gallery on tiptoe while all were still
+sleeping. I will write down all I have been told, and all I have seen.
+
+In the four corners of the hall are the arms of the Lubomirski family,
+Srzeniawa, received on the occasion of a battle gained by one of the
+ancestors on the banks of the Srzeniawa, not far from Cracow. The first
+picture represents the division of the property between the three
+brothers Lubomirski; a division which was made according to law, during
+the reign of Wladislas I, and signed February 1st, 1088. Nearly all the
+other pictures are family portraits; women rendered illustrious by noble
+deeds, and men distinguished in political, civil, military, or religious
+careers, especially during the reigns of Sigismund III, of John Casimir,
+and of John III, Sobieski, There are several copies of the portrait of
+Barbara Tarlo, who brought the castle of Janowiec as a dowry to a
+Lubomirski.
+
+The series is ended by a picture which is equivalent to a whole poem; it
+represents a winter sky and a naked forest; a furious bear endeavors to
+overthrow a tall and athletic man; a young woman, wearing a hunting
+costume, comes behind the bear and places a pistol at each ear. In the
+distance is a horse running away and dragging behind him an upset
+sledge. I asked an explanation of the picture, and was told as follows:
+
+A certain Princess Lubomirska, who was very fond of the chase, set out
+one winter day on a bear hunt; as she was returning in a little sledge,
+drawn by one horse, and having only one attendant with her, a furious
+bear, driven by some other hunters, fell upon the princess. The
+terrified horse upset the sledge, and she and the attendant must
+infallibly have perished, had not the courageous servant determined to
+sacrifice himself for his mistress; he threw himself before the bear,
+saying these words; 'Princess, remember my wife and children.' But the
+noble and heroic woman, thinking only of the danger of him who was about
+to sacrifice his life for her, drew two small pistols from her pockets,
+placed the barrels in the bear's ears, and killed him on the spot.
+
+In truth, I envy this noble and generous action.... It is needless to
+add that the servant with his wife and children became henceforth the
+special care of the princess.
+
+But, during the last few moments, I have heard considerable noise
+through the castle, and I must return to my own room. I hear Prince
+Martin's voice resounding through the corridors. He is calling his dogs,
+of which he is exceedingly fond, as indeed he may well be, for his
+hounds are the most beautiful in the whole country. He is always sorry
+when the season will not admit of hunting; but at present the most
+intrepid hunters are forced to renounce their sport. I must close my
+book. It is five o'clock, and some one might come into the gallery.
+
+
+                                            Thursday, _May 14th._
+
+We have been to Opole, where we spent several days; but Prince Martin
+made us promise to return here, and here we are again installed. He
+wished us to see the pavilion entirely finished. The exterior is
+completed, and only a few interior embellishments are yet wanting.
+Prince Martin has then won his bet, and he talks to me about it in such
+strange enigmas that I cannot comprehend him; for example, he said to me
+this morning: 'Every one says that I am expending the most enormous sums
+on my park and my pavilion; but I shall receive a recompense which I
+shall owe to you, far above anything I can do.'
+
+Indeed, I lose myself in conjecture; either I am mad, or all who come
+near me have lost their senses.
+
+
+                                            Saturday, _May 16th._
+
+Could I ever have anticipated such happiness! The prince royal has
+arrived; the pavilion, the park, and all, were for him, or rather for
+me; for they know that he loves me, and to please him, the princes have
+invented this pretext for bringing him to Janowiec. Great Heaven! what
+will my fate be! I bless the happy accident that brought him here at
+nightfall, for otherwise every one must have observed my blushes, my
+embarrassment, and that throbbing at my heart which deprived me of the
+power of speech and took away my breath; he too would have understood my
+joy! I never saw him so tender before; but the future--what will that
+be?...
+
+Until now, I have always feigned not to comprehend the meaning of his
+words, and have striven to hide from him all that was passing in my
+soul; but can I always control myself when I must see him every moment?
+Ah! how painful will be the effort!... What torture ever to repress the
+best feelings of one's soul! To refuse expression to my thoughts, when
+my thoughts are all personified in him.... Notwithstanding my efforts, I
+fear lest my heart should be in my eyes, in my voice, in some word
+apparently trivial.... God give me courage, for what can my future
+destiny be? On what can I rely?... My fate sometimes appears to me so
+brilliant, I foresee a superhuman happiness; and then again it seems to
+me so dark and menacing that a shudder runs through my whole frame.
+
+I do not know what to decide upon; I do not know whether I should trust
+to my heart or my reason. Alas! my reason--I have only fears and
+melancholy foreshadowings, which lead me back to the truth when I have
+yielded too willingly to the enchantment of such sweet illusions.
+
+If I could confide in any one; if I could find a friend and guide in the
+princess! But my attachment to her is too respectful to be tender and
+confiding; then she says, perhaps by chance, words which destroy my
+desire to make a confidante of her. She blames the prince's character,
+and pities the woman who would bind herself to him.... The palatine
+gives me no assistance; he doubtless believes my virtue is strong enough
+to suffice without aid or counsel.
+
+I will accept all the happiness which Heaven may send me; I will guard
+it as a sacred treasure, but I will commit no imprudence, no action
+unworthy of my name. God will be my refuge; he will deign to enlighten
+me. I passed the whole of last night in prayer. Ah! how sorry I am the
+Abbé Baudoin is not here, for each day will be a new trial. The prince
+will remain some time at the castle; the princes, his brothers, will
+soon join him here, and great projects for hunting have been made.
+
+
+                                             _May 18th._ evening.
+
+Heaven has been gracious, and my destiny is the happiest of all! I,
+Frances Krasinska, in whose veins runs no royal blood, am to be the wife
+of the prince royal, Duchess of Courland, and one day, perhaps, may wear
+a crown.... He loves me, loves me beyond everything; he sacrifices his
+father to me, and overleaps the inequality in our rank; he forgets all,
+he loves me!
+
+It seems to me I must be misled by some deceitful dream! Is it indeed
+true that I went alone with him this afternoon to walk in the park? The
+princess's recent accident was the cause. As she was ascending the
+stairs of the pavilion, she made a false step, and was forced to remain
+in the saloon with one of the young lady companions. Usually, she does
+not leave us a single moment; but as her foot would not permit her to
+walk, the princes, he and I, went without her. Prince Martin stopped by
+the way to show the prince palatine some of his preparations for the
+chase. The prince royal told them he preferred to walk on, and passed my
+arm within his own. He was silent during some moments; I was surprised,
+for I had always seen him so abounding in wit, and so fertile in
+subjects of conversation. He finally asked me if I still persisted in
+misunderstanding the motive which had brought him to Janowiec. I
+replied, as usual, that the anticipated pleasures of the chase had
+doubtless determined him to accept Prince Martin's invitation.
+
+'No,' he said, 'I came for you, for myself, to secure the happiness of
+my whole life.'
+
+'Is it possible?' I cried; 'Prince, do you forget your rank, and the
+throne which awaits you in the future? The prince royal should wed a
+king's daughter!'
+
+He replied: 'You, Frances, you are my queen; your charms first seduced
+my eyes, and later, your truth and virtue subjugated my heart. Before I
+knew you, I had been always accustomed to receive advances from women;
+scarcely had I said a word, when I was overwhelmed with coquetries....
+You, who have perhaps loved me more than they, you have avoided me; one
+must divine your secret thoughts if one would love you without losing
+all hope; you merit the loftiest throne in the universe, and if I
+desired to be King of Poland, it would only be that I might place a
+crown upon your noble and beautiful brow.'
+
+My surprise, my happiness, deprived me of all power to reply; meanwhile,
+the princes rejoined us, and the prince royal said to them:
+
+'I here take you for the witnesses of my oath: I swear to wed no other
+bride than Frances Krasinska; circumstances require secrecy until a
+certain period, and you alone will know my love and my happiness: he who
+betrays me will be henceforth my enemy.'
+
+The princes made the most profound salutations, and expressed themselves
+deeply honored by the prince royal's confidence; they assured him that
+they would keep his secret most religiously; then, passing by my side,
+they whispered in my ear, 'You are worthy of your good fortune,' and
+departed.
+
+I stood motionless and dumb, but the prince was so tender, his words
+were so persuasive and so eloquent, that I ended by confessing to him
+that I had long loved him: I believe one may, without criminality, make
+this avowal to one's future husband.... The castle clock at length
+struck midnight, that hour for ghosts and wandering spirits; after
+midnight their power vanishes.... Can I yet be the plaything of an
+illusion?... But no, all is true, my happiness is real, my grandeur is
+no dream.... The ring I wear upon my finger attests its truth.
+
+Barbara gave me a ring in the form of a serpent, the symbol of eternity;
+the prince royal often fixed his eyes upon it, and now he has had one
+made exactly like it, with this inscription: 'Forever,' which he has
+exchanged with me for mine. Our first and holy betrothal had no
+witnesses but the trees and the nightingales. I will tell no one of this
+occurrence, not even the princess.
+
+Alas! Barbara and my parents are also ignorant of it--they have not
+blessed our rings; it was not my father who promised me to my betrothed,
+nor has my mother given me her blessing!... Alas! my sorrow oppresses
+me, and my face is bathed in tears.... Yes, all is true, this must
+indeed be life, since I begin to suffer!
+
+
+                                              Monday, _May 25th._
+
+I have written, and it seems to me as if I had said nothing; I have not
+written during the past week, because I found no words to express my
+thoughts.... I am happy, and language, which is eloquent in the
+expression of sorrow, has no tongue for joy and happiness.
+
+Last week, I took up my pen to write, but I soon gave up the attempt; my
+feelings and ideas were confused with their own constant repetition and
+renewal, and when my poor head would have presided over the arrangement
+of the words, my heart melted into hopes and desires.... I can write
+to-day, because the fear of misfortune, of some sudden catastrophe, has
+seized upon me.... If he should cease to love me!...
+
+The royal princes, Clement and Albert, arrived last Thursday. There have
+been hunting parties without intermission. Prince Martin had sent for
+plenty of wild animals; they were let loose in the park, and the princes
+have had as much as they could do. My maid tells me the princes Clement
+and Albert leave this morning; my first thought was that he would go
+too.... Happiness has entirely absorbed me during the past week;
+happiness, unalloyed by a single fear; my cares too as mistress of the
+house (for since the princess's accident I have taken her place) have
+left me not a moment unemployed!... And now, these few words uttered by
+my maid have completely unsettled my mind: Great Heaven, if he were to
+go too! For whom would I wake in the morning, for whom would I dress
+with so much care, for whom would I strive to be more beautiful? Ah!
+without him, I can see but death and a void which nothing can fill!... I
+grow faint.... I must open the window.... I breathe, and already feel
+better.
+
+It is only six o'clock, and yet I see a white handkerchief floating from
+the window of the pavilion. That is his daily signal, to say good
+morning. I will never confess to him that my awakening each day preceded
+his.... But who is that man running toward the castle; I know him
+well--his favorite huntsman; he brings me a bouquet of fresh flowers;
+they must have been sent for to an orangery four leagues from here....
+How silly and unjust I was to torment myself so! He is still here, no
+one has told me that he is going, he will doubtless remain a long
+time.... Ah yes, some days of happiness will still be granted
+me--perhaps some weeks.
+
+
+
+
+THE SLEEPING SOLDIER.
+
+  On the wild battle field where the bullets were flying,
+  With a ball in his breast a brave soldier was lying,
+  While the roar of the cannon and cannon replying,
+    And the roll of the musketry, shook earth and air.
+
+  The red ooze from his breast the green turf was a-staining;
+  The light of his life with the daylight was waning;
+  From his pain-parted lips came no word of complaining:
+    Where the fighting was hottest his spirit was there.
+
+  He had marched in the van where his leader commanded;
+  He had fall'n like a pine that the lightning has branded;
+  He was left by his mates like a ship that is stranded,
+    And far to the rear and a-dying he lay.
+
+  His comrades press on in a gleaming of glory,
+  But backward he sinks on his couch cold and gory;
+  They shall tell to their children hereafter the story,
+    His lips shall be silent forever and aye.
+
+  A smile lit his face, for the foe were retreating,
+  And the shouts of his comrades his lips were repeating,
+  And true to his country his chill heart was beating,
+    When over his senses a weariness crept.
+
+  The rifle's sharp crack, the artillery's thunder,
+  The whizzing of shell and their bursting asunder,
+  Heaven rending above and the earth rumbling under,
+    Nevermore might awake him, so soundly he slept.
+
+  He had rushed to the wars from the dream of his wooing,
+  For fame as for favor right gallantly suing,
+  Stem duty each softer emotion subduing,
+    In the camp, on the field--the dominion of Mars.
+
+  And there when the dark and the daylight were blended,
+  Still there when the glow of the sunset was ended,
+  He slept his last sleep, undisturbed, unattended,
+    Overwept by the night, overwatched by the stars.
+
+    BATON ROUGE, LA., _September 10th, 1863._
+
+
+
+
+MY MISSION.
+
+
+I opened my eyes and looked out.
+
+Not that I had been exactly asleep, but dreamily ruminating over a
+series of chaotic visions that had about as much reason and order as a
+musical medley. I had been riding in the cars for the past six hours,
+and had now become so accustomed to the monotony that all idea of a
+change seemed wildly absurd; in my half-awake state, I was feebly
+impressed with the conviction that I was to ride in the cars for the
+remainder of my existence.
+
+The entrance of the conductor, with the dull little glowworms of lamps
+which he so quickly jerked into their proper places, made a sudden break
+in my train of thought; and, not having anything else to occupy me just
+then, I became speedily beset with the idea that the luminary just above
+my head was only awaiting a favorable opportunity to tumble down upon
+it. The thought became unpleasantly absorbing; and, not having
+sufficient energy to get up and change my seat, I looked out of the
+window again.
+
+The prospect was, like most country views, of no particular beauty when
+seen in the ungenial light of a November evening: the sky rather leaden
+and discouraging; the earth, chilled by the sun's neglect, was growing
+shrivelled and ugly with all its might; and the trees were dreary
+skeletons, flying past the car window in a kind of mad dance, after the
+fashion of Alonzo and the false Imogen. I gave up the idea of making the
+cars my future residence, and considered that it was quite time to look
+about me, and inquire, for present, practical purposes, what I was and
+where I was going.
+
+But, at the very outset of this laudable occupation, a disagreeable fact
+thrust itself impudently in my face, and even shook its fist at me in
+insolent defiance. There was no getting over it--I was undeniably a
+_woman_--and, what was worse, rather a womanly woman. I am aware, of
+course, that this depends. If you should ask that stately lily, radiant
+with beauty, from the crown of the head to the sole of her foot,
+surrounded by her kind, and cherished and admired as one of the choicest
+gems of the garden, whether she considered it an agreeable thing to be a
+flower, she would probably toss her head in scorn, as youthful beauties
+do, at the very question. But ask the poor roadside blossom, trampled
+on, switched off, and subjected to every trial that is visited on
+strength and roughness, without the strength and roughness to protect
+her, and there is very little doubt that she would express a desire to
+wake up, some morning, and find herself transformed into a prickly pear.
+Womanhood, under some circumstances, is very much like sitting partly on
+one chair, and partly on another, without being secure on either.
+
+It is an unnatural combination to have the propensities of a Columbus or
+Robinson Crusoe united with a habit of trembling at stray dogs in the
+daytime, and covering one's head with the bedclothes at night. I had
+longed to be afloat for some time past; but now, that I was fairly out
+of sight of land, I shuddered at the immensity of the fathomless sea
+that stretched before me. Whither bound? To the 'Peppersville Academy,'
+in a town on the border of a lake familiar to me in my geography days at
+school, but which seemed, practically, to have no more connection with
+New York than if it had been in Kamtchatka. To this temple of learning I
+was going as assistant teacher; and the daring nature of the undertaking
+suddenly flashed upon me. Suppose that, when weighed in the examining
+balances, I should be found wanting? Suppose that some horridly sharp
+boy should 'stump' me with 'Davies' Arithmetic?'
+
+That was my weak point, and I realized it acutely. Figures never would
+arrange themselves in my brain in proper order; I am by no means sound
+even on the multiplication table; and the only dates that ever fixed
+themselves in my memory are 1492 and 1776. The very sight of a slate and
+pencil gave me a nervous headache, and as I had lately been told that
+_idiots_ always failed in calculation, I considered myself but a few
+removes from idiocy. My answering that advertisement was a proof of it;
+and here I was, hundreds of miles from any familiar sight, going to
+teach pupils who probably knew more than I did! I had my music and
+French, to be sure, and that was _some_ foundation--but not half so
+solid as a substantial base of figures.
+
+In a sort of frantic desperation, I began, to ply myself with impossible
+sums in mental arithmetic, until I nearly got a brain fever; and the
+cars stopped, and the dreaded station was shouted in my ears, while I
+was in the midst of a desperate encounter with a group of stubborn
+fractions.
+
+How I dreaded the sight of the personage who had twice subscribed
+himself my 'obedient servant, Elihu Summers'! My 'obedient servant,'
+indeed! More likely my inexorable taskmaster, with figures in his eye
+and compound fractions at his tongue's end. I painted his portrait:
+tall, wiry, with compressed lips, and a general air of seeing through
+one at a glance. Now, when one is painfully conscious of being deficient
+in several important points, this sort of person is particularly
+exasperating; and I immediately began to hate Mr. Summers with all my
+might.
+
+Nevertheless, I shook considerably, and, having been informed that I
+would be met at the station, though by whom or what was not specified, I
+prepared to alight, with my bag and shawl and 'Harper,' attached to
+various parts of my person. Considering how short the step is from the
+sublime to the ridiculous, the length, or rather height, of that step
+from the car to the platform was out of all proportion; I looked upon it
+as an invention of the enemy, and stood hopelessly considering the
+impossibility of a descent without the aid of a pair of wings.
+
+Raising my eyes in dismay, I saw in the dim light a pair of arms
+outstretched to my assistance; and, observing that the shoulders
+pertaining thereto were broad and solid-looking, I deposited my hundred
+and twenty pounds of flesh and bone thereon without any compunctions of
+conscience, and no questions asked. I almost fell in love with that
+individual for the very tender manner in which I was lifted to the
+ground; but, once safe on terra firma, I merely said, 'Thank you, sir,'
+and was gliding rapidly into the ladies' saloon, half afraid of
+encountering Mr. Summers in my journey.
+
+But my _aide-de-camp_, with a hasty stride, arrested my progress, as he
+said inquiringly, 'This is Miss Wade, I believe?'
+
+I turned and looked at him, as the light fell upon his figure from the
+open doorway--large and well proportioned, with the kind of face that
+one sees among the heroes of a college 'commencement,' or the successful
+candidates for diplomas--half manly, half boyish, with a firm mouth and
+laughing eyes; and he immediately added, 'I have come to conduct you to
+your boarding house.'
+
+I concluded that he was either a son or nephew of 'Elihu Summers,'
+possibly an assistant in the school; and I felt glad at the prospect of
+some congenial society.
+
+The walk to the boarding house was not a long one, and we said very
+little on the way. My companion had quietly relieved me of my small
+articles of baggage; and I had mechanically taken the offered arm as
+though I had known him all my life. I could not see much of the town in
+the dark, and what I did see did not impress me with a very exalted idea
+of its liveliness--the inhabitants apparently considering it sinful to
+show any lights in the fronts of their houses, except an occasional
+glimmering over the hall door.
+
+My companion suddenly turned, mounted two steps, and lifted a knocker.
+The sound, at first, produced no reply; but presently a sound of
+unbolting and unbarring ensued, and the door was opened, as Morgiana
+would have opened it to let in the forty thieves. A small, pale man,
+with whitish eyes, and gray hair standing on end, peered at us rather
+inhospitably; and on the lower step of the staircase a tallow candle, in
+a brass candlestick, emitted the brilliant light that tallow candles
+usually do.
+
+We effected an entrance by some miracle; and once in that full blaze of
+light, the old man exclaimed:
+
+'Oh, Mr. Summers, so it is you, is it? I was kind of puzzled to make out
+_who_ 'twas. And is this the new teacher you've brought along, or a
+boarding scholar? Looks about as much like one as t'other.'
+
+With a smile, I was introduced as 'Miss Wade;' and just as a pleasant
+matronly looking woman made her appearance, the old man seized me in an
+unexpected embrace, observing, quite as a matter of course, 'I always
+kiss nice-looking young gals.'
+
+'Not always,' thought I, giving him a desperate push that sent him,
+where he more properly belonged, to the arms of Mrs. Bull, who
+opportunely arrived in time to restore his equilibrium.
+
+I suppose my cheeks were blazing, they felt so hot, for the good wife
+gently remarked, 'It is only Mr. Bull's way--he doesn't mean anything by
+it, or I should have been jealous long ago.'
+
+Had the observation not been so hackneyed, I would have advised Mr. Bull
+to mend his way; but he seemed so thoroughly astonished that further
+comment was unnecessary.
+
+A glance at Mr. Summers, who had proved to be the redoubtable Elihu,
+discovered an amused smile hovering around the corners of his mouth; and
+it _was_ ridiculous that, at my first entrance into a house, I should
+have a pitched battle with the master of it. To do the old man justice,
+I do not believe that he _did_ 'mean anything,' as the intended salute
+was to be given in the presence of witnesses; he only labored under the
+hallucination of old men in general, who seem to think that, because it
+is an agreeable thing to them to kiss all the fresh young lips they
+encounter, it must be just as agreeable to the fresh young lips to
+receive it; reminding me of a wise saying I encountered somewhere
+lately, that, 'although age sees a charm in youth, youth sees no charm
+in age.'
+
+But father Bull was not malicious; he only said that 'he guessed I
+wasn't used to country ways;' and after that little brush we became very
+good friends.
+
+I took to _Mrs._ Bull at once; and, following her into a neat little
+room, where there was a stove, a rag carpet, and a table laid for one, I
+was informed that this was the dining room, sitting room, and room in
+ordinary. Tea was over long ago; indeed, as it was eight o'clock, they
+had begun to think of going to bed. Cars in which I travel are always
+behindhand; and they had almost given me up.
+
+Having introduced me to my host and hostess, Mr. Summers took his leave,
+for he did not board there, and went to see that my trunk was speedily
+forwarded to its destination.
+
+I sat down at the neat table, and tried what Mr. Bull denominated
+'presarved squinches'--which might have passed for fragments of granite,
+and were a trifle sour in addition; the apple pie, which, had it been
+large enough, would have been a splendid foundation for a quadrille; the
+bread, which looked like rye, but wasn't; and the tea, which neither
+cheered nor inebriated. This is what good, honest city people eulogize
+under the name of 'a real country tea;' and half an hour after I had
+left the festive board, I could not positively have sworn whether I had
+had any tea or not.
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Bull were very hospitable, and pressed me continually to
+eat, remarking that 'I had an awful small appetite;' but I considered it
+awful under the circumstances, without being small. They had one other
+boarder, they said, 'a single lady, who was very quiet, and didn't
+disturb any one.' They evidently intended this as an eulogy for Miss
+Friggs, but I should have preferred an inmate with more life about her.
+
+At nine o'clock I concluded, from various signs, that it was time to
+turn my steps bedward; and producing a fresh tallow candle, Mrs. Bull
+placed it in another brass candlestick, and led the way up stairs. The
+stairs were narrow, crooked, and winding, and the doors opened with
+latches. My sanctum was of moderate size, with a comfortable-looking
+bed, covered with a white counterpane (I had dreaded patchwork), a white
+curtain to the window, and a white cover on the table,--a pleasant
+harmony, I thought, with the snow that would soon cover the ground; and
+feeling chilled through, in spite of the fire that burned in the funny
+little stove, I wondered that so many people never think of providing
+for but one kind of hunger.
+
+Mrs. Bull helped me to arrange my things, and kissed me good-night in a
+way that went to my heart at once. I did not treat her on this occasion
+as I had treated Mr. Bull.
+
+'I suspect,' said she, kindly, 'that you've been used to things very
+different from what you'll find here; but we'll do all in our power to
+make it pleasant for you, and I dare say that, before long, you'll feel
+quite at home in Peppersville.'
+
+People 'dare say' anything, and many things appeared more probable than
+that I should ever feel at home in Peppersville.
+
+One thing I thoroughly congratulated myself upon, and that was that Mr.
+Summers boarded elsewhere. It is a dreadful thing to be housed under the
+same roof, in a place where there is a total want of all excitement,
+with any sort of a man--people have even become attached to spiders when
+shut up alone with them--and when the man is young, good-looking, and
+poor, the danger is increased. I did not come to Peppersville to fall in
+love with the principal of the Academy; and I was glad that _one_ road,
+at least, to that undesirable end was cut off.
+
+I found the evening psalms and lessons, and then climbed into my
+nest--where I sank down, down, down into the feathery depths, in a
+manner peculiarly terrifying to one whose nights had all been spent on
+hair mattresses. A few hours' ride had transplanted me into a new
+region, among an entirely different race of people, and I fell asleep to
+dream that a whole army of intricate sums were charging upon me with
+fixed bayonets.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Morning came, and I was under the painful necessity of getting up--which
+is always an unnatural wrench under the most favorable auspices. The
+first bell had rung at an unearthly hour, and I paid no attention to it,
+but the second bell was not much more civilized; and as I failed to
+appear, Mrs. Bull came to the door to see if I had made way with myself.
+
+I told her not to wait--I would be down as soon as I could get dressed;
+and I plunged desperately into a basin of cold water. Thankful for the
+institution of nets, I hastily packed my hair into what Artemus Ward
+calls 'a mosquito bar,' and with a final shake-out of my
+hurriedly-thrown-on drapery, I descended, with the expectation of
+finding the family in the full enjoyment of their morning meal.
+
+But Mrs. Bull stood at the head of the table, Mr. Bull at the foot, and
+Miss Friggs at the side, all with their hands on their respective
+chairs. If they had stood in that position ever since Mrs. Bull's visit
+to my door, they had enjoyed it for at least half an hour.
+
+This was very embarrassing; but the only answer that I received to my
+remonstrances was that 'they knew what manners was.' After that, I
+always managed to be down in time.
+
+I found Miss Friggs just as she had been represented, with the addition
+of being very kindly disposed toward me; but between her and Mr. Bull
+there existed a sort of chronic squabble that led to frequent passages
+of wit. Mr. Bull opened the ball, that morning, by observing, with a
+half wink at me, that 'he see she hadn't been kerried off yet,' which
+referred to a previously expressed objection on the part of Miss Friggs
+to sleep without some secure fastening on the door of her room; and
+people in the country can never understand why you should want anything
+different from the existing state of things. Then Mr. Bull remarked that
+Miss Friggs had better sleep in a bandbox or an old stocking, as folks
+packed away valuables in such things, because they were seldom looked
+into by housebreakers.
+
+Suddenly, Miss Friggs asked her tormentor if he had seen any robbers
+lately--when he turned around and handed me the butter. This referred to
+a tradition that Mr. Bull had come running home one evening, entirely
+out of breath, under the firm belief that he was pursued by a robber,
+and nearly shut the door in Mr. Summers's face, who had been in vain
+hallooing to him to stop, in order to apprise him of my expected
+arrival, and make some provision for my accommodation.
+
+These things were all explained to me by degrees; and in the uneventful
+routine upon which I had entered, I learned to consider them quite spicy
+and champagne-ish.
+
+Mr. Summers called at fifteen minutes before nine, according to
+agreement, and we set out together for the Academy. It was a one-storied
+edifice, after a Grecian model, which probably looked well in marble,
+with classical surroundings, but which, repeated in dingy wood, with no
+surroundings at all, grated on an eye that studied the fitness of
+things. But, unfortunately, my business was with the inside; and I felt
+uneasy when I saw the formidable rows of desks.
+
+'And now, Miss Wade,' said my companion, with admirable seriousness,
+'you see your field of action. You will have charge of about thirty
+girls; and when they behave badly, so that you have any difficulty with
+them, just send them in to me.'
+
+This sounded as though they were in the habit of behaving very badly
+indeed; but I doubted if sending them in to him would have been much of
+a punishment for any over fifteen.
+
+There was one scholar there when I arrived--a tall, awkward-looking
+girl, somewhat my senior--whom Mr. Summers introduced as 'Helen Legram.'
+Her only beauty was a pair of very clear eyes, that seemed to comprehend
+me at a glance; for the rest, her face was oddly shaped, her figure bad;
+and a narrow merino scarf, tied around her throat, was not a becoming
+article of dress.
+
+But scarcely had I made these observations when the Philistines were
+upon me--arriving by twos, threes, and fours, and pouring through the
+open door like overwhelming hordes of barbarians. Of course, every pair
+of eyes that entered was immediately fixed upon me; and, although I
+endeavored to keep up my dignity under the infliction, I could not help
+wishing that it were possible to be suddenly taken up and dropped into
+the middle of next week, when my _mauvaise honte_ would have had a
+reasonable chance to wear off by several days' contact.
+
+This _beginning_ is a terrible lion blocking up the way of every
+undertaking, and never does he appear so formidable as at the outset of
+school teaching, unless it is in writing a story. I cast about in my
+mind for various models, as a sort of guide; but the only spirits that
+emerged from the vasty deep were Dr. Blimber and Cornelia. With an
+inconvenient perversity, they refused to be laid, and kept dancing
+before me all day. In entering upon my career, I was firmly impressed
+with two convictions: one was that I didn't know anything, and the other
+was that my pupils would speedily find it out.
+
+The day began, as all sorts of days do; and through the open door of the
+adjoining apartment I watched Mr. Summers, and endeavored to follow all
+his proceedings. When he rang his bell, I rang mine; and, by dint of
+looking as wise and sober as I possibly could, I contrived to begin with
+a tolerable degree of success.
+
+But a pair of clear eyes, that never seemed to be removed from my face,
+embarrassed me beyond expression. Their owner was a perfect bugbear.
+Such a formidable memory I never encountered; and in her recitations,
+which were long and frequent, I do not think she ever misplaced a
+letter. That girl had algebra written on her face; and when, in a slow,
+deliberate way, she approached me with slate, pencil, and book, I felt
+sure that this would prove my Manassas. I was inexpressibly relieved to
+discover that the problems, complicated enough to bring on a slow fever,
+were all unravelled; indeed, my feelings bore no small resemblance to
+those of a criminal at the gallows just presented with a reprieve.
+
+All that I had to do was to say, 'Very well, indeed, Miss Legram; are
+you fond of algebra?' To which she replied, 'Very,' and went back to her
+seat.
+
+Going in to Mr. Summers for some private instructions, I found his desk
+covered with votive offerings, as though it had been the shrine of some
+deity to be propitiated. There were large winter apples; hard winter
+pears; bunches of chrysanthemum; bags of chestnuts, and even popped
+corn; but the parcel that received the most honorable treatment was a
+paper of black-walnut kernels, carefully arranged and presented by a
+little, mild-eyed lame girl. I made a note of that.
+
+With the dignity of a professor, Mr. Summers solved my difficulties;
+while I meekly listened, and wondered if this could be the half-boyish
+individual who had lifted me from the cars. He did not look over
+twenty-three, though, and, if not strictly handsome, had had a very
+narrow escape of it. His hair had a way of getting into his eyes, and he
+had a way of tossing it back as horses toss their manes; and this motion
+invariably brings up a train of associations connected with Mr. Summers.
+
+The day's session was over, and the pupils had departed. I thought that
+Mr. Summers had departed also; and, nervous and wearied out with the
+unwonted strain upon my patience and equanimity, I applied myself
+dejectedly to the fascinating columns of 'Davies' Arithmetic,' for
+unless I speedily added to my small stock of knowledge, a mortifying
+_exposé_ would be the inevitable consequence. Why, thought I, with all
+the ills that man is naturally heir to, must some restless genius invent
+figures? The people in those examples have such an insane way of
+transacting business, I could make nothing of them; my answers never
+agreed with the key, but I fully agreed with the poor man who said so
+despairingly, 'Wat wi' faeth, and wat wi' the earth goin' round the sun,
+and wat wi' the railways all a whuzzin' and a buzzin', I'm clean
+muddled, confoozled, and bet!' and flinging the book out of sight, I
+gave myself up to the luxury of a good cry.
+
+I had not been enjoying myself long, though, before I was interrupted;
+and as the crying was not intended for effect, the interruption was an
+unpleasant one. Of course, I had to answer that original question, 'What
+is the matter?' but instead of replying, after the most approved fashion
+in such cases, 'Nothing,' I went directly to the fountain head, and
+said, abruptly, 'Davies' Arithmetic.'
+
+Mr. Summers quietly picked up the book, and I saw that he understood the
+matter at once--for the dimples in his cheeks deepened perceptibly, and
+beneath the dark mustache there was a gleam of white teeth. My face grew
+hot as I noted these signs, and I exclaimed desperately:
+
+'Mr. Summers, I should like, if you please, to resign my situation. I am
+aware that I must seem to you like an impostor, for I cannot do anything
+at all with figures; and I thought'--
+
+Here I broke down, and cried again, and Mr. Summers finished the
+sentence by saying:
+
+'You thought that you would not be called upon to teach arithmetic? A
+very natural conclusion, and there is no reason why you should. I prefer
+taking charge of these classes myself--but no one can supply your place
+in French and music.'
+
+'A sugar plum for the baby,' thought I, and kept silence.
+
+'I think, though,' continued my mentor, 'that anything as dry and
+practical as figures is a very good exercise for an imaginative turn of
+mind, by supplying a sort of balancing principle; and, if you would like
+to improve yourself in this branch, I should take great pleasure in
+assisting you.'
+
+Very kindly done, certainly, and I accepted the offer with eagerness. I
+was to rest that evening, he said--I had had enough for one day; but it
+was understood that on other evenings generally he was to come to Mr.
+Bull's and instruct his assistant teacher in the A B C of mathematics. I
+could not help thinking that few employers would have taken this
+trouble.
+
+Mr. Bull appeared to be of no earthly use in the household except to go
+to the door, which, in Peppersville, was not an onerous duty; and had I
+not so frequently seen the same thing, I should have wondered what Mrs.
+Bull ever married him for. From frequent references to the time 'when
+Mr. Bull was in the store,' I came to the conclusion that he had once
+dealt in the heterogeneous collection of articles usually found in such
+places. I was not informed whether Mr. Bull had 'given up the store,' or
+whether 'the store' had given up Mr. Bull; but I was disposed to
+entertain the latter idea.
+
+There was no servant in the establishment except an old Indian woman,
+who amused herself by preparing vegetables and washing dishes in the
+kitchen--not being at all active, in consequence of having lost part of
+her feet from indulging in a fancy for a couch of snow on one of the
+coldest nights of the preceding winter, when, to use a charitable
+phrase, 'she was not quite herself.' I believe that, even after this
+melancholy warning, that eccentric person was frequently somebody else.
+'However,' as Mrs. Bull said, 'she didn't disturb any one'--and although
+I could not exactly see the force of this reasoning, I treated it with
+respectful silence for Mrs. Bull's sake.
+
+Miss Friggs, who was 'quite one of the family,' and had lived in it so
+long that I believe she almost persuaded herself that she had been born
+in it, 'did' her own room--which was perfectly appalling with its
+fearful neatness. There was not a thread on the carpet, nor a particle
+of dust in the corners; and the bed, when made up, was as accurately
+proportioned as though it had all been scientifically measured off. I
+have caught glimpses of Miss Friggs going about this business with her
+head carefully tied up, as though it might burst with the immensity of
+her ideas on the subject; and when she had finished, you might have
+eaten off the floor--that is, if you preferred it to a table. This was
+her one occupation in life, and she did it thoroughly; but it seemed
+too sad to have so few occupations that any could be accomplished in so
+faultless a manner.
+
+Fired with honest but misguided zeal, I one morning entered the lists
+against Miss Friggs in a vain attempt to make my own bed; but those
+horrid feathers acted like the things in the Philosopher's Scales, for
+when some were up, others were down; neither north nor south, east nor
+west would agree to terms of equality, and it was impossible to bring
+them to any sort of compromise.
+
+I related my experience to Mrs. Bull; and when I assured her that I had
+crawled all over the bed in the vain attempt to bring some order out of
+chaos, she was more amused, in her quiet way, than I had ever known her
+to be. She desired me, however, to leave the room, to her in future, as
+she enjoyed it, and I could not be expected to do everything. I did not
+interfere with her measures again.
+
+A lesson had been given me to look over; and on Mr. Summers's first
+visit to me, in Mrs. Bull's parlor, I felt as if he had been a dentist
+with evil designs on my largest grinder. He was as cool as though he had
+been fifty and I five, and behaved himself generally as though it were a
+very common thing for youthful principals to give private lessons to
+their young lady-teachers.
+
+Mr. Bull had made a fire, which was another talent that I discovered in
+him; and Mrs. Bull had given the room as much of a look of comfort as a
+room can have that is very seldom used. The good woman had even placed a
+dish of apples and doughnuts on a table in the corner--which, she said,
+were always on hand when Mr. Bull was paying his addresses to her; but
+the family did not appear to put any such construction on Mr. Summer's
+visits to me. I had told them that we had a great deal of school
+business in common; and they seemed to think it quite natural that we
+should have.
+
+And to business Mr. Summers proceeded immediately on his arrival,
+throwing me into a state of complete confusion by asking me questions
+not definitely set down in the book, and calmly allowing me to blunder
+through to something like an end without the least interruption or
+assistance. I, whose childhood had for some time been made miserable by
+the question of a sharp schoolmate, 'Which is the heaviest--a pound of
+lead or a pound of feathers?' and her calm persistence that they were
+both alike, in spite of my passionate denial in favor of lead, was not
+likely to distinguish myself at these sittings; and whatever I had
+hitherto admired in Mr. Summers was now eclipsed by my appreciation of
+his extraordinary patience.
+
+'You must think me a perfect fool!' I exclaimed, unguardedly.
+
+'No,' replied my imperturbable companion, 'I consider you a very fair
+average.'
+
+I bit my lip in anger at myself, and turned assiduously to my slate and
+pencil.
+
+'You will take that for next time,' said my preceptor, rising at the end
+of an hour, and calling my attention to a portion that he had marked in
+pencil, 'when I shall be more particular about your recitations. Good
+evening.'
+
+'Very romantic,' thought I, as I walked rather discontentedly into the
+sitting room, and I wondered what sort of stuff Mr. Summers was made of.
+I began to be afraid that I might be piqued into flirting with him.
+
+He seemed to have the talent, though, of winning golden opinions from
+all sorts of people. Mr. Bull pronounced him 'a cute chap,' and 'real
+clever, too,' for he did not consider the terms synonymous. Mrs. Bull
+said that he was just the right person in the right place; and Miss
+Friggs declared that he was 'a young man among a thousand.' Not at
+Peppersville, certainly, for there were but five others in the place;
+but, to use the phraseology most in vogue there, they could not hold a
+candle to him.
+
+That quiet, overgrown girl, with her faultless recitations and steady
+pursuance of one idea, interested me exceedingly, and I determined to
+find out her history. I spoke of her to Mr. Summers, and he replied:
+
+'Oh, yes; Helen Legram is quite an original. 'Born of poor, but
+respectable parents,' I have little doubt that she will turn out like
+the heroes of all biographies that commence in a similar manner. Her
+father is a very plain farmer, living somewhere among the mountains,
+with a large family to provide for; and Helen, in consequence, has
+hitherto enjoyed no advantages in the way of education beyond those
+obtained from an occasional quarter at the district school. In the
+intervals she had to wash, bake, mend, and make, with untiring industry,
+with short snatches of reading, her only indulgence; until, last summer,
+a relative, well to do in the world, spent some months at the mountain
+farm, and presented Helen with the means of obtaining her heart's
+desire--a thorough education. To that end she is now assiduously
+devoting herself in the spirit of Milton, who 'cared not how late he
+came into life, only that he came fit.' Helen Legram is a plain,
+unformed country girl; but she has those three handmaids of talent who
+so frequently eclipse their mistress: industry, patience, and
+perseverance; and I prophesy that not only will she succeed in her
+present undertaking, but win for herself a name among the Hannah Mores
+and Corinnes of posterity. What a wife such a woman would make!'
+
+I wondered if he was engaged to her? They were about the same age, and
+being entirely opposite in every respect, it was quite natural that they
+should fall in love with each other.
+
+I had some trouble with my tall pupil in French, as she had not quite
+the Parisian accent, and at her time of life it was not easy to acquire
+it. She persevered, though, with unparalleled firmness; and as she
+wished to study Latin, I was obliged to learn it myself, from Mr.
+Summers. I pitied that man when I began to stumble through the
+declensions. Virgil would have torn his hair in frenzy at such rendering
+of his lines, and I should have been very sorry to encounter him alone.
+There we sat, hour after hour, in Mrs. Bull's parlor, scarcely a word
+passing between us except on the subject of Latin or arithmetic. Mr.
+Summers was an excellent teacher; and it was worth my sojourn in
+Peppersville to learn what I did.
+
+One evening, however, we were rather more sociable; and in answer to
+some remark of mine, Mr. Summers asked me where I supposed he was born!
+
+Beginning with Maine, I went regularly through the Eastern States, with
+a strong desire to leave him in Massachusetts; but, very much to my
+surprise, he denied them all.
+
+'New York, then, or New Jersey,' I persisted.
+
+Mr. Summers only smiled; and then I tried the Hoosier States, where they
+are 'half horse and half alligator;' his figure was somewhat in the
+backwoodsman style. But none of these would do.
+
+'Then,' said I, out of all patience, 'you could not have been born
+anywhere. I give it up.'
+
+'Well,' was the reply, 'I think you might as well, for you would never
+guess.'
+
+And here the matter ended. But frequently afterward did I find myself
+wondering what portion of the globe Mr. Summers could claim as his own,
+his native land; for I had come to the conclusion that he might not be
+an American at all.
+
+Skating season arrived; and all Peppersville took to the lake like a
+colony of ducks. It was splendidly exhilarating, and my crotchet needle
+had for some time previous been flying through tangled mazes of crimson
+worsted, to the great admiration of the household, in the manufacture of
+a skating cap.
+
+I must have been built expressly for going on ice, for it seemed like my
+native element. Those beautiful moonlight nights, with the cold blue sky
+above and the glittering crystal beneath, were like glimpses of
+fairyland. Mr. Summers taught me how to skate, for which I was
+sufficiently grateful; but I had no idea of being handed over to him
+exclusively for the benefit of Peppersville, so I seized upon 'big
+boys,' or staid, married men, or anything that came handy in the way of
+support, until I was sufficiently experienced to go alone.
+
+Helen Legram did not skate. Nothing could induce her to venture; and
+probably, while we were cultivating our heels on the ice, she was
+cultivating her head in milder latitudes. I thought, _then_, that she
+was to be pitied; but, two weeks later, I would have given all that I
+possessed to have followed her example in the beginning.
+
+It was intensely cold that night, and somehow my skates were very
+troublesome. Mr. Summers bent down to arrange them, and I declined
+making use of his shoulder as a support. I never knew how I did it, but
+ice is slippery; I performed an extraordinary slide--kicked Mr. Summers
+directly in the mouth, thereby knocking out one of his front teeth, as
+though I had been a vicious horse--and went backward into the arms of
+the oldest male pupil of the Peppersville Academy, while my unfortunate
+victim, knocked into a state of insensibility, fell prostrate on the
+ice.
+
+A crowd gathered, of course, and raised their venerable preceptor, and
+brought him to his senses, while I was congratulated on my escape. I
+looked upon this as the most awkward predicament I had ever been placed
+in, and was completely nonplussed as to the course of action to be
+pursued under the circumstances. Had I been in love with Mr. Summers, or
+he with me, the case would have been different; as it was, I would have
+given much to have changed places with him. He declared, however, that
+it was nothing, laughed about the accident, and said that one tooth more
+or less made very little difference. Had he been a woman, he never would
+have forgiven me.
+
+The next morning, Mr. Summers was not at school, and Helen Legram took
+his place. They boarded in the same house; and from her I learned that
+his mouth was so much swollen he could scarcely speak. It was very
+disagreeable, certainly; but, having weighed the matter all the morning,
+I came to the conclusion by afternoon, that it was decidedly my duty to
+go and see after Mr. Summers.
+
+I found him in the parlor, considerably disfigured; and Helen Legram was
+making him some pap--that being the only style of sustenance upon which
+he could venture. His mouth was very sore, for the sharp runner of a
+skate is rather a formidable weapon; but he laughed with his eyes when I
+presented myself, and seemed to enjoy my embarrassment.
+
+'I do not see how it happened,' said I, very much annoyed.
+
+'All that I know of the case,' replied Mr. Summers, quite as though it
+had been somebody else's case, 'is that, while engaged in the discharge
+of my duty, a cloud of dimity suddenly floated before my eyes--a
+stunning shock ensued--I saw stars--and then exit into the region of
+know-nothingdom.'
+
+Rather awkwardly, I suppose, I offered myself as head nurse, having been
+the cause of the mischief; but Mr. Summers, with many thanks for the
+offer, did not think there would be any necessity for availing himself
+of it. I felt very sorry for him, and quite as sorry for myself.
+
+In a few days the principal returned to his school duties. He possessed
+a remarkable degree of reticence; and, owing to this blessed quality,
+no one but ourselves and Helen Legram ever knew of my share in that
+unfortunate accident. I felt rather guilty whenever allusion was made to
+it by some well-meaning person; but I noticed that Mr. Summers always
+turned the conversation as soon as possible. We were on more social
+terms after that disaster; and somehow the evenings spent over Latin and
+arithmetic became less practical, and decidedly more interesting. Mr.
+Summers, however, was very cautious, and so was I. He never seemed to be
+swayed by impulse; and I should have nipped anything like tenderness in
+the bud.
+
+One evening, however, I was considerably astonished at him, and not a
+little indignant. The 'faculty' of the Peppersville Academy were invited
+to a small party at the house of one of its wealthiest patrons, who
+lived some miles out of town.
+
+They sent a covered wagon for us, and a 'boy,' that indispensable
+article in the country, to drive us.
+
+The boy seemed to drive with his eyes shut; suddenly, there was a
+terrific jolt, and I screamed and clung to Mr. Summers for protection.
+Under the circumstances this was unavoidable; but, as he seemed disposed
+to retain my hand, I tried to disengage it.
+
+It was held in a firm grasp; and I said, in a tone that could not be
+mistaken: 'Mr. Summers!'
+
+My hand was immediately released; and neither of us spoke another word
+during the drive.
+
+I did not enjoy that party. I was angry at Mr. Summers, and I let him
+see it; but I had no patience with any other man in the room. In driving
+back, Mr. Summers 'thought that he would sit outside, to get a little
+fresh air,'--which, as the thermometer stood at twenty, must have been
+exhilarating. I was handed out in silence, and went to bed in as bad a
+humor as that in which many a belle comes from the ball room.
+
+There was a coolness between us for several days, which gradually thawed
+into a more genial state of things, but it did not seem to me that it
+ever became quite as it was before.
+
+All winter there were rumblings deep and continual in the political
+sky--sometimes the sun broke out, and people said that it was going to
+clear; but usually the weathercocks predicted a long, southerly storm. I
+never saw a man so full of prophecy as Mr. Bull. One would have supposed
+that every hour brought him telegraphic despatches both from the real
+and the spurious Congress; and that President Lincoln and Jeff. Davis
+were both convinced of their utter inability to take any steps without
+the cognizance and approval of Mr. Bull.
+
+Mrs. Bull said mildly that 'she hoped it would blow over;' but Mr. Bull
+exclaimed indignantly that 'he didn't want it to blow over--he wanted it
+to blow out and done with it, if it was goin' to, and not keep a
+threatenin' all to no purpose. It was high time that things was settled,
+and people knew what was what. If we was goin' to hev a rumpus, he hoped
+we'd _hev_ it.'
+
+If the old man had not been really good-natured and inoffensive, I
+should have taken him in hand; but these disconnected remarks appeared
+to give him so much pleasure that it would have been cruel to deprive
+him of it.
+
+Helen Legram had a reverential way of speaking of Mr. Summers that
+provoked me; but she told me one day, when I laughed at this, that no
+one who knew his life could do otherwise. And how did _she_ 'know his
+life'? He had never disclosed it to _me_--and I could not see what there
+was in Helen Legram to entitle her to this confidence. They certainly
+were engaged--everything went to prove it; and, if I had been at all in
+love with Mr. Summers, I should have classed the feeling that pervaded
+me under the head of jealousy.
+
+Mr. Bull 'guessed that Mr. Summers and that tall gal were goin' to make
+a match of it;' and, when I assented to the proposition, he added that
+'she didn't _pretty_ much, but he kalkilated she'd make a good, stirrin'
+wife for a young man who had his livin' to get. Should hev kind o'
+thought,' continued Mr. Bull, who seemed to love the subject, 'that he'd
+hev fancied _you_; but there's no accountin' for tastes.'
+
+I glided out of the room unperceived, and the old gentleman probably
+talked confidentially to the four walls for some time afterward.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Sumter had fallen; and the whole school broke out in badges.
+Peppersville was on fire, and burning, of course, in red, white, and
+blue flames. No one bought a dress even that had not the loyal colors
+displayed _somewhere_ in it; and a man who did not wear a cockade was
+rather looked askance upon.
+
+Mr. Bull was in his element, and spent his time principally in going to
+the post office in search of news, and asking everybody's political
+shibboleth. The subject was discussed at every meal. Mr. Bull thought
+that half the members of Congress ought to have been hung long ago. Miss
+Friggs, who sometimes attempted the poetical, said that it made her
+heart bleed to think of the glorious figure of Liberty wandering
+desolate and forsaken, with her costly robe of stars and stripes
+trailing in the dust; and Mrs. Bull, who was one of the wisest women I
+ever knew, prudently said nothing on a subject which she did not quite
+understand.
+
+The militia of Peppersville began to turn out in rusty regimentals, and
+cut up queer antics in the street; and Mr. Summers, who appeared to have
+a talent for everything, took them in hand to drill.
+
+'Do you understand military tactics?' I inquired in surprise.
+
+'Somewhat,' was the reply. He had been captain of a company of boy
+soldiers; and, now that I came to think of it, there was something
+decidedly military in his bearing.
+
+'If I were only a _man!_' I exclaimed, discontentedly, 'I would be off
+to the war and distinguish myself; but a woman is good for nothing but
+to be insignificant.'
+
+'The works of a watch are 'insignificant,' in one sense,' observed my
+companion; 'but what would the watch he without them?'
+
+'I do not see any application in this case,' I replied, indifferently.
+
+'A woman,' said he, bending down to adjust some papers, 'is often the
+Miriam and Aaron of some Moses whose hands need holding up. Many a
+bullet that finds the heart of an enemy is sent, not by the hand that
+pulls the trigger, but by a softer hand miles away. Something, or rather
+some _one_, to work for, is an incentive to great deeds.'
+
+Mr. Summers's face was flushed; and he looked suddenly up when he had
+done speaking.
+
+I withdrew my eyes in confusion, and, with the careless remark, 'Mrs.
+Partington would tell you that you were speaking paregorically,' I left
+a place that was getting entirely too hot to hold me.
+
+A few days after, Mr. Summers started for the seat of war, with the
+commission of first lieutenant, and Helen Legram became principal of the
+Peppersville Academy. I think that bright spring days are disagreeable,
+glaring things, when some one whom you like and have been accustomed to
+see in certain places, is seen there no more; and the day that Mr.
+Summers left, I was out of all patience with the April sunshine.
+
+He had said no more: a friendly pressure of the hand from him, and a
+sincerely expressed hope on my part that he would return unharmed--a
+request from Mr. Bull to 'give it to 'em well'--a caution from Mrs. Bull
+not to expose himself, if he could help it, to the night air--a
+pincushion from Miss Friggs, because men never have conveniences-and he
+was gone, with, no reasonable prospect of his return.
+
+I said this to myself a great many times; but I also said that I did not
+go to Peppersville to fall in love with the principal of the Academy.
+
+Those everlasting recitations began to be unendurable; the walks about
+Peppersville were totally uninteresting, and I did not know what to do
+with myself. I cultivated Helen Legram; and, during the vacation, she
+took me home with her to the farm.
+
+It seemed like a new life, that three weeks' visit, and I enjoyed it
+extremely. We went on expeditions up the mountains, and lived a sort of
+vagrant life that was just what we both needed. The roar of cannon could
+not reach us there; the sight of bleeding, dying men was far away; and
+we almost forgot that the teeth of the children whom she had nourished
+at her breast were tugging at the vitals of the Union.
+
+One afternoon, amid the fragrant odor of pine trees, Helen Legram told
+me the story of Mr. Summers's life.
+
+He was born and educated in Florida, much to my astonishment, and had
+entailed upon him the misery of a worthless, dissipated father. His
+mother, after dragging out a saddened existence, sank into the grave
+when her youngest boy was just entering upon the years of boyhood.
+Finally, the elder Summers, who had always boasted of his patrician
+blood, killed a man in a fit of mingled passion and intemperance, and
+then cheated the gallows of its due by putting an end to his own life.
+His property was quite exhausted; and the two sons who survived him
+could only look upon his death as a release from continued mortification
+and disgrace. An uncle's house was open to receive them; but, before
+many years had elapsed, Arthur Summers, who was described as a miracle
+of manly beauty, changed his name for that of a rich heiress who
+bestowed herself and her lands upon him, and requested his brother to
+follow his example in the matter of the name at once, and in the matter
+of the heiress as soon as convenient.
+
+Elihu Summers, however, persisted in retaining the name that his father
+had disgraced; he said that he would redeem it, and declared that no
+wife of his should furnish him with bread while his brain and hands were
+in working order. His brother looked upon him as a harmless lunatic; but
+Elihu was firm, and took up his abode at the North, as better calculated
+to further his design. After a series of adventures he became principal
+of the Peppersville Academy, with the view of ultimately studying a
+profession; and there he had been for two years when I came in contact
+with him.
+
+I had been studying Helen Legram's face during this recital; and at its
+conclusion I asked her if she was engaged to Mr. Summers.
+
+'No, I am not engaged to him,' she replied, with a vivid blush; 'I have
+good reason to suppose that he is attached to some one else.'
+
+'Well,' thought I, as I noted the blush, 'if not engaged to him, you are
+certainly in love with him;' and I felt sorry for her if it was not
+returned.
+
+I did not go back to Peppersville that summer--I had had enough of
+school teaching; and I returned to the relatives with whom I had become
+disgusted, on promises of better behavior from them for the future. They
+were not _near_ relatives--I had none; and I had rebelled at being
+tutored and watched like a child. Having fully asserted my independence,
+I was treated with more respect; but, while they supposed that I was
+nestling down in quiet content, I was busily casting about in my mind
+the practicability of another venture.
+
+I burned to do something for my country; I could not do as meek women
+did, and sit down and sew for it; the monotonous motion of the needle,
+which some people call so soothing, fairly distracted me; and, in spite
+of the low diet of Latin and mathematics on which I had been kept all
+winter, I entertained vague visions of myself, in cropped hair and army
+blue, following the drum.
+
+Just at this critical juncture, when common sense was spreading her
+pinions for flight, I received a letter from a darling Mentor of a
+friend, who was spending the golden sunshine of her life as her Saviour
+spent His, in doing good; and she ordered me to the hospitals.
+
+'You have youth and health,' she wrote; 'spend them in the service of
+your country. Many a brave soldier lies stiffening in his gore on the
+bloody field of Manassas; many as brave are writhing in agony in the
+hospitals that received the wounded of that disastrous day; go among
+them with words of comfort, and smooth the pillow of those brave
+defenders whose blood has been freely poured out to enable _you_ to
+sleep in peace.'
+
+I could wait no longer; in spite of protestation, I put my chattels in
+order, and was off with a noble band of women, who were all bent on the
+same errand.
+
+I had heard nothing from Mr. Summers since his departure: he might have
+been killed at Manassas, or have fallen, side by side with the noble
+Winthrop, at Big Bethel, or have perished, as the lamented Ellsworth
+perished, by the hand of the assassin. I never expected to behold him
+again in _this_ world; and I began to think that I had not appreciated
+him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I cannot describe my life as hospital nurse: it was just passing from
+one scene of suffering to another; and I had not realized that there
+_could_ be so much misery in this bright, beautiful world. At first I
+used to tremble and faint; but finally the intense desire to _do_
+something for these poor, mutilated wrecks of humanity conquered the
+weakness; and I even wondered at my own self-control.
+
+There were pleasant gleams, too, in this life, of utter
+self-abandonment; blessings from fever-parched lips; grateful looks from
+dying eyes; pleased attention to holy words; and, wrapping all like a
+halo, the thought that I was working in very deed, ay, and battling,
+too, for the glorious flag that floated over my head.
+
+They were constantly bringing in fresh patients, and the sight roused no
+curiosity; but one day, such a ghastly face was upturned to view, as
+they placed the shattered body tenderly on a cot, that, involuntarily, I
+bent closer.
+
+'Awful things, those Minié wounds,' observed a young surgeon who stood
+near me; and then, as he went on to describe how the horrible ball
+revolves in the lacerated flesh, I suddenly caught a full view of the
+features, over which the shadow of death seemed to have settled, and
+fainted dead away.
+
+It was a long time, I believe, before I regained my senses; but as soon
+as I did, I went to work. Mr. Summers was stretched before me on that
+cot, with a gaping wound in his shoulder, that had not been attended to
+in proper time. He opened his eyes once, and smiled, as he seemed to
+recognize me bending over him; but a fainting fit ensued, and then he
+became delirious.
+
+I could not bear to have any one else attend to him, and I watched him
+faithfully day and night. That dreadful Minié wound seemed as if it
+never would heal, and I think that the doctors scarcely expected him to
+get up again. I almost felt as if I had been brought to the hospital for
+this one purpose; and without his ever having told me in plain words
+that he loved me--in spite of all my wise resolutions to the
+contrary--during silent watches beside that couch of suffering, I became
+convinced that I loved him with all the strength of which I was capable.
+Yes, I who had nominally devoted myself to the service of my country,
+had ignominiously closed my career by falling in love with the first
+good-looking patient that had been brought into my ward!
+
+If any stupid man, though (a woman would know better), supposes that I
+informed Mr. Summers of this, either by word or look, in his first lucid
+moment, he is entirely mistaken. On the contrary to punish myself for
+this humiliating weakness, I was more severe than ever; and when the
+patient became well enough to thank me for my kind attention, etc., I
+told him, as coldly as I could, that it was no more than I would have
+done for the commonest soldier--(which was not strict truth)--that my
+labors were given to my country, and not to individuals--with much more
+to the same purpose.
+
+Mr. Summers sighed deeply, and turned over on his pillow; and he did not
+imagine how I felt.
+
+He said no more on the subject then; but, one evening, when he had been
+moved from his bed to an easy chair, he spoke out like a man, and a
+pretty determined one, too, in plain terms, and asked me if I would ever
+marry him?
+
+In just as plain terms I told him that I never would--I had resolved to
+devote my life in this manner; and, with an expression of utter
+hopelessness, he replied that he took back all his thanks for the
+miserable life I had saved; he was weary of it, and would hasten to
+throw it away on the next battle field.
+
+This was very dreadful, of course; but that winter's practice had given
+me quite a turn for arithmetic, and I fell to calculating how many
+battles would probably transpire before that crippled shoulder would let
+him take the field again.
+
+'You will not get out under three months,' said I, confidently.
+
+He looked at me for a moment; and then, bending closer, he whispered,
+'You do not really mean it, Isabel?'
+
+My face flushed uncomfortably at this address, but, making a last
+struggle, I inquired carelessly, 'And why not, pray?'
+
+'Because,' he replied, with a steady voice, 'you have too kind a heart
+to consign to a disappointed life one who loves you so devotedly.'
+
+I suppose I had; for, after that, he had the impudence to assure me that
+I was engaged to him.
+
+'Providence seems to smile upon us,' observed my convalescing patient,
+the next morning; 'read this, Isabel.'
+
+The formidable looking document was placed in my hand, and I learned
+that Lieutenant Elihu Summers, for gallant conduct at the battle of Bull
+Run, was promoted to the rank of colonel.
+
+'Mrs. Colonel Summers,' said he, with the old mischief beaming in his
+eye; 'isn't that tempting?'
+
+I immediately punished him by reading an article that happened to be on
+hand, which proved conclusively that army and navy officers were a
+worthless, dissipated set. Nevertheless, it was a satisfaction to think
+that my wish of entering the army was about to be gratified--although in
+such an unexpected way.
+
+I could never definitely ascertain whether Helen Legram loved Mr.
+Summers or not; but I am under the impression that she did, and that she
+will never marry. She makes a splendid principal for the Peppersville
+Academy; and, when we have a house of our own, she will be the first
+invited guest.
+
+I am afraid that I have no 'mission.' I spoiled my school teaching by
+falling in love with the principal, and my hospital nursing by becoming
+infatuated with my most troublesome patient. I do not feel disposed,
+therefore, to try another field.
+
+
+
+
+LETTER WRITING.
+
+
+To Atossa, a Persian queen, the daughter of Cyrus and the mother of
+Xerxes, has been ascribed the invention of letter writing. She, although
+a royal barbarian, was, like her prototype of Sheba, not only an admirer
+of wisdom in others, but wise herself. She first composed epistles. So
+testifies Hellanicus, a general historian of the ancient states, and so
+insists Tatian in his celebrated oration against the Greeks. In that
+oration he contends that none of the institutions of which the Greeks
+were so boastful had their origin with them, but were all invented by
+the barbarians.
+
+It may be doubted, however, whether to any known person in the domains
+of olden time can be truly attributed the high honor of such an
+invention. Indeed, the views that may justly be entertained as to what
+constitutes an invention may be various and diverse. Perhaps, in a
+qualified sense, any signal addition or improvement deserves to be so
+distinguished. What was precisely the subject matter of Atossa's
+invention is not told, nor is anything recorded to lead to the
+conclusion that she invented any new material; but, if she discovered
+any way of committing the communications between persons, separated or
+at a distance from each other, to paper--whether composed of the
+interior bark of trees, or of the Egyptian papyrus, or other flexible
+substance--and making it into a roll or volume, to be sent by some
+carrier, that Persian queen may be accredited as the inventress of
+epistolary composition.
+
+It has been conjectured that letter writing was an art existing in the
+days of Homer; because one of that great poet's characters, named
+Pretus, gives a folded tablet to another personage, Bellerophontes, to
+deliver to a third individual, Jobates. But the learned commentators,
+both German and English, agree in the fact that the Iliad and the
+Odyssey were never written, but recited to various audiences by
+
+  'The grand old bard of Scio's rocky isle.'
+
+Writing, however, was in use throughout Greece before the time of Homer,
+if not in ordinary intercourse, certainly for memorials and
+inscriptions. The age of Homer may be regarded as preceding the
+Christian era by about one thousand years. It synchronizes with the time
+of Solomon. Thus the greatest of poets and the wisest of kings
+coexisted--truly a noticeable fact, a theme for the imagination.
+
+But the Holy Scriptures afford instances of letter writing, in some form
+or other, at a period considerably anterior to the age of Solomon. David
+wrote a letter to Joab, and sent it by the hand of Uriah: 'And he wrote
+in the letter, saying.' (2 Samuel xi, 14, 15.) And, about one hundred
+and forty years afterward, Jezebel wrote letters in Ahab's name (1 Kings
+xxi, 8, 9), and 'sealed them with his seal, and sent the letters unto
+the elders and to the nobles that were in the city, dwelling with
+Naboth, and she wrote in the letters, saying, (2 Kings v, 5, 6, 7; 2
+Kings x, 1, 2, 6, 7.) The king of Syria wrote a letter to the king of
+Israel, and therewith sent Naaman, his servant, to be cured of his
+leprosy: 'And it came to pass when the king of Israel read the letter,
+that he rent his clothes.'
+
+Now this occurred about nine hundred years before the Christian era;
+and, about twenty years later, we are told that Jehu wrote letters and
+sent them to Samaria. A second time he transmitted other letters of a
+similar import, which were cruelly obeyed.
+
+Then there is the threatening letter of the king of Assyria to Hezekiah,
+set forth in the second book of Kings, and also the complimentary
+letter from Berodach-Baladan to the same king of Judah after his
+sickness; a king who subsequently appears himself to have written
+letters to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, to summon them to
+Jerusalem. (2 Kings xix, 14; xx, 12; 2 Chron. xxx, 1-6.)
+
+Cyrus, after publishing his decree giving liberty to the Jews to return
+to their own country and rebuild the house of the Lord at Jerusalem,
+wrote letters recommendatory to the governors of several provinces to
+assist the Jews in their undertaking; one of which letters Josephus has
+recorded as being addressed to the governors of Syria, and commencing
+with the regular epistolary salutation, 'Cyrus, the king, to Sysina and
+Sarabasan sendeth a greeting.' And while the children of the captivity
+were rebuilding their temple (and this was five hundred and twenty-two
+years before Christ), there was a frequent correspondence by letters
+between, their adversaries and Artaxerxes, king of Persia. Now,
+supposing the invention, in any modified sense, of letter writing _on
+paper_, or what may answer to the idea conveyed by that term, is in any
+measure attributable to the daughter of Cyrus, this was quite a matter
+of course and in accordance with the general practice.
+
+Still, let us not be disposed to take away from the royal lady the honor
+of having invented an art which her sex have, in modern years, carried
+to a perfection scarcely attainable by the male sex; for it may be set
+down as an axiom that one woman's letter is worth a dozen letters by
+men.
+
+After all, the instances of communication by means of letter writing to
+which allusions have thus been made are plainly no specimens of that use
+of the invention which constitutes it the medium of free thought and
+intelligence, or even the simple vehicle of domestic intercourse. Those
+letters or missives were either formal announcements of authoritative
+mandates and despatches, or, at best, only the conveyancers of certain
+information, to be the motive to some act or understanding, or to
+determine or direct some course of proceeding. There are no examples of
+what can properly be called _familiar letters_ before the time of
+Cicero, whose correspondence may justly be regarded as among the most
+precious remains of ancient literature which have survived to our own
+day. In connection with this remark, we may be permitted to observe
+that, as with the greatest of ancient, so with the greatest of modern
+orators, he was distinguished for the beauty, power, and brilliancy of
+his letters. There are few instances of English style more charming in
+themselves than the epistles, whether published or still in manuscript,
+written by that versatile and wonderful person, Daniel Webster.
+(_Nunquam tetigit quod non ornavit._) How copious is their expression!
+How facile and felicitous their illustrations! What grace! What beauty
+of diction! What simplicity, elevated by a matchless elegance! Nothing
+more clearly proves the various talents of both the Roman and the
+American statesman than that they should no more have excelled in their
+forensic achievements on grand occasions than in those common and
+trivial affairs of every-day life, so unaffected and so effortless as
+the writing of letters to their friends.
+
+All the letters of Greek and Roman origin which have come down to us
+seem to be doubtful, except those of Plato and Isocrates, until the days
+of Cicero. Under his genius the mind of the Roman nation took a sudden
+spring, and the polite literature of the world was embellished by
+epistolary composition. As the rules and illustrations of poetic writing
+were borrowed by Aristotle from the example of Homer, so the practice
+and authority of Cicero appear to have furnished precepts best entitled
+to determine the character and merits of the epistolary style. He
+esteemed it as a species of composition enjoying the privilege of great
+ease and familiarity, as well in its diction as in its treatment of its
+subject, and also in its employment of the weapons of wit and humor. The
+general style most suitable to its spirit and character he considered to
+be that most in use in the ordinary and daily intercourse of society. He
+admired a simple and playful use of language, and he affected, as he
+asserts, a common and almost plebeian manner of writing, using words of
+every-day stamp in his correspondence. In his view of letter writing,
+its style and manner ought to vary with the complexion of its subject
+matter, and be subjected to no abstract system of rules. Ho propounds
+three principal kinds of epistles: first, that which merely conveys
+interesting intelligence, being, as he says, the very object for which
+the thing itself came into existence; second, the jocose letter; third,
+the serious and solemn letter. And it was besides the opinion of the
+great orator--an opinion sanctioned and ratified by all honorable
+persons then and in our own day--that there is something sacred in the
+contents of a letter which gives it the strongest claims to be withheld
+from third persons. 'For who,' he exclaims, in his second Philippic,
+'who that is at all influenced by good habits and feelings, has ever
+allowed himself to resent an affront or injury by exposing to others any
+letters received from the offending persons during their intercourse of
+friendship?' 'What else,' he eloquently exclaims, 'would be the tendency
+of such conduct but to rob the very life of life of its social charms!
+How many pleasantries find their way into letters, as amusing to the
+correspondents as they are insipid to others; and how many subjects of
+serious interest, which are entirely unfit to be brought before the
+public!'
+
+Truly is it gratifying, in our treatment of this topic, to be able to
+adduce such high, classical authority concerning the sacred and
+inviolable character of all private correspondence. In our humble view,
+not only is the seal of a letter a lock more impregnable to the hand of
+honor than the strongest bank safe which the expert Mr. Hobbs might
+vainly have tried to open; but even when that seal has already been
+rightfully broken and the contents of the letter exposed, those contents
+are to the eye of delicacy as unreadable as if written in that _Bass_
+language which Adam and Eve are said to have spoken while in the garden
+of Eden, and which, since the fall, none but angels have ever been able
+to comprehend. Now, if Cicero thought it base for a third party to read
+a private letter, what eloquent thunder would he not have hurled at the
+head of that wretch who not only read, but printed and published it!
+There is an epithet, which, in certain parts of New England, the folks
+apply to the poorest of poor scamps--'mean.' Now who, in this round
+world, of all that dwell therein, can be found one half so 'mean' as the
+betrayer and revealer of another's secrets? A whip should be placed in
+every honest hand to lash the rascal naked through the world. He should
+be fastened in an air-tight mail bag, and sent jolting and bouncing,
+amid innumerable letters and packages and ponderous franked documents of
+members of Congress, over all the roughest roads of our Northwestern
+country!
+
+To return to what a letter should be. It seems, upon the whole, to have
+been Cicero's opinion--and in this we shall fain agree as well as in his
+view of the secrecy of letters--that, whether the subject be solemn or
+familiar, learned or colloquial, general or particular, political or
+domestic, an easy, vivacious, unaffected diction gives to epistolary
+writing its proper grace and perfection.
+
+In very truth, good letter writing is little else than conversation upon
+paper, carried on between parties personally separate, with this
+especial advantage, that it brings the minds of the interlocutors into
+reciprocal action, with more room for reflection, and with, fewer
+disturbances than can usually consist with personal conversation.
+
+We have thus made mention of Cicero as the greatest of authorities with
+regard to this subject, because he was himself the greatest of letter
+writers. The epistle was the shape in which his versatile and beautiful
+mind most gracefully ran and moulded itself. His fluctuating and
+unstable character no less than his vanity and love of distinction,
+seemed to minister occasion to those varied forms of diction and
+expression in which the genius of animated letter writing may be said to
+delight. Read his 'Familiar Letters,' if not in Latin, yet in
+translation, if you wish to study the most perfect specimens of this
+style--a style which has not been equalled or approached since his day.
+
+Next to the letters of the great Roman orator, merit points to those of
+the philosopher Seneca. He, too, cultivates and enjoins an easy and
+unstudied diction. So great is the excellence of his letters; so nearly
+is their beauty allied to the beauty of our Holy Scriptures; so does he
+seem to anticipate the morals and teachings of our Christian
+dispensation, that it is almost reprehensible to speak of them at all,
+without setting forth their extraordinary charms of style and thought,
+even in a larger space than the present article can be allowed to
+occupy.
+
+After Seneca, the next most noted of the ancient letter writers was
+Pliny the younger. And now we are brought down to the days of the
+Apostles and their Epistles. With a simple reverential allusion to the
+letters of St. Paul and the other immediate followers of our Lord,
+letters that teach men the way of salvation--we pass to a more modern
+consideration of our topic.
+
+Letters can hardly be classified. They are of various sorts. Most of
+them, as schoolboys say, end in t-i-o-n, _tion_. There are Letters of
+Introduction; Letters of Congratulation; Letters of Consolation; Letters
+of Invitation; Letters of Recommendation; Letters of Administration.
+There are, moreover, letters of friendship, business letters, letters of
+diplomacy, letters of credit, letters patent, letters of marque (apt
+also to be letters of mark), and love letters--the last being by no
+means least.
+
+Let not the gentle reader imagine from this enumeration than we are
+going to be so tedious as to divide the remainder of this article into
+heads, and to treat of each one of these kinds of letters in its turn.
+No; our object is, by indicating thus the number of sorts, to elucidate
+the importance of letters, and to prove that, if their writing be not,
+like that of poetry, ranked among the fine arts, it well deserves to be.
+For what more admirable accomplishment can there be--what is of more
+importance often than the proper composing of letters? Many a reputation
+is made or marred by a single epistle. Great consequences follow in the
+train of a single epistle. The pen is mightier than the sword. How well
+may our readers remember one brief letter of Henry Clay (_clarum et
+venerabile nomen!_), who, when a candidate for the Presidency, wrote
+many excellent letters, and too many--so many, indeed, that his
+adversaries indulged in pointless ridicule, and called him 'The Complete
+Letter Writer.' We allude, of course, to that brief letter to certain
+importunate individuals in Alabama, which lost for him the decisive and
+final vote of New York, and made Mr. Polk President--its consequences
+being the war with Mexico, the acquisition and annexation of California,
+the discovery of the gold mines--working an utter change in the
+political and commercial fortunes of the world, which would probably
+never have taken place, or, at least, not in our century, but for that
+one brief Alabama letter! It is, we believe, fully conceded that the
+safest rule for becoming Chief Magistrate of our country is never to
+write a letter.
+
+Many a man and woman, who has written a letter and posted it, wishes
+ardently that it could be recalled; and many a one who has something
+disagreeable to say, and is obliged to say it in a letter because he has
+promised to write, wishes that he could send the letter in blank--like
+Larry O'Branigan to his wife Judy, when he was constrained to inform her
+that he had been dismissed from his place, thus done into verse by the
+bard of Erin:
+
+  'As it was but last week that I sent you a letter,
+    You'll wonder, dear Judy, what this is about,
+  And, troth, it's a letter myself would like better,
+    Could I manage to leave the contents of it out.'
+
+Excellent, by the way, as this Hibernicism is, it is not so perfect as
+the following, which it would be difficult for the most accomplished of
+Paddies to surpass. A man, dying, wrote an epistle, in which, stating
+that he was near death, he took an affectionate farewell of his friends.
+He left the letter open on a table near him, and expired before he had
+time to complete it. His attendant, just after his demise, taking up the
+defunct's pen, in which the ink was scarcely yet dry, added, by way of
+postcript, or rather _post-mortem-script_: 'Since writing the foregoing,
+I have died.'
+
+There is more philosophy than one would at first imagine in the apology
+of him who said that his pen was so bad it could not spell correctly. To
+write a letter as it should be in all respects, to be what it ought to
+be, orthographically, grammatically, rhetorically right, there should be
+a good pen, good paper, good ink. Many a pleasant correspondence has
+been marred by want of these adjuncts; many an agreeable thought
+arrested; many a composition, happily begun, hurried to an abrupt
+conclusion. And how many delightful letters have been omitted or
+neglected to be written by their want! We are not jesting. These
+concomitants, together with nice envelopes, are as requisite to a
+respectable epistle as becoming costume is to a lady. When we see a
+scrawling hand on coarse paper, ill folded, worse directed, and ending,
+'Yours in haste,' we think but little of the writer. Such a one may
+complain of being in a hurry, but ladies and gentlemen should always
+take time to do well whatsoever they do at all. No letters should be
+written 'in haste' except angry ones, and the faster they are 'committed
+to paper' the better. We have found it a capital plan, when in hot
+wrath, to sit directly down and scratch off a furious letter, and then,
+having thus committed our ire to the paper, to commit that to the
+flames. The process is highly refrigerant, in any state of the weather.
+
+Nothing can be more false than the phraseology of most letters. Many a
+letter is commenced with 'dear,' when the writer, if he dared express
+his real sentiment, would use a very opposite word. But, be the
+sentiments of a letter what they may, true or false, real or affected,
+it is the desire of the present writer to insist upon the indispensable
+neatness of letters--that they should be externally faultless, however
+defective inside. We regret to record the unpleasant fact that our
+American ladies seldom write good hands, whereas a fair chirography is
+properly considered as among the very first accomplishments for a
+well-educated girl in England. Who ever saw a letter from a true English
+lady that was not faultless in its details? What nice, legible
+penmanship! How happily expressed! How trim and pretty a cover! How
+beautiful and classic a seal! Very different these from the concomitants
+of half a sheet of ruled paper, scrawled over as if chickens had been
+walking upon it, and folded slopingly, and held loosely together by a
+wafer!
+
+It is an affectation of many lawyers and most literary people to write
+ill, probably to create an impression that such is the vast importance
+of their occupations and lucubrations that they have not time to attend
+to so minor a matter as penmanship. A certain highly distinguished
+counsellor of Massachusetts was said to have written so badly that he
+could not comprehend his own legal opinions after he had put them on
+paper. Now such affectation is in very poor taste. Those who cannot
+write fairly and legibly had better go to school and practise until they
+can. Incomprehensible writing is as bad as incomprehensible speaking. A
+clear enunciation is scarcely more important than a plain hand. A
+lawyer, in speaking, may as well jumble his words so together that not
+one in fifty can be understood, as in writing to scrawl and run them
+about so that not one in fifty can be read.
+
+What a world of content or of unhappiness lies within the little fold of
+a letter! Hark! There is the postman's ring at the door, sharp, quick,
+imperative; as much as to say, 'Don't, keep me standing here; I'm in a
+hurry.' How your heart beats! It has come at length--the long-expected
+letter; an answer to a proposal of marriage, perhaps; a reply to an
+urgent inquiry concerning a matter of business; information with regard
+to some near and dear relative; a bulletin from the field of battle;
+what the heart sighs for, hopes for--fears, yet welcomes--desires, yet
+dreads. You seize the letter. Has it a black seal? Yes? The blood leaves
+your cheeks and rushes to its citadel, frozen with fear, and in your ear
+sounds the knell of a departed joy. No? Then you heave a long sigh of
+relief, and gaze for a moment at the missive, wondering from whom it can
+be. Your doubts are soon resolved, and you rest satisfied or you are
+disappointed. Recall the emotions which you have experienced in opening
+and reading many a letter, and you will acknowledge that fate and
+fortune often announce their happiest or sternest decrees through a
+little sheet of folded paper. Have you not thought so, wife, when came
+the long looked-for, long hoped-for, long prayed-for--with so many sighs
+and tears, such throbbing, and such sinking of the heart--letter from
+your husband, telling the fruition of his schemes, and the prospect of
+his speedy return? Have you not thought so, mother, when your son's
+letter came, assuring you that your early teachings had been blessed to
+him; and, though perchance surrounded by the temptations of a great city
+or a great camp, he had found that 'peace which passeth understanding?'
+Have you not thought so, O happy damsel--yes! that blush tells how
+deeply--when _his_ letter came at last, that letter which told you you
+were beloved, and that all his future felicity depended upon your reply?
+And that soft reply--how covered with kisses, how worn in that pocket of
+the coat in which it can feel the beatings of the precordial region! And
+not of you alone, ye refined and accomplished lovers--but of swains and
+sweethearts are the letters dear. Nothing more prized than such
+epistles, commencing with: 'This comes to inform you that I am well,
+saving a bad cold, and hope you enjoy the same blessing,' and ending:
+
+  'My pen is poor, my ink is pale,
+  My love for you shall never fail.'
+
+Assuredly, if there can be unalloyed happiness in this world, it
+appertains to those dear and distant friends, parted from one another by
+intervening ocean or continent, at those moments of mental communion
+which are vouchsafed by long and loving letters. Ah, how would the bands
+of friendship weaken and drop apart if it were not for them! They
+brighten the links of our social affections; they freshen the verdure of
+kind thoughts; they are like the morning dew and the evening rain to
+filial, conjugal, fraternal, paternal and parental love!
+
+Let us now pass on to say something concerning those different kinds of
+letters that we named. Letters of diplomacy are affairs in which words
+are used for the purpose of concealing or obscuring the author's
+meaning, and which always conclude: 'Yours, with distinguished
+consideration.' To this species of epistle, the 'non-committal style,'
+of which the late Martin Van Buren was reputed to be a perfect master,
+is best adapted. Diplomatists seldom desire to be comprehended; but
+occasionally, when they do, how luminously plain they can be! Witness
+that celebrated letter which Mr. Webster dictated to Edward Everett, and
+the latter put on paper to be sent to Austria's minister, the Chevalier
+Hulsemann. The 'distinguished consideration' of that discomfited
+official was exercised to an unpleasant extent; and the result is that
+Austria has ceased to instruct this republic.
+
+Nothing is more difficult to compose than a letter of consolation or
+condolence. The more earnestly you desire to express sympathy and impart
+solace, the more impossible it seems to find gentle and appropriate
+terms. You would shun commonplaces and avoid sermonizing. You wish to
+say something simple, kind, soothing. And yet the reflection of how far
+short of the exigencies of the grief you would mitigate, fails your best
+and most effectual efforts, oppresses and restrains your pen.
+
+Of letters of business, it is quite well to say as little as they say
+themselves: 'Yours received; contents noted. Yours, &c.' As brevity is
+the soul of wit, so is it the soul of a business letter--the argument of
+which should be _ad rem_, to the matter; _cum punctu_, with point.
+
+Letters of invitation and congratulation are often mere formalities,
+although there is a way of infusing kindness, courtesy, and sincerity
+into them, especially into the latter, which ought at least to seem to
+be in cordial earnest.
+
+Letters of introduction and recommendation are very difficult to write,
+because most people endeavor to give an original turn to their
+expressions. After all, it is judicious, in the composition of such
+affairs, to follow the briefest and most usual formulas, unless, indeed,
+you desire to introduce and recommend some particular person in
+downright reality, and then the farther you deviate from mere customary
+expressions the better. And if you are truly in earnest, you need be at
+no loss what to say: the words will suggest themselves.
+
+Letters of friendship may be divided into two sorts--real and pretended.
+A real letter of friendship commends itself directly to the heart. There
+is a warm, genial glow about it, as welcome as the blaze of a hickory or
+sea-coal fire to one coming in from the cold, bitter breeze of a
+December night. It makes one philanthropic and a believer in human
+goodness. What cheer--what ardent cheer is there in a letter
+unexpectedly received from an old friend between whom and one's self
+roll years of absence, or stretch lands and seas of distance! It is like
+a boon from the very heaven of memory. But a pretended letter of
+friendship--how easily detected! how transparent its falsity! The
+loadstone of love touches it, and finds it mere brass. Its influence is
+icy and bleak, like the rays of the moon, from which all the lenses on
+earth cannot extract one particle of heat.
+
+And what can be said of love letters--those flowers of feeling, those
+redundant roses of recapitulation? There is one strain running through
+their first parts, and then--_da capo_. They are the same thing, over
+and over and over again, and then--repeat. Yet are they never wearisome
+to those who write or to those who acceptably receive. They are like the
+interviews of their writers, excessively stupid to everybody else, but
+exquisitely charming to themselves; that is, _real_ love letters; not
+those absurd things--amusing from their very absurdity--which novelists
+palm off upon innocent readers as the correspondence of heroes and
+heroines. Verily is there a distinction between letters written by
+lovers and love letters. The former may be deeply interesting to
+uninterested readers, while the latter are the very quintessence of
+egotistical selfishness; for, indeed, lovers may sometimes write about
+other matters besides love, as, for example, in the famous epistles of
+Abelard and Héloïse.
+
+  'Heaven first taught letters for some wretch's aid,
+  Some banish'd lover or some captive maid;
+  They live, they breathe, they speak what love inspires,
+  Warm from the soul, and faithful to its fires;
+  The virgin's wish without her fears impart,
+  Excuse the blush, and pour out all the heart;
+  Speed the soft intercourse from soul to soul,
+  And waft a sigh from Indus to the pole.'
+
+About the other kinds of letters which have been enumerated, we shall
+have nothing to say; because they are letters rather in name than in
+reality.
+
+The fashion prevalent in modern days, to publish on the demise of an
+author pretty much all his private correspondence, proves the general
+interest which is felt in mere letters. Many of these are utterly
+worthless, vastly inferior to those which constantly pass between
+friends on the topics of the hour or their own affairs. It is charitable
+to conjecture that their writers never imagined that they could be
+exposed in print, or would not be burned as soon as read. And yet, with
+what avidity are they conned and discussed! Look at the letters of Lord
+Byron, Moore, and Campbell. How much brainless twattle do they contain,
+amid a few grains of wit and humor. What mere commonplace! Editors may
+as well publish every word a man says, as what he writes familiarly in
+his dressing gown and slippers. We have not a doubt that by far the best
+letters ever written still remain unpublished. There are many printed
+volumes of travels very inferior to those which could be made up from
+the letters of private persons abroad, composed purely for the
+delectation of friends. There is hardly anything so difficult in writing
+as to write with ease. They who write letters on purpose to be
+published, feel and show a constraint which a mere private correspondent
+never entertains nor exhibits.
+
+The war in which we are engaged has brought forth whole hosts of
+correspondents. They come not single spies, but in battalions. None of
+these letters, so far as we have read, can boast of any striking or
+peculiar excellence. Their great fault is their immense prolixity. Their
+words far outnumber their facts. An editor having once complained to a
+writer of the inordinate length of his composition, the writer replied
+that he had not had time to make it _shorter_. This is doubtless the
+trouble with our army letter writers. They are forced to write _currente
+calamo_--sometimes on the heads of drums, and not unfrequently are such
+epistles as full of sound and fury and as empty as the things on which
+they are written. The best of these correspondents so far is the
+somewhat ignominious Mr. Russell, of the London _Times_; the only one,
+indeed, who has achieved a reputation. Mr. Charles Mackay, his successor
+(_heu! quantum mutatus ab illo_), writes letters that are poorer, if
+possible, than his poems; he has just sufficient imagination to be
+indebted to it for his facts. As for his opinions, he seems to gather
+them, like a ragpicker, from political stews, reeking with the filth of
+treason and foul with the garbage of secession.
+
+So far as _literary_ merit goes, we regret to give our verdict in favor
+of correspondents for the Southern journals. They write with greater
+facility, greater elegance, and greater force than our own too
+voluminous reporters. But, as much as they have figured, it is not
+probable that they will live in print. They are like exhalations over a
+battle field--touched briefly by the hues of sunlight, then fading,
+rolling off, and vanishing in the distance.
+
+Of all the methods of acquiring a good English style, there is no
+practice so beneficial as that of frequent and familiar letter writing.
+Because your object in writing to a friend is to make yourself perfectly
+clear to him, therefore you make use of the simplest, plainest, readiest
+words--and such are ever the best for an essay, sermon, lecture, or even
+oration. This practice imparts ease and perspicuity, and it teaches that
+writing ought to be and may be as little difficult as conversation. It
+teaches every one not to say anything till he shall have something to
+say. A want of something to say is generally not felt in writing
+letters, especially by ladies; but it would seem to be a great pity that
+there are so many words in our language; for, whenever one desires to
+say anything, three or four ways of saying it run in one's head
+together, and it is hard to choose the best! It is quite as puzzling to
+a lady as the choice of a ribbon or a--husband. But let us earnestly
+advise all fair letter writers to lessen their perplexity by restricting
+themselves to words of home manufacture. They may perhaps think it looks
+prettily to garnish their correspondence with such phrases as _de tout
+mon coeur_. Now, _with all my heart_ is really better English; the
+only advantage on the side of the former expression is that it is far
+less sincere. French silks and French laces may be superior, but it is
+much better to make use of the English language. Whenever there is any
+doubt between two words or expressions, choose the plainest, the
+commonest, the most idiomatic. Let ladies eschew fine phrases as they
+would _rouge_; let them love simple words as they do native roses on
+their cheeks. A true lady should be emulous to deserve that praise which
+the old poet Chaucer bestows on his Virginia:
+
+  'Though she were wise as Pallas, dare I sain
+  Her faconde eke full womanly and plain,
+  No contrefeted terms hadde she
+  To semen wise; but after her degree
+  She spake; and all her wordes more or less
+  Sounding in virtue and in gentilesse.'
+
+Exquisite examples of this pure, mother English are to be found in the
+speeches put by Shakspeare into the mouths of his female characters.
+
+  'No fountain from its rocky cave
+  E'er tripped with foot more free;'
+
+never were its waters clearer, more translucent, or more musical. This
+is indeed the peculiar beauty of a feminine style--choice and elegant
+words, but such as are familiar in well-bred conversation; words, not
+used scientifically, but according to their customary signification. It
+is from being guided wholly by usage, undisturbed by extraneous
+considerations, and from their characteristic fineness of discernment
+with regard to what is fit and appropriate, as well as from their being
+much less influenced by the vanity of fine writing, that sensible,
+educated women have a grace of style so rarely attainable by men. What
+are called the graces of composition are often its blemishes. There is
+no better test of beauties or defects of style than to judge them by the
+standard of letter writing. An expression, a phrase, a figure of speech,
+thought to be very splendid in itself, would often appear perfectly
+ridiculous if introduced in a letter. The rule of the cynic is a pretty
+good one, after all: _In writing, when you think you have done something
+particularly brilliant, strike it out._
+
+We are pretty well persuaded that authors are but poor judges of their
+own productions. They pride themselves on what they did with most labor.
+It is not good praise of any work to say that it is 'elaborate.' An
+author's letters are not apt to be labored, 'to smell of the lamp;' and
+they are, therefore, in general, his best specimens. In letter writing
+there will be found a facility, a freedom from constraint, a
+simplicity, and a directness, which are the capital traits of a good
+style. Of Shakspeare it is said, in the preface to the first edition of
+his works: 'His mind and hand went together, and what he thought he
+uttered with that easiness, that we have scarce received from him a blot
+in his papers.' Shakspeare did not, therefore,
+
+  'Write with fury, and correct with phlegm;'
+
+but he wrote straightforwardly and naturally, as they do who assiduously
+practise letter writing.
+
+
+
+
+THE YEAR.
+
+
+  Come, gentle Snowdrop, come; we welcome thee:
+    Shine, fiery Crocus, through that dewy tear!
+  That thou, arrayed in burnished gold, may'st be
+    A morning star to hail the dawning year.
+
+  Now Winter hath ta'en Summer by the hand,
+   And kissed her on her cheek so fair and clear;
+  While Spring strews bridal blossoms o'er the land
+    To grace the marriage of the youthful year.
+
+  The blackbird sings upon the budding spray,
+    I hear the clarion tones of chanticleer,
+  And robins chirp about from break of day,--
+    All pipe their carols to the opening year.
+
+  The butterfly mounts up on jewelled wing,
+    Risen to new life from out her prison drear:
+  All Nature smileth;--every living thing
+    Breaks forth in praises of the gladsome year.
+
+  Down in the sheltered valley, Mayflowers blow,--
+    Their small, sweet, odorous cups in beauty peer
+  Forth from their mother's breast in softened glow,
+    To deck the vestments of the princely year.
+
+  And splendid flowers in richly-colored dress
+    Will bloom when warm winds from the south shall veer:
+  And clustering roses in their gorgeousness
+    Shall form a coronet for the regal year.
+
+  Rejoice, O beauteous Earth--O shining Sea!
+    Rejoice, calm Summer sky, and all things dear:
+  Give thanks, and let your joyful singing be
+    An anthem for the glories of the year.
+
+
+
+
+THE GREAT AMERICAN CRISIS.
+
+_PART ONE._
+
+
+The American crisis, actual and impending; the causes which have led to
+it through the years that have passed; the consequences which must flow
+from it; the new responsibilities which it devolves on us as a people in
+the practical sphere; the new theoretical problems which it forces upon
+our consideration--everything, in fine, which concerns it, constitutes
+it a subject of the most momentous importance. The greatest experiment
+ever yet instituted to bring the progress of humanity to a higher plane
+of development is being worked out on this continent and in this age;
+and the war now progressing between the Northern and the Southern States
+is, in a marked sense, the acme and critical ordeal to which that
+experiment is brought.
+
+First in order, in any methodical consideration of the subject, is the
+question of the causes which have led to this open outburst of collision
+and antagonism between the two great sections of a common country, whose
+institutions have hitherto been--with one remarkable exception--so
+similar as to be almost identical. Look at the subject as we will, the
+fact reveals itself more and more that the one exception alluded to is
+the 'head and front of this offending,' the heart and core of this
+gigantic difficulty, the one and sole cause of the desperate attempt now
+being waged to disturb and break up the process of experiment, otherwise
+so peacefully and harmoniously progressing, in favor of the freedom of
+man. There is no possibility of grappling rightly with the difficulty
+itself, unless we understand to the bottom the nature of the disease.
+
+When the question is considered of the causes of the present war, the
+superficial and incidental features of the subject--the mere symptoms of
+the development of the deep-seated affection in the central constitution
+of our national life--are firstly observed. Some men perceive that the
+South were disaffected by the election of Abraham Lincoln and the
+success of the Republican party, and see no farther than this. Some see
+that the Northern philanthropists had persisted in the agitation of the
+subject of slavery, and that this persistency had so provoked and
+agitated the minds of Southern man that their feelings had become heated
+and irritated, and that they were ready for any rash and unadvised step.
+Others see the causes of the war in the prevalence of ignorance among
+the masses of the Southern people, the exclusion of the ordinary sources
+of information from their minds, the facility with which they have been
+imposed on by false and malignant reports of the intentions of the
+Northern people, or a portion of the Northern people. Others find the
+same causes in the unfortunate prevalence at the South of certain
+political heresies, as Nullification, Secession, and the exaggerated
+theory of State Rights.
+
+A member of President Lincoln's cabinet, speaking of its causes, near
+the commencement of the war, says:
+
+     'For the last ten years an angry controversy has existed upon this
+     question of Slavery. The minds of the people of the South have been
+     deceived by the artful representations of demagogues, who have
+     assured them that the people of the North were determined to bring
+     the power of this Government to bear upon them for the purpose of
+     crushing out this institution of slavery. I ask you, is there any
+     truth in this charge? _Has the Government of the United States, in
+     any single instance, by any one solitary act, interfered with the
+     institutions of the South? No, not in one._'
+
+But let us go behind the symptoms--let us dive deeper than the
+superficial manifestations--let us ask why is it that the South were so
+specially disaffected by the election of a given individual, or the
+success of a given political party, to an extent and with an expression
+given to that disaffection wholly disproportionate to any such cause,
+and wholly unknown to the political usages of the land? Why is the South
+susceptible to this intense degree of offence at the ordinary
+contingency of defeat in a political encounter? Why, again, does the
+persistent discussion or agitation of _any_ subject tend so specially to
+inflame the Southern mind beyond all the ordinary limits of
+moderation--to the denial of the freedom of speech, the freedom of the
+press, and finally of the right of national existence itself to the
+North--except in conformity with preconceived opinions and theories of
+its own? Why were they of the South standing ready, as to their mental
+posture, for any or every rash and unadvised step? Why, again, are the
+Southern people uneducated and ignorant, as the predominant fact
+respecting a majority of their population? Why is the state of popular
+information in that whole region of a nominally free country, such as to
+make it an easy thing to impose upon their credulity and instruct them
+into a full belief in the most absurd and monstrous fabrications, or
+falsifications of the truth? Why were the ordinary sources of
+information excluded from their minds, more than from ours, or from the
+population of any other country? Why this fatal facility on the part of
+the Southern public for being misled by the designing purposes of
+ambitious demagogues; imbued with unjust prejudices; deluded into a
+murderous assault upon their best friends, and into the infliction of
+the most serious political injury upon themselves? Why, as a people, are
+they prompt to rush from the pursuits of peace into all the horrors and
+contingencies of war?--from the enjoyment of political freedom, at least
+nominal and apparent, into the arms of a military despotism, the natural
+and necessary ultimatum of the course which they have chosen to adopt?
+
+The one and sole answer to all these questions is, Slavery. Some one has
+said, in speaking of the present crisis, that the sentiment of loyalty
+has never been prevalent at the South. This is a grand mistake. No
+people on the surface of the planet have more sincerely felt or more
+invariably and unflinchingly demonstrated loyalty than they. But it is
+not loyalty to the American Government, nor indeed to any political
+institutions whatsoever. It is loyalty to slavery and to cotton. No
+other ideas exist, with any marked prominence, at the South. The
+Northern people have never understood the South, and their greatest
+danger in the present collision results from that ignorance. The
+difference between the two peoples is indeed so wide that it is not
+equalled by that which exists between any two nations of Europe--if we
+except, perhaps, the Western nations and the Turks. The single
+institution of slavery has, for the last sixty or seventy years, taken
+absolute possession of the Southern mind, and moulded it in all ways to
+its own will. Everything is tolerated which does not interfere with it;
+nothing whatsoever is tolerated which does. No system of despotism was
+ever established on earth so thorough, so efficient, so all-seeing, so
+watchful, so permeating, so unscrupulous, and so determined.
+
+The inherent, vital principle of slavery is irresponsible, despotic
+rule. The child is born into the exercise of that right; his whole
+mental constitution is imbued with its exercise. Hence for twenty or
+thirty years--not by virtue of law, but against law--the mails have been
+searched throughout the South for incendiary matter, with a strictness
+of censorship unknown to any Government of Europe. Northern men and
+Europeans immigrating to the South have uniformly been quietly dragooned
+and terrorized into the acceptance of theories and usages wholly unknown
+to any free country;--quietly, only because the occasion for doing the
+same thing violently and barbarously had not yet arrived.
+
+The two civilizations, North and South, are wholly unlike. Without the
+slavery of four millions of men, to be kept in subjection by a
+conspiracy to that effect, on the part of the whole free population--the
+lack of fidelity to which conspiracy is the only treason known in those
+regions--the existence of a people like the inhabitants of the Southern
+States would be a riddle incapable of solution. Slavery itself, is _a
+remnant of barbarism overlapping the period of civilization_; but,
+unlike the slaveries of the barbaric ages, American slavery has been
+stimulated into all the enterprising and audacious energy of this
+advanced and progressive age. It is an engine of ancient barbarism
+worked by the steam of modern intelligence. The character of the people
+which has been created under this rare and anomalous state of things is
+alike rare and anomalous. No other people ever so commingled in
+themselves the elements of barbarous and even savage life with traits of
+the highest civilization. No other community were ever so instinct with
+the life of the worst ages of the past, and so endowed with the physical
+and intellectual potencies of the present. The national character of the
+South is that of the gentlemanly blackleg, bully, and desperado.
+Courteous when polished, but always overbearing; pretentious of a
+conventional sense of honor--which consists solely in a readiness to
+fight in the duel, the brawl, or the regular campaign, and to take
+offence on every occasion; with no trace of that modesty or delicacy of
+sentiment which constitutes the soul of true honor; ambitious,
+unscrupulous, bold; dashing and expert; with absolutely no restrictions
+from conscience, routine, or the ordinary suggestions of prudence; false
+and, like all braggarts, cowardly when beaten; confident of their own
+strength until brought to the severest tests; capable of endurance and
+shifts of all kinds; awaiting none of the usual conditions of
+success--the Southern man and the Southern people are neither
+comfortable neighbors in a state of peace, nor enemies to be slightly
+considered or despised in war.
+
+The anomalous character of Southern society, it cannot be too often
+repeated, is not understood and cannot be understood by the people of
+the North, or of Europe, otherwise than through the sharp experience of
+hostile and actual contact; nor otherwise than in the light of the
+inherent tendency and necessary educational influences of the one
+institution of slavery. Of the whole South, in degree, and of the
+Southwestern States preëminently, it may be said as a whole description
+in a single form of expression: _They know no other virtue than brute
+physical courage, and no other crime than abolitionism or
+negro-stealing._
+
+All this is said, not for the purpose of blackening the South, not from
+partisan rancor or local prejudice, or exaggerated patriotic zeal, but
+because it is true. It is not true, however, of the whole population of
+the South, nor true, perhaps, in the absolute sense of any portion. It
+is impossible to characterize any people without a portion of individual
+injustice, or to state the drift of an individual character even,
+without a like injustice to better traits, adverse to the general drift,
+and which, to constitute a complete inventory of national or personal
+attributes, should be enumerated. There is at the South a large
+counterpoise, therefore, of adverse statement, which might be, and
+should be made if the object of the present writing were a complete
+analysis of the subject. It is, however, not so, but a statement of the
+preponderance of public character and opinion in those States. As a
+people they have their countervailing side of advantage--a great deal of
+amiability and refinement in certain neighborhoods, so long as their
+inherent right of domination is not disputed. Men and women are found,
+all over the South, who as individuals are better than the institution
+by which their characters are affected, and whose native goodness could
+not be wholly spoiled by its adverse operation. Slavery, too, offers
+certain advantages for some special kinds of culture. We of the North,
+on the other hand, have our own vices of a kind not to be disguised nor
+denied; so that the present statement should not be mistaken for an
+attempt to characterize in full either population. It is simply
+perceived that the grand distinctive drift of Southern society is
+directly away from the democratic moorings of our favorite republican
+institutions; is rapid in its current and irresistible in its momentum;
+and that already the divergency attained between the political and
+popular character of the people at the North and the South is immense;
+that these constantly widening tendencies--one in behalf of more and
+more practical enlargement of the liberty of the individual; the other
+backward and downward toward the despotic political dogmas and practices
+of the ignorant and benighted past--have proceeded altogether beyond
+anything which has been seen and recognized by the people of the North;
+and that, consequently, the whole North has been acting under a
+misapprehension.
+
+The spirit of the South is and has been belligerent, rancorous, and
+unscrupulous. The idea of settling any question by the discussion of
+principles, by mutual concessions, by the understanding, admission, and
+defence of the rights of each, is not in all their thoughts. They are
+inherently and essentially invaders and conquerors, in disposition, and
+so far as it might chance to prove for them feasible, would ever be so
+in fact. War with them is therefore no matter of child's play, no matter
+of courtesy or chivalry toward enemies, except from a pompous and
+theatrical show of a knightly character, which they do not possess;--it
+is simply a question of pillaging and enslaving, without let or
+hindrance from moral or humanitary considerations, to any extent to
+which they may find, by the experiment now inaugurated, their physical
+power to extend. The North, let it be repeated, entered into this war
+under a misapprehension of the whole state of the case. It is at the
+present hour, to a fearful extent, under the same misapprehension. There
+is still a belief prevailing that the South only needs to be coaxed or
+treated kindly or magnanimously to be convinced that she has mistaken
+the North; that she has not the grievances to complain of which she
+supposes she has, and that she can yet obtain just and equitable
+treatment from us. There is a tacit assumption in the minds of men that
+she _must_ be content to receive the usage at our hands which we are
+conscious that we are ready to bestow, and which has in it no touch of
+aggressive and unjust intention. It is not realized that the spirit of
+the South, in respect to the North, in respect to Mexico, in respect to
+the islands of the sea, and--should their power prove proportionate to
+their unscrupulous piratical aspirations--in respect to all the nations
+of the earth, is that of the burglar and the highwayman. It is not
+realized that the institution of slavery--itself essential robbery of
+the rights of man; covering the area of half a continent, and the number
+of four millions of subjects; planted in the midst of an intellectually
+enlightened people, whose moral sense it has utterly sapped--is
+essentially a great educational system, as all-pervading and influential
+over the minds of the whole population as the common schools of New
+England; and that this grand educational force tends toward and
+culminates in this same tendency toward robbery and the suppression of
+human rights or the individual and national rights of all other
+people--expressed _in a collective and belligerent way_. It is not, as
+said before, that all men at the South are of this filibustering cast;
+but the bold, enterprising, and leading class of the population are so,
+and the remainder are passive in their hands. Virtually and practically,
+therefore, the South are a nation of people having far more relationship
+in thought and purpose with the old Romans during the period of the
+republic and the empire, or with the more modern Goths and Vandals and
+Huns, than they have with the England or New England of to-day.
+
+It is such a people, planted on our borders and aroused for the first
+time to an exhibition on a large scale of those abiding and augmenting
+national attributes and propensities which have thus been indicated,
+with whom we are now brought into hostile array. They are at present
+trying their hand at the collective and organic activities of a national
+cutthroatism which, in an individual and sporadic way, has for many
+years past constituted the national life of that people. Who at the
+North, at the commencement of the war, impressively understood these
+facts? Who even now sees and knows, as the fact is, that the military
+success of Jefferson Davis; that his triumphant march on Philadelphia,
+New York, and Boston--as they of the South threaten, and intend if they
+have the power, and have already twice unsuccessfully attempted--would
+terminate not, in a separation of these States by a permanent disruption
+of the old Union; nor in new compromises of any kind whatsoever; but in
+the absolute conquest of the whole North--not conquest even in any sense
+now understood among civilized people; but conquest with more than all
+the horrors which fourteen centuries ago were visited on Southern Europe
+by the overwhelming avalanche of Northern barbarian invasion?--that in
+that event, freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of
+locomotion without question, freedom in any sense which makes life
+valuable to the man once educated into the conception of freedom, is
+lost?--that the whole progress of modern civilization and development,
+as it has been working itself out in the Northern American States, would
+not only be diverted from its course, but positively reversed and made
+to contribute all its accumulations of power to the building up, not of
+the temple of Freedom for the blessing of the nations, but of an
+infernal pantheon of Despotism and human oppression?
+
+The North was forced, reluctantly and unwillingly, into this war: with
+her as yet it has hardly become a matter of earnest. She has endeavored
+to carry it on considerately and tenderly, for the well-being of the
+South as well as of the North, much in the spirit of a quiet Quaker
+gentleman unexpectedly set upon by a drunken rowdy, 'spoiling for a
+fight,' and whom in his benevolence and surprise, he is anxious indeed
+to restrain, but without inflicting on him serious injury. In an
+especial degree was this tenderness felt on the part of the Government
+and people of the North toward that peculiar institution of the South
+which is distinctively known to be, in some way, fundamentally related
+to this unprovoked and unreasonable attack. While the South was
+attributing to the whole North a rabid abolitionism; while the North
+itself was half suspecting that it had committed some wrong in the
+excess of its devotion to human rights; the simple fact on the contrary
+was, that the whole North had been and was still 'psychologized' into a
+positive respect for slavery, and for slaves as property, which we feel
+for no other species of property whatsoever. The existence of this
+sentiment of veneration for what our Abolition apostles have for some
+years been denominating the 'sum of all villanies,' is a curious fact
+in the spiritual history of our people, which had very generally escaped
+critical observation.
+
+At the South, the individual planter, owning and possessing ten slaves,
+of an aggregate value, it may be, of ten thousand dollars, ranks higher,
+socially, is regarded indeed, in some subtile way, as a richer man, than
+the merchant or banker who may be worth his hundred thousand or half
+million of dollars, provided he has no slaves. To come to be the owner
+of negroes, and of more and more negroes, is the social ambition, the
+aristocratic purpose and pretension of the whole Southern people. It is
+by virtue of this mystical _prestige_ of the institution itself; which
+couples the charms of wealth with the exercise of authority, or a
+certain show of official supremacy on the part of the master; which
+begins by subjugating the imagination of the poorer classes, the whites
+throughout the South, whose direct interests are wholly opposed to those
+of the slaveholding class, and ends by subjecting them, morally and
+spiritually, and binding them in the bonds of the most abject allegiance
+to the oligarchy of slaveholders. It is in this way that the South is
+made a unit out of elements seemingly the most incongruous and radically
+opposed. For a series of years past, the South has sent forth its annual
+caravan of wealthy planters to visit the watering places, and inhabit
+the great hotels of the North. Coming in intimate contact with the
+superior classes of our own population; floating up in the atmosphere of
+serene self-complacency; radiating, shedding down upon those with whom
+they chanced to associate, the ineffable consciousness of their own
+unquestionable superiority; they have communicated without effort on
+their part, and without suspicion on the part of those who were
+inoculated by their presence, the exact mould and pressure of their own
+slaveholding opinion. To this extent, and in this subtile and ethereal
+way, the North had imposed upon it, unconsciously, a certain respect,
+amounting to veneration, for what may be called the sanctity of slavery,
+as it rests in and constitutes the aromal emanation from every Southern
+mind. Hence not only did we begin this war with the feeling of
+tenderness toward the Southern man and the Southern woman as brother and
+sister in the common heritage of patriotism, but, superadded to this,
+with a _special_ sentiment of tenderness toward that _special_
+institution for which it is known that they, our brethren, entertain
+such _special_ regard.
+
+Now all this is rapidly changing; the outrages inflicted on citizens of
+the North residing at the South at the opening of the war--hardly
+paralleled in the most barbarous ages in any other land;--their reckless
+and bloodthirsty methods of war; their bullying arrogance and
+presumption; the true exposition, in fine, of the Southern character as
+it is, in the place of a high-toned chivalry which they have claimed for
+themselves, and which the people of the North have been tacitly inclined
+to accord--are all awakening the Government and the people to some
+growing sense of the real state of the case. Still, however, we are so
+far dominated by these influences of the past, that we are not fighting
+the South upon anything like a fair approximation to equal terms. They
+have no other thought than to inflict on us of the North the greatest
+amount of evil; the _animus_ of deadly war. We, on the other hand, fight
+an unwilling fight, with a constant _arrière pensée_ to the best
+interests of the people whom we oppose--not even as _we_ might construe
+those interests, but, by a curious tenderness and refinement of
+delicacy, for those interests as _they_, from their point of view,
+conceive them to be. We forbear from striking the South in their most
+vital and defenceless point, while they forbear _in nothing_, and have
+no purpose of forbearance.
+
+Who doubts for a moment that a thousand mounted men, acting with the
+freedom which characterized the movements of the detachment of Garibaldi
+in the Italian war, acting with the authorization of the Government,
+actuated by the spirit of a John Brown or a Nat Turner, sent, or rather
+let go, into the mountains of Virginia, North Carolina, or Georgia, with
+the authority to assemble and arm the slaves, retreating whenever
+assailed to the fastnesses of the mountains, would cause more terror in
+those States; would do more, in a word, toward the actual conquest in
+three months' time of those rebel commonwealths, than fifty or a hundred
+times their number organized in the regular forms of modern warfare,
+operating against the whites only, and half-committed to the coöperative
+protection of the institution of slavery, would accomplish in a year?
+Who doubts for a moment that, if the South could find a like vulnerable
+point in the openings of our armor, she would make, with no hesitation,
+the most fearful and tremendous use of her advantage? The whole North is
+aware of its possession, in its own hands, of this immense engine of
+destructive power over its enemy. The whole civilized world stands by,
+beholding us possessed of it, and expecting, as a simple matter of
+course, that we shall not fail to employ it--standing by indeed,
+perplexed and confused at the seeming lack of any significance in the
+war itself, unless we make use of the power at our command in this
+fortuitous struggle, not only to inflict the greatest injury upon our
+enemy, but to extinguish forever the cause of the whole strife. Still we
+forbear to make the most efficient use of our advantage. We for a long
+time embarrassed and partially crippled ourselves in all our movements
+by an almost unconscious sense of responsibility for the protection of
+this very institution of slavery from the disastrous consequences which
+were liable to fall upon it as the results of the war.
+
+True, we are slowly and gradually recovering from this perversion of
+opinion. The Emancipation Proclamation was probably issued as soon, or
+nearly as soon, as the Northern sentiment was prepared to give it even a
+moral support. Another term had to expire to accustom the same public
+mind to appropriate the spirit of that document as matter of earnest; to
+come to regard it as anything more than a mere _brutum fulmen_, a Pope's
+bull, as President Lincoln once called it himself, against the comet. Up
+to this hour, its effect on the war has been far more as a moral
+influence preparing for a great change of opinion and of conduct, than
+as a charter of efficient operations. General Thomas's action at the
+South, just previous to the capture of Vicksburg, began experimentally
+to inaugurate, on something like an adequate scale, the new programme of
+practical work in the conduct of the war. Even a month earlier his
+movement would hardly have been tolerated by the same army, which, just
+then beginning to appreciate the tremendous difficulty of the enterprise
+of conquering the South, were ready to accept anything new which
+promised to augment their own strength and to weaken that of the enemy.
+Still another term of waiting and suffering is requisite to change the
+habit of mind which has so long despised and maltreated the negro,
+before he will be put, in all respects, upon the footing of his own
+merit as a patriot and a soldier; and before all of his uses as the
+severest goad in the sides of the hostile South will be fairly
+appreciated.
+
+Thus in all ways we are only now in the midst of a revolution of
+opinion, which, when it is accomplished, will be seen to be the greatest
+triumph of the war. Though we have spoken of this change as slowly and
+gradually occurring, yet, viewed with reference to the long periods of a
+nation's life, it is an immense revolution almost instantly effected. We
+are perhaps already one half prepared adequately to use our tremendous
+advantage. New disasters may be providentially requisite to quicken our
+education in the right direction; more punishment for our complicity in
+the crimes of the South; new incentives to a more perfect love of
+justice as a people; but every indication points to the early
+achievement of these substantial victories over ourselves, while, at the
+same time, we conquer the powerful array of Southern intrepidity and
+desperation, in behalf of their bad cause, upon the external battle
+field.
+
+To resume the question of causes. Why is there, and why has there always
+been at the South this unfortunate prevalence of certain political
+heresies, as Nullification, Secession, and the exaggerated theory of
+State Rights?
+
+The answer is still, slavery. The cause of causes, lying back of the
+whole wide gulf of difference in Northern and Southern politics is
+still, slavery. From the date of our Constitution, opinion has divided
+into two great currents, North and South, in behalf of paramount
+allegiance to the General Government at the North, and paramount
+allegiance to the several State Governments at the South. The
+resolutions of '98 and '99 began the public expression of a political
+heresy, which has gone on augmenting at the South from that day to this.
+At the North, the Government of the United States was never feared as
+likely to become injurious in any sense to the inhabitants of the
+States. Each State fell quietly and harmoniously into its true
+subordinate orbit, acknowledging gladly and without question the
+supremacy of the new Government, representative of the whole of the
+people, in simple accord with the spirit and intention of the
+Constitution and the Government which the people had formed. At the
+South, on the contrary, the United States Government was, from the
+first, looked upon with a suspicion plainly expressed in the speech, for
+example, of Patrick Henry, in the Virginia convention, which consented
+reluctantly that the State should come into the Union, lest the National
+Government might, in some unforeseen contingency, interfere with the
+interests of the institution of slavery. That fear, the determination to
+have it otherwise, to make the General Government, on the contrary, the
+engine and supporter of slavery, the propagandist of slavery, in fine;
+has been always, since, the animating spirit of Southern political
+doctrine. A doctrine so inaugurated and developed has endeavored to
+engraft itself by partisan alliance upon the Democratic party of the
+North, but always hitherto with an imperfect success. State Rights, as
+affirmed at the North, has never been a dogma of any considerable power,
+because it has rested on no substratum of suspicion against the General
+Government, nor of conspiracy to employ its enginery for special or
+local designs. At the South it has been vital and significant from the
+first, and it has grown more mischievous to the last. President Lincoln,
+in his first message, discussed, ably enough, the right of secession as
+a mere constitutional or legal right. Others have done the same before
+and since. The opinion of the lawyer is all very well, but it has no
+special potency to restrain the nocturnal activities of the burglar. All
+such discussions are, for the present behalf, utterly puerile.
+Secession, revolution, the bloody destruction and extinction of the
+whole nation, were for years before the war foregone determinations in
+the Southern mind, to be resorted to at any instant at which such
+extreme measures might become necessary; not merely to prevent any
+interference with the holy institution; but equally to secure that
+absolute predominance of the slaveholding interest over the whole
+political concerns of the country which should protect it from
+interference, and give to it all the expansion and potency which it
+might see fit to claim. So long as that absolute domination could be
+maintained within the administration of the Government, slavery and
+slaveholders were content to remain nominally republican and
+democratic--actually despots and unlimited rulers. But a contingency
+threatened them in the future. The numerical growth of population at the
+North, the moral convictions of the North--both of these united, or some
+other unforeseen circumstance, might withdraw the operations of the
+General Government from their exclusive control. To provide for that
+possible contingency, the doctrine of paramount allegiance to the
+individual States, and secondary allegiance merely to the General
+Government--a perpetual indoctrination of incipient treason--was
+invented, and has been sedulously taught at the South from the very
+inception of the Government. Hardly a child in attendance upon his
+lessons in an 'old-field' schoolhouse throughout that region but has
+been imbued with this primary devotion to the interests of his State;
+certainly, not a young lawyer commencing to acquire his profession, and
+riding the circuit from county court-house to court-house, but has had
+the doctrine drummed into his ears, of allegiance to his State; and when
+the meaning and importance of that teaching was inquired for, he was
+impressively and confidentially informed that the occasion might arise
+of collision between the South and the General Government on the subject
+of slavery; and that then it would be of the last importance that every
+Southern man should be true to his section. Thus the way has been
+prepared through three generations of instruction, for the precise event
+which is now upon us, flaunting its pretensions as a new and accidental
+occurrence.
+
+Meantime, the North has suspected nothing of all this. Her own devotion
+and loyalty to the General Government have been constantly on the
+increase, and she has taken it for granted that the same sentiments
+prevailed throughout the South. Hence the utter surprise felt at the
+enormous dimensions which the revolt so suddenly took on, and at the
+unaccountable defection of such numbers of Southern men from the army
+and the navy at the first call upon sectional loyalty. The question is
+not one of legal or constitutional rights in accordance with the literal
+understanding of any parchment or document whatsoever. The most
+triumphant arguments of President Lincoln or of anybody else have had in
+the past, and have now, no actual relevancy to the question at the
+South, and might as well be totally spared. It is purely and simply that
+the South are in dead earnest to have their own way, unchecked by any
+considerations of justice or right, or any other considerations of any
+kind whatsoever--less than the positive demonstration of their physical
+inability to accomplish their most cherished designs. Even in a
+technical way, the question is not most intelligibly stated as one of
+the right of secession; it is the bald question of Paramount Allegiance;
+it is so understood at the South. The whole action of the South is based
+upon a thorough indoctrination into a political dogma never so much as
+fairly conceived of at the North as existing anywhere, until events now
+developing themselves have revealed it, and which is not now even well
+understood among us. Back of this indoctrination again, and the sole
+cause of it, is the existence of the institution of slavery; its own
+instinct from the first that it had no other ground of defence or hope
+of perpetuation but physical force; its fears of invasion and its
+obstinate determination to invade.
+
+The supposition has, until quite recently, extensively prevailed in the
+Northern mind that slavery is or was regarded at the South as a
+necessary evil, borne because it was inherited from the past and because
+its removal had become now next to impossible. A certain school of
+Northern philanthropists, headed, we believe, by Elihu Burritt, had gone
+so far, previous to the war, as to form a society and appeal to the
+Northern people for aid to enable their Southern brethren, through such
+aid, and finally, perhaps, through the interposition of the General
+Government, to rid themselves of this monster evil. This handful of
+kindly individuals must soon have discovered, had they come into actual
+contact with the prevailing sentiment of the South, that their whole
+movement was based upon a misapprehension of that sentiment. Thirty-five
+years ago, and before the Northern abolition movement had taken root in
+the land, it was a pleasant fiction for the Southern mind to speak
+deprecatingly of the blame which they otherwise might seem to incur in
+the mind of mankind for adhering to their barbarous institution; to
+plead their own conviction of its entire wrongfulness, and to
+commiserate themselves for their utter inability to free themselves from
+its weight. A certain considerable freedom of discussion in relation to
+its abstract merits was allowed, with the tacit condition imposed,
+however, just as really though not as consciously as now, that slavery
+itself must not be disturbed. Talk which had in it any touch of genuine
+feeling in favor of active exertion to rid the country of the
+institution as an evil, was then as effectually tabooed as it is to-day,
+with some minor exceptions on the borders of the slaveholding region, in
+Baltimore, North Carolina, Eastern Tennessee, etc., and with the further
+exception when Virginia was terrified for a few weeks or months by the
+results of a desperate insurrection. On the strength of these few
+exceptions, it has been claimed at the South, and still more
+persistently by Southern sympathizers at the North, that the whole drift
+and tendency of things at the South prior to the commencement of the
+abolition agitation at the North were toward gradual emancipation, and
+that they would have ultimated at an early day in that result. This,
+too, is a pleasant fiction with the least possible percentage of truth
+at the bottom of it.
+
+The institution of slavery, under the stimulus given to it by the
+invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney, and the consequent
+development of the cotton-growing industry--aided, curiously enough, in
+a certain sense, by the prohibition of the African slave trade, giving
+rise to the slave-rearing business in Virginia and Maryland--has all
+along been exhibiting a steady, sturdy, and rapid growth. By the
+alliance, accidentally as it were, resulting from the prohibition of the
+slave trade, between the Southern and the Northern slaveholding States,
+a robustness and consistency were given to the whole slaveholding
+interest which possibly it might never have had under a different
+policy. If the foreign importation of slaves had continued, that species
+of population would gradually have overrun the cotton-raising border of
+States--would have overrun them to an extent threatening the safety of
+the institution there by its own plethora--while from the southern line
+of North Carolina and Tennessee northward, where this extra-profitable
+industry could not readily be extended, the temptation to the
+importation of slaves would have been slight, no market existing for the
+home increase. The hold of the institution would have been constantly
+weakened there in the affections of the white population; and, in those
+States, there is a seeming probability that white labor and free labor
+would have taken the place of the present system, as it did in the
+States farther north. This would have deprived the Southern belt of
+cotton-raising and negro-holding States of that sympathy which, under
+existing circumstances, they have steadily had from their more northern
+sisters, and favored an early extinction of the system. However this
+might have been, as things are and have been actually, it is certain
+that at no period has the growth of the slaveholding institution
+exhibited any weakness or defect of vitality. Like an infant giant, it
+has steadily waxed stronger and stronger, and more and more arrogant
+and aggressive.
+
+When the anti-slavery agitation commenced at the North, the parties who
+engaged in it had no consciousness of the immense magnitude and potent
+vitality of the institution against which they proposed to carry on a
+moral warfare. They supposed that, as a matter of course, they would
+find a universal sympathy throughout the North with doctrines in behalf
+of freedom, where freedom was the basis of all our institutions, and
+where, apparently, there was no alliance of interest, no possible reason
+for a sympathy with slavery or the denial of freedom to man. They were
+met unexpectedly by a powerful current of semi-slaveholding opinion
+pervading the whole area of the Free States, and ready to deny to them
+free speech or the rightfulness of any effort to arouse the people to a
+consideration of the subject. When, after some years of contest, this
+current of prejudgment was partially reversed, and their new thought
+began to find audience by the Northern ear; when, strengthened by
+numbers and the better comprehension of the subject by themselves; the
+increased determination and enthusiasm which arose from the _esprit du
+corps_; and the assurance--satisfactory to themselves at least--that
+they were engaged in a good cause; they began to grapple more directly
+with intensified and genuine pro-slavery sentiment at the South itself,
+they were astonished to find that, instead of battling with a weak
+thing, they had engaged in moral strife with one of the most mighty
+institutions of the earth.
+
+Pro-slavery sentiment at the South, inherently arrogant and aggressive,
+as already said, was, at the same time and from the same causes, aroused
+to the consciousness of its own strength. Called on to answer for the
+unseemly fact of its existence in the midst of these modern centuries,
+when the world boasts of human freedom and progression, it began by
+blushing for its hideous aspect and uttering feeble and deprecative
+apologies. Not that it was at bottom ashamed of its existence, for
+slavery, like despotism of all sorts, is characteristically
+self-confident and proud; but because it had been allowed to grow up
+under protest in the midst of free institutions, and among a people
+conscious of the incongruity of the relationship existing between them
+and it; and had so contracted the habit of apology, and the hypocritical
+profession of regret for its own inherent wrongfulness. Provoked,
+however, to try its strength against the feeble assaults of the new
+friends of freedom, finding all its demands readily yielded to, and
+itself victorious in every conflict, it soon threw off its false
+professions of modesty, pronounced itself free from every taint of
+wrong-doing, claimed to be the very corner stone and basis of free
+institutions themselves, the condition _sine qua non_ of all successful
+experiment in republican and democratic organizations, and became boldly
+and openly the assailant and propagandist, instead of occupying any
+longer the position of defence. Then followed the various attempts to
+overthrow and extinguish free speech in the capital of the nation by the
+use of the bludgeon, to extend slavery by illegal and bloodthirsty means
+over the soil of Kansas, to strengthen the enactments of the fugitive
+slave law by new and more offensive provisions, and to cause the
+authority of the Slave Power to be openly and confessedly recognized
+throughout the whole land, as it had been for years secretly and warily
+predominant. The opposition to these measures of aggression ceased to be
+wholly confined to the mere handful of technical abolitionists, and to
+spread and to take possession of the minds of the whole people, exciting
+surprise and alarm, and arousing them to some slight efforts at
+resistance. With this rising tendency to resist arose in like measure
+the tendency of the slaveholding power to invade. The alternative was
+quietly but resolutely chosen in the minds of the leading politicians
+of the South to 'rule or ruin.' Preparation was made for retaining the
+absolute control of the General Government at Washington, and for
+extending the influence of the peculiar institution over the whole North
+and all adjacent countries, so long as that policy should prove
+practicable; and, if by any contingency defeated in it, to break up the
+Union as it existed, and reconstruct it upon terms which should place
+the slaveholding aristocracy in that front rank of authority without
+question, to which, as a settled conviction, ever present and dominant
+in their minds, they alone, of all men, are preëminently entitled.
+
+Accordingly they imposed their weight more and more heavily upon the
+successive administrations from Van Buren down to Buchanan, and were
+encouraged to find that, in proportion as they pressed harder in their
+demands, proportionate concessions seldom failed to be made. The
+reaction at the North was nevertheless steadily progressing. Wisely
+perceiving that the first part of their _programme_ of action had nearly
+served its day; that preparation must be made for entering on the second
+and more desperate part of their conspiracy against free government;
+they forced on the crisis at the Democratic Convention in Charleston, by
+demanding terms which, with the fire in the rear now regularly organized
+and steadily operative at the North, that party could not accede to,
+without consenting to its own death. A disruption ensued of the
+unnatural alliance between the Southern oligarchy and the Northern
+Democracy, and the Southern leaders from that hour availed themselves of
+their sole remaining lease of power under the administration of Mr.
+Buchanan to strengthen their position by all means, honorable and
+dishonorable, for the coming conflict, which by them had been long
+planned or at least looked forward to, as the probable contingency.
+Having virtually the entire control of the General Government, they used
+their power for sending South the arms of the common country, for
+disposing the army and navy in such ways as to leave them in the least
+degree effective for opposing their designs; and with all the quietness
+and deliberation of a dying millionaire making his will, they prepared
+to begin the conflict which the lazy and confiding North had not even
+begun to suspect as among the possibilities of the future; and to begin
+it absolutely upon their own terms.
+
+Enough has now been said, perhaps, in relation to the causes of the
+present war. The present stage of its development is such as might have
+been fairly anticipated from such a commencement. The South has had the
+advantage of earnestness and concentration of purpose; of a warlike and
+aggressive spirit; of prior preparation, and of a full knowledge from
+the first of the desperate nature of the enterprise upon which they were
+about to enter, with a readiness to meet all its contingencies, and,
+since the great uprising, with no anticipation of easy work. The North
+was hurried into a war for which it had no preparation, to which it had
+never looked as a serious probability, and for which it had been
+stripped in a great measure, through the pilfering policy of the South,
+of the ordinary means at its command. A peaceable and highly civilized
+people, among whom actual war upon its own soil had been unknown for
+nearly fifty years, and among whom the spirit of war, always so rife at
+the South, was opposed and neutralized by a thousand industrial and
+peaceful propensities, was suddenly called into the field. Uninstructed
+at first in the real nature of the conflict, regarding it as an
+unreasonable disaffection, and therefore necessarily limited in extent,
+not aroused even yet to a full consciousness of the momentous
+consequences involved in the struggle and its gigantic proportions, they
+have come to the work, in a great measure, unprepared. Their condition
+at its commencement was even less favorable than that of the British
+nation at the commencement of the Russian war. Both of these great
+industrial peoples, with whom war had fallen among the traditions of the
+past, had to begin new struggles by learning anew the theory and
+practice of war. The Northern people rose, after the assault on Fort
+Sumter demonstrated to them that the South was in earnest, with the
+unanimity and power as of a single man, but bewildered and uncertain
+which way to turn, or how to grapple with the strange and unaccountable
+monster of rebellion which had suddenly precipitated himself among them.
+The whole habits of the nation had to undergo a violent and rapid
+change. A new educational experience had to be hurried through its
+successive courses of instruction. The gristle on the bone of the new
+military organization had to have time to harden. Sharp experiences had
+to be undergone, and will still have to be endured, as part of the price
+of tuition in the novel career to which we have been so unexpectedly
+called. Still, we have great power in reserve; no feeling of
+discouragement, no thought of abandoning the purpose of maintaining our
+integrity as a people, no sense of weakness possesses our minds. Great
+and triumphant successes are attending our arms. State after State,
+swept at first wholly or in part into the vortex of revolt, is again
+included within our military lines and brought back to a partial
+allegiance. New questions are rising into importance. We pass from the
+consideration of causes to that of results. It is a different and a
+difficult work to forecast the future. It is a perilous experiment to
+enact the prophet or seer, but in another paper we shall venture at
+least upon some suggestions which may have their uses in modulating that
+national destiny which none of us have the power actually to create or
+even to foretell.
+
+
+
+
+WAS HE SUCCESSFUL?
+
+'Do but grasp into the thick of human life! Every one _lives_ it--to
+not many is it _known_; and seize it where you will, it is
+interesting.'--GOETHE.
+
+'SUCCESSFUL.--Terminating in accomplishing what is wished or
+intended.'--WEBSTER'S _Dictionary_.
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+Miss Arabella Thorne was the daughter of an old citizen of New York, a
+worthy man, a plumber by trade, who, by means of plenty of work, small
+competition, and high prices, managed to scrape together fifty or sixty
+thousand dollars, which from time to time he judiciously invested in
+real estate. Late in life he married a tall, lean, sour-visaged
+spinster, considerably past thirty, with nothing whatever to recommend
+her except that she belonged to one of the first families. The fact is,
+she was a poor relation, and had all her life been passed around from
+cousin to cousin, each endeavoring to shift the burden as quick as
+possible. As she grew older she became more fretful and ill tempered,
+until it was a serious question with all interested how to dispose of
+her. Of late years she had taken to novel reading, and when engaged with
+a favorite romance, she was so peevish and irritable, that, to use a
+common expression, there was no living with her.
+
+Things were at this pass when Thorn (he spelled his name without an
+_e_) was called to do some work at the house of Mr. de Silver, an uncle
+of the 'poor relation,' with whom she was then staying. This gentleman,
+who for years had been at his wits' end to know what to do with his
+niece, conceived the design of marrying her to Thorn, who was in good
+circumstances, and could give her a comfortable home. It so happened
+that she was at that time absorbed with a novel (she always fancied
+herself the heroine) where the principal character was called on to make
+a sacrifice, and by so doing married a nobleman in disguise. She
+therefore was ready; but it was not without some difficulty that Thorn
+was brought into the arrangement. However, the distinction of marrying
+so much above him, and the advantage which might avail to his children,
+overcame his natural good sense, and the 'poor relation' became Mrs.
+Thorn.
+
+It is very certain that Mrs. Thorn would have been the death of her
+husband in a reasonably short period, had she not herself been suddenly
+cut off the second year of her married life, leaving an infant a few
+hours old, whom she named Arabella, after her last heroine, just as the
+breath was leaving her body.
+
+Mr. Thorn buried his wife, and was comforted. He never married again.
+His eighteen months' experience was sufficient. He even consented to
+give up the direction of the infant, who would _not_ be a poor relation
+like her mother, to Mrs. de Silver, who proceeded to look after it quite
+as she would one of her own children.
+
+[And this was all because old Thorn was getting rich, and would probably
+not marry again, and Arabella would have his money.]
+
+When Arabella was ten years old, her father died. By his will he made
+Mr. de Silver his executor, but prudently forbade any sale of his real
+estate till his daughter should be twenty-one, when she was to enter
+into possession. The personal property was ample for her meantime.
+Arabella grew up quite as the adopted child of the De Silvers. They had
+no daughter, but were blessed with three sons. The youngest was but ten
+years older than Arabella, for whom Mrs. de Silver had destined him.
+Miss Thorne (to whose name an _e_ had been mysteriously added) bore a
+strong resemblance to her deceased mother, but there was one striking, I
+may say overwhelming difference between them. Mrs. Thorn had all her
+life been poor and dependent, and treated as such while thrown about
+from house to house for a precarious home. She was crossed and snubbed,
+and a naturally unamiable temper made a thousand times worse by the
+treatment she received. Arabella was rich and independent, and spoiled
+by over indulgence to her idle whims and caprices. For Mrs. de Silver,
+intent on making the match, did not dare cross her dear Arabella in the
+least thing. She was shrewd, and soon perceived that she controlled the
+situation, and did not hesitate to take advantage of it. In fact, she
+kept everybody dancing attendance on her. Fond of admiration to an
+absurd degree, she still had a constant suspicion that she was courted
+for her money. As I have said, in person she resembled her mother, but
+here wealth came in to do away with the resemblance. True, she was tall
+and angular, but she made up superbly, so that on looking at her one
+would exclaim: 'What a stylish woman!' True, her features were homely,
+and her complexion without freshness, but over these were spread the
+magic atmosphere of fashion and assured position. She had a
+consciousness which repelled any idea that _she_ could be otherwise than
+handsome, fascinating, intelligent, and everything else desirable, and
+this consciousness actually produced, in a large majority, the pleasing
+illusion that she was really all these. But she was not. On the
+contrary, stripped of the gloss, she was censorious, supercilious, and
+selfish. Deprived of her dressmaker, she was gaunt and unsightly.
+Separated from her position, she would have been unbearable. Arabella
+had many offers, of course, but she was too fond of her power and too
+suspicious of an attempt on her purse to yield easily. She was enough of
+a coquette not absolutely to destroy the hopes of an admirer, but
+managed to keep him dangling in her train. She had never absolutely
+discouraged young De Silver, but she would not commit herself even to
+Mrs. de S., who still fondly hoped that the money of the industrious
+plumber would come into her family. So matters ran on till Miss Thorne
+was of age. Mr. de Silver evidently did not suppose there was to be any
+change in the management of his ward's affairs. He was soon undeceived.
+The young lady, about two weeks after the event, asked for a private
+interview with her guardian, and very quietly, after a series of polite
+phrases, announced that from that time she should herself take charge of
+her own property. There was nothing in this to which Mr. de Silver could
+object. Beyond some advantages which he derived from its management,
+without injury to his ward, it was of no importance; but he was not a
+little mortified nevertheless. It looked as if there was a lack of
+confidence in his management, but he could only assent, and say his
+accounts were ready for her inspection. The truth is that Arabella had
+made some acquaintances who ranked a grade higher in the fashionable
+world even than the De Silvers. They had impressed her with an idea that
+it would add to her importance to have her own 'solicitor' and take on
+herself the management of her affairs. To this end she had consulted Mr.
+Farrar, a well-known and experienced lawyer, who had been recommended to
+her by one of her friends. Just then speculation in real estate was
+rife, and prices had reached an extravagant point. The first thing which
+Miss Thorne did under the advice of Mr. Farrar, was to sell from time to
+time, as opportunity offered, all the real estate which her father had
+left her, and invest it in personal securities. In this way a very large
+sum was realized, and Miss Thorne's labors soon reduced to the simple
+task of receiving her semi-annual dividends. Mr. Bennett had not
+overrated the value of her property when he pronounced her worth two
+hundred thousand dollars. On the contrary, it is probable one might add
+fifty thousand to the computation and be nearer the mark.
+
+When Mrs. de Silver saw the independent course Miss Thorne was pursuing,
+she became still more assiduous in her efforts to please her dear
+Arabella. The latter, since it was still convenient to live with the De
+Silvers, was sufficiently amiable, but she never omitted an opportunity
+to show that she was her own mistress and intended to continue so. The
+De Silvers were Episcopalians, but they did not attend the most
+fashionable church. Miss Thorne very soon purchased an expensive pew in
+St. Jude's, and although Mrs. de Silver kept a carriage which was always
+at Miss Thorne's disposal, the latter set up a handsome brougham of her
+own. The young lady, after joining her new church, had determined to
+distinguish herself. She was not content with moderate performances. She
+aspired to lead. She kept at the very height of fashion. Yet St. Jude's
+had no more zealous member. She was an inveterate party goer, and
+nothing pleased her better than to have double engagements through the
+whole season; but the period of Lent found her utterly _dévote_--a most
+zealous attendant on all the ordinances of the Church. She was very
+intimate with Mr. Myrtle, and it is probable no one had half so much
+influence with her as the Rev. Charles Myrtle himself. She had her
+_protégés_ also--generally some handsome young fellow about taking
+orders, whose devotion to Miss Thorne was perfectly excruciating. Time
+went on and Miss Arabella Thorne was carried along in the train of the
+tyrant. With the passing years she became more intensely fashionable,
+more bigoted, more fond of admiration, more difficult to please. She had
+refused so many offers, while she had coquetted so much, that young men
+began to avoid her. This greatly increased her natural irritability;
+made her jealous of the success of every rising belle, censorious, ill
+natured in remark, and generally disagreeable. When Hiram Meeker first
+saw Miss Arabella Thorne in her pew at St. Jude's, the interesting young
+woman was (dare I mention it?) already twenty-eight. In respect to
+appearance, she had altered very little since she was eighteen. So much
+depended on her milliner, her dressmaker, her costumer, and her maid,
+and to their credit be it spoken, they performed their duty so well,
+that the 'ravages' of the fashionable seasons she had passed through
+were not at all visible. There were times when Miss Arabella Thorne
+would confess to herself that she ought to marry. But with every
+succeeding birthday came increased suspicion that she was sought only
+for her fortune.
+
+Such was the position of affairs when the shrewd wholesale drygoods
+merchant, satisfied that all his cousin cared for in matrimony was
+money, conceived the idea of making a match between Hiram and the
+fashionable Arabella. It did not take the former long, after Mr. Bennett
+once explained just how things stood, to comprehend exactly the
+situation, and to form and mature his plans accordingly. He had
+committed a blunder, as Mr. Bennett termed it, in giving up Miss Tenant,
+but that was a conventional mistake, if, which it is very doubtful,
+Hiram ever admitted that it was a mistake. Here, however, he could bring
+his keen knowledge of human nature to play, and once understanding the
+character of Miss Thorne, he felt fully equal to the enterprise. In
+fact, Hiram was once more on his old ground, and he enjoyed the idea of
+the contest he was about to engage in.
+
+Mr. Myrtle was fully enlisted on Hiram's side. He was much pleased with
+the addition of a wealthy, rising young man--and a proselyte besides--to
+his church. He feared that Miss Thorne might in time be lost to it by
+her marrying outside of his congregation. Here was a capital chance to
+secure _her_ and add to his own influence and popularity.
+
+He was too astute to approach the subject directly. Miss Thorne might be
+suspicious even of him. He would give her no opportunity. Mr. Myrtle was
+too polished and too refined a man, too dignified indeed, to even
+_appear_ in the light of a match maker. But assurance was conveyed by
+Mrs. Myrtle to Mrs. Bennett, and thence _via_ Mr. Bennett confidentially
+to Hiram, that Mr. Myrtle might be relied on to do everything in his
+power in the delicate business.
+
+Thus fortified, and conscious of the aid of the Bennett family, which
+was a very strong point, our hero entered on the fall and winter
+campaign, resolved before it was over to secure the two hundred thousand
+dollars of the fashionable Arabella, and, as it must needs be, that
+inestimable person along with it.
+
+I have mentioned their first sight of each other in church, and the
+curiosity of Miss Thorne to know who the young man in the next pew could
+be. And here Hiram's generalship must be specially noticed. Mrs. Bennett
+proposed to bring about an immediate introduction by arranging an
+_accidental_ meeting at her house. This Hiram peremptorily objected to;
+and in speaking on the subject with Mr. Bennett, with whom all his
+conversations were held, he displayed such a subtle insight into the
+character, habits, and peculiarities of Miss Thorne, that Mr. Bennett
+was amazed. He afterward told his wife she must let Hiram have his own
+way, as the fellow knew more than all of them.
+
+Two parties came off the following week, to both of which Hiram was
+invited through the influence of the Bennetts. Miss Thorne was of course
+present. Hiram, now perfectly at his ease, and fashionably attired, made
+no insignificant display. He was introduced to a great many young
+ladies, and saluting two or three of the most attractive, he paid at
+different stages of the evening assiduous court to them. His waltzing
+was really superb [O Hiram, what a change!], and not a few inquired,
+'Who is he?' Mrs. Bennett was really proud to answer, 'A cousin of ours.
+A very fine young man, indeed--very rich.'
+
+Miss Thorne did not ask any questions--not she; but she quickly
+recognized in the waltzer the occupant of the pew who had already
+attracted her notice. She waited complacently for the moment when Hiram
+should be led up to her for presentation, and she had already decided
+just how she should receive him. She was resolved to ruffle his
+complacency, and thus punish him for not paying his first tribute to her
+charms; then, so she settled it, she would relax, and permit him to
+waltz with her.
+
+When the evening passed, and the fashionable young man had made no
+demonstration, she was amazed. Such a thing had never happened before.
+To think he should not ask _her_, while he devoted half the evening to
+Miss Innis, who waltzed shockingly (every one knew that), and who had no
+money either!
+
+She went home in a very uncomfortable state of mind.
+
+The following Wednesday there was a repetition of this very scene. The
+party was even more brilliant than the last, Miss Thorne more
+exquisitely dressed, but Hiram kept aloof. Miss Thorne had never been
+slighted before--never. This evening she was tempted to waive her pride,
+and inquire of her dear friend Mrs. Bennett, with whom she saw Hiram
+conversing--but the thought was too humiliating, and she forbore.
+
+How she hated the wretch!--that is, as women hate, and as men like to be
+hated. What should she do? Could she endure to attend another party, and
+be so treated? Why, the creature never even looked toward her! What
+right had he to dress so fashionably and to waltz with such ease, and in
+fact appear so well every way? To occupy quite by himself the very best
+pew in St. Jude's, directly in front of her! What audacity! Then his
+provoking _nonchalance_. Oh, what was she to do? She should go crazy.
+Not quite that. She would first inquire of Mr. Myrtle, in a very
+careless manner. So she ran in that same morning on the accomplished
+clergyman, and was speedily in a full gallop of conversation.
+
+'By the way,' she exclaimed, at length, as if a new thought had suddenly
+struck her, 'pray, tell me, who is my new neighbor? I intended asking
+the last time I saw you, but forgot it.'
+
+The Rev. Charles Myrtle looked completely mystified, and asked with his
+eyes, plainly as eyes could ask, 'Pray, what do you mean?'
+
+'I see you don't take. I mean the new occupant of the Winslows' pew;
+some relation, I suppose.'
+
+'Oh, no. He is a cousin of the Bennetts, a young merchant, who has
+purchased the pew.'
+
+'Indeed? A good churchman, I hope, if he is to sit so near me.'
+
+'I should judge so. I am but slightly acquainted with him. Mrs. Bennett,
+however, speaks of him in the most enthusiastic terms. She says he has
+but one fault (I mention it to save you young people from
+disappointment), which is, that he is not fond of ladies' society.'
+
+'I know better,' interrupted Miss Thorne, betraying herself; for she was
+thinking of what she had witnessed at the two parties. Too much a woman
+of the world to blush or betray any embarrassment, she as quickly
+recovered, and added, laughingly, 'No one can make me believe he takes
+all that pains with his dress for nothing.'
+
+'Now I think of it, he does dress in very good taste,' said Mr. Myrtle
+carelessly. 'I think, however, what Mrs. Bennett meant to convey is that
+Mr. Meeker is not a marrying man. She says he is very rich, and has a
+horror of being caught, as it is called.'
+
+'So then his name is Meeker,' replied Miss Thorne, with an absent air,
+as if she had paid no attention to Mr. Myrtle's concluding observation,
+though she had drunk in every word with eager interest.
+
+'Yes. You will probably meet him at the Bennetts', though I do not think
+he would please you, Miss Arabella. [Mr. Myrtle knew the weakness of
+spinsters after reaching a certain age for being called by their first
+name.] You are too _exegeante_, my dear young lady, and Mr. Meeker is
+devoted to affairs.'
+
+'I wonder Mrs. Myrtle does not return; she told me she would not be gone
+two minutes,' said Miss Thorne, with the air of complete indifference to
+what Mr. Myrtle was saying, which a fashionable thorough-bred knows so
+well how to assume.
+
+'Here she is,' said Mr. Myrtle. 'I will leave you together, and go back
+to my labors. Good morning.'
+
+Miss Thorne by this time was really very much excited; so much so that
+she could not resist speaking of Hiram to Mrs. Myrtle, though of course
+in the same accidental way in which she had inquired of her husband.
+
+Mrs. Myrtle of course had much more to say in reply. All about Hiram's
+joining their church--what a good young man he was, how conscientious,
+how devoted to business, and how rich, and getting richer every day.
+
+Miss Thorne drew herself up slightly, as if that could be of no
+consequence to _her_. Still she unbent directly, and said with an
+amiable smile, as if simply to continue the conversation, 'But Mr.
+Myrtle says he is a woman hater.'
+
+'Oh, I think not so bad as that; but Mrs. Bennett says the ladies are
+all crazy about him, and he has a ridiculous suspicion that they are
+after his money.'
+
+'The wretch!' exclaimed Miss Arabella, laughing.
+
+'So I say,' rejoined Mrs. Myrtle. 'But the fact is, Mrs. Bennett says
+that Mr. Meeker thinks too much about business, and if he goes on in
+this way he will never get married, and she tells him she is determined
+he shall marry.'
+
+'A very proper resolve!' exclaimed Miss Thorne in the same vein.
+
+The conversation now turned on other topics, and after a few minutes
+Miss Thorne took leave in no very enviable state of mind. Here was a
+young man about to become one of the stars of fashion, rich,
+accomplished, quite in her own set, too; yet not a step had he taken
+toward securing her favor. Why, he might even outstrip her at St.
+Jude's! Then what _would_ become of her? 'I wonder if he keeps Lent?'
+she muttered between her clenched teeth, as she walked along.
+
+At that very moment, who should she encounter but Miss Innis, a
+charming, bewitching, and very fashionable young creature (so all the
+gentlemen said), to whom at the late parties, as I have already
+mentioned, Hiram had been devoted the larger part of the evening.
+
+The ladies rushed toward each other and embraced in the most
+affectionate manner. The usual rapid chitchat ensued.
+
+'What do you think of our new beau?' asked Miss Innis.
+
+Now Miss Thorne was burning with envy, hatred, malice, and all
+uncharitableness toward the young and rising belle, which was greatly
+increased by witnessing Hiram's extraordinary devotion to her. After the
+conversation with Mrs. Myrtle, she could no longer doubt the fact that
+he was soon to become of decided importance in the fashionable world.
+The moment she saw Miss Innis approaching, she anticipated some such
+question as was now put to her, and knowing that through her dear friend
+Mrs. Bennett she could make Hiram's acquaintance at any time, she had
+decided how to treat it.
+
+She replied therefore with considerable animation, and as if she knew at
+once to whom Miss Innis alluded: 'Oh, I think we shall make something of
+him before the season is over. I tell Mrs. Bennett she must cure him of
+some little provincialisms, however.'
+
+'Provincialisms!' exclaimed Miss Innis, who prided herself on her family
+and aristocratic breeding, though she had not wealth to boast of;
+'provincialisms! I confess I discovered none, and I certainly had a
+pretty good opportunity for judging. He waltzes divinely, doesn't he?'
+
+The tantalizing minx knew very well that Miss Thorne could only judge by
+observation.
+
+'He waltzes with much perfection, certainly,' replied Miss Thorne, with
+the air of a connoisseur, 'but I think a little stiffly.'
+
+'Quite the reverse, I assure you. I never had a partner with whom it was
+so easy to waltz. He supports one so perfectly. I declare I am in love
+with him already. Arabella dear, I give you warning I shall try my best
+to engross his attention the entire season.'
+
+She laughed as she said this, and Miss Thorne laughed; then these young
+women of fashion again embraced, and with smiles and amiable expressions
+went their way.
+
+How suddenly the countenance of each then changed! That of Miss Innis
+gave unmistakable tokens of contempt and disgust, while Miss Thorne's
+face expressed a concentrated venom, which, if I had not myself often
+witnessed, I would not believe is in the power of woman to display.
+
+The rencontre with Miss Innis was so unendurable that Miss Thorne
+resolved to proceed at once to Mrs. Bennett's, where she could get
+definite information. Her pride was beginning to give way before her
+jealousy of a rival.
+
+Mrs. Bennett was at home, and welcomed her dear 'Arabella' with more
+than usual cordiality. A long conversation ensued before Miss Thorne
+could bring herself to broach the delicate subject. At last, and it had
+to be apropos of nothing, she said:
+
+'Oh, I declare, I forgot. Do you know I am angry with you? Yes, very,
+very angry.'
+
+Mrs. Bennett immediately put on the proper expression.
+
+'Tell me, quick, all about it,' she said. 'I will do penance if I have
+given you cause.'
+
+'Indeed, you have given great cause. You have undertaken to bring out a
+gentleman, and your own cousin, too, without presenting him to me, and I
+made up my mind never to speak to you again; but you see how I keep my
+resolution.'
+
+'Poor Mr. Meeker!' exclaimed Mrs. Bennett. 'He little thinks in what
+trouble he has involved me.'
+
+'But what have you to say for _yourself_?' persisted Miss Thorne.
+
+'I declare, Arabella, I don't know what to say. Cousin Hiram is so odd
+and so obstinate on some points, although in most respects the best
+creature in the world.'
+
+'Why, what can you mean?'
+
+'I can hardly explain what I do mean. In short, while Cousin Hiram asks
+my advice in many matters, and, indeed, follows it; yet, where ladies
+are concerned, he is as obstinate as a mule.'
+
+'But what has that to do with your not presenting him?'
+
+'Well, since you must know,' hesitated Mrs. Bennett, 'he declined being
+introduced to you.'
+
+'Declined!'
+
+'Yes.'
+
+'It is all through that hateful Mary Innis!' exclaimed Miss Thorne,
+reddening with rage. 'I know it. I am sure of it. Yes, I see through it
+all--all.'
+
+'I dare say,' returned Mrs. Bennett. 'I can't believe it either,' she
+continued. 'He is not so easily influenced. But, Arabella, my dear,
+think no more of the matter. You will like Mr. Meeker, I know, when you
+do meet, and all the more for any little obstacle at the beginning. I
+was just thinking how I could bring you together. What do you say to
+dropping in at--no, that won't do. I have it; come round this very
+evening and take tea with us. Mr. Meeker is almost sure to come in. He
+has not been here this week.'
+
+'Arabella' had her little objections.
+
+'Nonsense, my darling. I am determined you two shall become acquainted
+before Mrs. Jones's party, and that is next Thursday. Don't forget how
+fond you are of waltzing, and there Cousin Hiram is superb.'
+
+'I know it,' said Miss Thorne, with a sigh. 'But won't it look strange?'
+
+'Look strange to do what you have done so often, my darling! Now,
+Arabella, I won't take 'no' from you.'
+
+'I consent,' said Miss Thorne, languidly. 'He won't be rude to me, will
+he?'
+
+'Rude! why, Arabella, what do you take him for?'
+
+The ladies separated in great good humor.
+
+Miss Thorne, with a view to be revenged on Miss Innis, was determined to
+secure our hero on any terms. She was at Mrs. Bennett's at the appointed
+hour. On this occasion her toilette was elaborately simple. She always
+exhibited, not only great taste, but great propriety, in dress. On this
+occasion one might readily suppose that, running in for a brief call,
+she had been induced to prolong her stay.
+
+About eight o'clock, who should arrive but Hiram! What a singular
+coincidence!
+
+An introduction followed.
+
+Miss Thorne was very natural. She appeared entirely at ease, receiving
+Hiram with quiet cordiality, as if he were a member of the family.
+
+Hiram, on his part, did not exhibit any of those disagreeable qualities
+for which he received credit, but was apparently quite disarmed by the
+domesticity of the scene.
+
+The conversation became general, and all joined in it. After a while Mr.
+Bennett withdrew to 'spend a half hour at the club,' assuring Miss
+Thorne he would return in ample time to hand her to her carriage.
+Presently the servant called Mrs. Bennett, and hero and heroine were
+left alone together.
+
+There was an awkward pause, which was first broken by Arabella, when the
+conversation ran on much in this way:
+
+'We are to have a very gay season, I believe.'
+
+'Indeed!'
+
+'I suppose you take a great interest in it?'
+
+'Quite the contrary. I take very little.'
+
+'Still, you seem to enjoy parties.'
+
+'Why, yes. When I go, the best thing I can do is to enjoy them.'
+
+'But you like to go, don't you?'
+
+'I can scarcely say I do--sometimes, perhaps.'
+
+'A person who waltzes as well as you do ought to like parties, I am
+sure.'
+
+'I feel very much flattered to have you praise my waltzing.'
+
+There was another pause. It was again broken by Miss Thorne.
+
+'Do you know I think you so droll?'
+
+'Me! pray, what is there droll about me?'
+
+'Oh, I don't know. I can't tell. But you are droll--very droll.'
+
+'Really, I was not conscious of it.'
+
+'Were you aware that you occupy a seat directly in front of me in
+church?'
+
+'Certainly; that's not droll, is it?'
+
+'Well, yes; I think it is, rather. But that is not what I was going to
+say. Will you answer me one question truly? It will seem strange for me
+to ask it,' simpered Arabella; 'but you must know your cousin Mrs.
+Bennett and I are the dearest friends--the _very_ dearest friends; and
+meeting you here, it seems different, and I am not so much afraid of
+you.'
+
+Hiram sat with eyes wide open, in affected ignorance of what could
+possibly come next.
+
+'Now you put me out, indeed you do; I can never say what I was going to,
+in the world.'
+
+'_Do_,' said Hiram, gently.
+
+'Well, will you tell me why you refused to be introduced to me, and who
+it is that has so prejudiced you against me?'
+
+'No one, I assure you,' replied Hiram.
+
+'Then why did you decline the introduction? It is of no use to deny it;
+I know you _did_ decline it.'
+
+'I heard you were an heiress,' replied Hiram naively, 'and I don't like
+heiresses.'
+
+'Why not, pray?'
+
+'Oh, for various reasons. They are always such vain, stuck-up creatures.
+Then they are excessively requiring, and generally disagreeable.'
+
+'You saucy thing, you,' exclaimed Miss Thorne, but by no means in a
+displeased tone.
+
+'Then why did you ask me? I must tell the truth. I confess I did not
+want to make your acquaintance. Everybody was talking about Miss
+Thorne--Miss Thorne--Miss Thorne. For my part, it made me detest you.'
+
+'Oh, you horrible creature,' said Arabella, now quite appeased.
+
+'I don't deny it,' continued Hiram, pleasantly. 'I repeat, I can't bear
+an heiress. I wouldn't marry one for the whole world.'
+
+'Why, pray?'
+
+'Because she would want her separate purse and separate property, and it
+would be _her_ house, and _her_ horses and carriage, _her_ coachman, and
+so on. Oh no--nothing of that for me. I will be master of my own
+establishment.'
+
+'What a savage you are! I declare it is as refreshing to hear you talk
+as it would be to visit a tribe of Indians.'
+
+'You are complimentary.'
+
+'You see I do you justice, though we are enemies. But tell me now that
+you have been introduced to me, do I seem at all dangerous?'
+
+Hiram Meeker's countenance changed from an expression of pleasant
+badinage to one of sentimental interest, while he gazed abstractedly in
+the young lady's face, without making any reply.
+
+Arabella's heart beat violently, she scarce knew why.
+
+'You do not answer,' she said.
+
+'I cannot tell,' said Hiram, dreamily; then, starting, as if from a
+revery, he said, in his former tone, 'Oh, your sex are all dangerous;
+only there are degrees.'
+
+'I see you are not disposed to commit yourself. I will not urge you. But
+do you think you will be afraid to waltz with me at the next party?'
+
+'It was the introduction I objected to, not the waltz.'
+
+'Then you consent?'
+
+'With your permission, gladly.'
+
+'The first waltz at the next party?'
+
+'The first waltz at the next party.'
+
+It is not necessary to detail the conversation which ensued, and which
+was of a more general nature, referring to New York society, life _à la
+mode_, the reigning belles, then by an easy transition to Mr. Myrtle,
+and topics connected with St. Jude's. Soon they fell into quite a
+confidential tone, as church subjects of mutual interest were discussed,
+so that, when Mrs. Bennett returned to the room, it seemed almost like
+an interruption.
+
+'I knew you two would like each other if you ever became acquainted,'
+said Mrs. Bennett, with animation.
+
+'Pray, how do you arrive at any such conclusion?' replied Miss Thorne,
+in a reserved tone, while she gave Hiram a glance which was intended to
+assure him she was merely assuming it.
+
+'Oh, never mind, my dear; it is not of so much consequence about your
+liking Hiram. You may detest him, if you please, but I am resolved he
+shall like you, for you are my pet, you know.'
+
+Arabella looked affectionate, and Hiram laughed.
+
+'Oh, you may laugh as much as you please; men cannot understand our
+attachments for each other, can they, Arabella?'
+
+'No, indeed.'
+
+'That is true enough,' quoth Hiram.
+
+After Mr. Bennett came in, a handsome little supper was served. That
+concluded, Hiram waited on Miss Thorne to her carriage.
+
+'I shall expect you to take back all the naughty things you have said
+about me to your cousin,' she said, very sweetly, after she was seated.
+
+'About you, yes; but not about the _heiress_. But--but if you were not
+one, I do think I should like you pretty well. As it is, the objection
+is insuperable; good night.'
+
+Away went carriage and horses and Arabella Thorne. Hiram stepped back
+into the house.
+
+'My wife says you have made a splendid hit to-night, Hiram,' remarked
+Mr. Bennett.
+
+'Does she?' replied the other, in an absent tone.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Hiram went late to Mrs. Jones's party.
+
+So did Miss Thorne.
+
+In a pleasant mood, Mrs. Bennett walked with her cousin to where the
+heiress was standing, and said, 'Miss Thorne, this is Mr. Meeker. I
+believe, however, you have met before.'
+
+The waltzing had already commenced, and Hiram led his not unwilling
+partner to the floor, where they were soon giddily whirling, to the
+intense admiration of the lookers on.
+
+It was now Hiram felt grateful to the unknown young lady who taught him
+how to waltz _close_. He practised it on this occasion to perfection.
+Arabella, by degrees, leaned more and more heavily. One arm resting
+fondly on his shoulder, she was drawn into immediate contact with
+Hiram's _calculating_ heart. Round and round she sped--round and round
+sped Hiram, until the two were so blended that it was difficult to
+decide who or what were revolving.
+
+At last Arabella was forced to yield. Faintly she sighed, 'I must stop,'
+and Hiram, coming to a graceful termination, seated her in triumph--the
+master of the situation!
+
+Miss Innis looked on and smiled. Others expressed their admiration of
+the performance. None could deny it was very perfect.
+
+Soon they were on the floor again, and again Arabella struggled hard for
+the mastery. It was in vain. After repeated attempts to hold the field,
+she was obliged to yield.
+
+Hiram was too familiar with the sex to attempt to pursue his advantage.
+Indeed, Miss Arabella, having accomplished her object in showing Miss
+Innis that she _could_ monopolize Hiram if she chose, would have been
+quite ready to play the coquette and assume the dignified.
+
+Hiram was prepared for this, and further was resolved not to expose
+himself to any manifestation of her caprice. He perceived Miss Thorne
+was disinclined to converse, and fancied she was preparing to be
+reserved. So he passed quietly into the next room, where he found Miss
+Innis quite ready to welcome him, though surrounded by a number of
+gentlemen. He claimed her for the next waltz by virtue of an engagement
+entered into at Mrs. Jones's. Soon the music commenced, and away they
+went, responsive to its fascinating strains. Both waltzed admirably.
+They entered with zest into the spirit of the scene and with that
+sympathy of motion which makes every step so easy and so enjoyable.
+There was no rivalry, no holding out against the other. The pauses were
+natural, not by either, but, as it were, by mutual understanding. Miss
+Thorne was also on the floor with a very showy partner, doing her best
+to attract attention. She managed, as she swept by her rival,
+_accidentally_ to step on her dress in a very damaging manner. But Miss
+Innis was one of those natural creatures who are never discomfited by
+such an occurrence. She very quietly withdrew, and in about two minutes
+was on the floor again.
+
+'It is well,' said Hiram to her in a low tone, 'that this happened to
+you instead of Miss Thorne.'
+
+'Why?'
+
+'Because she never could have appeared again the same evening.'
+
+Miss Innis smiled, and spoke of something else. The little hit did not
+seem in the least to gratify her.
+
+Hiram noted this. 'Youth and beauty can well afford to be amiable, but
+it does not always happen that they are so,' he whispered.
+
+Miss Innis looked at him seriously, but made no reply; and the two took
+seats within the recess of a window.
+
+At this moment Miss Thorne, having stopped waltzing, passed across the
+room to the same vicinity, and stood talking with a gentleman, in a
+position to command a view of the couple just seated. As Hiram raised
+his eyes he encountered hers, for she was looking intently toward him.
+He saw enough to be satisfied that his plans were working to perfection.
+
+Without appearing to notice her presence, he continued the conversation
+with his partner, and so engrossing did it become on both sides that
+neither seemed aware of the rapid flight of the hours. And it was only
+when Miss Innis perceived that the rooms were becoming thinned that she
+started up with an exclamation of surprise that it was so late.
+
+Hiram Meeker walked slowly homeward. He could not resist a certain
+influence from stealing over him.
+
+'Why is it,' he muttered to himself, 'that all the handsome girls are
+without money, and all the rich ones are ugly?'
+
+He drew a long sigh, as if it were hard for him to give up such a lovely
+creature. He soon reached his lodgings, and going to his room, he seated
+himself before the fire, which burned cheerfully in the grate, and
+remained for a time completely lost in thought.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+O Hiram Meeker, is it even now too late to obey some natural instincts?
+You are well embarked in affairs, have already made money enough to
+support a wife pleasantly. Your business is daily increasing, your
+mercantile position for a young man remarkably well assured. Here is a
+really lovely young girl--a little spoiled, it may be, by fashionable
+associations, but amiable, intelligent, and true hearted. Probably you
+might win her, for she seems to like you. The connection would give you
+position, for you would marry into an old and most respectable family.
+True, you have conducted yourself shamefully toward Emma Tenant--to say
+nothing of Miss Burns. Let that pass. There is still opportunity to
+retrace. Attempt to win Miss Innis. If you do win her, what a happy home
+will be yours! As for Miss Thorne--Hiram, you _know_ what she is. You
+despise her in your heart. Besides, she is almost twenty-nine--you but
+twenty-seven. Will her money compensate? O Hiram, stop--stop now, and
+think!
+
+This may have been the revery of Hiram Meeker.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At last he rose and prepared to retire. Doubtless he had made a final
+and irrevocable decision.
+
+What was it?
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+There is good news for the Tenant family! The large commercial house in
+London whose failure dragged down Tenant & Co., had a branch at Rio.
+This branch had been heavily drawn on, and suspended because the firm
+in London stopped. When affairs were investigated, it turned out that
+the Rio branch was well aboveboard. The result was that the London house
+was enabled to pay a composition of fifteen and sixpence in the pound.
+This not only enabled Tenant & Co. to settle with their creditors, but
+placed that old and respectable firm in a position to go on with their
+business, though in a manner somewhat limited when compared with their
+former operations. The whole commercial community rejoiced at this. Tho
+house had been so long established, and was conducted with so much
+integrity, that to have it go down seemed a blow struck at the fair name
+and prosperity of the city. A committee appointed by the creditors had
+investigated everything connected with the failure, prior to hearing of
+the news from Rio. This committee utterly refused to permit Mr. Tenant
+to put his house into the list of assets from which to pay the company's
+debts. He insisted, but they were inexorable. This was highly gratifying
+to him, but he was not content. Now he could meet all on equal terms.
+
+We must forgive Mrs. Tenant if she felt a very great degree of
+exultation at this result. The affair between Hiram Meeker and her
+daughter had touched her so deeply (until Emma was away she did not feel
+how deeply), that she could not but indulge her triumph that now, when
+she encountered him, she was able to pass him with complete
+indifference. While her husband was crippled, she continued to feel
+scorn and contempt. Having regained her old position, she enjoyed a
+repose of spirits and was no longer tantalized by recollection of the
+scenes of the last few months.
+
+Emma Tenant had a most charming European tour. She was absent a year.
+Two or three months before her return, and while spending a few weeks
+among the Bernese Alps (I think Emma once told me it was at the Hotel
+Reichenbach, near Meyringen), she encountered an old acquaintance, that
+is, an acquaintance of her childhood, in the person of young
+Lawrence--Henry Lawrence--who was taking advantage of a business trip
+abroad to view the glory and the majesty of nature in the Oberland
+Bernois.
+
+However much it may seem contrary to the theory of romantic young men
+and women, I am forced to state that notwithstanding her former love for
+Hiram Meeker, Emma Tenant had not been six months in Europe before the
+wound might be considered healed. As her mind became enlarged by taking
+in the variety of scenes which were presented, scenes ever fresh and
+changing, she was better enabled to judge how far such a person as Hiram
+Meeker could ultimately make her happy. Day by day she saw his character
+more clearly and in a truer light, and could thus fully appreciate the
+narrow escape she had from a life of wretchedness.
+
+Before she encountered young Lawrence, she had become entirely
+disenchanted. The former illusion was fully dispelled, and her heart
+left quite free to be engrossed by a new interest.
+
+Young ladies and gentlemen! Am I giving currency to theories which you
+are accustomed to consider heretical? I am but recording the simple
+truth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By the time Emma Tenant had reached New York the affianced of Henry
+Lawrence (subject, of course, to her parents' approbation), Hiram Meeker
+was engaged to--Miss Thorne.
+
+Once decided on his course, Hiram pursued his object with the tenacity
+of a slow hound.
+
+He took advantage of every weakness. He operated on her jealous nature
+so as to subject her to all the tortures which that spirit begets. By
+turns he flattered and browbeat her. He was sunny and amiable, or
+crabbed and austere, as suited his purpose. In fact, he so played on
+the poor girl, whose vanity and suspicion and jealous fear of a rival
+were intense, that he made her life miserable. She was even thwarted in
+the quarter where her strength principally lay. For Hiram treated her
+fortune as a mere nothing at all. If she, as had been her custom, headed
+a subscription for some charity at St. Jude's, Hiram was sure to put
+down his name for double the amount in close proximity to hers.
+
+At last her spirit was completely broken by the persevering, unsparing,
+flattering, cajoling, remorseless Hiram. So she stopped quarrelling, and
+yielded. Then, how charming was our hero! Amiable, kind, desirous to
+please, yet despotic to an extent: never yielding the power and
+ascendency he had gained over her.
+
+The great point now was to prevent any marriage settlement. Being
+married, since Miss Thorne's property was all 'personal,' he could at
+once possess himself of it. Prior to the engagement, Hiram had often
+repeated that he would many no woman who maintained a separate estate.
+And so much did he dwell on this that Miss Thorne was actually afraid to
+speak to her solicitor on the subject.
+
+In the summer succeeding the gay season we have spoken of, Hiram Meeker
+and Arabella Thorne were united at St. Jude's by the Rev. Charles
+Myrtle, in presence of 'the most aristocratic and fashionable concourse
+ever assembled on such an occasion.' The Bennetts were present in great
+profusion. Mrs. Myrtle, all smiles and tears, stood approvingly by. Mr.
+Myrtle, so all declared, never performed the ceremony so well before.
+Miss Innis had a conspicuous place in the proceedings, she being the
+first of the four bridesmaids who attended Arabella to the altar.
+
+I have never been able to explain her selection of one she had so feared
+and hated as a rival, nor Miss Innis's acceptance. But there she stood,
+very beautiful, and apparently much interested in what was going on.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+After they had returned from their wedding tour, Hiram took possession
+of his wife's securities. His heart throbbed with excitement and his
+eyes glistened as he looked them over.
+
+Mr. Bennett had fallen considerably short of the mark. Here were more
+than two hundred and fifty thousand dollars!
+
+Just then real estate had fallen to the extreme lowest point after the
+collapse of the former high speculative prices. Hiram took immediate
+advantage of this state of things. During the next three months he had
+sold out his wife's securities, and invested two hundred thousand
+dollars in vacant lots admirably situated in the upper part of the city.
+The balance he put into his business.
+
+From that period it did not require a heavy discounting of the future to
+write Hiram Meeker a MILLIONAIRE.
+
+
+END OF PART II.
+
+
+
+
+DEAD!
+
+
+  Dead--dead--no matter, the skies are blue,
+    In their fathomless depths above,
+  And the glad Earth's robes are as bright in hue,
+  And worn with as regal a grace, and true,
+  As they were on the day they were woven new
+    By the hand of Infinite Love.
+
+  Hush! hush!--there is music out in the street,
+    A popular martial strain;
+  While the constant patter of countless feet
+  Keeps time to the strokes of the drum's quick beat,
+  And the echoing voices that mix and meet
+    Swell out in a glad refrain.
+
+  Lost--lost! Oh, why, when the earth is bright,
+    And soft is the zephyr's breath,
+  Oh! why, when the world is so full of light,
+  Should the wild heart, robed in a cloak of night,
+  Send up from frozen lips and white
+    A desolate cry of death?
+
+  Dead--dead! How wearily drag the days;
+    And wearily life runs on!
+  The skies look cold, through a misty haze,
+  That curdles the gold of the bright sun's rays,
+  And the dead leaves cover the banks and braes,
+    A shroud of the summer gone.
+
+  Last year--nay! nay! I do not complain;
+    There are graves in the heart of all;
+  So I do not murmur; 'twere weak and vain;
+  I accept in silence my share of pain,
+  And the clouds, with their fringes of crimson stain,
+    That over my young life fall.
+
+  There were beautiful days last year, I mind,
+    When the maple trees turned red,
+  They flew away like the sportive wind,
+  But I gathered the joys they left behind,
+  As I gather the leaves, but to-day I find
+    That the joys, like the leaves, _are dead_.
+
+  One year! It is past, and I stand _alone_,
+    Where I stood with another then;
+  'Tis well--I had scorned to have held _my own_
+  From the bloody strife, though my soul had known
+  That _his_ life would ebb ere the day was gone,
+    Amid thousands of nameless men.
+
+  _Nameless_, yet never a one less dear
+    Than the _dearest_ of all the dead;
+  I weep--but, Father, my bitter tear
+  Falleth not down o'er a _single_ bier--
+  I mourn not the joys of the lost last year,
+    But the rivers of bright blood shed.
+
+
+
+
+RECONSTRUCTION.
+
+
+Reconstruction sounds the key note of American politics to-day. It is as
+true now as when Webster first said it, that 'the people of this
+country, by a vast and countless majority, are attached to the Union.'
+Reconstruction is the hope of the Union; and the hope of the Union is
+the controlling energy of the war. Hence, naturally, the theories that
+prevail in regard to reconstruction begin to define the political
+parties of the immediate future. United on the war, which they hold to
+be not simply inevitable, but also a war in the combined interests of
+liberty and order, and, therefore, just, the people seem likely about to
+be divided on questions suggested by the probably speedy termination of
+the war. The Union one and indivisible is the fundamental maxim on which
+all such questions must be based. So long as the name of Washington is
+reverenced among them, the American people will accept no other basis of
+settlement. The Union is to them the security and hope of all political
+blessings--liberty, justice, political order--which blessings it
+insures. Disunion is revolution, and puts them in peril. Therefore, no
+theory of reconstruction is practicable which countenances disunion, or
+in anywise assails the principle of the eternal oneness and
+indivisibility of the Union.
+
+
+THEORIES OF RECONSTRUCTION.
+
+There are three prominent theories of reconstruction now before the
+people. The first, as being in the natural and constitutional order of
+things, has shaped the policy of the Administration in its whole conduct
+of affairs. It supposes the rebellion to be an armed insurrection
+against the authority of the United States, usurping the functions and
+powers of various State Governments, and seeking to overthrow the
+Nation. So considering it, the whole power of the Nation has been
+brought to bear to subdue it, in accordance with the just authority
+conferred by the Constitution, which is the organic law of the Nation.
+The steadfast prosecution of this policy, upheld and supported by the
+people with a unanimity and patient faith that have strengthened the
+cause of democratic government all over the earth, has rescued from the
+rebellion and restored to their undisputed position in the Union, the
+States of Kentucky, Missouri, and now, at last, Tennessee, with a
+portion of Virginia. Such are the results to the Union of the natural
+and constitutional policy that aims at reconstruction through
+restoration.
+
+The two other theories spoken of may be best considered together, as
+they originated in a common purpose, namely, the abolition of slavery,
+which it is supposed cannot be attained by the ordinary processes of war
+under the Constitution. Their advocates, however, contend that they are
+strictly constitutional.
+
+The first of these theories supposes that the States included in the
+rebellion have, by the fact of rebellion, forfeited all rights as
+States. It is argued that States, like individuals, forfeit their rights
+by rebellion.
+
+The other theory supposes that the States having rebelled, may be dealt
+with as foreign States; so that, according to the laws of war, the
+nation may treat them altogether as alien enemies, and in the event of
+the Nation's triumph, the States will be in all respects like conquered
+provinces.
+
+It will be observed that each of these theories ignores the principle of
+the indivisibility of the Union, and presupposes a dismemberment of it
+on the part of every rebellious State.
+
+
+I. THEORY OF STATE SUICIDE.
+
+Probably no one will deny that rebellion works a forfeiture of all
+political rights to those engaged in it. The subject who renounces his
+allegiance can claim no protection: just as the Government that should
+fail to protect its subjects, could not claim their allegiance.
+Allegiance and protection are reciprocal and interdependent duties, and
+the failure of one involves and works the failure of the other. So that
+it might be quite correct to declare, in reference to the Southern
+rebellion, that a rebel has no rights which the United States is bound
+to respect. It will be perceived that the question of _right_ is here
+spoken of, and not the question of _policy_. No feeling of sympathy with
+a defeated people, not the thousand-fold natural ties that bind the
+North and the South, should blind our eyes to the main question of
+right. Any policy toward repentant rebels that is not magnanimous and
+honorably befitting our complete triumph, can never find favor with the
+American people, nor ought to; but the incalculably precious interests
+of the Nation will not admit of any uncertain precedents in regard to
+secession. The precedent must be perfectly clear. It must be established
+unqualifiedly and unalterably that secession is treason, and that
+whoever is concerned in it is a traitor and must expect a traitor's
+punishment. It has been common to call secession a political heresy. The
+rebellion, the fruit of secession, stamps it as more and worse than
+simply a heresy. It is inchoate treason, and only awaits the favorable
+conditions to become open and flagrant. The patriotism, therefore, of
+any man may fairly be suspected, who, refusing to be taught by the
+experience of this war, revealing these things as in the clear light of
+midday, can speak softly and with 'bated breath' of secession. His
+country's baptism of fire has not regenerated such a man.
+
+The attempt, as the legitimate and inevitable result of secession, to
+overthrow a Government whose burdens rested so lightly on its citizens
+as to have given rise to a current phrase that they were unfelt; and yet
+whose magnificent power gave it rank among the first of nations,
+securing full protection to the humblest of its citizens, and causing
+the name of American to be as proud a boast as Roman in the day of
+Rome's power; and withal being the recognized refuge and hope of liberty
+and humanity all over the globe, as vindicating the right royalty of
+man;--the attempt to overthrow such a Government must stand forever as
+the blackest of crimes. For the Confederate treason is more than treason
+against the United States: it is a crime against humanity, and a
+conspiracy in the interest of despotism, denying the royalty of man.
+
+But, to return to our argument, a distinction is carefully to be noted
+between the consequences of rebellion to the individuals who engage in
+it and to the State which it assumes to control. It needs no argument to
+show that rebellion against the supreme power of a State does not
+necessarily affect the permanence of that power. If the rebellion fails,
+the rightful authority resumes its functions. If the rebellion succeeds,
+the movers of it assume the powers of the State, and succeed to all its
+functions. The civil wars of England furnish abundant illustration of
+this principle. However the course of Government may for the time have
+been checked, and its whole machinery disarranged, the subsidence of the
+tumult left the state, in every case, as an organic whole, the same. The
+consequences of unsuccessful rebellion fell only upon the persons
+engaged in it. So, in the successive changes that befell France after
+the Revolution, the state, as the body politic, remained unchanged. In
+dealing with the question of rebellion in our country the same principle
+applies, only another element enters into the calculation. That element
+results from the peculiar character of our Government in its twofold
+relation to the people of State and Nation. The Government springs
+directly from the people, who have ordained separate functions for the
+two separate organisms, or bodies politic, the State and the Nation.
+Strictly considered, there are not two Governments, there is only one
+Government. Certain functions of it are ordained to be executed by the
+State, and certain other functions by the Nation, How, then, can the
+State, as such, assume to set aside the ordained functions of the
+Nation? How, on the other hand, might the Nation assume to control the
+ordained functions of the State? Each to its own master standeth or
+falleth, and that master is the people. Hence, the absurdity of the
+doctrine which claims the right of a State to resume powers once
+delegated to the Nation. For the State, as such, never delegated those
+powers. Hence, the absurdity of secession as a dogma in American
+politics. And hence, also, it equally appears how absurd is any claim on
+the part of the Nation to visit upon the State organism the penalties of
+the treason of individuals against itself.
+
+Let it be remembered that the State derives none of its rights from the
+Nation. How, then, can it be said to forfeit its rights to the Nation?
+The State is a separate and distinct organism, deriving its rights
+directly from the people within its territorial limit. They established
+it, and to them alone it is responsible. In the same manner, the people
+of the whole country, without regard to the territorial limits of
+States, established the Nation. The people of the whole country,
+therefore, have a permanent interest in the Nation, and no one portion
+of them may rightfully assume to set aside its supreme obligations, in
+disregard and violation of the organic law. If certain of the people of
+any State have rebelled against the National Government, attempting thus
+to set aside its paramount obligations, undoubtedly their lives and
+property are forfeit to the Nation. But how can their individual treason
+work a forfeiture of the State powers and functions? These have been
+usurped, indeed, by the armed combinations of the rebellion, but they
+are still complete, only awaiting the overthrow of the armed
+combinations to be resumed and controlled by those persons within the
+same territorial limit who have not rebelled.
+
+It is objected to this view that it assumes a substratum of loyal people
+still existing in the rebel States. The assumption is certainly
+warrantable when we read of the scenes--witnesses against the Southern
+Confederacy whose eloquence surpasses speech--that have attended the
+overthrow of the rebellion in Tennessee; and when we remember that even
+in South Carolina there are such names as Judge Pettigrew and Governor
+Aiken; and when in New York city alone there is to-day a large body of
+Georgians, whose loyalty has made them exiles, and who only await the
+day of their State's deliverance to return and restore their State's
+loyalty; and when the signs in North Carolina are so positive that a
+Union element yet survives there; and when even far-off Texas has her
+loyal exiles in our midst. Considering those 'signs of the times,' the
+assumption that there are loyal men in the rebellious States seems
+certainly a valid and proper one, and one on which fairly to rest an
+argument. But it is believed that the argument is good without this
+assumption. Suppose that, the rebellion being overthrown, not even one
+man remains loyal to the Nation within the territorial limits of any
+single State, has the State ceased to exist? A State is called, in the
+language of publicists, a body politic. It is, in effect, a sort of
+corporation, administered for the benefit of its inhabitants by trustees
+whom they appoint. One of the maxims of law is that a trust shall not
+fail for lack of a person to execute it. It might, therefore, in such a
+case as the one supposed, be competent for the United States to
+designate persons who should take charge of the State Government, and
+administer it in trust for the children of its former recreant
+inhabitants, and as their legal and political successors. Reverting to
+the settled principles of the law, we find that the essential idea of a
+corporation is its immortality, or individuality, or the perpetual
+succession of persons under it, notwithstanding the changes of the
+individual persons who compose it. The State, like a corporation, has an
+individuality of its own, which is not affected by the changes of the
+individual persons composing it. It has an immortality, not affected by
+their entire extinction. Its own organic existence is not thereby
+extinguished. In other words, the State cannot be merged, or swallowed
+up, in the Nation.
+
+It seems, then, that the doctrine of State suicide, as propounded in so
+many words, by its author, in the original resolutions offered in
+Congress, is equally repugnant to the Constitution and good sense. It
+is, in effect, revolutionary; for it would dismember the Union, by
+striking out of existence States as purely and completely sovereign
+within the sphere of their functions as the Nation itself. It is idle to
+deny that it thus recognizes and gives support to the doctrine of
+secession; for it accepts the results of secession, and supposes that
+accomplished by the rebellion which the war is meant to thwart and
+prevent, to wit, the disruption of the ties that bind the States and the
+Nation together in one harmonious whole.
+
+What are we fighting for? To restore constitutional order; to vindicate
+'the sacredness of nationality.' In other words, to combat the principle
+of secession, by force and arms, in its last appeal, just as we have
+always combated and opposed it hitherto on the platform and in the
+senate. But what right have we to oppose secession by coercion? The
+right of self-preservation. For secession loosens the very corner-stone
+of our Government, so that the whole arch falls, breaking the Union into
+an infinity of wretched States. Admitting secession, our Constitution
+is, indeed, no stronger than 'a rope of sand.' We fight to maintain the
+Constitution as an Ordinance of Sovereignty (as it has been forcibly
+styled) over the whole Nation. We must so maintain it, or surrender our
+national existence. This being so, we cannot admit any such right as
+secession; for that would be to sanction the revolutionary doctrine
+that a body of men, usurping a State Government, and calling themselves
+the State, can absolve their fellow citizens from their allegiance to
+the Constitution, the supreme law of the land. The rebel States are,
+then, still members of the Union. Otherwise, we are waging an unjust
+war. Otherwise we falsify and contradict the record of our Revolution,
+and are striving to reduce to dependence a people who are equally
+striving to maintain their independence. There is no justification for
+this war save in the plea for the National Union; no warrant for it save
+in the preservation of the Constitution, which is the palladium and
+safeguard of the Nation. The Southern rebellion has usurped the
+functions and powers of various State Governments: when it is
+overthrown, the victims of its usurpation will be restored to their
+former rights. _Their_ allegiance is still perfect. Nothing but their
+own act can absolve them from it.
+
+
+II. THEORY OF THE STATES AS ALIEN ENEMIES.
+
+The advocates of the theory that the rebel States are foreign enemies,
+and may be treated according to all the laws of war with foreign
+nations, seek support for their views in the decision of the Supreme
+Court rendered last March in the Hiawatha and other prize cases. The
+question was raised in those cases whether we had the right to
+confiscate the property of persons resident in the rebel States who
+might be non-combatants or loyal men. The Court decided that 'all
+persons residing within this territory (the rebellious region) whose
+property may be used to increase the revenues of the hostile power, are
+_in this contest_ liable to be treated as enemies, _though not
+foreigners_.' This decision defines the _status_ of persons in the
+rebellion region _bello flagranti_, or while the war lasts. It calls all
+persons within that region enemies, because their 'property may be used
+to increase the revenues of the hostile power.' Could their property be
+so used after the defeat of the rebellious power? The decision does not
+assume to determine that question. Nor could it come within the province
+of the Court to decide what might at some future time be the condition
+and _status_ of loyal men at the South.
+
+It is said that in accordance with this decision all persons in the
+rebellious States are to be treated as alien enemies, and the deduction
+is hastily made that as to them all the Constitution, like any treaty,
+or compact, with foreign States, is, by the fact of rebellion, annulled.
+Aside from the fact that the Constitution is not a compact, and when
+rightly understood cannot be confounded with a compact, such a
+conclusion is at war with that essential principle of our Government,
+which denies to any body of men the right to absolve their unwilling
+fellow citizens from their allegiance, that is, denies the right of
+secession. Such citizens, whose will is overpowered by force, have never
+proved false to their fealty. The Constitution is still theirs; they are
+still parties to it; and their rights are still sacred under it.
+
+That no such conclusion is warranted by the decision above referred to,
+will still further appear from the following considerations:--Our
+dealings with foreign nations are regulated by the principles of
+international law, and, according to that law, war abrogates all
+treaties between belligerents, as of course. But international law
+supposes the belligerents to be of equal and independent sovereignty.
+This is the very point in dispute in our contest with the rebellion. We
+deny to the rebellion the attribute of independent sovereignty, as we
+deny it to every one of the States included in the rebellion. Our
+Constitution is, in no sense, a treaty between sovereign States. It is
+an organic law, establishing a nation, ordained by the people of the
+whole country. Therefore, only such persons under it as voluntarily wage
+war upon it, can be strictly called enemies: only such persons, on the
+defeat of the rebellion, will be liable to be treated as enemies. As to
+all men who have not participated in the rebellion, it is not easy to
+see how war, rebellion, usurpation, or any power on earth can destroy
+their rights under the Constitution.
+
+
+III. THEORY OF THE CONSTITUTION AND COMMON SENSE.
+
+Reconstruction, then, must come, as the Union came, by the action of the
+people within the territorial limits of each recreant State. That it
+will so come is, in a manner, assured and made certain by the action of
+Kentucky, Missouri, Virginia, and Tennessee. Surely, we cannot expect
+the political action of an oppressed minority, in any one of the rebel
+States, to anticipate the National forces sent for their deliverance.
+The armed combinations in those States have overborne all opposition,
+and, during the past two years, have wielded the complete powers of a
+military despotism. The Southern confederacy is a monstrous usurpation
+in each and every rebel State. The United States is intent on dethroning
+that usurpation, for the purpose of restoring, to every man who asks it,
+the rights guaranteed to him by the Constitution of his fathers; and for
+the equal purpose of asserting its rightful powers as the National
+Government under the Constitution. The present Administration, then, has
+taken the only course possible to be taken without open and flagrant
+violation of the Constitution, which is the sole and sufficient warrant
+for the war. For this course Abraham Lincoln is entitled to the
+gratitude of the people. His conscientious policy has been the salvation
+of the Republic, maintaining its integrity against armed rebellion, on
+the one hand, and, on the other hand, saving it from destructives whose
+zeal in a noble cause has often blinded their minds to the higher claims
+of the Nation: in whose existence, nevertheless, that cause alone has
+promise of success.
+
+But, it is asked, does not rebellion affect the institution of slavery?
+Not as a State institution, so far as the municipal law of any State is
+concerned. That the slaves of rebels may properly be confiscated, as
+other property, seems not only reasonable and right, but also in
+accordance with well-settled decisions of the Supreme Court. Moreover,
+the Constitution gives to Congress the power to prescribe the punishment
+of treason, and undoubtedly the Supreme Court will hold the Confiscation
+Act under that power to be constitutional and valid.
+
+But does not the Emancipation Proclamation operate to confer freedom on
+all slaves within the rebel States? This question must likewise be
+brought to the Supreme Court for adjudication. If the Proclamation can
+be shown to have the qualities of a legislative act, doubtless it will
+operate as a statute of freedom to all slaves within the districts named
+in it. But it must be remembered that the Executive cannot make law. The
+Proclamation, as an edict of the military commander, can only operate
+upon the condition of such slaves as are in a position to take advantage
+of its terms. As such military edict, therefore, it might be of no force
+outside of the actual military lines of the United States armies.
+
+But the fact of freedom to many thousands of slaves by reason of this
+war, and the inevitable speedy breaking down of the institution of
+slavery as one of the consequences to slaveholders of their mad folly,
+are beyond dispute, and assure us of the wise Providence of Him who
+maketh even the wrath of man to praise Him, and the remainder of wrath
+He will restrain.
+
+
+
+
+VIRGINIA.
+
+
+One of the most curious and interesting results of that eclectic spirit
+which has brought into suggestive relations the different spheres of
+human knowledge and inquiry, is the application of geographical facts to
+historical interpretation. The comprehensive researches of Ritter and
+the scientific expositions of Humboldt enable us to recognize the vast
+influence of local conditions upon social development, and to account
+for the peculiar traits of special civilization by the distribution of
+land and water, and the agency of climate and position. In the calm
+retrospect of the present crisis of our national history, when the
+philosopher takes the place of the partisan and the exciting incidents
+of the present are viewed in the chastened light of the past, it will be
+seen and felt that a kind of poetical justice and moral necessity made
+Virginia the scene of civil and physical strife. Of all the States, she
+represents, both in her annals and her resources, her scenery, and her
+social character, the average national characteristics: natives of each
+section of the land find within her limits congenial facts of life and
+nature, of manners and industry: like her Southern sisters, she has
+known all the consequences of slavery--but at certain times and places,
+free labor has thriven; commerce and agriculture, the miner, the
+mariner, the tradesman, not less than the planter, found therein scope
+for their respective vocations; the life of the sea coast, of the
+mountains, and of the interior valleys--the life of the East, West, and
+Middle States was there reproduced in juxtaposition with that of the
+South. Nowhere in the land could the economist more distinctly trace the
+influence of free and slave labor upon local prosperity: nowhere has the
+aristocratic element been more intimately in contact with the
+democratic. Her colonial record indicates a greater variety in the
+original population than any other province: she has given birth to more
+eminent statesmen, has been the arena of more fierce conflicts of
+opinion, and is associated most directly with problems of government, of
+society, and of industrial experiment. On her soil were first landed
+African captives; and when the curse thus entailed was dying out, it was
+renewed and aggravated by the inducement to breed slaves for the cotton
+and sugar plantations. From Virginia flowed the earliest stream of
+immigration to the West, whereby a new and mighty political element was
+added to the Republic: there are some of the oldest local memorials of
+American civilization: for a long period she chiefly represented
+Southern life and manners to the North: placed between the extremes of
+climate--producing the staples of all the States, except those bordering
+on the Gulf--earlier colonized, prominent in legislation, fruitful in
+eminent men, she was more visited by travellers, more written about,
+better known, and therefore gathered to and grafted upon herself more of
+the rich and the reckless tendencies and traits of the country; and
+became thus a central point and a representative State--which destiny
+seems foreshadowed by her physical resources and her local situation.
+Except New England, no portion of our country has been more fully and
+faithfully illustrated as to its scenery, domestic life, and social
+traits, by popular literature, than Virginia. The original affinity of
+her colonial life with the ancestral traditions of England, found apt
+expression in Spenser's dedication of his peerless allegory to
+Elizabeth, wherein the baptism of her remote territory, in honor of her
+virginal fame, was recognized. The first purely literary work achieved
+within her borders was that of a classical scholar, foreshadowing the
+long dependence of her educated men upon the university culture of Great
+Britain; and those once admired sketches of scenery and character which
+gave to William Wirt, in his youth, the prestige of an elegant writer,
+found there both subjects and inspiration; while the American school of
+eloquence traces its early germs to the bar and legislature of the Old
+Dominion, where the Revolutionary appeals of Patrick Henry gave it a
+classic fame. The most prolific and kindhearted of English novelists,
+when he had made himself a home among us and looked round for a
+desirable theme on which to exercise his facile art, chose the
+Southampton Massacre as the nucleus for a graphic story of family life
+and negro character. The 'Swallow Barn' of Kennedy is a genuine and
+genial picture of that life in its peaceful and prosperous phase, which
+will conserve the salient traits thereof for posterity, and already has
+acquired a fresh significance from the contrast its pleasing and naive
+details afford to the tragic and troublous times which have since almost
+obliterated the traces of all that is characteristic, secure, and
+serene. The physical resources and amenities of the State were recorded
+with zest and intelligence by Jefferson before Clinton had performed a
+like service for New York, or Flint for the West, or any of the numerous
+scholars and writers of the Eastern States for New England. The very
+fallacy whereon treason based her machinations and the process whereby
+the poison of Secession was introduced into the nation's life-blood,
+found exposition in the insidious fiction of a Virginian--Mr. George
+Tucker--secretly printed years ago, and lately brought into renewed
+prominence by the rebellion. 'Our Cousin Veronica,' a graceful and
+authentic family history, from the pen of an accomplished lady akin to
+the people and familiar with their life, adds another vivid and
+suggestive delineation thereof to the memorable illustrations by Wirt,
+Kennedy, and James; while a score of young writers have, in verse and
+prose, made the early colonial and the modern plantation and waterplace
+life of the Old Dominion, its historical romance and social and scenic
+features, familiar and endeared; so that the annals and the aspects of
+no State in the Union are better known--even to the local peculiarities
+of life and language--to the general reader, than those of Virginia,
+from negro melody to picturesque landscape, from old manorial estates to
+field sports, and from improvident households to heroic beauties; and
+among the freshest touches to the historical and social picture are
+those bestowed by Irving in some of the most charming episodes of his
+'Life of Washington.'
+
+When the river on whose banks was destined to rise the capital of the
+State received the name of the English monarch in whose reign and under
+whose auspices the first settlers emigrated, and the Capes of the
+Chesapeake were baptized by Newport for his sons Charles and Henry, the
+storm that washed him beyond his proposed goal revealed a land of
+promise, which thenceforth beguiled adventure and misfortune to its
+shores. Captain John Smith magnified the scene of his romantic escape
+from the savages: 'Heaven and earth,' he wrote, 'seemed never to have
+agreed better to frame a place for man's commodious and delightful
+habitation.' To the wonderful reports of majestic forests, rare wild
+flowers, and strange creatures, such as the opossum, the hummingbird,
+the flying squirrel, and the rattlesnake--to the pleasures of the chase,
+and the curious traits of aboriginal life--were soon added the
+attractions of civic immunities and possibilities--free trade, popular
+legislative rule, and opportunities of profitable labor and social
+advancement. Ere long, George Sandys, a highly educated employée of the
+Government, was translating Ovid on the banks of the James river;
+industry changed the face of the land; a choice breed of horses, the
+tobacco culture, hunting, local politics, hospitality--churches after
+the old English model, manor houses with lawns, bricks, and portraits
+significant of ancestral models, justified the pioneer's declaration
+that Virginia 'was the poor man's best country in the world.' Beautiful,
+indeed, were the natural features of the country as described by the
+early travellers; auspicious of the future of the people as it expanded
+to the eye of hope, when the colony became part of a great and free
+nation. Connected at the north and east, by thoroughfare and
+watercourse, with the industrial and educated States of New England, the
+fertile and commercial resources of New York, and the rich coal lands
+and agricultural wealth of Pennsylvania; Maryland and the Atlantic
+providing every facility to foreign trade, and the vast and then
+partially explored domains of Kentucky and Ohio inviting the already
+swelling tide of immigration, and their prolific valleys destined to be
+the granary of the two hemispheres--all that surrounded Virginia seemed
+prophetic of growth and security within, the economist and the lover of
+nature found the most varied materials; with three hundred and
+fifty-five miles of extent, a breadth of one hundred and eighty-five,
+and a horizontal area of sixty-five thousand six hundred and twenty-four
+square miles--one district embracing the sea coast to the head of
+tidewater, another thence to the Blue Ridge, a third the valley region
+between the latter range and that of the Alleghanies, and a fourth the
+counties beyond them--every kind of soil and site, from ocean margin to
+river slope, from mountain to plain, are included within her limits:
+here, the roads stained with oxides, indicative of mineral wealth;
+there, the valleys plumed with grain and maize; the bays white with
+sails; the forest alive with game; lofty ridges, serene nooks, winding
+rivers, pine barrens, alluvial levels, sterile tracts, primeval
+woods--every phase and form of natural resource and beauty to invite
+productive labor, win domestic prosperity, and gratify the senses and
+the soul. Rivers, whose names were already historical--the James, the
+York, the Rappahannock, the Potomac, and the peaceful Shenandoah,
+flowing through its beautiful valley and connecting the base of the Blue
+Ridge with the Potomac; Chesapeake bay, a hundred and ninety miles from
+its entrance through Maryland and Virginia, on the one side, and the
+Roanoke, finding an outlet in Albemarle sound, while the Kanawha and
+Monongahela, as tributaries of the Ohio, on the other, keep up that
+communication and natural highway which links, in a vast silver chain,
+the separate political unities of the land. The hills ribbed with fine
+marble and pierced by salubrious springs; picturesque natural bridges,
+cliffs, and caves, described with graphic zeal by Jefferson, and the
+wild and mysterious Dismal Swamp, sung by Moore; the tobacco of the
+eastern counties, the hemp of lands above tidewater, the Indian corn,
+wheat, rye, red clover, barley, and oats, of the interior, and the fine
+breeds of cattle and horses raised beyond the Alleghany--are noted by
+foreign and native writers, before and immediately after the Revolution,
+as characteristic local attractions and permanent economical resources;
+and with them glimpses of manorial elegance, hospitality, and
+culture--which long made the life and manners of the State one of the
+most congenial social traditions of the New World.
+
+Yet, as if prophetic of the long political issues of which she was
+destined to be the scene of conflict, the colonial star of Virginia was
+early obscured by misfortune. When John Smith left her shores for the
+last time in 1609, discontent and disaster had already marred the
+prospects of the new settlement; and, in half a year, Gates, Somers,
+Newport arrived to find but sixty colonists remaining, and they resolved
+to abandon the enterprise; but on encountering Delaware, they were
+induced to return, and Jamestown was again the scene of life and labor.
+Ten years of comparative success ensued; and then one hundred and sixty
+poor women were imported for wives, at a cost of about the same number
+of pounds of tobacco; but simultaneously with this requisite provision
+for domestic growth and comfort, the germ of Virginia's ruin came: a
+Dutch vessel entered the James river, bringing twenty African captives,
+which were purchased by the colonists. Two years later the Indians made
+a destructive foray upon the thriving village; the king became alarmed
+at the freedom of political discussion, dissolved the Virginia company,
+and appointed a governor and twelve councillors to rule the
+province;--the father's policy was followed by Charles the First, many
+of whose zealous partisans found a refuge from Cromwell in the province.
+At last came the Revolution and the Union. Meantime slavery was dying
+out; its abolition was desired; and had free labor then and there
+superseded it, far different would have been the destiny of the fair
+State; whose western portion affords such a contrast to that wherein
+this blight induced improvidence and deterioration, the tokens whereof
+were noted by every visitor in the spare and desultory culture of the
+soil, the neglected resources, the dilapidated fences and dwellings, and
+the absence of that order and comfort which inevitably attaches to
+legitimate industry and self-reliance. This melancholy perversion of
+great natural advantages was the result of slave breeding for the
+Southern market. Otherwise Virginia would have continued the prosperous
+development initiated in her colonial days. The exigencies of the cotton
+culture, rendered immensely profitable by a mechanical invention which
+infinitely lessened the cost of preparing the staple for the market, had
+thus renewed and prolonged the original and fast-decaying social and
+political bane of a region associated with the noblest names and most
+benign prospects. Chief-Justice Marshall aptly described to an English
+traveller this sad and fatal transition:
+
+     'He said he had seen Virginia the leading State for half his life;
+     he had seen her become the second, and sink to be the fifth. Worse
+     than this, there was no arresting her decline if her citizens did
+     not put an end to slavery; and he saw no signs of any intention to
+     do so, east of the mountains at least. He had seen whole groups of
+     estates, populous in his time, lapse into waste. He had seen
+     agriculture exchanged for human stock breeding; and he keenly felt
+     the degradation. The forest was returning over the fine old
+     estates, and the wild creatures which had not been seen for
+     generations were reappearing; numbers and wealth were declining,
+     and education and manners were degenerating. It would not have
+     surprised him to be told that on that soil would the main battles
+     be fought when the critical day should come which he foresaw.'
+
+That day it is our lot to behold. Forced at the point of the bayonet to
+arrogate to herself the illegal claims she had vainly sought to
+establish by popular suffrage, as reserved rights, in 1787, and the
+resolutions of 1798, the Secession Ordinance was nominally passed and
+summarily enforced, despite the protests of the citizens and the
+withdrawal of the western counties; and thus the traitors of the Cotton
+States made Virginia the battle field between slaveocracy and
+constitutional government. As early as 1632 a fierce controversy for
+territorial rights occurred on the Chesapeake, when that portion of
+Virginia, now Maryland, was brought into dispute by Claiborne, who began
+to trade, notwithstanding the grant which Lord Baltimore had secured:
+this, the first conflict between the whites, and two Indian massacres,
+made desolate the region so lately devastated by the civil war. Nor was
+the original enjoyment of remarkable political rights coincident with
+American independence; for, while Charles the Second was an exile, and
+Parliament demoralized, the fugitive king still held nominal sway in
+Virginia; and when the flight of Richard Cromwell left the kingdom
+without a head, that distant colony was ruled by its own assembly, and
+enjoyed free suffrage and free trade: then came what is called Bacon's
+rebellion--an effective protest against oppressive prohibitions. Nor did
+these civil discords end with the Restoration; many old soldiers of
+Cromwell emigrated to Virginia, and, under their auspices, an
+insurrection 'against the tobacco plot' was organized; and this was
+followed by numerous difficulties in home legislation, by violent
+controversies with royal governors; deputies continually were sent to
+England to remonstrate with the king against 'intolerable grants' and
+the exportation of jailbirds. Their despotic master over the sea
+appropriated the lands of the colonists, while their own representatives
+monopolized the profits; cruel or obstinate was the sway of Berkeley,
+Spottwood, Dinwiddie, and Dunmore; and after the people had succumbed as
+regards military opposition, they continued to maintain their rights by
+legislative action. Under James the Second, Lord Howard repealed many of
+these conservative acts and prorogued the House of Burgesses. A respite,
+attested by glad acclaim, marked the accession of William and Mary, and
+the recall of Howard. Andros was sent over in 1692. The skirmish with
+Junonville initiated the French war and introduced upon the scene its
+most hallowed name and character, when Colonel Washington appeared first
+as a soldier, strove in vain against the ignorance and self-will of
+Dinwiddie, and shared Braddock's defeat, to be signally preserved for
+the grandest career in history.
+
+And when the war of the Revolution gave birth to the nation, not only
+was Virginia the native State of its peerless chief, but some of its
+memorable scenes and heroes there found scope; Steuben and Lafayette
+there carried on military operations, there the traitor Arnold was
+wounded, Hamilton and Rochambeau gained historic celebrity, and there
+the great drama was closed by the surrender of Cornwallis. In the
+debates incident to the adoption of the Federal Constitution, there was
+manifested in Virginia that jealousy of a strong central government,
+which thwarted the wise advocacy and ignored the prophetic warnings of
+the best statesmen, thereby confirming the fundamental error destined,
+years after, to give facility to treasonable usurpation: the
+Constitution was only ratified, at last, by a majority of ten. In the
+war of 1812, Hampton, Craney Island, White House, and various places on
+and near the Potomac, since identified with fierce encounters and forays
+in the war of the rebellion, witnessed gallant deeds in behalf of the
+Republic. In 1829 a convention assembled in Virginia to modify the
+Constitution. Long having the most extensive territory and largest
+slaveholders, the aristocratic element disturbed and overmastered
+democratic principles. During Cromwell's rule, when virtually
+independent, Virginia proffered a fleet to the fugitive monarch; who,
+when restored, in gratitude ordered her arms to be quartered with those
+of England, Scotland, and Ireland; in exile even accepted her invitation
+to migrate thither and assume the privileges of royalty: coins of the
+Old Dominion yet testify this projected despotism. Instead of Dissenters
+as in New England, Quakers as in Pennsylvania, or Romanists as in
+Maryland, Virginia, from her earliest colonization, was identified with
+the Church of England. It was regarded, says one of her historians, as
+an 'unrighteous compulsion to maintain teachers; and what they called
+religious errors were deeply felt during the regal government:' the
+children of the more prosperous colonists were sent to England to be
+educated; their pursuits and habits, on returning, were unfavorable to
+study; and, therefore, the advantage thus gained was, for the most part,
+confined to 'superficial good manners,' and the ideal standard attained
+that of 'true Britons and true churchmen;' the former was a more
+cherished distinction there than elsewhere in America. In 1837 was
+copied from a tombstone in an old-settled part of the State, this
+inscription: 'Here lyes the body of Lieut. William Harris, who died May
+ye 16, 1608--a good soldier, husband, and neighbor: _by birth a
+Briton_.' In these facts of the past and normal tendencies we find ample
+means and motives to account for the anomalous political elements
+involved in the history--social and civic--of Virginia. While boasting
+the oldest university where four Presidents of the United States were
+educated, she sustained a slave code which was a bitter satire on
+civilized society: the law of entail long prevailed in a community
+ostensibly democratic, and only by the strenuous labors of Jefferson was
+church monopoly abolished. It is not surprising, in the retrospect, that
+her roll of famous citizens includes the noblest and the basest names
+which illustrate the political transitions of the land; the architects
+and subverters of free polity, the magnanimous and the perfidious. When
+the ameliorating influence of time and truth had, in a degree,
+harmonized the incongruous elements of opinion and developed the
+economical resources, while they liberalized the sentiments and
+habitudes of the people; when, says Caines, 'slavery, by exhausting the
+soil, had eaten away its own profits, and the recolonization by free
+settlers had actually begun, came suddenly the prohibition of the
+African slave trade, and nearly at the same time, the vast enlargement
+of the field for slavery, by the purchase of Louisiana; and these two
+events made Virginia again profitable as a means of breeding for
+exportation and sale at the South.
+
+The future geographer who elaborately applies the philosophy of that
+science, as interpreted by its modern professors, to our own history,
+will find in the events of the last few years in Virginia the richest
+and most impressive illustrations of local and physical causes in
+determining political and social destinies. Between the eastern and
+western portion of that State it will be demonstrated that nature placed
+irreconcilable barriers to the supremacy of slave labor and slave
+property; and the economical value of each will be shown thus and there
+tested with emphatic truth; so that by the laws of physical geography
+the first effect of an appeal to arms to maintain the one, was to
+alienate, as a civic element, the other, and give birth to a new State,
+by virtue of the self assertion incident to the violation of a normal
+instinct and necessity of civilization.
+
+What a change came over the scene when the grave civic interests so long
+and recklessly involved in the conflict of opinion were submitted to the
+arbitrament of battle! Along the river on whose shores the ashes of
+Washington had slept for more than half a century in honored security,
+batteries thundered upon each passing craft that bore the flag of the
+nation: every wood became a slaughter pen, every bluff a shrine of
+patriotic martyrdom; bridges were destroyed and rebuilt with alacrity;
+the sentinel's challenge broke the stillness of midnight; the earth was
+honeycombed with riflepits; campfires glowed on the hills; thousands
+perished in the marshes; creeks were stained with human blood; here sank
+the trench; there rose a grave mound or a fortress; pickets challenged
+the wanderer; every ford and mountain pass witnessed the clash of arms
+and echoed with the roar of artillery; the raid, the skirmish, the
+bivouac, the march, and the battery successively spread desolation and
+death; Arlington House, full of peaceful trophies, once dear to national
+pride, was the headquarters of an army; balloons hung in the sky, whence
+the movements of the foe were watched. Gaps and junctions were contested
+unto death; obscure towns gained historic names and bloody memories; and
+each familiar court-house and village came to be identified with
+valorous achievements or sanguinary disaster.
+
+And this land of promise, this region which so long witnessed the
+extremes of political magnanimity and turpitude, this arena where the
+vital question of labor, as modified by involuntary servitude, and free
+activity, found its most practical solution--was, and is, legitimately,
+appropriately, and naturally, the scene of the fiercest strife for
+national existence--where the claims and the climax of freedom and faith
+culminated in all the desolation of civil war. A more difficult country
+for military operations can scarcely be imagined. Early in the struggle
+it was truly said:
+
+     'Virginia is the Switzerland of the continent--a battle field every
+     three miles--a range of hills streaming where Hill may retire five
+     miles by five miles till he reaches Richmond--a conquest,
+     undoubtedly, if the North perseveres, but won at such a cost and
+     with such time as to prolong unnecessarily the struggle. The
+     Richmond of the South lies in the two millions of blacks that are
+     within the reach of cannon of our gunboats in the rivers that empty
+     into the Gulf.'
+
+How wearisome the delays and how constant the privations of the army of
+occupation in such a region, wrote an experienced observer:
+
+     'Dwelling in huts, surrounded by a sea of mud, may appear to be
+     very romantic--on paper--to some folks, but the romance of this
+     kind of existence with the soldiers soon wears away, and to them
+     any change must necessarily be for the better; they therefore hail
+     with delight, as a positive relief, the opportunity once more to
+     practise their drill which the recent change of weather has
+     afforded them. For the last three months, the time of the soldier
+     has passed heavily enough, with the long winter nights, and little
+     else to relieve the monotony of his life but stereotyped guard
+     duty.'
+
+It would require volumes to describe the ravages of war in Virginia: let
+a few pictures, selected from sketches made on the spot, indicate the
+melancholy aspect of a domain, a few weeks or months before smiling in
+peace and productiveness. The following facetious but faithful
+statement, though confined to a special, applies to many districts:
+
+     'The once neat court-house stands by the roadside a monument to
+     treason and rebellion, deprived of its white picket fence, stripped
+     of window blinds, cases, and dome, walls defaced by various
+     hieroglyphics, the judge's bench a target for the 'expectorating'
+     Yankee;' the circular enclosure occupied by the jury was besmeared
+     with mud, and valuable documents, of every description, scattered
+     about the floor and yard--it is, indeed, a sad picture of what an
+     infatuated people will bring upon themselves. In one corner of the
+     yard stands a house of records, in which were deposited all the
+     important deeds and papers pertaining to this section for a
+     generation past. When our advance entered the building, they were
+     found lying about the floor to the depth of fifteen inches or more
+     around the doorsteps and in the dooryard. It is impossible to
+     estimate the inconvenience and losses which will be incurred by
+     this wholesale destruction of deeds, claims, mortgages, etc. I
+     learned that a squadron of exasperated cavalry, who passed this way
+     not long since, committed the mischief. The jail across the way,
+     where many a poor fugitive has doubtless been imprisoned for
+     striking out for freedom, is now used as a guardhouse. As I write,
+     the bilious countenance of a culprit is peeping through the iron
+     grates of a window, who, may be, is atoning for having invaded a
+     henroost or bagged an unsuspecting pig. Our soldiers have rendered
+     animal life almost extinct in this part of the Old Dominion.
+     Indeed, wherever the army goes, there can be heard on every side
+     the piercing wail of expiring pork, the plaintive lowing of a
+     stricken bovine, or suppressed cry of an unfortunate gallinacious.'
+
+Here is a scene familiar to many a Union soldier who gazed at sunset
+upon the vast encampment:
+
+     'Along the horizon a broad belt of richest amber spread far away
+     toward north and south; and above, the spent, ragged rain clouds of
+     deep purple, suffused with crimson, were woven and braided with
+     pure gold. Slowly from the face of the heavens they melted and
+     passed away as darkness came on, leaving the clear sky studded with
+     stars, and the crescent moon shedding a soft radiance below. I
+     climbed to the top of a hill not far off, and looked across the
+     country. On every eminence, in every little hollow almost, were
+     innumerable lights shining, some thick and countless as stars,
+     indicating an encampment; others isolated upon the outskirts; here
+     and there the glowing furnace of a bakery; the whole land as far as
+     the eye could see looking like another heaven wherein some
+     ambitious archangel, covetous of creative power, had attempted to
+     rival the celestial splendors of the one above us. There was no
+     sound of drum or fife or bugle; the sweet notes of the 'good-night'
+     call had floated into space and silence a half hour before; only on
+     the still air were heard the voices of a hand of negroes chanting
+     solemnly and slowly, to a familiar sacred tune, the words of some
+     pious psalm.'
+
+We may realize the effect of the armed occupation upon economical and
+social life by a few facts noted after a successful raid:
+
+     'In the counties visited there were but few rebels found at home,
+     except the very old and the very young. In nine days' travel I did
+     not see fifty able-bodied men who were not in some way connected
+     with the army. Nearly every branch of business is at a standstill.
+     The shelves in stores are almost everywhere empty; the shop of the
+     artisan is abandoned and in ruins. The people who are to be seen
+     passively submit to all that emanates from Richmond without a
+     murmur; they are for the most part simple minded, and ignorant of
+     all that is transpiring in the great theatre about them. An
+     intelligent-looking man in Columbia laughed heartily when told that
+     Union troops occupied New Orleans--Jefferson Davis would let them
+     know it were such the fact; and I could not find a man who would
+     admit that the Confederates had ever been beaten in a single
+     engagement. These people do not even read the Richmond papers, and
+     about all the information they do obtain is what is passed about in
+     the primitive style, from mouth to mouth. Before this raid they
+     believed that the Union soldiers were anything but civilized
+     beings, and were stricken with terror when their approach was
+     heralded. Of six churches seen in one day, in only one had there
+     been religious services held within six months. One half at least
+     of the dwelling houses are unoccupied, and fast going to decay.'
+
+Not all the land is ill adapted to cool actions and strategy; there are
+sections naturally fortified, and these have been the scenes of military
+vicissitudes memorable, extreme, picturesque, and fatal. Here is an
+instance:
+
+     'There is no town in the United States which exhibits more
+     deplorably the ravages of war than Harper's Ferry. More than half
+     the buildings are in ruins, and those now inhabited are occupied by
+     small dealers and peddlers, who follow troops, and sell at
+     exorbitant prices, tarts and tinware, cakes and crockery, pipes and
+     poultry, shoes and shirts, soap and sardines. The location is one
+     of peculiar beauty. The Potomac receives the Shenandoah at this
+     point; each stream flowing through its own deep, wild, winding
+     valley, until it washes the base of the promontory, on the sides
+     and summit of which are scattered the houses and ruins of the town.
+     The rapids of the rivers prevent navigation, and make the fords
+     hazardous. The piers of an iron bridge and a single section still
+     remaining, indicate a once beautiful structure; and a pontoon
+     substitute shows the presence of troops. An occasional canal boat
+     suggests a still continued effort at traffic, and transport
+     railcars prove action in the quartermaster's department. The
+     mountains are 'high and hard to climb.' The jagged sides of slate
+     rock rise vertically, in many places to lofty heights, inducing the
+     sensation of fear lest they should fall, while riding along the
+     road which winds under the threatening cliffs. The mountains are
+     crowned with batteries, 'like diadems across the brow,' and the
+     Hottentoty-Sibley tents dot the ridges like miniature anthills.'
+
+But within and around the capital of Virginia cluster the extreme
+associations of her history: these memories and memorials of patriotism
+hallow the soil whereon the chief traitors inaugurated their infamous
+rule; the trial of Burr and the burning of the theatre are social
+traditions which make Richmond a name fraught with tragic and political
+interest; her social and forensic annals are illustrious; and,
+hereafter, among the many anomalies of the nation's history, few will
+more impress the thoughtful reminiscent than that a city eminent for
+social refinement and long the honored resort of the most eminent
+American statesmen and jurists, the seat of elegant hospitality and the
+shrine of national fame, was, for years, desecrated by the foulest
+prisons, filled with brave American citizens, who were subjected to
+insults and privations such as only barbarians could inflict, for no
+cause but the gallant defence of the national honor and authority
+against a slaveholders' rebellion.
+
+But perhaps no coincidence is more impressive in the late experience of
+a Union soldier in Virginia than the associations then and there
+awakened by the recurrence of the anniversary of the birth of her
+noblest son and our matchless patriot:
+
+     'The 22d of February, 1863--the anniversary of Washington's
+     birthday--will long be remembered,' writes one, 'by the Army of the
+     Potomac. Encamped, as it is, on the very spot where he--'whom God
+     made childless that a nation might call him father'--passed most of
+     his youthful days, the thoughts of all naturally revert to the
+     history of that great man, and particularly to that part of his
+     early life, when, within the sacred precincts of home, a mother's
+     care laid the foundation of that high moral character which in
+     after life gave tone to both his civil and military career. Within
+     one mile of the spot where I am now writing these lines, George
+     Washington lived from the fourth to the sixteenth year of his age.
+     The river, the hills, and dales, now so familiar to the soldiers
+     composing this army, were the same then as to-day, and were the
+     scene of his early gambols, his youthful joys and sorrows. Over
+     these hills he wandered in the manly pursuits for which he was at
+     that early period distinguished above his fellows, and which
+     prepared him for enduring the hardships of the position he was
+     destined to fill; here, too, is where tradition says he
+     accomplished the feat of throwing a stone across the Rappahannock,
+     and here, too, stood the traditional cherry tree, about the
+     destruction of which with his little hatchet he would not utter a
+     falsehood. Yonder, just across the Rappahannock, in a small,
+     unostentatious burying ground, the immortal remains of 'Mary,
+     mother of Washington,' were buried--sacred spot, now desecrated by
+     the presence of the enemies of those principles which her honored
+     son spent the energies of his life to establish for the benefit of
+     all mankind. When we think for what Washington took up arms against
+     the mother country, and what, by his example and teachings, he
+     sought to perpetuate forever, and see the fratricidal hand raised
+     to destroy the fair fabric he helped to rear, we feel something as
+     though an omnipotent power would here intervene, and here on this
+     sacred spot overthrow the enemies of this land without the further
+     sacrifice of blood.'
+
+Quite a different and more recent local association is thus recorded:
+
+     'The second time that I stood here was nigh three years ago, when I
+     spoke to you in relation to John Brown, then in a Virginia jail.
+     How great the result of that idea which he pressed upon the
+     country! Do you know with what poetic justice Providence treats
+     that very town where he lay in jail when I spoke to you before? The
+     very man who went down from Philadelphia to bring his body back to
+     his sad relatives--insulted every mile of the road, his life
+     threatened, the bullets whistling around his head--that very man,
+     for eight or ten months, is brigadier-general in command of the
+     town of Charlestown and Harper's Ferry. By order of his superior
+     officers, he had the satisfaction of finding it his duty, with his
+     own right hand, to put the torch to that very hotel into which he
+     had been followed with insult and contumely, as the friend of John
+     Brown; and when his brigade was under orders to destroy all the
+     buildings of that neighborhood, with reverential care he bade the
+     soldiers stop to spare that engine house that once sheltered the
+     old hero. I do not know any history more perfectly poetic than of
+     that single local instance given us in three short years. Hector
+     Tindale, the friend of John Brown, who went there almost with his
+     life in his right hand, commands, and his will is law, his sword is
+     the guarantee of peace, and by his order the town is destroyed,
+     with the single exception of that hall which John Brown's presence
+     has rendered immortal.'
+
+The graphic details furnished by the army correspondents to the daily
+press of the North, reveal to us in vivid and authentic terms the change
+which war has wrought in Virginia. The condition of one 'fine old
+mansion' is that of hundreds. On the banks of the Rappahannock and in
+the vicinity of Fredericksburg is, for instance, an estate, now called
+the Lacy House, the royal grant whereof is dated 1690. The bricks and
+the mason work of the main edifice are English; the situation is
+beautiful; the furniture, conservatories, musical instruments, every
+trait and resource suggest luxury. After the battle of Fredericksburg,
+the Lacy House became a hospital: and a spectator of the scene thus
+describes it:
+
+     'The parlors, where so often had the fairest and brightest of
+     Virginia's daughters, and her bravest and most chivalric sons, met
+     to enjoy the hospitalities of the liberal host, and to join in the
+     mazy dance 'from eve till rosy morn'--the dining room, where so
+     many lordly feasts had been served--the drawing room, wherein the
+     smiling host and hostess had received so many a welcome guest--the
+     bed rooms, from the bridal chamber where the eldest scion of the
+     house had first clasped in his arms the wife of his bosom, to the
+     low attic where the black cook retired after her greasy labors of
+     the day, all were closely crowded with the low iron hospital beds.
+     These halls, which had so often reëchoed the sound of music, and of
+     gayest voices, and also of those lower but more sacred tones that
+     belong to lovers, now resounded with shrieks of pain, and with the
+     lower, weaker groans of dying men.
+
+     'The splendid furniture was put to strange uses--the sideboard of
+     solid rosewood, made in those honest days before cabinet makers had
+     learned the rogue's trick of veneering, instead of being crowded
+     with generous wines, or with good spirits that had mellowed for
+     years in the cellars, was now crowded in every shelf with
+     forbidding-looking bottles of black draughts, with packages of salt
+     and senna, and with ill-omened piles of raking pills, perhaps not
+     less destructive in their way than shot and shell of a more
+     explosive sort. The butler's pantry and store rooms had their
+     shelves and drawers and boxes filled, not with jellies and
+     marmalades and preserves, and boxes of lemons and preserved ginger
+     and drums of figs, and all sorts of original packages of all sorts
+     of things toothsome and satisfying to the palate--but even her
+     scammony and gamboge, and aloes and Epsom salts, and other dire
+     weapons, only wielded by the medical profession, had obtained
+     exclusive sway.
+
+     'On many a retired shelf, and in many an odd corner, too, I saw
+     neglected cartridge boxes, cast-off belts, discarded caps, etc.,
+     which told, not of the careless and heedless soldier, who had lost
+     his accoutrements, but of the _dead_ soldier, who had gone to a
+     land where it is to be hoped he will have no further use for Minié
+     rifle balls or pipe-clayed crossbelts. I saw, too, with these other
+     laid-aside trappings, dozens and hundreds of Minié and other
+     cartridges, never now to be fired at an enemy by the hand that had
+     placed them in the now discarded cartridge box.
+
+     'The walls of the various rooms of the Lacy House, like those of
+     most of the old houses in Virginia, are ceiled up to the top with
+     wood, which is painted white. There is a heavy cornice in each
+     room; there are the huge old-fashioned fireplaces, the marble
+     mantelpieces over the same, and in the main dining room, where it
+     was the custom for the men to remain after dinner, and after the
+     ladies had retired, was a curious feature to be observed, that I
+     have never seen but once or twice. Over the marble mantel, but
+     quite within reach, runs a mahogany framework intended for the
+     reception of the toddy glasses, after the various guests shall have
+     finished the generous liquor therein contained.
+
+     'There are still some vestiges of the family furniture
+     remaining--some rosewood and mahogany sideboards, tables,
+     bedsteads, etc., which the family have not been able to remove, and
+     which the occupying soldiers have found no use for. The most
+     notable of these articles is a musical instrument, which may be
+     described as a compound harp-organ. It is, in fact, an upright
+     harp, played by keys which strike the wires by a pianoforte action,
+     which has an ordinary piano keyboard. This is, in fact, the
+     earliest form of the modern pianoforte. Then, in the same
+     instrument is an organ bellows and pipes, the music from which is
+     evoked by means of a separate keyboard, the bellows is worked by a
+     foot treadle, like that most detestable abomination known to
+     moderns as a melodeon. Thus, in the same instrument, the performer
+     is supposed to get the powers and effect both of an upright piano
+     and a small organ. It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to say that
+     this instrument (which, doubtless, originally cost at least $3,000)
+     is now utterly useless, the wires, many of them, being broken, and
+     the whole machine being every way out of order. The maker's name is
+     set down as 'Longman & Broderup, 26 Cheapside, No. 13 Haymarket,
+     London.' The poor old thing has doubtless been in the Lacy House
+     for more than a hundred years. It has been rudely dragged from its
+     former place of honor, and now stands in the middle of the floor.
+     The spot it formerly occupied has been lately filled by a hospital
+     bed, on which a capital operation was performed. The spouting blood
+     from the bleeding arteries of some poor patient has covered the
+     wall with crimson marks. In fact, everywhere all over the house,
+     every wall and floor is saturated with blood, and the whole house,
+     from an elegant gentleman's residence, seems to have been suddenly
+     transformed into a butcher's shamble. The old clock has stopped;
+     the child's rocking horse is rotting away in a disused balcony; the
+     costly exotics in the garden are destroyed, or perhaps the hardiest
+     are now used for horse posts. All that was elegant is wretched; all
+     that was noble is shabby; all that once told of civilized elegance
+     now speaks of ruthless barbarism.'
+
+Take another illustration--that of the incongruous juxtaposition of old
+family sepulchres and fresh soldiers' graves--the associations of the
+past and the sad memorials of recent strife even among the dead:
+
+     'Yesterday,' writes a thoughtful observer, from near Stafford Court
+     House, in December, 1862, 'for the first time since leaving
+     Harper's Ferry, I met with an evidence of the old-time aristocracy,
+     of which the present race of Virginians boast so much and possess
+     so little. About four miles from here, standing remote and alone in
+     the centre of a dense wood, I found an antiquated house of worship,
+     reminding one of the old heathen temples hidden in the recesses of
+     some deep forest, whither the followers after unknown gods were
+     wont to repair for worship or to consult the oracles. On every side
+     are seen venerable trees overtowering its not unpretentious
+     steeple. The structure is built of brick (probably brought from
+     England), in the form of a cross, semi-gothic, with entrances on
+     three sides, and was erected in the year 1794. On entering, the
+     first object which attracted my attention was the variously carved
+     pulpit, about twenty-five feet from the floor, with a winding
+     staircase leading to it. Beneath were the seats for the attendants,
+     who, in accordance with the customs of the old English Episcopacy,
+     waited upon the dominie. The floor is of stone, a large cross of
+     granite lying in the centre, where the broad aisles intersect. To
+     to the left of this is a square enclosure for the vestrymen, whose
+     names are written on the north side of the building. The reader, if
+     acquainted with Virginia pedigrees, will recognize in them some of
+     the oldest and most honorable names of the State--Thomas Fitzhugh,
+     John Lee, Peter Hedgman, Moot Doniphan, John Mercer, Henry Tyler,
+     William Mountjoy, John Fitzhugh, John Peyton. On the north hall are
+     four large tablets containing Scriptural quotations. Directly
+     beneath is a broad flagstone, on which is engraved with letters of
+     gold, 'In memory of the House of Moncure.' This smacks of royalty.
+     Parallel to it lies a tombstone with the following inscription:
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Sacred to the memory of William Robison, the fourth son of H. and
+     E. Moncure, of Windsor Forest, born the 27th of January, 1806, and
+     died 13th of April, 1828, of a pulmonary disease, brought on by
+     exposure to the cold climate of Philadelphia, where he had gone to
+     prepare himself for the practice of medicine. Possessed of a mind
+     strong and vigorous, and of a firmness of spirit a stranger to
+     fear, he died manifesting that nobleness of soul which
+     characterized him while living, the brightest promise of his
+     parents, and the fondest hopes of their afflicted family.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     'Led, doubtless, by the expectation of discovering buried
+     valuables, some one has removed the stone from its original
+     position, and excavated the earth beneath. Close by the entrance on
+     the north side are three enclosed graves, where sleep those of
+     another generation. The brown, moss-covered tombstones appear in
+     strong contrast to a plain pine board at the head of a fresh-made
+     grave alongside, and bearing the following inscription: 'Henry
+     Basler, Company H, One Hundred and Eighteenth Pennsylvania
+     Volunteers.'
+
+Loyal during the civil war of England, virtually an independent State
+under Cromwell, it is the remarkable destiny of Virginia, so called in
+honor of Queen Elizabeth's unmarried state, to have given birth to the
+spotless chief who conducted to a triumphant issue the American
+Revolution--to the orator who, more than any individual, by speech alone
+kindled the patriotic flame thereof--to the jurist whose clear and
+candid mind and sagacious integrity gave dignity and permanence to
+constitutional law--and to the statesman who advocated and established
+the democratic principle and sentiment which essentially modified and
+moulded the political character and career of the Republic, and he was
+the author of that memorable Declaration of Independence which became
+the charter of free nationality. From 1606, when three small vessels,
+with a hundred or more men, sailed for the shores of Virginia under the
+command of Christopher Newport, and Smith planned Jamestown, to the last
+pronunciamento of the rebel congress of Richmond, the documentary
+history of Virginia includes in charter, code, report, chronicle, plea,
+and protest, almost every possible element and form of political
+speculation, civic justice, and seditious arrogance: and therein the
+philosopher may find all that endears and hallows and all that
+disintegrates and degrades the State as a social experiment and a moral
+fact: so that of all the States of the Union her antecedents, both noble
+and infamous, indicate Virginia as the most appropriate arena for the
+last bitter conflict between the great antagonistic forces of civil
+order with those of social peace and progress. There where Washington, a
+young surveyor, became familiar with toil, exposure, and responsibility,
+he passed the crowning years of his spotless career; where he was born,
+he died and is buried; where Patrick Henry roamed and mused until the
+hour struck for him to rouse, with invincible eloquence, the instinct of
+free citizenship; where Marshall drilled his yeoman for battle, and
+disciplined his judicial mind by study; where Jefferson wrote his
+political philosophy and notes of a naturalist; where Burr was tried,
+Clay was born, Wirt pleaded, Nat Turner instigated the Southampton
+massacre, Lord Fairfax hunted, and John Brown was hung, Randolph
+bitterly jested, and Pocahontas won a holy fame--there treason reared
+its hydra head and profaned the consecrated soil with vulgar insults and
+savage cruelty; there was the last battle scene of the Revolution and
+the first of the Civil War; there is Mount Vernon, Monticello, and
+Yorktown, and there also are Manassas, Bull Run, and Fredericksburg;
+there is the old graveyard of Jamestown and the modern Golgotha of Fair
+Oaks; there is the noblest tribute art has reared to Washington, and the
+most loathsome prisons wherein despotism wreaked vengeance on
+patriotism; and on that soil countless martyrs have offered up their
+lives for the national existence, whose birth-pangs Virginia's peerless
+son shared, and over whose nascent being he kept such holy and intrepid
+vigil, bequeathing it as the most solemn of human trusts to those
+nearest to his local fame, by whom, with factious and fierce scorn, it
+has been infamously betrayed on its own hallowed ground; whose best
+renown shall yet be that it is the scene, not only of Freedom's
+sacrifice, but of her most pure and permanent triumph.
+
+
+
+
+SHE DEFINES HER POSITION.
+
+
+  Lingering late in garden talk,
+    My friend and I, in the prime of June.
+  The long tree-shadows across the walk
+    Hinted the waning afternoon;
+  The bird-songs died in twitterings brief;
+    The clover was folding, leaf on leaf.
+
+  Fairest season of all the year,
+    And fairest of years in all my time;
+  Earth is so sweet, and heaven so near,
+    Sure life itself must be just at prime.
+  Soft flower-faces that crowd our way,
+    Have you no word for us to-day?
+
+  Each in its nature stands arrayed:
+    Heliotropes to drink the sun;
+  Violet-shadows to haunt the shade;
+    Poppies, by every wind undone;
+  Lilies, just over-proud for grace;
+    Pansies, that laugh in every face.
+
+  Great bloused Peonies, half adoze;
+    Mimulus, wild in change and freak;
+  Dainty flesh of the China Rose,
+    Tender and fine as a fairy's cheek;
+  (I watched him finger the folds apart
+    To get at the blush in its inmost heart.)
+
+  Lo, at our feet what small blue eyes!
+    And still, as we looked, their numbers came
+  Like shy stars out of the evening skies,
+    When the east is gray, and the west is flame.
+  --'Gather yourself, and give to me,
+    Those Forget-me-nots,' said he.
+
+  Word of command I take not ill;
+    When love commands, love likes to obey.
+  But, while my words my thoughts fulfil,
+    'Forget me not,' I will not say.
+  Vows for the false; an honest mind
+    Will not be bound, and will not bind.
+
+  In your need of me I put my trust,
+    And your lack of need shall be my ban;
+  'Tis time to remember, when you must;
+    Time to forget me, when you can.
+  Yet cannot the wildest thought of mine
+  Fancy a life distuned from thine.
+
+  ... Small reserve is between us two;
+    'Tis heart to heart, and brain to brain:
+  Bare as an arrow, straight and true,
+    Struck his thought to my thought again.
+  'Not distuned; one song of praise,
+  First and third, our lives shall raise.'
+
+  Close we stood in the rosy glow,
+    Watching the cloudland tower and town;
+  Watching the double Castor grow
+    Out of the east as the sun rolled down.
+  'Yonder, how star drinks star!' said he;
+  'Yield thou so; live thou in me.'
+
+  Nay, we are close--we are not one,
+    More than those stars that seem to shine
+  In the self-same place, yet each a sun,
+    Each distinct in its sphere divine.
+  Like to Himself art thou, we know;
+  Like to Himself am I also.
+
+  What did He mean, when He sent us forth,
+    Soul and soul, to this lower life?
+  Each with a purpose, each a worth,
+    Each an arm for the human strife.
+  Armor of thine is not for me;
+  Neither is mine adjudged by thee.
+
+  Now in the lower life we stand,
+    Weapons donned, and the strife begun;
+  Higher nor lower; hand to hand;
+    Each helps each with the glad 'Well done!'
+  Each girds each to nobler ends;
+  None less lovers because such friends.
+
+  So in the peace of the closing day,
+    Resting, as striving side by side,
+  What does He mean? again we say;
+    For what new lot are our souls allied?
+  Comes to my ken, in Death's advance,
+  Life in its next significance.
+
+  See yon tortoise; he crossed the path
+    At noon, to hide where the grass is tall;
+  In a slow half sense of the sun-king's wrath,
+    Burrowing close to the garden wall.
+  --Think, could we pour into that dull brain
+  A man's whole life, joy, thought, and pain!
+
+  So, methinks, is the life we lead,
+    To the larger life that next shall be:
+  Narrow in thought, uncouth in deed;
+    Crawling, who yet shall walk so free;
+  Walking, who yet on wings shall soar;
+  Flying, who shall need wings no more.
+
+  Lo, in the larger life we stand;
+    We drop the weapons, we take the tools:
+  We serve with mind who served with hand:
+    We live by laws who lived by rules.
+  And our old earth-love, with its mortal bliss,
+  Was the fancy of babe for babe, to this.
+
+  ... Visions begone! Above us rise
+    The worlds, on His work majestic sent.
+  Floating below, the small fireflies
+    Make up a tremulous firmament.
+  Stars in the grass, and roses dear,
+  Earth is full sweet, though heaven is near.
+
+
+
+
+WHIFFS FROM MY MEERSCHAUM.
+
+
+I have that same old meerschaum yet--the same that I clasped to my lips
+in the days that are gone, and through whose fragrant, wavy clouds, as
+they floated round my head, I saw--sometimes clear and bright, sometimes
+dimmed by a mist of rising tears--visions of childhood's joyous hours,
+of schoolboy's days, of youth, with its vague dreams and longings, of
+early manhood, and its high hopes and proud anticipations.
+
+I smoke it still, though the tobacco be not always the choicest--for one
+cannot be fastidious in the army, and sutlers do not keep much of an
+assortment--and still it brings me sweet dreams, though of a different
+color.
+
+Yes, old and tried friend, times have greatly changed in the few years
+that we have been together. Sons have been torn from fond parents;
+brothers have snatched hasty kisses from tearful sisters, and marched
+off to the tap of the drum with firm step and flashing eyes, while,
+beneath, the heart beat low and mournfully; young men and maidens, in
+the rosy flush of dawning love, have parted in sadness, but proudly
+facing the duty and bravely trusting the future and the eternal Right.
+Over many a noble fellow, on the bloody fields of Shiloh and Antietam
+and Stone River, the wings of the death-angel have fallen; at many a
+hearthstone there is mourning for the brave that are dead on the field
+of honor--though it is a royal sorrow, and a proud light gleams through
+the fast-falling tears.
+
+But you and I, my faithful comrade, are together still. Next to my heart
+I have carried you many a weary league; many a dreary and, but for you,
+comfortless night we have bivouacked together. Time and roughing it have
+made their marks on both of us. Scars mar your polished face, now
+changed from spotless white to rich autumnal russet; and mine, too, the
+sun, and wind, and other smoke than that of Orinoko have darkened. You
+have lost your ornamental silver cap, and amber-mouthed stem, and I my
+polished two-storied 'tile' and the tail of my coat. But never mind; if
+we are battered and bruised, and scratched and scarred, and knocked
+around till the end of time, we will never lose our identity; and if we
+live till I am as bald as you are, we will always be good friends. Won't
+we, old boy, eh?
+
+And the old boy murmurs an unqualified assent.
+
+Puff! puff! Your face lights up as brightly, and your fragrant breath
+comes as freely here by the campfire, as when we were at home, and had
+our slippered feet upon the mantelpiece before the old-fashioned
+'Franklin,' and were surrounded by our books and our pictures, and the
+numerous _little things_, souvenirs, perhaps valueless in themselves,
+but highly prized, and reluctantly left to the tender mercies of the
+thoughtless and unappreciating.
+
+And it is these _little things_ that the soldier misses most and most
+frequently longs for. It is not the feather bed or the warm biscuits
+that he thinks of, but that dainty little penwiper, with his initials
+worked in it, and those embroidered slippers, that _she_ gave him. He
+would not give a contractor's conscience for sweet milk; but he would
+like to have his smoking cap.
+
+I once seriously thought of sending home for a certain _terra cotta_
+vase for holding cigars--a mantelpiece ornament; but I happened to
+remember that I had cigars very seldom, and a mantelpiece not at all,
+and concluded not to send.
+
+Many of these little things the young soldier will bring from home with
+him, in spite of the pooh-poohs of practical parents, and carry with
+him, in spite of the sneers of thoughtless comrades. I know a fellow who
+carries in his breast pocket the withered, odorless skeleton of a
+bouquet, that was given him on the day he left home, and who will carry
+it till he returns, or till it is reddened with his blood. And when I
+see a man, in the face of ridicule and brutal scoffing, through long
+marches and weary days of dispiriting labor, clinging with fond tenacity
+to some little memento of the past, I set him down as a man with his
+heart in the right place, who will do his country and God good service
+when there is need. And--it is well to practise what one admires in
+others--I confess that I have a smoking cap that I have often packed
+into my knapsack, at the expense of a pair of socks; and I would rather
+have left out my only shirt that was off duty than that it should have
+failed to go with me. Yes, dear girls, your little presents, perhaps
+forgotten by you, by us are fondly cherished; and around them all hover,
+like the perfume of fresh flowers, fragrant memories of the merry days
+gone by, and dreams of starry eyes and laughing lips, of floating
+drapery and flashing jewels, and moonlit summer nights in the dear
+Northland.
+
+May your eyes ne'er grow dim, nor your smiles fade away!
+
+
+
+
+LITERARY NOTICES.
+
+
+     LEVANA; or, The Doctrine of Education. Translated from the
+     German of JEAN PAUL FRIEDRICH RICHTER, Author of 'Flower,
+     Fruit, and Thorn Pieces, 'Titan,' 'Walt and Vult,' etc., etc.
+     Boston: Ticknor & Fields. For sale by D. Appleton & Co., New York.
+
+The mere annunciation of a book, as yet unknown to the American public,
+from the pen of Jean Paul Richter, will be sufficient to awaken the
+attention of all cultivated readers. He who has read and loved one book
+of this marvellous writer, will not easily rest until he has read them
+all. He is known in Germany as Jean Paul der Einzige,--Jean Paul, the
+Only--and it is true that he is the unimitated and the inimitable. He is
+_utterly_ unlike Shakspeare, and yet more like him in his grand
+charities and breadth of range than like any other author. He is the
+'Only,' the genial, the humorous, the pathetic, the tender, the satiric,
+the original, the erudite, the creative--the poet, sage, and scholar.
+But we might exhaust ourselves in expletives, and yet fail to give any
+idea of his rich imagery, his wonderful power, his natural and tender
+pathos. Besides, who does not already know him as a really great writer,
+through the appreciative criticisms of Thomas Carlyle?
+
+'Levana' is a work on Education, written as Jean Paul alone could write
+it. In order to give our readers some idea of the nature of the subjects
+treated therein, we place before them a part of the table of contents:
+Importance of Education; Proof that Education Effects Little; Spirit and
+Principle of Education; To Discover and Appreciate the Individuality of
+the Ideal Man; On the Spirit of the Age; Religious Education; The
+Beginning of Education; The Joyousness of Children; Games of Children;
+Children's Dances; Music; Commands, Prohibitions, Punishments, and
+Crying; Screaming and Crying of Children; On the Trustfulness of
+Children; On Physical Education; On the Destination of Women; Nature of
+Women; Education of Girls; Education of the Affections; On the
+Development of the Desire for Intellectual Progress; Speech and Writing;
+Attention and the Power of Adaptive Combination; Development of Wit;
+Development of Reflection, Abstraction, and Self-Knowledge; On the
+Education of the Recollection--not of the Memory; Development of the
+Sense of Beauty; Classical Education, etc., etc.
+
+We have often wondered why this book was not given to American readers;
+it was published in England, in its English dress, at least ten years
+ago. It addresses itself to parents, treating neither of national nor
+congregational education; it elevates neither state nor priest into
+educator; but it devolves that duty where the interest ought ever to be,
+on the parents, and particularly on the mother. In closing the preface
+to this book, Baireuth, May 2, 1806, Jean Paul says: 'It would be my
+greatest reward if, at the end of twenty years, some reader, as many
+years old, should return thanks to me, that the book which he is then
+reading was read by his parents.'
+
+May this work find many readers, and true, appreciative admiration.
+
+
+     FLOWER, FRUIT, AND THORN PIECES; or, The Married Life,
+     Death, and Wedding of the Advocate of the Poor, Firmian Stanislaus
+     Siebenkäs. By JEAN PAUL FRIEDRICH RICHTER. Translated from
+     the German by EDWARD HENRY NOEL. With a Memoir of the
+     Author by THOMAS CARLYLE. Ticknor & Fields: Boston. For
+     sale by D. Appleton & Co., New York.
+
+Scarcely had we finished our few remarks on the 'Levana' of Jean Paul,
+when we were called upon to welcome another work from the same loved
+hand. We have long known and prized 'Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces.'
+The writings of Richter have humanity for their text, and it has always
+been a matter of astonishment to us that they were not more widely known
+in this country. His style is peculiar, it is true, but it is the
+peculiarity of originality, never of affectation. His illustrations are
+drawn from every source, from science, art, history, biography, national
+manners, customs, civilized and savage; his imagery is varied,
+exquisite, and natural, and his religion embraces all creeds and sects.
+He is the preacher of immortal hopes, of love to God, and all-embracing
+human charities. His plots are merely threads to string his pearls,
+opals, and diamonds upon. We prefer him greatly to the cold, worldly,
+and classic Goethe. His works always have a meaning, for he was a lofty
+and original thinker. He was colossal and magnanimous both as man and
+writer. Carlyle says of him: 'His intellect is keen, impetuous,
+far-grasping, fit to rend in pieces the stubbornest materials, and
+extort from them their most hidden and refractory truth. In his Humor he
+sports with the highest and lowest; he can play at bowls with the Sun
+and Moon. His Imagination opens for us the Land of Dreams; we sail with
+him through the boundless Abyss; and the secrets of Space, and Time, and
+Life, and Annihilation hover round us in dim, cloudy forms; and
+darkness, and immensity, and dread encompass and overshadow us. Nay, in
+handling the smallest matter, he works it with the tools of a giant. A
+common truth is wrenched from its old combinations, and presented to us
+in new, impassable, abysmal contrast with its opposite error. A trifle,
+some slender character, some jest, quip, or spiritual toy, is shaped
+into the most quaint, yet often truly living form; but shaped somehow as
+with the hammer of Vulcan, with three strokes that might have helped to
+forge an Ægis. The treasures of his mind are of a similar description
+with the mind itself; his knowledge is gathered from all the kingdoms of
+Art, and Science, and Nature, and lies round him in huge unwieldy heaps.
+His very language is Titanian; deep, strong, tumultuous; shining with a
+thousand hues, fused from a thousand elements, and winding in
+labyrinthic masses.' We recommend Jean Paul to universal study; he will,
+in spite of all his grotesque and broken arabesques, amply repay it.
+
+     BROKEN COLUMNS. Sheldon & Co., 335 Broadway, New York.
+
+An anonymous novel, by one who says: 'I shall not say I have not
+aforetime walked openly in the highway of literature, but on this
+occasion the public must indulge me with the use of a thick veil; a
+veil, albeit, which will allow me to observe whether smiles or frowns
+mark the public countenance.'
+
+The author will without doubt find both smiles and frowns on the faces
+he would regard. His characters are novel, the situations eccentric, the
+denouements unexpected. Love is made the solvent and reformer of vice.
+The sinner seems not actually depraved, but ever ready to return to the
+path of virtue. Forgiveness is the elixir of reformation and
+regeneration. Charity controls the inner life. The work contains
+passages of great beauty, though the style is often broken and rugged.
+It is philanthropic, and full of pity for the erring. We fail to
+understand the characters, because we have never seen coarse vice
+associated with tenderness and refinement. It is true, as our author
+says, that 'in seeking the reclamation of our fellow creatures, we are
+nothing less than co-workers with God.' But it is a solemn task, and
+charity itself is subject to the laws of eternal justice.
+
+     THE OLD MERCHANTS OF NEW YORK CITY. By WALTER
+     BARRETT, Clerk. Second Series. Carleton, publisher, 413
+     Broadway, New York.
+
+The first series of this book had a circulation so extensive that its
+author gives to the world another volume. The motto of the work seems to
+be, 'The crowning city--whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers
+are the _honorable_ of the earth.' It is not a series of biographies,
+but light, gossiping sketches of persons, things, manners, the
+eccentricities of noted men, the transfers of well-known pieces of
+property, the changes in firms, the improvements in streets and
+buildings, the gradual extension of old and the introduction of new
+branches of trade and business, the intermarriages of families, etc.,
+etc. To those familiar with the business habits of New York, acquainted
+with its localities, interested in the origin and early history of its
+mercantile families, of whom the book contains many personal anecdotes,
+we presume it will prove amusing and entertaining.
+
+     VINCENZO; or, Sunken Rocks. A Novel, by JOHN
+     RUFFINI, Author of 'Doctor Antonio,' 'Lavinia,' etc. Carleton,
+     publisher, 413 Broadway, New York.
+
+'Dr. Antonio' had many admirers both here and in England, and is already
+in the second edition. The scene of Vincenzo is laid in Italy, during
+the progress of the Italian Revolution. The 'Sunken Rocks' are the
+widely differing religious and political views of husband and wife; and
+our author closes his tale in saying: 'Would to God, at least, that the
+case of the Candias was an isolated one! But no; there is scarcely any
+corner in Europe that does not exhibit plenty of such, and worse. God
+alone knows the number of families whose domestic peace has been, of
+late years, seriously damaged, or has gone to wreck altogether on those
+very rocks so fatal to Vincenzo.' Alas! that the present civil war
+should have given birth to much of the same domestic alienation and
+bitterness in our own midst as we find portrayed in the novel before us.
+Suffering of this kind, real and severe, exists among ourselves,
+saddening the heart of many a woman, and paralyzing the exertions of
+many a man who would else be patriotic and loyal.
+
+     PIQUE. A Novel. Loring, publisher, 319 Washington street,
+     Boston. For sale by Oliver S. Fell, 36 Walker street, New York.
+
+We have no doubt that this book will excite considerable attention in
+the novel-reading world. It is in all probability destined to become as
+popular as the one of which, without being any imitation, it frequently
+reminds us--we mean 'The Initials.' The characters portrayed in 'Pique'
+develop themselves through the means of spirited conversations, arising
+from the surrounding circumstances--conversations always natural and
+without exaggeration. The pages are never dull, the story being varied
+and full of interest. It is a tale of the affections, of the home
+circle, of jealousies, misconceptions, perversions, feelings, the
+incidents growing naturally out of the defects and excellences of the
+individuals depicted. The scene is laid in England; the local coloring
+and characters being thoroughly English. Modern life and modern traits
+are portrayed with considerable skill and cleverness. The moral tone is
+throughout is unexceptionable. We commend 'Pique' to all lovers of
+refined, spirited, and detailed home novels.
+
+     MEDITATIONS ON LIFE AND ITS RELIGIOUS DUTIES. Translated
+     from the German of Zschokke. By FREDERICA ROWAN. Boston:
+     Ticknor and Fields, 1863. For sale by D. Appleton & Co., New York.
+
+The tendency of these 'Meditations' is eminently practical, and the
+subjects treated are of universal application and interest. The
+translation is dedicated to Princess Alice, of England, now of Hesse,
+and is well executed, preserving the beauty and simplicity of the
+original, and supplying a need frequently felt in current religious
+literature, where vague reveries too often usurp the place of sensible
+counsel and life-improving suggestions.
+
+     PETER CARRADINE; or, The Martindale Pastoral By
+     CAROLINE CHESEBRO'. Sheldon &, Company, 335 Broadway.
+     Gould & Lincoln, Boston.
+
+We have not yet had time to read this 'Pastoral' for ourselves, but it
+is highly commended by Marion Harland, author of 'Alone.' 'The story is
+confined within the limits of a country neighborhood, but there is
+variety of character, motive, and action. You are reminded that the
+authoress writes with a purpose, as well as a power, that the earnest,
+God-fearing soul of the philanthropist has travailed here for the good
+of her kind, not the mere 'sensation' romancist writer for the
+entertainment of an idle hour.' We quote from Marion Harland.
+
+     EXCURSIONS. By HENRY D. THOREAU, Author of
+     'Walden,' and 'A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers.' Boston:
+     Ticknor & Fields. For sale by D. Appleton & Co., New York.
+
+Henry David Thoreau was a man of decided genius, and an ardent lover of
+nature. His eye was open to beauty, and his ear to music. He found
+these, not in rare conditions, but wheresoever he went. He was sincerity
+itself, and no cant or affectation is to be found in his writings. He
+was religious in his own way; incapable of any profanation, by act or
+thought, although his original living and thinking detached him from the
+social religious forms. He thought that without religion no great deed
+had ever been accomplished. He was disgusted with crime, and no worldly
+success could cover it. He loved nature so well, and was so happy in her
+solitude, that he became very jealous of cities and the sad work which
+their refinements and artifices made with man and his dwelling. The axe
+was always destroying his forest. 'Thank God,' he said, 'they cannot cut
+down the clouds.'
+
+We have taken the above traits from the exceedingly interesting
+biographical sketch introducing this book, from the masterly hand of
+R. W. Emerson. The writings of Thoreau are the result of his character,
+modelled from and colored by the tastes and habits of his daily life.
+Nature lives in his pages. We know of no more delightful reading. He
+says: 'A truly good book is something as natural, and as unexpectedly
+and unaccountably fair and perfect, as a wild flower discovered on the
+prairies of the West or in the jungles of the East. Where is the
+literature which gives expression to nature? He would be a poet who
+could impress the winds and streams into his service, to speak for him;
+who nailed words to their primitive senses, as farmers drive down stakes
+in the spring, which the frost has heaved; who derived his words as
+often as he used them--transplanted them to his page with earth adhering
+to their roots; whose words were so true, and fresh, and natural that
+they would appear to expand like buds at the approach of spring, though
+they lay half-smothered between two musty leaves in a library--aye to
+bloom and bear fruit there, after their kind, annually, for the faithful
+reader, in sympathy with surrounding nature.'
+
+Such a poet is Thoreau, and fair and perfect as the wild flowers of the
+prairies are his 'good books.' In the above extract he has himself
+described them. Who knows not his 'Autumnal Tints,' and 'Wild Apples,'
+and who has ever read them without loving them? Theodore Winthrop's
+'Life in the Open Air,' 'Out-door Papers,' by T. W. Higginson, and
+'Excursions,' by H. D. Thoreau, are books which could only have been
+written in America, and of which an American may justly feel proud. They
+are in themselves a library for the country, and we heartily commend
+them to all who love nature and the fresh breath of the forest.
+
+     THE GREAT STONE BOOK OF NATURE. By DAVID THOMAS
+     ANSTED, M. A., F. R. S., F. G. S., etc. Late Fellow of Jesus
+     College, Cambridge; Honorary Fellow of King's College, London.
+     Published by George W. Childs, 628 and 630 Chestnut Street,
+     Philadelphia, 1863. Received per favor of C. T. Evans, 448
+     Broadway, New York.
+
+To popularize scientific knowledge is one of the most difficult of
+tasks. Men of real science are rarely willing to spare the necessary
+time, and the work is ordinarily undertaken by a class of pseudo
+savants, who have just acquired that little learning which is so
+dangerous a thing. Deductions and results are all that can be set before
+the people, who are unable to follow scientific processes, and who are
+hence liable to receive impressions, the truth or error of which must
+depend upon the fairness and logical acumen of the individual mind
+addressing them. The work before us is evidently written by one
+thoroughly conversant with the subject under consideration, and the
+author seems careful to assert no fact or affirm no conclusion not
+strictly warranted by actual research. Solid works of this kind ought to
+be warmly welcomed, and as such we recommend the above to our reading
+community.
+
+     REMAINS IN VERSE AND PROSE, OF ARTHUR HENRY HALLAM. With a
+     Preface and Memoir. Ticknor & Fields, Boston.
+
+Arthur Henry Hallam possessed the friendship of one who ranks high among
+the living poets of England--Tennyson. How bitterly the poet felt his
+death, he has himself testified in his 'In Memoriam,' a book which has
+many admirers both in England and America. The image of young Hallam
+hovers like a lovely shadow over these yearning poems devoted to the
+memory of the regretted friend; his 'Remains,' will enable us to
+understand why he excited a love so tender and respectful, and left so
+deep a grief for his loss when he passed away. 'From the earliest years
+of this extraordinary young man, his premature abilities were not more
+conspicuous than an almost faultless disposition, sustained by a more
+calm self-command than has often been witnessed in that season of life.
+The sweetness of temper that distinguished his childhood, became, with
+the advance of manhood, an habitual benevolence, and ultimately ripened
+into that exalted principle of love toward God and man, which animated
+and almost absorbed his soul during the latter period of his life, and
+to which his compositions bear such emphatic testimony.'
+
+The 'Remains' of such a spirit cannot fail to be interesting. We were
+especially pleased with the 'Oration on the Influence of Italian Works
+of Imagination on the same class of compositions in England.' The great
+Italians seldom receive their full meed of praise, either from the
+English or ourselves. Some very mature remarks are also made upon the
+influence of German mind upon English literature.
+
+     THE REJECTED WIFE. By Mrs. ANN S. STEPHENS,
+     Author of 'Fashion and Famine,' 'The Old Homestead,' 'Mary
+     Derwent,' &c. T. B. Peterson & Brothers, Chestnut street,
+     Philadelphia.
+
+A novel in which are depicted the early days of Benedict Arnold. The
+characters are well drawn and sustained, and the tale one of
+considerable interest. The fright and agony of the fair, young, deserted
+wife are delicately and skilfully drawn; most of the scenes in which she
+is introduced are full of nature and simple pathos. The pictures of
+Puritan manners, lives, and thoughts, are graphic and truthful. We
+commend the book to all lovers of a good, pure, domestic novel.
+
+     PINNEO'S ANALYTICAL GRAMMAR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE:
+     Designed for Schools. By T. S. PINNEO, M. A., M. D.,
+     Author of 'Primary Grammar,' 'Hemans Reader,' &c. Revised and
+     enlarged. New York: Clark, Austin & Smith; Cincinnati: W. B. Smith
+     & Co.
+
+This work is intended to succeed the author's 'Primary Grammar,' being,
+however, complete in itself. It presents a full view of the
+well-established principles of the English language, in their practical
+bearing on _analysis_ and _construction_. No space is wasted on the
+discussion of curious or unimportant points, which, however interesting
+to the critical student, always encumbers an elementary work. Simplicity
+in definitions, examples, exercises, and arrangement, has been carefully
+studied. The exercises are full and numerous; a large portion of them
+designed to teach, at the same time, the _nature_, _properties_, and
+_relations_ of words, and the _analysis_ and _construction_ of
+sentences.
+
+'Model Class-Books on the English Language have been produced by
+Professor Pinneo, and they should be adopted as standard text-books in
+the schools of the United States.'-_Educational Reports_.
+
+     THE BRITISH AMERICAN. No. 6. October, 1863. A Monthly
+     Magazine devoted to Literature, Science, and Art. Toronto: Rollo &
+     Adams, publishers.
+
+Contents: A Further Plea for British American Nationality, by Thomas
+D'Arcy McGee; The Maple; A Tale of the Bay of Quinte; Longfellow and his
+Poetry; The Cited Curate; The Labradorians; Margaret; The Settler's
+Daughter; Song; Historical Notes on the Extinct Tribes of North
+America--The Mascoutens--The Neuters--The Eastern Range of the Buffalo;
+Sonnet to the Humming Bird; Reviews; The British Quarterlies; The
+British Monthlies; American Periodicals, &c., &c.
+
+     THE MASSACHUSETTS TEACHER: A Journal of School and Home
+     Education. Resident Editors: Charles Ansorge, Dorchester; Wm. T.
+     Adams, Boston; W. E. Sheldon, West Newton, New Series, October,
+     1863. Boston: Published by the Massachusetts Teachers' Association,
+     No. 119 Washington street, Boston.
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+
+THE LAW OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.
+
+In the articles contributed to our pages, we do not always exact a
+precise conformity to our own views. If we are satisfied with the
+general scope and tendency of thought presented by respectable writers
+who appear in their own names, we do not care to make known any minor
+differences of opinion, or to criticise what we consider the errors of
+their productions. Nevertheless, we suppose that a calm and friendly
+expression of our own thoughts, on any subject discussed in our pages,
+will not be out of place or unkindly received in any quarter.
+
+In the very able and interesting article in our last number, by Mr.
+Freeland, that writer announced the doctrine that 'the social,
+political, religious, and scientific development of the world proceeds
+under the operation of two grand antagonistic principles,' which he
+calls respectively, 'Unity,' and 'Individuality.' 'The first of these,'
+he says, 'tends to bring about coöperation, consolidation, convergence,
+dependence; the second to produce separation, isolation, divergence, and
+independence. Unity is the principle which tends to order; Individuality
+to freedom.'
+
+We are prepared to admit the existence and operation of these principles
+as stated. They constitute the active tendencies of society, and they
+perform in the social world precisely what the antagonistic forces of
+attraction and repulsion do in the physical. They are the principles of
+aggregation and organization, as well as of agitation, conflict, and all
+revolutionary or progressive activity. In a more perfect state of
+development, they will exhibit themselves as the centripetal and
+centrifugal forces of a beautiful system arrived at that stage of
+regulated motion which constitutes a stable equilibrium.
+
+But while we admit the universal operation of these two principles, we
+think Mr. Freeland has made a serious mistake in the application of
+them,--a mistake which seems to run through his entire essay, and to
+pervade the whole system of his philosophy. We shall venture upon a
+brief criticism, solely with the view of eliminating truth. The
+question, though somewhat abstract in its nature, is to us of the
+highest interest; and we shall ever be ready to yield our position, when
+convinced that it is erroneous and untenable.
+
+We find what we consider the exceptionable doctrine in the following
+passage: 'Unity is allied to the affections, which are synthetic in
+their character; Individuality, to the intellect, which is mainly
+analytical and disruptive in its tendency. Unity is predominant in
+religion, which is static in its nature; Individuality to science, which
+is primarily disturbing. In the distribution of the mental faculties,
+Unity relates to the moral powers, and Individuality to the
+intellectual; the former being, as both Mr. Buckle and Professor Draper
+have shown, more stationary in their character than the latter. As in
+this paragraph the 'affections' are placed in contrast with the
+'intellect,' we suppose that by the former the writer intends to
+designate the emotions or passions, thus making that most obvious
+analysis of the mind into halves--the active impulses and moral
+principles on the one hand, and the perceptive and reflective faculties
+on the other. There is some little confusion of statement, in afterward
+contrasting the 'moral powers' with the 'intellectual;' but we imagine
+that the same general classification is intended, although not quite
+defined with philosophical accuracy.
+
+If we are correct in this interpretation of the language quoted, we do
+not see how the emotional part of human nature can, in any general
+sense, be said to be allied to unity. The passions are the basis of all
+human agitation and conflict, and have been the cause of all the wars
+which have engaged mankind during the past ages of the world. In the
+early periods of history the selfish emotions have preponderated over
+the benevolent. Hatred, ambition, avarice, have been superior to love,
+humility, and charity. It is more than doubtful whether, even now, the
+selfish passions of the human race are not still in the ascendant.
+
+It may be said that, in the long run, the emotions tend to harmony, and
+that the coöperative and benevolent feelings are continually approaching
+their final and complete triumph. This is undoubtedly true; but it is
+wholly attributable to the progress of the human intellect, which, day
+by day, is demonstrating that man's emotional and moral nature can find
+its highest enjoyment and its most perfect development only in the
+complete subordination of the selfish and unsocial passions, to those
+which promote universal toleration and brotherhood.
+
+But if Mr. Freeland is wrong in the position that the primary tendency
+of the passions is to unity, he seems to us equally far from scientific
+truth when he asserts that intellect is 'disrupting' in its tendency,
+and that science is primarily 'disturbing.' It is true the intellect has
+the analytical faculty; but it is equally true that the opposite faculty
+of generalization is that which most strongly characterizes it and
+distinguishes reason from instinct. So far from analysis being the
+earliest predominant tendency of the intellect, almost all its most
+familiar and ordinary acts are those of synthesis. In all the phenomena
+of perception, the separate sensations are combined by an act of the
+judgment into the concrete ideas of form and substance, while the
+highest and most permanent characteristic of science is in the
+comprehensive attainment of general laws.
+
+The simple truth of the whole case is, that the affections or passions
+of men are the motive powers which impel them to action in every field
+of human affairs. The intellect, on the contrary, dominates these motive
+powers by its faculty of unfolding truth, foreseeing consequences,
+exploring the path of practicable progress, and illuminating the objects
+of rational desire to humanity. In the passions of men we have the two
+antagonistic forces--the attraction and repulsion--the centripetal and
+centrifugal tendencies--which ever antagonize each other, and through
+all the conflicts and agitations of mankind, are tending to eventual
+harmony. The moral faculty is a mere standard of right and wrong, which,
+of course, remains comparatively fixed and permanent through all the
+ages. The changes of opinion and action, in the sense of morality, are
+due wholly to the difference of knowledge at successive periods. Just as
+the intellect is capable of determining the bearing and consequences of
+human action, and of fixing the intention with reference to such
+consequences, will the moral character of such action be pronounced,
+more or less correctly, according to the degree of enlightenment of the
+parties concerned.
+
+From this analysis it will be plainly seen, that all the force is in the
+passions or desires of men. These are enlightened, and therefore
+regulated by the intellect, and judged by the moral faculty according to
+the consequences foreseen and intended. Ideas alone have the power of
+organization. The passions attend upon ideas as their ministers and
+servants. Beliefs, which represent the ideas or knowledge prevalent at
+successive periods in history, have controlled the destiny of men and
+nations, and all human passions have been marshalled and arrayed in
+conformity with them.
+
+The error of Mr. Freeland, we respectfully submit, is in placing the
+intellect and the passions in antagonism with each other, while, in
+truth, it is one passion, or one class of passions, which antagonizes
+another. The direction given to society by the predominating force of
+all the individual propensities is retrogressive, stationary, or
+progressive, revolutionary and destructive, or moderate and safe,
+according to the knowledge of facts and the prevision of consequences
+which may inform the judgments and enlighten the consciences of the
+masses.
+
+At periods of general ignorance and superstition, the announcement of a
+great scientific or philosophic truth may produce commotion,
+persecution, and discord. But it is evident that these are the results
+of ignorance and not of knowledge--of unenlightened passion, and not of
+the awakened intellect. Truth is attractive to all minds, and its
+tendency is to invite universal assent. In so far, therefore, as the
+intellect is capable of discovering truth, its tendency is to unify and
+harmonize, and by no means to separate into disorder. In an age of
+inquiry, the emancipation of thought may be attended with much
+disturbance. The right of individual judgment will necessarily produce
+conflict in the very act of emerging from the preceding state of
+ignorance and restraint. The state of transition cannot be one of
+tranquillity, although it is the inevitable path to a higher and more
+complete harmony. But it is inaccurate and philosophically untrue, as we
+think, to characterize the intellect as 'disturbing,' or 'disrupting.'
+It is disturbing only to ignorance, and disrupting only to the systems
+and organizations based upon falsehood.
+
+We think these positions and brief discriminations are accurate, and not
+to be overthrown by argument; and as they are fundamental, we have
+thought it not improper to state them here, as the basis upon which we
+accept the general reasoning of Mr. Freeland as to the law of human
+development. Buckle and Draper are right as to the fixed character of
+moral standards; but the progressive development of knowledge gives new
+applications to moral principles, and requires their perpetual operation
+and control. In this sense, morality keeps pace with knowledge, and
+though dependent upon new truths for its own advancement, is
+indispensable to the progress of mankind in the social benefits to be
+derived from every intellectual acquisition.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A musical example of a rhythm rare and difficult of treatment in
+English--the dactylic.--ED.
+
+
+GONE!
+
+BY EARL MARBLE.
+
+  Gone from the earth, in her innocence, purity,
+    Gone, 'mong her bright sister angels to dwell;
+  Gone, to explore the dark shades of Futurity,
+    Gone to her final home! Sweet one, farewell!
+
+  On this cold, freezing earth, sensitive, shivering,
+    Standing but feebly before its chill blast;--
+  Into the Future, her face with joy quivering,
+    Into its warmth, its morn genial, at last!
+
+  Gone from her earth-home, where all were but blessing her
+    In the cold, heart-chilling language of earth;
+  Now, in her heaven-home, all are caressing her,
+    Not as the Clay, but the soul of New Birth!
+
+  Slowly, the days which once fleeted so cheerily,
+    Floated as though we could never know pain,
+  Drag their dull length along, sadly and drearily,
+    Wearily praying for Lethe in vain!
+
+  Yet, though 'tis hard that the young and the beautiful,
+    From loving hearts should be torn thus away,
+  Still will we try to be patient and dutiful,
+    Knowing that after the night comes the day.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AËRONAUTICS.
+
+Recent British papers and correspondents bring very pleasing accounts of
+a balloon ascension, which took place in London on the 9th of October.
+This adventure is the more interesting to us, from the fact that the
+well-known and experienced aëronauts, Messrs. Coxwell and Glaisher, were
+accompanied in their celestial excursion by several private individuals
+of distinction, and among the rest by the Hon. Robert J. Walker, of this
+country, whose able contributions have done so much to enhance the value
+of THE CONTINENTAL. Some years ago, this gentleman had the
+scientific curiosity to descend to the bottom of the sea, in a new
+diving apparatus, just then invented; and recently he has been driven
+through a tunnel on a railway, by the pneumatic process, which in
+certain locations and conditions, will probably hereafter be substituted
+for the ordinary power of the locomotive engine. He seems to be not only
+ready to welcome all valuable improvements in science and mechanics, but
+is ready himself to take the risks of dangerous exploration in the
+pursuit of knowledge and for the promotion of progress.
+
+But of all such adventures, that into the regions of the atmosphere is
+by far the most interesting. Living immersed in this great ocean of air
+and moisture which surrounds the earth, and is the theatre of all the
+grand, beautiful, benignant, and often terrific phenomena of
+meteorology, it is no more than a very natural curiosity which induces
+us to seek by aërial exploration to understand its physical
+peculiarities, and to make use of the vast resources which it will
+doubtless soon afford to the genius and enterprise of the human race.
+
+Until recently, we believe, it has been considered a settled fact, that
+the atmosphere was limited to the height of about forty-five miles, that
+being estimated as the limit at which the earth's attraction would be
+balanced by the expansive force of the particles of air. But in this
+problem there is an element of complication in the rotation of the
+atmosphere with the earth on its axis. Near the surface, and for a great
+distance upward, the air is but a part of the solid globe, or rather an
+appendage to it, moving with it in all respects like the denser fluid
+which constitutes the mighty ocean. But there must be a point in the
+ascent upward, where the centrifugal force of the particles of air, in
+the diurnal rotation, must over-balance the power of gravitation; and
+from that limit, the motions of the atmosphere must be subject to a law
+of a wholly different character--partaking of the nature of planetary
+revolution, rather than of axial rotation. The latest speculations as to
+the height of the atmosphere, seem to have reached only this degree of
+certainty, viz., that it does not extend so far as the orbit of the
+moon. Otherwise, it is argued, the superior attraction of that body, in
+its immediate vicinity, would aggregate a considerable quantity of the
+air about it, which would tend to retard the motions of the satellite in
+its orbit, and of the earth on its axis; whereas, the revolutions and
+rotations of both are known to have been uniform for a period as far
+back as authentic observation extends.
+
+But these speculations, however curious and interesting, are of no
+practical importance. We shall never be able to traverse the air to any
+great distance above the earth's surface. Independent of mechanical
+difficulties, two great impediments will forever prevent the realization
+of any such ambitions aspirations. These are the increase of cold and
+decrease of pressure in the upper regions of the air, and the deficiency
+of oxygen in the rarefied element for the support of animal life. It is
+well known that at the earth's surface, the pressure on all parts of the
+body, internal and external, by the weight of the superincumbent
+atmosphere, is no less than 14½ pounds to every square inch. The
+structure of the human body is physiologically conformed by nature to
+this pressure, and it cannot survive with any very great change of this
+amount, either by increase or diminution. When one descends into the
+water, the pressure is doubled at about 32 feet of depth. In ascending
+in the atmosphere, the pressure is diminished much less rapidly, of
+course, but quite sensibly when the altitude becomes very great.
+
+Messrs. Coxwell and Glaisher are said to have ascended in 1862 to a
+height of seven and a half miles. One of these gentlemen became entirely
+insensible from cold and want of oxygen, and the other very nearly so,
+being obliged to open the valve of the balloon with his teeth for want
+of the use of his hands.
+
+Nature provides a partial remedy for the difficulty of breathing in the
+upper regions of the atmosphere. In the effort to breathe, the lungs are
+found to expand and to develop air cells not ordinarily used, so as to
+bring a larger quantity of the rarefied air into contact with the blood.
+It has been proposed to assist this effort of nature, and, in order to
+enable the aëronaut to reach a greater altitude with safety, to carry up
+in bags a supply of oxygen for breathing. As air is carried or forced
+down into the water to enable the diver to breathe, so it may be
+conveyed upward for the benefit of the aërial adventurer.
+
+But with all possible expedients, it is not probable that man will ever
+be able to get far away from the surface of the earth which is his
+natural place of abode. If he can explore the lower strata immediately
+adjoining his own theatre of action--the strata in which all the great
+and important phenomena of meteorology take place--and if he can succeed
+in traversing it at his pleasure with safety and some degree of
+celerity, as we doubt not he will eventually, this great achievement
+will subserve all the useful purposes possible to be derived from such
+skill and knowledge.
+
+The atmosphere will still be the vast reservoir of oxygen, nitrogen, and
+carbon, from winch all living things in the air, on the earth, or in the
+depths of the boundless ocean, whether animal or vegetable, draw far the
+greater part of their nutriment. We can never reach the surface of this
+atmospheric ocean, for that would be for us a region of inanity and
+death; but there is scarcely a doubt that we shall freely use it in the
+future for purposes of locomotion, at the same time that we breathe and
+assimilate it as the very pabulum and substance of our mortal bodies.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+IN MEMORIAM!
+
+  Far in the wood he lieth,
+    Sleeping alone
+  Where the wind of autumn sigheth,
+    Making its moan,
+  Where the golden beams are leaping
+    Bright overhead,
+  And the autumn leaves lie sleeping
+    Over the dead,
+  By the stream that runs forever,
+    Hurrying past,
+  'Neath the trees that bend and quiver
+    Wild in the blast;--
+  Deep in the wood he lieth,
+    Under the sod,
+  Where the wind of autumn sigheth,
+    Alone--with his God.
+
+                        E. W. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The great question of the hour is, that of rebuilding the edifice of the
+Republic, which has been rudely shaken and partly thrown down by the
+rebellion. All patriotic hearts, in anticipation of the speedy close of
+the war, are turned with intense interest to this important work.
+Opinions divide upon this as upon all other great subjects, and we have
+two antagonistic ideas, organizing their respective parties with
+reference to it. One party maintains that the rebellious States have
+forfeited all their rights, and can under no circumstances claim to be
+recognized in their former relations, except on a re-admission into the
+Union upon the terms prescribed by the Constitution for the admission of
+new States. The other party denies that any of the States, as such, have
+forfeited, or can forfeit any of their rights, and maintains the duty of
+the Federal Government to protect all the States in their constitutional
+integrity, to put down the rebellion within them, and to restore to them
+the republican forms which have been violently overthrown.
+
+In each of these positions, there seems to be a combination of truth and
+error. So long as any State is in a belligerent and treasonable
+attitude, disclaiming and repudiating her obligations under the
+Constitution, she is obviously not entitled to the benefits of the
+system which she thus assails and defies. The State being sustained in
+rebellion by its whole people, it is vain to say the Government can only
+regard the people as individuals, for these are the State, and must be
+treated accordingly. But if, laying down her arms, or even after being
+conquered, a State returns to her allegiance, to reject her demands
+would be to admit that secession had been effectual. It would be a
+recognition of the validity, if not of the rightfulness of the movement
+which assumed to carry the State out of the Union.
+
+On the other hand, to maintain that the State is still legally in the
+Union, even at the moment of violent treason, and is still entitled to
+claim her position and rights as such, would be equally, if not more
+absurd and injurious to the nation. It is argued, that if there be any
+true and loyal citizens in the State, however few, they are entitled to
+the protection of the Federal Government, and the recognition of their
+State as a member of the Union. This doctrine is unreasonable and
+impracticable. Any theory which would carry us to the absurd extreme of
+constituting a State of an inconsiderable number of men,--the paltry
+minority of a large population--would not be more objectionable to the
+good sense of the people, than irreconcilable with the fundamental
+principles of our complex government. Such a minority, however small,
+would be entitled to the protection and to the highest favor of the
+Government; and if they could be built up into a power sufficiently
+strong to maintain themselves in the State, then they would fairly be
+entitled to claim full recognition. If, by the legitimate exercise of
+its war powers, by the just restraint and punishment of treason, the
+Federal Government can establish the real political ascendency of the
+loyal part of the population, and thus actually restore the State
+Government on a fair and substantial basis, even though it be placed in
+the hands of a present minority, it would be fully justified in
+recognizing this organization as a member of the old Union. But to set
+up a mere sham, and pretend to rebuild a State on the basis of
+inconsiderable numbers, against even the disloyal sentiments of the
+great body of the people, would be unwise and unavailing. Such a
+reconstruction would be hollow and deceptive, a danger and a snare,
+forever threatening the tranquillity of the country.
+
+The question is one of practical statesmanship; and the Government must
+deal with it upon the principles of common sense, without embarrassing
+itself by any mere theories which would be troublesome and inapplicable
+in any emergency. How long after subjugation the Government will wait
+for the return of any State to its allegiance, and what indications of
+sincere loyalty will be accepted, as well as what fair and honorable
+inducements will be held out to lure the erring population back into the
+fold of the Union, are matters for the gravest consideration, and can
+only be determined when the occasion for decision shall arise. To thrust
+a State back into the Union, and clothe it with all its former
+constitutional privileges, while the masses of its people are still
+hostile to the Federal authority, would evince a degree of recklessness,
+and even insanity, which, it is to be hoped, the Government will never
+exhibit. But when a State is fit to return, and may properly and safely
+be received, let her be welcomed cordially and heartily, without the
+least reminiscence of her sad and disastrous error.
+
+The true difficulty is not in the principle which is to control our
+action in any given circumstances. That is sufficiently plain in itself;
+it is only the application which is difficult. We cannot acknowledge the
+equality and sisterhood of a State, which, though subdued, is still
+hostile and not to be trusted in the Union: but we can and will receive
+all those which truly accept the result of the war and honestly return
+to their allegiance. We cannot create a State in the midst of a hostile
+population, and maintain the sovereign right of an inconsiderable few
+against the voice of the vast majority; but we can favor, encourage, and
+build up the loyal minority when that is sufficiently important, so as
+to make it the majority, and clothe it with the power of the
+resuscitated State.
+
+So long as there is no loyal State authority fairly representing the
+people, the State must be considered as disabled, and its rights _in
+abeyance_. There is no necessity of considering the State as
+extinguished, while there is hope of a favorable change. To reduce the
+States to the condition of territories would be an act of extreme
+hostility, and could only be the ultimate result of incorrigible
+treason, holding out against subjugation and against all the reasonable
+inducements which can be offered to a rebellious people by a magnanimous
+Government. We can never receive into the bosom of the Union a hostile
+people, full of treason, and always ready for renewed mischief. Though
+they be conquered in arms, we cannot compel their thoughts and
+affections. Unless they yield these, force cannot win them; and we must
+therefore hold the rein of control for our own security. The act of
+recognition will be always determined by the will of the Federal
+authorities. This right of decision necessarily places in their hands
+the supreme control of those conditions which are necessary to our
+future security.
+
+
+END OF VOLUME IV.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The peculiar taint or infection which we call SCROFULA lurks in
+the constitutions of multitudes of men. It either produces or is
+produced by an enfeebled, vitiated state of the blood, wherein that
+fluid becomes incompetent to sustain the vital forces in their vigorous
+action, and leaves the system to fall into disorder and decay. The
+scrofulous contamination is variously caused by mercurial disease, low
+living, disordered digestion from unhealthy food, impure air, filth and
+filthy habits, the depressing vices, and, above all, by the venereal
+infection. Whatever be its origin, it is hereditary in the constitution,
+descending "from parents to children unto the third and fourth
+generation;" indeed, it seems to be the rod of Him who says, "I will
+visit the iniquities of the fathers upon their children." The diseases
+which it originates take various names, according to the organs it
+attacks. In the lungs, Scrofula produces tubercles, and finally
+Consumption; in the glands, swellings which suppurate and become
+ulcerous sores; in the stomach and bowels, derangements which produce
+indigestion, dyspepsia, and liver complaints; on the skin, eruptive and
+cutaneous affections. These all having the same origin, require the same
+remedy, viz.: purification and invigoration of the blood. Purify the
+blood, and these dangerous distempers leave you. With feeble, foul, or
+corrupted blood, you cannot have health; with that "life of the flesh"
+healthy, you cannot have scrofulous disease.
+
+
+~AYER'S SARSAPARILLA~
+
+Is compounded from the most effectual antidotes that medical science has
+discovered for this afflicting distemper, and for the cure of the
+disorders it entails. That it is far superior to any other remedy yet
+devised, is known by all who have given it a trial. That it does combine
+virtues truly extraordinary in their effect upon this class of
+complaints, is indisputably proven by the great multitude of publicly
+known and remarkable cures it has made of the following diseases:
+~King's Evil or Glandular Swellings, Tumors, Eruptions, Pimples,
+Blotches and Sores, Erysipelas, Rose or St. Anthony's Fire, Salt Rheum,
+Scald Head, Coughs from tuberculous deposits on the lungs, White
+Swellings, Debility, Dropsy, Neuralgia, Dyspepsia or Indigestion,
+Syphilis and Syphilitic Infections, Mercurial Diseases, Female
+Weaknesses~, and, indeed, the whole series of complaints that arise from
+impurities of the blood. Minute reports of individual cases may be found
+in AYER'S AMERICAN ALMANAC, which is furnished to the druggists
+for gratuitous distribution, wherein may be learned the directions for
+its use, and some of the remarkable cures which it has made when all
+other remedies had failed to afford relief. Those cases are purposely
+taken from all sections of the country, in order that every reader may
+have access to some one who can speak to him of its benefits from
+personal experience. Scrofula depresses the vital energies, and thus
+leaves its victims far more subject to disease and its fatal results
+than are healthy constitutions. Hence, it tends to shorten, and does
+greatly shorten the average duration of human life. The vast importance
+of these considerations has led us to spend years in perfecting a remedy
+which is adequate to its cure. This we now offer to the public under the
+name of AYER'S SARSAPARILLA, although it is composed of
+ingredients, some of which exceed the best of _Sarsaparilla_ in
+alterative power. By its aid you may protect yourself from the suffering
+and danger of these disorders. Purge out the foul corruptions that rot
+and fester in the blood; purge out the causes of disease, and vigorous
+health will follow. By its peculiar virtues this remedy stimulates the
+vital functions, and thus expels the distempers which lurk within the
+system or burst out on any part of it.
+
+We know the public have been deceived by many compounds of
+_Sarsaparilla_ that promised much and did nothing; but they will neither
+be deceived nor disappointed in this. Its virtues have been proven by
+abundant trial, and there remains no question of its surpassing
+excellence for the cure of the afflicting diseases it is intended to
+reach. Although under the same name, it is a very different medicine
+from any other which has been before the people, and is far more
+effectual than any other which has ever been available to them.
+
+
+~AYER'S CHERRY PECTORAL~
+
+The World's Great Remedy for Coughs, Colds, Incipient Consumption, and
+for the relief of Consumptive patients in advanced stages of the
+disease.
+
+This has been so long used and so universally known, that we need do no
+more than assure the public that its quality is kept up to the best it
+ever has been, and that it may be relied on to do all it has ever done.
+
+Prepared by Dr. J. C. AYER & CO., PRACTICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS
+LOWELL, MASS.
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger] Sold by all Druggists, everywhere.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOW COMPLETE.
+
+THE NEW AMERICAN CYCLOPÆDIA,
+
+A POPULAR DICTIONARY OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE.
+
+EDITED BY
+
+GEORGE RIPLEY AND C. A. DANA,
+
+ASSISTED BY A NUMEROUS BUT SELECT CORPS OF WRITERS.
+
+
+The design of THE NEW AMERICAN CYCLOPÆDIA is to furnish the
+great body of intelligent readers in this country with a popular
+Dictionary of General Knowledge.
+
+THE NEW AMERICAN CYCLOPÆDIA is not founded on any European
+model; in its plan and elaboration it is strictly original, and strictly
+American. Many of the writers employed on the work have enriched it with
+their personal researches, observations, and discoveries; and every
+article has been written, or re-written, expressly for its pages.
+
+It is intended that the work shall bear such a character of practical
+utility as to make it indispensable to every American library.
+
+Throughout its successive volumes, THE NEW AMERICAN CYCLOPÆDIA
+will present a fund of accurate and copious information on SCIENCE,
+ART, AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES, LAW, MEDICINE, LITERATURE,
+PHILOSOPHY, MATHEMATICS, ASTRONOMY, HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY,
+RELIGION, POLITICS, TRAVELS, CHEMISTRY, MECHANICS, INVENTIONS, and
+TRADES.
+
+Abstaining from all doctrinal discussions, from all sectional and
+sectarian arguments, it will maintain the position of absolute
+impartiality on the great controverted questions which have divided
+opinions in every age.
+
+
+PRICE.
+
+This work is published exclusively by subscription, in sixteen large
+octavo volumes, each containing 750 two-column pages.
+
+Price per volume, cloth, $3.50; library style, leather, $4; half
+morocco, 4.50; half russia, extra, $5.
+
+
+_From the London Daily News._
+
+It is beyond all comparison the best,--indeed, we should feel quite
+justified in saying it is the only book of reference upon the Western
+Continent that has ever appeared. No statesman or politician can afford
+to do without it, and it will be a treasure to every student of the
+moral and physical condition of America. Its information is minute,
+full, and accurate upon every subject connected with the country. Beside
+the constant attention of the Editors, it employs the pens of a a host
+of most distinguished transatlantic writers--statesmen, lawyers,
+divines, soldiers, a vast array of scholarship from the professional
+chairs of the Universities, with numbers of private literati, and men
+devoted to special pursuits.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  HOME
+  INSURANCE COMPANY
+  OF NEW YORK,
+  OFFICE, 112 & 114 BROADWAY.
+
+
+  CASH CAPITAL,                 $1,000,000.
+  Assets, 1st Jan., 1860,       $1,458,396 28.
+  Liabilities, 1st Jan., 1860,      42,580 43.
+
+
+THIS COMPANY INSURES AGAINST LOSS & DAMAGE BY FIRE, ON FAVORABLE TERMS.
+
+LOSSES EQUITABLY ADJUSTED & PROMPTLY PAID.
+
+DIRECTORS:
+
+  Charles J. Martin,
+  A. F. Willmarth,
+  William G. Lambert,
+  George C. Collins,
+  Danford N. Barney,
+  Lucius Hopkins,
+  Thomas Messenger,
+  William H. Mellen
+  Charles B. Hatch,
+  B. Watson Bull,
+  Homer Morgan,
+  L. Roberts,
+  Levi P. Stone,
+  James Humphrey,
+  George Pearce,
+  Ward A. Work,
+  James Lowe,
+  I. H. Frothingham,
+  Charles A. Bulkley,
+  Albert Jewitt,
+  George D. Morgan,
+  Theodore McNamee,
+  Richard Bigelow,
+  Oliver E. Wood,
+  Alfred S. Barnes,
+  George Bliss,
+  Roe Lockwood,
+  Levi P. Morton,
+  Curtis Noble,
+  John B. Hutchinson,
+  Charles P. Baldwin,
+  Amos T. Dwight,
+  Henry A. Hurlbut,
+  Jesse Hoyt,
+  William Sturgis, Jr.,
+  John R. Ford,
+  Sidney Mason,
+  G. T. Stedman, Cinn.
+  Cyrus Yale, Jr.,
+  William R. Fosdick,
+  F. H. Cossitt,
+  David J. Boyd, Albany,
+  S. B. Caldwell,
+  A. J. Wills,
+  W. H. Townsend.
+
+CHARLES J. MARTIN, President. JOHN McGEE, Secretary. A. F. WILLMARTH,
+Vice-President.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+~HUMPHREYS' SPECIFIC HOMOEOPATHIC REMEDIES~
+
+Have proved, from the most ample experience, an entire success. ~Simple~,
+Prompt, Efficient~, and ~Reliable~, they are the only medicines
+perfectly adapted to ~FAMILY USE~, and the satisfaction they have
+afforded in all cases has elicited the highest commendations from the
+~Profession~, the ~People~, and the ~Press~.
+
+                                                                    cts.
+  No. 1. Cures Fever, Congestion & Inflammation                       25
+   "    2.   "   Worms and Worm Diseases                              25
+   "    3.   "   Colic, Teething, etc., of Infants                    25
+   "    4.   "   Diarrhoea of Children & Adults                       25
+   "    5.   "   Dysentery and Colic                                  25
+   "    6.   "   Cholera and Cholera Morbus                           25
+   "    7.   "   Coughs, Colds, Hoarseness and Sore Throat            25
+   "    8.   "   Neuralgia, Toothache & Faceache                      25
+   "    9.   "   Headache, Sick Headache & Vertigo                    25
+   "   10.   "   Dyspepsia & Bilious Condition                        25
+   "   11.   "   Wanting Scanty or Painful Periods                    25
+   "   12.   "   Whites, Bearing Down or Profuse Periods              25
+   "   13.   "   Croup and Hoarse Cough                               25
+   "   14.   "   Salt Rheum and Eruptions                             25
+   "   15.   "   Rheumatism, Acute or Chronic                         25
+   "   16.   "   Fever & Ague and Old Agues                           50
+   "   17.   "   Piles or Hemorrhoids of all kinds                    50
+   "   18.   "   Ophthalmy and Weak Eyes                              50
+   "   19.   "   Catarrh and Influenza                                50
+   "   20.   "   Whooping Cough                                       50
+   "   21.   "   Asthma & Oppressed Respiration                       50
+   "   22.   "   Ear Discharges & Difficult Hearing                   50
+   "   23.   "   Scrofula, Enlarged Glands & Tonsils                  50
+   "   24.   "   General Debility & Weakness
+   "   25.   "   Dropsy                                               50
+   "   26.   "   Sea-Sickness & Nausea                                50
+   "   27.   "   Urinary & Kidney Complaints                          50
+   "   28.   "   Seminal Weakness, Involuntary
+                 Dishcarges and consequent prostration             $1.00
+   "   29.   "   Sore Mouth and Canker                                50
+   "   30.   "   Urinary Incontinence & Enurisis                      50
+   "   31.   "   Painful Menstruation                                 50
+   "   32.   "   Diseases at Change of Life                        $1.00
+   "   33.   "   Epilepsy & Spars & Chorea St. Viti                 1.00
+
+  PRICE.
+
+  Case of Thirty-five Vials, in morocco case, and Book, complete    $8.00
+  Case of Twenty-eight large Vials, in morocco, and Book             7.00
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+  Case of Twenty large Vials, plain case, and Book                   4.00
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+  Case of any Six Boxes (Nos. 1 to 15), and Book                     1.00
+
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+
+[Illustration: pointing finger] ~THESE REMEDIES, BY THE CASE OR SINGLE
+BOX, are sent to any part of the country by Mail, or Express, Free of
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+
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+  562 BROADWAY, NEW YORK~
+
+
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+
+~BANK LIBRARIES.~
+
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+
+For the convenience of subscribers to the Bankers' Magazine, the
+following works are kept on hand at No. 63 WILLIAM STREET, and copies
+will be furnished, either by mail or express, to order:
+
+I. Historical and Statistical Account of the Foreign Commerce of the
+United States, and of each State, for each year, 1820-1856; the Exports
+to and Imports from every Foreign Country, each year, 1820-1856;
+Commerce of the Early Colonies; Origin and Early History of each State
+8vo., pp. 200. $1.50.
+
+II. The Banking System of the State of New York, with notes and
+references to adjudged cases; including an account of the New York
+Clearing House. 2. A Historical Sketch of the former and present Banking
+Systems of the State. 3. All the existing Statutes relating to Banking.
+4. A List of all Banks chartered or established between the years 1791
+and 1856. One vol. 8vo., pp. 440. $4.00.
+
+III. A Cyclopædia of Commerce and Commercial Navigation. Edited by J.
+Smith Homans, and by J. Smith Homans, Jr., B. S., Author of "An
+Historical and Statistical Account of the Foreign Commerce of the U. S."
+_Terms_--Muslin, $6; Sheep extra, $6.75; Half Calf extra, $8; Sheep
+extra, 2 vols., $8; Law Sheep, 2 vols, $8; Half Calf extra, 2 vols,
+$8.75. In one volume octavo, 2000 pages, double columns, containing more
+than three volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
+
+IV. A Manual for Notaries Public and Bankers--Containing a History of
+Bills of Exchange; Forms of Protest and Notices of Protest; the Laws of
+each State in reference to Interest, Damages on Bills, &c.; the latest
+decisions upon Bills, Notes, Protests, &c. 1 vol., octavo, pp. 220. $2
+(or by mail, postage prepaid, $2.25).
+
+V. The Loan, Revenue, and Currency Acts of 1863. I. An Act to Provide
+Ways and Means for the Support of the Government, to June,
+1864.--Approved March 3, 1863. II. An Act Amendatory of the Internal
+Revenue Laws, and for other purposes.--Approved March 3, 1863. III. An
+Act to Provide a National Currency, secured by a Pledge of United States
+Stocks, and to provide for the Circulation and Redemption
+thereof.--Approved February 25, 1863. With Marginal Notes and an Index.
+
+VI. Fourteen Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, in
+reference to Taxation of Government Securities by States and
+Cities--including the celebrated cases of--1. "MCCULLOH _vs_. STATE OF
+MARYLAND." 2. "WESTON _vs_. CITY OF CHARLESTON," 3. "BANK OF COMMERCE,
+N. Y. _vs_. COMMISSIONERS OF TAXES." 4. "BANK OF COMMONWEALTH _vs._
+COMMISSIONERS OF TAXES." 5. "HAGUE _vs._ POWERS" (_Constitutionality of
+Legal Tenders, Supreme Court of New York_), &c. Octavo. Price, 50 cents.
+
+(_In preparation for Publication shortly_.)
+
+VII. The Merchants and Bankers' Almanac, for 1864, containing--I. A List
+of the Banks, arranged alphabetically, in every State and City of the
+Union,--Names of President and Cashier, and Capital of each, including
+the National Banks formed under the Act of 1863. II. A List of Private
+Bankers in the United States. III. A List of the Banks in Canada, New
+Brunswick and Nova Scotia--their Cashiers, Managers and Foreign Agents.
+IV. Governor, Directors and Officers of the Bank of England, 1862. V.
+List of Banks and Bankers in London, December, 1862. VI. List of Bankers
+in Europe, Asia, South America, Australia, West Indies, &c. VII.
+Alphabetical List of Sixteen Hundred Cashiers in the United States.
+VIII. Bank Capital of Towns and Cities. IX. Bank Statistics--New York
+City Banks, Boston Banks, Philadelphia Banks, New England Banks. X.
+Statement of the Banks in the United States. XI. Lowest and Highest
+Quotations of Stocks at New York, each month, 1862. XII. European
+Finances and Commerce. XIII. Currency Laws of the United States. XIV.
+Revenue Stamps, Taxes, etc.--Revenue Decisions, etc. XV. The Mint of the
+United States.--Foreign Coins.
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger] _Bankers' Cards will be inserted in this
+volume at Fifteen Dollars each_. All orders must be addressed to ~J. SMITH
+HOMANS, Jr.~, NEW YORK
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+~NINE ARTICLES~
+
+THAT EVERY FAMILY SHOULD HAVE!!
+
+
+The Agricultural Societies of the State of New York, New Jersey, and
+Queens County, L. I., at their latest Exhibitions awarded the highest
+premiums (gold medal, silver medal, and diplomas), for these articles,
+and the public generally approve them.
+
+~1st.--PYLE'S O. K. SOAP,~
+
+The most complete labor-saving and economical soap that has been brought
+before the public. Good for washing all kinds of clothing, fine
+flannels, silks, laces, and for toilet and bathing purposes. The best
+class of families adopt it in preference to all others--Editors of the
+TRIBUNE, EVENING POST, INDEPENDENT, EVANGELIST, EXAMINER, CHRONICLE,
+METHODIST, ADVOCATE AND JOURNAL, CHURCH JOURNAL, AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST,
+and of many other weekly journals, are using it in their offices and
+families. We want those who are disposed to encourage progress and good
+articles to give this and the following articles a trial.
+
+~2d.--PYLE'S DIETETIC SALERATUS,~
+
+a strictly pure and wholesome article; in the market for several years,
+and has gained a wide reputation among families and bakers throughout
+the New England and Middle States; is always of a uniform quality, and
+free from all the objections of impure saleratus.
+
+~3d.--PYLE'S GENUINE CREAM TARTAR,~
+
+always the same, and never fails to make light biscuit. Those who want
+the best will ask their grocer for this.
+
+~4th.--PYLE'S PURIFIED BAKING SODA,~
+
+suitable for medicinal and culinary use.
+
+~5th.--PYLE'S BLUEING POWDERS,~
+
+a splendid article for the laundress, to produce that alabaster
+whiteness so desirable in fine linens.
+
+~6th.--PYLE'S ENAMEL BLACKING,~
+
+the best boot polish and leather preservative in the world (Day and
+Martin's not excepted).
+
+~7th.--PYLE'S BRILLIANT BLACK INK,~
+
+a beautiful softly flowing ink, shows black at once, and is
+anti-corrosive to steel pens.
+
+~8th.--PYLE'S STAR STOVE POLISH,~
+
+warranted to produce a steel shine on iron ware. Prevents rust
+effectually, without causing any disagreeable smell, even on a hot
+stove.
+
+~9th.--PYLE'S CREAM LATHER SHAVING SOAP,~
+
+a "luxurious" article for gentlemen who shave themselves. It makes a
+rich lather that will keep thick and moist upon the face.
+
+THESE ARTICLES are all put up full weight, and expressly for
+the best class trade, and first-class grocers generally have them for
+sale. Every article is labelled with the name of
+
+  ~JAMES PYLE,~
+  350 Washington St., cor. Franklin, N. Y.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Over all Competitors, at the following State and County Fairs of 1863,
+for the BEST FAMILY SEWING MACHINES, the BEST MANUFACTURING MACHINE, and
+the BEST MACHINE WORK:
+
+  ~New York State Fair~, for the best Family and Manufacturing
+  Machine, and best work.
+
+  ~Indiana State Fair~, for the best Machine for all purposes, and the
+  best work.
+
+  ~Vermont State Fair~, for the best Family and Manufacturing Machine,
+  and best work.
+
+  ~Illinois State Fair~, For the best Machine for all purposes, and the
+  best work.
+
+  ~Iowa State Fair~, for the best Family and Manufacturing Machine,
+  and best work.
+
+  ~Kentucky State Fair~, for the best Machine for all purposes, and
+  the best work.
+
+  ~Michigan State Fair~, for the best Family and Manufacturing
+  Machine, and best work.
+
+  ~Pennsylvania State Fair~, for the best Manufacturing Machine,
+  and beautiful work.
+
+  ~Ohio State Fair~, for the best Sewing Machine work.
+
+  ~Oregon State Fair~, for the best Family Sewing Machine.
+
+  ~Chittenden Co. (Vt.) Agricultural Society~, for the best
+  Family and Manufacturing Machine, and best work.
+
+  ~Franklin Co. (N. Y.) Fair~, for the best Machine for all purposes,
+  and work.
+
+  ~Champlain Valley (Vt.) Agricultural Society~, for the
+  best Family and Manufacturing Machine, and work.
+
+  ~Hampden Co. (Mass.) Agricultural Society~, for the best
+  Family Machine, and work.
+
+  ~Queens Co. (N. Y.) Agricultural Society~, for the best
+  Family Machine.
+
+  ~Washington Co. (N. Y.) Fair~, for the best Family Machine.
+
+  ~Saratoga Co. (N. Y.) Fair~, for the best Family Machine.
+
+  ~Mechanics' Institute (Pa.) Fair~, for the best Machine for all
+  purposes, and work.
+
+  ~Greenfield (Ohio) Fair~, for the best Family Machine.
+
+  ~Stevenson Co. (Ill.) Fair~, for the best Family Machine.
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger]--The above comprise all the Fairs at
+which the ~GROVER & BAKER MACHINES~ were exhibited this year.
+
+~SALESROOMS: 495 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.~
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+~JOHN F. TROW,~
+
+BOOK AND
+
+~JOB PRINTER,~
+
+Nos. 46, 48, & 50 GREENE ST.,
+
+BETWEEN GRAND AND BROOME, NEW YORK.
+
+~STEREOTYPING, ELECTROTYPING~
+
+AND BOOK-BINDING, DONE PROMPTLY, & IN THE
+BEST MANNER.
+
+
+
+  BEYOND THE LINES;
+  OR,
+  A YANKEE PRISONER LOOSE IN DIXIE.
+
+~A New Book of thrilling interest. By REV. CAPTAIN J. J. GEER,~
+
+Formerly Pastor of George Street M. P. Church, Cincinnati, and late
+Assistant Adjutant-General on the Staff of Gen. Buckland. With an
+INTRODUCTION by Rev. ALEXANDER CLARK, Editor of the School Visitor.
+
+This is one of the most thrilling accounts of adventure and suffering
+that the war has produced. Capt. Geer was wounded and captured at
+the great battle of Shiloh, tried before several prominent Rebel
+Generals for his life, among whom were Hardee, Bragg, and
+Beauregard,--incarcerated in four jails, four penitentiaries, and twelve
+military prisons; escaped from Macon, Georgia, and travelled barefoot
+through swamps and woods by night, for 250 miles, was fed by negroes in
+part, and subsisted for days at a time on frogs, roots, and berries, and
+was at last recaptured when within thirty-five miles of our gunboats on
+the Southern coast.
+
+The particulars of his subsequent sufferings as a chained culprit are
+told with a graphic truthfulness that surpasses any fiction.
+
+The work contains a fine steel portrait of the author, besides numerous
+wood engravings illustrative of striking incidents of his experience
+among the rebels. Every Unionist--every lover of his country--every man,
+woman, and child should read this BOOK OF FACTS AS THEY ACTUALLY
+OCCURRED.
+
+The author has not only succeeded in making a narrative of exciting
+interest, but has ingeniously interwoven in the book many original and
+eloquent arguments in favor of a vigorous prosecution of the war against
+Rebellion and Oppression.
+
+Just published on fine white paper, and handsomely bound in cloth. 285
+pages.
+
+Agents wanted in every county and township in the Union, to whom
+extraordinary inducements will be offered.
+
+Specimen copies will be sent to any person for $1, postpaid, with
+particulars to Agents.
+
+~NOTICES OF THE PRESS.~
+
+"No narrative of personal adventure that has been published since the
+war began, equals this in interest. It presents in a still more vivid
+light the barbarism and cruelty of Southern rebels; for the account he
+gives of the treatment of himself and his fellow prisoners exceeds
+anything we have heretofore read."--_Philadelphia Evening Bulletin._
+
+"The Captain's graphic account of affairs in the South during his long
+captivity there will be read with great interest. The Introduction is by
+Rev. Alexander Clark, which is sufficient in itself to warrant a large
+sale."--_Philadelphia Daily Inquirer._ Address all orders to
+
+  ~J. W. DAUGHADAY, Publisher,~
+  1308 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia.
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger] Exchanges copying the above or the
+substance of it, and sending us a marked copy, will receive a copy of
+the work.
+                                                         J. W. D.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LAW NOTICE.
+
+ROBERT J. WALKER, LATE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, AND
+
+FREDERIC P. STANTON, LATE CHAIRMAN OF THE NAVAL AND JUDICIARY COMMITTEES
+OF CONGRESS,
+
+~PRACTISE LAW~ in the SUPREME and CIRCUIT Courts at Washington, COURTS
+MARTIAL, the COURT OF CLAIMS, before the DEPARTMENTS and BUREAUS,
+especially in
+
+~LAND, PATENT, CUSTOM HOUSE, AND WAR CLAIMS.~
+
+Aided by two other associates, no part of an extensive business will be
+neglected. Address,
+
+  ~WALKER & STANTON,~
+  Office, 218 F STREET, WASHINGTON CITY, D. C.
+
+DUNCAN S. WALKER & ADRIEN DESLONDE will attend to Pensions, Bounties,
+Prize, Pay, and Similar Claims. WALKER & STANTON will aid them, when
+needful, as consulting counsel. Address WALKER & DESLONDE, same office,
+care of Walker & Stanton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WARD'S TOOL STORE, (LATE WOOD'S,) Established 1831, 47 CHATHAM,
+cor. North William St., & 513 EIGHTH AV.
+
+A GENERAL ASSORTMENT OF TOOLS, CUTLERY, AND HARDWARE, ALWAYS ON HAND.
+
+_Maker of Planes, Braces & Bits, and Carpenters' & Mechanics' Tools,_ IN
+GREAT VARIETY AND OF THE BEST QUALITY.
+
+N. B.--PLANES AND TOOLS MADE TO ORDER AND REPAIRED.
+
+This widely-known Establishment still maintains its reputation for the
+unrivalled excellence of its OWN MANUFACTURED, as well as its FOREIGN
+ARTICLES, which comprise Tools for Every Branch of Mechanics and
+Artizans.
+
+MECHANICS' AND ARTIZANS', AMATEURES' AND BOYS' TOOL CHESTS IN GREAT
+VARIETY, ON HAND, AND FITTED TO ORDER WITH TOOLS READY FOR USE.
+
+The undersigned, himself a practical mechanic, having wrought at the
+business for upwards of thirty years, feels confident that he can meet
+the wants of those who may favor him with their patronage.
+
+~SKATES.~
+
+I have some of the finest Skates in the city, of my own as well as other
+manufactures. Every style and price.
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger] Skates made to Fit the Foot without Straps.
+
+WILLIAM WARD, Proprietor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: artificial leg]
+
+~ARTIFICIAL LEGS~
+
+[Illustration: artificial arm]
+
+(BY RIGHT, PALMER'S PATENT IMPROVED)
+
+Adapted to every species of mutilated limb, unequaled in mechanism and
+utility. Hands and Arms of superior excellence for mutilations and
+congenital defects. Feet and appurtenances, for limbs shortened by hip
+disease. Dr. HUDSON, by appointment of the Surgeon General of the U. S.
+Army, furnishes limbs to mutilated Soldiers and Marines.
+References.--Valentine Mett, M. D., Willard Parker, M. D., J. M.
+Carnochan, M. D. Gurden Buck, M. D., Wm. H. Van Buren, M. D.
+
+Descriptive pamphlets sent gratis. E. D. HUDSON, M. D., ASTOR PLACE (8th
+St.), CLINTON HALL, Up Stairs.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  The
+  Continental Monthly.
+
+The readers of the CONTINENTAL are aware of the important
+position it has assumed, of the influence which it exerts, and of the
+brilliant array of political and literary talent of the highest order
+which supports it. No publication of the kind has, in this country, so
+successfully combined the energy and freedom of the daily newspaper with
+the higher literary tone of the first-class monthly; and it is very
+certain that no magazine has given wider range to its contributors, or
+preserved itself so completely from the narrow influences of party or of
+faction. In times like the present, such a journal is either a power in
+the land or it is nothing. That the CONTINENTAL is not the
+latter is abundantly evidenced _by what it has done_--by the reflection
+of its counsels in many important public events, and in the character
+and power of those who are its staunchest supporters.
+
+Though but little more than a year has elapsed since the
+CONTINENTAL was first established, it has during that time
+acquired a strength and a political significance elevating it to a
+position far above that previously occupied by any publication of the
+kind in America. In proof of which assertion we call attention to the
+following facts:
+
+1. Of its POLITICAL articles republished in pamphlet form, a
+single one has had, thus far, a circulation of _one hundred and six
+thousand_ copies.
+
+2. From its LITERARY department, a single serial novel, "Among
+the Pines," has, within a very few months, sold nearly _thirty-five
+thousand_ copies. Two other series of its literary articles have also
+been republished in book form, while the first portion of a third is
+already in press.
+
+No more conclusive facts need be alleged to prove the excellence of the
+contributions to the CONTINENTAL, or their _extraordinary
+popularity;_ and its conductors are determined that it shall not fall
+behind. Preserving all "the boldness, vigor, and ability" which a
+thousand journals have attributed to it, it will greatly enlarge its
+circle of action, and discuss, fearlessly and frankly, every principle
+involved in the great questions of the day. The first minds of the
+country, embracing the men most familiar with its diplomacy and most
+distinguished for ability, are among its contributors; and it is no mere
+"flattering promise of a prospectus" to say that this "magazine for the
+times" will employ the first intellect in America, under auspices which
+no publication ever enjoyed before in this country.
+
+While the CONTINENTAL will express decided opinions on the
+great questions of the day, it will not be a mere political journal:
+much the larger portion of its columns will be enlivened, as heretofore,
+by tales, poetry, and humor. In a word, the CONTINENTAL will be
+found, under its new staff of Editors, occupying a position and
+presenting attractions never before found in a magazine.
+
+
+TERMS TO CLUBS.
+
+  Two copies for one year,                    Five dollars.
+  Three copies for one year,                   Six dollars.
+  Six copies for one year,                  Eleven dollars.
+  Eleven copies for one year,                Twenty dollars.
+  Twenty copies for one year,            Thirty-six dollars.
+                           PAID IN ADVANCE
+
+_Postage, Thirty-six cents a year_, to be paid BY THE
+SUBSCRIBER.
+
+SINGLE COPIES.
+
+Three dollars a year, IN ADVANCE. _Postage paid by the
+Publisher_.
+
+  JOHN F. TROW, 50 Greene St., N. Y.,
+  PUBLISHER FOR THE PROPRIETORS.
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger] As an Inducement to new subscribers, the
+Publisher offers the following liberal premiums:
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger] Any person remitting $3, in advance,
+will receive the magazine from July, 1862, to January, 1864, thus
+securing the whole of Mr. KIMBALL'S and Mr. KIRKE'S new serials, which
+are alone worth the price of subscription. Or, if preferred, a
+subscriber can take the magazine for 1863 and a copy of "Among the
+Pines," or of "Undercurrents of Wall Street," by R. B. KIMBALL, bound in
+cloth, or of "Sunshine in Thought," by CHARLES GODFREY LELAND (retail
+price, $1. 25.) The book to be sent postage paid.
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger] Any person remitting $4.50, will receive
+the magazine from its commencement, January, 1862, to January, 1864,
+thus securing Mr. KIMBALL'S "Was He Successful? "and Mr. KIRKE'S "Among
+the Pines," and "Merchant's Story," and nearly 3,000 octavo pages of the
+best literature in the world. Premium subscribers to pay their own
+postage.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: THE FINEST FARMING LANDS WHEAT CORN COTTON FRUITS &
+VEGETABLES]
+
+~EQUAL TO ANY IN THE WORLD!!!~
+
+MAY BE PROCURED
+
+~At FROM $8 to $12 PER ACRE,~
+
+Near Markets, Schools, Railroads, Churches, and all the blessings of
+Civilization.
+
+1,200,000 Acres, in Farms of 40, 80, 120, 160 Acres and upwards, in
+ILLINOIS, the Garden State of America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Illinois Central Railroad Company offer, ON LONG CREDIT, the
+beautiful and fertile PRAIRIE LANDS lying along the whole line of their
+Railroad. 700 MILES IN LENGTH, upon the most Favorable Terms for
+enabling Farmers, Manufacturers, Mechanics and Workingmen to make for
+themselves and their families a competency, and a HOME they can call
+THEIR OWN, as will appear from the following statements:
+
+ILLINOIS.
+
+Is about equal in extent to England, with a population of 1,722,666, and
+a soil capable of supporting 20,000,000. No State in the Valley of the
+Mississippi offers so great an inducement to the settler as the State of
+Illinois. There is no part of the world where all the conditions of
+climate and soil so admirably combine to produce those two great
+staples, CORN and WHEAT.
+
+CLIMATE.
+
+Nowhere can the Industrious farmer secure such immediate results from
+his labor as on these deep, rich, loamy soils, cultivated with so much
+ease. The climate from the extreme southern part of the State to the
+Terre Haute, Alton and St. Louis Railroad, a distance of nearly 200
+miles, is well adapted to Winter.
+
+WHEAT, CORN, COTTON, TOBACCO.
+
+Peaches, Pears, Tomatoes, and every variety of fruit and vegetables is
+grown in great abundance, from which Chicago and other Northern markets
+are furnished from four to six weeks earlier than their immediate
+vicinity. Between the Terre Haute, Alton & St. Louis Railway and the
+Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, (a distance of 115 miles on the Branch,
+and 136 miles on the Main Trunk,) lies the great Corn and Stock raising
+portion of the State.
+
+THE ORDINARY YIELD
+
+of Corn is from 60 to 80 bushels per acre. Cattle, Horses, Mules, Sheep
+and Hogs are raised here at a small cost, and yield large profits. It is
+believed that no section of country presents greater inducements for
+Dairy Farming than the Prairies of Illinois, a branch of farming to
+which but little attention has been paid, and which must yield sure
+profitable results. Between the Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, and
+Chicago and Dunleith, (a distance of 56 miles on the Branch and 147
+miles by the Main Trunk,) Timothy Hay, Spring Wheat, Corn, &c., are
+produced in great abundance.
+
+AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
+
+The Agricultural products of Illinois are greater than those of any
+other State. The Wheat crop of 1861 was estimated at 35,000,000 bushels,
+while the Corn crop yields not less than 140,000,000 bushels besides the
+crop of Oats, Barley, Rye, Buckwheat, Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes,
+Pumpkins, Squashes, Flax, Hemp, Peas, Clover, Cabbage, Beets, Tobacco,
+Sorgheim, Grapes, Peaches, Apples, &c., which go to swell the vast
+aggregate of production in this fertile region. Over Four Million tons
+of produce were sent out the State of Illinois during the past year.
+
+STOCK RAISING.
+
+In Central and Southern Illinois uncommon advantages are presented for
+the extension of Stock raising. All kinds of Cattle, Horses, Mules,
+Sheep, Hogs, &c., of the best breeds, yield handsome profits; large
+fortunes have already been made, and the field is open for others to
+enter with the fairest prospects of like results. Dairy Farming also
+presents its inducements to many.
+
+CULTIVATION OF COTTON.
+
+The experiments in Cotton culture are of very great promise. Commencing
+in latitude 39 deg. 30 min. (see Mattoon on the Branch, and Assumption
+on the Main Line), the Company owns thousands of acres well adapted to
+the perfection of this fibre. A settler having a family of young
+children, can turn their youthful labor to a most profitable account in
+the growth and perfection of this plant.
+
+THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD
+
+Traverses the whole length of the State, from the banks of the
+Mississippi and Lake Michigan to the Ohio. As its name imports, the
+Railroad runs through the centre of the State, and on either side of the
+road along its whole length lie the lands offered for sale.
+
+CITIES, TOWNS, MARKETS, DEPOTS.
+
+There are Ninety-eight Depots on the Company's Railway, giving about one
+every seven miles. Cities, Towns and Villages are situated at convenient
+distances throughout the whole route, where every desirable commodity
+may be found as readily as in the oldest cities of the Union, and where
+buyers are to be met for all kinds of farm produce.
+
+EDUCATION.
+
+Mechanics and working-men will find the free school system encouraged by
+the State, and endowed with a large revenue for the support of the
+schools. Children can live in sight of the school, the college, the
+church, and grow up with the prosperity of the leading State in the
+Great Western Empire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PRICES AND TERMS OF PAYMENT--ON LONG CREDIT.
+
+  80 acres at $10 per acre, with interest at 6 per ct. annually
+  on the following terms:
+
+  Cash payment                 $48 00
+
+  Payment in one year           48 00
+     "    in two years          48 00
+     "    in three years        48 00
+     "    in four years        236 00
+     "    in five years        224 00
+     "    in six years         212 00
+
+
+  40 acres, at $10 00 per acre:
+
+  Cash payment                 $24 00
+
+  Payment in one year           24 00
+     "    in two years          24 00
+     "    in three years        24 00
+     "    in four years        118 00
+     "    in five years        112 00
+     "    in six years         106 00
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Continental Monthly , Vol IV, Issue
+VI, December 1863, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 18946-8.txt or 18946-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/9/4/18946/
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Janet Blenkinship and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections)
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Continental Monthly, Vol IV. No VI. by Various Authors.
+    </title>
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+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Continental Monthly , Vol IV, Issue VI,
+December 1863, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Continental Monthly , Vol IV, Issue VI, December 1863
+       Devoted to Literature and National Policy.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 30, 2006 [EBook #18946]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Janet Blenkinship and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<h2>THE</h2>
+
+<h1>CONTINENTAL MONTHLY:</h1>
+
+<h4>DEVOTED TO</h4>
+
+<h2>Literature and National Policy.</h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3>VOL. IV.&mdash;DECEMBER, 1963.&mdash;No. VI.</h3>
+
+<h3>CONTENTS</h3>
+
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="85%" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents">
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_NATION">THE NATION.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#BUCKLE_DRAPER_AND_A_SCIENCE_OF_HISTORY">BUCKLE, DRAPER, AND A SCIENCE OF HISTORY.&mdash;<i>SECOND PAPER.</i></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#DIARY_OF_FRANCES_KRASINSKA">DIARY OF FRANCES KRASINSKA;</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_SLEEPING_SOLDIER">THE SLEEPING SOLDIER.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#MY_MISSION">MY MISSION.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LETTER_WRITING">LETTER WRITING.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_YEAR">THE YEAR.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_GREAT_AMERICAN_CRISIS">THE GREAT AMERICAN CRISIS.&mdash;<i>PART ONE.</i></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WAS_HE_SUCCESSFUL">WAS HE SUCCESSFUL?</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII.</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#DEAD">DEAD!</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#RECONSTRUCTION">RECONSTRUCTION.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#THEORIES">THEORIES OF RECONSTRUCTION.</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><a href="#THEORIESI">I. THEORY OF STATE SUICIDE.</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><a href="#THEORIESII">II. THEORY OF THE STATES AS ALIEN ENEMIES.</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><a href="#THEORIESIII">III. THEORY OF THE CONSTITUTION AND COMMON SENSE.</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#VIRGINIA">VIRGINIA.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#SHE_DEFINES_HER_POSITION">SHE DEFINES HER POSITION.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WHIFFS_FROM_MY_MEERSCHAUM">WHIFFS FROM MY MEERSCHAUM.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#LITERARY_NOTICES">LITERARY NOTICES.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#EDITORS_TABLE">EDITOR'S TABLE.</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_601" id="Page_601">[Pg 601]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_NATION" id="THE_NATION"></a>THE NATION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>We are of the race of the Empire Builders. Some races have been sent
+into the world to destroy. Ours has been sent to create. It was needed
+that the blunders of ten centuries and more, across the water, should be
+given a chance for amendment. On virgin soil, the European races might
+cure themselves of the fever pains of ages. So they were called here to
+try. There was no rubbish to sweep away. The mere destructive had no
+occupation. The builder and creator was the man wanted. In the full glow
+of civilization, with the accumulated experience of the toiling
+generations, with all the wealth of the fruitful past, we, 'the foremost
+in the files of time,' have been called to this business of <i>nation
+making</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The men of our blood, they say, are given to boasting. America adds
+flashing nerve fire to the dull muscle of Europe. That is the fact. But
+the tendency to boasting is an honest inheritance. We can hardly boast
+louder than our fathers across the sea have taught us. The boasting of
+New York can scarcely drown the boasting of London. Jonathan thinks
+highly of himself, but, certainly, John Bull is not behind him in
+self-esteem.</p>
+
+<p>But, after all, what wonder? Ten centuries of victory over nature and
+over men may give a race the right to boast&mdash;ten centuries of victory
+with never a defeat! The English tongue is an arrogant tongue, we grant.
+Command, mastery, lordliness, are bred into its tones. The old tongue of
+the Romans was never deeper marked in those respects than our own. It is
+a freeman's speech, this mother language. A slave can never speak it. He
+garbles, clips, and mumbles it, makes 'quarter talk' of it. The hour he
+learns to speak English he is spoiled for a slave. It is the tongue of
+conquerors, the language of imperial will, of self-asserting
+individuality, of courage, masterhood, and freedom. There is no need of
+being thin-skinned under the charge of boasting. A man cannot very well
+learn, in his cradle, 'the tongue that Shakspeare spake,' without
+talking sometimes as if he and his owned creation.</p>
+
+<p>For the tongue is the representative of the speaker. A people embodies
+its soul in its language. And the people who inherit English have done
+work enough in this little world to give them a right to do some
+talking. They, at least, can speak their boast, and hear it seconded, in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_602" id="Page_602">[Pg 602]</a></span>the bold accents their mothers taught them, on every shore and on every
+sea. They have been the world's day-laborers now for some centuries.
+They have felled its forests, drained its marshes, dug in its mines,
+ploughed its wastes, built its cities. They have done rough pioneer work
+over all its surface. They have done it, too, as it never was done
+before. They have made it <i>stay done</i>. They have never given up one inch
+of conquered ground. They have never yielded back one square foot to
+barbarism. Won once to civilization, under their leadership, and your
+square mile of savage waste and jungle is won forever.</p>
+
+<p>We are inclined to think the world might bear with us. We talk a great
+deal about ourselves, perhaps; but, on the whole, are we not buying the
+privilege? Did a race ever buckle to its business in this world in more
+splendid style than our own? With both hands clenched, stripped to the
+waist, blackened and begrimed and sweat bathed, this race takes its
+place in the vanguard of the world and bends to its chosen toil. The
+grand, patient, hopeful people, how they grasp blind brute nature, and
+tame her, and use her at their word! How they challenge and defeat in
+the death grapple the grim giants of the waste and the storm&mdash;fever,
+famine, and the frost!</p>
+
+<p>You will find them down, to-day, among the firedamps in the mines,
+to-morrow among the splendid pinnacles of the mountains, to settle a
+fact of science, or add a mite to human knowledge. Here is one,
+painfully toiling through the tangled depths of a desert continent, to
+find a highway for commerce or Christianity. Here is another, in the
+lonely seas around the pole, where the ghostly ice-mountains go drifting
+through the gray mists, patiently wrestling with the awful powers of
+nature, to snatch its secret from the hoary deep, and bring it home in
+triumph. Hard fisted, big boned, tough brained, and stout hearted,
+scared at nothing, beaten back by no resistance, baffled, for long, by
+no obstacle, this race works as though the world were only one vast
+workshop, and they wanted all the tools and all the materials, and were
+anxious to monopolize the work of the world.</p>
+
+<p>They are workers primarily, makers, producers, builders. Labor is their
+appointed business as a people. Sometimes they have to fight, when fools
+stand in their way, or traitors oppose their endeavors. They have had to
+do, indeed, their fair share of fighting. Things go so awry in this
+world that a patient worker is often called to drop his tools, square
+himself, and knock down some idiot who insists on bothering him. And
+this race of ours has therefore often, patient as it is, flamed out into
+occasional leonine wrath. It really does not like fighting. That
+performance interferes with its proper business. It takes to the
+ploughshare more kindly than to the sabre, and likes to manage a steam
+engine better than a six-gun battery. But if imbeciles and scoundrels
+will get in its way, and will mar its pet labors, then, heaven help
+them! The patient blood blazes into lava, fire, the big muscles strain
+over the black cannon, the brawny arm guides the fire-belching tower of
+iron on the sea, and, when these people do fight, they fight, like the
+Titans when they warred with Jove, with a roar that shakes the spheres.
+They go at that as they do at everything. They fight to clear this
+confusion up, to settle it once for all, so it will <i>stay</i> settled, that
+they may go to their work again in peace. Fond of a clean job, they
+insist on making a clean job of their fighting, if they have to fight at
+all.</p>
+
+<p>'But, after all, this race of ours is selfish,' you say. 'It works only
+for itself, and you are making something grand and heroic out of that.
+If it civilizes, it civilizes for itself. If it builds cities, drains
+marshes, redeems jungles, explores rivers, builds rail<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_603" id="Page_603">[Pg 603]</a></span>roads, and prints
+newspapers, it is doing all for its own pocket.' Well, we say, why not?
+Is the laborer not worthy of his hire? Do you expect a patient, toiling
+people to conquer a waste continent here, for God and man, and get
+nothing for it from either? A people never yet did a good stroke of work
+in this world without getting a fair day's wages for the job. The old
+two-fisted Romans, in their day, did a good deal of hard work in the way
+of road and bridge building, and the like of that, across the sea, and
+did it well, and they got paid for it by several centuries of mastery
+over Europe. We rather think, high as the pay was, and little as the
+late Romans seem to have deserved it, it was, on the whole, a profitable
+bargain for Europe. The truth is, our race has, like all other great
+creating races, been building wiser than it knew. It is not necessary
+that such a race should be conscious of its mission. In its own
+intention it may work for itself. By the guiding of the Great Master, it
+does work for all humanity and all time. If a race comes on the earth
+mere fighters, brigands, and thieves, living by force, fraud, and
+oppression, even then it serves a purpose. It destroys something that
+needs destroying. In its own turn, however, it must perish. But an
+honest race, that undertakes to earn its honest living on the earth, and
+in the main does earn it, honestly and industriously, by planting and
+building, like our own, never works merely for itself. It plants and
+builds to stand forever. The results of patient toil never perish. They
+are so much clear gain to humanity.</p>
+
+<p>To many, the <i>conscious</i> end of the existence of the Yankee nation may
+have been a small affair indeed. That end is only what they make it. Its
+<i>unconscious</i> end is, however, another matter. That end God has made. To
+one man, the nation exists that he may make wooden clocks and sell them.
+To another, the chief end of the nation's existence is that he may get a
+good crop of wheat to market during rising quotations. To another, that
+he may do a good stroke of business in the boot and shoe line. To
+another, that he may make a good thing in stocks. To some in the past,
+this nation existed solely that men might breed negroes in Virginia, and
+work them in Alabama! This great nation was worth the blacks it owned,
+and the cotton it raised! Actually that was all. The <i>conscious</i> end to
+thousands amounted to about this. Men looked at the nation from their
+own small place. They dwarfed its purposes. They made them small and
+mean and low. They did this three years ago more commonly, we think,
+than they do now. The war has taught us many things. It has certainly
+taught us higher ideas of the value of the Nation, and a loftier idea of
+the meaning of its life. We have awaked to the fact that we are trustees
+of this continent for the world. We have been fighting for two years and
+more, not to save this nation for the value of its wheat, or cotton, or
+manufactures, or exports, but for the value of the ideas, the hopes, the
+aspirations, the tendencies this nation embodies. We have risen to see
+that it were a good bargain to barter all the material wealth it holds
+for the priceless spiritual ideas it represents. France babbles about
+'going to war for an idea.' We don't babble. We buckle on our armor and
+fight, we practical, money-making Yankees, who are said to value
+everything by dollars, and, after two years of tremendous fighting, are
+half amazed ourselves to find we have been fighting solely for a
+half-dozen ideas the world can lose only at the cost of despair. Since
+the days when men left house and home and friends, with red crosses on
+their hearts, to redeem from the hands of the infidel the sepulchre
+which the dead Christ once made holy, the world has never seen a war
+carried on for a more purely ideal end than our own. We fight for the
+integrity<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_604" id="Page_604">[Pg 604]</a></span> of <i>the Nation</i>. We fight for what that word means of hope
+and confidence and freedom and advancement to the groaning and
+bewildered world. We say, let all else perish,&mdash;wealth, commerce,
+agriculture, cunning manufacture, humanizing art. We expend all to save
+<i>the Nation</i>. That priceless possession we shall hold intact to the end,
+for ourselves, our children, and the coming years!</p>
+
+<p>Let us see what this thing is that we prize so highly. Let us see if we
+are paying any too high a price for our object&mdash;if it is worth a million
+lives and a countless treasure. What is <i>the Nation</i>?</p>
+
+<p>There used to be a theory of 'the Social Compact.' It was a prominent
+theory in the French Revolution, It was vastly older, however, than that
+event. It was originally a theory of the Epicureans. Ovid has something
+to say about it. Horace advocates it. It has not perished. It exists in
+a fragmentary way in some books taught in colleges. It has more or less
+of a hold still on many minds. This theory teaches that the natural
+state of man is a state of warfare, an isolated savagery, where each
+man's hand is against his neighbor, each lord and master for himself,
+with no rights except what force gives him, and no possessions except
+what he can hold by force. This natural state, however, was found to be
+a very uncomfortable state, and so men contrive to get out of it as soon
+as possible. For this purpose they form a 'social compact.' They come
+together, and agree to give up some of their natural rights to a settled
+government, on condition that government protect them in the others.
+That is to say, naturally they have the right to steal all they can lay
+their hands on, to rob, plunder, murder, and commit adultery, if they
+have the power, and, generally, to live like a pack of amiable tiger
+cats; but that these pleasant and amusing natural rights they consent to
+give up, on condition they are relieved from the trouble of guarding
+others. Just such babblement as that you can read in very learned books,
+and stuff like that has actually been taught in colleges, and nobody was
+sent to the lunatic asylum! That is the theory of the 'Social Compact.'
+That is the way, according to that theory, that nations are made.</p>
+
+<p>It is enough to say of this old heathen dream, that there never was such
+a state of savage brutalism known since man was man. All men are born
+under some law, some government, some controlling authority. As long as
+fathers and mothers are necessary, in the economy of nature, to a man's
+getting into the world at all, it is very hard for him to escape law and
+control when he comes. I was never asked whether I would be a citizen of
+the United States, whether it was my high will to come into 'the Social
+Compact' existing here. Neither were you. No man ever was. Just fancy
+the United States solemnly asking all the infants born this year, 'if
+they are willing to join the social compact and behave themselves in the
+country as respectable babies should!</p>
+
+<p>It is vastly better to take facts and try to comprehend and use them.
+And, as a fact, man is not naturally a brute beast. He never had to make
+a Social Compact. He has always found one made ready to his hand. Some
+established order, some national life has always stood ready to receive
+the new recruit to the ranks of humanity, put him in his place, and ask
+him no questions. He is made for society. Society is made for him. He is
+not isolated, but joined to his fellows by links stronger than iron, by
+bands no steel can sever. The nation stands waiting for him. In some
+shape, with some development of national life, but always essentially
+the same, the nation takes him, plastic at his birth, into its great
+hands, and moulds and fashions him, by felt and unfelt influences,
+whether he will or no, into the national shape and figure.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_605" id="Page_605">[Pg 605]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>And that is what nations are made for. They do not exist to produce
+wheat, corn, cattle, cotton, or cutlery, but to produce <i>men</i>. The
+wheat, corn, and the rest exist for the sake of the men. The real value
+of the nation, to itself and to the world, is not the things it
+produces, but the style of man it produces. That is the broad difference
+between China and Massachusetts, between Japan and New York. Nations
+exist to be training schools for men. That is their real business.
+Accordingly as they do it better or worse they are prospering or the
+reverse. What is France about? The newspaper people tell me she is
+building ships, drilling zouaves, diplomatizing at Rome, brigandizing in
+Mexico, huzzaing for glory and Napoleon the Third. That is about the
+wisdom of the newspapers. She is moulding a million unsuspecting little
+innocents into Frenchmen! That is what she is at, and nobody seems to
+notice. What is England doing? Weaving cotton, when she can get it, I am
+told, drilling rifle brigades, blustering in the <i>Times</i>, starving her
+workmen in Lancashire, and feasting her Prince in London, talking
+'strict neutrality' in Parliament, and building pirates on the Clyde.
+She's doing worse than that. That is not half her wrong-doing. She is
+taking thousands of plastic, impressible, innocent babes, into her big
+hands, monthly, and kneading them and hardening them into regular John
+Bulls! That's a pretty job to think of!</p>
+
+<p>So the nations are at work all over the world. And the nation that, as a
+rule, takes 'mamma's darling' into its arms, and in twenty or thirty
+years makes him the best specimen of a man, is the most perfect nation
+and best fulfils a nation's purpose.</p>
+
+<p>For the business of Education, which so many consider the schoolmaster's
+speciality, is a larger business than they think. The Family exists to
+do it, the Church exists to do it. It is the real business of the State.
+The great Universe itself, with all its vastness, its powers and its
+mysteries, was created for this. It is simply God's great schoolroom. He
+has floored it with the emerald queen of the earth and of the gleaming
+seas. He has roofed it with a sapphire dome, lit with flaming starfire
+and sun blaze. He has set the great organ music of the spheres
+reverberating forevermore through its high arches. He has put his
+children here, to train them for their grand inheritance. He has ordered
+nature and life and circumstance for this one great end.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore the Nation is not a joint-stock company. It is not a
+paper association. It is not a mutual assurance society for life
+and property. That is the shallow, surface notion that makes
+such miserable babble in political speeches. The Nation is Divine and
+not Human. It is of <span class="smcap">God</span>'s making and not of man's. It is a moral
+school, a spiritual training institute for educating and graduating men.
+For that purpose it is <i>alive</i>. Men can make associations, companies,
+compacts. God only makes <i>living bodies</i>, divine, perpetual
+institutions, with life in themselves, which exist because man exists,
+which can never end till man ends. The Family is one of these. The Church
+is another, in any shape it comes. The Nation is another, holding Family
+and Church both in its arms.</p>
+
+<p>True, from the fact that the power, the administration and the
+arrangements of details are in men's hands in the nation mistake is
+common, and people are tempted to think the Nation purely human. All
+thought below the surface will show the fallacy and stamp the Nation as
+the handiwork of God.</p>
+
+<p>We believe true thought on this matter is, at this day and in this land,
+of first importance. The Lord of Hosts rules, and not the master of a
+thousand regiments with smoking cannon. God builds the Nation for a
+purpose. While it fulfils that purpose it shall stand.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_606" id="Page_606">[Pg 606]</a></span> The banded folly
+and scoundrelhood within and the gathered force of all enemies without
+shall never overthrow one pillar in its strong foundations or topple
+down one stone from its battlements while it works honestly toward its
+true end. Not till it turn traitor to its place and purposes, not till
+it madly plant itself in the way of the great wheels that roll the world
+back to light and justice, will He who built it hurl it to the earth
+again in crashing ruin, to build another order in its place. The man who
+has let that great truth, written out in flame across the dusky forehead
+of the Past, slip from his foolish atheist's heart and his shallow
+atheist's brain, is blind, not only to our own land's short history, but
+to the lessons of the long ages and the broad world.</p>
+
+<p>We have been driven back to the loftiest ground on this question. We
+have found that only on that could we stand. When the very foundations
+of what we held most awful and reverential have been assailed by mad
+traitorous hands, as though they were vulgar things, when frenzied
+self-will has laid its profane grasp upon the Ark of the Covenant, we
+have been forced back to those strong foundations on which nations
+stand, for hope and confidence, to those tremendous sanctions that
+girdle in, as with the fires of God, the sanctity of Law, the majesty of
+Order, and established Right. We have declared these things Divine. We
+have said men administer truly, but men did not create, and men have no
+right to destroy. We arise in the defence of institutions of which
+Jehovah has made us the guardians for men!</p>
+
+<p>We have said the Nation exists to train men, that the best nation is the
+one that trains the best men. Let us see how it does this.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, it educates by Written Law. To be sure, laws are
+passed to define and protect human rights, in person, purse, family, or
+good name. People sometimes think that is all they do. But consider.
+These laws on the Statute Book are the Nation's deliberate convictions,
+so far, on right and wrong, a real code of morals, the decisions of the
+national conscience on moral subjects. An act is passed punishing theft.
+It is intended to protect property indeed, but it does more. It stands
+there, the Nation's conviction on a point of ethics. Theft is absolutely
+wrong. It passes another act punishing perjury. The mere lawyer looks at
+this solely as a facility for getting at the truth before a jury. It is
+vastly more. It is a moral decision. The Nation binds the Ten
+Commandments on the popular conscience, and declares, 'Thou shalt not
+bear false witness.' It declares, 'There are everlasting distinctions,
+things absolutely right, and things absolutely wrong. So far has the
+conscience of the Nation made things clear. The good citizen knows all
+this without the Statute Book, and much more. But there must be a limit
+somewhere. Here it is. Up to this point you may come, but no farther.
+Everlasting distinctions must be taught by bolts, chains, and scaffolds,
+if there are those in the Nation who will learn them from no other
+teachers.'</p>
+
+<p>It has been very easy to tamper with Law among ourselves, very easy to
+try experiments. And people get the notion that Law is a mere human
+affair, the act of a legislature, the will of a majority. It is all a
+mistake. A Nation's living laws are the slow growth of ages. They are
+its solemn convictions on wrongs and rights, written in its heart. The
+business of a wise legislator is to help all those convictions to
+expression in formal enactment. Meddling fools try to choke them, pass
+acts against them even, think they can annihilate such convictions. One
+day the convictions insist on being heard, if not by formal law, then by
+terrible informal protest against some legalized wrong. Think how
+laboriously lawmakers have toiled to prevent the expression<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_607" id="Page_607">[Pg 607]</a></span> of the
+Nation's determined convictions on the subject of Slavery! Think of the
+end! Nay, all enactments which accord with these deep decisions of the
+National Conscience, which help them to better expression and clearer
+acknowledgment, are the real Laws of the Land. All that oppose these
+decisions, though passed by triumphant majorities, with loud jubilation,
+and fastened on the Nation as its sense of right, are mere rubbish, sure
+to be swept away as the waves of the National life roll on.</p>
+
+<p>We, by no means, hold that even the best nation, in its most living
+laws, always declares perfect truth and perfect right. Human errors and
+weaknesses enter into all things with which men deal. And the Nation is
+ordered and guided by men. Nevertheless the Nation is an authorized
+teacher of morals, and these errors are the accidents of the
+institution. They are not of its essence. So far as they exist, they
+block its working, they stand in its way. Pure, clear Justice is the
+perfect ideal toward which a living, advancing Nation aims. That it
+daily come nearer this ideal is the basis of its permanence. And,
+meanwhile, though the result be far from attained, we none the less hold
+that the Law of the Nation is, to every man within it, the Law of God.
+His business, as a wise man, is to accept it, obey it, help it to
+amendment where he believes there is error, with all patience and
+loyalty.</p>
+
+<p>For the first disorder in the makeup of man is wilfulness. The child
+kicks and scratches in his cradle. It wants to have its own small will.
+The first lesson it has to learn is the lesson of submission, that the
+untried world, into which it is thrust, is not a place of self-pleasing
+but of law. It takes parents and teachers years to get that fact through
+the stubborn youngster's head. It will burn its fingers, it will tumble
+down stairs, it will pitch head first over fences, because it will not
+learn to forego its own small, ignorant will, and submit to wiser and
+larger wills. In the good old days they used to think that matter ought
+to be learned in childhood once for all, and they labored faithfully to
+convince us urchins, by the unsparing logic of the rod, that the law of
+life is not self-will. Some of us, possibly, remember those emphatic
+lessons yet.</p>
+
+<p>It is hard, however, to learn this thing perfectly. And so after the
+Mother, Father, and Teacher get through, the Nation takes up the lesson.
+A wise, wide, unselfish will takes command, and puts down the narrow,
+conceited, selfish will of the individual. The individual will may think
+itself very wise and very right. But the large will, the broad, strong,
+wise will of the Nation, comes and says: 'Here is the <i>Law</i>, the
+embodiment of the great, wide, wise will, to which the wisest and the
+strongest must submit and bow.'</p>
+
+<p>That is the law of human position. Not self-will but obedience, not
+anarchy but order, not mad uncontrolledness, but calm submission, even
+to temporary error and wrong, is the road to ultimate perfection.
+Therefore, we can say nothing too reverential of Law. We cannot guard
+too jealously the clear trumpet-tongued preacher of everlasting right,
+sounding out a great Nation's convictions of obligation and duty. Hedge
+its sanctity with a ring wall of fire. Reverence the voice of the land
+for right and order. We have exploded forever, let us trust, the notion
+of 'the right divine of kings to govern wrong.' We must cling,
+therefore, with tenfold tenacity to the right divine of Law, the Sacred
+Majesty of the Nation's settled Order.</p>
+
+<p>But the Written Law is only one way in which the Nation brings its
+teachings home to the individual. It is not the strongest way. The
+Nation's most powerful formative influence lies in its <i>traditions</i>, its
+unwritten law, its sense and feeling about the questions of human life
+and conduct, handed down from father to son in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_608" id="Page_608">[Pg 608]</a></span> continuity of the
+national life. And the power to hand these down depends on the fact that
+the Nation is a living organism.</p>
+
+<p>For examine, and you will find every nation has a power to mould men
+after a certain model. We are Americans because we have been made so by
+the national influence. Rome, in old time, moulded men after a certain
+type, and, with infinite small diversities, made them all Romans. Greece
+took them, and, on another model, made them Greeks. England has the
+artistic power, and kneads the clay of childhood into the grown up
+creature the world knows as an Englishman. France has the same power,
+and manufactures the Frenchman.</p>
+
+<p>Now this moulding power, which every nation has, and the greatest
+nations the most markedly of all, comes mostly from what we call the
+National Tradition. Some people call it Public Opinion. They think they
+can even make it. They suppose it belongs to the present. In fact, they
+cannot make it to any extent at all. It belongs to the past. It is a
+thing inherited. It is best to call it National Tradition.</p>
+
+<p>For the nation, being an organism, and living, its life does not end
+with one generation. The river flows to-day, and is the same river it
+was a thousand years ago, though every wave and every drop has changed a
+million times. So the generations heave on into the great sea and are
+forgotten, but the Nation abides the same. So all the thought, and
+feeling, and conviction of the Nation to-day, on questions of human life
+and duty, it brings from the far-away past, from the gray mists of the
+distant hills where it took its rise.</p>
+
+<p>Just think! The life of every great, strong man and woman, who has
+lived, thought, worked in the Nation, has it not entered into the
+Nation's life? Is not here yet, a part of the Nation's influence? Every
+great, distinct type of human nature grown in the Nation becomes forever
+a mould in which to cast men. Every great deed done, every strong
+thought uttered, every noble life lived, is committed to the stream of
+this national tradition. Every great victory won, every terrible defeat
+suffered, every grand word spoken, every noble song sung, is alive to
+the last. The living Nation drops nothing, loses nothing out of its
+life. The Saxon Alfred, the Norman William, Scandinavian viking, moss
+trooper of the border, they have all gone into our circulation, they all
+help to shape Americans. And we have added Washington, the stainless
+gentleman, and Jefferson, the unselfish statesman, and Franklin, the
+patient conqueror of circumstance, and a thousand others, as types by
+which to form the children of this people for a thousand years.</p>
+
+<p>Think, too, how the national tradition rejects all bad models, all mean
+types, how it refuses to touch them at any price, how it will only carry
+down the grand models, the noble types. Arnold never enters as an
+influence into national training. The Arnolds and their treason are
+whelmed and sunk, as the Davises and their treason will be. The
+Washingtons do live as types. Their deeds sweep on, like stately barks,
+borne proudly on the rolling waves of the Nation's life, with triumphal
+music on their snowy decks, the land's glory for evermore! Only the
+noble, only the good, the true in some shape, never the utterly false or
+vile, will this national tradition hold and keep, as an influence and a
+power for time.</p>
+
+<p>Unseen, unfelt, but strong like God's hand, this power surrounds the
+cradle of the child. He finds it waiting for him. He does not know about
+it or reason about it. It takes him, soft and plastic as it finds him,
+and calls out his powers, and fashions them after its own forms. Before
+he is twenty-one he is made up for good and all, an American, an
+Englishman, or a Frenchman, <i>for life</i>. The creating influence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_609" id="Page_609">[Pg 609]</a></span> was like
+the air. He breathed it into his circulation.</p>
+
+<p>There are people who think it very wise to quarrel with this state of
+things. They think it philosophic to sneer at national prejudices, as
+they call them, to call national pride and national feeling narrow and
+bigoted. It is simply very silly to quarrel with any divine and
+unalterable order of life. Better work under it and with it. Does not
+love of country exalt and ennoble, and all the more because of its
+prejudices? Does not the very meanest feel himself higher, more worthy,
+more self-respecting, because he is one of a strong, great, free people,
+with a grand inheritance of heroism from the past, and grand
+possibilities for the future? Who will quarrel with the Frenchman, the
+Englishman, or the Japanese, for holding his land the fairest land, his
+nation the noblest nation the sun shines on? Is it not my fixed faith
+that he is utterly deluded? Do I not <i>know</i> that my own land is the
+garden of the Lord? Do I not see that its valleys are the holiest, and
+its mountains the loftiest, its rivers the most majestic, and its seas
+the broadest, its men the bravest, and its women the purest and fairest
+on the broad earth's face? Even Fourth of July orations have their uses.</p>
+
+<p>No! thank Heaven for this virtue of patriotism! It lifts a man out of
+his lower nature, and makes his heart beat with the hearts of heroes.
+There are two or three things in the world men will die for. The Nation
+is one. They will die for the land where their fathers sleep. They will
+fling fortune, hope, peace, family bliss, life itself, all into the
+gulf, to save its hearths from shame, its roof trees from dishonor. They
+will follow the tattered rag they have made the symbol of its right,
+through bursting shells and hissing hail of rifle shot, and serried
+ranks of gleaming bayonets, 'into the jaws of death, into the mouth of
+Hell,' when they are called. They will do this in thousands, the poorest
+better than the richest often, the humblest just as heroically as the
+leaders of the people. And therefore, we say, thank God for the
+elevating power of Patriotism, for national Pride, for national
+<i>prejudice</i>, if you will, that can, by this great love of country, so
+conquer selfishness, meanness, cowardice, and all lower loves, and make
+the very lowest by its power a hero, while the mortal man dies for the
+immortal Nation! Let a man commit himself boldly to the tendencies and
+influences of his race then. Let him work with them, not against them.
+He cannot be too much an American, too thoroughly penetrated with the
+convictions and the spirit of his country. And he need fear no
+contracting narrowness. The Nation's aims are wiser far and loftier far
+than the wisest and the loftiest of any one man, or any one generation.</p>
+
+<p>We have faintly shadowed out here something of the meaning of <span class="smcap">The
+Nation</span>. If we are right, we can pay no price that shall come near
+its value. For ourselves, for our children, for the ages coming, it is
+verily the Ark of the Covenant. We have seen that we are here to build
+it. Because <span class="smcap">God</span> needed these United States, He kept a continent
+till the time was ripe, and then sent His workmen to the work. We are
+all, in our degree, builders on those walls. We are building fast, these
+days. Some rotten stones have entered into the structure, and it is hard
+work to get them out, but we shall succeed. We shall see that no more of
+that kind get in. Let us build on the broad foundation of the fathers a
+stately palace, of marble, pure and white, whose towers shall flash back
+in glory the sunlight of centuries, towers of refuge against falsehood
+and wrong and cruelty forevermore.</p>
+
+<p>We are all builders, we say. The humblest does his share. There's fear
+in that thought, but more of hope. Nothing perishes. The private, who
+falls, bravely fighting, does his part like the general. The ploughman's
+honest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_610" id="Page_610">[Pg 610]</a></span> life gives its contribution to the Nation's greatness as the
+life of Webster does. All is telling in 'the long results of time,'
+helping to decide what style of manhood shall be fashioned in America
+for generations.</p>
+
+<p>For the great Nation grows slowly upward to its perfect proportions, as
+the parent and teacher of men. And all things and all men in it help to
+decide and develop that capacity. Not dazzling battle-bursts alone, not
+alone victorious charges on the trampled plain, not splendid triumphs,
+when laurelled legions march home from conquered provinces and humbled
+lands, not the mighty deeds of mighty men in camps, nor the mighty words
+of mighty men in senates, though all these do their part, and a grand
+part too&mdash;not these alone give the great land its character and might.
+These come from a thousand little things, we seldom think of. By the
+workman's axe that fells the forest as by the soldier's bayonet, by the
+gleaming ploughshare in the furrow as by the black Columbiad couchant on
+the rampart, by the schoolhouse in the valley as by the grim battery on
+the bay, by the church spire rising from the grove, by the humble
+cottage in the glen, by the Bible on the stand at eve, by the prayer
+from the peaceful hearth, by the bell that calls to worship through the
+hallowed air; by the merchant at his desk, and by the farmer in the
+harvest field, by the judge upon the bench, and the workman in his shop,
+by the student in his silent room, and by the sailor on the voiceful
+sea, by the honest speaker's tongue, by the honest writer's pen, and by
+the free press that gives the words of both a thousand pair of eagles'
+wings over land and sea, by every just and kindly word and work, by
+every honest, humble industry, by every due reward to manliness and
+right and loyalty, and by every shackle forged and every gallows built
+for villany and scoundrelhood; by a thousand things like these about us
+daily, working unnoticed year by year, is the great river swelled, of
+thought and feeling and conviction, that floats a mighty nation's
+grandeur on through the waiting centuries.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="BUCKLE_DRAPER_AND_A_SCIENCE_OF_HISTORY" id="BUCKLE_DRAPER_AND_A_SCIENCE_OF_HISTORY"></a>BUCKLE, DRAPER, AND A SCIENCE OF HISTORY.</h2>
+
+<h3><i>SECOND PAPER.</i></h3>
+
+
+<p>The word <i>Science</i> has been so indiscriminately applied to very diverse
+departments of our intellectual domain, that it has ceased to have any
+distinctive or well-defined signification. Meaning, appropriately, that
+which is certainly <i>known</i>, as distinguished from that which is matter
+of conjecture, opinion, thought, or plausible supposition merely, its
+application to any special branch of human inquiry signifies, in that
+sense, that the facts and principles relating to the given branch, or
+constituting it, are no longer subjects of uncertain investigation, but
+have become accurately and positively <i>known</i>, so as to be demonstrable
+to all intelligent minds and invariably recognized by them as true when
+rightly apprehended and understood. In the absence, however, of any
+clear conception of what constitutes <i>knowledge</i>, of where the dividing
+line between it and opinion lay, departments of the universe of
+intelligence almost wholly wanting in exactness and certainty have been
+dig<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_611" id="Page_611">[Pg 611]</a></span>nified with the same title which we apply to departments most
+positively <i>known</i>. We hear of the Science of Mathematics, the Science
+of Chemistry, the Science of Medicine, the Science of Political Economy,
+and even of the Science of Theology.</p>
+
+<p>This vague use of the word Science is not confined to general custom
+only, but appertains as well to Scientists and writers on scientific
+subjects. So general is this indistinct understanding of the meaning of
+this term, that there does not exist in the range of scientific
+literature a precise, compact, exhaustive, intelligible definition of
+it. In order, therefore, to approach our present subject with clear
+mental vision, we must gain an accurate conception of the character and
+constituents of Science.</p>
+
+<p>In his <i>History of the Inductive Sciences</i>, Professor Whewell says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'In the first place, then, I remark, that to the formation of
+science, two things are requisite:&mdash;Facts and Ideas; observation of
+Things without, and an inward effort of Thought; or, in other
+words, Sense and Reason. Neither of these elements, by itself, can
+constitute substantial general knowledge. The impression of sense,
+unconnected by some rational and speculative principle, can only
+end in a practical acquaintance with individual objects; the
+operations of the rational faculties, on the other hand, if allowed
+to go on without a constant reference of external things, can lead
+only to empty abstraction and barren ingenuity. Real speculative
+knowledge demands the combination of the two ingredients&mdash;right
+reason and facts to reason upon. It has been well said, that true
+knowledge is the interpretation of nature; and therefore it
+requires both the interpreting mind, and nature for its subject,
+both the document, and ingenuity to read it aright. Thus invention,
+acuteness, and connection of thought, are necessary on the one
+hand, for the progress of philosophical knowledge; and on the other
+hand, the precise and steady application of these faculties to
+facts well known and clearly conceived.'</p></div>
+
+<p>This explanation of the nature of Science, more elaborately expanded in
+<i>The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences</i>, is limited by its author to
+the Physical Sciences only. In addition to this circumscribed
+application, it is moreover indistinct by reason of the use of the word
+Ideas, a word to which so many different significations have been
+attached by different writers that its meaning is vague and
+undefined&mdash;to convey the impression of Laws or Principles. The same
+defect exists in the detailed exposition is perhaps the most extended
+and complete extant.</p>
+
+<p>But even when we gain a clear conception of the proposition which
+Professor Whewell only vaguely apprehends and therefore does not clearly
+state, namely&mdash;that Science is an assemblage of Facts correlated by Laws
+or Principles, a system in which the mutual <i>relations</i> of the Facts are
+known, and the Laws or Principles established by them are
+discovered;&mdash;when we understand this ever so distinctly, we are still at
+the beginning of a knowledge of what constitutes Science. When do we
+know that we have a Fact? How are we to be sure that our proof is not
+defective? By what means shall it be certain, beyond the cavil of a
+doubt, that the right Laws or Principles, and no more than those
+warranted by the Facts, are deduced? These and some other questions must
+be definitely settled before we can thoroughly comprehend the nature of
+Science, and the consideration of which brings us, in the first place,
+to the examination of the characteristics of Scientific Methods.</p>
+
+<p>The intellectual development of the world has proceeded under the
+operation of three Methods. Two of these, identical in their mode of
+action, but arriving, nevertheless, at widely different results, from
+the different points at which they take their departure, are not
+commonly discriminated, but are both included in the technical term<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_612" id="Page_612">[Pg 612]</a></span>
+<i>Deductive Method</i>. The other is denominated the <i>Inductive</i>. A brief
+analysis of these Methods will clear the way for an understanding of the
+nature of Science, particularly in its application to the subject of
+History, with which we are at present especially concerned.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest evolution of that which has been called Science,&mdash;the
+Mathematics, which we dismiss for the instant, excepted,&mdash;took place
+under the operation of a Method, which, ordinarily confounded with the
+true Deductive one, is now better known among rigorous Scientists as the
+Hypothetical or Anticipative Method. This has two modes of expression,
+one of which consists in the assumption of Laws or Principles, which
+have not been adequately verified, or in the erection of fanciful
+hypotheses, as the starting points of reasoning for the purpose of
+establishing other Facts. The second and most common operation referred
+to this Method, which is, however, strictly speaking, an imperfect
+application of the Inductive Method, is <i>to draw conclusions from Facts
+which these do not warrant</i>&mdash;sometimes conclusions not related to the
+Facts, oftener those which, being so related, are a step beyond the
+legitimate inferences which the Facts authorize, though in the same
+direction. This results in the establishment of Laws or Principles as
+true, which are by no means proven, many of which are subsequently found
+to be incorrect. It is to this operation of the Hypothetical Method that
+Professor Whewell, who does not discriminate the two, refers when he
+describes the defect in the physical speculations of the Greek
+philosophers to have been, 'that though they had in their possession
+Facts and Ideas, <i>the Ideas were not distinct and appropriate to the
+Facts</i>.' The main cause of defect in the mental process here employed is
+the tendency of the human mind to generalize at too early a stage of the
+investigation, and consequently upon a too narrow basis of Facts.</p>
+
+<p>This Method characterized the intellectual activity of the race from the
+earliest beginnings of thought up to a period which is commonly said to
+have commenced with the publication of the <i>Novum Organum</i> of Lord
+Bacon. It was of course fruitless of <i>Scientific</i> results, as it was not
+a Scientific, but an absolutely Unscientific Method, since <i>certainty</i>
+is the basis of all Science, and since a Method which attempts to deduce
+Facts from Principles which are not ascertained to be Principles, or
+Principles from an insufficient accumulation of Facts, cannot insure
+certainty.</p>
+
+<p>It is common to aver that the Anticipative or Hypothetical Method failed
+to secure distinct and established verities, and thus to answer the
+purpose of a guide to knowledge, because it neglected Facts, disregarded
+experience, and endeavored to spin philosophy out of the unverified
+thoughts of men. Professor Whewell, in the two able and valuable works
+to which we have referred, has shown that this was not the case among
+the Greeks, at least, whose Philosophy 'did, in its opinions, recognize
+the necessity and paramount value of observation; did, in its origin,
+proceed upon observed Facts, and did employ itself to no small extent in
+classifying and arranging phenomena;' and furthermore, 'that Aristotle,
+and other ancient philosophers, not only asserted in the most pointed
+manner that all our knowledge must begin from experience, but also
+stated, in language much resembling the habitual phraseology of the most
+modern schools of philosophizing, that particular facts must be
+<i>collected</i>; that from these, general principles must be obtained by
+induction; and that these principles, when of the most general kind, are
+<i>axioms</i>.'</p>
+
+<p>The confusion of thought which has existed and, to a considerable
+extent, still exists, even among Scientific men, in relation to the
+nature of this Method, arises from the want of an understanding of its
+twofold mode of operation,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_613" id="Page_613">[Pg 613]</a></span> as just explained. The assertion of those
+who ascribe the failure of this Method to its neglect of Facts, is true;
+the averment of Professor Whewell that it was neither from a lack of
+Facts nor Ideas, but because the Ideas were not distinct and appropriate
+to the Facts, is not less so. But the former statement applies to that
+phase of the Method which assumed unverified Laws or Principles, or
+fanciful hypotheses, as the starting points of reasoning without
+reference to Facts; while the latter refers to the process, which, while
+it collected Facts and derived Laws therefrom, did not stop at the
+inferences which were warranted by the Facts. This last was the mode of
+applying the Method most in vogue with Aristotle and the Greek
+Scientists; while the first was pre&euml;minently, almost exclusively, the
+process of the Greek Philosophers and the medi&aelig;val Schoolmen.</p>
+
+<p>But while the endeavor to arrive at certain knowledge by the Deductive
+Method, by attempting to reason from Principles to Facts, from Generals
+to Particulars, failed so completely as far as the Anticipative or
+Hypothetical branch, of the Method was concerned, the same mode of
+procedure was productive of the most satisfactory results when applied
+to Mathematics, and furnished a rapid and easy means of arriving at the
+ulterior Facts of this department of the universe with precision and
+certainty. We have thus the curious exhibition of the same process
+leading into utter confusion when applied to one set of phenomena, and
+into exactitude and surety when applied to another; and behold the
+Scientific world condemning as utterly useless for other departments of
+investigation, and throwing aside, a Method which is still retained in
+the only Science that is called <i>exact</i>, and in which proof amounts to
+<i>demonstration</i>, in the strict sense of the term. This anomaly will be
+recurred to and explained farther on.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the invention of printing, with its resulting multiplication
+of books and increased intellectual activity, the mind of Europe began
+to emerge from the deep darkness in which it had been shrouded for
+centuries, and a number of great intellects engaged in the search after
+knowledge by the close and laborious examination of the actual
+existences and operations of nature around them. Leonardo da Vinci and
+Galileo in Italy; Copernicus, Kepler, and Tycho Brahe in Central Europe;
+and Gilbert in England, peered into the hidden depths of the universe,
+collected Facts, and established those Principles which are the
+foundations of the magnificent structures of modern Astronomy and
+Physics. About the same time, Francis Bacon put forth the formal and
+elaborate statement of that Method of acquiring knowledge which is often
+called after him the Baconian, but more commonly the Inductive Method;
+substantially the Method pursued by the great scientific dicoverers whom
+we have just named.</p>
+
+<p>The characteristic of this Method is the precise Observation of Facts or
+Phenomena and the Induction (drawing in) or accumulation of these
+accurate Observations as the basis of knowledge. (This is seemingly the
+first or etymological reason for the use of the term <i>Induction</i>; a term
+subsequently transferred, as we shall see, to the establishment of the
+Laws, from which then <i>ulterior</i> Facts are to be <i>deduced</i>.) When a
+sufficient number of Facts have been accumulated and classified in any
+sphere of investigation, and these are found uniformly to reveal the
+same Law or Principle, it is assumed that all similar Phenomena are
+invariably governed by this Principle or Law, which, in reality
+<i>deduced</i> or derived, is, by this inversion of terms, said to be
+<i>induced</i> from the observed Facts. The Law so established has
+thenceforth two distinct functions: I, all the Facts of subsequent
+Observation, by the primitive Method of observation, are ranged under
+the Law which, to this extent, serves merely as a superior mode of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_614" id="Page_614">[Pg 614]</a></span>
+classification; and, II, the Law itself, now assumed to be known and
+infallible, becomes an instrument of prevision and the consequent
+discovery through it of new Facts, the same which were meant by the
+expression 'ulterior Facts' above used. It is this <i>deduction</i> of new
+Facts from an established Law which constitutes the true and legitimate
+Deductive Method of Science, the third of the three Methods above stated
+and the one which, as has been pointed out, is often erroneously
+confounded with the Anticipative or Hypothetical Method.</p>
+
+<p>The mode of investigation by the Inductive Method is, therefore, in
+general, similar to that which Aristotle and the Greek Scientists
+adopted. It first Observes and Collects Facts; then it resorts to
+Classification for the purpose of discovering the Law by which the
+observed Facts are regulated; then <i>derives</i> from this Classification a
+General Law, presumed to be applicable to all similar Facts, although
+they have not yet been observed; and, finally, <i>deduces</i> from the
+General Law thus established, new Facts and Particulars, by bringing
+them in under the Law.</p>
+
+<p>The Inductive Method is, therefore, almost identical in its mode of
+procedure with one of the processes anciently adopted for the
+acquisition of knowledge under the Anticipative or Hypothetical Method.
+It failed of fruitful results, in this earlier age, because, as we have
+seen, men were not content with adhering rigorously and patiently to the
+logical, irresistible conclusions which Facts evolved, but sought to
+wrench from them Principles, which required for their establishment a
+wider or different range of phenomena. On the revival of this Method
+among the modern Scientists, it was conceived, especially by Bacon, that
+a rigid adhesion to the legitimate deductions of Facts and a faithful
+exclusion from the domain of knowledge of everything which did <i>not</i>
+logically and inevitably result from the Observation and Classification
+of Facts, was the only safe way to arrive at certainty in any department
+of thought. It is this fidelity to conclusions rigorously derived from
+Facts, and the severe exclusion of everything not clearly substantiated
+by Observation, Classification, and Induction, which has given us the
+body of proximately definite knowledge that we now possess, and which,
+so far as it has been persevered in, has been productive of such
+beneficial intellectual results.</p>
+
+<p>Under the guidance of this Inductive Method new Sciences have been
+gradually generated, whose foundations and Principles are capable of
+such a degree of satisfactory proof as the Method itself affords. During
+the present century, Auguste Comte, a distinguished French philosopher,
+often denominated the Bacon of our epoch, the special champion of the
+Inductive Method, has undertaken, for our day, the task which his
+illustrious English predecessor attempted for his, namely&mdash;an Inventory
+and Classification of our intellectual stores. He endeavored to bring
+the Scientific world up to the <i>practical</i> recognition of that which
+they had <i>theoretically</i> maintained since Bacon's time,&mdash;that nothing
+deserves to be considered as true, which cannot be undoubtedly,
+conclusively established by inference, from the Facts of Experience,&mdash;a
+theory to which they had never strictly adhered. He insisted that all
+Theological, Metaphysical, and Transcendental Speculations were wholly
+beyond the range of exact inquiry, and should therefore be excluded from
+the domain in which human knowledge was to be sought; and that
+investigation should be confined to those regions of thought and
+activity which were within the limits of precise apprehension. Upon this
+clear, logical and right application of the Inductive Method, Comte
+based his Classification of our existing knowledge. He denominated as
+<i>Positive</i> Sciences those systems of Principles and correlated Facts,
+comprising Math<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_615" id="Page_615">[Pg 615]</a></span>ematics, Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry, Biology,
+Sociology, and their derivative domains, which were founded on the exact
+Observation of Phenomena, and set aside all other realms of the universe
+of thought as departments in which <i>exact</i> knowledge was impossible, and
+whose intellectual examination was therefore fruitless. The Philosophy
+based on this critical Method was denominated by its founder Positivism.
+All modern Scientists, with rare exceptions, whether they are disciples
+of Comte or not, are theoretical Positivists in their modes of
+investigation, in their unwillingness to accept theories not proven, in
+their partiality for Facts, and in their devotion to the Inductive
+Method, although the nature of <i>proof</i> is still but dimly comprehended
+by them as a body, and much laxity creeps into their practical efforts
+at demonstration. Under the influence of Positivism, however, the
+Scientific field is being rapidly cleared of unestablished theories
+which formerly mingled with it, claiming to be an integral part of its
+area, and the boundaries of Science are becoming more closely defined.
+The Inductive Method is enthusiastically eulogized as the source of the
+success of modern Scientific investigators, as the true Scientific
+Method, and&mdash;except among a few of the most advanced thinkers&mdash;as the
+final word of wisdom in regard to the manner of establishing definite
+and exact knowledge. The Deductive, often called the <i>&agrave; priori</i>
+Method&mdash;in which term the Anticipative or Hypothetical and the true
+Deductive Method, seen in Mathematical investigations, are not
+sufficiently discriminated&mdash;is, on the other hand, almost everywhere
+denounced as essentially false, the source of all error; and we are
+assured that the attempt to work it was the fault of the old world,
+prior to Bacon, and the cause of its failure to secure great
+intellectual results.</p>
+
+<p>A distinguished thinker, Stephen Pearl Andrews, from whose writings some
+of these suggestions concerning Methods have been borrowed, points out
+three sources of confusion in the minds even of the learned themselves,
+in connection with this subject. First, in the verbal point of view, the
+terms Induction and Deduction are applied in a way directly the opposite
+of that which their Etymology would indicate: <i>In</i>-duction is used for
+the <i>De</i>-rivation of a Law from Facts, and <i>De</i>-duction for the
+<i>Intro</i>-duction of new Facts under the Law. Secondly, the two terms
+Inductive and Deductive, which are alone usually spoken of, are not
+enough to designate all the processes involved in the several Scientific
+Methods; and, thirdly, these terms are sometimes used to denote
+<i>Processes</i> merely, and sometimes to designate Methods which are merely
+characterized by the predominance of one or the other of these
+Processes.</p>
+
+<p>This intricate subject of Methods may be better understood after a
+statement of the following considerations. Induction, as a <i>Process</i>,
+occurs whenever Facts are used as an instrument by which to discover a
+Principle or Law of Nature. The Principle is derived from, or, as
+Scientists have chosen to conceive it, <i>induced upon</i> the Facts.
+Deduction, as a <i>Process</i>, occurs whenever a Principle or Law of Nature
+is used as an instrument by which to discover Facts. The new Facts are
+ranged under, or, as it is conceived, <i>deduced from</i> the Principle.</p>
+
+<p>Each, of these Processes occurs in <i>every</i> Scientific Method; but
+different Methods are <i>characterised</i> by that one of these two Processes
+which is <i>put first or takes the lead in the given Method</i>. Thus, in
+both Methods which are included in the one generally called the
+Deductive, the main Process was <i>Deduction</i>, there being no perceptible
+<i>Induction</i> from Collected Facts in the proper Hypothetical or
+Anticipative Method, while in the true Deductive Method, as applied to
+Mathematics, the Inductive stage is so short and so slight that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_616" id="Page_616">[Pg 616]</a></span> it is
+performed instinctively by all people and the Deductive stage at once
+reached. The other branch of the Hypothetical Method, that used by
+Aristotle and the Greek Scientists, was, as we have seen, in reality a
+first and imperfect attempt to use the Inductive Method. In this Method
+itself, on the other hand, the main Process is the <i>Induction</i> or
+derivation of a Principle or Law from accumulated Facts, while
+<i>Deduction</i>, or the bringing in of new Facts under the Law, is a
+subordinate or Secondary Process.</p>
+
+<p>In reality, there is but <span class="smcap">one</span> Method, having several stages or
+<i>Processes</i>, which Processes, preponderating at different epochs, have
+not been clearly apprehended as necessary complements of each other, and
+have, hence, been regarded as different Methods. In one phase of the
+Anticipative or Hypothetical stage,&mdash;the assumption of basic Principles
+as points to reason from,&mdash;the Observation and Collection of Facts, and
+the Induction therefrom, were processes so imperfectly performed, that
+they appeared to have no existence; in another phase, that employed by
+Aristotle, these Processes were apparent, but still imperfectly
+conducted, and hence, in both cases, the Law or Principle employed for
+the <i>Deductive</i> Process was liable to be defective, and therefore
+insufficient as a guide to the acquisition of certain knowledge. In the
+Inductive stage or Method, on the other hand, the Processes thus
+defectively employed in the former stage, the Hypothetical, are
+pre&euml;minently and disproportionately active, while the Deductive Process
+is given a very inferior position. The establishment of the just,
+reciprocal activity of these two Processes in intellectual investigation
+would secure the perfection of the <i>one true Scientific Method</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Inductive Method&mdash;preserving the term Method to avoid confusion&mdash;in
+which the mode of procedure from Facts to Principles predominates, and
+which is hence sometimes called the Empirical, or the Experimental, or
+the Positive, or the <i>&agrave; posteriori</i> Method, is that which now prevails
+in the world, which is extolled as if it were the only legitimate
+Method, and the only possible route to Scientific Discovery. That the
+just claims of the Inductive Method are very great is universally
+admitted, but let us not stultify ourselves by assuming a position in
+its defence which is in direct violation of the teachings of the Method
+itself,&mdash;namely, the assumption of a theory which is not verified by
+Facts. That the Inductive Method is vastly superior to the Anticipative
+or Hypothetical one, is abundantly proved; but that it is the <i>only</i>
+correct path to Scientific truth, that it is the best path to Scientific
+truth which will ever be known, or that in a rightly balanced Method it
+would be the <i>main</i> Process, is an averment for which there is no
+warrant. On the contrary, a very cursory examination of the Inductive
+Method will show defects which render it unavailable as the sole or the
+chief guide in Scientific inquiry.</p>
+
+<p>The leading characteristic of the Inductive Method, that for which it is
+mainly admired, is its cautious, laborious, oftentimes tedious
+Observation and Collection of the Facts of Experience, and their careful
+Classification as a basis for the derivation of a Principle or Law
+applicable to the Phenomena grouped together. By this means, it is said,
+we secure precision and <i>certainty</i>, by which is intended, not only the
+<i>certainty of that which is already observed and classified</i>, but also
+<i>the certainty of that which is deduced from the Law or Principle
+derived from these known Facts</i>. It is just here, however, that the
+Inductive Method is lacking. Experience may testify a thousand, ten
+thousand, any indefinite number of times, to the repetition of the same
+Phenomena, and yet we can have no <i>certainty</i> of the recurrence of the
+same Phenomena, in the future, in the same way. All the Facts of
+Observation and Experience for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_617" id="Page_617">[Pg 617]</a></span> thousands of years went to convince men
+that the earth was at rest and the sun and stars passing around it. A
+larger Experience showed them their error. How shall we know that our
+Observation has at any time included all the Facts necessary to
+establish a Law? The history of Science, even under the guidance of the
+Inductive Method, is a history of Principles announced as firmly
+established, which a little later were found to be defective and had to
+be adjusted to the advanced stage of human Experience. The very nature
+of the Inductive Method indicates its inadequacy for the largest and
+most important purposes of Science. It gives certainty, where it does
+give it, only up to the point of the present, <i>it can never afford
+complete certainty for the future</i>. The logical and rigid testimony of
+this Method can never be more than this;&mdash;Observation and Experience
+show that such has been the uniform operation of Nature in this
+particular <i>so far as can be discovered</i>, and <i>in all probability</i> it
+will always continue to be such. <i>High Probability</i>, amounting, it may
+be, at times, to an assurance of certainty, is the strongest proof which
+this Method can, from its very nature, produce. To establish a Principle
+or Law for a <i>certainty beyond any possibility of doubt</i> by the
+Inductive Method, it is essential that we should know that we are in
+possession of every Fact in the universe which has any relation to the
+given Principle, or rather that we should know that there are <i>no</i> Facts
+in the universe at variance with it. To <i>know</i> this, it is necessary to
+be in possession of <i>all</i> the Facts in the universe, since the Inductive
+Method has no mode of discovering when it has sifted out of the immense
+mass of Facts all those which exist in connection with any given Law. As
+we shall <i>never</i> be in possession of all the Facts of the universe, we
+shall never be able, by the Inductive Method, to possess <i>certainty</i> in
+respect to the future operations of Nature; and thus we discover the
+insufficiency of this Method as a perfect guide to the acquisition of
+knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>The famed Inductive Method, like the Anticipative or Hypothetical,
+furnishes, in truth, only an <i>assumption</i> as a starting point for
+reasoning in the endeavor to establish other Facts than those already
+known. The verification of the Law or Principle assumed is, indeed, in
+the former Method, as complete as it can be, in the nature of the case,
+while in the latter it is not; but we have just seen that the strongest
+proof which Observation, Classification, and Induction can give is that
+of High Probability, on the <i>supposition</i> that a certain number of Facts
+from which a Law is derived include substantially all that the whole
+range of Phenomena belonging to the given sphere would represent. Any
+possible application of the Inductive Method is, therefore, only a
+nearer or more remote approximation to an Exactitude and Certainty which
+the Method itself can never <i>fully</i> attain.</p>
+
+<p>The Inductive Method being thus defective as a Scientific guide, in the
+most important requirement of Science, it is unnecessary to enter into
+an exposition of minor defects, not the least of which is the <i>slowness</i>
+with which conclusions must necessarily be arrived at, when they are
+reached only by the gradual accumulation of Facts and the derivation of
+a Law from these. A Method or a Process which lacks that which is the
+very essence of Science&mdash;the power of making <i>known</i>, of introducing
+<i>certainty</i> into investigation, may be an important factor in the <i>true
+Scientific</i> Method, but cannot constitute the <i>Method itself</i>, or its
+<i>leading</i> feature. Let it not be understood, however, that in bringing
+the Inductive Method in Science to the ordeal of a critical examination,
+it is designed to detract from its just dues or to depreciate its true
+value. Science is pre&euml;minently severe in its probings; and that which,
+asserts its claim to the highest Scientific position, and affects to be
+the only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_618" id="Page_618">[Pg 618]</a></span> guide to exact knowledge, cannot expect anything less than the
+most rigorous inquiry into the validity of such claim, and the most
+peremptory insistence upon the production of proper credentials before
+so lofty a seat be accorded it. If inquiry discovers deficiencies in its
+character, Science should rejoice that truth is vindicated, and that, by
+correctly understanding the nature and powers of their present guide,
+Scientific men may avoid being tempted to consider it as competent to
+conduct them into regions where the blind must inevitably be leading the
+blind, and both be in danger of the ditch. If the devotees of the
+Inductive Method have in their enthusiasm set up claims for it which
+cannot be substantiated, they must not blame the rigorous hand, which,
+in the service of Science, unmasks their idol and exhibits its defects,
+but rather impute to their own deviation from the severity of Scientific
+truth, the disappointment which they may experience. The question of
+Method lies at the foundation of all Science. Until it is thoroughly
+understood, until the exact character of all our Methods or Processes is
+definitely and rightly apprehended, there can be no full understanding
+of the true nature of Science, and, hence, no critical and exact line
+drawn between that which is Science and that which is not.</p>
+
+<p>Our examination of the Methods in use thus far in our past search after
+knowledge has developed these facts:&mdash;that prior to an era which is
+commonly said to commence with Bacon, the Method of intellectual
+investigation was <i>mainly</i> by attempting to proceed from Principles to
+Facts, and that the attempt exhibits three distinct phases: one, in
+which the Induction stage is so simple and so short as to be
+instinctively and correctly performed by all people, and the Deductive
+stage at once reached&mdash;this furnishes the Mathematics, the only Science
+in which hitherto the <i>true</i> Deductive Method has prevailed; a second,
+in which Principles are assumed to reason from, without any previous
+effort at Induction, such as existed, being unconsciously made from the
+supposed Facts or Knowledge which the mind was in possession of; and a
+third, in which Facts were collected, classified, and Induction
+therefrom as a basis of further investigation attempted, but in which
+the Laws or Principles assumed as established by the Facts were not
+rigorously and accurately derived from Facts; or, in other words, in
+which the Facts were not strictly used for the purpose of deriving from
+them just such Laws or Principles only as they actually established, but
+were wrenched to the attempted support of Laws, Principles, or Ideas
+more or less fanciful or unrelated to the Facts. These two last phases
+are included in what is known among Scientists as the Anticipative or
+Hypothetical Method; while the three phases are commonly undiscriminated
+and collectively termed the Deductive Method. It was also developed that
+the results of this period of intellectual activity were fruitless of
+definite Scientific achievements, <i>except so far as the true Deductive
+Method</i> had been employed. It was furthermore seen that since Bacon's
+time, the opposite Method of procedure, namely, from Facts to
+Principles, has been chiefly in vogue; that under its impulse
+distinctness and clearness have been brought to pervade those stores of
+knowledge which were already in our possession, thus fulfilling <i>one</i> of
+the requisites of a perfect Scientific Method, while, however, the other
+necessary requirement, that of furnishing a <i>certain</i> guide to future
+discoveries, has been only proximately attained by it.</p>
+
+<p>It is obvious from this exhibition of the characteristics of the two
+leading Scientific Methods, or the two leading Processes of the one
+Method, in whichever light we may choose to view them, that so far from
+being the best or the only true Method or Process of intellectual
+investigation, the Inductive is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_619" id="Page_619">[Pg 619]</a></span> far inferior to the <i>true Deductive</i>
+Method or Process, in all the essentials of a Scientific guide. The
+Inductive can give us only a <i>high degree</i> of precision and
+definiteness, with only proximate certainty for the future as the result
+of a slow mode of procedure; while the true Deductive Method gives us
+perfect precision, exactitude, and complete certainty, as the result of
+a rapid mode. The true Deductive Method&mdash;brought into disrepute by being
+confounded with the Anticipative or Hypothetical, which differs from it
+only in this, that the Principles from which the latter reasons are
+<i>true</i>, while those of the former are <i>doubtful</i>&mdash;has thus far prevailed
+in Mathematics alone, and <i>Mathematics</i> is, up to our day, <i>the only
+recognized Exact Science</i>, the only Science in which <i>Demonstration</i>, in
+the strict sense of that term, is now possible,&mdash;the fruits of the
+Inductive Method being known as the <i>Inexact</i> Sciences, in which only
+Probable Reasoning prevails.</p>
+
+<p>It is necessary to say, in the <i>strict sense of the term</i>, because the
+same laxity exists in the use of the word <i>Demonstration</i>, as in that of
+Science, and hence it has lost the distinctive meaning which attaches to
+it, in its legitimate use, as signifying a mode of reasoning in which
+the <i>self-evident truths or axioms</i>, with which we start, and every step
+in the deduction, 'are not only perfectly definite, but incapable of
+being apprehended differently&mdash;if really apprehended, they must be
+apprehended alike by all and at all times.' It is because this Method of
+proof exists only in Mathematics, that this alone is denominated the
+<i>Exact</i> Science, or its branches, the Exact Sciences; Sciences whose
+Laws or Principles, and the Facts connected with or deduced from them,
+are irresistible conclusions of thought, in all minds, which conclusions
+rest upon universally recognized axioms; while the <i>Inexact Sciences</i>,
+including all except Mathematics, the Sciences in which the Inductive
+Method prevails, are systems of Laws or Principles, with their related
+Facts, of the truth of which there is great probability, but of which
+there is, nevertheless, no complete certainty; whose conclusions are not
+<i>based</i> upon universally undeniable axioms, or are not <i>themselves</i>
+irresistible to the human mind.</p>
+
+<p>The superiority of the Deductive Method, both in its mode of advancing
+to the discovery of new truth and in the precision, clearness, and
+certainty which accompany its findings, must now easily become apparent.
+Whether we regard Induction and Deduction as correlative Processes
+belonging to one Method, each of which has been disproportionately in
+vogue at different epochs, or as distinctive Methods, having each their
+own Deductive and Inductive Processes, in either aspect, Induction is
+only a preparative labor, leading in the more important work of the
+application of the Law or Principle derived. It is only, indeed, for the
+purpose of discovering this Law that Observation, Classification, and
+Induction are undertaken. It has been the triumphant boast of the
+Inductive Method, that it guarded, by means of these preliminary steps,
+in the most careful manner, against error in establishing its Laws. To
+the extent of its capacity it has done so. But we have already seen,
+that deriving its Principles, as it was obliged to, from less than <i>all</i>
+the Facts which appertained to the Principles, these must inevitably
+have been lacking in some particulars; it being impossible to make the
+whole out of less than all its parts.</p>
+
+<p>The Inductive Method has obtained an importance greatly exaggerated, for
+the reason that it has been brought into comparison, for the most part,
+with the Anticipative or Hypothetical, the bastard Deductive Method
+only, and its superiority over this exhibited in the most detailed
+manner, while the right application of the Deductive Method, except in
+Mathematics, has not been considered possible. The reason of this can be
+made obvious.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_620" id="Page_620">[Pg 620]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The immense superiority of <i>Mathematical</i> Reasoning, as <i>Demonstration</i>
+is often called, over all other kinds, is universally known and
+recognized. For in this mode of reasoning there is no room for doubt or
+uncertainty. It starts from Principles of whose truth there can be no
+doubt, because it is impossible for <i>the human mind to apprehend them in
+more than one way</i>, and proceeds by steps, every one of which can
+likewise be apprehended in only one way. Hence all men arrive
+<i>inevitably</i> at the same conclusion at the close of the chain of
+reasoning. It is, therefore, a Method of proof which sets out from a
+precise, definite, universally established Law or Principle which really
+contains the conclusion in itself, and which can be developed to the end
+through a series of necessary and irresistible convincements; while in
+the Inductive Method we are obliged to start from this or that admitted
+Fact or Truth assumed after Observation, Classification, and Induction,
+which may have been rigorously performed, but which, nevertheless, could
+not, in the nature of the case, prove the Fact or Truth with complete
+certainty, and which is not, perhaps, universally admitted, and proceed
+by merely probable inferences drawn from various, diverse, and often
+uncertain relations, until we reach a conclusion. Such reasoning may be
+sufficient to incline the mind to a particular conclusion, as against
+those which tend to any other conclusion, but they are never quite
+sufficient, as in Demonstrative or <i>true</i> Deductive reasoning, to
+<i>necessitate</i> the conclusion, and render any other impossible.</p>
+
+<p>A Method of Scientific investigation which proceeds from self-evident
+truths to necessary results by undeniable steps, would of course be
+preferable to one which, starting from truths whose precision and
+certainty might be doubtful, advances by more or less probable
+inferences to a more or less probable conclusion, did there not exist
+some powerful cause for a contrary action. A difficulty thus far
+insurmountable has, indeed, stood in the way of the adoption of the
+Deductive Method in any department of investigation, save the one
+already referred to. This Method, we have seen, leads to truth or error
+accordingly as the Principles or Laws from which it commences its
+reasoning process are true or false. In the Mathematics, the basic
+truths, being of a simple character, were arrived at by easy and
+instinctive mental processes, and the Method achieved in this department
+great success. But the other domains of human knowledge being more
+complex, involving more qualities or characteristics than mere Number
+and Form and Force, which are all that come within the scope of
+Mathematics, their fundamental bases or truths were not so easily
+attainable. Hence, when Principles or Ideas which men believed to
+contain all the fundamentals of a specific domain of thought were
+adopted as starting points of reasoning, they were generally lacking in
+some important element, which caused the conclusion to be in some way
+incorrect. We have seen the historical results of this mode of procedure
+in what is denominated the Anticipative or Hypothetical Method. The
+failure of this to secure good results, and the absence of any standard
+by which to be certain when a Law or Principle was fundamental, exact,
+and inclusive, when it was a valid basis to reason from, led to the
+abandonment of the Deductive Method, except in its application to
+Mathematics, where true starting points were known. The Observation and
+Classification of Facts was then resorted to, first, in a loose way, in
+Greece, and afterward, in a more rigorous way, in the world at large,
+for the purpose of endeavoring to discover, by the only mode considered
+effective&mdash;the examination of Phenomena&mdash;the fundamental Principles,
+which, like those of Mathematics, should include all the essentials of
+the special domain under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_621" id="Page_621">[Pg 621]</a></span> consideration. These being discovered, might
+furnish, it was instinctively felt, starting points from which to work
+the Deductive Process, with the same success as that which attended its
+application to Mathematics.</p>
+
+<p>The Inductive Principle, considered either as a Process or a Method, is
+valuable, therefore, mainly as it furnishes proper starting points for
+the activity of the Deductive Principle. Thus far in the history of the
+Natural Sciences it has been the best and safest guide in affording such
+starting points. But the indications are numerous all about us that the
+progress of Scientific discovery will ere long bring us to a stage,
+where the Laws or Principles which underlie every department of the
+Universe being fully revealed, the function of the Inductive Principle
+as a guide to fundamental bases, will be at an end, and the Deductive
+Method once more assume the leadership, opening to us all departments of
+investigation, with the rapidity, precision, and certainty which
+characterize Mathematical research and Demonstrative Reasoning.</p>
+
+<p>This <i>desideratum</i> must necessarily result whenever a Unitary Law shall
+be discovered in Science; whenever the Sciences, and the Phenomena
+within the different Sciences, shall be <i>basically</i> connected. All the
+present conditions and tendencies of knowledge indicate that the
+attainment of this crowning intellectual goal was predestined to our
+epoch. It has been the grand work of the Inductive Method to arrange
+Facts under Principles, and these latter as Facts or Truths under a
+smaller number of Principles, and these in turn under a still smaller
+number, until all the Phenomena of the different domains of thought
+which are reckoned as Sciences are included within a few Principles
+which lie at the foundation of each domain. The connection of these few
+Principles by a still more fundamental Law, is all that is necessary to
+the completion of the work of the centuries and the establishment of a
+Universal or Unitary Science. Already those recognized as leaders in the
+Scientific world watch expectantly the signs of the times and await the
+advent of the Grand Discovery which is to usher in a new intellectual
+era, 'We have reached the point,' says Agassiz, in one of his <i>Atlantic
+Monthly</i> articles, 'where the results of Science <i>touch the very problem
+of existence, and all men listen for the solving of that mystery</i>. When
+it will come, and how, none can say; but this much, at least, is
+certain, <i>that all our researches are leading up to that question</i>, and
+mankind will never rest till it is answered.'</p>
+
+<p>'All the Phenomena of Physics,' says Professor Silliman, in his <i>First
+Principles of Philosophy</i>, 'are dependent on a limited number of general
+laws, <i>of which they are the necessary consequences</i>. However various
+and complex may be the phenomena, their laws are few, and distinguished
+for their exceeding simplicity. All of them may be represented by
+numbers and algebraic symbols, and these condensed <i>formul&aelig;</i> enable us
+to conduct investigations <i>with the certainty and precision of pure
+Mathematics</i>. As in geometry, all the properties of figures are deduced
+from a few axioms and definitions; so <i>when the general laws of Physics
+are known, we may deduce from them, by a series of rigorous reasonings,
+all the phenomena to which they give rise</i>.'</p>
+
+<p>Auguste Comte, in his elaborate and encyclop&aelig;dic <i>Course of Positive
+Philosophy</i>, tells us that 'these <i>three</i> laws [the Law of Inertia, the
+Law of the Equality of action and reaction, and the Law of the
+Composition of forces] are the experimental basis of the Science of
+Mechanics. From them the mind may proceed <i>to the logical construction
+of the Science, without further reference to the external world</i>. * * *
+We cannot, however, conceive of any case which is not met by these three
+laws of Kepler, of Newton, and of Galileo, and their expression is so
+precise that they can be immediately treated in the form of analytical
+equations easily ob<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_622" id="Page_622">[Pg 622]</a></span>tained.' While also exhibiting the small number of
+Principles which lie at the foundation of other domains of our
+intellectual accumulations, Comte remarks: 'The ultimate perfection of
+the Positive system would be (if such perfection could be hoped for) to
+represent all phenomena as particular aspects of a single general
+fact;&mdash;such as Gravitation, for instance.'</p>
+
+<p>These are a few specimens of what may be found in the books, pointing
+out the gradual approach of Scientific investigation to the discovery of
+a Unitary Law, and the expectation among Scientists of the advent, at
+some period not far distant, of a new Science, the greatest among
+Sciences, a true Pantology or Universology. Upon the apprehension of
+this Law, which must establish the true basis of every domain of thought
+or activity, and show it to be identical or analogous in the several
+domains, we shall be placed, <i>in relation to the whole universe</i>,
+precisely where we now stand in relation to Mathematics, Mechanics, and
+Physics; that is, the General Law or Laws of every domain of
+investigation will become known, as we now know those of these Sciences,
+and, to adopt the words of the French writer, 'from them the mind may
+proceed to the logical construction of the Science [being now the
+Science of the whole Universe], without further reference to the
+external world;' or to use the language of Professor Silliman, 'when the
+general laws of [the Universe] are known, we may <i>deduce</i> from them, by
+a series of rigorous reasonings, <i>all the phenomena to which they give
+rise</i>.' Thus, upon the discovery of a Unitary Law, linking the Sciences
+together, and showing the identity of their starting points or bases,
+the Deductive Principle, considered either as a Method or a Process,
+must once more take the lead, and the Inductive occupy its legitimate
+position as a subordinate and corroborative auxiliary. Under the
+guidance of this new adjustment of the Deductive and Inductive
+Principles, a full, exact, complete, definite, <i>Scientific</i>
+Classification of our knowledge will become possible, and the true
+boundaries of every domain of intellectual examination may be critically
+and clearly established. In the absence of such a Classification, it is
+only by viewing departments of the Universe with reference to the Method
+or Process employed in the investigation of their Phenomena, that we are
+able to estimate their present relations to Science, and to ascertain
+proximately their Scientific or Unscientific character. We proceed,
+then, to examine the connection of History, in its present development,
+with Science, a task to which the foregoing brief and incomplete
+consideration of the subject of Method has been a necessary preliminary.</p>
+
+<p>A number of Classifications of human knowledge have been attempted, none
+of which were exact or complete, or could have been, for a reason which
+was stated above, and none of which are now considered to be
+satisfactory by the Scientific world. Bacon and D'Alembert, men of
+vigorous and vast intellectual capacity, were admirably adapted to such
+a work, so far as it could be performed in their day. But the state of
+knowledge and Scientific progress was not sufficiently advanced, at that
+time, to render any Classification which could be made of more than
+temporary value, and those furnished by these illustrious thinkers now
+appertain only to the arch&aelig;ology of Science.</p>
+
+<p>The Classification of Auguste Comte, in the absence of a more exact,
+complete, and inclusive one, still holds the highest rank, and is the
+only one which now claims the attention of the general Thinker. It is
+very restricted in its application, professing to include only the
+domain which Comte calls abstract or general Science, which has for its
+object the discovery of the laws which regulate Phenomena in all
+conceivable cases within their domain, and excluding the sphere of what
+he denominates concrete, particular, or descriptive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_623" id="Page_623">[Pg 623]</a></span> Science, whose
+function it is to apply these laws to the history of existing beings.
+This throws such Natural Sciences as Botany, Zoology, Mineralogy,
+Geology, etc., out of his range. He also excludes the domain of
+<i>practical</i> Knowledge, comprising what is included under the terms, the
+Applied Sciences, the Arts, the Mechanical Sciences, etc. A
+Classification, far more detailed and comprehensive in its scope than
+anything yet published, is in preparation by Professor P. H. Vander
+Weyde, of the Cooper Institute&mdash;advanced sheets of which, so far as it
+is elaborated, have been kindly furnished to the writer by the
+author&mdash;the incomplete state of which, however, prevents a further
+consideration here.</p>
+
+<p>The Principle which Comte adopted to guide him in his Classification was
+the following: 'All observable phenomena may be included within a very
+few natural categories, so arranged as that the study of each category
+may be grounded on the principal laws of the preceding, and serve as the
+basis of the next ensuing. This order is determined by the degree of
+simplicity, or, what comes to the same thing, of generality of their
+phenomena. Hence results their successive dependence, and the greater or
+lesser facility for being studied.' In accordance with this Principle,
+Comte establishes what he denominates the <i>Hierarchy of the Sciences</i>.
+Mathematics stands at the base of this, as being that Science whose
+Phenomena are the most general, the most simple, and the most abstract
+of all. Astronomy comes next, wherein the Static and Dynamic properties
+of the heavenly bodies complicate the nature of the investigation; in
+Physics, Phenomena must be considered in the midst of the still greater
+complications of Weight, Light, Heat, Sound, etc.; Chemistry has
+additional characteristics to trace in its subjects; Biology adds the
+intricacies of vital Phenomena to all below it; and Sociology, the sixth
+and last of Comte's Hierarchy&mdash;all other departments of thought other
+than those previously excluded from his survey, being regarded as out of
+the bounds of human cognition&mdash;deals with the still more complicated
+problem of the relations of men to each other in society.</p>
+
+<p>This Classification is admirable for the purpose of showing the mutual
+interdependence of the branches of Knowledge included in it; but aside
+from its covering only a small part of our intellectual domain, it is
+also defective in not distinguishing with sufficient clearness that
+which is properly Science, from that which is merely Theory or Plausible
+Conjecture. Biology and Sociology are classed with Mathematics as
+<i>Positive</i> Sciences, as if the Laws or Principles which correlated the
+Phenomena of the former were established as certainly and definitely as
+those of the latter; while there is no prominence given to the different
+nature of <i>proof</i> in Mathematics and that in every other department of
+investigation&mdash;except in so far as Mathematical Phenomena and Processes
+enter into the latter&mdash;if, indeed, the founder of Positivism has even
+anywhere distinctly stated it. Chemistry, Biology, and Sociology,
+leaving Astronomy and Physics aside for the present, are not yet
+<i>Positive</i> Sciences, in any such sense as Mathematics. The lack of
+<i>exact</i> analysis is apparent in all of Comte's generalizations,
+otherwise magnificent and masterly as they undoubtedly are. In respect
+to the matter under consideration, it renders his Classification
+unavailing for determining with sufficient precision and exactitude the
+character of any intellectual domain. History, while it is the source
+whence the proof of his fundamental positions is drawn, finds no place
+in his Scientific schedule. Even had it been otherwise, the defect just
+alluded to would have rendered it useless for our present purposes,
+until a prior Classification had first been made, exhibiting the radical
+difference between the various domains, which are all indiscriminately
+grouped under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_624" id="Page_624">[Pg 624]</a></span> the name of <i>Science</i>. After such a Classification, based
+on the nature of <i>proof</i> as involved in Method, the Principle which
+guided Comte in the establishment of the Hierarchy of the Sciences will
+enable us, in a concluding paper, to estimate with proximate certainty
+the character of a possible Science of History, and to ascertain how far
+the labors of Mr. Buckle and Professor Draper have aided toward the
+creation of such a Science.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="DIARY_OF_FRANCES_KRASINSKA" id="DIARY_OF_FRANCES_KRASINSKA"></a>DIARY OF FRANCES KRASINSKA;</h2>
+
+<h3>OR, LIFE IN POLAND DURING THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.</h3>
+
+
+<p class='author'>Friday, <i>April 10th</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Easter week is over, and I am really sorry; I had found happiness in
+repose, and already have care and disquiet won their way into my heart
+and my mind.... How many sins I have committed! Poor humanity! poor
+nature, so frail and weak! Notwithstanding my promises and the
+resolutions which I fancied so strong, I yield to the least temptation.</p>
+
+<p>For example, and it is indeed incredible, but a fact, that on Holy
+Thursday, the very day after my confession, I sinned, and sinned through
+pride. I should have worn black when I went to be present at the court
+ceremony, but I could not resist the seduction of a beautiful costume.
+Just as I was beginning my preparations, the Princess Lubomirska entered
+my room, accompanied by her maids, who brought me a charming dress of
+white velvet, with a long train, and trimmed with white roses; the
+headdress consisted of a garland of white roses, and a long white blonde
+veil. The taste and richness of this costume surpasses description! How
+could I resist the happiness of seeing myself so becomingly attired!</p>
+
+<p>I asked the princess why she required me to wear so brilliant a costume
+to church; she replied that on Holy Thursday it was customary after the
+service to go into the great hall of the castle, where the king would
+wash the feet of twelve old men, in commemoration of the humility of our
+Saviour, and that he would also wait upon them at table. During this
+pious and edifying ceremony, a young girl belonging to one of the
+noblest families must make a collection for the poor; the king himself
+names the lady, and this year he was pleased to honor me by his
+selection; he at the same time announced that the results of my efforts
+should be given to the hospital for the poor under the Abb&eacute; Baudoin's
+charge.</p>
+
+<p>I was very happy as I listened to the princess; but, must I confess it?
+I was not happy through the good action I was about to perform; I
+thought only of myself, of my beauty, of the charming costume, of the
+effect I should produce among all the other women dressed in black, and
+I rejoiced to think that I should be the most beautiful. What culpable
+vanity! And on Holy Thursday! But at least I frankly admit my sin, and
+humiliate myself for it.</p>
+
+<p>My collection surpassed my hopes. I received nearly four thousand
+ducats. Prince Charles Radziwill said, as he put his hand to his purse:
+'My dear (Panie Kochanku, his favorite expression), one must give
+something to so beautiful a lady;' and he threw five hundred gold pieces
+on my plate, which would have fallen from my hands had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_625" id="Page_625">[Pg 625]</a></span> I not been aided
+in holding it. When I began my collection, I was very much embarrassed;
+I trembled all over, and blushed at each new offering I received; but by
+degrees I gained courage, and profited by my dancing master's lessons.
+The grand marshal of the court gave me his hand, and named each lord as
+he repeated the customary formula employed in handing them the plate; as
+for me, I could not have said a word; I found it quite enough to make a
+proper and becoming courtesy to each one. When the plate became too
+heavy, the marshal emptied it into a large bag, borne behind us.</p>
+
+<p>I heard many compliments, and I was more looked at and admired than I
+ever had been before in my life. The prince royal said to me: 'If you
+had asked each of us to give you his heart, no one could have refused
+you.'</p>
+
+<p>I replied: 'Affection is not solicited, it is inspired.'</p>
+
+<p>He seemed pleased with my frankness. I cannot comprehend how a woman
+could solicit love, and say: Love me, admire me.... For a king I could
+not thus degrade myself. Tenderness is involuntary; one may seek to win
+it, one may gladly accept it when offered; but to solicit it, is even
+more ridiculous than criminal.</p>
+
+<p>The washing of the feet is one of the most striking ceremonies of our
+religion. A king kneeling before those twelve aged men, and then
+standing behind them while they are at table, is a most touching and
+sublime spectacle. That ceremony can never pass from my memory. Augustus
+III, although no longer young, is still handsome; his gestures bear the
+impress of dignity and nobility: the prince royal, Charles, resembles
+him exactly.</p>
+
+<p>On Good Friday we visited the sepulchre; all the court ladies were
+dressed in black; we made our stations in seven churches, and in each we
+said appropriate prayers. I was on my knees during a whole hour in the
+cathedral. On Holy Saturday the services were magnificent, and the
+organs pealed forth the most heavenly strains of music.</p>
+
+<p>Tho princess's Easter collation (swiencone) was superb; until yesterday,
+the tables were continually covered with cakes and cold meats. It is
+just one year since I assisted at Madame Strumle's very modest
+collation; I was then a schoolgirl; who could have guessed that on the
+following Easter Monday I should be with the princess palatiness, that
+the prince royal would partake of the same collation with myself, and
+that we should eat out of the same plate!</p>
+
+<p>One really finds a pleasure in eating meat after a Lent so rigorously
+observed; for all here are as particular as at Maleszow. During holy
+week, everything is cooked in oil, and on Good Friday a severe fast is
+adhered to, each one taking only food sufficient to keep him from
+starving.</p>
+
+<p>The prince royal has fasted so much that he has become quite thin. I
+noticed this yesterday, and my eyes involuntarily rested upon his
+features with a more tender expression than usual: as he was talking
+with the prince palatine, I did not think he was paying any attention to
+me, but thoughts springing from the heart never escape him, he is so
+good, so quick in understanding; soon after, he thanked me for my
+solicitude. I grew very red, and promised myself in future to keep a
+strict guard over the expression of my eyes.</p>
+
+<p>A woman's part, especially that of an unmarried girl, is very difficult;
+not only must she measure out her words and watch the tones of her
+voice, but she must also command the expression of her countenance. I
+must ask, of what use are governesses and their lessons in such cases?
+The princess is quite right when she says, that ten governesses, let
+them be as watchful as they may, cannot guard a young girl who does not
+know how to guard herself.</p>
+
+<p class='author'>Wednesday, <i>April 15th</i>.</p>
+
+<p>We leave Warsaw to-morrow; I am<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_626" id="Page_626">[Pg 626]</a></span> going with the prince and princess to
+their estate at Opole. My father has written to the princess to say that
+I may remain with her so long as my presence may be agreeable to her. I
+hope she will never be dissatisfied with me; I endeavor to please her in
+every possible way. She inspires me with infinite fear and respect; she
+controls me entirely, and I am always ready to yield to the lightest
+expression of her will; when she smiles upon me, when she looks at me
+kindly, it seems to me as if heaven were opening before me. If I should
+ever reach an advanced age, I would like to inspire the same feelings
+which I experience toward her. The prince royal himself is afraid of the
+princess.</p>
+
+<p>Would any one believe that I am glad to think that I shall not now go to
+Maleszow? I dread the home of my childhood; it seems to me as if I
+should profane it were I to visit it with a heart so filled with unrest
+and disquietude!</p>
+
+<p>Ought I to regret the past? Will a life of torment be the price of a
+single ray of happiness enlightening the highest pinnacle of human
+felicity? If the wish which I dare not express should ever be
+accomplished, I will surely be equal to my position; but I will also
+know how to bear the shipwreck of my dearest hopes.... Great God, how
+can I write, how dare I confide to paper what I fear to confess to
+myself! When I think of him, I tremble lest any one should divine my
+feelings, and yet I write!... If my journal were to fall into any one's
+hands I should be deemed mad, or at least most foolishly presumptuous; I
+must shut it up under four locks.</p>
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Castle of Opole</span>, Friday, <i>April 24th</i>.</p>
+
+<p>We have been here nearly a week; the situation of the castle is very
+agreeable, but I am no longer gay, and nothing pleases me. The trees
+should already be green, and they are still bare; it should be warm, and
+the air freezes me. I desired to embroider, but the indispensable silks
+were wanting; I tried the piano, but it was not in tune: it will be
+necessary to send to Lublin for the organist. There is quite a large
+library here, but I dare not ask the princess for the key. The prince
+has several new works; he paid in my presence six gold ducats for ten
+little volumes of M. Voltaire's works: Voltaire is now the most
+celebrated writer in France. The princess forbids my reading his books,
+and I am sure I am quite content. But what I cannot endure is, that I am
+not permitted to read a romance lately come from Paris, entitled <i>La
+Nouvelle H&eacute;lo&iuml;se</i>. It is by a certain Rousseau, and has made a great
+sensation here. I picked up one volume, and read a few pages of the
+preface, but what did I see? Rousseau himself says: 'A mother will
+forbid her daughter to read it.' The princess is quite right, and I laid
+the book aside with a flutter at my heart which still continues.</p>
+
+<p>The physicians in Warsaw have ordered the princess to ride on horseback
+during her sojourn in the country; they say this exercise will be
+excellent for her health. She laughed at the prescription, and had not
+the faintest intention of trying it; but the prince palatine will hear
+of no jesting where physicians are concerned.</p>
+
+<p>He has bought a pretty mare, very gentle and well trained, as also a
+most comfortable saddle; but the princess still refuses to mount the
+animal. She was with great difficulty persuaded yesterday to mount a
+donkey, and thus make the circuit of the garden. She will be obliged to
+repeat this exercise every day. As for me, who have no fear of horses, I
+had a most burning desire to try the mare; I spoke of it yesterday
+evening; but the princess chid me, and told me with quite a severe air,
+that it was the most improper thing in the world for a young lady. I
+must of course renounce my desire; but I do it with real regret, for I
+already saw myself in fancy riding<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_627" id="Page_627">[Pg 627]</a></span> through the forests, going to the
+chase, climbing the steep mountain sides with <i>him</i>, and admiring his
+strength and skill....</p>
+
+<p>The castle has become more lively; several persons have come from the
+city and the neighborhood to present their homage to the palatine. They
+might perhaps afford me amusement; and yet I do not even find a passing
+distraction in their presence. I have seen Michael Chronowski, my
+father's former chamberlain; how the poor young man is changed! The
+prince palatine, in consequence of my father's recommendation, placed
+him at the bar in Lublin. They say he is doing very well, but he is
+thin, bent, and old before his time; his face is strangely colored, and
+he has some frightful scars. He has not danced once since Barbara's
+wedding. The time for mazourkas and cracoviennes is past: they have been
+replaced by law cases, pleading, chicanery, and all its tiresome
+accompaniments; his language is so learned that one can no longer
+understand him.</p>
+
+<p>As a compensation, however, we have here one very agreeable visitor,
+Prince Martin Lubomirski, the prince palatine's cousin, though much
+younger than he. I had already met him in society at Warsaw. The
+princess, who is severe, and who never overlooks the least defect,
+criticizes him a little; but I find his manners very agreeable: he owns
+in the neighborhood the estate of Janowiec, and has given us all a most
+pressing invitation to visit his castle. It is possible we may go there;
+I should be charmed, for no one talks more agreeably. He is gay, fond of
+pleasantry, and a great friend to the prince royal; he often speaks of
+him, and always well and worthily; he appreciates him and knows how to
+praise him.... My heart swells with pleasure while I listen.</p>
+
+<p class='author'>
+<span class="smcap">Castle of Janowiec</span>, Friday, <i>May 1st, 1760</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>We came here two days ago, and Prince Martin says he will not let us
+soon depart. Everything is more beautiful at Janowiec than at Opole; no
+one can be more generous, more hospitable, or more amiable than Prince
+Martin. The princess says he scatters gold and silver about as if he
+expected it to grow. He is now having a wide avenue cut through the
+forest surrounding the castle. I can see from the windows of my room
+immense trees falling beneath the axes of hundreds of laborers; at the
+end of the avenue, a pavilion is being built, at which they work so
+rapidly that one can see it grow from hour to hour. The prince sent to
+Warsaw and to various other places for his workmen; he pays them double
+wages, and he has made a bet with the palatine that the pavilion will be
+entirely finished in four weeks. I am quite sure he will win. The forest
+is to be transformed into an enclosed park. The whole neighborhood
+abounds in wild beasts; but he has had many elks and bears taken to
+people his wonderful park. There must be some mystery lurking behind all
+these preparations. I feel, rather than guess it.</p>
+
+<p>I like Janowiec better than any other place; the situation is charming,
+and the castle magnificent. It stands upon a mountain overlooking the
+Vistula; its architecture belongs to a very ancient period. From the
+castle the whole city may be seen, with the granaries of Kazimierz, and
+also Pulawy, belonging to the Princess Czartoryski. The apartments are
+large, very numerous, and gorgeously furnished; but I believe that my
+boudoir is the most delightful room in the castle. It is situated at the
+top of a tower, and while I am in it I can fancy myself a real heroine
+of romance. It has three windows, all opening in different directions,
+and each with a most enchanting view. I generally sit by the window
+overlooking the new avenue and the pavilion, which rises as if built by
+fairies. The panels of my cabinet are adorned with paintings,
+representing Olympus. 'Venus alone was wanting,'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_628" id="Page_628">[Pg 628]</a></span> said the prince, with
+that grace for which he is distinguished, 'but you have come to finish
+the picture.'</p>
+
+<p>I feel here an incomprehensible sense of well-being, I am soothed by
+such sweet presentiments, I fancy myself on the eve of some very happy
+event.</p>
+
+<p class='author'>Sunday, <i>May 3d</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I do not think I ever rose so early before in my whole life; the castle
+clock has just struck three, and I am already at my writing. I took a
+walk before daylight through the long corridors of the castle: had any
+one seen me, I should have been taken for an ancestral shade, come to
+visit the domain of its descendants. Prince Martin, following an old and
+excellent custom, has built a gallery, containing the portraits of all
+the most distinguished members of his family; all the memories of the
+race of Lubomirski may be found in this gallery. He sent to Italy for an
+artist to execute the portraits, and he called to his aid a learned man
+fully acquainted with the history of the Lubomirski family and of our
+country. After much deliberation and many discussions, the project was
+finally carried into effect in 1756, as announced by the main
+inscription. It is to be regretted, says the princess, that these
+pictures are in fresco, and not in oil colors, as they would then have
+been more solid and transportable.</p>
+
+<p>Let what will happen in the future, at present this gallery is truly
+magnificent. Yesterday, Prince Martin, with the palatine and the
+palatiness, gave me a historical account of each picture; I immediately
+determined to transfer them to my journal. With this intention I rose
+before day and visited the gallery on tiptoe while all were still
+sleeping. I will write down all I have been told, and all I have seen.</p>
+
+<p>In the four corners of the hall are the arms of the Lubomirski family,
+Srzeniawa, received on the occasion of a battle gained by one of the
+ancestors on the banks of the Srzeniawa, not far from Cracow. The first
+picture represents the division of the property between the three
+brothers Lubomirski; a division which was made according to law, during
+the reign of Wladislas I, and signed February 1st, 1088. Nearly all the
+other pictures are family portraits; women rendered illustrious by noble
+deeds, and men distinguished in political, civil, military, or religious
+careers, especially during the reigns of Sigismund III, of John Casimir,
+and of John III, Sobieski, There are several copies of the portrait of
+Barbara Tarlo, who brought the castle of Janowiec as a dowry to a
+Lubomirski.</p>
+
+<p>The series is ended by a picture which is equivalent to a whole poem; it
+represents a winter sky and a naked forest; a furious bear endeavors to
+overthrow a tall and athletic man; a young woman, wearing a hunting
+costume, comes behind the bear and places a pistol at each ear. In the
+distance is a horse running away and dragging behind him an upset
+sledge. I asked an explanation of the picture, and was told as follows:</p>
+
+<p>A certain Princess Lubomirska, who was very fond of the chase, set out
+one winter day on a bear hunt; as she was returning in a little sledge,
+drawn by one horse, and having only one attendant with her, a furious
+bear, driven by some other hunters, fell upon the princess. The
+terrified horse upset the sledge, and she and the attendant must
+infallibly have perished, had not the courageous servant determined to
+sacrifice himself for his mistress; he threw himself before the bear,
+saying these words; 'Princess, remember my wife and children.' But the
+noble and heroic woman, thinking only of the danger of him who was about
+to sacrifice his life for her, drew two small pistols from her pockets,
+placed the barrels in the bear's ears, and killed him on the spot.</p>
+
+<p>In truth, I envy this noble and generous action.... It is needless to
+add that the servant with his wife and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_629" id="Page_629">[Pg 629]</a></span> children became henceforth the
+special care of the princess.</p>
+
+<p>But, during the last few moments, I have heard considerable noise
+through the castle, and I must return to my own room. I hear Prince
+Martin's voice resounding through the corridors. He is calling his dogs,
+of which he is exceedingly fond, as indeed he may well be, for his
+hounds are the most beautiful in the whole country. He is always sorry
+when the season will not admit of hunting; but at present the most
+intrepid hunters are forced to renounce their sport. I must close my
+book. It is five o'clock, and some one might come into the gallery.</p>
+
+<p class='author'>Thursday, <i>May 14th</i>.</p>
+
+<p>We have been to Opole, where we spent several days; but Prince Martin
+made us promise to return here, and here we are again installed. He
+wished us to see the pavilion entirely finished. The exterior is
+completed, and only a few interior embellishments are yet wanting.
+Prince Martin has then won his bet, and he talks to me about it in such
+strange enigmas that I cannot comprehend him; for example, he said to me
+this morning: 'Every one says that I am expending the most enormous sums
+on my park and my pavilion; but I shall receive a recompense which I
+shall owe to you, far above anything I can do.'</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, I lose myself in conjecture; either I am mad, or all who come
+near me have lost their senses.</p>
+
+<p class='author'>Saturday, <i>May 16th</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Could I ever have anticipated such happiness! The prince royal has
+arrived; the pavilion, the park, and all, were for him, or rather for
+me; for they know that he loves me, and to please him, the princes have
+invented this pretext for bringing him to Janowiec. Great Heaven! what
+will my fate be! I bless the happy accident that brought him here at
+nightfall, for otherwise every one must have observed my blushes, my
+embarrassment, and that throbbing at my heart which deprived me of the
+power of speech and took away my breath; he too would have understood my
+joy! I never saw him so tender before; but the future&mdash;what will that
+be?...</p>
+
+<p>Until now, I have always feigned not to comprehend the meaning of his
+words, and have striven to hide from him all that was passing in my
+soul; but can I always control myself when I must see him every moment?
+Ah! how painful will be the effort!... What torture ever to repress the
+best feelings of one's soul! To refuse expression to my thoughts, when
+my thoughts are all personified in him.... Notwithstanding my efforts, I
+fear lest my heart should be in my eyes, in my voice, in some word
+apparently trivial.... God give me courage, for what can my future
+destiny be? On what can I rely?... My fate sometimes appears to me so
+brilliant, I foresee a superhuman happiness; and then again it seems to
+me so dark and menacing that a shudder runs through my whole frame.</p>
+
+<p>I do not know what to decide upon; I do not know whether I should trust
+to my heart or my reason. Alas! my reason&mdash;I have only fears and
+melancholy foreshadowings, which lead me back to the truth when I have
+yielded too willingly to the enchantment of such sweet illusions.</p>
+
+<p>If I could confide in any one; if I could find a friend and guide in the
+princess! But my attachment to her is too respectful to be tender and
+confiding; then she says, perhaps by chance, words which destroy my
+desire to make a confidante of her. She blames the prince's character,
+and pities the woman who would bind herself to him.... The palatine
+gives me no assistance; he doubtless believes my virtue is strong enough
+to suffice without aid or counsel.</p>
+
+<p>I will accept all the happiness which Heaven may send me; I will guard
+it as a sacred treasure, but I will commit no imprudence, no action
+unworthy of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_630" id="Page_630">[Pg 630]</a></span> my name. God will be my refuge; he will deign to enlighten
+me. I passed the whole of last night in prayer. Ah! how sorry I am the
+Abb&eacute; Baudoin is not here, for each day will be a new trial. The prince
+will remain some time at the castle; the princes, his brothers, will
+soon join him here, and great projects for hunting have been made.</p>
+
+<p class='author'><i>May 18th</i>, evening.</p>
+
+<p>Heaven has been gracious, and my destiny is the happiest of all! I,
+Frances Krasinska, in whose veins runs no royal blood, am to be the wife
+of the prince royal, Duchess of Courland, and one day, perhaps, may wear
+a crown.... He loves me, loves me beyond everything; he sacrifices his
+father to me, and overleaps the inequality in our rank; he forgets all,
+he loves me!</p>
+
+<p>It seems to me I must be misled by some deceitful dream! Is it indeed
+true that I went alone with him this afternoon to walk in the park? The
+princess's recent accident was the cause. As she was ascending the
+stairs of the pavilion, she made a false step, and was forced to remain
+in the saloon with one of the young lady companions. Usually, she does
+not leave us a single moment; but as her foot would not permit her to
+walk, the princes, he and I, went without her. Prince Martin stopped by
+the way to show the prince palatine some of his preparations for the
+chase. The prince royal told them he preferred to walk on, and passed my
+arm within his own. He was silent during some moments; I was surprised,
+for I had always seen him so abounding in wit, and so fertile in
+subjects of conversation. He finally asked me if I still persisted in
+misunderstanding the motive which had brought him to Janowiec. I
+replied, as usual, that the anticipated pleasures of the chase had
+doubtless determined him to accept Prince Martin's invitation.</p>
+
+<p>'No,' he said, 'I came for you, for myself, to secure the happiness of
+my whole life.'</p>
+
+<p>'Is it possible?' I cried; 'Prince, do you forget your rank, and the
+throne which awaits you in the future? The prince royal should wed a
+king's daughter!'</p>
+
+<p>He replied: 'You, Frances, you are my queen; your charms first seduced
+my eyes, and later, your truth and virtue subjugated my heart. Before I
+knew you, I had been always accustomed to receive advances from women;
+scarcely had I said a word, when I was overwhelmed with coquetries....
+You, who have perhaps loved me more than they, you have avoided me; one
+must divine your secret thoughts if one would love you without losing
+all hope; you merit the loftiest throne in the universe, and if I
+desired to be King of Poland, it would only be that I might place a
+crown upon your noble and beautiful brow.'</p>
+
+<p>My surprise, my happiness, deprived me of all power to reply; meanwhile,
+the princes rejoined us, and the prince royal said to them:</p>
+
+<p>'I here take you for the witnesses of my oath: I swear to wed no other
+bride than Frances Krasinska; circumstances require secrecy until a
+certain period, and you alone will know my love and my happiness: he who
+betrays me will be henceforth my enemy.'</p>
+
+<p>The princes made the most profound salutations, and expressed themselves
+deeply honored by the prince royal's confidence; they assured him that
+they would keep his secret most religiously; then, passing by my side,
+they whispered in my ear, 'You are worthy of your good fortune,' and
+departed.</p>
+
+<p>I stood motionless and dumb, but the prince was so tender, his words
+were so persuasive and so eloquent, that I ended by confessing to him
+that I had long loved him: I believe one may, without criminality, make
+this avowal to one's future husband.... The castle clock at length
+struck midnight, that hour for ghosts and wandering spirits; after
+midnight their power vanishes.... Can I yet be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_631" id="Page_631">[Pg 631]</a></span> the plaything of an
+illusion?... But no, all is true, my happiness is real, my grandeur is
+no dream.... The ring I wear upon my finger attests its truth.</p>
+
+<p>Barbara gave me a ring in the form of a serpent, the symbol of eternity;
+the prince royal often fixed his eyes upon it, and now he has had one
+made exactly like it, with this inscription: 'Forever,' which he has
+exchanged with me for mine. Our first and holy betrothal had no
+witnesses but the trees and the nightingales. I will tell no one of this
+occurrence, not even the princess.</p>
+
+<p>Alas! Barbara and my parents are also ignorant of it&mdash;they have not
+blessed our rings; it was not my father who promised me to my betrothed,
+nor has my mother given me her blessing!... Alas! my sorrow oppresses
+me, and my face is bathed in tears.... Yes, all is true, this must
+indeed be life, since I begin to suffer!</p>
+
+<p class='author'>Monday, <i>May 25th</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I have written, and it seems to me as if I had said nothing; I have not
+written during the past week, because I found no words to express my
+thoughts.... I am happy, and language, which is eloquent in the
+expression of sorrow, has no tongue for joy and happiness.</p>
+
+<p>Last week, I took up my pen to write, but I soon gave up the attempt; my
+feelings and ideas were confused with their own constant repetition and
+renewal, and when my poor head would have presided over the arrangement
+of the words, my heart melted into hopes and desires.... I can write
+to-day, because the fear of misfortune, of some sudden catastrophe, has
+seized upon me.... If he should cease to love me!...</p>
+
+<p>The royal princes, Clement and Albert, arrived last Thursday. There have
+been hunting parties without intermission. Prince Martin had sent for
+plenty of wild animals; they were let loose in the park, and the princes
+have had as much as they could do. My maid tells me the princes Clement
+and Albert leave this morning; my first thought was that he would go
+too.... Happiness has entirely absorbed me during the past week;
+happiness, unalloyed by a single fear; my cares too as mistress of the
+house (for since the princess's accident I have taken her place) have
+left me not a moment unemployed!... And now, these few words uttered by
+my maid have completely unsettled my mind: Great Heaven, if he were to
+go too! For whom would I wake in the morning, for whom would I dress
+with so much care, for whom would I strive to be more beautiful? Ah!
+without him, I can see but death and a void which nothing can fill!... I
+grow faint.... I must open the window.... I breathe, and already feel
+better.</p>
+
+<p>It is only six o'clock, and yet I see a white handkerchief floating from
+the window of the pavilion. That is his daily signal, to say good
+morning. I will never confess to him that my awakening each day preceded
+his.... But who is that man running toward the castle; I know him
+well&mdash;his favorite huntsman; he brings me a bouquet of fresh flowers;
+they must have been sent for to an orangery four leagues from here....
+How silly and unjust I was to torment myself so! He is still here, no
+one has told me that he is going, he will doubtless remain a long
+time.... Ah yes, some days of happiness will still be granted
+me&mdash;perhaps some weeks.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_632" id="Page_632">[Pg 632]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_SLEEPING_SOLDIER" id="THE_SLEEPING_SOLDIER"></a>THE SLEEPING SOLDIER.<br /><br /></h2>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On the wild battle field where the bullets were flying,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With a ball in his breast a brave soldier was lying,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While the roar of the cannon and cannon replying,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And the roll of the musketry, shook earth and air.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The red ooze from his breast the green turf was a-staining;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The light of his life with the daylight was waning;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From his pain-parted lips came no word of complaining:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Where the fighting was hottest his spirit was there.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He had marched in the van where his leader commanded;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He had fall'n like a pine that the lightning has branded;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He was left by his mates like a ship that is stranded,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And far to the rear and a-dying he lay.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His comrades press on in a gleaming of glory,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But backward he sinks on his couch cold and gory;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">They shall tell to their children hereafter the story,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">His lips shall be silent forever and aye.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A smile lit his face, for the foe were retreating,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And the shouts of his comrades his lips were repeating,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And true to his country his chill heart was beating,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">When over his senses a weariness crept.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The rifle's sharp crack, the artillery's thunder,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The whizzing of shell and their bursting asunder,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heaven rending above and the earth rumbling under,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nevermore might awake him, so soundly he slept.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He had rushed to the wars from the dream of his wooing,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For fame as for favor right gallantly suing,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stem duty each softer emotion subduing,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In the camp, on the field&mdash;the dominion of Mars.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And there when the dark and the daylight were blended,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Still there when the glow of the sunset was ended,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He slept his last sleep, undisturbed, unattended,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Overwept by the night, overwatched by the stars.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">Baton Rouge, La.</span>, <i>September 10th</i>, 1863.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_633" id="Page_633">[Pg 633]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="MY_MISSION" id="MY_MISSION"></a>MY MISSION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>I opened my eyes and looked out.</p>
+
+<p>Not that I had been exactly asleep, but dreamily ruminating over a
+series of chaotic visions that had about as much reason and order as a
+musical medley. I had been riding in the cars for the past six hours,
+and had now become so accustomed to the monotony that all idea of a
+change seemed wildly absurd; in my half-awake state, I was feebly
+impressed with the conviction that I was to ride in the cars for the
+remainder of my existence.</p>
+
+<p>The entrance of the conductor, with the dull little glowworms of lamps
+which he so quickly jerked into their proper places, made a sudden break
+in my train of thought; and, not having anything else to occupy me just
+then, I became speedily beset with the idea that the luminary just above
+my head was only awaiting a favorable opportunity to tumble down upon
+it. The thought became unpleasantly absorbing; and, not having
+sufficient energy to get up and change my seat, I looked out of the
+window again.</p>
+
+<p>The prospect was, like most country views, of no particular beauty when
+seen in the ungenial light of a November evening: the sky rather leaden
+and discouraging; the earth, chilled by the sun's neglect, was growing
+shrivelled and ugly with all its might; and the trees were dreary
+skeletons, flying past the car window in a kind of mad dance, after the
+fashion of Alonzo and the false Imogen. I gave up the idea of making the
+cars my future residence, and considered that it was quite time to look
+about me, and inquire, for present, practical purposes, what I was and
+where I was going.</p>
+
+<p>But, at the very outset of this laudable occupation, a disagreeable fact
+thrust itself impudently in my face, and even shook its fist at me in
+insolent defiance. There was no getting over it&mdash;I was undeniably a
+<i>woman</i>&mdash;and, what was worse, rather a womanly woman. I am aware, of
+course, that this depends. If you should ask that stately lily, radiant
+with beauty, from the crown of the head to the sole of her foot,
+surrounded by her kind, and cherished and admired as one of the choicest
+gems of the garden, whether she considered it an agreeable thing to be a
+flower, she would probably toss her head in scorn, as youthful beauties
+do, at the very question. But ask the poor roadside blossom, trampled
+on, switched off, and subjected to every trial that is visited on
+strength and roughness, without the strength and roughness to protect
+her, and there is very little doubt that she would express a desire to
+wake up, some morning, and find herself transformed into a prickly pear.
+Womanhood, under some circumstances, is very much like sitting partly on
+one chair, and partly on another, without being secure on either.</p>
+
+<p>It is an unnatural combination to have the propensities of a Columbus or
+Robinson Crusoe united with a habit of trembling at stray dogs in the
+daytime, and covering one's head with the bedclothes at night. I had
+longed to be afloat for some time past; but now, that I was fairly out
+of sight of land, I shuddered at the immensity of the fathomless sea
+that stretched before me. Whither bound? To the 'Peppersville Academy,'
+in a town on the border of a lake familiar to me in my geography days at
+school, but which seemed, practically, to have no more connection with
+New York than if it had been in Kamtchatka. To this temple of learning I
+was going as assistant teacher; and the daring nature of the undertaking
+suddenly flashed upon me. Suppose that, when weighed in the examining
+balances, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_634" id="Page_634">[Pg 634]</a></span> should be found wanting? Suppose that some horridly sharp
+boy should 'stump' me with 'Davies' Arithmetic?'</p>
+
+<p>That was my weak point, and I realized it acutely. Figures never would
+arrange themselves in my brain in proper order; I am by no means sound
+even on the multiplication table; and the only dates that ever fixed
+themselves in my memory are 1492 and 1776. The very sight of a slate and
+pencil gave me a nervous headache, and as I had lately been told that
+<i>idiots</i> always failed in calculation, I considered myself but a few
+removes from idiocy. My answering that advertisement was a proof of it;
+and here I was, hundreds of miles from any familiar sight, going to
+teach pupils who probably knew more than I did! I had my music and
+French, to be sure, and that was <i>some</i> foundation&mdash;but not half so
+solid as a substantial base of figures.</p>
+
+<p>In a sort of frantic desperation, I began, to ply myself with impossible
+sums in mental arithmetic, until I nearly got a brain fever; and the
+cars stopped, and the dreaded station was shouted in my ears, while I
+was in the midst of a desperate encounter with a group of stubborn
+fractions.</p>
+
+<p>How I dreaded the sight of the personage who had twice subscribed
+himself my 'obedient servant, Elihu Summers'! My 'obedient servant,'
+indeed! More likely my inexorable taskmaster, with figures in his eye
+and compound fractions at his tongue's end. I painted his portrait:
+tall, wiry, with compressed lips, and a general air of seeing through
+one at a glance. Now, when one is painfully conscious of being deficient
+in several important points, this sort of person is particularly
+exasperating; and I immediately began to hate Mr. Summers with all my
+might.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, I shook considerably, and, having been informed that I
+would be met at the station, though by whom or what was not specified, I
+prepared to alight, with my bag and shawl and 'Harper,' attached to
+various parts of my person. Considering how short the step is from the
+sublime to the ridiculous, the length, or rather height, of that step
+from the car to the platform was out of all proportion; I looked upon it
+as an invention of the enemy, and stood hopelessly considering the
+impossibility of a descent without the aid of a pair of wings.</p>
+
+<p>Raising my eyes in dismay, I saw in the dim light a pair of arms
+outstretched to my assistance; and, observing that the shoulders
+pertaining thereto were broad and solid-looking, I deposited my hundred
+and twenty pounds of flesh and bone thereon without any compunctions of
+conscience, and no questions asked. I almost fell in love with that
+individual for the very tender manner in which I was lifted to the
+ground; but, once safe on terra firma, I merely said, 'Thank you, sir,'
+and was gliding rapidly into the ladies' saloon, half afraid of
+encountering Mr. Summers in my journey.</p>
+
+<p>But my <i>aide-de-camp</i>, with a hasty stride, arrested my progress, as he
+said inquiringly, 'This is Miss Wade, I believe?'</p>
+
+<p>I turned and looked at him, as the light fell upon his figure from the
+open doorway&mdash;large and well proportioned, with the kind of face that
+one sees among the heroes of a college 'commencement,' or the successful
+candidates for diplomas&mdash;half manly, half boyish, with a firm mouth and
+laughing eyes; and he immediately added, 'I have come to conduct you to
+your boarding house.'</p>
+
+<p>I concluded that he was either a son or nephew of 'Elihu Summers,'
+possibly an assistant in the school; and I felt glad at the prospect of
+some congenial society.</p>
+
+<p>The walk to the boarding house was not a long one, and we said very
+little on the way. My companion had quietly relieved me of my small
+articles of baggage; and I had mechanically taken the offered arm as
+though I had known him all my life. I could not see much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_635" id="Page_635">[Pg 635]</a></span> of the town in
+the dark, and what I did see did not impress me with a very exalted idea
+of its liveliness&mdash;the inhabitants apparently considering it sinful to
+show any lights in the fronts of their houses, except an occasional
+glimmering over the hall door.</p>
+
+<p>My companion suddenly turned, mounted two steps, and lifted a knocker.
+The sound, at first, produced no reply; but presently a sound of
+unbolting and unbarring ensued, and the door was opened, as Morgiana
+would have opened it to let in the forty thieves. A small, pale man,
+with whitish eyes, and gray hair standing on end, peered at us rather
+inhospitably; and on the lower step of the staircase a tallow candle, in
+a brass candlestick, emitted the brilliant light that tallow candles
+usually do.</p>
+
+<p>We effected an entrance by some miracle; and once in that full blaze of
+light, the old man exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, Mr. Summers, so it is you, is it? I was kind of puzzled to make out
+<i>who</i> 'twas. And is this the new teacher you've brought along, or a
+boarding scholar? Looks about as much like one as t'other.'</p>
+
+<p>With a smile, I was introduced as 'Miss Wade;' and just as a pleasant
+matronly looking woman made her appearance, the old man seized me in an
+unexpected embrace, observing, quite as a matter of course, 'I always
+kiss nice-looking young gals.'</p>
+
+<p>'Not always,' thought I, giving him a desperate push that sent him,
+where he more properly belonged, to the arms of Mrs. Bull, who
+opportunely arrived in time to restore his equilibrium.</p>
+
+<p>I suppose my cheeks were blazing, they felt so hot, for the good wife
+gently remarked, 'It is only Mr. Bull's way&mdash;he doesn't mean anything by
+it, or I should have been jealous long ago.'</p>
+
+<p>Had the observation not been so hackneyed, I would have advised Mr. Bull
+to mend his way; but he seemed so thoroughly astonished that further
+comment was unnecessary.</p>
+
+<p>A glance at Mr. Summers, who had proved to be the redoubtable Elihu,
+discovered an amused smile hovering around the corners of his mouth; and
+it <i>was</i> ridiculous that, at my first entrance into a house, I should
+have a pitched battle with the master of it. To do the old man justice,
+I do not believe that he <i>did</i> 'mean anything,' as the intended salute
+was to be given in the presence of witnesses; he only labored under the
+hallucination of old men in general, who seem to think that, because it
+is an agreeable thing to them to kiss all the fresh young lips they
+encounter, it must be just as agreeable to the fresh young lips to
+receive it; reminding me of a wise saying I encountered somewhere
+lately, that, 'although age sees a charm in youth, youth sees no charm
+in age.'</p>
+
+<p>But father Bull was not malicious; he only said that 'he guessed I
+wasn't used to country ways;' and after that little brush we became very
+good friends.</p>
+
+<p>I took to <i>Mrs.</i> Bull at once; and, following her into a neat little
+room, where there was a stove, a rag carpet, and a table laid for one, I
+was informed that this was the dining room, sitting room, and room in
+ordinary. Tea was over long ago; indeed, as it was eight o'clock, they
+had begun to think of going to bed. Cars in which I travel are always
+behindhand; and they had almost given me up.</p>
+
+<p>Having introduced me to my host and hostess, Mr. Summers took his leave,
+for he did not board there, and went to see that my trunk was speedily
+forwarded to its destination.</p>
+
+<p>I sat down at the neat table, and tried what Mr. Bull denominated
+'presarved squinches'&mdash;which might have passed for fragments of granite,
+and were a trifle sour in addition; the apple pie, which, had it been
+large enough, would have been a splendid foundation for a quadrille; the
+bread, which looked like rye, but wasn't; and the tea, which neither
+cheered nor inebriated. This<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_636" id="Page_636">[Pg 636]</a></span> is what good, honest city people eulogize
+under the name of 'a real country tea;' and half an hour after I had
+left the festive board, I could not positively have sworn whether I had
+had any tea or not.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. and Mrs. Bull were very hospitable, and pressed me continually to
+eat, remarking that 'I had an awful small appetite;' but I considered it
+awful under the circumstances, without being small. They had one other
+boarder, they said, 'a single lady, who was very quiet, and didn't
+disturb any one.' They evidently intended this as an eulogy for Miss
+Friggs, but I should have preferred an inmate with more life about her.</p>
+
+<p>At nine o'clock I concluded, from various signs, that it was time to
+turn my steps bedward; and producing a fresh tallow candle, Mrs. Bull
+placed it in another brass candlestick, and led the way up stairs. The
+stairs were narrow, crooked, and winding, and the doors opened with
+latches. My sanctum was of moderate size, with a comfortable-looking
+bed, covered with a white counterpane (I had dreaded patchwork), a white
+curtain to the window, and a white cover on the table,&mdash;a pleasant
+harmony, I thought, with the snow that would soon cover the ground; and
+feeling chilled through, in spite of the fire that burned in the funny
+little stove, I wondered that so many people never think of providing
+for but one kind of hunger.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Bull helped me to arrange my things, and kissed me good-night in a
+way that went to my heart at once. I did not treat her on this occasion
+as I had treated Mr. Bull.</p>
+
+<p>'I suspect,' said she, kindly, 'that you've been used to things very
+different from what you'll find here; but we'll do all in our power to
+make it pleasant for you, and I dare say that, before long, you'll feel
+quite at home in Peppersville.'</p>
+
+<p>People 'dare say' anything, and many things appeared more probable than
+that I should ever feel at home in Peppersville.</p>
+
+<p>One thing I thoroughly congratulated myself upon, and that was that Mr.
+Summers boarded elsewhere. It is a dreadful thing to be housed under the
+same roof, in a place where there is a total want of all excitement,
+with any sort of a man&mdash;people have even become attached to spiders when
+shut up alone with them&mdash;and when the man is young, good-looking, and
+poor, the danger is increased. I did not come to Peppersville to fall in
+love with the principal of the Academy; and I was glad that <i>one</i> road,
+at least, to that undesirable end was cut off.</p>
+
+<p>I found the evening psalms and lessons, and then climbed into my
+nest&mdash;where I sank down, down, down into the feathery depths, in a
+manner peculiarly terrifying to one whose nights had all been spent on
+hair mattresses. A few hours' ride had transplanted me into a new
+region, among an entirely different race of people, and I fell asleep to
+dream that a whole army of intricate sums were charging upon me with
+fixed bayonets.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Morning came, and I was under the painful necessity of getting up&mdash;which
+is always an unnatural wrench under the most favorable auspices. The
+first bell had rung at an unearthly hour, and I paid no attention to it,
+but the second bell was not much more civilized; and as I failed to
+appear, Mrs. Bull came to the door to see if I had made way with myself.</p>
+
+<p>I told her not to wait&mdash;I would be down as soon as I could get dressed;
+and I plunged desperately into a basin of cold water. Thankful for the
+institution of nets, I hastily packed my hair into what Artemus Ward
+calls 'a mosquito bar,' and with a final shake-out of my
+hurriedly-thrown-on drapery, I descended, with the expectation of
+finding the family in the full enjoyment of their morning meal.</p>
+
+<p>But Mrs. Bull stood at the head of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_637" id="Page_637">[Pg 637]</a></span> the table, Mr. Bull at the foot, and
+Miss Friggs at the side, all with their hands on their respective
+chairs. If they had stood in that position ever since Mrs. Bull's visit
+to my door, they had enjoyed it for at least half an hour.</p>
+
+<p>This was very embarrassing; but the only answer that I received to my
+remonstrances was that 'they knew what manners was.' After that, I
+always managed to be down in time.</p>
+
+<p>I found Miss Friggs just as she had been represented, with the addition
+of being very kindly disposed toward me; but between her and Mr. Bull
+there existed a sort of chronic squabble that led to frequent passages
+of wit. Mr. Bull opened the ball, that morning, by observing, with a
+half wink at me, that 'he see she hadn't been kerried off yet,' which
+referred to a previously expressed objection on the part of Miss Friggs
+to sleep without some secure fastening on the door of her room; and
+people in the country can never understand why you should want anything
+different from the existing state of things. Then Mr. Bull remarked that
+Miss Friggs had better sleep in a bandbox or an old stocking, as folks
+packed away valuables in such things, because they were seldom looked
+into by housebreakers.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly, Miss Friggs asked her tormentor if he had seen any robbers
+lately&mdash;when he turned around and handed me the butter. This referred to
+a tradition that Mr. Bull had come running home one evening, entirely
+out of breath, under the firm belief that he was pursued by a robber,
+and nearly shut the door in Mr. Summers's face, who had been in vain
+hallooing to him to stop, in order to apprise him of my expected
+arrival, and make some provision for my accommodation.</p>
+
+<p>These things were all explained to me by degrees; and in the uneventful
+routine upon which I had entered, I learned to consider them quite spicy
+and champagne-ish.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Summers called at fifteen minutes before nine, according to
+agreement, and we set out together for the Academy. It was a one-storied
+edifice, after a Grecian model, which probably looked well in marble,
+with classical surroundings, but which, repeated in dingy wood, with no
+surroundings at all, grated on an eye that studied the fitness of
+things. But, unfortunately, my business was with the inside; and I felt
+uneasy when I saw the formidable rows of desks.</p>
+
+<p>'And now, Miss Wade,' said my companion, with admirable seriousness,
+'you see your field of action. You will have charge of about thirty
+girls; and when they behave badly, so that you have any difficulty with
+them, just send them in to me.'</p>
+
+<p>This sounded as though they were in the habit of behaving very badly
+indeed; but I doubted if sending them in to him would have been much of
+a punishment for any over fifteen.</p>
+
+<p>There was one scholar there when I arrived&mdash;a tall, awkward-looking
+girl, somewhat my senior&mdash;whom Mr. Summers introduced as 'Helen Legram.'
+Her only beauty was a pair of very clear eyes, that seemed to comprehend
+me at a glance; for the rest, her face was oddly shaped, her figure bad;
+and a narrow merino scarf, tied around her throat, was not a becoming
+article of dress.</p>
+
+<p>But scarcely had I made these observations when the Philistines were
+upon me&mdash;arriving by twos, threes, and fours, and pouring through the
+open door like overwhelming hordes of barbarians. Of course, every pair
+of eyes that entered was immediately fixed upon me; and, although I
+endeavored to keep up my dignity under the infliction, I could not help
+wishing that it were possible to be suddenly taken up and dropped into
+the middle of next week, when my <i>mauvaise honte</i> would have had a
+reasonable chance to wear off by several days' contact.</p>
+
+<p>This <i>beginning</i> is a terrible lion blocking up the way of every
+undertaking, and never does he appear so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_638" id="Page_638">[Pg 638]</a></span> formidable as at the outset of
+school teaching, unless it is in writing a story. I cast about in my
+mind for various models, as a sort of guide; but the only spirits that
+emerged from the vasty deep were Dr. Blimber and Cornelia. With an
+inconvenient perversity, they refused to be laid, and kept dancing
+before me all day. In entering upon my career, I was firmly impressed
+with two convictions: one was that I didn't know anything, and the other
+was that my pupils would speedily find it out.</p>
+
+<p>The day began, as all sorts of days do; and through the open door of the
+adjoining apartment I watched Mr. Summers, and endeavored to follow all
+his proceedings. When he rang his bell, I rang mine; and, by dint of
+looking as wise and sober as I possibly could, I contrived to begin with
+a tolerable degree of success.</p>
+
+<p>But a pair of clear eyes, that never seemed to be removed from my face,
+embarrassed me beyond expression. Their owner was a perfect bugbear.
+Such a formidable memory I never encountered; and in her recitations,
+which were long and frequent, I do not think she ever misplaced a
+letter. That girl had algebra written on her face; and when, in a slow,
+deliberate way, she approached me with slate, pencil, and book, I felt
+sure that this would prove my Manassas. I was inexpressibly relieved to
+discover that the problems, complicated enough to bring on a slow fever,
+were all unravelled; indeed, my feelings bore no small resemblance to
+those of a criminal at the gallows just presented with a reprieve.</p>
+
+<p>All that I had to do was to say, 'Very well, indeed, Miss Legram; are
+you fond of algebra?' To which she replied, 'Very,' and went back to her
+seat.</p>
+
+<p>Going in to Mr. Summers for some private instructions, I found his desk
+covered with votive offerings, as though it had been the shrine of some
+deity to be propitiated. There were large winter apples; hard winter
+pears; bunches of chrysanthemum; bags of chestnuts, and even popped
+corn; but the parcel that received the most honorable treatment was a
+paper of black-walnut kernels, carefully arranged and presented by a
+little, mild-eyed lame girl. I made a note of that.</p>
+
+<p>With the dignity of a professor, Mr. Summers solved my difficulties;
+while I meekly listened, and wondered if this could be the half-boyish
+individual who had lifted me from the cars. He did not look over
+twenty-three, though, and, if not strictly handsome, had had a very
+narrow escape of it. His hair had a way of getting into his eyes, and he
+had a way of tossing it back as horses toss their manes; and this motion
+invariably brings up a train of associations connected with Mr. Summers.</p>
+
+<p>The day's session was over, and the pupils had departed. I thought that
+Mr. Summers had departed also; and, nervous and wearied out with the
+unwonted strain upon my patience and equanimity, I applied myself
+dejectedly to the fascinating columns of 'Davies' Arithmetic,' for
+unless I speedily added to my small stock of knowledge, a mortifying
+<i>expos&eacute;</i> would be the inevitable consequence. Why, thought I, with all
+the ills that man is naturally heir to, must some restless genius invent
+figures? The people in those examples have such an insane way of
+transacting business, I could make nothing of them; my answers never
+agreed with the key, but I fully agreed with the poor man who said so
+despairingly, 'Wat wi' faeth, and wat wi' the earth goin' round the sun,
+and wat wi' the railways all a whuzzin' and a buzzin', I'm clean
+muddled, confoozled, and bet!' and flinging the book out of sight, I
+gave myself up to the luxury of a good cry.</p>
+
+<p>I had not been enjoying myself long, though, before I was interrupted;
+and as the crying was not intended for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_639" id="Page_639">[Pg 639]</a></span> effect, the interruption was an
+unpleasant one. Of course, I had to answer that original question, 'What
+is the matter?' but instead of replying, after the most approved fashion
+in such cases, 'Nothing,' I went directly to the fountain head, and
+said, abruptly, 'Davies' Arithmetic.'</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Summers quietly picked up the book, and I saw that he understood the
+matter at once&mdash;for the dimples in his cheeks deepened perceptibly, and
+beneath the dark mustache there was a gleam of white teeth. My face grew
+hot as I noted these signs, and I exclaimed desperately:</p>
+
+<p>'Mr. Summers, I should like, if you please, to resign my situation. I am
+aware that I must seem to you like an impostor, for I cannot do anything
+at all with figures; and I thought'&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Here I broke down, and cried again, and Mr. Summers finished the
+sentence by saying:</p>
+
+<p>'You thought that you would not be called upon to teach arithmetic? A
+very natural conclusion, and there is no reason why you should. I prefer
+taking charge of these classes myself&mdash;but no one can supply your place
+in French and music.'</p>
+
+<p>'A sugar plum for the baby,' thought I, and kept silence.</p>
+
+<p>'I think, though,' continued my mentor, 'that anything as dry and
+practical as figures is a very good exercise for an imaginative turn of
+mind, by supplying a sort of balancing principle; and, if you would like
+to improve yourself in this branch, I should take great pleasure in
+assisting you.'</p>
+
+<p>Very kindly done, certainly, and I accepted the offer with eagerness. I
+was to rest that evening, he said&mdash;I had had enough for one day; but it
+was understood that on other evenings generally he was to come to Mr.
+Bull's and instruct his assistant teacher in the A B C of mathematics. I
+could not help thinking that few employers would have taken this
+trouble.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bull appeared to be of no earthly use in the household except to go
+to the door, which, in Peppersville, was not an onerous duty; and had I
+not so frequently seen the same thing, I should have wondered what Mrs.
+Bull ever married him for. From frequent references to the time 'when
+Mr. Bull was in the store,' I came to the conclusion that he had once
+dealt in the heterogeneous collection of articles usually found in such
+places. I was not informed whether Mr. Bull had 'given up the store,' or
+whether 'the store' had given up Mr. Bull; but I was disposed to
+entertain the latter idea.</p>
+
+<p>There was no servant in the establishment except an old Indian woman,
+who amused herself by preparing vegetables and washing dishes in the
+kitchen&mdash;not being at all active, in consequence of having lost part of
+her feet from indulging in a fancy for a couch of snow on one of the
+coldest nights of the preceding winter, when, to use a charitable
+phrase, 'she was not quite herself.' I believe that, even after this
+melancholy warning, that eccentric person was frequently somebody else.
+'However,' as Mrs. Bull said, 'she didn't disturb any one'&mdash;and although
+I could not exactly see the force of this reasoning, I treated it with
+respectful silence for Mrs. Bull's sake.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Friggs, who was 'quite one of the family,' and had lived in it so
+long that I believe she almost persuaded herself that she had been born
+in it, 'did' her own room&mdash;which was perfectly appalling with its
+fearful neatness. There was not a thread on the carpet, nor a particle
+of dust in the corners; and the bed, when made up, was as accurately
+proportioned as though it had all been scientifically measured off. I
+have caught glimpses of Miss Friggs going about this business with her
+head carefully tied up, as though it might burst with the immensity of
+her ideas on the subject; and when she had finished, you might have
+eaten off the floor&mdash;that is, if you preferred it to a table. This was
+her one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_640" id="Page_640">[Pg 640]</a></span> occupation in life, and she did it thoroughly; but it seemed
+too sad to have so few occupations that any could be accomplished in so
+faultless a manner.</p>
+
+<p>Fired with honest but misguided zeal, I one morning entered the lists
+against Miss Friggs in a vain attempt to make my own bed; but those
+horrid feathers acted like the things in the Philosopher's Scales, for
+when some were up, others were down; neither north nor south, east nor
+west would agree to terms of equality, and it was impossible to bring
+them to any sort of compromise.</p>
+
+<p>I related my experience to Mrs. Bull; and when I assured her that I had
+crawled all over the bed in the vain attempt to bring some order out of
+chaos, she was more amused, in her quiet way, than I had ever known her
+to be. She desired me, however, to leave the room, to her in future, as
+she enjoyed it, and I could not be expected to do everything. I did not
+interfere with her measures again.</p>
+
+<p>A lesson had been given me to look over; and on Mr. Summers's first
+visit to me, in Mrs. Bull's parlor, I felt as if he had been a dentist
+with evil designs on my largest grinder. He was as cool as though he had
+been fifty and I five, and behaved himself generally as though it were a
+very common thing for youthful principals to give private lessons to
+their young lady-teachers.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bull had made a fire, which was another talent that I discovered in
+him; and Mrs. Bull had given the room as much of a look of comfort as a
+room can have that is very seldom used. The good woman had even placed a
+dish of apples and doughnuts on a table in the corner&mdash;which, she said,
+were always on hand when Mr. Bull was paying his addresses to her; but
+the family did not appear to put any such construction on Mr. Summer's
+visits to me. I had told them that we had a great deal of school
+business in common; and they seemed to think it quite natural that we
+should have.</p>
+
+<p>And to business Mr. Summers proceeded immediately on his arrival,
+throwing me into a state of complete confusion by asking me questions
+not definitely set down in the book, and calmly allowing me to blunder
+through to something like an end without the least interruption or
+assistance. I, whose childhood had for some time been made miserable by
+the question of a sharp schoolmate, 'Which is the heaviest&mdash;a pound of
+lead or a pound of feathers?' and her calm persistence that they were
+both alike, in spite of my passionate denial in favor of lead, was not
+likely to distinguish myself at these sittings; and whatever I had
+hitherto admired in Mr. Summers was now eclipsed by my appreciation of
+his extraordinary patience.</p>
+
+<p>'You must think me a perfect fool!' I exclaimed, unguardedly.</p>
+
+<p>'No,' replied my imperturbable companion, 'I consider you a very fair
+average.'</p>
+
+<p>I bit my lip in anger at myself, and turned assiduously to my slate and
+pencil.</p>
+
+<p>'You will take that for next time,' said my preceptor, rising at the end
+of an hour, and calling my attention to a portion that he had marked in
+pencil, 'when I shall be more particular about your recitations. Good
+evening.'</p>
+
+<p>'Very romantic,' thought I, as I walked rather discontentedly into the
+sitting room, and I wondered what sort of stuff Mr. Summers was made of.
+I began to be afraid that I might be piqued into flirting with him.</p>
+
+<p>He seemed to have the talent, though, of winning golden opinions from
+all sorts of people. Mr. Bull pronounced him 'a cute chap,' and 'real
+clever, too,' for he did not consider the terms synonymous. Mrs. Bull
+said that he was just the right person in the right place; and Miss
+Friggs declared that he was 'a young man among a thousand.' Not at
+Peppersville, certainly, for there were but five others in the place;
+but, to use the phraseology<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_641" id="Page_641">[Pg 641]</a></span> most in vogue there, they could not hold a
+candle to him.</p>
+
+<p>That quiet, overgrown girl, with her faultless recitations and steady
+pursuance of one idea, interested me exceedingly, and I determined to
+find out her history. I spoke of her to Mr. Summers, and he replied:</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, yes; Helen Legram is quite an original. 'Born of poor, but
+respectable parents,' I have little doubt that she will turn out like
+the heroes of all biographies that commence in a similar manner. Her
+father is a very plain farmer, living somewhere among the mountains,
+with a large family to provide for; and Helen, in consequence, has
+hitherto enjoyed no advantages in the way of education beyond those
+obtained from an occasional quarter at the district school. In the
+intervals she had to wash, bake, mend, and make, with untiring industry,
+with short snatches of reading, her only indulgence; until, last summer,
+a relative, well to do in the world, spent some months at the mountain
+farm, and presented Helen with the means of obtaining her heart's
+desire&mdash;a thorough education. To that end she is now assiduously
+devoting herself in the spirit of Milton, who 'cared not how late he
+came into life, only that he came fit.' Helen Legram is a plain,
+unformed country girl; but she has those three handmaids of talent who
+so frequently eclipse their mistress: industry, patience, and
+perseverance; and I prophesy that not only will she succeed in her
+present undertaking, but win for herself a name among the Hannah Mores
+and Corinnes of posterity. What a wife such a woman would make!'</p>
+
+<p>I wondered if he was engaged to her? They were about the same age, and
+being entirely opposite in every respect, it was quite natural that they
+should fall in love with each other.</p>
+
+<p>I had some trouble with my tall pupil in French, as she had not quite
+the Parisian accent, and at her time of life it was not easy to acquire
+it. She persevered, though, with unparalleled firmness; and as she
+wished to study Latin, I was obliged to learn it myself, from Mr.
+Summers. I pitied that man when I began to stumble through the
+declensions. Virgil would have torn his hair in frenzy at such rendering
+of his lines, and I should have been very sorry to encounter him alone.
+There we sat, hour after hour, in Mrs. Bull's parlor, scarcely a word
+passing between us except on the subject of Latin or arithmetic. Mr.
+Summers was an excellent teacher; and it was worth my sojourn in
+Peppersville to learn what I did.</p>
+
+<p>One evening, however, we were rather more sociable; and in answer to
+some remark of mine, Mr. Summers asked me where I supposed he was born!</p>
+
+<p>Beginning with Maine, I went regularly through the Eastern States, with
+a strong desire to leave him in Massachusetts; but, very much to my
+surprise, he denied them all.</p>
+
+<p>'New York, then, or New Jersey,' I persisted.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Summers only smiled; and then I tried the Hoosier States, where they
+are 'half horse and half alligator;' his figure was somewhat in the
+backwoodsman style. But none of these would do.</p>
+
+<p>'Then,' said I, out of all patience, 'you could not have been born
+anywhere. I give it up.'</p>
+
+<p>'Well,' was the reply, 'I think you might as well, for you would never
+guess.'</p>
+
+<p>And here the matter ended. But frequently afterward did I find myself
+wondering what portion of the globe Mr. Summers could claim as his own,
+his native land; for I had come to the conclusion that he might not be
+an American at all.</p>
+
+<p>Skating season arrived; and all Peppersville took to the lake like a
+colony of ducks. It was splendidly exhilarating, and my crotchet needle
+had for some time previous been flying through tan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_642" id="Page_642">[Pg 642]</a></span>gled mazes of crimson
+worsted, to the great admiration of the household, in the manufacture of
+a skating cap.</p>
+
+<p>I must have been built expressly for going on ice, for it seemed like my
+native element. Those beautiful moonlight nights, with the cold blue sky
+above and the glittering crystal beneath, were like glimpses of
+fairyland. Mr. Summers taught me how to skate, for which I was
+sufficiently grateful; but I had no idea of being handed over to him
+exclusively for the benefit of Peppersville, so I seized upon 'big
+boys,' or staid, married men, or anything that came handy in the way of
+support, until I was sufficiently experienced to go alone.</p>
+
+<p>Helen Legram did not skate. Nothing could induce her to venture; and
+probably, while we were cultivating our heels on the ice, she was
+cultivating her head in milder latitudes. I thought, <i>then</i>, that she
+was to be pitied; but, two weeks later, I would have given all that I
+possessed to have followed her example in the beginning.</p>
+
+<p>It was intensely cold that night, and somehow my skates were very
+troublesome. Mr. Summers bent down to arrange them, and I declined
+making use of his shoulder as a support. I never knew how I did it, but
+ice is slippery; I performed an extraordinary slide&mdash;kicked Mr. Summers
+directly in the mouth, thereby knocking out one of his front teeth, as
+though I had been a vicious horse&mdash;and went backward into the arms of
+the oldest male pupil of the Peppersville Academy, while my unfortunate
+victim, knocked into a state of insensibility, fell prostrate on the
+ice.</p>
+
+<p>A crowd gathered, of course, and raised their venerable preceptor, and
+brought him to his senses, while I was congratulated on my escape. I
+looked upon this as the most awkward predicament I had ever been placed
+in, and was completely nonplussed as to the course of action to be
+pursued under the circumstances. Had I been in love with Mr. Summers, or
+he with me, the case would have been different; as it was, I would have
+given much to have changed places with him. He declared, however, that
+it was nothing, laughed about the accident, and said that one tooth more
+or less made very little difference. Had he been a woman, he never would
+have forgiven me.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning, Mr. Summers was not at school, and Helen Legram took
+his place. They boarded in the same house; and from her I learned that
+his mouth was so much swollen he could scarcely speak. It was very
+disagreeable, certainly; but, having weighed the matter all the morning,
+I came to the conclusion by afternoon, that it was decidedly my duty to
+go and see after Mr. Summers.</p>
+
+<p>I found him in the parlor, considerably disfigured; and Helen Legram was
+making him some pap&mdash;that being the only style of sustenance upon which
+he could venture. His mouth was very sore, for the sharp runner of a
+skate is rather a formidable weapon; but he laughed with his eyes when I
+presented myself, and seemed to enjoy my embarrassment.</p>
+
+<p>'I do not see how it happened,' said I, very much annoyed.</p>
+
+<p>'All that I know of the case,' replied Mr. Summers, quite as though it
+had been somebody else's case, 'is that, while engaged in the discharge
+of my duty, a cloud of dimity suddenly floated before my eyes&mdash;a
+stunning shock ensued&mdash;I saw stars&mdash;and then exit into the region of
+know-nothingdom.'</p>
+
+<p>Rather awkwardly, I suppose, I offered myself as head nurse, having been
+the cause of the mischief; but Mr. Summers, with many thanks for the
+offer, did not think there would be any necessity for availing himself
+of it. I felt very sorry for him, and quite as sorry for myself.</p>
+
+<p>In a few days the principal returned to his school duties. He possessed
+a remarkable degree of reticence; and,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_643" id="Page_643">[Pg 643]</a></span> owing to this blessed quality,
+no one but ourselves and Helen Legram ever knew of my share in that
+unfortunate accident. I felt rather guilty whenever allusion was made to
+it by some well-meaning person; but I noticed that Mr. Summers always
+turned the conversation as soon as possible. We were on more social
+terms after that disaster; and somehow the evenings spent over Latin and
+arithmetic became less practical, and decidedly more interesting. Mr.
+Summers, however, was very cautious, and so was I. He never seemed to be
+swayed by impulse; and I should have nipped anything like tenderness in
+the bud.</p>
+
+<p>One evening, however, I was considerably astonished at him, and not a
+little indignant. The 'faculty' of the Peppersville Academy were invited
+to a small party at the house of one of its wealthiest patrons, who
+lived some miles out of town.</p>
+
+<p>They sent a covered wagon for us, and a 'boy,' that indispensable
+article in the country, to drive us.</p>
+
+<p>The boy seemed to drive with his eyes shut; suddenly, there was a
+terrific jolt, and I screamed and clung to Mr. Summers for protection.
+Under the circumstances this was unavoidable; but, as he seemed disposed
+to retain my hand, I tried to disengage it.</p>
+
+<p>It was held in a firm grasp; and I said, in a tone that could not be
+mistaken: 'Mr. Summers!'</p>
+
+<p>My hand was immediately released; and neither of us spoke another word
+during the drive.</p>
+
+<p>I did not enjoy that party. I was angry at Mr. Summers, and I let him
+see it; but I had no patience with any other man in the room. In driving
+back, Mr. Summers 'thought that he would sit outside, to get a little
+fresh air,'&mdash;which, as the thermometer stood at twenty, must have been
+exhilarating. I was handed out in silence, and went to bed in as bad a
+humor as that in which many a belle comes from the ball room.</p>
+
+<p>There was a coolness between us for several days, which gradually thawed
+into a more genial state of things, but it did not seem to me that it
+ever became quite as it was before.</p>
+
+<p>All winter there were rumblings deep and continual in the political
+sky&mdash;sometimes the sun broke out, and people said that it was going to
+clear; but usually the weathercocks predicted a long, southerly storm. I
+never saw a man so full of prophecy as Mr. Bull. One would have supposed
+that every hour brought him telegraphic despatches both from the real
+and the spurious Congress; and that President Lincoln and Jeff. Davis
+were both convinced of their utter inability to take any steps without
+the cognizance and approval of Mr. Bull.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Bull said mildly that 'she hoped it would blow over;' but Mr. Bull
+exclaimed indignantly that 'he didn't want it to blow over&mdash;he wanted it
+to blow out and done with it, if it was goin' to, and not keep a
+threatenin' all to no purpose. It was high time that things was settled,
+and people knew what was what. If we was goin' to hev a rumpus, he hoped
+we'd <i>hev</i> it.'</p>
+
+<p>If the old man had not been really good-natured and inoffensive, I
+should have taken him in hand; but these disconnected remarks appeared
+to give him so much pleasure that it would have been cruel to deprive
+him of it.</p>
+
+<p>Helen Legram had a reverential way of speaking of Mr. Summers that
+provoked me; but she told me one day, when I laughed at this, that no
+one who knew his life could do otherwise. And how did <i>she</i> 'know his
+life'? He had never disclosed it to <i>me</i>&mdash;and I could not see what there
+was in Helen Legram to entitle her to this confidence. They certainly
+were engaged&mdash;everything went to prove it; and, if I had been at all in
+love with Mr. Summers, I should have classed the feeling that pervaded
+me under the head of jealousy.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bull 'guessed that Mr. Summers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_644" id="Page_644">[Pg 644]</a></span> and that tall gal were goin' to make
+a match of it;' and, when I assented to the proposition, he added that
+'she didn't <i>pretty</i> much, but he kalkilated she'd make a good, stirrin'
+wife for a young man who had his livin' to get. Should hev kind o'
+thought,' continued Mr. Bull, who seemed to love the subject, 'that he'd
+hev fancied <i>you</i>; but there's no accountin' for tastes.'</p>
+
+<p>I glided out of the room unperceived, and the old gentleman probably
+talked confidentially to the four walls for some time afterward.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Sumter had fallen; and the whole school broke out in badges.
+Peppersville was on fire, and burning, of course, in red, white, and
+blue flames. No one bought a dress even that had not the loyal colors
+displayed <i>somewhere</i> in it; and a man who did not wear a cockade was
+rather looked askance upon.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bull was in his element, and spent his time principally in going to
+the post office in search of news, and asking everybody's political
+shibboleth. The subject was discussed at every meal. Mr. Bull thought
+that half the members of Congress ought to have been hung long ago. Miss
+Friggs, who sometimes attempted the poetical, said that it made her
+heart bleed to think of the glorious figure of Liberty wandering
+desolate and forsaken, with her costly robe of stars and stripes
+trailing in the dust; and Mrs. Bull, who was one of the wisest women I
+ever knew, prudently said nothing on a subject which she did not quite
+understand.</p>
+
+<p>The militia of Peppersville began to turn out in rusty regimentals, and
+cut up queer antics in the street; and Mr. Summers, who appeared to have
+a talent for everything, took them in hand to drill.</p>
+
+<p>'Do you understand military tactics?' I inquired in surprise.</p>
+
+<p>'Somewhat,' was the reply. He had been captain of a company of boy
+soldiers; and, now that I came to think of it, there was something
+decidedly military in his bearing.</p>
+
+<p>'If I were only a <i>man!</i>' I exclaimed, discontentedly, 'I would be off
+to the war and distinguish myself; but a woman is good for nothing but
+to be insignificant.'</p>
+
+<p>'The works of a watch are 'insignificant,' in one sense,' observed my
+companion; 'but what would the watch he without them?'</p>
+
+<p>'I do not see any application in this case,' I replied, indifferently.</p>
+
+<p>'A woman,' said he, bending down to adjust some papers, 'is often the
+Miriam and Aaron of some Moses whose hands need holding up. Many a
+bullet that finds the heart of an enemy is sent, not by the hand that
+pulls the trigger, but by a softer hand miles away. Something, or rather
+some <i>one</i>, to work for, is an incentive to great deeds.'</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Summers's face was flushed; and he looked suddenly up when he had
+done speaking.</p>
+
+<p>I withdrew my eyes in confusion, and, with the careless remark, 'Mrs.
+Partington would tell you that you were speaking paregorically,' I left
+a place that was getting entirely too hot to hold me.</p>
+
+<p>A few days after, Mr. Summers started for the seat of war, with the
+commission of first lieutenant, and Helen Legram became principal of the
+Peppersville Academy. I think that bright spring days are disagreeable,
+glaring things, when some one whom you like and have been accustomed to
+see in certain places, is seen there no more; and the day that Mr.
+Summers left, I was out of all patience with the April sunshine.</p>
+
+<p>He had said no more: a friendly pressure of the hand from him, and a
+sincerely expressed hope on my part that he would return unharmed&mdash;a
+request from Mr. Bull to 'give it to 'em well'&mdash;a caution from Mrs. Bull
+not to expose himself, if he could help it, to the night air&mdash;a
+pincushion from Miss Friggs, because men never have conve<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_645" id="Page_645">[Pg 645]</a></span>niences-and he
+was gone, with, no reasonable prospect of his return.</p>
+
+<p>I said this to myself a great many times; but I also said that I did not
+go to Peppersville to fall in love with the principal of the Academy.</p>
+
+<p>Those everlasting recitations began to be unendurable; the walks about
+Peppersville were totally uninteresting, and I did not know what to do
+with myself. I cultivated Helen Legram; and, during the vacation, she
+took me home with her to the farm.</p>
+
+<p>It seemed like a new life, that three weeks' visit, and I enjoyed it
+extremely. We went on expeditions up the mountains, and lived a sort of
+vagrant life that was just what we both needed. The roar of cannon could
+not reach us there; the sight of bleeding, dying men was far away; and
+we almost forgot that the teeth of the children whom she had nourished
+at her breast were tugging at the vitals of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>One afternoon, amid the fragrant odor of pine trees, Helen Legram told
+me the story of Mr. Summers's life.</p>
+
+<p>He was born and educated in Florida, much to my astonishment, and had
+entailed upon him the misery of a worthless, dissipated father. His
+mother, after dragging out a saddened existence, sank into the grave
+when her youngest boy was just entering upon the years of boyhood.
+Finally, the elder Summers, who had always boasted of his patrician
+blood, killed a man in a fit of mingled passion and intemperance, and
+then cheated the gallows of its due by putting an end to his own life.
+His property was quite exhausted; and the two sons who survived him
+could only look upon his death as a release from continued mortification
+and disgrace. An uncle's house was open to receive them; but, before
+many years had elapsed, Arthur Summers, who was described as a miracle
+of manly beauty, changed his name for that of a rich heiress who
+bestowed herself and her lands upon him, and requested his brother to
+follow his example in the matter of the name at once, and in the matter
+of the heiress as soon as convenient.</p>
+
+<p>Elihu Summers, however, persisted in retaining the name that his father
+had disgraced; he said that he would redeem it, and declared that no
+wife of his should furnish him with bread while his brain and hands were
+in working order. His brother looked upon him as a harmless lunatic; but
+Elihu was firm, and took up his abode at the North, as better calculated
+to further his design. After a series of adventures he became principal
+of the Peppersville Academy, with the view of ultimately studying a
+profession; and there he had been for two years when I came in contact
+with him.</p>
+
+<p>I had been studying Helen Legram's face during this recital; and at its
+conclusion I asked her if she was engaged to Mr. Summers.</p>
+
+<p>'No, I am not engaged to him,' she replied, with a vivid blush; 'I have
+good reason to suppose that he is attached to some one else.'</p>
+
+<p>'Well,' thought I, as I noted the blush, 'if not engaged to him, you are
+certainly in love with him;' and I felt sorry for her if it was not
+returned.</p>
+
+<p>I did not go back to Peppersville that summer&mdash;I had had enough of
+school teaching; and I returned to the relatives with whom I had become
+disgusted, on promises of better behavior from them for the future. They
+were not <i>near</i> relatives&mdash;I had none; and I had rebelled at being
+tutored and watched like a child. Having fully asserted my independence,
+I was treated with more respect; but, while they supposed that I was
+nestling down in quiet content, I was busily casting about in my mind
+the practicability of another venture.</p>
+
+<p>I burned to do something for my country; I could not do as meek women
+did, and sit down and sew for it; the monotonous motion of the needle,
+which some people call so soothing, fairly distracted me; and, in spite
+of the low diet of Latin and mathematics on which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_646" id="Page_646">[Pg 646]</a></span> I had been kept all
+winter, I entertained vague visions of myself, in cropped hair and army
+blue, following the drum.</p>
+
+<p>Just at this critical juncture, when common sense was spreading her
+pinions for flight, I received a letter from a darling Mentor of a
+friend, who was spending the golden sunshine of her life as her Saviour
+spent His, in doing good; and she ordered me to the hospitals.</p>
+
+<p>'You have youth and health,' she wrote; 'spend them in the service of
+your country. Many a brave soldier lies stiffening in his gore on the
+bloody field of Manassas; many as brave are writhing in agony in the
+hospitals that received the wounded of that disastrous day; go among
+them with words of comfort, and smooth the pillow of those brave
+defenders whose blood has been freely poured out to enable <i>you</i> to
+sleep in peace.'</p>
+
+<p>I could wait no longer; in spite of protestation, I put my chattels in
+order, and was off with a noble band of women, who were all bent on the
+same errand.</p>
+
+<p>I had heard nothing from Mr. Summers since his departure: he might have
+been killed at Manassas, or have fallen, side by side with the noble
+Winthrop, at Big Bethel, or have perished, as the lamented Ellsworth
+perished, by the hand of the assassin. I never expected to behold him
+again in <i>this</i> world; and I began to think that I had not appreciated
+him.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>I cannot describe my life as hospital nurse: it was just passing from
+one scene of suffering to another; and I had not realized that there
+<i>could</i> be so much misery in this bright, beautiful world. At first I
+used to tremble and faint; but finally the intense desire to <i>do</i>
+something for these poor, mutilated wrecks of humanity conquered the
+weakness; and I even wondered at my own self-control.</p>
+
+<p>There were pleasant gleams, too, in this life, of utter
+self-abandonment; blessings from fever-parched lips; grateful looks from
+dying eyes; pleased attention to holy words; and, wrapping all like a
+halo, the thought that I was working in very deed, ay, and battling,
+too, for the glorious flag that floated over my head.</p>
+
+<p>They were constantly bringing in fresh patients, and the sight roused no
+curiosity; but one day, such a ghastly face was upturned to view, as
+they placed the shattered body tenderly on a cot, that, involuntarily, I
+bent closer.</p>
+
+<p>'Awful things, those Mini&eacute; wounds,' observed a young surgeon who stood
+near me; and then, as he went on to describe how the horrible ball
+revolves in the lacerated flesh, I suddenly caught a full view of the
+features, over which the shadow of death seemed to have settled, and
+fainted dead away.</p>
+
+<p>It was a long time, I believe, before I regained my senses; but as soon
+as I did, I went to work. Mr. Summers was stretched before me on that
+cot, with a gaping wound in his shoulder, that had not been attended to
+in proper time. He opened his eyes once, and smiled, as he seemed to
+recognize me bending over him; but a fainting fit ensued, and then he
+became delirious.</p>
+
+<p>I could not bear to have any one else attend to him, and I watched him
+faithfully day and night. That dreadful Mini&eacute; wound seemed as if it
+never would heal, and I think that the doctors scarcely expected him to
+get up again. I almost felt as if I had been brought to the hospital for
+this one purpose; and without his ever having told me in plain words
+that he loved me&mdash;in spite of all my wise resolutions to the
+contrary&mdash;during silent watches beside that couch of suffering, I became
+convinced that I loved him with all the strength of which I was capable.
+Yes, I who had nominally devoted myself to the service of my country,
+had ignominiously closed my career by falling in love with the first
+good-looking patient that had been brought into my ward!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_647" id="Page_647">[Pg 647]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>If any stupid man, though (a woman would know better), supposes that I
+informed Mr. Summers of this, either by word or look, in his first lucid
+moment, he is entirely mistaken. On the contrary to punish myself for
+this humiliating weakness, I was more severe than ever; and when the
+patient became well enough to thank me for my kind attention, etc., I
+told him, as coldly as I could, that it was no more than I would have
+done for the commonest soldier&mdash;(which was not strict truth)&mdash;that my
+labors were given to my country, and not to individuals&mdash;with much more
+to the same purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Summers sighed deeply, and turned over on his pillow; and he did not
+imagine how I felt.</p>
+
+<p>He said no more on the subject then; but, one evening, when he had been
+moved from his bed to an easy chair, he spoke out like a man, and a
+pretty determined one, too, in plain terms, and asked me if I would ever
+marry him?</p>
+
+<p>In just as plain terms I told him that I never would&mdash;I had resolved to
+devote my life in this manner; and, with an expression of utter
+hopelessness, he replied that he took back all his thanks for the
+miserable life I had saved; he was weary of it, and would hasten to
+throw it away on the next battle field.</p>
+
+<p>This was very dreadful, of course; but that winter's practice had given
+me quite a turn for arithmetic, and I fell to calculating how many
+battles would probably transpire before that crippled shoulder would let
+him take the field again.</p>
+
+<p>'You will not get out under three months,' said I, confidently.</p>
+
+<p>He looked at me for a moment; and then, bending closer, he whispered,
+'You do not really mean it, Isabel?'</p>
+
+<p>My face flushed uncomfortably at this address, but, making a last
+struggle, I inquired carelessly, 'And why not, pray?'</p>
+
+<p>'Because,' he replied, with a steady voice, 'you have too kind a heart
+to consign to a disappointed life one who loves you so devotedly.'</p>
+
+<p>I suppose I had; for, after that, he had the impudence to assure me that
+I was engaged to him.</p>
+
+<p>'Providence seems to smile upon us,' observed my convalescing patient,
+the next morning; 'read this, Isabel.'</p>
+
+<p>The formidable looking document was placed in my hand, and I learned
+that Lieutenant Elihu Summers, for gallant conduct at the battle of Bull
+Run, was promoted to the rank of colonel.</p>
+
+<p>'Mrs. Colonel Summers,' said he, with the old mischief beaming in his
+eye; 'isn't that tempting?'</p>
+
+<p>I immediately punished him by reading an article that happened to be on
+hand, which proved conclusively that army and navy officers were a
+worthless, dissipated set. Nevertheless, it was a satisfaction to think
+that my wish of entering the army was about to be gratified&mdash;although in
+such an unexpected way.</p>
+
+<p>I could never definitely ascertain whether Helen Legram loved Mr.
+Summers or not; but I am under the impression that she did, and that she
+will never marry. She makes a splendid principal for the Peppersville
+Academy; and, when we have a house of our own, she will be the first
+invited guest.</p>
+
+<p>I am afraid that I have no 'mission.' I spoiled my school teaching by
+falling in love with the principal, and my hospital nursing by becoming
+infatuated with my most troublesome patient. I do not feel disposed,
+therefore, to try another field.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_648" id="Page_648">[Pg 648]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LETTER_WRITING" id="LETTER_WRITING"></a>LETTER WRITING.</h2>
+
+
+<p>To Atossa, a Persian queen, the daughter of Cyrus and the mother of
+Xerxes, has been ascribed the invention of letter writing. She, although
+a royal barbarian, was, like her prototype of Sheba, not only an admirer
+of wisdom in others, but wise herself. She first composed epistles. So
+testifies Hellanicus, a general historian of the ancient states, and so
+insists Tatian in his celebrated oration against the Greeks. In that
+oration he contends that none of the institutions of which the Greeks
+were so boastful had their origin with them, but were all invented by
+the barbarians.</p>
+
+<p>It may be doubted, however, whether to any known person in the domains
+of olden time can be truly attributed the high honor of such an
+invention. Indeed, the views that may justly be entertained as to what
+constitutes an invention may be various and diverse. Perhaps, in a
+qualified sense, any signal addition or improvement deserves to be so
+distinguished. What was precisely the subject matter of Atossa's
+invention is not told, nor is anything recorded to lead to the
+conclusion that she invented any new material; but, if she discovered
+any way of committing the communications between persons, separated or
+at a distance from each other, to paper&mdash;whether composed of the
+interior bark of trees, or of the Egyptian papyrus, or other flexible
+substance&mdash;and making it into a roll or volume, to be sent by some
+carrier, that Persian queen may be accredited as the inventress of
+epistolary composition.</p>
+
+<p>It has been conjectured that letter writing was an art existing in the
+days of Homer; because one of that great poet's characters, named
+Pretus, gives a folded tablet to another personage, Bellerophontes, to
+deliver to a third individual, Jobates. But the learned commentators,
+both German and English, agree in the fact that the Iliad and the
+Odyssey were never written, but recited to various audiences by</p>
+
+<p class='center'>
+'The grand old bard of Scio's rocky isle.'
+</p>
+
+<p>Writing, however, was in use throughout Greece before the time of Homer,
+if not in ordinary intercourse, certainly for memorials and
+inscriptions. The age of Homer may be regarded as preceding the
+Christian era by about one thousand years. It synchronizes with the time
+of Solomon. Thus the greatest of poets and the wisest of kings
+coexisted&mdash;truly a noticeable fact, a theme for the imagination.</p>
+
+<p>But the Holy Scriptures afford instances of letter writing, in some form
+or other, at a period considerably anterior to the age of Solomon. David
+wrote a letter to Joab, and sent it by the hand of Uriah: 'And he wrote
+in the letter, saying.' (2 Samuel xi, 14, 15.) And, about one hundred
+and forty years afterward, Jezebel wrote letters in Ahab's name (1 Kings
+xxi, 8, 9), and 'sealed them with his seal, and sent the letters unto
+the elders and to the nobles that were in the city, dwelling with
+Naboth, and she wrote in the letters, saying, (2 Kings v, 5, 6, 7; 2
+Kings x, 1, 2, 6, 7.) The king of Syria wrote a letter to the king of
+Israel, and therewith sent Naaman, his servant, to be cured of his
+leprosy: 'And it came to pass when the king of Israel read the letter,
+that he rent his clothes.'</p>
+
+<p>Now this occurred about nine hundred years before the Christian era;
+and, about twenty years later, we are told that Jehu wrote letters and
+sent them to Samaria. A second time he transmitted other letters of a
+similar import, which were cruelly obeyed.</p>
+
+<p>Then there is the threatening letter of the king of Assyria to Hezekiah,
+set forth in the second book of Kings, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_649" id="Page_649">[Pg 649]</a></span> also the complimentary
+letter from Berodach-Baladan to the same king of Judah after his
+sickness; a king who subsequently appears himself to have written
+letters to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, to summon them to
+Jerusalem. (2 Kings xix, 14; xx, 12; 2 Chron. xxx, 1-6.)</p>
+
+<p>Cyrus, after publishing his decree giving liberty to the Jews to return
+to their own country and rebuild the house of the Lord at Jerusalem,
+wrote letters recommendatory to the governors of several provinces to
+assist the Jews in their undertaking; one of which letters Josephus has
+recorded as being addressed to the governors of Syria, and commencing
+with the regular epistolary salutation, 'Cyrus, the king, to Sysina and
+Sarabasan sendeth a greeting.' And while the children of the captivity
+were rebuilding their temple (and this was five hundred and twenty-two
+years before Christ), there was a frequent correspondence by letters
+between, their adversaries and Artaxerxes, king of Persia. Now,
+supposing the invention, in any modified sense, of letter writing <i>on
+paper</i>, or what may answer to the idea conveyed by that term, is in any
+measure attributable to the daughter of Cyrus, this was quite a matter
+of course and in accordance with the general practice.</p>
+
+<p>Still, let us not be disposed to take away from the royal lady the honor
+of having invented an art which her sex have, in modern years, carried
+to a perfection scarcely attainable by the male sex; for it may be set
+down as an axiom that one woman's letter is worth a dozen letters by
+men.</p>
+
+<p>After all, the instances of communication by means of letter writing to
+which allusions have thus been made are plainly no specimens of that use
+of the invention which constitutes it the medium of free thought and
+intelligence, or even the simple vehicle of domestic intercourse. Those
+letters or missives were either formal announcements of authoritative
+mandates and despatches, or, at best, only the conveyancers of certain
+information, to be the motive to some act or understanding, or to
+determine or direct some course of proceeding. There are no examples of
+what can properly be called <i>familiar letters</i> before the time of
+Cicero, whose correspondence may justly be regarded as among the most
+precious remains of ancient literature which have survived to our own
+day. In connection with this remark, we may be permitted to observe
+that, as with the greatest of ancient, so with the greatest of modern
+orators, he was distinguished for the beauty, power, and brilliancy of
+his letters. There are few instances of English style more charming in
+themselves than the epistles, whether published or still in manuscript,
+written by that versatile and wonderful person, Daniel Webster.
+(<i>Nunquam tetigit quod non ornavit.</i>) How copious is their expression!
+How facile and felicitous their illustrations! What grace! What beauty
+of diction! What simplicity, elevated by a matchless elegance! Nothing
+more clearly proves the various talents of both the Roman and the
+American statesman than that they should no more have excelled in their
+forensic achievements on grand occasions than in those common and
+trivial affairs of every-day life, so unaffected and so effortless as
+the writing of letters to their friends.</p>
+
+<p>All the letters of Greek and Roman origin which have come down to us
+seem to be doubtful, except those of Plato and Isocrates, until the days
+of Cicero. Under his genius the mind of the Roman nation took a sudden
+spring, and the polite literature of the world was embellished by
+epistolary composition. As the rules and illustrations of poetic writing
+were borrowed by Aristotle from the example of Homer, so the practice
+and authority of Cicero appear to have furnished precepts best entitled
+to determine the character and merits of the epistolary style. He
+esteemed it as a species of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_650" id="Page_650">[Pg 650]</a></span> composition enjoying the privilege of great
+ease and familiarity, as well in its diction as in its treatment of its
+subject, and also in its employment of the weapons of wit and humor. The
+general style most suitable to its spirit and character he considered to
+be that most in use in the ordinary and daily intercourse of society. He
+admired a simple and playful use of language, and he affected, as he
+asserts, a common and almost plebeian manner of writing, using words of
+every-day stamp in his correspondence. In his view of letter writing,
+its style and manner ought to vary with the complexion of its subject
+matter, and be subjected to no abstract system of rules. Ho propounds
+three principal kinds of epistles: first, that which merely conveys
+interesting intelligence, being, as he says, the very object for which
+the thing itself came into existence; second, the jocose letter; third,
+the serious and solemn letter. And it was besides the opinion of the
+great orator&mdash;an opinion sanctioned and ratified by all honorable
+persons then and in our own day&mdash;that there is something sacred in the
+contents of a letter which gives it the strongest claims to be withheld
+from third persons. 'For who,' he exclaims, in his second Philippic,
+'who that is at all influenced by good habits and feelings, has ever
+allowed himself to resent an affront or injury by exposing to others any
+letters received from the offending persons during their intercourse of
+friendship?' 'What else,' he eloquently exclaims, 'would be the tendency
+of such conduct but to rob the very life of life of its social charms!
+How many pleasantries find their way into letters, as amusing to the
+correspondents as they are insipid to others; and how many subjects of
+serious interest, which are entirely unfit to be brought before the
+public!'</p>
+
+<p>Truly is it gratifying, in our treatment of this topic, to be able to
+adduce such high, classical authority concerning the sacred and
+inviolable character of all private correspondence. In our humble view,
+not only is the seal of a letter a lock more impregnable to the hand of
+honor than the strongest bank safe which the expert Mr. Hobbs might
+vainly have tried to open; but even when that seal has already been
+rightfully broken and the contents of the letter exposed, those contents
+are to the eye of delicacy as unreadable as if written in that <i>Bass</i>
+language which Adam and Eve are said to have spoken while in the garden
+of Eden, and which, since the fall, none but angels have ever been able
+to comprehend. Now, if Cicero thought it base for a third party to read
+a private letter, what eloquent thunder would he not have hurled at the
+head of that wretch who not only read, but printed and published it!
+There is an epithet, which, in certain parts of New England, the folks
+apply to the poorest of poor scamps&mdash;'mean.' Now who, in this round
+world, of all that dwell therein, can be found one half so 'mean' as the
+betrayer and revealer of another's secrets? A whip should be placed in
+every honest hand to lash the rascal naked through the world. He should
+be fastened in an air-tight mail bag, and sent jolting and bouncing,
+amid innumerable letters and packages and ponderous franked documents of
+members of Congress, over all the roughest roads of our Northwestern
+country!</p>
+
+<p>To return to what a letter should be. It seems, upon the whole, to have
+been Cicero's opinion&mdash;and in this we shall fain agree as well as in his
+view of the secrecy of letters&mdash;that, whether the subject be solemn or
+familiar, learned or colloquial, general or particular, political or
+domestic, an easy, vivacious, unaffected diction gives to epistolary
+writing its proper grace and perfection.</p>
+
+<p>In very truth, good letter writing is little else than conversation upon
+paper, carried on between parties personally separate, with this
+especial advantage, that it brings the minds of the interlocutors into
+reciprocal action, with more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_651" id="Page_651">[Pg 651]</a></span> room for reflection, and with, fewer
+disturbances than can usually consist with personal conversation.</p>
+
+<p>We have thus made mention of Cicero as the greatest of authorities with
+regard to this subject, because he was himself the greatest of letter
+writers. The epistle was the shape in which his versatile and beautiful
+mind most gracefully ran and moulded itself. His fluctuating and
+unstable character no less than his vanity and love of distinction,
+seemed to minister occasion to those varied forms of diction and
+expression in which the genius of animated letter writing may be said to
+delight. Read his 'Familiar Letters,' if not in Latin, yet in
+translation, if you wish to study the most perfect specimens of this
+style&mdash;a style which has not been equalled or approached since his day.</p>
+
+<p>Next to the letters of the great Roman orator, merit points to those of
+the philosopher Seneca. He, too, cultivates and enjoins an easy and
+unstudied diction. So great is the excellence of his letters; so nearly
+is their beauty allied to the beauty of our Holy Scriptures; so does he
+seem to anticipate the morals and teachings of our Christian
+dispensation, that it is almost reprehensible to speak of them at all,
+without setting forth their extraordinary charms of style and thought,
+even in a larger space than the present article can be allowed to
+occupy.</p>
+
+<p>After Seneca, the next most noted of the ancient letter writers was
+Pliny the younger. And now we are brought down to the days of the
+Apostles and their Epistles. With a simple reverential allusion to the
+letters of St. Paul and the other immediate followers of our Lord,
+letters that teach men the way of salvation&mdash;we pass to a more modern
+consideration of our topic.</p>
+
+<p>Letters can hardly be classified. They are of various sorts. Most of
+them, as schoolboys say, end in t-i-o-n, <i>tion</i>. There are Letters of
+Introduction; Letters of Congratulation; Letters of Consolation; Letters
+of Invitation; Letters of Recommendation; Letters of Administration.
+There are, moreover, letters of friendship, business letters, letters of
+diplomacy, letters of credit, letters patent, letters of marque (apt
+also to be letters of mark), and love letters&mdash;the last being by no
+means least.</p>
+
+<p>Let not the gentle reader imagine from this enumeration than we are
+going to be so tedious as to divide the remainder of this article into
+heads, and to treat of each one of these kinds of letters in its turn.
+No; our object is, by indicating thus the number of sorts, to elucidate
+the importance of letters, and to prove that, if their writing be not,
+like that of poetry, ranked among the fine arts, it well deserves to be.
+For what more admirable accomplishment can there be&mdash;what is of more
+importance often than the proper composing of letters? Many a reputation
+is made or marred by a single epistle. Great consequences follow in the
+train of a single epistle. The pen is mightier than the sword. How well
+may our readers remember one brief letter of Henry Clay (<i>clarum et
+venerabile nomen!</i>), who, when a candidate for the Presidency, wrote
+many excellent letters, and too many&mdash;so many, indeed, that his
+adversaries indulged in pointless ridicule, and called him 'The Complete
+Letter Writer.' We allude, of course, to that brief letter to certain
+importunate individuals in Alabama, which lost for him the decisive and
+final vote of New York, and made Mr. Polk President&mdash;its consequences
+being the war with Mexico, the acquisition and annexation of California,
+the discovery of the gold mines&mdash;working an utter change in the
+political and commercial fortunes of the world, which would probably
+never have taken place, or, at least, not in our century, but for that
+one brief Alabama letter! It is, we believe, fully conceded that the
+safest rule for becoming Chief Magis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_652" id="Page_652">[Pg 652]</a></span>trate of our country is never to
+write a letter.</p>
+
+<p>Many a man and woman, who has written a letter and posted it, wishes
+ardently that it could be recalled; and many a one who has something
+disagreeable to say, and is obliged to say it in a letter because he has
+promised to write, wishes that he could send the letter in blank&mdash;like
+Larry O'Branigan to his wife Judy, when he was constrained to inform her
+that he had been dismissed from his place, thus done into verse by the
+bard of Erin:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'As it was but last week that I sent you a letter,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">You'll wonder, dear Judy, what this is about,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And, troth, it's a letter myself would like better,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Could I manage to leave the contents of it out.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Excellent, by the way, as this Hibernicism is, it is not so perfect as
+the following, which it would be difficult for the most accomplished of
+Paddies to surpass. A man, dying, wrote an epistle, in which, stating
+that he was near death, he took an affectionate farewell of his friends.
+He left the letter open on a table near him, and expired before he had
+time to complete it. His attendant, just after his demise, taking up the
+defunct's pen, in which the ink was scarcely yet dry, added, by way of
+postcript, or rather <i>post-mortem-script</i>: 'Since writing the foregoing,
+I have died.'</p>
+
+<p>There is more philosophy than one would at first imagine in the apology
+of him who said that his pen was so bad it could not spell correctly. To
+write a letter as it should be in all respects, to be what it ought to
+be, orthographically, grammatically, rhetorically right, there should be
+a good pen, good paper, good ink. Many a pleasant correspondence has
+been marred by want of these adjuncts; many an agreeable thought
+arrested; many a composition, happily begun, hurried to an abrupt
+conclusion. And how many delightful letters have been omitted or
+neglected to be written by their want! We are not jesting. These
+concomitants, together with nice envelopes, are as requisite to a
+respectable epistle as becoming costume is to a lady. When we see a
+scrawling hand on coarse paper, ill folded, worse directed, and ending,
+'Yours in haste,' we think but little of the writer. Such a one may
+complain of being in a hurry, but ladies and gentlemen should always
+take time to do well whatsoever they do at all. No letters should be
+written 'in haste' except angry ones, and the faster they are 'committed
+to paper' the better. We have found it a capital plan, when in hot
+wrath, to sit directly down and scratch off a furious letter, and then,
+having thus committed our ire to the paper, to commit that to the
+flames. The process is highly refrigerant, in any state of the weather.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing can be more false than the phraseology of most letters. Many a
+letter is commenced with 'dear,' when the writer, if he dared express
+his real sentiment, would use a very opposite word. But, be the
+sentiments of a letter what they may, true or false, real or affected,
+it is the desire of the present writer to insist upon the indispensable
+neatness of letters&mdash;that they should be externally faultless, however
+defective inside. We regret to record the unpleasant fact that our
+American ladies seldom write good hands, whereas a fair chirography is
+properly considered as among the very first accomplishments for a
+well-educated girl in England. Who ever saw a letter from a true English
+lady that was not faultless in its details? What nice, legible
+penmanship! How happily expressed! How trim and pretty a cover! How
+beautiful and classic a seal! Very different these from the concomitants
+of half a sheet of ruled paper, scrawled over as if chickens had been
+walking upon it, and folded slopingly, and held loosely together by a
+wafer!</p>
+
+<p>It is an affectation of many lawyers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_653" id="Page_653">[Pg 653]</a></span> and most literary people to write
+ill, probably to create an impression that such is the vast importance
+of their occupations and lucubrations that they have not time to attend
+to so minor a matter as penmanship. A certain highly distinguished
+counsellor of Massachusetts was said to have written so badly that he
+could not comprehend his own legal opinions after he had put them on
+paper. Now such affectation is in very poor taste. Those who cannot
+write fairly and legibly had better go to school and practise until they
+can. Incomprehensible writing is as bad as incomprehensible speaking. A
+clear enunciation is scarcely more important than a plain hand. A
+lawyer, in speaking, may as well jumble his words so together that not
+one in fifty can be understood, as in writing to scrawl and run them
+about so that not one in fifty can be read.</p>
+
+<p>What a world of content or of unhappiness lies within the little fold of
+a letter! Hark! There is the postman's ring at the door, sharp, quick,
+imperative; as much as to say, 'Don't, keep me standing here; I'm in a
+hurry.' How your heart beats! It has come at length&mdash;the long-expected
+letter; an answer to a proposal of marriage, perhaps; a reply to an
+urgent inquiry concerning a matter of business; information with regard
+to some near and dear relative; a bulletin from the field of battle;
+what the heart sighs for, hopes for&mdash;fears, yet welcomes&mdash;desires, yet
+dreads. You seize the letter. Has it a black seal? Yes? The blood leaves
+your cheeks and rushes to its citadel, frozen with fear, and in your ear
+sounds the knell of a departed joy. No? Then you heave a long sigh of
+relief, and gaze for a moment at the missive, wondering from whom it can
+be. Your doubts are soon resolved, and you rest satisfied or you are
+disappointed. Recall the emotions which you have experienced in opening
+and reading many a letter, and you will acknowledge that fate and
+fortune often announce their happiest or sternest decrees through a
+little sheet of folded paper. Have you not thought so, wife, when came
+the long looked-for, long hoped-for, long prayed-for&mdash;with so many sighs
+and tears, such throbbing, and such sinking of the heart&mdash;letter from
+your husband, telling the fruition of his schemes, and the prospect of
+his speedy return? Have you not thought so, mother, when your son's
+letter came, assuring you that your early teachings had been blessed to
+him; and, though perchance surrounded by the temptations of a great city
+or a great camp, he had found that 'peace which passeth understanding?'
+Have you not thought so, O happy damsel&mdash;yes! that blush tells how
+deeply&mdash;when <i>his</i> letter came at last, that letter which told you you
+were beloved, and that all his future felicity depended upon your reply?
+And that soft reply&mdash;how covered with kisses, how worn in that pocket of
+the coat in which it can feel the beatings of the precordial region! And
+not of you alone, ye refined and accomplished lovers&mdash;but of swains and
+sweethearts are the letters dear. Nothing more prized than such
+epistles, commencing with: 'This comes to inform you that I am well,
+saving a bad cold, and hope you enjoy the same blessing,' and ending:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'My pen is poor, my ink is pale,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">My love for you shall never fail.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Assuredly, if there can be unalloyed happiness in this world, it
+appertains to those dear and distant friends, parted from one another by
+intervening ocean or continent, at those moments of mental communion
+which are vouchsafed by long and loving letters. Ah, how would the bands
+of friendship weaken and drop apart if it were not for them! They
+brighten the links of our social affections; they freshen the verdure of
+kind thoughts; they are like the morning dew and the evening rain to
+filial, conjugal, fraternal, paternal and parental love!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_654" id="Page_654">[Pg 654]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Let us now pass on to say something concerning those different kinds of
+letters that we named. Letters of diplomacy are affairs in which words
+are used for the purpose of concealing or obscuring the author's
+meaning, and which always conclude: 'Yours, with distinguished
+consideration.' To this species of epistle, the 'non-committal style,'
+of which the late Martin Van Buren was reputed to be a perfect master,
+is best adapted. Diplomatists seldom desire to be comprehended; but
+occasionally, when they do, how luminously plain they can be! Witness
+that celebrated letter which Mr. Webster dictated to Edward Everett, and
+the latter put on paper to be sent to Austria's minister, the Chevalier
+Hulsemann. The 'distinguished consideration' of that discomfited
+official was exercised to an unpleasant extent; and the result is that
+Austria has ceased to instruct this republic.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing is more difficult to compose than a letter of consolation or
+condolence. The more earnestly you desire to express sympathy and impart
+solace, the more impossible it seems to find gentle and appropriate
+terms. You would shun commonplaces and avoid sermonizing. You wish to
+say something simple, kind, soothing. And yet the reflection of how far
+short of the exigencies of the grief you would mitigate, fails your best
+and most effectual efforts, oppresses and restrains your pen.</p>
+
+<p>Of letters of business, it is quite well to say as little as they say
+themselves: 'Yours received; contents noted. Yours, &amp;c.' As brevity is
+the soul of wit, so is it the soul of a business letter&mdash;the argument of
+which should be <i>ad rem</i>, to the matter; <i>cum punctu</i>, with point.</p>
+
+<p>Letters of invitation and congratulation are often mere formalities,
+although there is a way of infusing kindness, courtesy, and sincerity
+into them, especially into the latter, which ought at least to seem to
+be in cordial earnest.</p>
+
+<p>Letters of introduction and recommendation are very difficult to write,
+because most people endeavor to give an original turn to their
+expressions. After all, it is judicious, in the composition of such
+affairs, to follow the briefest and most usual formulas, unless, indeed,
+you desire to introduce and recommend some particular person in
+downright reality, and then the farther you deviate from mere customary
+expressions the better. And if you are truly in earnest, you need be at
+no loss what to say: the words will suggest themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Letters of friendship may be divided into two sorts&mdash;real and pretended.
+A real letter of friendship commends itself directly to the heart. There
+is a warm, genial glow about it, as welcome as the blaze of a hickory or
+sea-coal fire to one coming in from the cold, bitter breeze of a
+December night. It makes one philanthropic and a believer in human
+goodness. What cheer&mdash;what ardent cheer is there in a letter
+unexpectedly received from an old friend between whom and one's self
+roll years of absence, or stretch lands and seas of distance! It is like
+a boon from the very heaven of memory. But a pretended letter of
+friendship&mdash;how easily detected! how transparent its falsity! The
+loadstone of love touches it, and finds it mere brass. Its influence is
+icy and bleak, like the rays of the moon, from which all the lenses on
+earth cannot extract one particle of heat.</p>
+
+<p>And what can be said of love letters&mdash;those flowers of feeling, those
+redundant roses of recapitulation? There is one strain running through
+their first parts, and then&mdash;<i>da capo</i>. They are the same thing, over
+and over and over again, and then&mdash;repeat. Yet are they never wearisome
+to those who write or to those who acceptably receive. They are like the
+interviews of their writers, excessively stupid to everybody else, but
+exquisitely charming to themselves; that is, <i>real</i> love letters; not
+those absurd things&mdash;amusing from their very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_655" id="Page_655">[Pg 655]</a></span> absurdity&mdash;which novelists
+palm off upon innocent readers as the correspondence of heroes and
+heroines. Verily is there a distinction between letters written by
+lovers and love letters. The former may be deeply interesting to
+uninterested readers, while the latter are the very quintessence of
+egotistical selfishness; for, indeed, lovers may sometimes write about
+other matters besides love, as, for example, in the famous epistles of
+Abelard and H&eacute;lo&iuml;se.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Heaven first taught letters for some wretch's aid,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Some banish'd lover or some captive maid;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">They live, they breathe, they speak what love inspires,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Warm from the soul, and faithful to its fires;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The virgin's wish without her fears impart,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Excuse the blush, and pour out all the heart;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Speed the soft intercourse from soul to soul,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And waft a sigh from Indus to the pole.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>About the other kinds of letters which have been enumerated, we shall
+have nothing to say; because they are letters rather in name than in
+reality.</p>
+
+<p>The fashion prevalent in modern days, to publish on the demise of an
+author pretty much all his private correspondence, proves the general
+interest which is felt in mere letters. Many of these are utterly
+worthless, vastly inferior to those which constantly pass between
+friends on the topics of the hour or their own affairs. It is charitable
+to conjecture that their writers never imagined that they could be
+exposed in print, or would not be burned as soon as read. And yet, with
+what avidity are they conned and discussed! Look at the letters of Lord
+Byron, Moore, and Campbell. How much brainless twattle do they contain,
+amid a few grains of wit and humor. What mere commonplace! Editors may
+as well publish every word a man says, as what he writes familiarly in
+his dressing gown and slippers. We have not a doubt that by far the best
+letters ever written still remain unpublished. There are many printed
+volumes of travels very inferior to those which could be made up from
+the letters of private persons abroad, composed purely for the
+delectation of friends. There is hardly anything so difficult in writing
+as to write with ease. They who write letters on purpose to be
+published, feel and show a constraint which a mere private correspondent
+never entertains nor exhibits.</p>
+
+<p>The war in which we are engaged has brought forth whole hosts of
+correspondents. They come not single spies, but in battalions. None of
+these letters, so far as we have read, can boast of any striking or
+peculiar excellence. Their great fault is their immense prolixity. Their
+words far outnumber their facts. An editor having once complained to a
+writer of the inordinate length of his composition, the writer replied
+that he had not had time to make it <i>shorter</i>. This is doubtless the
+trouble with our army letter writers. They are forced to write <i>currente
+calamo</i>&mdash;sometimes on the heads of drums, and not unfrequently are such
+epistles as full of sound and fury and as empty as the things on which
+they are written. The best of these correspondents so far is the
+somewhat ignominious Mr. Russell, of the London <i>Times</i>; the only one,
+indeed, who has achieved a reputation. Mr. Charles Mackay, his successor
+(<i>heu! quantum mutatus ab illo</i>), writes letters that are poorer, if
+possible, than his poems; he has just sufficient imagination to be
+indebted to it for his facts. As for his opinions, he seems to gather
+them, like a ragpicker, from political stews, reeking with the filth of
+treason and foul with the garbage of secession.</p>
+
+<p>So far as <i>literary</i> merit goes, we regret to give our verdict in favor
+of correspondents for the Southern journals. They write with greater
+facility, greater elegance, and greater force than our own too
+voluminous reporters. But, as much as they have figured, it is not
+probable that they will live in print. They are like exha<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_656" id="Page_656">[Pg 656]</a></span>lations over a
+battle field&mdash;touched briefly by the hues of sunlight, then fading,
+rolling off, and vanishing in the distance.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the methods of acquiring a good English style, there is no
+practice so beneficial as that of frequent and familiar letter writing.
+Because your object in writing to a friend is to make yourself perfectly
+clear to him, therefore you make use of the simplest, plainest, readiest
+words&mdash;and such are ever the best for an essay, sermon, lecture, or even
+oration. This practice imparts ease and perspicuity, and it teaches that
+writing ought to be and may be as little difficult as conversation. It
+teaches every one not to say anything till he shall have something to
+say. A want of something to say is generally not felt in writing
+letters, especially by ladies; but it would seem to be a great pity that
+there are so many words in our language; for, whenever one desires to
+say anything, three or four ways of saying it run in one's head
+together, and it is hard to choose the best! It is quite as puzzling to
+a lady as the choice of a ribbon or a&mdash;husband. But let us earnestly
+advise all fair letter writers to lessen their perplexity by restricting
+themselves to words of home manufacture. They may perhaps think it looks
+prettily to garnish their correspondence with such phrases as <i>de tout
+mon c&oelig;ur</i>. Now, <i>with all my heart</i> is really better English; the
+only advantage on the side of the former expression is that it is far
+less sincere. French silks and French laces may be superior, but it is
+much better to make use of the English language. Whenever there is any
+doubt between two words or expressions, choose the plainest, the
+commonest, the most idiomatic. Let ladies eschew fine phrases as they
+would <i>rouge</i>; let them love simple words as they do native roses on
+their cheeks. A true lady should be emulous to deserve that praise which
+the old poet Chaucer bestows on his Virginia:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Though she were wise as Pallas, dare I sain</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Her faconde eke full womanly and plain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">No contrefeted terms hadde she</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To semen wise; but after her degree</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">She spake; and all her wordes more or less</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sounding in virtue and in gentilesse.'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Exquisite examples of this pure, mother English are to be found in the
+speeches put by Shakspeare into the mouths of his female characters.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'No fountain from its rocky cave</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E'er tripped with foot more free;'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>never were its waters clearer, more translucent, or more musical. This
+is indeed the peculiar beauty of a feminine style&mdash;choice and elegant
+words, but such as are familiar in well-bred conversation; words, not
+used scientifically, but according to their customary signification. It
+is from being guided wholly by usage, undisturbed by extraneous
+considerations, and from their characteristic fineness of discernment
+with regard to what is fit and appropriate, as well as from their being
+much less influenced by the vanity of fine writing, that sensible,
+educated women have a grace of style so rarely attainable by men. What
+are called the graces of composition are often its blemishes. There is
+no better test of beauties or defects of style than to judge them by the
+standard of letter writing. An expression, a phrase, a figure of speech,
+thought to be very splendid in itself, would often appear perfectly
+ridiculous if introduced in a letter. The rule of the cynic is a pretty
+good one, after all: <i>In writing, when you think you have done something
+particularly brilliant, strike it out.</i></p>
+
+<p>We are pretty well persuaded that authors are but poor judges of their
+own productions. They pride themselves on what they did with most labor.
+It is not good praise of any work to say that it is 'elaborate.' An
+author's letters are not apt to be labored, 'to smell of the lamp;' and
+they are, therefore, in general, his best specimens. In letter writing
+there will be found a facility, a freedom from constraint, a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_657" id="Page_657">[Pg 657]</a></span>
+simplicity, and a directness, which are the capital traits of a good
+style. Of Shakspeare it is said, in the preface to the first edition of
+his works: 'His mind and hand went together, and what he thought he
+uttered with that easiness, that we have scarce received from him a blot
+in his papers.' Shakspeare did not, therefore,</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Write with fury, and correct with phlegm;'</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>but he wrote straightforwardly and naturally, as they do who assiduously
+practise letter writing.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_YEAR" id="THE_YEAR"></a>THE YEAR.<br /><br /></h2>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Come, gentle Snowdrop, come; we welcome thee:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Shine, fiery Crocus, through that dewy tear!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That thou, arrayed in burnished gold, may'st be</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A morning star to hail the dawning year.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Now Winter hath ta'en Summer by the hand,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And kissed her on her cheek so fair and clear;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While Spring strews bridal blossoms o'er the land</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To grace the marriage of the youthful year.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The blackbird sings upon the budding spray,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I hear the clarion tones of chanticleer,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And robins chirp about from break of day,&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">All pipe their carols to the opening year.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The butterfly mounts up on jewelled wing,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Risen to new life from out her prison drear:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">All Nature smileth;&mdash;every living thing</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Breaks forth in praises of the gladsome year.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Down in the sheltered valley, Mayflowers blow,&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Their small, sweet, odorous cups in beauty peer</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forth from their mother's breast in softened glow,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To deck the vestments of the princely year.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And splendid flowers in richly-colored dress</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Will bloom when warm winds from the south shall veer:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And clustering roses in their gorgeousness</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Shall form a coronet for the regal year.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rejoice, O beauteous Earth&mdash;O shining Sea!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rejoice, calm Summer sky, and all things dear:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Give thanks, and let your joyful singing be</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">An anthem for the glories of the year.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_658" id="Page_658">[Pg 658]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="THE_GREAT_AMERICAN_CRISIS" id="THE_GREAT_AMERICAN_CRISIS"></a>THE GREAT AMERICAN CRISIS.</h2>
+
+<h3><i>PART ONE.</i></h3>
+
+
+<p>The American crisis, actual and impending; the causes which have led to
+it through the years that have passed; the consequences which must flow
+from it; the new responsibilities which it devolves on us as a people in
+the practical sphere; the new theoretical problems which it forces upon
+our consideration&mdash;everything, in fine, which concerns it, constitutes
+it a subject of the most momentous importance. The greatest experiment
+ever yet instituted to bring the progress of humanity to a higher plane
+of development is being worked out on this continent and in this age;
+and the war now progressing between the Northern and the Southern States
+is, in a marked sense, the acme and critical ordeal to which that
+experiment is brought.</p>
+
+<p>First in order, in any methodical consideration of the subject, is the
+question of the causes which have led to this open outburst of collision
+and antagonism between the two great sections of a common country, whose
+institutions have hitherto been&mdash;with one remarkable exception&mdash;so
+similar as to be almost identical. Look at the subject as we will, the
+fact reveals itself more and more that the one exception alluded to is
+the 'head and front of this offending,' the heart and core of this
+gigantic difficulty, the one and sole cause of the desperate attempt now
+being waged to disturb and break up the process of experiment, otherwise
+so peacefully and harmoniously progressing, in favor of the freedom of
+man. There is no possibility of grappling rightly with the difficulty
+itself, unless we understand to the bottom the nature of the disease.</p>
+
+<p>When the question is considered of the causes of the present war, the
+superficial and incidental features of the subject&mdash;the mere symptoms of
+the development of the deep-seated affection in the central constitution
+of our national life&mdash;are firstly observed. Some men perceive that the
+South were disaffected by the election of Abraham Lincoln and the
+success of the Republican party, and see no farther than this. Some see
+that the Northern philanthropists had persisted in the agitation of the
+subject of slavery, and that this persistency had so provoked and
+agitated the minds of Southern man that their feelings had become heated
+and irritated, and that they were ready for any rash and unadvised step.
+Others see the causes of the war in the prevalence of ignorance among
+the masses of the Southern people, the exclusion of the ordinary sources
+of information from their minds, the facility with which they have been
+imposed on by false and malignant reports of the intentions of the
+Northern people, or a portion of the Northern people. Others find the
+same causes in the unfortunate prevalence at the South of certain
+political heresies, as Nullification, Secession, and the exaggerated
+theory of State Rights.</p>
+
+<p>A member of President Lincoln's cabinet, speaking of its causes, near
+the commencement of the war, says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'For the last ten years an angry controversy has existed upon this
+question of Slavery. The minds of the people of the South have been
+deceived by the artful representations of demagogues, who have
+assured them that the people of the North were determined to bring
+the power of this Government to bear upon them for the purpose of
+crushing out this institution of slavery. I ask you, is there any
+truth in this charge? <i>Has the Government of the United States, in
+any single instance, by any one solitary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_659" id="Page_659">[Pg 659]</a></span> act, interfered with the
+institutions of the South? No, not in one.</i>'</p></div>
+
+<p>But let us go behind the symptoms&mdash;let us dive deeper than the
+superficial manifestations&mdash;let us ask why is it that the South were so
+specially disaffected by the election of a given individual, or the
+success of a given political party, to an extent and with an expression
+given to that disaffection wholly disproportionate to any such cause,
+and wholly unknown to the political usages of the land? Why is the South
+susceptible to this intense degree of offence at the ordinary
+contingency of defeat in a political encounter? Why, again, does the
+persistent discussion or agitation of <i>any</i> subject tend so specially to
+inflame the Southern mind beyond all the ordinary limits of
+moderation&mdash;to the denial of the freedom of speech, the freedom of the
+press, and finally of the right of national existence itself to the
+North&mdash;except in conformity with preconceived opinions and theories of
+its own? Why were they of the South standing ready, as to their mental
+posture, for any or every rash and unadvised step? Why, again, are the
+Southern people uneducated and ignorant, as the predominant fact
+respecting a majority of their population? Why is the state of popular
+information in that whole region of a nominally free country, such as to
+make it an easy thing to impose upon their credulity and instruct them
+into a full belief in the most absurd and monstrous fabrications, or
+falsifications of the truth? Why were the ordinary sources of
+information excluded from their minds, more than from ours, or from the
+population of any other country? Why this fatal facility on the part of
+the Southern public for being misled by the designing purposes of
+ambitious demagogues; imbued with unjust prejudices; deluded into a
+murderous assault upon their best friends, and into the infliction of
+the most serious political injury upon themselves? Why, as a people, are
+they prompt to rush from the pursuits of peace into all the horrors and
+contingencies of war?&mdash;from the enjoyment of political freedom, at least
+nominal and apparent, into the arms of a military despotism, the natural
+and necessary ultimatum of the course which they have chosen to adopt?</p>
+
+<p>The one and sole answer to all these questions is, Slavery. Some one has
+said, in speaking of the present crisis, that the sentiment of loyalty
+has never been prevalent at the South. This is a grand mistake. No
+people on the surface of the planet have more sincerely felt or more
+invariably and unflinchingly demonstrated loyalty than they. But it is
+not loyalty to the American Government, nor indeed to any political
+institutions whatsoever. It is loyalty to slavery and to cotton. No
+other ideas exist, with any marked prominence, at the South. The
+Northern people have never understood the South, and their greatest
+danger in the present collision results from that ignorance. The
+difference between the two peoples is indeed so wide that it is not
+equalled by that which exists between any two nations of Europe&mdash;if we
+except, perhaps, the Western nations and the Turks. The single
+institution of slavery has, for the last sixty or seventy years, taken
+absolute possession of the Southern mind, and moulded it in all ways to
+its own will. Everything is tolerated which does not interfere with it;
+nothing whatsoever is tolerated which does. No system of despotism was
+ever established on earth so thorough, so efficient, so all-seeing, so
+watchful, so permeating, so unscrupulous, and so determined.</p>
+
+<p>The inherent, vital principle of slavery is irresponsible, despotic
+rule. The child is born into the exercise of that right; his whole
+mental constitution is imbued with its exercise. Hence for twenty or
+thirty years&mdash;not by virtue of law, but against law&mdash;the mails have been
+searched throughout the South for incendiary matter, with a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_660" id="Page_660">[Pg 660]</a></span> strictness
+of censorship unknown to any Government of Europe. Northern men and
+Europeans immigrating to the South have uniformly been quietly dragooned
+and terrorized into the acceptance of theories and usages wholly unknown
+to any free country;&mdash;quietly, only because the occasion for doing the
+same thing violently and barbarously had not yet arrived.</p>
+
+<p>The two civilizations, North and South, are wholly unlike. Without the
+slavery of four millions of men, to be kept in subjection by a
+conspiracy to that effect, on the part of the whole free population&mdash;the
+lack of fidelity to which conspiracy is the only treason known in those
+regions&mdash;the existence of a people like the inhabitants of the Southern
+States would be a riddle incapable of solution. Slavery itself, is <i>a
+remnant of barbarism overlapping the period of civilization</i>; but,
+unlike the slaveries of the barbaric ages, American slavery has been
+stimulated into all the enterprising and audacious energy of this
+advanced and progressive age. It is an engine of ancient barbarism
+worked by the steam of modern intelligence. The character of the people
+which has been created under this rare and anomalous state of things is
+alike rare and anomalous. No other people ever so commingled in
+themselves the elements of barbarous and even savage life with traits of
+the highest civilization. No other community were ever so instinct with
+the life of the worst ages of the past, and so endowed with the physical
+and intellectual potencies of the present. The national character of the
+South is that of the gentlemanly blackleg, bully, and desperado.
+Courteous when polished, but always overbearing; pretentious of a
+conventional sense of honor&mdash;which consists solely in a readiness to
+fight in the duel, the brawl, or the regular campaign, and to take
+offence on every occasion; with no trace of that modesty or delicacy of
+sentiment which constitutes the soul of true honor; ambitious,
+unscrupulous, bold; dashing and expert; with absolutely no restrictions
+from conscience, routine, or the ordinary suggestions of prudence; false
+and, like all braggarts, cowardly when beaten; confident of their own
+strength until brought to the severest tests; capable of endurance and
+shifts of all kinds; awaiting none of the usual conditions of
+success&mdash;the Southern man and the Southern people are neither
+comfortable neighbors in a state of peace, nor enemies to be slightly
+considered or despised in war.</p>
+
+<p>The anomalous character of Southern society, it cannot be too often
+repeated, is not understood and cannot be understood by the people of
+the North, or of Europe, otherwise than through the sharp experience of
+hostile and actual contact; nor otherwise than in the light of the
+inherent tendency and necessary educational influences of the one
+institution of slavery. Of the whole South, in degree, and of the
+Southwestern States pre&euml;minently, it may be said as a whole description
+in a single form of expression: <i>They know no other virtue than brute
+physical courage, and no other crime than abolitionism or
+negro-stealing.</i></p>
+
+<p>All this is said, not for the purpose of blackening the South, not from
+partisan rancor or local prejudice, or exaggerated patriotic zeal, but
+because it is true. It is not true, however, of the whole population of
+the South, nor true, perhaps, in the absolute sense of any portion. It
+is impossible to characterize any people without a portion of individual
+injustice, or to state the drift of an individual character even,
+without a like injustice to better traits, adverse to the general drift,
+and which, to constitute a complete inventory of national or personal
+attributes, should be enumerated. There is at the South a large
+counterpoise, therefore, of adverse statement, which might be, and
+should be made if the object of the present writing were a complete
+analysis of the subject. It is, however, not so, but a statement of the
+preponder<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_661" id="Page_661">[Pg 661]</a></span>ance of public character and opinion in those States. As a
+people they have their countervailing side of advantage&mdash;a great deal of
+amiability and refinement in certain neighborhoods, so long as their
+inherent right of domination is not disputed. Men and women are found,
+all over the South, who as individuals are better than the institution
+by which their characters are affected, and whose native goodness could
+not be wholly spoiled by its adverse operation. Slavery, too, offers
+certain advantages for some special kinds of culture. We of the North,
+on the other hand, have our own vices of a kind not to be disguised nor
+denied; so that the present statement should not be mistaken for an
+attempt to characterize in full either population. It is simply
+perceived that the grand distinctive drift of Southern society is
+directly away from the democratic moorings of our favorite republican
+institutions; is rapid in its current and irresistible in its momentum;
+and that already the divergency attained between the political and
+popular character of the people at the North and the South is immense;
+that these constantly widening tendencies&mdash;one in behalf of more and
+more practical enlargement of the liberty of the individual; the other
+backward and downward toward the despotic political dogmas and practices
+of the ignorant and benighted past&mdash;have proceeded altogether beyond
+anything which has been seen and recognized by the people of the North;
+and that, consequently, the whole North has been acting under a
+misapprehension.</p>
+
+<p>The spirit of the South is and has been belligerent, rancorous, and
+unscrupulous. The idea of settling any question by the discussion of
+principles, by mutual concessions, by the understanding, admission, and
+defence of the rights of each, is not in all their thoughts. They are
+inherently and essentially invaders and conquerors, in disposition, and
+so far as it might chance to prove for them feasible, would ever be so
+in fact. War with them is therefore no matter of child's play, no matter
+of courtesy or chivalry toward enemies, except from a pompous and
+theatrical show of a knightly character, which they do not possess;&mdash;it
+is simply a question of pillaging and enslaving, without let or
+hindrance from moral or humanitary considerations, to any extent to
+which they may find, by the experiment now inaugurated, their physical
+power to extend. The North, let it be repeated, entered into this war
+under a misapprehension of the whole state of the case. It is at the
+present hour, to a fearful extent, under the same misapprehension. There
+is still a belief prevailing that the South only needs to be coaxed or
+treated kindly or magnanimously to be convinced that she has mistaken
+the North; that she has not the grievances to complain of which she
+supposes she has, and that she can yet obtain just and equitable
+treatment from us. There is a tacit assumption in the minds of men that
+she <i>must</i> be content to receive the usage at our hands which we are
+conscious that we are ready to bestow, and which has in it no touch of
+aggressive and unjust intention. It is not realized that the spirit of
+the South, in respect to the North, in respect to Mexico, in respect to
+the islands of the sea, and&mdash;should their power prove proportionate to
+their unscrupulous piratical aspirations&mdash;in respect to all the nations
+of the earth, is that of the burglar and the highwayman. It is not
+realized that the institution of slavery&mdash;itself essential robbery of
+the rights of man; covering the area of half a continent, and the number
+of four millions of subjects; planted in the midst of an intellectually
+enlightened people, whose moral sense it has utterly sapped&mdash;is
+essentially a great educational system, as all-pervading and influential
+over the minds of the whole population as the common schools of New
+England; and that this grand educational force tends toward and
+culminates in this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_662" id="Page_662">[Pg 662]</a></span> same tendency toward robbery and the suppression of
+human rights or the individual and national rights of all other
+people&mdash;expressed <i>in a collective and belligerent way</i>. It is not, as
+said before, that all men at the South are of this filibustering cast;
+but the bold, enterprising, and leading class of the population are so,
+and the remainder are passive in their hands. Virtually and practically,
+therefore, the South are a nation of people having far more relationship
+in thought and purpose with the old Romans during the period of the
+republic and the empire, or with the more modern Goths and Vandals and
+Huns, than they have with the England or New England of to-day.</p>
+
+<p>It is such a people, planted on our borders and aroused for the first
+time to an exhibition on a large scale of those abiding and augmenting
+national attributes and propensities which have thus been indicated,
+with whom we are now brought into hostile array. They are at present
+trying their hand at the collective and organic activities of a national
+cutthroatism which, in an individual and sporadic way, has for many
+years past constituted the national life of that people. Who at the
+North, at the commencement of the war, impressively understood these
+facts? Who even now sees and knows, as the fact is, that the military
+success of Jefferson Davis; that his triumphant march on Philadelphia,
+New York, and Boston&mdash;as they of the South threaten, and intend if they
+have the power, and have already twice unsuccessfully attempted&mdash;would
+terminate not, in a separation of these States by a permanent disruption
+of the old Union; nor in new compromises of any kind whatsoever; but in
+the absolute conquest of the whole North&mdash;not conquest even in any sense
+now understood among civilized people; but conquest with more than all
+the horrors which fourteen centuries ago were visited on Southern Europe
+by the overwhelming avalanche of Northern barbarian invasion?&mdash;that in
+that event, freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of
+locomotion without question, freedom in any sense which makes life
+valuable to the man once educated into the conception of freedom, is
+lost?&mdash;that the whole progress of modern civilization and development,
+as it has been working itself out in the Northern American States, would
+not only be diverted from its course, but positively reversed and made
+to contribute all its accumulations of power to the building up, not of
+the temple of Freedom for the blessing of the nations, but of an
+infernal pantheon of Despotism and human oppression?</p>
+
+<p>The North was forced, reluctantly and unwillingly, into this war: with
+her as yet it has hardly become a matter of earnest. She has endeavored
+to carry it on considerately and tenderly, for the well-being of the
+South as well as of the North, much in the spirit of a quiet Quaker
+gentleman unexpectedly set upon by a drunken rowdy, 'spoiling for a
+fight,' and whom in his benevolence and surprise, he is anxious indeed
+to restrain, but without inflicting on him serious injury. In an
+especial degree was this tenderness felt on the part of the Government
+and people of the North toward that peculiar institution of the South
+which is distinctively known to be, in some way, fundamentally related
+to this unprovoked and unreasonable attack. While the South was
+attributing to the whole North a rabid abolitionism; while the North
+itself was half suspecting that it had committed some wrong in the
+excess of its devotion to human rights; the simple fact on the contrary
+was, that the whole North had been and was still 'psychologized' into a
+positive respect for slavery, and for slaves as property, which we feel
+for no other species of property whatsoever. The existence of this
+sentiment of veneration for what our Abolition apostles have for some
+years been denominating the 'sum of all villanies,' is a curious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_663" id="Page_663">[Pg 663]</a></span> fact
+in the spiritual history of our people, which had very generally escaped
+critical observation.</p>
+
+<p>At the South, the individual planter, owning and possessing ten slaves,
+of an aggregate value, it may be, of ten thousand dollars, ranks higher,
+socially, is regarded indeed, in some subtile way, as a richer man, than
+the merchant or banker who may be worth his hundred thousand or half
+million of dollars, provided he has no slaves. To come to be the owner
+of negroes, and of more and more negroes, is the social ambition, the
+aristocratic purpose and pretension of the whole Southern people. It is
+by virtue of this mystical <i>prestige</i> of the institution itself; which
+couples the charms of wealth with the exercise of authority, or a
+certain show of official supremacy on the part of the master; which
+begins by subjugating the imagination of the poorer classes, the whites
+throughout the South, whose direct interests are wholly opposed to those
+of the slaveholding class, and ends by subjecting them, morally and
+spiritually, and binding them in the bonds of the most abject allegiance
+to the oligarchy of slaveholders. It is in this way that the South is
+made a unit out of elements seemingly the most incongruous and radically
+opposed. For a series of years past, the South has sent forth its annual
+caravan of wealthy planters to visit the watering places, and inhabit
+the great hotels of the North. Coming in intimate contact with the
+superior classes of our own population; floating up in the atmosphere of
+serene self-complacency; radiating, shedding down upon those with whom
+they chanced to associate, the ineffable consciousness of their own
+unquestionable superiority; they have communicated without effort on
+their part, and without suspicion on the part of those who were
+inoculated by their presence, the exact mould and pressure of their own
+slaveholding opinion. To this extent, and in this subtile and ethereal
+way, the North had imposed upon it, unconsciously, a certain respect,
+amounting to veneration, for what may be called the sanctity of slavery,
+as it rests in and constitutes the aromal emanation from every Southern
+mind. Hence not only did we begin this war with the feeling of
+tenderness toward the Southern man and the Southern woman as brother and
+sister in the common heritage of patriotism, but, superadded to this,
+with a <i>special</i> sentiment of tenderness toward that <i>special</i>
+institution for which it is known that they, our brethren, entertain
+such <i>special</i> regard.</p>
+
+<p>Now all this is rapidly changing; the outrages inflicted on citizens of
+the North residing at the South at the opening of the war&mdash;hardly
+paralleled in the most barbarous ages in any other land;&mdash;their reckless
+and bloodthirsty methods of war; their bullying arrogance and
+presumption; the true exposition, in fine, of the Southern character as
+it is, in the place of a high-toned chivalry which they have claimed for
+themselves, and which the people of the North have been tacitly inclined
+to accord&mdash;are all awakening the Government and the people to some
+growing sense of the real state of the case. Still, however, we are so
+far dominated by these influences of the past, that we are not fighting
+the South upon anything like a fair approximation to equal terms. They
+have no other thought than to inflict on us of the North the greatest
+amount of evil; the <i>animus</i> of deadly war. We, on the other hand, fight
+an unwilling fight, with a constant <i>arri&egrave;re pens&eacute;e</i> to the best
+interests of the people whom we oppose&mdash;not even as <i>we</i> might construe
+those interests, but, by a curious tenderness and refinement of
+delicacy, for those interests as <i>they</i>, from their point of view,
+conceive them to be. We forbear from striking the South in their most
+vital and defenceless point, while they forbear <i>in nothing</i>, and have
+no purpose of forbearance.</p>
+
+<p>Who doubts for a moment that a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_664" id="Page_664">[Pg 664]</a></span> thousand mounted men, acting with the
+freedom which characterized the movements of the detachment of Garibaldi
+in the Italian war, acting with the authorization of the Government,
+actuated by the spirit of a John Brown or a Nat Turner, sent, or rather
+let go, into the mountains of Virginia, North Carolina, or Georgia, with
+the authority to assemble and arm the slaves, retreating whenever
+assailed to the fastnesses of the mountains, would cause more terror in
+those States; would do more, in a word, toward the actual conquest in
+three months' time of those rebel commonwealths, than fifty or a hundred
+times their number organized in the regular forms of modern warfare,
+operating against the whites only, and half-committed to the co&ouml;perative
+protection of the institution of slavery, would accomplish in a year?
+Who doubts for a moment that, if the South could find a like vulnerable
+point in the openings of our armor, she would make, with no hesitation,
+the most fearful and tremendous use of her advantage? The whole North is
+aware of its possession, in its own hands, of this immense engine of
+destructive power over its enemy. The whole civilized world stands by,
+beholding us possessed of it, and expecting, as a simple matter of
+course, that we shall not fail to employ it&mdash;standing by indeed,
+perplexed and confused at the seeming lack of any significance in the
+war itself, unless we make use of the power at our command in this
+fortuitous struggle, not only to inflict the greatest injury upon our
+enemy, but to extinguish forever the cause of the whole strife. Still we
+forbear to make the most efficient use of our advantage. We for a long
+time embarrassed and partially crippled ourselves in all our movements
+by an almost unconscious sense of responsibility for the protection of
+this very institution of slavery from the disastrous consequences which
+were liable to fall upon it as the results of the war.</p>
+
+<p>True, we are slowly and gradually recovering from this perversion of
+opinion. The Emancipation Proclamation was probably issued as soon, or
+nearly as soon, as the Northern sentiment was prepared to give it even a
+moral support. Another term had to expire to accustom the same public
+mind to appropriate the spirit of that document as matter of earnest; to
+come to regard it as anything more than a mere <i>brutum fulmen</i>, a Pope's
+bull, as President Lincoln once called it himself, against the comet. Up
+to this hour, its effect on the war has been far more as a moral
+influence preparing for a great change of opinion and of conduct, than
+as a charter of efficient operations. General Thomas's action at the
+South, just previous to the capture of Vicksburg, began experimentally
+to inaugurate, on something like an adequate scale, the new programme of
+practical work in the conduct of the war. Even a month earlier his
+movement would hardly have been tolerated by the same army, which, just
+then beginning to appreciate the tremendous difficulty of the enterprise
+of conquering the South, were ready to accept anything new which
+promised to augment their own strength and to weaken that of the enemy.
+Still another term of waiting and suffering is requisite to change the
+habit of mind which has so long despised and maltreated the negro,
+before he will be put, in all respects, upon the footing of his own
+merit as a patriot and a soldier; and before all of his uses as the
+severest goad in the sides of the hostile South will be fairly
+appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>Thus in all ways we are only now in the midst of a revolution of
+opinion, which, when it is accomplished, will be seen to be the greatest
+triumph of the war. Though we have spoken of this change as slowly and
+gradually occurring, yet, viewed with reference to the long periods of a
+nation's life, it is an immense revolution almost instantly effected. We
+are perhaps already one half prepared adequately to use our tremendous
+advantage. New disasters<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_665" id="Page_665">[Pg 665]</a></span> may be providentially requisite to quicken our
+education in the right direction; more punishment for our complicity in
+the crimes of the South; new incentives to a more perfect love of
+justice as a people; but every indication points to the early
+achievement of these substantial victories over ourselves, while, at the
+same time, we conquer the powerful array of Southern intrepidity and
+desperation, in behalf of their bad cause, upon the external battle
+field.</p>
+
+<p>To resume the question of causes. Why is there, and why has there always
+been at the South this unfortunate prevalence of certain political
+heresies, as Nullification, Secession, and the exaggerated theory of
+State Rights?</p>
+
+<p>The answer is still, slavery. The cause of causes, lying back of the
+whole wide gulf of difference in Northern and Southern politics is
+still, slavery. From the date of our Constitution, opinion has divided
+into two great currents, North and South, in behalf of paramount
+allegiance to the General Government at the North, and paramount
+allegiance to the several State Governments at the South. The
+resolutions of '98 and '99 began the public expression of a political
+heresy, which has gone on augmenting at the South from that day to this.
+At the North, the Government of the United States was never feared as
+likely to become injurious in any sense to the inhabitants of the
+States. Each State fell quietly and harmoniously into its true
+subordinate orbit, acknowledging gladly and without question the
+supremacy of the new Government, representative of the whole of the
+people, in simple accord with the spirit and intention of the
+Constitution and the Government which the people had formed. At the
+South, on the contrary, the United States Government was, from the
+first, looked upon with a suspicion plainly expressed in the speech, for
+example, of Patrick Henry, in the Virginia convention, which consented
+reluctantly that the State should come into the Union, lest the National
+Government might, in some unforeseen contingency, interfere with the
+interests of the institution of slavery. That fear, the determination to
+have it otherwise, to make the General Government, on the contrary, the
+engine and supporter of slavery, the propagandist of slavery, in fine;
+has been always, since, the animating spirit of Southern political
+doctrine. A doctrine so inaugurated and developed has endeavored to
+engraft itself by partisan alliance upon the Democratic party of the
+North, but always hitherto with an imperfect success. State Rights, as
+affirmed at the North, has never been a dogma of any considerable power,
+because it has rested on no substratum of suspicion against the General
+Government, nor of conspiracy to employ its enginery for special or
+local designs. At the South it has been vital and significant from the
+first, and it has grown more mischievous to the last. President Lincoln,
+in his first message, discussed, ably enough, the right of secession as
+a mere constitutional or legal right. Others have done the same before
+and since. The opinion of the lawyer is all very well, but it has no
+special potency to restrain the nocturnal activities of the burglar. All
+such discussions are, for the present behalf, utterly puerile.
+Secession, revolution, the bloody destruction and extinction of the
+whole nation, were for years before the war foregone determinations in
+the Southern mind, to be resorted to at any instant at which such
+extreme measures might become necessary; not merely to prevent any
+interference with the holy institution; but equally to secure that
+absolute predominance of the slaveholding interest over the whole
+political concerns of the country which should protect it from
+interference, and give to it all the expansion and potency which it
+might see fit to claim. So long as that absolute domination could be
+maintained within the administration of the Government, slavery and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_666" id="Page_666">[Pg 666]</a></span>
+slaveholders were content to remain nominally republican and
+democratic&mdash;actually despots and unlimited rulers. But a contingency
+threatened them in the future. The numerical growth of population at the
+North, the moral convictions of the North&mdash;both of these united, or some
+other unforeseen circumstance, might withdraw the operations of the
+General Government from their exclusive control. To provide for that
+possible contingency, the doctrine of paramount allegiance to the
+individual States, and secondary allegiance merely to the General
+Government&mdash;a perpetual indoctrination of incipient treason&mdash;was
+invented, and has been sedulously taught at the South from the very
+inception of the Government. Hardly a child in attendance upon his
+lessons in an 'old-field' schoolhouse throughout that region but has
+been imbued with this primary devotion to the interests of his State;
+certainly, not a young lawyer commencing to acquire his profession, and
+riding the circuit from county court-house to court-house, but has had
+the doctrine drummed into his ears, of allegiance to his State; and when
+the meaning and importance of that teaching was inquired for, he was
+impressively and confidentially informed that the occasion might arise
+of collision between the South and the General Government on the subject
+of slavery; and that then it would be of the last importance that every
+Southern man should be true to his section. Thus the way has been
+prepared through three generations of instruction, for the precise event
+which is now upon us, flaunting its pretensions as a new and accidental
+occurrence.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime, the North has suspected nothing of all this. Her own devotion
+and loyalty to the General Government have been constantly on the
+increase, and she has taken it for granted that the same sentiments
+prevailed throughout the South. Hence the utter surprise felt at the
+enormous dimensions which the revolt so suddenly took on, and at the
+unaccountable defection of such numbers of Southern men from the army
+and the navy at the first call upon sectional loyalty. The question is
+not one of legal or constitutional rights in accordance with the literal
+understanding of any parchment or document whatsoever. The most
+triumphant arguments of President Lincoln or of anybody else have had in
+the past, and have now, no actual relevancy to the question at the
+South, and might as well be totally spared. It is purely and simply that
+the South are in dead earnest to have their own way, unchecked by any
+considerations of justice or right, or any other considerations of any
+kind whatsoever&mdash;less than the positive demonstration of their physical
+inability to accomplish their most cherished designs. Even in a
+technical way, the question is not most intelligibly stated as one of
+the right of secession; it is the bald question of Paramount Allegiance;
+it is so understood at the South. The whole action of the South is based
+upon a thorough indoctrination into a political dogma never so much as
+fairly conceived of at the North as existing anywhere, until events now
+developing themselves have revealed it, and which is not now even well
+understood among us. Back of this indoctrination again, and the sole
+cause of it, is the existence of the institution of slavery; its own
+instinct from the first that it had no other ground of defence or hope
+of perpetuation but physical force; its fears of invasion and its
+obstinate determination to invade.</p>
+
+<p>The supposition has, until quite recently, extensively prevailed in the
+Northern mind that slavery is or was regarded at the South as a
+necessary evil, borne because it was inherited from the past and because
+its removal had become now next to impossible. A certain school of
+Northern philanthropists, headed, we believe, by Elihu Burritt, had gone
+so far, previous to the war, as to form a society and appeal to the
+Northern people for aid to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_667" id="Page_667">[Pg 667]</a></span> enable their Southern brethren, through such
+aid, and finally, perhaps, through the interposition of the General
+Government, to rid themselves of this monster evil. This handful of
+kindly individuals must soon have discovered, had they come into actual
+contact with the prevailing sentiment of the South, that their whole
+movement was based upon a misapprehension of that sentiment. Thirty-five
+years ago, and before the Northern abolition movement had taken root in
+the land, it was a pleasant fiction for the Southern mind to speak
+deprecatingly of the blame which they otherwise might seem to incur in
+the mind of mankind for adhering to their barbarous institution; to
+plead their own conviction of its entire wrongfulness, and to
+commiserate themselves for their utter inability to free themselves from
+its weight. A certain considerable freedom of discussion in relation to
+its abstract merits was allowed, with the tacit condition imposed,
+however, just as really though not as consciously as now, that slavery
+itself must not be disturbed. Talk which had in it any touch of genuine
+feeling in favor of active exertion to rid the country of the
+institution as an evil, was then as effectually tabooed as it is to-day,
+with some minor exceptions on the borders of the slaveholding region, in
+Baltimore, North Carolina, Eastern Tennessee, etc., and with the further
+exception when Virginia was terrified for a few weeks or months by the
+results of a desperate insurrection. On the strength of these few
+exceptions, it has been claimed at the South, and still more
+persistently by Southern sympathizers at the North, that the whole drift
+and tendency of things at the South prior to the commencement of the
+abolition agitation at the North were toward gradual emancipation, and
+that they would have ultimated at an early day in that result. This,
+too, is a pleasant fiction with the least possible percentage of truth
+at the bottom of it.</p>
+
+<p>The institution of slavery, under the stimulus given to it by the
+invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney, and the consequent
+development of the cotton-growing industry&mdash;aided, curiously enough, in
+a certain sense, by the prohibition of the African slave trade, giving
+rise to the slave-rearing business in Virginia and Maryland&mdash;has all
+along been exhibiting a steady, sturdy, and rapid growth. By the
+alliance, accidentally as it were, resulting from the prohibition of the
+slave trade, between the Southern and the Northern slaveholding States,
+a robustness and consistency were given to the whole slaveholding
+interest which possibly it might never have had under a different
+policy. If the foreign importation of slaves had continued, that species
+of population would gradually have overrun the cotton-raising border of
+States&mdash;would have overrun them to an extent threatening the safety of
+the institution there by its own plethora&mdash;while from the southern line
+of North Carolina and Tennessee northward, where this extra-profitable
+industry could not readily be extended, the temptation to the
+importation of slaves would have been slight, no market existing for the
+home increase. The hold of the institution would have been constantly
+weakened there in the affections of the white population; and, in those
+States, there is a seeming probability that white labor and free labor
+would have taken the place of the present system, as it did in the
+States farther north. This would have deprived the Southern belt of
+cotton-raising and negro-holding States of that sympathy which, under
+existing circumstances, they have steadily had from their more northern
+sisters, and favored an early extinction of the system. However this
+might have been, as things are and have been actually, it is certain
+that at no period has the growth of the slaveholding institution
+exhibited any weakness or defect of vitality. Like an infant giant, it
+has steadily waxed stronger and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_668" id="Page_668">[Pg 668]</a></span> stronger, and more and more arrogant
+and aggressive.</p>
+
+<p>When the anti-slavery agitation commenced at the North, the parties who
+engaged in it had no consciousness of the immense magnitude and potent
+vitality of the institution against which they proposed to carry on a
+moral warfare. They supposed that, as a matter of course, they would
+find a universal sympathy throughout the North with doctrines in behalf
+of freedom, where freedom was the basis of all our institutions, and
+where, apparently, there was no alliance of interest, no possible reason
+for a sympathy with slavery or the denial of freedom to man. They were
+met unexpectedly by a powerful current of semi-slaveholding opinion
+pervading the whole area of the Free States, and ready to deny to them
+free speech or the rightfulness of any effort to arouse the people to a
+consideration of the subject. When, after some years of contest, this
+current of prejudgment was partially reversed, and their new thought
+began to find audience by the Northern ear; when, strengthened by
+numbers and the better comprehension of the subject by themselves; the
+increased determination and enthusiasm which arose from the <i>esprit du
+corps</i>; and the assurance&mdash;satisfactory to themselves at least&mdash;that
+they were engaged in a good cause; they began to grapple more directly
+with intensified and genuine pro-slavery sentiment at the South itself,
+they were astonished to find that, instead of battling with a weak
+thing, they had engaged in moral strife with one of the most mighty
+institutions of the earth.</p>
+
+<p>Pro-slavery sentiment at the South, inherently arrogant and aggressive,
+as already said, was, at the same time and from the same causes, aroused
+to the consciousness of its own strength. Called on to answer for the
+unseemly fact of its existence in the midst of these modern centuries,
+when the world boasts of human freedom and progression, it began by
+blushing for its hideous aspect and uttering feeble and deprecative
+apologies. Not that it was at bottom ashamed of its existence, for
+slavery, like despotism of all sorts, is characteristically
+self-confident and proud; but because it had been allowed to grow up
+under protest in the midst of free institutions, and among a people
+conscious of the incongruity of the relationship existing between them
+and it; and had so contracted the habit of apology, and the hypocritical
+profession of regret for its own inherent wrongfulness. Provoked,
+however, to try its strength against the feeble assaults of the new
+friends of freedom, finding all its demands readily yielded to, and
+itself victorious in every conflict, it soon threw off its false
+professions of modesty, pronounced itself free from every taint of
+wrong-doing, claimed to be the very corner stone and basis of free
+institutions themselves, the condition <i>sine qua non</i> of all successful
+experiment in republican and democratic organizations, and became boldly
+and openly the assailant and propagandist, instead of occupying any
+longer the position of defence. Then followed the various attempts to
+overthrow and extinguish free speech in the capital of the nation by the
+use of the bludgeon, to extend slavery by illegal and bloodthirsty means
+over the soil of Kansas, to strengthen the enactments of the fugitive
+slave law by new and more offensive provisions, and to cause the
+authority of the Slave Power to be openly and confessedly recognized
+throughout the whole land, as it had been for years secretly and warily
+predominant. The opposition to these measures of aggression ceased to be
+wholly confined to the mere handful of technical abolitionists, and to
+spread and to take possession of the minds of the whole people, exciting
+surprise and alarm, and arousing them to some slight efforts at
+resistance. With this rising tendency to resist arose in like measure
+the tendency of the slaveholding power to invade. The alternative was
+quietly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_669" id="Page_669">[Pg 669]</a></span> but resolutely chosen in the minds of the leading politicians
+of the South to 'rule or ruin.' Preparation was made for retaining the
+absolute control of the General Government at Washington, and for
+extending the influence of the peculiar institution over the whole North
+and all adjacent countries, so long as that policy should prove
+practicable; and, if by any contingency defeated in it, to break up the
+Union as it existed, and reconstruct it upon terms which should place
+the slaveholding aristocracy in that front rank of authority without
+question, to which, as a settled conviction, ever present and dominant
+in their minds, they alone, of all men, are pre&euml;minently entitled.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly they imposed their weight more and more heavily upon the
+successive administrations from Van Buren down to Buchanan, and were
+encouraged to find that, in proportion as they pressed harder in their
+demands, proportionate concessions seldom failed to be made. The
+reaction at the North was nevertheless steadily progressing. Wisely
+perceiving that the first part of their <i>programme</i> of action had nearly
+served its day; that preparation must be made for entering on the second
+and more desperate part of their conspiracy against free government;
+they forced on the crisis at the Democratic Convention in Charleston, by
+demanding terms which, with the fire in the rear now regularly organized
+and steadily operative at the North, that party could not accede to,
+without consenting to its own death. A disruption ensued of the
+unnatural alliance between the Southern oligarchy and the Northern
+Democracy, and the Southern leaders from that hour availed themselves of
+their sole remaining lease of power under the administration of Mr.
+Buchanan to strengthen their position by all means, honorable and
+dishonorable, for the coming conflict, which by them had been long
+planned or at least looked forward to, as the probable contingency.
+Having virtually the entire control of the General Government, they used
+their power for sending South the arms of the common country, for
+disposing the army and navy in such ways as to leave them in the least
+degree effective for opposing their designs; and with all the quietness
+and deliberation of a dying millionaire making his will, they prepared
+to begin the conflict which the lazy and confiding North had not even
+begun to suspect as among the possibilities of the future; and to begin
+it absolutely upon their own terms.</p>
+
+<p>Enough has now been said, perhaps, in relation to the causes of the
+present war. The present stage of its development is such as might have
+been fairly anticipated from such a commencement. The South has had the
+advantage of earnestness and concentration of purpose; of a warlike and
+aggressive spirit; of prior preparation, and of a full knowledge from
+the first of the desperate nature of the enterprise upon which they were
+about to enter, with a readiness to meet all its contingencies, and,
+since the great uprising, with no anticipation of easy work. The North
+was hurried into a war for which it had no preparation, to which it had
+never looked as a serious probability, and for which it had been
+stripped in a great measure, through the pilfering policy of the South,
+of the ordinary means at its command. A peaceable and highly civilized
+people, among whom actual war upon its own soil had been unknown for
+nearly fifty years, and among whom the spirit of war, always so rife at
+the South, was opposed and neutralized by a thousand industrial and
+peaceful propensities, was suddenly called into the field. Uninstructed
+at first in the real nature of the conflict, regarding it as an
+unreasonable disaffection, and therefore necessarily limited in extent,
+not aroused even yet to a full consciousness of the momentous
+consequences involved in the struggle and its gigantic proportions, they
+have come to the work, in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_670" id="Page_670">[Pg 670]</a></span> a great measure, unprepared. Their condition
+at its commencement was even less favorable than that of the British
+nation at the commencement of the Russian war. Both of these great
+industrial peoples, with whom war had fallen among the traditions of the
+past, had to begin new struggles by learning anew the theory and
+practice of war. The Northern people rose, after the assault on Fort
+Sumter demonstrated to them that the South was in earnest, with the
+unanimity and power as of a single man, but bewildered and uncertain
+which way to turn, or how to grapple with the strange and unaccountable
+monster of rebellion which had suddenly precipitated himself among them.
+The whole habits of the nation had to undergo a violent and rapid
+change. A new educational experience had to be hurried through its
+successive courses of instruction. The gristle on the bone of the new
+military organization had to have time to harden. Sharp experiences had
+to be undergone, and will still have to be endured, as part of the price
+of tuition in the novel career to which we have been so unexpectedly
+called. Still, we have great power in reserve; no feeling of
+discouragement, no thought of abandoning the purpose of maintaining our
+integrity as a people, no sense of weakness possesses our minds. Great
+and triumphant successes are attending our arms. State after State,
+swept at first wholly or in part into the vortex of revolt, is again
+included within our military lines and brought back to a partial
+allegiance. New questions are rising into importance. We pass from the
+consideration of causes to that of results. It is a different and a
+difficult work to forecast the future. It is a perilous experiment to
+enact the prophet or seer, but in another paper we shall venture at
+least upon some suggestions which may have their uses in modulating that
+national destiny which none of us have the power actually to create or
+even to foretell.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="WAS_HE_SUCCESSFUL" id="WAS_HE_SUCCESSFUL"></a>WAS HE SUCCESSFUL?</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>'Do but grasp into the thick of human life! Every one <i>lives</i> it&mdash;to
+not many is it <i>known</i>; and seize it where you will, it is
+interesting.'&mdash;<span class="smcap">Goethe</span>.</p>
+
+<p>'<span class="smcap">Successful</span>.&mdash;Terminating in accomplishing what is wished or
+intended.'&mdash;<span class="smcap">Webster's</span> <i>Dictionary</i>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h4><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h4>
+
+<p>Miss Arabella Thorne was the daughter of an old citizen of New York, a
+worthy man, a plumber by trade, who, by means of plenty of work, small
+competition, and high prices, managed to scrape together fifty or sixty
+thousand dollars, which from time to time he judiciously invested in
+real estate. Late in life he married a tall, lean, sour-visaged
+spinster, considerably past thirty, with nothing whatever to recommend
+her except that she belonged to one of the first families. The fact is,
+she was a poor relation, and had all her life been passed around from
+cousin to cousin, each endeavoring to shift the burden as quick as
+possible. As she grew older she became more fretful and ill tempered,
+until it was a serious question with all interested how to dispose of
+her. Of late years she had taken to novel reading, and when engaged with
+a favorite romance, she was so peevish and irritable, that, to use a
+common expression, there was no living with her.</p>
+
+<p>Things were at this pass when Thorn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_671" id="Page_671">[Pg 671]</a></span> (he spelled his name without an
+<i>e</i>) was called to do some work at the house of Mr. de Silver, an uncle
+of the 'poor relation,' with whom she was then staying. This gentleman,
+who for years had been at his wits' end to know what to do with his
+niece, conceived the design of marrying her to Thorn, who was in good
+circumstances, and could give her a comfortable home. It so happened
+that she was at that time absorbed with a novel (she always fancied
+herself the heroine) where the principal character was called on to make
+a sacrifice, and by so doing married a nobleman in disguise. She
+therefore was ready; but it was not without some difficulty that Thorn
+was brought into the arrangement. However, the distinction of marrying
+so much above him, and the advantage which might avail to his children,
+overcame his natural good sense, and the 'poor relation' became Mrs.
+Thorn.</p>
+
+<p>It is very certain that Mrs. Thorn would have been the death of her
+husband in a reasonably short period, had she not herself been suddenly
+cut off the second year of her married life, leaving an infant a few
+hours old, whom she named Arabella, after her last heroine, just as the
+breath was leaving her body.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Thorn buried his wife, and was comforted. He never married again.
+His eighteen months' experience was sufficient. He even consented to
+give up the direction of the infant, who would <i>not</i> be a poor relation
+like her mother, to Mrs. de Silver, who proceeded to look after it quite
+as she would one of her own children.</p>
+
+<p>[And this was all because old Thorn was getting rich, and would probably
+not marry again, and Arabella would have his money.]</p>
+
+<p>When Arabella was ten years old, her father died. By his will he made
+Mr. de Silver his executor, but prudently forbade any sale of his real
+estate till his daughter should be twenty-one, when she was to enter
+into possession. The personal property was ample for her meantime.
+Arabella grew up quite as the adopted child of the De Silvers. They had
+no daughter, but were blessed with three sons. The youngest was but ten
+years older than Arabella, for whom Mrs. de Silver had destined him.
+Miss Thorne (to whose name an <i>e</i> had been mysteriously added) bore a
+strong resemblance to her deceased mother, but there was one striking, I
+may say overwhelming difference between them. Mrs. Thorn had all her
+life been poor and dependent, and treated as such while thrown about
+from house to house for a precarious home. She was crossed and snubbed,
+and a naturally unamiable temper made a thousand times worse by the
+treatment she received. Arabella was rich and independent, and spoiled
+by over indulgence to her idle whims and caprices. For Mrs. de Silver,
+intent on making the match, did not dare cross her dear Arabella in the
+least thing. She was shrewd, and soon perceived that she controlled the
+situation, and did not hesitate to take advantage of it. In fact, she
+kept everybody dancing attendance on her. Fond of admiration to an
+absurd degree, she still had a constant suspicion that she was courted
+for her money. As I have said, in person she resembled her mother, but
+here wealth came in to do away with the resemblance. True, she was tall
+and angular, but she made up superbly, so that on looking at her one
+would exclaim: 'What a stylish woman!' True, her features were homely,
+and her complexion without freshness, but over these were spread the
+magic atmosphere of fashion and assured position. She had a
+consciousness which repelled any idea that <i>she</i> could be otherwise than
+handsome, fascinating, intelligent, and everything else desirable, and
+this consciousness actually produced, in a large majority, the pleasing
+illusion that she was really all these. But she was not. On the
+contrary, stripped of the gloss, she was censorious, supercilious, and
+selfish. Deprived<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_672" id="Page_672">[Pg 672]</a></span> of her dressmaker, she was gaunt and unsightly.
+Separated from her position, she would have been unbearable. Arabella
+had many offers, of course, but she was too fond of her power and too
+suspicious of an attempt on her purse to yield easily. She was enough of
+a coquette not absolutely to destroy the hopes of an admirer, but
+managed to keep him dangling in her train. She had never absolutely
+discouraged young De Silver, but she would not commit herself even to
+Mrs. de S., who still fondly hoped that the money of the industrious
+plumber would come into her family. So matters ran on till Miss Thorne
+was of age. Mr. de Silver evidently did not suppose there was to be any
+change in the management of his ward's affairs. He was soon undeceived.
+The young lady, about two weeks after the event, asked for a private
+interview with her guardian, and very quietly, after a series of polite
+phrases, announced that from that time she should herself take charge of
+her own property. There was nothing in this to which Mr. de Silver could
+object. Beyond some advantages which he derived from its management,
+without injury to his ward, it was of no importance; but he was not a
+little mortified nevertheless. It looked as if there was a lack of
+confidence in his management, but he could only assent, and say his
+accounts were ready for her inspection. The truth is that Arabella had
+made some acquaintances who ranked a grade higher in the fashionable
+world even than the De Silvers. They had impressed her with an idea that
+it would add to her importance to have her own 'solicitor' and take on
+herself the management of her affairs. To this end she had consulted Mr.
+Farrar, a well-known and experienced lawyer, who had been recommended to
+her by one of her friends. Just then speculation in real estate was
+rife, and prices had reached an extravagant point. The first thing which
+Miss Thorne did under the advice of Mr. Farrar, was to sell from time to
+time, as opportunity offered, all the real estate which her father had
+left her, and invest it in personal securities. In this way a very large
+sum was realized, and Miss Thorne's labors soon reduced to the simple
+task of receiving her semi-annual dividends. Mr. Bennett had not
+overrated the value of her property when he pronounced her worth two
+hundred thousand dollars. On the contrary, it is probable one might add
+fifty thousand to the computation and be nearer the mark.</p>
+
+<p>When Mrs. de Silver saw the independent course Miss Thorne was pursuing,
+she became still more assiduous in her efforts to please her dear
+Arabella. The latter, since it was still convenient to live with the De
+Silvers, was sufficiently amiable, but she never omitted an opportunity
+to show that she was her own mistress and intended to continue so. The
+De Silvers were Episcopalians, but they did not attend the most
+fashionable church. Miss Thorne very soon purchased an expensive pew in
+St. Jude's, and although Mrs. de Silver kept a carriage which was always
+at Miss Thorne's disposal, the latter set up a handsome brougham of her
+own. The young lady, after joining her new church, had determined to
+distinguish herself. She was not content with moderate performances. She
+aspired to lead. She kept at the very height of fashion. Yet St. Jude's
+had no more zealous member. She was an inveterate party goer, and
+nothing pleased her better than to have double engagements through the
+whole season; but the period of Lent found her utterly <i>d&eacute;vote</i>&mdash;a most
+zealous attendant on all the ordinances of the Church. She was very
+intimate with Mr. Myrtle, and it is probable no one had half so much
+influence with her as the Rev. Charles Myrtle himself. She had her
+<i>prot&eacute;g&eacute;s</i> also&mdash;generally some handsome young fellow about taking
+orders, whose devotion to Miss Thorne was perfectly excruciating. Time
+went on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_673" id="Page_673">[Pg 673]</a></span> and Miss Arabella Thorne was carried along in the train of the
+tyrant. With the passing years she became more intensely fashionable,
+more bigoted, more fond of admiration, more difficult to please. She had
+refused so many offers, while she had coquetted so much, that young men
+began to avoid her. This greatly increased her natural irritability;
+made her jealous of the success of every rising belle, censorious, ill
+natured in remark, and generally disagreeable. When Hiram Meeker first
+saw Miss Arabella Thorne in her pew at St. Jude's, the interesting young
+woman was (dare I mention it?) already twenty-eight. In respect to
+appearance, she had altered very little since she was eighteen. So much
+depended on her milliner, her dressmaker, her costumer, and her maid,
+and to their credit be it spoken, they performed their duty so well,
+that the 'ravages' of the fashionable seasons she had passed through
+were not at all visible. There were times when Miss Arabella Thorne
+would confess to herself that she ought to marry. But with every
+succeeding birthday came increased suspicion that she was sought only
+for her fortune.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the position of affairs when the shrewd wholesale drygoods
+merchant, satisfied that all his cousin cared for in matrimony was
+money, conceived the idea of making a match between Hiram and the
+fashionable Arabella. It did not take the former long, after Mr. Bennett
+once explained just how things stood, to comprehend exactly the
+situation, and to form and mature his plans accordingly. He had
+committed a blunder, as Mr. Bennett termed it, in giving up Miss Tenant,
+but that was a conventional mistake, if, which it is very doubtful,
+Hiram ever admitted that it was a mistake. Here, however, he could bring
+his keen knowledge of human nature to play, and once understanding the
+character of Miss Thorne, he felt fully equal to the enterprise. In
+fact, Hiram was once more on his old ground, and he enjoyed the idea of
+the contest he was about to engage in.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Myrtle was fully enlisted on Hiram's side. He was much pleased with
+the addition of a wealthy, rising young man&mdash;and a proselyte besides&mdash;to
+his church. He feared that Miss Thorne might in time be lost to it by
+her marrying outside of his congregation. Here was a capital chance to
+secure <i>her</i> and add to his own influence and popularity.</p>
+
+<p>He was too astute to approach the subject directly. Miss Thorne might be
+suspicious even of him. He would give her no opportunity. Mr. Myrtle was
+too polished and too refined a man, too dignified indeed, to even
+<i>appear</i> in the light of a match maker. But assurance was conveyed by
+Mrs. Myrtle to Mrs. Bennett, and thence <i>via</i> Mr. Bennett confidentially
+to Hiram, that Mr. Myrtle might be relied on to do everything in his
+power in the delicate business.</p>
+
+<p>Thus fortified, and conscious of the aid of the Bennett family, which
+was a very strong point, our hero entered on the fall and winter
+campaign, resolved before it was over to secure the two hundred thousand
+dollars of the fashionable Arabella, and, as it must needs be, that
+inestimable person along with it.</p>
+
+<p>I have mentioned their first sight of each other in church, and the
+curiosity of Miss Thorne to know who the young man in the next pew could
+be. And here Hiram's generalship must be specially noticed. Mrs. Bennett
+proposed to bring about an immediate introduction by arranging an
+<i>accidental</i> meeting at her house. This Hiram peremptorily objected to;
+and in speaking on the subject with Mr. Bennett, with whom all his
+conversations were held, he displayed such a subtle insight into the
+character, habits, and peculiarities of Miss Thorne, that Mr. Bennett
+was amazed. He afterward told his wife she must let Hiram have his own
+way, as the fellow knew more than all of them.</p>
+
+<p>Two parties came off the following<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_674" id="Page_674">[Pg 674]</a></span> week, to both of which Hiram was
+invited through the influence of the Bennetts. Miss Thorne was of course
+present. Hiram, now perfectly at his ease, and fashionably attired, made
+no insignificant display. He was introduced to a great many young
+ladies, and saluting two or three of the most attractive, he paid at
+different stages of the evening assiduous court to them. His waltzing
+was really superb [O Hiram, what a change!], and not a few inquired,
+'Who is he?' Mrs. Bennett was really proud to answer, 'A cousin of ours.
+A very fine young man, indeed&mdash;very rich.'</p>
+
+<p>Miss Thorne did not ask any questions&mdash;not she; but she quickly
+recognized in the waltzer the occupant of the pew who had already
+attracted her notice. She waited complacently for the moment when Hiram
+should be led up to her for presentation, and she had already decided
+just how she should receive him. She was resolved to ruffle his
+complacency, and thus punish him for not paying his first tribute to her
+charms; then, so she settled it, she would relax, and permit him to
+waltz with her.</p>
+
+<p>When the evening passed, and the fashionable young man had made no
+demonstration, she was amazed. Such a thing had never happened before.
+To think he should not ask <i>her</i>, while he devoted half the evening to
+Miss Innis, who waltzed shockingly (every one knew that), and who had no
+money either!</p>
+
+<p>She went home in a very uncomfortable state of mind.</p>
+
+<p>The following Wednesday there was a repetition of this very scene. The
+party was even more brilliant than the last, Miss Thorne more
+exquisitely dressed, but Hiram kept aloof. Miss Thorne had never been
+slighted before&mdash;never. This evening she was tempted to waive her pride,
+and inquire of her dear friend Mrs. Bennett, with whom she saw Hiram
+conversing&mdash;but the thought was too humiliating, and she forbore.</p>
+
+<p>How she hated the wretch!&mdash;that is, as women hate, and as men like to be
+hated. What should she do? Could she endure to attend another party, and
+be so treated? Why, the creature never even looked toward her! What
+right had he to dress so fashionably and to waltz with such ease, and in
+fact appear so well every way? To occupy quite by himself the very best
+pew in St. Jude's, directly in front of her! What audacity! Then his
+provoking <i>nonchalance</i>. Oh, what was she to do? She should go crazy.
+Not quite that. She would first inquire of Mr. Myrtle, in a very
+careless manner. So she ran in that same morning on the accomplished
+clergyman, and was speedily in a full gallop of conversation.</p>
+
+<p>'By the way,' she exclaimed, at length, as if a new thought had suddenly
+struck her, 'pray, tell me, who is my new neighbor? I intended asking
+the last time I saw you, but forgot it.'</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Charles Myrtle looked completely mystified, and asked with his
+eyes, plainly as eyes could ask, 'Pray, what do you mean?'</p>
+
+<p>'I see you don't take. I mean the new occupant of the Winslows' pew;
+some relation, I suppose.'</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, no. He is a cousin of the Bennetts, a young merchant, who has
+purchased the pew.'</p>
+
+<p>'Indeed? A good churchman, I hope, if he is to sit so near me.'</p>
+
+<p>'I should judge so. I am but slightly acquainted with him. Mrs. Bennett,
+however, speaks of him in the most enthusiastic terms. She says he has
+but one fault (I mention it to save you young people from
+disappointment), which is, that he is not fond of ladies' society.'</p>
+
+<p>'I know better,' interrupted Miss Thorne, betraying herself; for she was
+thinking of what she had witnessed at the two parties. Too much a woman
+of the world to blush or betray any embarrassment, she as quickly
+recovered, and added, laughingly, 'No one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_675" id="Page_675">[Pg 675]</a></span> can make me believe he takes
+all that pains with his dress for nothing.'</p>
+
+<p>'Now I think of it, he does dress in very good taste,' said Mr. Myrtle
+carelessly. 'I think, however, what Mrs. Bennett meant to convey is that
+Mr. Meeker is not a marrying man. She says he is very rich, and has a
+horror of being caught, as it is called.'</p>
+
+<p>'So then his name is Meeker,' replied Miss Thorne, with an absent air,
+as if she had paid no attention to Mr. Myrtle's concluding observation,
+though she had drunk in every word with eager interest.</p>
+
+<p>'Yes. You will probably meet him at the Bennetts', though I do not think
+he would please you, Miss Arabella. [Mr. Myrtle knew the weakness of
+spinsters after reaching a certain age for being called by their first
+name.] You are too <i>exegeante</i>, my dear young lady, and Mr. Meeker is
+devoted to affairs.'</p>
+
+<p>'I wonder Mrs. Myrtle does not return; she told me she would not be gone
+two minutes,' said Miss Thorne, with the air of complete indifference to
+what Mr. Myrtle was saying, which a fashionable thorough-bred knows so
+well how to assume.</p>
+
+<p>'Here she is,' said Mr. Myrtle. 'I will leave you together, and go back
+to my labors. Good morning.'</p>
+
+<p>Miss Thorne by this time was really very much excited; so much so that
+she could not resist speaking of Hiram to Mrs. Myrtle, though of course
+in the same accidental way in which she had inquired of her husband.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Myrtle of course had much more to say in reply. All about Hiram's
+joining their church&mdash;what a good young man he was, how conscientious,
+how devoted to business, and how rich, and getting richer every day.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Thorne drew herself up slightly, as if that could be of no
+consequence to <i>her</i>. Still she unbent directly, and said with an
+amiable smile, as if simply to continue the conversation, 'But Mr.
+Myrtle says he is a woman hater.'</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, I think not so bad as that; but Mrs. Bennett says the ladies are
+all crazy about him, and he has a ridiculous suspicion that they are
+after his money.'</p>
+
+<p>'The wretch!' exclaimed Miss Arabella, laughing.</p>
+
+<p>'So I say,' rejoined Mrs. Myrtle. 'But the fact is, Mrs. Bennett says
+that Mr. Meeker thinks too much about business, and if he goes on in
+this way he will never get married, and she tells him she is determined
+he shall marry.'</p>
+
+<p>'A very proper resolve!' exclaimed Miss Thorne in the same vein.</p>
+
+<p>The conversation now turned on other topics, and after a few minutes
+Miss Thorne took leave in no very enviable state of mind. Here was a
+young man about to become one of the stars of fashion, rich,
+accomplished, quite in her own set, too; yet not a step had he taken
+toward securing her favor. Why, he might even outstrip her at St.
+Jude's! Then what <i>would</i> become of her? 'I wonder if he keeps Lent?'
+she muttered between her clenched teeth, as she walked along.</p>
+
+<p>At that very moment, who should she encounter but Miss Innis, a
+charming, bewitching, and very fashionable young creature (so all the
+gentlemen said), to whom at the late parties, as I have already
+mentioned, Hiram had been devoted the larger part of the evening.</p>
+
+<p>The ladies rushed toward each other and embraced in the most
+affectionate manner. The usual rapid chitchat ensued.</p>
+
+<p>'What do you think of our new beau?' asked Miss Innis.</p>
+
+<p>Now Miss Thorne was burning with envy, hatred, malice, and all
+uncharitableness toward the young and rising belle, which was greatly
+increased by witnessing Hiram's extraordinary devotion to her. After the
+conversation with Mrs. Myrtle, she could no longer doubt the fact that
+he was soon to become of decided importance in the fashionable world.
+The moment<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_676" id="Page_676">[Pg 676]</a></span> she saw Miss Innis approaching, she anticipated some such
+question as was now put to her, and knowing that through her dear friend
+Mrs. Bennett she could make Hiram's acquaintance at any time, she had
+decided how to treat it.</p>
+
+<p>She replied therefore with considerable animation, and as if she knew at
+once to whom Miss Innis alluded: 'Oh, I think we shall make something of
+him before the season is over. I tell Mrs. Bennett she must cure him of
+some little provincialisms, however.'</p>
+
+<p>'Provincialisms!' exclaimed Miss Innis, who prided herself on her family
+and aristocratic breeding, though she had not wealth to boast of;
+'provincialisms! I confess I discovered none, and I certainly had a
+pretty good opportunity for judging. He waltzes divinely, doesn't he?'</p>
+
+<p>The tantalizing minx knew very well that Miss Thorne could only judge by
+observation.</p>
+
+<p>'He waltzes with much perfection, certainly,' replied Miss Thorne, with
+the air of a connoisseur, 'but I think a little stiffly.'</p>
+
+<p>'Quite the reverse, I assure you. I never had a partner with whom it was
+so easy to waltz. He supports one so perfectly. I declare I am in love
+with him already. Arabella dear, I give you warning I shall try my best
+to engross his attention the entire season.'</p>
+
+<p>She laughed as she said this, and Miss Thorne laughed; then these young
+women of fashion again embraced, and with smiles and amiable expressions
+went their way.</p>
+
+<p>How suddenly the countenance of each then changed! That of Miss Innis
+gave unmistakable tokens of contempt and disgust, while Miss Thorne's
+face expressed a concentrated venom, which, if I had not myself often
+witnessed, I would not believe is in the power of woman to display.</p>
+
+<p>The rencontre with Miss Innis was so unendurable that Miss Thorne
+resolved to proceed at once to Mrs. Bennett's, where she could get
+definite information. Her pride was beginning to give way before her
+jealousy of a rival.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Bennett was at home, and welcomed her dear 'Arabella' with more
+than usual cordiality. A long conversation ensued before Miss Thorne
+could bring herself to broach the delicate subject. At last, and it had
+to be apropos of nothing, she said:</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, I declare, I forgot. Do you know I am angry with you? Yes, very,
+very angry.'</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Bennett immediately put on the proper expression.</p>
+
+<p>'Tell me, quick, all about it,' she said. 'I will do penance if I have
+given you cause.'</p>
+
+<p>'Indeed, you have given great cause. You have undertaken to bring out a
+gentleman, and your own cousin, too, without presenting him to me, and I
+made up my mind never to speak to you again; but you see how I keep my
+resolution.'</p>
+
+<p>'Poor Mr. Meeker!' exclaimed Mrs. Bennett. 'He little thinks in what
+trouble he has involved me.'</p>
+
+<p>'But what have you to say for <i>yourself</i>?' persisted Miss Thorne.</p>
+
+<p>'I declare, Arabella, I don't know what to say. Cousin Hiram is so odd
+and so obstinate on some points, although in most respects the best
+creature in the world.'</p>
+
+<p>'Why, what can you mean?'</p>
+
+<p>'I can hardly explain what I do mean. In short, while Cousin Hiram asks
+my advice in many matters, and, indeed, follows it; yet, where ladies
+are concerned, he is as obstinate as a mule.'</p>
+
+<p>'But what has that to do with your not presenting him?'</p>
+
+<p>'Well, since you must know,' hesitated Mrs. Bennett, 'he declined being
+introduced to you.'</p>
+
+<p>'Declined!'</p>
+
+<p>'Yes.'</p>
+
+<p>'It is all through that hateful Mary Innis!' exclaimed Miss Thorne,
+reddening with rage. 'I know it. I am sure of it. Yes, I see through it
+all&mdash;all.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_677" id="Page_677">[Pg 677]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>'I dare say,' returned Mrs. Bennett. 'I can't believe it either,' she
+continued. 'He is not so easily influenced. But, Arabella, my dear,
+think no more of the matter. You will like Mr. Meeker, I know, when you
+do meet, and all the more for any little obstacle at the beginning. I
+was just thinking how I could bring you together. What do you say to
+dropping in at&mdash;no, that won't do. I have it; come round this very
+evening and take tea with us. Mr. Meeker is almost sure to come in. He
+has not been here this week.'</p>
+
+<p>'Arabella' had her little objections.</p>
+
+<p>'Nonsense, my darling. I am determined you two shall become acquainted
+before Mrs. Jones's party, and that is next Thursday. Don't forget how
+fond you are of waltzing, and there Cousin Hiram is superb.'</p>
+
+<p>'I know it,' said Miss Thorne, with a sigh. 'But won't it look strange?'</p>
+
+<p>'Look strange to do what you have done so often, my darling! Now,
+Arabella, I won't take 'no' from you.'</p>
+
+<p>'I consent,' said Miss Thorne, languidly. 'He won't be rude to me, will
+he?'</p>
+
+<p>'Rude! why, Arabella, what do you take him for?'</p>
+
+<p>The ladies separated in great good humor.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Thorne, with a view to be revenged on Miss Innis, was determined to
+secure our hero on any terms. She was at Mrs. Bennett's at the appointed
+hour. On this occasion her toilette was elaborately simple. She always
+exhibited, not only great taste, but great propriety, in dress. On this
+occasion one might readily suppose that, running in for a brief call,
+she had been induced to prolong her stay.</p>
+
+<p>About eight o'clock, who should arrive but Hiram! What a singular
+coincidence!</p>
+
+<p>An introduction followed.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Thorne was very natural. She appeared entirely at ease, receiving
+Hiram with quiet cordiality, as if he were a member of the family.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram, on his part, did not exhibit any of those disagreeable qualities
+for which he received credit, but was apparently quite disarmed by the
+domesticity of the scene.</p>
+
+<p>The conversation became general, and all joined in it. After a while Mr.
+Bennett withdrew to 'spend a half hour at the club,' assuring Miss
+Thorne he would return in ample time to hand her to her carriage.
+Presently the servant called Mrs. Bennett, and hero and heroine were
+left alone together.</p>
+
+<p>There was an awkward pause, which was first broken by Arabella, when the
+conversation ran on much in this way:</p>
+
+<p>'We are to have a very gay season, I believe.'</p>
+
+<p>'Indeed!'</p>
+
+<p>'I suppose you take a great interest in it?'</p>
+
+<p>'Quite the contrary. I take very little.'</p>
+
+<p>'Still, you seem to enjoy parties.'</p>
+
+<p>'Why, yes. When I go, the best thing I can do is to enjoy them.'</p>
+
+<p>'But you like to go, don't you?'</p>
+
+<p>'I can scarcely say I do&mdash;sometimes, perhaps.'</p>
+
+<p>'A person who waltzes as well as you do ought to like parties, I am
+sure.'</p>
+
+<p>'I feel very much flattered to have you praise my waltzing.'</p>
+
+<p>There was another pause. It was again broken by Miss Thorne.</p>
+
+<p>'Do you know I think you so droll?'</p>
+
+<p>'Me! pray, what is there droll about me?'</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, I don't know. I can't tell. But you are droll&mdash;very droll.'</p>
+
+<p>'Really, I was not conscious of it.'</p>
+
+<p>'Were you aware that you occupy a seat directly in front of me in
+church?'</p>
+
+<p>'Certainly; that's not droll, is it?'</p>
+
+<p>'Well, yes; I think it is, rather. But that is not what I was going to
+say. Will you answer me one question truly? It will seem strange for me
+to ask it,' simpered Arabella; 'but you must know your cousin Mrs.
+Bennett and I are the dearest friends&mdash;the <i>very</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_678" id="Page_678">[Pg 678]</a></span> dearest friends; and
+meeting you here, it seems different, and I am not so much afraid of
+you.'</p>
+
+<p>Hiram sat with eyes wide open, in affected ignorance of what could
+possibly come next.</p>
+
+<p>'Now you put me out, indeed you do; I can never say what I was going to,
+in the world.'</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Do</i>,' said Hiram, gently.</p>
+
+<p>'Well, will you tell me why you refused to be introduced to me, and who
+it is that has so prejudiced you against me?'</p>
+
+<p>'No one, I assure you,' replied Hiram.</p>
+
+<p>'Then why did you decline the introduction? It is of no use to deny it;
+I know you <i>did</i> decline it.'</p>
+
+<p>'I heard you were an heiress,' replied Hiram naively, 'and I don't like
+heiresses.'</p>
+
+<p>'Why not, pray?'</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, for various reasons. They are always such vain, stuck-up creatures.
+Then they are excessively requiring, and generally disagreeable.'</p>
+
+<p>'You saucy thing, you,' exclaimed Miss Thorne, but by no means in a
+displeased tone.</p>
+
+<p>'Then why did you ask me? I must tell the truth. I confess I did not
+want to make your acquaintance. Everybody was talking about Miss
+Thorne&mdash;Miss Thorne&mdash;Miss Thorne. For my part, it made me detest you.'</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, you horrible creature,' said Arabella, now quite appeased.</p>
+
+<p>'I don't deny it,' continued Hiram, pleasantly. 'I repeat, I can't bear
+an heiress. I wouldn't marry one for the whole world.'</p>
+
+<p>'Why, pray?'</p>
+
+<p>'Because she would want her separate purse and separate property, and it
+would be <i>her</i> house, and <i>her</i> horses and carriage, <i>her</i> coachman, and
+so on. Oh no&mdash;nothing of that for me. I will be master of my own
+establishment.'</p>
+
+<p>'What a savage you are! I declare it is as refreshing to hear you talk
+as it would be to visit a tribe of Indians.'</p>
+
+<p>'You are complimentary.'</p>
+
+<p>'You see I do you justice, though we are enemies. But tell me now that
+you have been introduced to me, do I seem at all dangerous?'</p>
+
+<p>Hiram Meeker's countenance changed from an expression of pleasant
+badinage to one of sentimental interest, while he gazed abstractedly in
+the young lady's face, without making any reply.</p>
+
+<p>Arabella's heart beat violently, she scarce knew why.</p>
+
+<p>'You do not answer,' she said.</p>
+
+<p>'I cannot tell,' said Hiram, dreamily; then, starting, as if from a
+revery, he said, in his former tone, 'Oh, your sex are all dangerous;
+only there are degrees.'</p>
+
+<p>'I see you are not disposed to commit yourself. I will not urge you. But
+do you think you will be afraid to waltz with me at the next party?'</p>
+
+<p>'It was the introduction I objected to, not the waltz.'</p>
+
+<p>'Then you consent?'</p>
+
+<p>'With your permission, gladly.'</p>
+
+<p>'The first waltz at the next party?'</p>
+
+<p>'The first waltz at the next party.'</p>
+
+<p>It is not necessary to detail the conversation which ensued, and which
+was of a more general nature, referring to New York society, life <i>&agrave; la
+mode</i>, the reigning belles, then by an easy transition to Mr. Myrtle,
+and topics connected with St. Jude's. Soon they fell into quite a
+confidential tone, as church subjects of mutual interest were discussed,
+so that, when Mrs. Bennett returned to the room, it seemed almost like
+an interruption.</p>
+
+<p>'I knew you two would like each other if you ever became acquainted,'
+said Mrs. Bennett, with animation.</p>
+
+<p>'Pray, how do you arrive at any such conclusion?' replied Miss Thorne,
+in a reserved tone, while she gave Hiram a glance which was intended to
+assure him she was merely assuming it.</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, never mind, my dear; it is not of so much consequence about your
+lik<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_679" id="Page_679">[Pg 679]</a></span>ing Hiram. You may detest him, if you please, but I am resolved he
+shall like you, for you are my pet, you know.'</p>
+
+<p>Arabella looked affectionate, and Hiram laughed.</p>
+
+<p>'Oh, you may laugh as much as you please; men cannot understand our
+attachments for each other, can they, Arabella?'</p>
+
+<p>'No, indeed.'</p>
+
+<p>'That is true enough,' quoth Hiram.</p>
+
+<p>After Mr. Bennett came in, a handsome little supper was served. That
+concluded, Hiram waited on Miss Thorne to her carriage.</p>
+
+<p>'I shall expect you to take back all the naughty things you have said
+about me to your cousin,' she said, very sweetly, after she was seated.</p>
+
+<p>'About you, yes; but not about the <i>heiress</i>. But&mdash;but if you were not
+one, I do think I should like you pretty well. As it is, the objection
+is insuperable; good night.'</p>
+
+<p>Away went carriage and horses and Arabella Thorne. Hiram stepped back
+into the house.</p>
+
+<p>'My wife says you have made a splendid hit to-night, Hiram,' remarked
+Mr. Bennett.</p>
+
+<p>'Does she?' replied the other, in an absent tone.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Hiram went late to Mrs. Jones's party.</p>
+
+<p>So did Miss Thorne.</p>
+
+<p>In a pleasant mood, Mrs. Bennett walked with her cousin to where the
+heiress was standing, and said, 'Miss Thorne, this is Mr. Meeker. I
+believe, however, you have met before.'</p>
+
+<p>The waltzing had already commenced, and Hiram led his not unwilling
+partner to the floor, where they were soon giddily whirling, to the
+intense admiration of the lookers on.</p>
+
+<p>It was now Hiram felt grateful to the unknown young lady who taught him
+how to waltz <i>close</i>. He practised it on this occasion to perfection.
+Arabella, by degrees, leaned more and more heavily. One arm resting
+fondly on his shoulder, she was drawn into immediate contact with
+Hiram's <i>calculating</i> heart. Round and round she sped&mdash;round and round
+sped Hiram, until the two were so blended that it was difficult to
+decide who or what were revolving.</p>
+
+<p>At last Arabella was forced to yield. Faintly she sighed, 'I must stop,'
+and Hiram, coming to a graceful termination, seated her in triumph&mdash;the
+master of the situation!</p>
+
+<p>Miss Innis looked on and smiled. Others expressed their admiration of
+the performance. None could deny it was very perfect.</p>
+
+<p>Soon they were on the floor again, and again Arabella struggled hard for
+the mastery. It was in vain. After repeated attempts to hold the field,
+she was obliged to yield.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram was too familiar with the sex to attempt to pursue his advantage.
+Indeed, Miss Arabella, having accomplished her object in showing Miss
+Innis that she <i>could</i> monopolize Hiram if she chose, would have been
+quite ready to play the coquette and assume the dignified.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram was prepared for this, and further was resolved not to expose
+himself to any manifestation of her caprice. He perceived Miss Thorne
+was disinclined to converse, and fancied she was preparing to be
+reserved. So he passed quietly into the next room, where he found Miss
+Innis quite ready to welcome him, though surrounded by a number of
+gentlemen. He claimed her for the next waltz by virtue of an engagement
+entered into at Mrs. Jones's. Soon the music commenced, and away they
+went, responsive to its fascinating strains. Both waltzed admirably.
+They entered with zest into the spirit of the scene and with that
+sympathy of motion which makes every step so easy and so enjoyable.
+There was no rivalry, no holding out against the other. The pauses were
+natural, not by either, but, as it were, by mutual understand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_680" id="Page_680">[Pg 680]</a></span>ing. Miss
+Thorne was also on the floor with a very showy partner, doing her best
+to attract attention. She managed, as she swept by her rival,
+<i>accidentally</i> to step on her dress in a very damaging manner. But Miss
+Innis was one of those natural creatures who are never discomfited by
+such an occurrence. She very quietly withdrew, and in about two minutes
+was on the floor again.</p>
+
+<p>'It is well,' said Hiram to her in a low tone, 'that this happened to
+you instead of Miss Thorne.'</p>
+
+<p>'Why?'</p>
+
+<p>'Because she never could have appeared again the same evening.'</p>
+
+<p>Miss Innis smiled, and spoke of something else. The little hit did not
+seem in the least to gratify her.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram noted this. 'Youth and beauty can well afford to be amiable, but
+it does not always happen that they are so,' he whispered.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Innis looked at him seriously, but made no reply; and the two took
+seats within the recess of a window.</p>
+
+<p>At this moment Miss Thorne, having stopped waltzing, passed across the
+room to the same vicinity, and stood talking with a gentleman, in a
+position to command a view of the couple just seated. As Hiram raised
+his eyes he encountered hers, for she was looking intently toward him.
+He saw enough to be satisfied that his plans were working to perfection.</p>
+
+<p>Without appearing to notice her presence, he continued the conversation
+with his partner, and so engrossing did it become on both sides that
+neither seemed aware of the rapid flight of the hours. And it was only
+when Miss Innis perceived that the rooms were becoming thinned that she
+started up with an exclamation of surprise that it was so late.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram Meeker walked slowly homeward. He could not resist a certain
+influence from stealing over him.</p>
+
+<p>'Why is it,' he muttered to himself, 'that all the handsome girls are
+without money, and all the rich ones are ugly?'</p>
+
+<p>He drew a long sigh, as if it were hard for him to give up such a lovely
+creature. He soon reached his lodgings, and going to his room, he seated
+himself before the fire, which burned cheerfully in the grate, and
+remained for a time completely lost in thought.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>O Hiram Meeker, is it even now too late to obey some natural instincts?
+You are well embarked in affairs, have already made money enough to
+support a wife pleasantly. Your business is daily increasing, your
+mercantile position for a young man remarkably well assured. Here is a
+really lovely young girl&mdash;a little spoiled, it may be, by fashionable
+associations, but amiable, intelligent, and true hearted. Probably you
+might win her, for she seems to like you. The connection would give you
+position, for you would marry into an old and most respectable family.
+True, you have conducted yourself shamefully toward Emma Tenant&mdash;to say
+nothing of Miss Burns. Let that pass. There is still opportunity to
+retrace. Attempt to win Miss Innis. If you do win her, what a happy home
+will be yours! As for Miss Thorne&mdash;Hiram, you <i>know</i> what she is. You
+despise her in your heart. Besides, she is almost twenty-nine&mdash;you but
+twenty-seven. Will her money compensate? O Hiram, stop&mdash;stop now, and
+think!</p>
+
+<p>This may have been the revery of Hiram Meeker.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>At last he rose and prepared to retire. Doubtless he had made a final
+and irrevocable decision.</p>
+
+<p>What was it?</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h4>
+
+<p>There is good news for the Tenant family! The large commercial house in
+London whose failure dragged down Tenant &amp; Co., had a branch at Rio.
+This branch had been heavily drawn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_681" id="Page_681">[Pg 681]</a></span> on, and suspended because the firm
+in London stopped. When affairs were investigated, it turned out that
+the Rio branch was well aboveboard. The result was that the London house
+was enabled to pay a composition of fifteen and sixpence in the pound.
+This not only enabled Tenant &amp; Co. to settle with their creditors, but
+placed that old and respectable firm in a position to go on with their
+business, though in a manner somewhat limited when compared with their
+former operations. The whole commercial community rejoiced at this. Tho
+house had been so long established, and was conducted with so much
+integrity, that to have it go down seemed a blow struck at the fair name
+and prosperity of the city. A committee appointed by the creditors had
+investigated everything connected with the failure, prior to hearing of
+the news from Rio. This committee utterly refused to permit Mr. Tenant
+to put his house into the list of assets from which to pay the company's
+debts. He insisted, but they were inexorable. This was highly gratifying
+to him, but he was not content. Now he could meet all on equal terms.</p>
+
+<p>We must forgive Mrs. Tenant if she felt a very great degree of
+exultation at this result. The affair between Hiram Meeker and her
+daughter had touched her so deeply (until Emma was away she did not feel
+how deeply), that she could not but indulge her triumph that now, when
+she encountered him, she was able to pass him with complete
+indifference. While her husband was crippled, she continued to feel
+scorn and contempt. Having regained her old position, she enjoyed a
+repose of spirits and was no longer tantalized by recollection of the
+scenes of the last few months.</p>
+
+<p>Emma Tenant had a most charming European tour. She was absent a year.
+Two or three months before her return, and while spending a few weeks
+among the Bernese Alps (I think Emma once told me it was at the Hotel
+Reichenbach, near Meyringen), she encountered an old acquaintance, that
+is, an acquaintance of her childhood, in the person of young
+Lawrence&mdash;Henry Lawrence&mdash;who was taking advantage of a business trip
+abroad to view the glory and the majesty of nature in the Oberland
+Bernois.</p>
+
+<p>However much it may seem contrary to the theory of romantic young men
+and women, I am forced to state that notwithstanding her former love for
+Hiram Meeker, Emma Tenant had not been six months in Europe before the
+wound might be considered healed. As her mind became enlarged by taking
+in the variety of scenes which were presented, scenes ever fresh and
+changing, she was better enabled to judge how far such a person as Hiram
+Meeker could ultimately make her happy. Day by day she saw his character
+more clearly and in a truer light, and could thus fully appreciate the
+narrow escape she had from a life of wretchedness.</p>
+
+<p>Before she encountered young Lawrence, she had become entirely
+disenchanted. The former illusion was fully dispelled, and her heart
+left quite free to be engrossed by a new interest.</p>
+
+<p>Young ladies and gentlemen! Am I giving currency to theories which you
+are accustomed to consider heretical? I am but recording the simple
+truth.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>By the time Emma Tenant had reached New York the affianced of Henry
+Lawrence (subject, of course, to her parents' approbation), Hiram Meeker
+was engaged to&mdash;Miss Thorne.</p>
+
+<p>Once decided on his course, Hiram pursued his object with the tenacity
+of a slow hound.</p>
+
+<p>He took advantage of every weakness. He operated on her jealous nature
+so as to subject her to all the tortures which that spirit begets. By
+turns he flattered and browbeat her. He was sunny and amiable, or
+crabbed and austere, as suited his purpose. In<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_682" id="Page_682">[Pg 682]</a></span> fact, he so played on
+the poor girl, whose vanity and suspicion and jealous fear of a rival
+were intense, that he made her life miserable. She was even thwarted in
+the quarter where her strength principally lay. For Hiram treated her
+fortune as a mere nothing at all. If she, as had been her custom, headed
+a subscription for some charity at St. Jude's, Hiram was sure to put
+down his name for double the amount in close proximity to hers.</p>
+
+<p>At last her spirit was completely broken by the persevering, unsparing,
+flattering, cajoling, remorseless Hiram. So she stopped quarrelling, and
+yielded. Then, how charming was our hero! Amiable, kind, desirous to
+please, yet despotic to an extent: never yielding the power and
+ascendency he had gained over her.</p>
+
+<p>The great point now was to prevent any marriage settlement. Being
+married, since Miss Thorne's property was all 'personal,' he could at
+once possess himself of it. Prior to the engagement, Hiram had often
+repeated that he would many no woman who maintained a separate estate.
+And so much did he dwell on this that Miss Thorne was actually afraid to
+speak to her solicitor on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer succeeding the gay season we have spoken of, Hiram Meeker
+and Arabella Thorne were united at St. Jude's by the Rev. Charles
+Myrtle, in presence of 'the most aristocratic and fashionable concourse
+ever assembled on such an occasion.' The Bennetts were present in great
+profusion. Mrs. Myrtle, all smiles and tears, stood approvingly by. Mr.
+Myrtle, so all declared, never performed the ceremony so well before.
+Miss Innis had a conspicuous place in the proceedings, she being the
+first of the four bridesmaids who attended Arabella to the altar.</p>
+
+<p>I have never been able to explain her selection of one she had so feared
+and hated as a rival, nor Miss Innis's acceptance. But there she stood,
+very beautiful, and apparently much interested in what was going on.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>After they had returned from their wedding tour, Hiram took possession
+of his wife's securities. His heart throbbed with excitement and his
+eyes glistened as he looked them over.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bennett had fallen considerably short of the mark. Here were more
+than two hundred and fifty thousand dollars!</p>
+
+<p>Just then real estate had fallen to the extreme lowest point after the
+collapse of the former high speculative prices. Hiram took immediate
+advantage of this state of things. During the next three months he had
+sold out his wife's securities, and invested two hundred thousand
+dollars in vacant lots admirably situated in the upper part of the city.
+The balance he put into his business.</p>
+
+<p>From that period it did not require a heavy discounting of the future to
+write Hiram Meeker a MILLIONAIRE.</p>
+
+
+<h4>END OF PART II.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_683" id="Page_683">[Pg 683]</a></span></h4>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="DEAD" id="DEAD"></a>DEAD!<br /><br /></h2>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dead&mdash;dead&mdash;no matter, the skies are blue,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In their fathomless depths above,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And the glad Earth's robes are as bright in hue,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And worn with as regal a grace, and true,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As they were on the day they were woven new</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">By the hand of Infinite Love.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hush! hush!&mdash;there is music out in the street,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A popular martial strain;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While the constant patter of countless feet</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keeps time to the strokes of the drum's quick beat,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And the echoing voices that mix and meet</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Swell out in a glad refrain.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lost&mdash;lost! Oh, why, when the earth is bright,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And soft is the zephyr's breath,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh! why, when the world is so full of light,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Should the wild heart, robed in a cloak of night,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Send up from frozen lips and white</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A desolate cry of death?</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dead&mdash;dead! How wearily drag the days;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And wearily life runs on!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The skies look cold, through a misty haze,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That curdles the gold of the bright sun's rays,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And the dead leaves cover the banks and braes,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A shroud of the summer gone.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Last year&mdash;nay! nay! I do not complain;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">There are graves in the heart of all;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So I do not murmur; 'twere weak and vain;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I accept in silence my share of pain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And the clouds, with their fringes of crimson stain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That over my young life fall.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">There were beautiful days last year, I mind,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">When the maple trees turned red,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">They flew away like the sportive wind,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But I gathered the joys they left behind,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As I gather the leaves, but to-day I find</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_684" id="Page_684">[Pg 684]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">That the joys, like the leaves, <i>are dead</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One year! It is past, and I stand <i>alone</i>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Where I stood with another then;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Tis well&mdash;I had scorned to have held <i>my own</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From the bloody strife, though my soul had known</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That <i>his</i> life would ebb ere the day was gone,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Amid thousands of nameless men.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Nameless</i>, yet never a one less dear</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Than the <i>dearest</i> of all the dead;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I weep&mdash;but, Father, my bitter tear</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Falleth not down o'er a <i>single</i> bier&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I mourn not the joys of the lost last year,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">But the rivers of bright blood shed.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="RECONSTRUCTION" id="RECONSTRUCTION"></a>RECONSTRUCTION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Reconstruction sounds the key note of American politics to-day. It is as
+true now as when Webster first said it, that 'the people of this
+country, by a vast and countless majority, are attached to the Union.'
+Reconstruction is the hope of the Union; and the hope of the Union is
+the controlling energy of the war. Hence, naturally, the theories that
+prevail in regard to reconstruction begin to define the political
+parties of the immediate future. United on the war, which they hold to
+be not simply inevitable, but also a war in the combined interests of
+liberty and order, and, therefore, just, the people seem likely about to
+be divided on questions suggested by the probably speedy termination of
+the war. The Union one and indivisible is the fundamental maxim on which
+all such questions must be based. So long as the name of Washington is
+reverenced among them, the American people will accept no other basis of
+settlement. The Union is to them the security and hope of all political
+blessings&mdash;liberty, justice, political order&mdash;which blessings it
+insures. Disunion is revolution, and puts them in peril. Therefore, no
+theory of reconstruction is practicable which countenances disunion, or
+in anywise assails the principle of the eternal oneness and
+indivisibility of the Union.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="THEORIES" id="THEORIES"></a>THEORIES OF RECONSTRUCTION.</h3>
+
+<p>There are three prominent theories of reconstruction now before the
+people. The first, as being in the natural and constitutional order of
+things, has shaped the policy of the Administration in its whole conduct
+of affairs. It supposes the rebellion to be an armed insurrection
+against the authority of the United States, usurping the functions and
+powers of various State Governments, and seeking to overthrow the
+Nation. So considering it, the whole power of the Nation has been
+brought to bear to subdue it, in accordance with the just authority
+conferred by the Constitution, which is the organic law of the Nation.
+The steadfast prosecution of this policy, upheld and supported by the
+people with a unanimity and patient faith that have strengthened the
+cause of democratic government all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_685" id="Page_685">[Pg 685]</a></span> over the earth, has rescued from the
+rebellion and restored to their undisputed position in the Union, the
+States of Kentucky, Missouri, and now, at last, Tennessee, with a
+portion of Virginia. Such are the results to the Union of the natural
+and constitutional policy that aims at reconstruction through
+restoration.</p>
+
+<p>The two other theories spoken of may be best considered together, as
+they originated in a common purpose, namely, the abolition of slavery,
+which it is supposed cannot be attained by the ordinary processes of war
+under the Constitution. Their advocates, however, contend that they are
+strictly constitutional.</p>
+
+<p>The first of these theories supposes that the States included in the
+rebellion have, by the fact of rebellion, forfeited all rights as
+States. It is argued that States, like individuals, forfeit their rights
+by rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>The other theory supposes that the States having rebelled, may be dealt
+with as foreign States; so that, according to the laws of war, the
+nation may treat them altogether as alien enemies, and in the event of
+the Nation's triumph, the States will be in all respects like conquered
+provinces.</p>
+
+<p>It will be observed that each of these theories ignores the principle of
+the indivisibility of the Union, and presupposes a dismemberment of it
+on the part of every rebellious State.</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="THEORIESI" id="THEORIESI"></a>I. THEORY OF STATE SUICIDE.</h4>
+
+<p>Probably no one will deny that rebellion works a forfeiture of all
+political rights to those engaged in it. The subject who renounces his
+allegiance can claim no protection: just as the Government that should
+fail to protect its subjects, could not claim their allegiance.
+Allegiance and protection are reciprocal and interdependent duties, and
+the failure of one involves and works the failure of the other. So that
+it might be quite correct to declare, in reference to the Southern
+rebellion, that a rebel has no rights which the United States is bound
+to respect. It will be perceived that the question of <i>right</i> is here
+spoken of, and not the question of <i>policy</i>. No feeling of sympathy with
+a defeated people, not the thousand-fold natural ties that bind the
+North and the South, should blind our eyes to the main question of
+right. Any policy toward repentant rebels that is not magnanimous and
+honorably befitting our complete triumph, can never find favor with the
+American people, nor ought to; but the incalculably precious interests
+of the Nation will not admit of any uncertain precedents in regard to
+secession. The precedent must be perfectly clear. It must be established
+unqualifiedly and unalterably that secession is treason, and that
+whoever is concerned in it is a traitor and must expect a traitor's
+punishment. It has been common to call secession a political heresy. The
+rebellion, the fruit of secession, stamps it as more and worse than
+simply a heresy. It is inchoate treason, and only awaits the favorable
+conditions to become open and flagrant. The patriotism, therefore, of
+any man may fairly be suspected, who, refusing to be taught by the
+experience of this war, revealing these things as in the clear light of
+midday, can speak softly and with 'bated breath' of secession. His
+country's baptism of fire has not regenerated such a man.</p>
+
+<p>The attempt, as the legitimate and inevitable result of secession, to
+overthrow a Government whose burdens rested so lightly on its citizens
+as to have given rise to a current phrase that they were unfelt; and yet
+whose magnificent power gave it rank among the first of nations,
+securing full protection to the humblest of its citizens, and causing
+the name of American to be as proud a boast as Roman in the day of
+Rome's power; and withal being the recognized refuge and hope of liberty
+and humanity all over the globe, as vindicating the right royalty of
+man;&mdash;the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_686" id="Page_686">[Pg 686]</a></span> attempt to overthrow such a Government must stand forever as
+the blackest of crimes. For the Confederate treason is more than treason
+against the United States: it is a crime against humanity, and a
+conspiracy in the interest of despotism, denying the royalty of man.</p>
+
+<p>But, to return to our argument, a distinction is carefully to be noted
+between the consequences of rebellion to the individuals who engage in
+it and to the State which it assumes to control. It needs no argument to
+show that rebellion against the supreme power of a State does not
+necessarily affect the permanence of that power. If the rebellion fails,
+the rightful authority resumes its functions. If the rebellion succeeds,
+the movers of it assume the powers of the State, and succeed to all its
+functions. The civil wars of England furnish abundant illustration of
+this principle. However the course of Government may for the time have
+been checked, and its whole machinery disarranged, the subsidence of the
+tumult left the state, in every case, as an organic whole, the same. The
+consequences of unsuccessful rebellion fell only upon the persons
+engaged in it. So, in the successive changes that befell France after
+the Revolution, the state, as the body politic, remained unchanged. In
+dealing with the question of rebellion in our country the same principle
+applies, only another element enters into the calculation. That element
+results from the peculiar character of our Government in its twofold
+relation to the people of State and Nation. The Government springs
+directly from the people, who have ordained separate functions for the
+two separate organisms, or bodies politic, the State and the Nation.
+Strictly considered, there are not two Governments, there is only one
+Government. Certain functions of it are ordained to be executed by the
+State, and certain other functions by the Nation, How, then, can the
+State, as such, assume to set aside the ordained functions of the
+Nation? How, on the other hand, might the Nation assume to control the
+ordained functions of the State? Each to its own master standeth or
+falleth, and that master is the people. Hence, the absurdity of the
+doctrine which claims the right of a State to resume powers once
+delegated to the Nation. For the State, as such, never delegated those
+powers. Hence, the absurdity of secession as a dogma in American
+politics. And hence, also, it equally appears how absurd is any claim on
+the part of the Nation to visit upon the State organism the penalties of
+the treason of individuals against itself.</p>
+
+<p>Let it be remembered that the State derives none of its rights from the
+Nation. How, then, can it be said to forfeit its rights to the Nation?
+The State is a separate and distinct organism, deriving its rights
+directly from the people within its territorial limit. They established
+it, and to them alone it is responsible. In the same manner, the people
+of the whole country, without regard to the territorial limits of
+States, established the Nation. The people of the whole country,
+therefore, have a permanent interest in the Nation, and no one portion
+of them may rightfully assume to set aside its supreme obligations, in
+disregard and violation of the organic law. If certain of the people of
+any State have rebelled against the National Government, attempting thus
+to set aside its paramount obligations, undoubtedly their lives and
+property are forfeit to the Nation. But how can their individual treason
+work a forfeiture of the State powers and functions? These have been
+usurped, indeed, by the armed combinations of the rebellion, but they
+are still complete, only awaiting the overthrow of the armed
+combinations to be resumed and controlled by those persons within the
+same territorial limit who have not rebelled.</p>
+
+<p>It is objected to this view that it assumes a substratum of loyal people
+still existing in the rebel States. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_687" id="Page_687">[Pg 687]</a></span> assumption is certainly
+warrantable when we read of the scenes&mdash;witnesses against the Southern
+Confederacy whose eloquence surpasses speech&mdash;that have attended the
+overthrow of the rebellion in Tennessee; and when we remember that even
+in South Carolina there are such names as Judge Pettigrew and Governor
+Aiken; and when in New York city alone there is to-day a large body of
+Georgians, whose loyalty has made them exiles, and who only await the
+day of their State's deliverance to return and restore their State's
+loyalty; and when the signs in North Carolina are so positive that a
+Union element yet survives there; and when even far-off Texas has her
+loyal exiles in our midst. Considering those 'signs of the times,' the
+assumption that there are loyal men in the rebellious States seems
+certainly a valid and proper one, and one on which fairly to rest an
+argument. But it is believed that the argument is good without this
+assumption. Suppose that, the rebellion being overthrown, not even one
+man remains loyal to the Nation within the territorial limits of any
+single State, has the State ceased to exist? A State is called, in the
+language of publicists, a body politic. It is, in effect, a sort of
+corporation, administered for the benefit of its inhabitants by trustees
+whom they appoint. One of the maxims of law is that a trust shall not
+fail for lack of a person to execute it. It might, therefore, in such a
+case as the one supposed, be competent for the United States to
+designate persons who should take charge of the State Government, and
+administer it in trust for the children of its former recreant
+inhabitants, and as their legal and political successors. Reverting to
+the settled principles of the law, we find that the essential idea of a
+corporation is its immortality, or individuality, or the perpetual
+succession of persons under it, notwithstanding the changes of the
+individual persons who compose it. The State, like a corporation, has an
+individuality of its own, which is not affected by the changes of the
+individual persons composing it. It has an immortality, not affected by
+their entire extinction. Its own organic existence is not thereby
+extinguished. In other words, the State cannot be merged, or swallowed
+up, in the Nation.</p>
+
+<p>It seems, then, that the doctrine of State suicide, as propounded in so
+many words, by its author, in the original resolutions offered in
+Congress, is equally repugnant to the Constitution and good sense. It
+is, in effect, revolutionary; for it would dismember the Union, by
+striking out of existence States as purely and completely sovereign
+within the sphere of their functions as the Nation itself. It is idle to
+deny that it thus recognizes and gives support to the doctrine of
+secession; for it accepts the results of secession, and supposes that
+accomplished by the rebellion which the war is meant to thwart and
+prevent, to wit, the disruption of the ties that bind the States and the
+Nation together in one harmonious whole.</p>
+
+<p>What are we fighting for? To restore constitutional order; to vindicate
+'the sacredness of nationality.' In other words, to combat the principle
+of secession, by force and arms, in its last appeal, just as we have
+always combated and opposed it hitherto on the platform and in the
+senate. But what right have we to oppose secession by coercion? The
+right of self-preservation. For secession loosens the very corner-stone
+of our Government, so that the whole arch falls, breaking the Union into
+an infinity of wretched States. Admitting secession, our Constitution
+is, indeed, no stronger than 'a rope of sand.' We fight to maintain the
+Constitution as an Ordinance of Sovereignty (as it has been forcibly
+styled) over the whole Nation. We must so maintain it, or surrender our
+national existence. This being so, we cannot admit any such right as
+secession; for that would be to sanction the revolutionary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_688" id="Page_688">[Pg 688]</a></span> doctrine
+that a body of men, usurping a State Government, and calling themselves
+the State, can absolve their fellow citizens from their allegiance to
+the Constitution, the supreme law of the land. The rebel States are,
+then, still members of the Union. Otherwise, we are waging an unjust
+war. Otherwise we falsify and contradict the record of our Revolution,
+and are striving to reduce to dependence a people who are equally
+striving to maintain their independence. There is no justification for
+this war save in the plea for the National Union; no warrant for it save
+in the preservation of the Constitution, which is the palladium and
+safeguard of the Nation. The Southern rebellion has usurped the
+functions and powers of various State Governments: when it is
+overthrown, the victims of its usurpation will be restored to their
+former rights. <i>Their</i> allegiance is still perfect. Nothing but their
+own act can absolve them from it.</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="THEORIESII" id="THEORIESII"></a>II. THEORY OF THE STATES AS ALIEN ENEMIES.</h4>
+
+<p>The advocates of the theory that the rebel States are foreign enemies,
+and may be treated according to all the laws of war with foreign
+nations, seek support for their views in the decision of the Supreme
+Court rendered last March in the Hiawatha and other prize cases. The
+question was raised in those cases whether we had the right to
+confiscate the property of persons resident in the rebel States who
+might be non-combatants or loyal men. The Court decided that 'all
+persons residing within this territory (the rebellious region) whose
+property may be used to increase the revenues of the hostile power, are
+<i>in this contest</i> liable to be treated as enemies, <i>though not
+foreigners</i>.' This decision defines the <i>status</i> of persons in the
+rebellion region <i>bello flagranti</i>, or while the war lasts. It calls all
+persons within that region enemies, because their 'property may be used
+to increase the revenues of the hostile power.' Could their property be
+so used after the defeat of the rebellious power? The decision does not
+assume to determine that question. Nor could it come within the province
+of the Court to decide what might at some future time be the condition
+and <i>status</i> of loyal men at the South.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that in accordance with this decision all persons in the
+rebellious States are to be treated as alien enemies, and the deduction
+is hastily made that as to them all the Constitution, like any treaty,
+or compact, with foreign States, is, by the fact of rebellion, annulled.
+Aside from the fact that the Constitution is not a compact, and when
+rightly understood cannot be confounded with a compact, such a
+conclusion is at war with that essential principle of our Government,
+which denies to any body of men the right to absolve their unwilling
+fellow citizens from their allegiance, that is, denies the right of
+secession. Such citizens, whose will is overpowered by force, have never
+proved false to their fealty. The Constitution is still theirs; they are
+still parties to it; and their rights are still sacred under it.</p>
+
+<p>That no such conclusion is warranted by the decision above referred to,
+will still further appear from the following considerations:&mdash;Our
+dealings with foreign nations are regulated by the principles of
+international law, and, according to that law, war abrogates all
+treaties between belligerents, as of course. But international law
+supposes the belligerents to be of equal and independent sovereignty.
+This is the very point in dispute in our contest with the rebellion. We
+deny to the rebellion the attribute of independent sovereignty, as we
+deny it to every one of the States included in the rebellion. Our
+Constitution is, in no sense, a treaty between sovereign States. It is
+an organic law, establishing a nation, ordained by the people of the
+whole country. Therefore, only such persons under it as voluntarily wage
+war upon it, can be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_689" id="Page_689">[Pg 689]</a></span> strictly called enemies: only such persons, on the
+defeat of the rebellion, will be liable to be treated as enemies. As to
+all men who have not participated in the rebellion, it is not easy to
+see how war, rebellion, usurpation, or any power on earth can destroy
+their rights under the Constitution.</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="THEORIESIII" id="THEORIESIII"></a>III. THEORY OF THE CONSTITUTION AND COMMON SENSE.</h4>
+
+<p>Reconstruction, then, must come, as the Union came, by the action of the
+people within the territorial limits of each recreant State. That it
+will so come is, in a manner, assured and made certain by the action of
+Kentucky, Missouri, Virginia, and Tennessee. Surely, we cannot expect
+the political action of an oppressed minority, in any one of the rebel
+States, to anticipate the National forces sent for their deliverance.
+The armed combinations in those States have overborne all opposition,
+and, during the past two years, have wielded the complete powers of a
+military despotism. The Southern confederacy is a monstrous usurpation
+in each and every rebel State. The United States is intent on dethroning
+that usurpation, for the purpose of restoring, to every man who asks it,
+the rights guaranteed to him by the Constitution of his fathers; and for
+the equal purpose of asserting its rightful powers as the National
+Government under the Constitution. The present Administration, then, has
+taken the only course possible to be taken without open and flagrant
+violation of the Constitution, which is the sole and sufficient warrant
+for the war. For this course Abraham Lincoln is entitled to the
+gratitude of the people. His conscientious policy has been the salvation
+of the Republic, maintaining its integrity against armed rebellion, on
+the one hand, and, on the other hand, saving it from destructives whose
+zeal in a noble cause has often blinded their minds to the higher claims
+of the Nation: in whose existence, nevertheless, that cause alone has
+promise of success.</p>
+
+<p>But, it is asked, does not rebellion affect the institution of slavery?
+Not as a State institution, so far as the municipal law of any State is
+concerned. That the slaves of rebels may properly be confiscated, as
+other property, seems not only reasonable and right, but also in
+accordance with well-settled decisions of the Supreme Court. Moreover,
+the Constitution gives to Congress the power to prescribe the punishment
+of treason, and undoubtedly the Supreme Court will hold the Confiscation
+Act under that power to be constitutional and valid.</p>
+
+<p>But does not the Emancipation Proclamation operate to confer freedom on
+all slaves within the rebel States? This question must likewise be
+brought to the Supreme Court for adjudication. If the Proclamation can
+be shown to have the qualities of a legislative act, doubtless it will
+operate as a statute of freedom to all slaves within the districts named
+in it. But it must be remembered that the Executive cannot make law. The
+Proclamation, as an edict of the military commander, can only operate
+upon the condition of such slaves as are in a position to take advantage
+of its terms. As such military edict, therefore, it might be of no force
+outside of the actual military lines of the United States armies.</p>
+
+<p>But the fact of freedom to many thousands of slaves by reason of this
+war, and the inevitable speedy breaking down of the institution of
+slavery as one of the consequences to slaveholders of their mad folly,
+are beyond dispute, and assure us of the wise Providence of Him who
+maketh even the wrath of man to praise Him, and the remainder of wrath
+He will restrain.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_690" id="Page_690">[Pg 690]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VIRGINIA" id="VIRGINIA"></a>VIRGINIA.</h2>
+
+
+<p>One of the most curious and interesting results of that eclectic spirit
+which has brought into suggestive relations the different spheres of
+human knowledge and inquiry, is the application of geographical facts to
+historical interpretation. The comprehensive researches of Ritter and
+the scientific expositions of Humboldt enable us to recognize the vast
+influence of local conditions upon social development, and to account
+for the peculiar traits of special civilization by the distribution of
+land and water, and the agency of climate and position. In the calm
+retrospect of the present crisis of our national history, when the
+philosopher takes the place of the partisan and the exciting incidents
+of the present are viewed in the chastened light of the past, it will be
+seen and felt that a kind of poetical justice and moral necessity made
+Virginia the scene of civil and physical strife. Of all the States, she
+represents, both in her annals and her resources, her scenery, and her
+social character, the average national characteristics: natives of each
+section of the land find within her limits congenial facts of life and
+nature, of manners and industry: like her Southern sisters, she has
+known all the consequences of slavery&mdash;but at certain times and places,
+free labor has thriven; commerce and agriculture, the miner, the
+mariner, the tradesman, not less than the planter, found therein scope
+for their respective vocations; the life of the sea coast, of the
+mountains, and of the interior valleys&mdash;the life of the East, West, and
+Middle States was there reproduced in juxtaposition with that of the
+South. Nowhere in the land could the economist more distinctly trace the
+influence of free and slave labor upon local prosperity: nowhere has the
+aristocratic element been more intimately in contact with the
+democratic. Her colonial record indicates a greater variety in the
+original population than any other province: she has given birth to more
+eminent statesmen, has been the arena of more fierce conflicts of
+opinion, and is associated most directly with problems of government, of
+society, and of industrial experiment. On her soil were first landed
+African captives; and when the curse thus entailed was dying out, it was
+renewed and aggravated by the inducement to breed slaves for the cotton
+and sugar plantations. From Virginia flowed the earliest stream of
+immigration to the West, whereby a new and mighty political element was
+added to the Republic: there are some of the oldest local memorials of
+American civilization: for a long period she chiefly represented
+Southern life and manners to the North: placed between the extremes of
+climate&mdash;producing the staples of all the States, except those bordering
+on the Gulf&mdash;earlier colonized, prominent in legislation, fruitful in
+eminent men, she was more visited by travellers, more written about,
+better known, and therefore gathered to and grafted upon herself more of
+the rich and the reckless tendencies and traits of the country; and
+became thus a central point and a representative State&mdash;which destiny
+seems foreshadowed by her physical resources and her local situation.
+Except New England, no portion of our country has been more fully and
+faithfully illustrated as to its scenery, domestic life, and social
+traits, by popular literature, than Virginia. The original affinity of
+her colonial life with the ancestral traditions of England, found apt
+expression in Spenser's dedication of his peerless allegory to
+Elizabeth, wherein the baptism of her remote territory, in honor of her
+virginal fame, was recognized. The first purely literary work achieved<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_691" id="Page_691">[Pg 691]</a></span>
+within her borders was that of a classical scholar, foreshadowing the
+long dependence of her educated men upon the university culture of Great
+Britain; and those once admired sketches of scenery and character which
+gave to William Wirt, in his youth, the prestige of an elegant writer,
+found there both subjects and inspiration; while the American school of
+eloquence traces its early germs to the bar and legislature of the Old
+Dominion, where the Revolutionary appeals of Patrick Henry gave it a
+classic fame. The most prolific and kindhearted of English novelists,
+when he had made himself a home among us and looked round for a
+desirable theme on which to exercise his facile art, chose the
+Southampton Massacre as the nucleus for a graphic story of family life
+and negro character. The 'Swallow Barn' of Kennedy is a genuine and
+genial picture of that life in its peaceful and prosperous phase, which
+will conserve the salient traits thereof for posterity, and already has
+acquired a fresh significance from the contrast its pleasing and naive
+details afford to the tragic and troublous times which have since almost
+obliterated the traces of all that is characteristic, secure, and
+serene. The physical resources and amenities of the State were recorded
+with zest and intelligence by Jefferson before Clinton had performed a
+like service for New York, or Flint for the West, or any of the numerous
+scholars and writers of the Eastern States for New England. The very
+fallacy whereon treason based her machinations and the process whereby
+the poison of Secession was introduced into the nation's life-blood,
+found exposition in the insidious fiction of a Virginian&mdash;Mr. George
+Tucker&mdash;secretly printed years ago, and lately brought into renewed
+prominence by the rebellion. 'Our Cousin Veronica,' a graceful and
+authentic family history, from the pen of an accomplished lady akin to
+the people and familiar with their life, adds another vivid and
+suggestive delineation thereof to the memorable illustrations by Wirt,
+Kennedy, and James; while a score of young writers have, in verse and
+prose, made the early colonial and the modern plantation and waterplace
+life of the Old Dominion, its historical romance and social and scenic
+features, familiar and endeared; so that the annals and the aspects of
+no State in the Union are better known&mdash;even to the local peculiarities
+of life and language&mdash;to the general reader, than those of Virginia,
+from negro melody to picturesque landscape, from old manorial estates to
+field sports, and from improvident households to heroic beauties; and
+among the freshest touches to the historical and social picture are
+those bestowed by Irving in some of the most charming episodes of his
+'Life of Washington.'</p>
+
+<p>When the river on whose banks was destined to rise the capital of the
+State received the name of the English monarch in whose reign and under
+whose auspices the first settlers emigrated, and the Capes of the
+Chesapeake were baptized by Newport for his sons Charles and Henry, the
+storm that washed him beyond his proposed goal revealed a land of
+promise, which thenceforth beguiled adventure and misfortune to its
+shores. Captain John Smith magnified the scene of his romantic escape
+from the savages: 'Heaven and earth,' he wrote, 'seemed never to have
+agreed better to frame a place for man's commodious and delightful
+habitation.' To the wonderful reports of majestic forests, rare wild
+flowers, and strange creatures, such as the opossum, the hummingbird,
+the flying squirrel, and the rattlesnake&mdash;to the pleasures of the chase,
+and the curious traits of aboriginal life&mdash;were soon added the
+attractions of civic immunities and possibilities&mdash;free trade, popular
+legislative rule, and opportunities of profitable labor and social
+advancement. Ere long, George Sandys, a highly educated employ&eacute;e of the
+Gov<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_692" id="Page_692">[Pg 692]</a></span>ernment, was translating Ovid on the banks of the James river;
+industry changed the face of the land; a choice breed of horses, the
+tobacco culture, hunting, local politics, hospitality&mdash;churches after
+the old English model, manor houses with lawns, bricks, and portraits
+significant of ancestral models, justified the pioneer's declaration
+that Virginia 'was the poor man's best country in the world.' Beautiful,
+indeed, were the natural features of the country as described by the
+early travellers; auspicious of the future of the people as it expanded
+to the eye of hope, when the colony became part of a great and free
+nation. Connected at the north and east, by thoroughfare and
+watercourse, with the industrial and educated States of New England, the
+fertile and commercial resources of New York, and the rich coal lands
+and agricultural wealth of Pennsylvania; Maryland and the Atlantic
+providing every facility to foreign trade, and the vast and then
+partially explored domains of Kentucky and Ohio inviting the already
+swelling tide of immigration, and their prolific valleys destined to be
+the granary of the two hemispheres&mdash;all that surrounded Virginia seemed
+prophetic of growth and security within, the economist and the lover of
+nature found the most varied materials; with three hundred and
+fifty-five miles of extent, a breadth of one hundred and eighty-five,
+and a horizontal area of sixty-five thousand six hundred and twenty-four
+square miles&mdash;one district embracing the sea coast to the head of
+tidewater, another thence to the Blue Ridge, a third the valley region
+between the latter range and that of the Alleghanies, and a fourth the
+counties beyond them&mdash;every kind of soil and site, from ocean margin to
+river slope, from mountain to plain, are included within her limits:
+here, the roads stained with oxides, indicative of mineral wealth;
+there, the valleys plumed with grain and maize; the bays white with
+sails; the forest alive with game; lofty ridges, serene nooks, winding
+rivers, pine barrens, alluvial levels, sterile tracts, primeval
+woods&mdash;every phase and form of natural resource and beauty to invite
+productive labor, win domestic prosperity, and gratify the senses and
+the soul. Rivers, whose names were already historical&mdash;the James, the
+York, the Rappahannock, the Potomac, and the peaceful Shenandoah,
+flowing through its beautiful valley and connecting the base of the Blue
+Ridge with the Potomac; Chesapeake bay, a hundred and ninety miles from
+its entrance through Maryland and Virginia, on the one side, and the
+Roanoke, finding an outlet in Albemarle sound, while the Kanawha and
+Monongahela, as tributaries of the Ohio, on the other, keep up that
+communication and natural highway which links, in a vast silver chain,
+the separate political unities of the land. The hills ribbed with fine
+marble and pierced by salubrious springs; picturesque natural bridges,
+cliffs, and caves, described with graphic zeal by Jefferson, and the
+wild and mysterious Dismal Swamp, sung by Moore; the tobacco of the
+eastern counties, the hemp of lands above tidewater, the Indian corn,
+wheat, rye, red clover, barley, and oats, of the interior, and the fine
+breeds of cattle and horses raised beyond the Alleghany&mdash;are noted by
+foreign and native writers, before and immediately after the Revolution,
+as characteristic local attractions and permanent economical resources;
+and with them glimpses of manorial elegance, hospitality, and
+culture&mdash;which long made the life and manners of the State one of the
+most congenial social traditions of the New World.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, as if prophetic of the long political issues of which she was
+destined to be the scene of conflict, the colonial star of Virginia was
+early obscured by misfortune. When John Smith left her shores for the
+last time in 1609, discontent and disaster had already marred the
+prospects of the new settlement;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_693" id="Page_693">[Pg 693]</a></span> and, in half a year, Gates, Somers,
+Newport arrived to find but sixty colonists remaining, and they resolved
+to abandon the enterprise; but on encountering Delaware, they were
+induced to return, and Jamestown was again the scene of life and labor.
+Ten years of comparative success ensued; and then one hundred and sixty
+poor women were imported for wives, at a cost of about the same number
+of pounds of tobacco; but simultaneously with this requisite provision
+for domestic growth and comfort, the germ of Virginia's ruin came: a
+Dutch vessel entered the James river, bringing twenty African captives,
+which were purchased by the colonists. Two years later the Indians made
+a destructive foray upon the thriving village; the king became alarmed
+at the freedom of political discussion, dissolved the Virginia company,
+and appointed a governor and twelve councillors to rule the
+province;&mdash;the father's policy was followed by Charles the First, many
+of whose zealous partisans found a refuge from Cromwell in the province.
+At last came the Revolution and the Union. Meantime slavery was dying
+out; its abolition was desired; and had free labor then and there
+superseded it, far different would have been the destiny of the fair
+State; whose western portion affords such a contrast to that wherein
+this blight induced improvidence and deterioration, the tokens whereof
+were noted by every visitor in the spare and desultory culture of the
+soil, the neglected resources, the dilapidated fences and dwellings, and
+the absence of that order and comfort which inevitably attaches to
+legitimate industry and self-reliance. This melancholy perversion of
+great natural advantages was the result of slave breeding for the
+Southern market. Otherwise Virginia would have continued the prosperous
+development initiated in her colonial days. The exigencies of the cotton
+culture, rendered immensely profitable by a mechanical invention which
+infinitely lessened the cost of preparing the staple for the market, had
+thus renewed and prolonged the original and fast-decaying social and
+political bane of a region associated with the noblest names and most
+benign prospects. Chief-Justice Marshall aptly described to an English
+traveller this sad and fatal transition:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'He said he had seen Virginia the leading State for half his life;
+he had seen her become the second, and sink to be the fifth. Worse
+than this, there was no arresting her decline if her citizens did
+not put an end to slavery; and he saw no signs of any intention to
+do so, east of the mountains at least. He had seen whole groups of
+estates, populous in his time, lapse into waste. He had seen
+agriculture exchanged for human stock breeding; and he keenly felt
+the degradation. The forest was returning over the fine old
+estates, and the wild creatures which had not been seen for
+generations were reappearing; numbers and wealth were declining,
+and education and manners were degenerating. It would not have
+surprised him to be told that on that soil would the main battles
+be fought when the critical day should come which he foresaw.'</p></div>
+
+<p>That day it is our lot to behold. Forced at the point of the bayonet to
+arrogate to herself the illegal claims she had vainly sought to
+establish by popular suffrage, as reserved rights, in 1787, and the
+resolutions of 1798, the Secession Ordinance was nominally passed and
+summarily enforced, despite the protests of the citizens and the
+withdrawal of the western counties; and thus the traitors of the Cotton
+States made Virginia the battle field between slaveocracy and
+constitutional government. As early as 1632 a fierce controversy for
+territorial rights occurred on the Chesapeake, when that portion of
+Virginia, now Maryland, was brought into dispute by Claiborne, who began
+to trade, notwithstanding the grant which Lord Baltimore had secured:
+this, the first conflict between the whites, and two Indian massacres,
+made desolate the region so lately devastated by the civil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_694" id="Page_694">[Pg 694]</a></span> war. Nor was
+the original enjoyment of remarkable political rights coincident with
+American independence; for, while Charles the Second was an exile, and
+Parliament demoralized, the fugitive king still held nominal sway in
+Virginia; and when the flight of Richard Cromwell left the kingdom
+without a head, that distant colony was ruled by its own assembly, and
+enjoyed free suffrage and free trade: then came what is called Bacon's
+rebellion&mdash;an effective protest against oppressive prohibitions. Nor did
+these civil discords end with the Restoration; many old soldiers of
+Cromwell emigrated to Virginia, and, under their auspices, an
+insurrection 'against the tobacco plot' was organized; and this was
+followed by numerous difficulties in home legislation, by violent
+controversies with royal governors; deputies continually were sent to
+England to remonstrate with the king against 'intolerable grants' and
+the exportation of jailbirds. Their despotic master over the sea
+appropriated the lands of the colonists, while their own representatives
+monopolized the profits; cruel or obstinate was the sway of Berkeley,
+Spottwood, Dinwiddie, and Dunmore; and after the people had succumbed as
+regards military opposition, they continued to maintain their rights by
+legislative action. Under James the Second, Lord Howard repealed many of
+these conservative acts and prorogued the House of Burgesses. A respite,
+attested by glad acclaim, marked the accession of William and Mary, and
+the recall of Howard. Andros was sent over in 1692. The skirmish with
+Junonville initiated the French war and introduced upon the scene its
+most hallowed name and character, when Colonel Washington appeared first
+as a soldier, strove in vain against the ignorance and self-will of
+Dinwiddie, and shared Braddock's defeat, to be signally preserved for
+the grandest career in history.</p>
+
+<p>And when the war of the Revolution gave birth to the nation, not only
+was Virginia the native State of its peerless chief, but some of its
+memorable scenes and heroes there found scope; Steuben and Lafayette
+there carried on military operations, there the traitor Arnold was
+wounded, Hamilton and Rochambeau gained historic celebrity, and there
+the great drama was closed by the surrender of Cornwallis. In the
+debates incident to the adoption of the Federal Constitution, there was
+manifested in Virginia that jealousy of a strong central government,
+which thwarted the wise advocacy and ignored the prophetic warnings of
+the best statesmen, thereby confirming the fundamental error destined,
+years after, to give facility to treasonable usurpation: the
+Constitution was only ratified, at last, by a majority of ten. In the
+war of 1812, Hampton, Craney Island, White House, and various places on
+and near the Potomac, since identified with fierce encounters and forays
+in the war of the rebellion, witnessed gallant deeds in behalf of the
+Republic. In 1829 a convention assembled in Virginia to modify the
+Constitution. Long having the most extensive territory and largest
+slaveholders, the aristocratic element disturbed and overmastered
+democratic principles. During Cromwell's rule, when virtually
+independent, Virginia proffered a fleet to the fugitive monarch; who,
+when restored, in gratitude ordered her arms to be quartered with those
+of England, Scotland, and Ireland; in exile even accepted her invitation
+to migrate thither and assume the privileges of royalty: coins of the
+Old Dominion yet testify this projected despotism. Instead of Dissenters
+as in New England, Quakers as in Pennsylvania, or Romanists as in
+Maryland, Virginia, from her earliest colonization, was identified with
+the Church of England. It was regarded, says one of her historians, as
+an 'unrighteous compulsion to maintain teachers; and what they called
+religious errors were deeply felt during<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_695" id="Page_695">[Pg 695]</a></span> the regal government:' the
+children of the more prosperous colonists were sent to England to be
+educated; their pursuits and habits, on returning, were unfavorable to
+study; and, therefore, the advantage thus gained was, for the most part,
+confined to 'superficial good manners,' and the ideal standard attained
+that of 'true Britons and true churchmen;' the former was a more
+cherished distinction there than elsewhere in America. In 1837 was
+copied from a tombstone in an old-settled part of the State, this
+inscription: 'Here lyes the body of Lieut. William Harris, who died May
+ye 16, 1608&mdash;a good soldier, husband, and neighbor: <i>by birth a
+Briton</i>.' In these facts of the past and normal tendencies we find ample
+means and motives to account for the anomalous political elements
+involved in the history&mdash;social and civic&mdash;of Virginia. While boasting
+the oldest university where four Presidents of the United States were
+educated, she sustained a slave code which was a bitter satire on
+civilized society: the law of entail long prevailed in a community
+ostensibly democratic, and only by the strenuous labors of Jefferson was
+church monopoly abolished. It is not surprising, in the retrospect, that
+her roll of famous citizens includes the noblest and the basest names
+which illustrate the political transitions of the land; the architects
+and subverters of free polity, the magnanimous and the perfidious. When
+the ameliorating influence of time and truth had, in a degree,
+harmonized the incongruous elements of opinion and developed the
+economical resources, while they liberalized the sentiments and
+habitudes of the people; when, says Caines, 'slavery, by exhausting the
+soil, had eaten away its own profits, and the recolonization by free
+settlers had actually begun, came suddenly the prohibition of the
+African slave trade, and nearly at the same time, the vast enlargement
+of the field for slavery, by the purchase of Louisiana; and these two
+events made Virginia again profitable as a means of breeding for
+exportation and sale at the South.</p>
+
+<p>The future geographer who elaborately applies the philosophy of that
+science, as interpreted by its modern professors, to our own history,
+will find in the events of the last few years in Virginia the richest
+and most impressive illustrations of local and physical causes in
+determining political and social destinies. Between the eastern and
+western portion of that State it will be demonstrated that nature placed
+irreconcilable barriers to the supremacy of slave labor and slave
+property; and the economical value of each will be shown thus and there
+tested with emphatic truth; so that by the laws of physical geography
+the first effect of an appeal to arms to maintain the one, was to
+alienate, as a civic element, the other, and give birth to a new State,
+by virtue of the self assertion incident to the violation of a normal
+instinct and necessity of civilization.</p>
+
+<p>What a change came over the scene when the grave civic interests so long
+and recklessly involved in the conflict of opinion were submitted to the
+arbitrament of battle! Along the river on whose shores the ashes of
+Washington had slept for more than half a century in honored security,
+batteries thundered upon each passing craft that bore the flag of the
+nation: every wood became a slaughter pen, every bluff a shrine of
+patriotic martyrdom; bridges were destroyed and rebuilt with alacrity;
+the sentinel's challenge broke the stillness of midnight; the earth was
+honeycombed with riflepits; campfires glowed on the hills; thousands
+perished in the marshes; creeks were stained with human blood; here sank
+the trench; there rose a grave mound or a fortress; pickets challenged
+the wanderer; every ford and mountain pass witnessed the clash of arms
+and echoed with the roar of artillery; the raid, the skirmish, the
+bivouac, the march, and the battery successively spread des<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_696" id="Page_696">[Pg 696]</a></span>olation and
+death; Arlington House, full of peaceful trophies, once dear to national
+pride, was the headquarters of an army; balloons hung in the sky, whence
+the movements of the foe were watched. Gaps and junctions were contested
+unto death; obscure towns gained historic names and bloody memories; and
+each familiar court-house and village came to be identified with
+valorous achievements or sanguinary disaster.</p>
+
+<p>And this land of promise, this region which so long witnessed the
+extremes of political magnanimity and turpitude, this arena where the
+vital question of labor, as modified by involuntary servitude, and free
+activity, found its most practical solution&mdash;was, and is, legitimately,
+appropriately, and naturally, the scene of the fiercest strife for
+national existence&mdash;where the claims and the climax of freedom and faith
+culminated in all the desolation of civil war. A more difficult country
+for military operations can scarcely be imagined. Early in the struggle
+it was truly said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'Virginia is the Switzerland of the continent&mdash;a battle field every
+three miles&mdash;a range of hills streaming where Hill may retire five
+miles by five miles till he reaches Richmond&mdash;a conquest,
+undoubtedly, if the North perseveres, but won at such a cost and
+with such time as to prolong unnecessarily the struggle. The
+Richmond of the South lies in the two millions of blacks that are
+within the reach of cannon of our gunboats in the rivers that empty
+into the Gulf.'</p></div>
+
+<p>How wearisome the delays and how constant the privations of the army of
+occupation in such a region, wrote an experienced observer:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'Dwelling in huts, surrounded by a sea of mud, may appear to be
+very romantic&mdash;on paper&mdash;to some folks, but the romance of this
+kind of existence with the soldiers soon wears away, and to them
+any change must necessarily be for the better; they therefore hail
+with delight, as a positive relief, the opportunity once more to
+practise their drill which the recent change of weather has
+afforded them. For the last three months, the time of the soldier
+has passed heavily enough, with the long winter nights, and little
+else to relieve the monotony of his life but stereotyped guard
+duty.'</p></div>
+
+<p>It would require volumes to describe the ravages of war in Virginia: let
+a few pictures, selected from sketches made on the spot, indicate the
+melancholy aspect of a domain, a few weeks or months before smiling in
+peace and productiveness. The following facetious but faithful
+statement, though confined to a special, applies to many districts:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'The once neat court-house stands by the roadside a monument to
+treason and rebellion, deprived of its white picket fence, stripped
+of window blinds, cases, and dome, walls defaced by various
+hieroglyphics, the judge's bench a target for the 'expectorating'
+Yankee;' the circular enclosure occupied by the jury was besmeared
+with mud, and valuable documents, of every description, scattered
+about the floor and yard&mdash;it is, indeed, a sad picture of what an
+infatuated people will bring upon themselves. In one corner of the
+yard stands a house of records, in which were deposited all the
+important deeds and papers pertaining to this section for a
+generation past. When our advance entered the building, they were
+found lying about the floor to the depth of fifteen inches or more
+around the doorsteps and in the dooryard. It is impossible to
+estimate the inconvenience and losses which will be incurred by
+this wholesale destruction of deeds, claims, mortgages, etc. I
+learned that a squadron of exasperated cavalry, who passed this way
+not long since, committed the mischief. The jail across the way,
+where many a poor fugitive has doubtless been imprisoned for
+striking out for freedom, is now used as a guardhouse. As I write,
+the bilious countenance of a culprit is peeping through the iron
+grates of a window, who, may be, is atoning for having invaded a
+henroost or bagged an unsuspecting pig. Our soldiers have rendered
+animal life almost extinct in this part of the Old Dominion.
+Indeed, wherever the army goes, there can be heard on every side
+the piercing wail of expiring pork, the plaintive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_697" id="Page_697">[Pg 697]</a></span> lowing of a
+stricken bovine, or suppressed cry of an unfortunate gallinacious.'</p></div>
+
+<p>Here is a scene familiar to many a Union soldier who gazed at sunset
+upon the vast encampment:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'Along the horizon a broad belt of richest amber spread far away
+toward north and south; and above, the spent, ragged rain clouds of
+deep purple, suffused with crimson, were woven and braided with
+pure gold. Slowly from the face of the heavens they melted and
+passed away as darkness came on, leaving the clear sky studded with
+stars, and the crescent moon shedding a soft radiance below. I
+climbed to the top of a hill not far off, and looked across the
+country. On every eminence, in every little hollow almost, were
+innumerable lights shining, some thick and countless as stars,
+indicating an encampment; others isolated upon the outskirts; here
+and there the glowing furnace of a bakery; the whole land as far as
+the eye could see looking like another heaven wherein some
+ambitious archangel, covetous of creative power, had attempted to
+rival the celestial splendors of the one above us. There was no
+sound of drum or fife or bugle; the sweet notes of the 'good-night'
+call had floated into space and silence a half hour before; only on
+the still air were heard the voices of a hand of negroes chanting
+solemnly and slowly, to a familiar sacred tune, the words of some
+pious psalm.'</p></div>
+
+<p>We may realize the effect of the armed occupation upon economical and
+social life by a few facts noted after a successful raid:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'In the counties visited there were but few rebels found at home,
+except the very old and the very young. In nine days' travel I did
+not see fifty able-bodied men who were not in some way connected
+with the army. Nearly every branch of business is at a standstill.
+The shelves in stores are almost everywhere empty; the shop of the
+artisan is abandoned and in ruins. The people who are to be seen
+passively submit to all that emanates from Richmond without a
+murmur; they are for the most part simple minded, and ignorant of
+all that is transpiring in the great theatre about them. An
+intelligent-looking man in Columbia laughed heartily when told that
+Union troops occupied New Orleans&mdash;Jefferson Davis would let them
+know it were such the fact; and I could not find a man who would
+admit that the Confederates had ever been beaten in a single
+engagement. These people do not even read the Richmond papers, and
+about all the information they do obtain is what is passed about in
+the primitive style, from mouth to mouth. Before this raid they
+believed that the Union soldiers were anything but civilized
+beings, and were stricken with terror when their approach was
+heralded. Of six churches seen in one day, in only one had there
+been religious services held within six months. One half at least
+of the dwelling houses are unoccupied, and fast going to decay.'</p></div>
+
+<p>Not all the land is ill adapted to cool actions and strategy; there are
+sections naturally fortified, and these have been the scenes of military
+vicissitudes memorable, extreme, picturesque, and fatal. Here is an
+instance:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'There is no town in the United States which exhibits more
+deplorably the ravages of war than Harper's Ferry. More than half
+the buildings are in ruins, and those now inhabited are occupied by
+small dealers and peddlers, who follow troops, and sell at
+exorbitant prices, tarts and tinware, cakes and crockery, pipes and
+poultry, shoes and shirts, soap and sardines. The location is one
+of peculiar beauty. The Potomac receives the Shenandoah at this
+point; each stream flowing through its own deep, wild, winding
+valley, until it washes the base of the promontory, on the sides
+and summit of which are scattered the houses and ruins of the town.
+The rapids of the rivers prevent navigation, and make the fords
+hazardous. The piers of an iron bridge and a single section still
+remaining, indicate a once beautiful structure; and a pontoon
+substitute shows the presence of troops. An occasional canal boat
+suggests a still continued effort at traffic, and transport
+railcars prove action in the quartermaster's department. The
+mountains are 'high and hard to climb.' The jagged sides of slate
+rock rise vertically, in many places to lofty heights, inducing the
+sensation of fear lest they should fall, while riding along the
+road which winds under the threatening cliffs. The mountains are
+crown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_698" id="Page_698">[Pg 698]</a></span>ed with batteries, 'like diadems across the brow,' and the
+Hottentoty-Sibley tents dot the ridges like miniature anthills.'</p></div>
+
+<p>But within and around the capital of Virginia cluster the extreme
+associations of her history: these memories and memorials of patriotism
+hallow the soil whereon the chief traitors inaugurated their infamous
+rule; the trial of Burr and the burning of the theatre are social
+traditions which make Richmond a name fraught with tragic and political
+interest; her social and forensic annals are illustrious; and,
+hereafter, among the many anomalies of the nation's history, few will
+more impress the thoughtful reminiscent than that a city eminent for
+social refinement and long the honored resort of the most eminent
+American statesmen and jurists, the seat of elegant hospitality and the
+shrine of national fame, was, for years, desecrated by the foulest
+prisons, filled with brave American citizens, who were subjected to
+insults and privations such as only barbarians could inflict, for no
+cause but the gallant defence of the national honor and authority
+against a slaveholders' rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>But perhaps no coincidence is more impressive in the late experience of
+a Union soldier in Virginia than the associations then and there
+awakened by the recurrence of the anniversary of the birth of her
+noblest son and our matchless patriot:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'The 22d of February, 1863&mdash;the anniversary of Washington's
+birthday&mdash;will long be remembered,' writes one, 'by the Army of the
+Potomac. Encamped, as it is, on the very spot where he&mdash;'whom God
+made childless that a nation might call him father'&mdash;passed most of
+his youthful days, the thoughts of all naturally revert to the
+history of that great man, and particularly to that part of his
+early life, when, within the sacred precincts of home, a mother's
+care laid the foundation of that high moral character which in
+after life gave tone to both his civil and military career. Within
+one mile of the spot where I am now writing these lines, George
+Washington lived from the fourth to the sixteenth year of his age.
+The river, the hills, and dales, now so familiar to the soldiers
+composing this army, were the same then as to-day, and were the
+scene of his early gambols, his youthful joys and sorrows. Over
+these hills he wandered in the manly pursuits for which he was at
+that early period distinguished above his fellows, and which
+prepared him for enduring the hardships of the position he was
+destined to fill; here, too, is where tradition says he
+accomplished the feat of throwing a stone across the Rappahannock,
+and here, too, stood the traditional cherry tree, about the
+destruction of which with his little hatchet he would not utter a
+falsehood. Yonder, just across the Rappahannock, in a small,
+unostentatious burying ground, the immortal remains of 'Mary,
+mother of Washington,' were buried&mdash;sacred spot, now desecrated by
+the presence of the enemies of those principles which her honored
+son spent the energies of his life to establish for the benefit of
+all mankind. When we think for what Washington took up arms against
+the mother country, and what, by his example and teachings, he
+sought to perpetuate forever, and see the fratricidal hand raised
+to destroy the fair fabric he helped to rear, we feel something as
+though an omnipotent power would here intervene, and here on this
+sacred spot overthrow the enemies of this land without the further
+sacrifice of blood.'</p></div>
+
+<p>Quite a different and more recent local association is thus recorded:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'The second time that I stood here was nigh three years ago, when I
+spoke to you in relation to John Brown, then in a Virginia jail.
+How great the result of that idea which he pressed upon the
+country! Do you know with what poetic justice Providence treats
+that very town where he lay in jail when I spoke to you before? The
+very man who went down from Philadelphia to bring his body back to
+his sad relatives&mdash;insulted every mile of the road, his life
+threatened, the bullets whistling around his head&mdash;that very man,
+for eight or ten months, is brigadier-general in command of the
+town of Charlestown and Harper's Ferry. By order of his superior
+officers, he had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_699" id="Page_699">[Pg 699]</a></span> the satisfaction of finding it his duty, with his
+own right hand, to put the torch to that very hotel into which he
+had been followed with insult and contumely, as the friend of John
+Brown; and when his brigade was under orders to destroy all the
+buildings of that neighborhood, with reverential care he bade the
+soldiers stop to spare that engine house that once sheltered the
+old hero. I do not know any history more perfectly poetic than of
+that single local instance given us in three short years. Hector
+Tindale, the friend of John Brown, who went there almost with his
+life in his right hand, commands, and his will is law, his sword is
+the guarantee of peace, and by his order the town is destroyed,
+with the single exception of that hall which John Brown's presence
+has rendered immortal.'</p></div>
+
+<p>The graphic details furnished by the army correspondents to the daily
+press of the North, reveal to us in vivid and authentic terms the change
+which war has wrought in Virginia. The condition of one 'fine old
+mansion' is that of hundreds. On the banks of the Rappahannock and in
+the vicinity of Fredericksburg is, for instance, an estate, now called
+the Lacy House, the royal grant whereof is dated 1690. The bricks and
+the mason work of the main edifice are English; the situation is
+beautiful; the furniture, conservatories, musical instruments, every
+trait and resource suggest luxury. After the battle of Fredericksburg,
+the Lacy House became a hospital: and a spectator of the scene thus
+describes it:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'The parlors, where so often had the fairest and brightest of
+Virginia's daughters, and her bravest and most chivalric sons, met
+to enjoy the hospitalities of the liberal host, and to join in the
+mazy dance 'from eve till rosy morn'&mdash;the dining room, where so
+many lordly feasts had been served&mdash;the drawing room, wherein the
+smiling host and hostess had received so many a welcome guest&mdash;the
+bed rooms, from the bridal chamber where the eldest scion of the
+house had first clasped in his arms the wife of his bosom, to the
+low attic where the black cook retired after her greasy labors of
+the day, all were closely crowded with the low iron hospital beds.
+These halls, which had so often re&euml;choed the sound of music, and of
+gayest voices, and also of those lower but more sacred tones that
+belong to lovers, now resounded with shrieks of pain, and with the
+lower, weaker groans of dying men.</p>
+
+<p>'The splendid furniture was put to strange uses&mdash;the sideboard of
+solid rosewood, made in those honest days before cabinet makers had
+learned the rogue's trick of veneering, instead of being crowded
+with generous wines, or with good spirits that had mellowed for
+years in the cellars, was now crowded in every shelf with
+forbidding-looking bottles of black draughts, with packages of salt
+and senna, and with ill-omened piles of raking pills, perhaps not
+less destructive in their way than shot and shell of a more
+explosive sort. The butler's pantry and store rooms had their
+shelves and drawers and boxes filled, not with jellies and
+marmalades and preserves, and boxes of lemons and preserved ginger
+and drums of figs, and all sorts of original packages of all sorts
+of things toothsome and satisfying to the palate&mdash;but even her
+scammony and gamboge, and aloes and Epsom salts, and other dire
+weapons, only wielded by the medical profession, had obtained
+exclusive sway.</p>
+
+<p>'On many a retired shelf, and in many an odd corner, too, I saw
+neglected cartridge boxes, cast-off belts, discarded caps, etc.,
+which told, not of the careless and heedless soldier, who had lost
+his accoutrements, but of the <i>dead</i> soldier, who had gone to a
+land where it is to be hoped he will have no further use for Mini&eacute;
+rifle balls or pipe-clayed crossbelts. I saw, too, with these other
+laid-aside trappings, dozens and hundreds of Mini&eacute; and other
+cartridges, never now to be fired at an enemy by the hand that had
+placed them in the now discarded cartridge box.</p>
+
+<p>'The walls of the various rooms of the Lacy House, like those of
+most of the old houses in Virginia, are ceiled up to the top with
+wood, which is painted white. There is a heavy cornice in each
+room; there are the huge old-fashioned fireplaces, the marble
+mantelpieces over the same, and in the main dining room, where it
+was the custom for the men to remain after dinner, and after the
+ladies had retired,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_700" id="Page_700">[Pg 700]</a></span> was a curious feature to be observed, that I
+have never seen but once or twice. Over the marble mantel, but
+quite within reach, runs a mahogany framework intended for the
+reception of the toddy glasses, after the various guests shall have
+finished the generous liquor therein contained.</p>
+
+<p>'There are still some vestiges of the family furniture
+remaining&mdash;some rosewood and mahogany sideboards, tables,
+bedsteads, etc., which the family have not been able to remove, and
+which the occupying soldiers have found no use for. The most
+notable of these articles is a musical instrument, which may be
+described as a compound harp-organ. It is, in fact, an upright
+harp, played by keys which strike the wires by a pianoforte action,
+which has an ordinary piano keyboard. This is, in fact, the
+earliest form of the modern pianoforte. Then, in the same
+instrument is an organ bellows and pipes, the music from which is
+evoked by means of a separate keyboard, the bellows is worked by a
+foot treadle, like that most detestable abomination known to
+moderns as a melodeon. Thus, in the same instrument, the performer
+is supposed to get the powers and effect both of an upright piano
+and a small organ. It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to say that
+this instrument (which, doubtless, originally cost at least $3,000)
+is now utterly useless, the wires, many of them, being broken, and
+the whole machine being every way out of order. The maker's name is
+set down as 'Longman &amp; Broderup, 26 Cheapside, No. 13 Haymarket,
+London.' The poor old thing has doubtless been in the Lacy House
+for more than a hundred years. It has been rudely dragged from its
+former place of honor, and now stands in the middle of the floor.
+The spot it formerly occupied has been lately filled by a hospital
+bed, on which a capital operation was performed. The spouting blood
+from the bleeding arteries of some poor patient has covered the
+wall with crimson marks. In fact, everywhere all over the house,
+every wall and floor is saturated with blood, and the whole house,
+from an elegant gentleman's residence, seems to have been suddenly
+transformed into a butcher's shamble. The old clock has stopped;
+the child's rocking horse is rotting away in a disused balcony; the
+costly exotics in the garden are destroyed, or perhaps the hardiest
+are now used for horse posts. All that was elegant is wretched; all
+that was noble is shabby; all that once told of civilized elegance
+now speaks of ruthless barbarism.'</p></div>
+
+<p>Take another illustration&mdash;that of the incongruous juxtaposition of old
+family sepulchres and fresh soldiers' graves&mdash;the associations of the
+past and the sad memorials of recent strife even among the dead:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>'Yesterday,' writes a thoughtful observer, from near Stafford Court
+House, in December, 1862, 'for the first time since leaving
+Harper's Ferry, I met with an evidence of the old-time aristocracy,
+of which the present race of Virginians boast so much and possess
+so little. About four miles from here, standing remote and alone in
+the centre of a dense wood, I found an antiquated house of worship,
+reminding one of the old heathen temples hidden in the recesses of
+some deep forest, whither the followers after unknown gods were
+wont to repair for worship or to consult the oracles. On every side
+are seen venerable trees overtowering its not unpretentious
+steeple. The structure is built of brick (probably brought from
+England), in the form of a cross, semi-gothic, with entrances on
+three sides, and was erected in the year 1794. On entering, the
+first object which attracted my attention was the variously carved
+pulpit, about twenty-five feet from the floor, with a winding
+staircase leading to it. Beneath were the seats for the attendants,
+who, in accordance with the customs of the old English Episcopacy,
+waited upon the dominie. The floor is of stone, a large cross of
+granite lying in the centre, where the broad aisles intersect. To
+to the left of this is a square enclosure for the vestrymen, whose
+names are written on the north side of the building. The reader, if
+acquainted with Virginia pedigrees, will recognize in them some of
+the oldest and most honorable names of the State&mdash;Thomas Fitzhugh,
+John Lee, Peter Hedgman, Moot Doniphan, John Mercer, Henry Tyler,
+William Mountjoy, John Fitzhugh, John Peyton. On the north hall are
+four large tablets containing Scriptural quotations. Directly
+beneath is a broad flagstone, on which is engraved with letters of
+gold, 'In memory of the House of Moncure.' This<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_701" id="Page_701">[Pg 701]</a></span> smacks of royalty.
+Parallel to it lies a tombstone with the following inscription:</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Sacred to the memory of William Robison, the fourth son of H. and
+E. Moncure, of Windsor Forest, born the 27th of January, 1806, and
+died 13th of April, 1828, of a pulmonary disease, brought on by
+exposure to the cold climate of Philadelphia, where he had gone to
+prepare himself for the practice of medicine. Possessed of a mind
+strong and vigorous, and of a firmness of spirit a stranger to
+fear, he died manifesting that nobleness of soul which
+characterized him while living, the brightest promise of his
+parents, and the fondest hopes of their afflicted family.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>'Led, doubtless, by the expectation of discovering buried
+valuables, some one has removed the stone from its original
+position, and excavated the earth beneath. Close by the entrance on
+the north side are three enclosed graves, where sleep those of
+another generation. The brown, moss-covered tombstones appear in
+strong contrast to a plain pine board at the head of a fresh-made
+grave alongside, and bearing the following inscription: 'Henry
+Basler, Company H, One Hundred and Eighteenth Pennsylvania
+Volunteers.'</p></div>
+
+<p>Loyal during the civil war of England, virtually an independent State
+under Cromwell, it is the remarkable destiny of Virginia, so called in
+honor of Queen Elizabeth's unmarried state, to have given birth to the
+spotless chief who conducted to a triumphant issue the American
+Revolution&mdash;to the orator who, more than any individual, by speech alone
+kindled the patriotic flame thereof&mdash;to the jurist whose clear and
+candid mind and sagacious integrity gave dignity and permanence to
+constitutional law&mdash;and to the statesman who advocated and established
+the democratic principle and sentiment which essentially modified and
+moulded the political character and career of the Republic, and he was
+the author of that memorable Declaration of Independence which became
+the charter of free nationality. From 1606, when three small vessels,
+with a hundred or more men, sailed for the shores of Virginia under the
+command of Christopher Newport, and Smith planned Jamestown, to the last
+pronunciamento of the rebel congress of Richmond, the documentary
+history of Virginia includes in charter, code, report, chronicle, plea,
+and protest, almost every possible element and form of political
+speculation, civic justice, and seditious arrogance: and therein the
+philosopher may find all that endears and hallows and all that
+disintegrates and degrades the State as a social experiment and a moral
+fact: so that of all the States of the Union her antecedents, both noble
+and infamous, indicate Virginia as the most appropriate arena for the
+last bitter conflict between the great antagonistic forces of civil
+order with those of social peace and progress. There where Washington, a
+young surveyor, became familiar with toil, exposure, and responsibility,
+he passed the crowning years of his spotless career; where he was born,
+he died and is buried; where Patrick Henry roamed and mused until the
+hour struck for him to rouse, with invincible eloquence, the instinct of
+free citizenship; where Marshall drilled his yeoman for battle, and
+disciplined his judicial mind by study; where Jefferson wrote his
+political philosophy and notes of a naturalist; where Burr was tried,
+Clay was born, Wirt pleaded, Nat Turner instigated the Southampton
+massacre, Lord Fairfax hunted, and John Brown was hung, Randolph
+bitterly jested, and Pocahontas won a holy fame&mdash;there treason reared
+its hydra head and profaned the consecrated soil with vulgar insults and
+savage cruelty; there was the last battle scene of the Revolution and
+the first of the Civil War; there is Mount Vernon, Monticello, and
+Yorktown, and there also are Manassas, Bull Run, and Fredericksburg;
+there is the old graveyard of Jamestown and the modern Golgotha of Fair
+Oaks; there is the noblest tribute art has reared to Washington, and the
+most loathsome prisons wherein despotism wreaked vengeance on
+patriotism; and on that soil countless martyrs have offered up their
+lives for the national exist<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_702" id="Page_702">[Pg 702]</a></span>ence, whose birth-pangs Virginia's peerless
+son shared, and over whose nascent being he kept such holy and intrepid
+vigil, bequeathing it as the most solemn of human trusts to those
+nearest to his local fame, by whom, with factious and fierce scorn, it
+has been infamously betrayed on its own hallowed ground; whose best
+renown shall yet be that it is the scene, not only of Freedom's
+sacrifice, but of her most pure and permanent triumph.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="SHE_DEFINES_HER_POSITION" id="SHE_DEFINES_HER_POSITION"></a>SHE DEFINES HER POSITION.<br /><br /></h2>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lingering late in garden talk,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">My friend and I, in the prime of June.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The long tree-shadows across the walk</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hinted the waning afternoon;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The bird-songs died in twitterings brief;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The clover was folding, leaf on leaf.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fairest season of all the year,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And fairest of years in all my time;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earth is so sweet, and heaven so near,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sure life itself must be just at prime.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Soft flower-faces that crowd our way,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Have you no word for us to-day?</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each in its nature stands arrayed:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Heliotropes to drink the sun;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Violet-shadows to haunt the shade;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Poppies, by every wind undone;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lilies, just over-proud for grace;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pansies, that laugh in every face.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Great bloused Peonies, half adoze;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mimulus, wild in change and freak;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dainty flesh of the China Rose,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tender and fine as a fairy's cheek;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(I watched him finger the folds apart</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To get at the blush in its inmost heart.)</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lo, at our feet what small blue eyes!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And still, as we looked, their numbers came</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Like shy stars out of the evening skies,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">When the east is gray, and the west is flame.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;'Gather yourself, and give to me,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Those Forget-me-nots,' said he.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Word of command I take not ill;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">When love commands, love likes to obey.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But, while my words my thoughts fulfil,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Forget me not,' I will not say.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vows for the false; an honest mind</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_703" id="Page_703">[Pg 703]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Will not be bound, and will not bind.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In your need of me I put my trust,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And your lack of need shall be my ban;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Tis time to remember, when you must;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Time to forget me, when you can.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yet cannot the wildest thought of mine</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fancy a life distuned from thine.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Small reserve is between us two;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Tis heart to heart, and brain to brain:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bare as an arrow, straight and true,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Struck his thought to my thought again.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Not distuned; one song of praise,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First and third, our lives shall raise.'</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Close we stood in the rosy glow,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Watching the cloudland tower and town;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Watching the double Castor grow</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Out of the east as the sun rolled down.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Yonder, how star drinks star!' said he;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Yield thou so; live thou in me.'</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nay, we are close&mdash;we are not one,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">More than those stars that seem to shine</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In the self-same place, yet each a sun,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Each distinct in its sphere divine.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Like to Himself art thou, we know;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Like to Himself am I also.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What did He mean, when He sent us forth,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Soul and soul, to this lower life?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each with a purpose, each a worth,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Each an arm for the human strife.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armor of thine is not for me;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Neither is mine adjudged by thee.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Now in the lower life we stand,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Weapons donned, and the strife begun;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Higher nor lower; hand to hand;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Each helps each with the glad 'Well done!'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each girds each to nobler ends;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">None less lovers because such friends.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So in the peace of the closing day,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Resting, as striving side by side,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What does He mean? again we say;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">For what new lot are our souls allied?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comes to my ken, in Death's advance,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Life in its next significance.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See yon tortoise; he crossed the path</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">At noon, to hide where the grass is tall;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In a slow half sense of the sun-king's wrath,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Burrowing close to the garden wall.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Think, could we pour into that dull brain</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_704" id="Page_704">[Pg 704]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">A man's whole life, joy, thought, and pain!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So, methinks, is the life we lead,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To the larger life that next shall be:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Narrow in thought, uncouth in deed;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Crawling, who yet shall walk so free;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walking, who yet on wings shall soar;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flying, who shall need wings no more.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lo, in the larger life we stand;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">We drop the weapons, we take the tools:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">We serve with mind who served with hand:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">We live by laws who lived by rules.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And our old earth-love, with its mortal bliss,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Was the fancy of babe for babe, to this.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Visions begone! Above us rise</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The worlds, on His work majestic sent.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Floating below, the small fireflies</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Make up a tremulous firmament.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stars in the grass, and roses dear,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earth is full sweet, though heaven is near.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="WHIFFS_FROM_MY_MEERSCHAUM" id="WHIFFS_FROM_MY_MEERSCHAUM"></a>WHIFFS FROM MY MEERSCHAUM.</h2>
+
+
+<p>I have that same old meerschaum yet&mdash;the same that I clasped to my lips
+in the days that are gone, and through whose fragrant, wavy clouds, as
+they floated round my head, I saw&mdash;sometimes clear and bright, sometimes
+dimmed by a mist of rising tears&mdash;visions of childhood's joyous hours,
+of schoolboy's days, of youth, with its vague dreams and longings, of
+early manhood, and its high hopes and proud anticipations.</p>
+
+<p>I smoke it still, though the tobacco be not always the choicest&mdash;for one
+cannot be fastidious in the army, and sutlers do not keep much of an
+assortment&mdash;and still it brings me sweet dreams, though of a different
+color.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, old and tried friend, times have greatly changed in the few years
+that we have been together. Sons have been torn from fond parents;
+brothers have snatched hasty kisses from tearful sisters, and marched
+off to the tap of the drum with firm step and flashing eyes, while,
+beneath, the heart beat low and mournfully; young men and maidens, in
+the rosy flush of dawning love, have parted in sadness, but proudly
+facing the duty and bravely trusting the future and the eternal Right.
+Over many a noble fellow, on the bloody fields of Shiloh and Antietam
+and Stone River, the wings of the death-angel have fallen; at many a
+hearthstone there is mourning for the brave that are dead on the field
+of honor&mdash;though it is a royal sorrow, and a proud light gleams through
+the fast-falling tears.</p>
+
+<p>But you and I, my faithful comrade, are together still. Next to my heart
+I have carried you many a weary league; many a dreary and, but for you,
+comfortless night we have bivouacked together. Time and roughing it have
+made their marks on both of us. Scars mar your polished face, now
+changed from spotless white to rich autumnal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_705" id="Page_705">[Pg 705]</a></span> russet; and mine, too, the
+sun, and wind, and other smoke than that of Orinoko have darkened. You
+have lost your ornamental silver cap, and amber-mouthed stem, and I my
+polished two-storied 'tile' and the tail of my coat. But never mind; if
+we are battered and bruised, and scratched and scarred, and knocked
+around till the end of time, we will never lose our identity; and if we
+live till I am as bald as you are, we will always be good friends. Won't
+we, old boy, eh?</p>
+
+<p>And the old boy murmurs an unqualified assent.</p>
+
+<p>Puff! puff! Your face lights up as brightly, and your fragrant breath
+comes as freely here by the campfire, as when we were at home, and had
+our slippered feet upon the mantelpiece before the old-fashioned
+'Franklin,' and were surrounded by our books and our pictures, and the
+numerous <i>little things</i>, souvenirs, perhaps valueless in themselves,
+but highly prized, and reluctantly left to the tender mercies of the
+thoughtless and unappreciating.</p>
+
+<p>And it is these <i>little things</i> that the soldier misses most and most
+frequently longs for. It is not the feather bed or the warm biscuits
+that he thinks of, but that dainty little penwiper, with his initials
+worked in it, and those embroidered slippers, that <i>she</i> gave him. He
+would not give a contractor's conscience for sweet milk; but he would
+like to have his smoking cap.</p>
+
+<p>I once seriously thought of sending home for a certain <i>terra cotta</i>
+vase for holding cigars&mdash;a mantelpiece ornament; but I happened to
+remember that I had cigars very seldom, and a mantelpiece not at all,
+and concluded not to send.</p>
+
+<p>Many of these little things the young soldier will bring from home with
+him, in spite of the pooh-poohs of practical parents, and carry with
+him, in spite of the sneers of thoughtless comrades. I know a fellow who
+carries in his breast pocket the withered, odorless skeleton of a
+bouquet, that was given him on the day he left home, and who will carry
+it till he returns, or till it is reddened with his blood. And when I
+see a man, in the face of ridicule and brutal scoffing, through long
+marches and weary days of dispiriting labor, clinging with fond tenacity
+to some little memento of the past, I set him down as a man with his
+heart in the right place, who will do his country and God good service
+when there is need. And&mdash;it is well to practise what one admires in
+others&mdash;I confess that I have a smoking cap that I have often packed
+into my knapsack, at the expense of a pair of socks; and I would rather
+have left out my only shirt that was off duty than that it should have
+failed to go with me. Yes, dear girls, your little presents, perhaps
+forgotten by you, by us are fondly cherished; and around them all hover,
+like the perfume of fresh flowers, fragrant memories of the merry days
+gone by, and dreams of starry eyes and laughing lips, of floating
+drapery and flashing jewels, and moonlit summer nights in the dear
+Northland.</p>
+
+<p>May your eyes ne'er grow dim, nor your smiles fade away!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_706" id="Page_706">[Pg 706]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LITERARY_NOTICES" id="LITERARY_NOTICES"></a>LITERARY NOTICES.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Levana</span>; or, The Doctrine of Education. Translated from the
+German of <span class="smcap">Jean Paul Friedrich Richter</span>, Author of 'Flower,
+Fruit, and Thorn Pieces, 'Titan,' 'Walt and Vult,' etc., etc.
+Boston: Ticknor &amp; Fields. For sale by D. Appleton &amp; Co., New York.</p></div>
+
+<p>The mere annunciation of a book, as yet unknown to the American public,
+from the pen of Jean Paul Richter, will be sufficient to awaken the
+attention of all cultivated readers. He who has read and loved one book
+of this marvellous writer, will not easily rest until he has read them
+all. He is known in Germany as Jean Paul der Einzige,&mdash;Jean Paul, the
+Only&mdash;and it is true that he is the unimitated and the inimitable. He is
+<i>utterly</i> unlike Shakspeare, and yet more like him in his grand
+charities and breadth of range than like any other author. He is the
+'Only,' the genial, the humorous, the pathetic, the tender, the satiric,
+the original, the erudite, the creative&mdash;the poet, sage, and scholar.
+But we might exhaust ourselves in expletives, and yet fail to give any
+idea of his rich imagery, his wonderful power, his natural and tender
+pathos. Besides, who does not already know him as a really great writer,
+through the appreciative criticisms of Thomas Carlyle?</p>
+
+<p>'Levana' is a work on Education, written as Jean Paul alone could write
+it. In order to give our readers some idea of the nature of the subjects
+treated therein, we place before them a part of the table of contents:
+Importance of Education; Proof that Education Effects Little; Spirit and
+Principle of Education; To Discover and Appreciate the Individuality of
+the Ideal Man; On the Spirit of the Age; Religious Education; The
+Beginning of Education; The Joyousness of Children; Games of Children;
+Children's Dances; Music; Commands, Prohibitions, Punishments, and
+Crying; Screaming and Crying of Children; On the Trustfulness of
+Children; On Physical Education; On the Destination of Women; Nature of
+Women; Education of Girls; Education of the Affections; On the
+Development of the Desire for Intellectual Progress; Speech and Writing;
+Attention and the Power of Adaptive Combination; Development of Wit;
+Development of Reflection, Abstraction, and Self-Knowledge; On the
+Education of the Recollection&mdash;not of the Memory; Development of the
+Sense of Beauty; Classical Education, etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>We have often wondered why this book was not given to American readers;
+it was published in England, in its English dress, at least ten years
+ago. It addresses itself to parents, treating neither of national nor
+congregational education; it elevates neither state nor priest into
+educator; but it devolves that duty where the interest ought ever to be,
+on the parents, and particularly on the mother. In closing the preface
+to this book, Baireuth, May 2, 1806, Jean Paul says: 'It would be my
+greatest reward if, at the end of twenty years, some reader, as many
+years old, should return thanks to me, that the book which he is then
+reading was read by his parents.'</p>
+
+<p>May this work find many readers, and true, appreciative admiration.</p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces</span>; or, The Married Life,
+Death, and Wedding of the Advocate of the Poor, Firmian Stanislaus
+Siebenk&auml;s. By <span class="smcap">Jean Paul Friedrich Richter</span>. Translated from
+the German by <span class="smcap">Edward Henry Noel</span>. With a Memoir of the
+Author by <span class="smcap">Thomas Carlyle</span>. Ticknor &amp; Fields: Boston. For
+sale by D. Appleton &amp; Co., New York.</p></div>
+
+<p>Scarcely had we finished our few remarks on the 'Levana' of Jean Paul,
+when we were called upon to welcome another work from the same loved
+hand. We have long known and prized 'Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces.'
+The writings of Richter have humanity for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_707" id="Page_707">[Pg 707]</a></span> their text, and it has always
+been a matter of astonishment to us that they were not more widely known
+in this country. His style is peculiar, it is true, but it is the
+peculiarity of originality, never of affectation. His illustrations are
+drawn from every source, from science, art, history, biography, national
+manners, customs, civilized and savage; his imagery is varied,
+exquisite, and natural, and his religion embraces all creeds and sects.
+He is the preacher of immortal hopes, of love to God, and all-embracing
+human charities. His plots are merely threads to string his pearls,
+opals, and diamonds upon. We prefer him greatly to the cold, worldly,
+and classic Goethe. His works always have a meaning, for he was a lofty
+and original thinker. He was colossal and magnanimous both as man and
+writer. Carlyle says of him: 'His intellect is keen, impetuous,
+far-grasping, fit to rend in pieces the stubbornest materials, and
+extort from them their most hidden and refractory truth. In his Humor he
+sports with the highest and lowest; he can play at bowls with the Sun
+and Moon. His Imagination opens for us the Land of Dreams; we sail with
+him through the boundless Abyss; and the secrets of Space, and Time, and
+Life, and Annihilation hover round us in dim, cloudy forms; and
+darkness, and immensity, and dread encompass and overshadow us. Nay, in
+handling the smallest matter, he works it with the tools of a giant. A
+common truth is wrenched from its old combinations, and presented to us
+in new, impassable, abysmal contrast with its opposite error. A trifle,
+some slender character, some jest, quip, or spiritual toy, is shaped
+into the most quaint, yet often truly living form; but shaped somehow as
+with the hammer of Vulcan, with three strokes that might have helped to
+forge an &AElig;gis. The treasures of his mind are of a similar description
+with the mind itself; his knowledge is gathered from all the kingdoms of
+Art, and Science, and Nature, and lies round him in huge unwieldy heaps.
+His very language is Titanian; deep, strong, tumultuous; shining with a
+thousand hues, fused from a thousand elements, and winding in
+labyrinthic masses.' We recommend Jean Paul to universal study; he will,
+in spite of all his grotesque and broken arabesques, amply repay it.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Broken Columns.</span> Sheldon &amp; Co., 335 Broadway, New York.</p></div>
+
+<p>An anonymous novel, by one who says: 'I shall not say I have not
+aforetime walked openly in the highway of literature, but on this
+occasion the public must indulge me with the use of a thick veil; a
+veil, albeit, which will allow me to observe whether smiles or frowns
+mark the public countenance.'</p>
+
+<p>The author will without doubt find both smiles and frowns on the faces
+he would regard. His characters are novel, the situations eccentric, the
+denouements unexpected. Love is made the solvent and reformer of vice.
+The sinner seems not actually depraved, but ever ready to return to the
+path of virtue. Forgiveness is the elixir of reformation and
+regeneration. Charity controls the inner life. The work contains
+passages of great beauty, though the style is often broken and rugged.
+It is philanthropic, and full of pity for the erring. We fail to
+understand the characters, because we have never seen coarse vice
+associated with tenderness and refinement. It is true, as our author
+says, that 'in seeking the reclamation of our fellow creatures, we are
+nothing less than co-workers with God.' But it is a solemn task, and
+charity itself is subject to the laws of eternal justice.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Old Merchants of New York City.</span> By <span class="smcap">Walter
+Barrett</span>, Clerk. Second Series. Carleton, publisher, 413
+Broadway, New York.</p></div>
+
+<p>The first series of this book had a circulation so extensive that its
+author gives to the world another volume. The motto of the work seems to
+be, 'The crowning city&mdash;whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers
+are the <i>honorable</i> of the earth.' It is not a series of biographies,
+but light, gossiping sketches of persons, things, manners, the
+eccentricities of noted men, the transfers of well-known pieces of
+property, the changes in firms, the improvements in streets and
+buildings, the gradual extension of old and the introduction of new
+branches of trade and business, the intermarriages of families, etc.,
+etc. To those familiar with the business habits of New York, acquainted
+with its localities, interested in the origin and early history of its
+mercantile families, of whom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_708" id="Page_708">[Pg 708]</a></span> the book contains many personal anecdotes,
+we presume it will prove amusing and entertaining.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Vincenzo</span>; or, Sunken Rocks. A Novel, by <span class="smcap">John
+Ruffini</span>, Author of 'Doctor Antonio,' 'Lavinia,' etc. Carleton,
+publisher, 413 Broadway, New York.</p></div>
+
+<p>'Dr. Antonio' had many admirers both here and in England, and is already
+in the second edition. The scene of Vincenzo is laid in Italy, during
+the progress of the Italian Revolution. The 'Sunken Rocks' are the
+widely differing religious and political views of husband and wife; and
+our author closes his tale in saying: 'Would to God, at least, that the
+case of the Candias was an isolated one! But no; there is scarcely any
+corner in Europe that does not exhibit plenty of such, and worse. God
+alone knows the number of families whose domestic peace has been, of
+late years, seriously damaged, or has gone to wreck altogether on those
+very rocks so fatal to Vincenzo.' Alas! that the present civil war
+should have given birth to much of the same domestic alienation and
+bitterness in our own midst as we find portrayed in the novel before us.
+Suffering of this kind, real and severe, exists among ourselves,
+saddening the heart of many a woman, and paralyzing the exertions of
+many a man who would else be patriotic and loyal.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Pique.</span> A Novel. Loring, publisher, 319 Washington street,
+Boston. For sale by Oliver S. Fell, 36 Walker street, New York.</p></div>
+
+<p>We have no doubt that this book will excite considerable attention in
+the novel-reading world. It is in all probability destined to become as
+popular as the one of which, without being any imitation, it frequently
+reminds us&mdash;we mean 'The Initials.' The characters portrayed in 'Pique'
+develop themselves through the means of spirited conversations, arising
+from the surrounding circumstances&mdash;conversations always natural and
+without exaggeration. The pages are never dull, the story being varied
+and full of interest. It is a tale of the affections, of the home
+circle, of jealousies, misconceptions, perversions, feelings, the
+incidents growing naturally out of the defects and excellences of the
+individuals depicted. The scene is laid in England; the local coloring
+and characters being thoroughly English. Modern life and modern traits
+are portrayed with considerable skill and cleverness. The moral tone is
+throughout is unexceptionable. We commend 'Pique' to all lovers of
+refined, spirited, and detailed home novels.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Meditations on Life and its Religious Duties.</span> Translated
+from the German of Zschokke. By <span class="smcap">Frederica Rowan</span>. Boston:
+Ticknor and Fields, 1863. For sale by D. Appleton &amp; Co., New York.</p></div>
+
+<p>The tendency of these 'Meditations' is eminently practical, and the
+subjects treated are of universal application and interest. The
+translation is dedicated to Princess Alice, of England, now of Hesse,
+and is well executed, preserving the beauty and simplicity of the
+original, and supplying a need frequently felt in current religious
+literature, where vague reveries too often usurp the place of sensible
+counsel and life-improving suggestions.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Peter Carradine</span>; or, The Martindale Pastoral By
+<span class="smcap">Caroline Chesebro'</span>. Sheldon &amp;, Company, 335 Broadway.
+Gould &amp; Lincoln, Boston.</p></div>
+
+<p>We have not yet had time to read this 'Pastoral' for ourselves, but it
+is highly commended by Marion Harland, author of 'Alone.' 'The story is
+confined within the limits of a country neighborhood, but there is
+variety of character, motive, and action. You are reminded that the
+authoress writes with a purpose, as well as a power, that the earnest,
+God-fearing soul of the philanthropist has travailed here for the good
+of her kind, not the mere 'sensation' romancist writer for the
+entertainment of an idle hour.' We quote from Marion Harland.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Excursions.</span> By <span class="smcap">Henry D. Thoreau</span>, Author of
+'Walden,' and 'A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers.' Boston:
+Ticknor &amp; Fields. For sale by D. Appleton &amp; Co., New York.</p></div>
+
+<p>Henry David Thoreau was a man of decided genius, and an ardent lover of
+nature. His eye was open to beauty, and his ear to music. He found
+these, not in rare conditions, but wheresoever he went. He was sincerity
+itself, and no cant or affectation is to be found in his writings. He
+was religious in his own way; incapable of any profanation, by act or
+thought, although his original living and thinking detached him from the
+social religious forms. He thought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_709" id="Page_709">[Pg 709]</a></span> that without religion no great deed
+had ever been accomplished. He was disgusted with crime, and no worldly
+success could cover it. He loved nature so well, and was so happy in her
+solitude, that he became very jealous of cities and the sad work which
+their refinements and artifices made with man and his dwelling. The axe
+was always destroying his forest. 'Thank God,' he said, 'they cannot cut
+down the clouds.'</p>
+
+<p>We have taken the above traits from the exceedingly interesting
+biographical sketch introducing this book, from the masterly hand of
+R. W. Emerson. The writings of Thoreau are the result of his character,
+modelled from and colored by the tastes and habits of his daily life.
+Nature lives in his pages. We know of no more delightful reading. He
+says: 'A truly good book is something as natural, and as unexpectedly
+and unaccountably fair and perfect, as a wild flower discovered on the
+prairies of the West or in the jungles of the East. Where is the
+literature which gives expression to nature? He would be a poet who
+could impress the winds and streams into his service, to speak for him;
+who nailed words to their primitive senses, as farmers drive down stakes
+in the spring, which the frost has heaved; who derived his words as
+often as he used them&mdash;transplanted them to his page with earth adhering
+to their roots; whose words were so true, and fresh, and natural that
+they would appear to expand like buds at the approach of spring, though
+they lay half-smothered between two musty leaves in a library&mdash;aye to
+bloom and bear fruit there, after their kind, annually, for the faithful
+reader, in sympathy with surrounding nature.'</p>
+
+<p>Such a poet is Thoreau, and fair and perfect as the wild flowers of the
+prairies are his 'good books.' In the above extract he has himself
+described them. Who knows not his 'Autumnal Tints,' and 'Wild Apples,'
+and who has ever read them without loving them? Theodore Winthrop's
+'Life in the Open Air,' 'Out-door Papers,' by T. W. Higginson, and
+'Excursions,' by H. D. Thoreau, are books which could only have been
+written in America, and of which an American may justly feel proud. They
+are in themselves a library for the country, and we heartily commend
+them to all who love nature and the fresh breath of the forest.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Great Stone Book of Nature.</span> By <span class="smcap">David Thomas
+Ansted</span>, M. A., F. R. S., F. G. S., etc. Late Fellow of Jesus
+College, Cambridge; Honorary Fellow of King's College, London.
+Published by George W. Childs, 628 and 630 Chestnut Street,
+Philadelphia, 1863. Received per favor of C. T. Evans, 448
+Broadway, New York.</p></div>
+
+<p>To popularize scientific knowledge is one of the most difficult of
+tasks. Men of real science are rarely willing to spare the necessary
+time, and the work is ordinarily undertaken by a class of pseudo
+savants, who have just acquired that little learning which is so
+dangerous a thing. Deductions and results are all that can be set before
+the people, who are unable to follow scientific processes, and who are
+hence liable to receive impressions, the truth or error of which must
+depend upon the fairness and logical acumen of the individual mind
+addressing them. The work before us is evidently written by one
+thoroughly conversant with the subject under consideration, and the
+author seems careful to assert no fact or affirm no conclusion not
+strictly warranted by actual research. Solid works of this kind ought to
+be warmly welcomed, and as such we recommend the above to our reading
+community.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Remains in Verse and Prose, of Arthur Henry Hallam.</span> With a
+Preface and Memoir. Ticknor &amp; Fields, Boston.</p></div>
+
+<p>Arthur Henry Hallam possessed the friendship of one who ranks high among
+the living poets of England&mdash;Tennyson. How bitterly the poet felt his
+death, he has himself testified in his 'In Memoriam,' a book which has
+many admirers both in England and America. The image of young Hallam
+hovers like a lovely shadow over these yearning poems devoted to the
+memory of the regretted friend; his 'Remains,' will enable us to
+understand why he excited a love so tender and respectful, and left so
+deep a grief for his loss when he passed away. 'From the earliest years
+of this extraordinary young man, his premature abilities were not more
+conspicuous than an almost faultless disposition, sustained by a more
+calm self-command than has often been witnessed in that season of life.
+The sweetness of temper that distinguished his childhood, became, with
+the advance of manhood, an habitual benevolence, and ultimately ripened<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_710" id="Page_710">[Pg 710]</a></span>
+into that exalted principle of love toward God and man, which animated
+and almost absorbed his soul during the latter period of his life, and
+to which his compositions bear such emphatic testimony.'</p>
+
+<p>The 'Remains' of such a spirit cannot fail to be interesting. We were
+especially pleased with the 'Oration on the Influence of Italian Works
+of Imagination on the same class of compositions in England.' The great
+Italians seldom receive their full meed of praise, either from the
+English or ourselves. Some very mature remarks are also made upon the
+influence of German mind upon English literature.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Rejected Wife.</span> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Ann S. Stephens</span>,
+Author of 'Fashion and Famine,' 'The Old Homestead,' 'Mary
+Derwent,' &amp;c. T. B. Peterson &amp; Brothers, Chestnut street,
+Philadelphia.</p></div>
+
+<p>A novel in which are depicted the early days of Benedict Arnold. The
+characters are well drawn and sustained, and the tale one of
+considerable interest. The fright and agony of the fair, young, deserted
+wife are delicately and skilfully drawn; most of the scenes in which she
+is introduced are full of nature and simple pathos. The pictures of
+Puritan manners, lives, and thoughts, are graphic and truthful. We
+commend the book to all lovers of a good, pure, domestic novel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Pinneo's Analytical Grammar of the English Language</span>:
+Designed for Schools. By <span class="smcap">T. S. Pinneo</span>, M. A., M. D.,
+Author of 'Primary Grammar,' 'Hemans Reader,' &amp;c. Revised and
+enlarged. New York: Clark, Austin &amp; Smith; Cincinnati: W. B. Smith
+&amp; Co.</p></div>
+
+<p>This work is intended to succeed the author's 'Primary Grammar,' being,
+however, complete in itself. It presents a full view of the
+well-established principles of the English language, in their practical
+bearing on <i>analysis</i> and <i>construction</i>. No space is wasted on the
+discussion of curious or unimportant points, which, however interesting
+to the critical student, always encumbers an elementary work. Simplicity
+in definitions, examples, exercises, and arrangement, has been carefully
+studied. The exercises are full and numerous; a large portion of them
+designed to teach, at the same time, the <i>nature</i>, <i>properties</i>, and
+<i>relations</i> of words, and the <i>analysis</i> and <i>construction</i> of
+sentences.</p>
+
+<p>'Model Class-Books on the English Language have been produced by
+Professor Pinneo, and they should be adopted as standard text-books in
+the schools of the United States.'-<i>Educational Reports</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The British American.</span> No. 6. October, 1863. A Monthly
+Magazine devoted to Literature, Science, and Art. Toronto: Rollo &amp;
+Adams, publishers.</p></div>
+
+<p>Contents: A Further Plea for British American Nationality, by Thomas
+D'Arcy McGee; The Maple; A Tale of the Bay of Quinte; Longfellow and his
+Poetry; The Cited Curate; The Labradorians; Margaret; The Settler's
+Daughter; Song; Historical Notes on the Extinct Tribes of North
+America&mdash;The Mascoutens&mdash;The Neuters&mdash;The Eastern Range of the Buffalo;
+Sonnet to the Humming Bird; Reviews; The British Quarterlies; The
+British Monthlies; American Periodicals, &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Massachusetts Teacher</span>: A Journal of School and Home
+Education. Resident Editors: Charles Ansorge, Dorchester; Wm. T.
+Adams, Boston; W. E. Sheldon, West Newton, New Series, October,
+1863. Boston: Published by the Massachusetts Teachers' Association,
+No. 119 Washington street, Boston.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_711" id="Page_711">[Pg 711]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="EDITORS_TABLE" id="EDITORS_TABLE"></a>EDITOR'S TABLE.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>THE LAW OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>In the articles contributed to our pages, we do not always exact a
+precise conformity to our own views. If we are satisfied with the
+general scope and tendency of thought presented by respectable writers
+who appear in their own names, we do not care to make known any minor
+differences of opinion, or to criticise what we consider the errors of
+their productions. Nevertheless, we suppose that a calm and friendly
+expression of our own thoughts, on any subject discussed in our pages,
+will not be out of place or unkindly received in any quarter.</p>
+
+<p>In the very able and interesting article in our last number, by Mr.
+Freeland, that writer announced the doctrine that 'the social,
+political, religious, and scientific development of the world proceeds
+under the operation of two grand antagonistic principles,' which he
+calls respectively, 'Unity,' and 'Individuality.' 'The first of these,'
+he says, 'tends to bring about co&ouml;peration, consolidation, convergence,
+dependence; the second to produce separation, isolation, divergence, and
+independence. Unity is the principle which tends to order; Individuality
+to freedom.'</p>
+
+<p>We are prepared to admit the existence and operation of these principles
+as stated. They constitute the active tendencies of society, and they
+perform in the social world precisely what the antagonistic forces of
+attraction and repulsion do in the physical. They are the principles of
+aggregation and organization, as well as of agitation, conflict, and all
+revolutionary or progressive activity. In a more perfect state of
+development, they will exhibit themselves as the centripetal and
+centrifugal forces of a beautiful system arrived at that stage of
+regulated motion which constitutes a stable equilibrium.</p>
+
+<p>But while we admit the universal operation of these two principles, we
+think Mr. Freeland has made a serious mistake in the application of
+them,&mdash;a mistake which seems to run through his entire essay, and to
+pervade the whole system of his philosophy. We shall venture upon a
+brief criticism, solely with the view of eliminating truth. The
+question, though somewhat abstract in its nature, is to us of the
+highest interest; and we shall ever be ready to yield our position, when
+convinced that it is erroneous and untenable.</p>
+
+<p>We find what we consider the exceptionable doctrine in the following
+passage: 'Unity is allied to the affections, which are synthetic in
+their character; Individuality, to the intellect, which is mainly
+analytical and disruptive in its tendency. Unity is predominant in
+religion, which is static in its nature; Individuality to science, which
+is primarily disturbing. In the distribution of the mental faculties,
+Unity relates to the moral powers, and Individuality to the
+intellectual; the former being, as both Mr. Buckle and Professor Draper
+have shown, more stationary in their character than the latter. As in
+this paragraph the 'affections' are placed in contrast with the
+'intellect,' we suppose that by the former the writer intends to
+designate the emotions or passions, thus making that most obvious
+analysis of the mind into halves&mdash;the active impulses and moral
+principles on the one hand, and the perceptive and reflective faculties
+on the other. There is some little confusion of statement, in afterward
+contrasting the 'moral powers' with the 'intellectual;' but we imagine
+that the same general classification is intended, although not quite
+defined with philosophical accuracy.</p>
+
+<p>If we are correct in this interpretation of the language quoted, we do
+not see how the emotional part of human nature can, in any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_712" id="Page_712">[Pg 712]</a></span> general
+sense, be said to be allied to unity. The passions are the basis of all
+human agitation and conflict, and have been the cause of all the wars
+which have engaged mankind during the past ages of the world. In the
+early periods of history the selfish emotions have preponderated over
+the benevolent. Hatred, ambition, avarice, have been superior to love,
+humility, and charity. It is more than doubtful whether, even now, the
+selfish passions of the human race are not still in the ascendant.</p>
+
+<p>It may be said that, in the long run, the emotions tend to harmony, and
+that the co&ouml;perative and benevolent feelings are continually approaching
+their final and complete triumph. This is undoubtedly true; but it is
+wholly attributable to the progress of the human intellect, which, day
+by day, is demonstrating that man's emotional and moral nature can find
+its highest enjoyment and its most perfect development only in the
+complete subordination of the selfish and unsocial passions, to those
+which promote universal toleration and brotherhood.</p>
+
+<p>But if Mr. Freeland is wrong in the position that the primary tendency
+of the passions is to unity, he seems to us equally far from scientific
+truth when he asserts that intellect is 'disrupting' in its tendency,
+and that science is primarily 'disturbing.' It is true the intellect has
+the analytical faculty; but it is equally true that the opposite faculty
+of generalization is that which most strongly characterizes it and
+distinguishes reason from instinct. So far from analysis being the
+earliest predominant tendency of the intellect, almost all its most
+familiar and ordinary acts are those of synthesis. In all the phenomena
+of perception, the separate sensations are combined by an act of the
+judgment into the concrete ideas of form and substance, while the
+highest and most permanent characteristic of science is in the
+comprehensive attainment of general laws.</p>
+
+<p>The simple truth of the whole case is, that the affections or passions
+of men are the motive powers which impel them to action in every field
+of human affairs. The intellect, on the contrary, dominates these motive
+powers by its faculty of unfolding truth, foreseeing consequences,
+exploring the path of practicable progress, and illuminating the objects
+of rational desire to humanity. In the passions of men we have the two
+antagonistic forces&mdash;the attraction and repulsion&mdash;the centripetal and
+centrifugal tendencies&mdash;which ever antagonize each other, and through
+all the conflicts and agitations of mankind, are tending to eventual
+harmony. The moral faculty is a mere standard of right and wrong, which,
+of course, remains comparatively fixed and permanent through all the
+ages. The changes of opinion and action, in the sense of morality, are
+due wholly to the difference of knowledge at successive periods. Just as
+the intellect is capable of determining the bearing and consequences of
+human action, and of fixing the intention with reference to such
+consequences, will the moral character of such action be pronounced,
+more or less correctly, according to the degree of enlightenment of the
+parties concerned.</p>
+
+<p>From this analysis it will be plainly seen, that all the force is in the
+passions or desires of men. These are enlightened, and therefore
+regulated by the intellect, and judged by the moral faculty according to
+the consequences foreseen and intended. Ideas alone have the power of
+organization. The passions attend upon ideas as their ministers and
+servants. Beliefs, which represent the ideas or knowledge prevalent at
+successive periods in history, have controlled the destiny of men and
+nations, and all human passions have been marshalled and arrayed in
+conformity with them.</p>
+
+<p>The error of Mr. Freeland, we respectfully submit, is in placing the
+intellect and the passions in antagonism with each other, while, in
+truth, it is one passion, or one class of passions, which antagonizes
+another. The direction given to society by the predominating force of
+all the individual propensities is retrogressive, stationary, or
+progressive, revolutionary and destructive, or moderate and safe,
+according to the knowledge of facts and the prevision of consequences
+which may inform the judgments and enlighten the consciences of the
+masses.</p>
+
+<p>At periods of general ignorance and superstition, the announcement of a
+great scientific or philosophic truth may produce commotion,
+persecution, and discord. But it is evident that these are the results
+of ignorance and not of knowledge&mdash;of unenlightened passion, and not of
+the awakened intellect. Truth is attractive to all minds, and its
+tendency is to invite universal assent. In so far, there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_713" id="Page_713">[Pg 713]</a></span>fore, as the
+intellect is capable of discovering truth, its tendency is to unify and
+harmonize, and by no means to separate into disorder. In an age of
+inquiry, the emancipation of thought may be attended with much
+disturbance. The right of individual judgment will necessarily produce
+conflict in the very act of emerging from the preceding state of
+ignorance and restraint. The state of transition cannot be one of
+tranquillity, although it is the inevitable path to a higher and more
+complete harmony. But it is inaccurate and philosophically untrue, as we
+think, to characterize the intellect as 'disturbing,' or 'disrupting.'
+It is disturbing only to ignorance, and disrupting only to the systems
+and organizations based upon falsehood.</p>
+
+<p>We think these positions and brief discriminations are accurate, and not
+to be overthrown by argument; and as they are fundamental, we have
+thought it not improper to state them here, as the basis upon which we
+accept the general reasoning of Mr. Freeland as to the law of human
+development. Buckle and Draper are right as to the fixed character of
+moral standards; but the progressive development of knowledge gives new
+applications to moral principles, and requires their perpetual operation
+and control. In this sense, morality keeps pace with knowledge, and
+though dependent upon new truths for its own advancement, is
+indispensable to the progress of mankind in the social benefits to be
+derived from every intellectual acquisition.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>A musical example of a rhythm rare and difficult of treatment in
+English&mdash;the dactylic.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ed</span>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GONE!</h3>
+
+<h4>BY EARL MARBLE.</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gone from the earth, in her innocence, purity,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gone, 'mong her bright sister angels to dwell;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gone, to explore the dark shades of Futurity,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gone to her final home! Sweet one, farewell!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On this cold, freezing earth, sensitive, shivering,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Standing but feebly before its chill blast;&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Into the Future, her face with joy quivering,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Into its warmth, its morn genial, at last!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gone from her earth-home, where all were but blessing her</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In the cold, heart-chilling language of earth;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Now, in her heaven-home, all are caressing her,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Not as the Clay, but the soul of New Birth!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Slowly, the days which once fleeted so cheerily,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Floated as though we could never know pain,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drag their dull length along, sadly and drearily,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wearily praying for Lethe in vain!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yet, though 'tis hard that the young and the beautiful,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">From loving hearts should be torn thus away,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Still will we try to be patient and dutiful,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Knowing that after the night comes the day.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3>A&Euml;RONAUTICS.</h3>
+
+<p>Recent British papers and correspondents bring very pleasing accounts of
+a balloon ascension, which took place in London on the 9th of October.
+This adventure is the more interesting to us, from the fact that the
+well-known and experienced a&euml;ronauts, Messrs. Coxwell and Glaisher, were
+accompanied in their celestial excursion by several private individuals
+of distinction, and among the rest by the Hon. Robert J. Walker, of this
+country, whose able contributions have done so much to enhance the value
+of <span class="smcap">The Continental</span>. Some years ago, this gentleman had the
+scientific curiosity to descend to the bottom of the sea, in a new
+diving apparatus, just then invented; and recently he has been driven
+through a tunnel on a railway, by the pneumatic process, which in
+certain locations and conditions, will probably hereafter be substituted
+for the ordinary power of the locomotive engine. He seems to be not only
+ready to welcome all valuable improvements in science and mechanics, but
+is ready himself to take the risks of dangerous exploration in the
+pursuit of knowledge and for the promotion of progress.</p>
+
+<p>But of all such adventures, that into the regions of the atmosphere is
+by far the most interesting. Living immersed in this great ocean of air
+and moisture which surrounds the earth, and is the theatre of all the
+grand, beautiful, benignant, and often terrific phenomena of
+meteorology, it is no more than a very natural curiosity which induces
+us to seek by a&euml;rial exploration to understand its physical
+peculiarities, and to make use of the vast resources which it will
+doubtless soon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_714" id="Page_714">[Pg 714]</a></span> afford to the genius and enterprise of the human race.</p>
+
+<p>Until recently, we believe, it has been considered a settled fact, that
+the atmosphere was limited to the height of about forty-five miles, that
+being estimated as the limit at which the earth's attraction would be
+balanced by the expansive force of the particles of air. But in this
+problem there is an element of complication in the rotation of the
+atmosphere with the earth on its axis. Near the surface, and for a great
+distance upward, the air is but a part of the solid globe, or rather an
+appendage to it, moving with it in all respects like the denser fluid
+which constitutes the mighty ocean. But there must be a point in the
+ascent upward, where the centrifugal force of the particles of air, in
+the diurnal rotation, must over-balance the power of gravitation; and
+from that limit, the motions of the atmosphere must be subject to a law
+of a wholly different character&mdash;partaking of the nature of planetary
+revolution, rather than of axial rotation. The latest speculations as to
+the height of the atmosphere, seem to have reached only this degree of
+certainty, viz., that it does not extend so far as the orbit of the
+moon. Otherwise, it is argued, the superior attraction of that body, in
+its immediate vicinity, would aggregate a considerable quantity of the
+air about it, which would tend to retard the motions of the satellite in
+its orbit, and of the earth on its axis; whereas, the revolutions and
+rotations of both are known to have been uniform for a period as far
+back as authentic observation extends.</p>
+
+<p>But these speculations, however curious and interesting, are of no
+practical importance. We shall never be able to traverse the air to any
+great distance above the earth's surface. Independent of mechanical
+difficulties, two great impediments will forever prevent the realization
+of any such ambitions aspirations. These are the increase of cold and
+decrease of pressure in the upper regions of the air, and the deficiency
+of oxygen in the rarefied element for the support of animal life. It is
+well known that at the earth's surface, the pressure on all parts of the
+body, internal and external, by the weight of the superincumbent
+atmosphere, is no less than 14&frac12; pounds to every square inch. The
+structure of the human body is physiologically conformed by nature to
+this pressure, and it cannot survive with any very great change of this
+amount, either by increase or diminution. When one descends into the
+water, the pressure is doubled at about 32 feet of depth. In ascending
+in the atmosphere, the pressure is diminished much less rapidly, of
+course, but quite sensibly when the altitude becomes very great.</p>
+
+<p>Messrs. Coxwell and Glaisher are said to have ascended in 1862 to a
+height of seven and a half miles. One of these gentlemen became entirely
+insensible from cold and want of oxygen, and the other very nearly so,
+being obliged to open the valve of the balloon with his teeth for want
+of the use of his hands.</p>
+
+<p>Nature provides a partial remedy for the difficulty of breathing in the
+upper regions of the atmosphere. In the effort to breathe, the lungs are
+found to expand and to develop air cells not ordinarily used, so as to
+bring a larger quantity of the rarefied air into contact with the blood.
+It has been proposed to assist this effort of nature, and, in order to
+enable the a&euml;ronaut to reach a greater altitude with safety, to carry up
+in bags a supply of oxygen for breathing. As air is carried or forced
+down into the water to enable the diver to breathe, so it may be
+conveyed upward for the benefit of the a&euml;rial adventurer.</p>
+
+<p>But with all possible expedients, it is not probable that man will ever
+be able to get far away from the surface of the earth which is his
+natural place of abode. If he can explore the lower strata immediately
+adjoining his own theatre of action&mdash;the strata in which all the great
+and important phenomena of meteorology take place&mdash;and if he can succeed
+in traversing it at his pleasure with safety and some degree of
+celerity, as we doubt not he will eventually, this great achievement
+will subserve all the useful purposes possible to be derived from such
+skill and knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>The atmosphere will still be the vast reservoir of oxygen, nitrogen, and
+carbon, from winch all living things in the air, on the earth, or in the
+depths of the boundless ocean, whether animal or vegetable, draw far the
+greater part of their nutriment. We can never reach the surface of this
+atmospheric ocean, for that would be for us a region of inanity and
+death; but there is scarcely a doubt that we shall freely use it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_715" id="Page_715">[Pg 715]</a></span> in the
+future for purposes of locomotion, at the same time that we breathe and
+assimilate it as the very pabulum and substance of our mortal bodies.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3>IN MEMORIAM!</h3>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Far in the wood he lieth,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sleeping alone</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where the wind of autumn sigheth,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Making its moan,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where the golden beams are leaping</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bright overhead,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And the autumn leaves lie sleeping</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Over the dead,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">By the stream that runs forever,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hurrying past,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Neath the trees that bend and quiver</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wild in the blast;&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Deep in the wood he lieth,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Under the sod,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where the wind of autumn sigheth,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Alone&mdash;with his God.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class='center'>E. W. C.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The great question of the hour is, that of rebuilding the edifice of the
+Republic, which has been rudely shaken and partly thrown down by the
+rebellion. All patriotic hearts, in anticipation of the speedy close of
+the war, are turned with intense interest to this important work.
+Opinions divide upon this as upon all other great subjects, and we have
+two antagonistic ideas, organizing their respective parties with
+reference to it. One party maintains that the rebellious States have
+forfeited all their rights, and can under no circumstances claim to be
+recognized in their former relations, except on a re-admission into the
+Union upon the terms prescribed by the Constitution for the admission of
+new States. The other party denies that any of the States, as such, have
+forfeited, or can forfeit any of their rights, and maintains the duty of
+the Federal Government to protect all the States in their constitutional
+integrity, to put down the rebellion within them, and to restore to them
+the republican forms which have been violently overthrown.</p>
+
+<p>In each of these positions, there seems to be a combination of truth and
+error. So long as any State is in a belligerent and treasonable
+attitude, disclaiming and repudiating her obligations under the
+Constitution, she is obviously not entitled to the benefits of the
+system which she thus assails and defies. The State being sustained in
+rebellion by its whole people, it is vain to say the Government can only
+regard the people as individuals, for these are the State, and must be
+treated accordingly. But if, laying down her arms, or even after being
+conquered, a State returns to her allegiance, to reject her demands
+would be to admit that secession had been effectual. It would be a
+recognition of the validity, if not of the rightfulness of the movement
+which assumed to carry the State out of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, to maintain that the State is still legally in the
+Union, even at the moment of violent treason, and is still entitled to
+claim her position and rights as such, would be equally, if not more
+absurd and injurious to the nation. It is argued, that if there be any
+true and loyal citizens in the State, however few, they are entitled to
+the protection of the Federal Government, and the recognition of their
+State as a member of the Union. This doctrine is unreasonable and
+impracticable. Any theory which would carry us to the absurd extreme of
+constituting a State of an inconsiderable number of men,&mdash;the paltry
+minority of a large population&mdash;would not be more objectionable to the
+good sense of the people, than irreconcilable with the fundamental
+principles of our complex government. Such a minority, however small,
+would be entitled to the protection and to the highest favor of the
+Government; and if they could be built up into a power sufficiently
+strong to maintain themselves in the State, then they would fairly be
+entitled to claim full recognition. If, by the legitimate exercise of
+its war powers, by the just restraint and punishment of treason, the
+Federal Government can establish the real political ascendency of the
+loyal part of the population, and thus actually restore the State
+Government on a fair and substantial basis, even though it be placed in
+the hands of a present minority, it would be fully justified in
+recognizing this organization as a member of the old Union. But to set
+up a mere sham, and pretend to rebuild a State on the basis of
+inconsiderable numbers, against even the disloyal sentiments of the
+great body of the people, would be unwise and unavailing. Such a
+reconstruction would be hollow and deceptive, a danger and a snare,
+forever threatening the tranquillity of the country.</p>
+
+<p>The question is one of practical statesman<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_716" id="Page_716">[Pg 716]</a></span>ship; and the Government must
+deal with it upon the principles of common sense, without embarrassing
+itself by any mere theories which would be troublesome and inapplicable
+in any emergency. How long after subjugation the Government will wait
+for the return of any State to its allegiance, and what indications of
+sincere loyalty will be accepted, as well as what fair and honorable
+inducements will be held out to lure the erring population back into the
+fold of the Union, are matters for the gravest consideration, and can
+only be determined when the occasion for decision shall arise. To thrust
+a State back into the Union, and clothe it with all its former
+constitutional privileges, while the masses of its people are still
+hostile to the Federal authority, would evince a degree of recklessness,
+and even insanity, which, it is to be hoped, the Government will never
+exhibit. But when a State is fit to return, and may properly and safely
+be received, let her be welcomed cordially and heartily, without the
+least reminiscence of her sad and disastrous error.</p>
+
+<p>The true difficulty is not in the principle which is to control our
+action in any given circumstances. That is sufficiently plain in itself;
+it is only the application which is difficult. We cannot acknowledge the
+equality and sisterhood of a State, which, though subdued, is still
+hostile and not to be trusted in the Union: but we can and will receive
+all those which truly accept the result of the war and honestly return
+to their allegiance. We cannot create a State in the midst of a hostile
+population, and maintain the sovereign right of an inconsiderable few
+against the voice of the vast majority; but we can favor, encourage, and
+build up the loyal minority when that is sufficiently important, so as
+to make it the majority, and clothe it with the power of the
+resuscitated State.</p>
+
+<p>So long as there is no loyal State authority fairly representing the
+people, the State must be considered as disabled, and its rights <i>in
+abeyance</i>. There is no necessity of considering the State as
+extinguished, while there is hope of a favorable change. To reduce the
+States to the condition of territories would be an act of extreme
+hostility, and could only be the ultimate result of incorrigible
+treason, holding out against subjugation and against all the reasonable
+inducements which can be offered to a rebellious people by a magnanimous
+Government. We can never receive into the bosom of the Union a hostile
+people, full of treason, and always ready for renewed mischief. Though
+they be conquered in arms, we cannot compel their thoughts and
+affections. Unless they yield these, force cannot win them; and we must
+therefore hold the rein of control for our own security. The act of
+recognition will be always determined by the will of the Federal
+authorities. This right of decision necessarily places in their hands
+the supreme control of those conditions which are necessary to our
+future security.</p>
+
+<h4>END OF VOLUME IV.</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>The peculiar taint or infection which we call <span class="smcap">Scrofula</span> lurks in
+the constitutions of multitudes of men. It either produces or is
+produced by an enfeebled, vitiated state of the blood, wherein that
+fluid becomes incompetent to sustain the vital forces in their vigorous
+action, and leaves the system to fall into disorder and decay. The
+scrofulous contamination is variously caused by mercurial disease, low
+living, disordered digestion from unhealthy food, impure air, filth and
+filthy habits, the depressing vices, and, above all, by the venereal
+infection. Whatever be its origin, it is hereditary in the constitution,
+descending "from parents to children unto the third and fourth
+generation;" indeed, it seems to be the rod of Him who says, "I will
+visit the iniquities of the fathers upon their children." The diseases
+which it originates take various names, according to the organs it
+attacks. In the lungs, Scrofula produces tubercles, and finally
+Consumption; in the glands, swellings which suppurate and become
+ulcerous sores; in the stomach and bowels, derangements which produce
+indigestion, dyspepsia, and liver complaints; on the skin, eruptive and
+cutaneous affections. These all having the same origin, require the same
+remedy, viz.: purification and invigoration of the blood. Purify the
+blood, and these dangerous distempers leave you. With feeble, foul, or
+corrupted blood, you cannot have health; with that "life of the flesh"
+healthy, you cannot have scrofulous disease.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AYER'S SARSAPARILLA</h3>
+
+<p>Is compounded from the most effectual antidotes that medical science has
+discovered for this afflicting distemper, and for the cure of the
+disorders it entails. That it is far superior to any other remedy yet
+devised, is known by all who have given it a trial. That it does combine
+virtues truly extraordinary in their effect upon this class of
+complaints, is indisputably proven by the great multitude of publicly
+known and remarkable cures it has made of the following diseases:
+<b>King's Evil or Glandular Swellings, Tumors, Eruptions, Pimples,
+Blotches and Sores, Erysipelas, Rose or St. Anthony's Fire, Salt Rheum,
+Scald Head, Coughs from tuberculous deposits on the lungs, White
+Swellings, Debility, Dropsy, Neuralgia, Dyspepsia or Indigestion,
+Syphilis and Syphilitic Infections, Mercurial Diseases, Female
+Weaknesses</b>, and, indeed, the whole series of complaints that arise from
+impurities of the blood. Minute reports of individual cases may be found
+in <span class="smcap">Ayer's American Almanac</span>, which is furnished to the druggists
+for gratuitous distribution, wherein may be learned the directions for
+its use, and some of the remarkable cures which it has made when all
+other remedies had failed to afford relief. Those cases are purposely
+taken from all sections of the country, in order that every reader may
+have access to some one who can speak to him of its benefits from
+personal experience. Scrofula depresses the vital energies, and thus
+leaves its victims far more subject to disease and its fatal results
+than are healthy constitutions. Hence, it tends to shorten, and does
+greatly shorten the average duration of human life. The vast importance
+of these considerations has led us to spend years in perfecting a remedy
+which is adequate to its cure. This we now offer to the public under the
+name of <span class="smcap">Ayer's Sarsaparilla</span>, although it is composed of
+ingredients, some of which exceed the best of <i>Sarsaparilla</i> in
+alterative power. By its aid you may protect yourself from the suffering
+and danger of these disorders. Purge out the foul corruptions that rot
+and fester in the blood; purge out the causes of disease, and vigorous
+health will follow. By its peculiar virtues this remedy stimulates the
+vital functions, and thus expels the distempers which lurk within the
+system or burst out on any part of it.</p>
+
+<p>We know the public have been deceived by many compounds of
+<i>Sarsaparilla</i> that promised much and did nothing; but they will neither
+be deceived nor disappointed in this. Its virtues have been proven by
+abundant trial, and there remains no question of its surpassing
+excellence for the cure of the afflicting diseases it is intended to
+reach. Although under the same name, it is a very different medicine
+from any other which has been before the people, and is far more
+effectual than any other which has ever been available to them.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AYER'S CHERRY PECTORAL,</h3>
+
+<p class='center'><b>The World's Great Remedy for Coughs, Colds, Incipient Consumption, and
+for the relief of Consumptive patients in advanced stages of the
+disease.</b></p>
+
+<p>This has been so long used and so universally known, that we need do no
+more than assure the public that its quality is kept up to the best it
+ever has been, and that it may be relied on to do all it has ever done.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 6em;">Prepared by Dr. J. C. AYER &amp; CO.,</span><br /><span style="margin-left: 8em;">PRACTICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">LOWELL, MASS.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/imgfinger.jpg" alt="pointing finger" title="pointing finger" /></div><p>Sold by all Druggists, everywhere.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4>NOW COMPLETE.</h4>
+
+<h3>THE NEW AMERICAN CYCLOP&AElig;DIA,</h3>
+
+<h4>A POPULAR DICTIONARY OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE.</h4>
+
+<h4>EDITED BY</h4>
+
+<h3>GEORGE RIPLEY AND C. A. DANA,</h3>
+
+<p class='center'>ASSISTED BY A NUMEROUS BUT SELECT CORPS OF WRITERS.</p>
+
+
+<p>The design of <span class="smcap">The New American Cyclop&aelig;dia</span> is to furnish the
+great body of intelligent readers in this country with a popular
+Dictionary of General Knowledge.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The New American Cyclop&aelig;dia</span> is not founded on any European
+model; in its plan and elaboration it is strictly original, and strictly
+American. Many of the writers employed on the work have enriched it with
+their personal researches, observations, and discoveries; and every
+article has been written, or re-written, expressly for its pages.</p>
+
+<p>It is intended that the work shall bear such a character of practical
+utility as to make it indispensable to every American library.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout its successive volumes, <span class="smcap">The New American Cyclop&aelig;dia</span>
+will present a fund of accurate and copious information on <span class="smcap">Science,
+Art, Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures, Law, Medicine, Literature,
+Philosophy, Mathematics, Astronomy, History, Biography, Geography,
+Religion, Politics, Travels, Chemistry, Mechanics, Inventions</span>, and
+<span class="smcap">Trades</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Abstaining from all doctrinal discussions, from all sectional and
+sectarian arguments, it will maintain the position of absolute
+impartiality on the great controverted questions which have divided
+opinions in every age.</p>
+
+<h3>PRICE.</h3>
+
+<p>This work is published exclusively by subscription, in sixteen large
+octavo volumes, each containing 750 two-column pages.</p>
+
+<p>Price per volume, cloth, $3.50; library style, leather, $4; half
+morocco, 4.50; half russia, extra, $5.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<blockquote><p class='center'><i>From the London Daily News.</i></p>
+
+<p>It is beyond all comparison the best,&mdash;indeed, we should feel quite
+justified in saying it is the only book of reference upon the Western
+Continent that has ever appeared. No statesman or politician can afford
+to do without it, and it will be a treasure to every student of the
+moral and physical condition of America. Its information is minute,
+full, and accurate upon every subject connected with the country. Beside
+the constant attention of the Editors, it employs the pens of a a host
+of most distinguished transatlantic writers&mdash;statesmen, lawyers,
+divines, soldiers, a vast array of scholarship from the professional
+chairs of the Universities, with numbers of private literati, and men
+devoted to special pursuits.</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+
+  <h3>HOME</h3>
+  <h2>INSURANCE COMPANY</h2>
+  <h3>OF NEW YORK,</h3>
+  <h3>OFFICE, &mdash; 112 &amp; 114 BROADWAY.</h3>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="60%" cellspacing="0" summary="Home Insurance Company">
+<tr><td align='left'>CASH CAPITAL,</td><td align='right'>$1,000,000.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Assets, 1st Jan., 1860,</td><td align='right'>$1,458,396 28.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Liabilities, 1st Jan., 1860,</td><td align='right'>42,580 43.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h4>THIS COMPANY INSURES AGAINST LOSS &amp; DAMAGE BY FIRE, ON FAVORABLE TERMS.</h4>
+
+<h3>LOSSES EQUITABLY ADJUSTED &amp; PROMPTLY PAID.</h3>
+
+<h3>DIRECTORS:</h3>
+
+
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="Directors">
+<tr><td align='left'>Charles J. Martin,</td><td align='left'>A. F. Willmarth,</td><td align='left'>William G. Lambert,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>George C. Collins,</td><td align='left'>Danford N. Barney,</td><td align='left'>Lucius Hopkins,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas Messenger,</td><td align='left'>William H. Mellen,</td><td align='left'>Charles B. Hatch,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>B. Watson Bull,</td><td align='left'>Homer Morgan,</td><td align='left'>L. Roberts,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Levi P. Stone,</td><td align='left'>James Humphrey,</td><td align='left'>George Pearce,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ward A. Work,</td><td align='left'>James Lowe,</td><td align='left'>I. H. Frothingham,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Charles A. Bulkley,</td><td align='left'>Albert Jewitt,</td><td align='left'>George D. Morgan,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Theodore McNamee,</td><td align='left'>Richard Bigelow,</td><td align='left'>Oliver E. Wood,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alfred S. Barnes,</td><td align='left'>George Bliss,</td><td align='left'>Roe Lockwood,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Levi P. Morton,</td><td align='left'>Curtis Noble,</td><td align='left'>John B. Hutchinson,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Charles P. Baldwin,</td><td align='left'>Amos T. Dwight,</td><td align='left'>Henry A. Hurlbut,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Jesse Hoyt,</td><td align='left'>William Sturgis, Jr.,</td><td align='left'>John R. Ford,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sidney Mason,</td><td align='left'>G. T. Stedman, Cinn.</td><td align='left'>Cyrus Yale, Jr.,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>William R. Fosdick,</td><td align='left'>F. H. Cossitt,</td><td align='left'>David J. Boyd, Albany,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>S. B. Caldwell,</td><td align='left'>A. J. Wills,</td><td align='left'>W. H. Townsend.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h4>CHARLES J. MARTIN, President.</h4>
+
+<h4><span style="margin-left: 2em;">JOHN McGEE, Secretary.</span> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. F. WILLMARTH, Vice-President.</span></h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+
+<h3>HUMPHREYS' SPECIFIC HOM&OElig;OPATHIC REMEDIES</h3>
+
+<p>Have proved, from the most ample experience, an entire success. <b>Simple,
+Prompt, Efficient,</b> and <b>Reliable,</b> they are the only medicines
+perfectly adapted to <b>FAMILY USE,</b> and the satisfaction they have
+afforded in all cases has elicited the highest commendations from the
+<b>Profession,</b> the <b>People,</b> and the <b>Press.</b></p>
+
+
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="100%" cellspacing="0" summary="Hom&oelig;opathic Remedies">
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>cts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='right'>1.</td><td align='center'>Cures</td><td align='left'>Fever, Congestion &amp; Inflammation</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>2.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Worms and Worm Diseases</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>3.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Colic, Teething, etc., of Infants</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>4.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Diarrh&oelig;a of Children &amp; Adults</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>5.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Dysentery and Colic</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>6.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Cholera and Cholera Morbus</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>7.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Coughs, Colds, Hoarseness and Sore Throat</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>8.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Neuralgia, Toothache &amp; Faceache</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>9.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Headache, Sick Headache &amp; Vertigo</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>10.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Dyspepsia &amp; Bilious Condition</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>11.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Wanting Scanty or Painful Periods</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>12.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Whites, Bearing Down or Profuse Periods</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>13.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Croup and Hoarse Cough</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>14.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Salt Rheum and Eruptions</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>15.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Rheumatism, Acute or Chronic</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>16.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Fever &amp; Ague and Old Agues</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>17.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Piles or Hemorrhoids of all kinds</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>18.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Ophthalmy and Weak Eyes</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>19.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Catarrh and Influenza</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>20.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Whooping Cough</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>21.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Asthma &amp; Oppressed Respiration</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>22.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Ear Discharges &amp; Difficult Hearing</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>23.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Scrofula, Enlarged Glands &amp; Tonsils</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>24.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>General Debility &amp; Weakness</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>25.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Dropsy</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>26.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Sea-Sickness &amp; Nausea</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>27.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Urinary &amp; Kidney Complaints</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>28.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Seminal Weakness, Involuntary</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dishcarges and consequent prostration</span></td><td align='right'>$1.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>29.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Sore Mouth and Canker</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>30.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Urinary Incontinence &amp; Enurisis</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>31.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Painful Menstruation</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>32.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Diseases at Change of Life</td><td align='right'>$1.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>33.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>Epilepsy &amp; Spars &amp; Chorea St. Viti</td><td align='right'>1.00</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h4>
+PRICE.</h4>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Prices">
+<tr><td align='left'>Case of Thirty-five Vials, in morocco case, and Book, complete</td><td align='right'>$8.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Case of Twenty-eight large Vials, in morocco, and Book</td><td align='right'>7.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Case of Twenty large Vials, in morocco, and Book</td><td align='right'>5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Case of Twenty large Vials, plain case, and Book</td><td align='right'>4.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Case of fifteen Boxes (Nos. 1 to 15), and Book</td><td align='right'>2.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Case of any Six Boxes (Nos. 1 to 15), and Book</td><td align='right'>1.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan="2">Single Boxes, with directions as above, 25 cents, 50 cents, or $1.</td></tr>
+</table>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/imgfinger.jpg" alt="pointing finger" title="pointing finger" /></div><p><b>THESE REMEDIES, BY THE CASE OR SINGLE BOX,</b><br />are
+sent to any part of the country by Mail, or Express, Free of Charge, on
+receipt of the Price.<br /><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Address,</span></p>
+
+<p class='author'>
+  <b>DR. F. HUMPHREYS,<br />
+  562 BROADWAY, NEW YORK</b>
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h3>BANK LIBRARIES.</h3>
+
+<p>Every well-managed Banking Institution has a Library, small or large, of
+standard works on Banking, Bills, Notes, and upon collateral topics, for
+the use of the president, cashier, officers, and directors. Such works
+should be accessible to every Bank officer, and are especially useful to
+the Bank Clerk who aims at advancement in his profession, and whose
+services thereby are more valuable to the institution in which he is
+employed.</p>
+
+<p>For the convenience of subscribers to the Bankers' Magazine, the
+following works are kept on hand at No. 63 WILLIAM STREET, and copies
+will be furnished, either by mail or express, to order:</p>
+
+<p>I. Historical and Statistical Account of the Foreign Commerce of the
+United States, and of each State, for each year, 1820-1856; the Exports
+to and Imports from every Foreign Country, each year, 1820-1856;
+Commerce of the Early Colonies; Origin and Early History of each State
+8vo., pp. 200. $1.50.</p>
+
+<p>II. The Banking System of the State of New York, with notes and
+references to adjudged cases; including an account of the New York
+Clearing House. 2. A Historical Sketch of the former and present Banking
+Systems of the State. 3. All the existing Statutes relating to Banking.
+4. A List of all Banks chartered or established between the years 1791
+and 1856. One vol. 8vo., pp. 440. $4.00.</p>
+
+<p>III. A Cyclop&aelig;dia of Commerce and Commercial Navigation. Edited by J.
+Smith Homans, and by J. Smith Homans, Jr., B. S., Author of "An
+Historical and Statistical Account of the Foreign Commerce of the U. S."
+<i>Terms</i>&mdash;Muslin, $6; Sheep extra, $6.75; Half Calf extra, $8; Sheep
+extra, 2 vols., $8; Law Sheep, 2 vols, $8; Half Calf extra, 2 vols,
+$8.75. In one volume octavo, 2000 pages, double columns, containing more
+than three volumes of the Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica.</p>
+
+<p>IV. A Manual for Notaries Public and Bankers&mdash;Containing a History of
+Bills of Exchange; Forms of Protest and Notices of Protest; the Laws of
+each State in reference to Interest, Damages on Bills, &amp;c.; the latest
+decisions upon Bills, Notes, Protests, &amp;c. 1 vol., octavo, pp. 220. $2
+(or by mail, postage prepaid, $2.25).</p>
+
+<p>V. The Loan, Revenue, and Currency Acts of 1863. I. An Act to Provide
+Ways and Means for the Support of the Government, to June,
+1864.&mdash;Approved March 3, 1863. II. An Act Amendatory of the Internal
+Revenue Laws, and for other purposes.&mdash;Approved March 3, 1863. III. An
+Act to Provide a National Currency, secured by a Pledge of United States
+Stocks, and to provide for the Circulation and Redemption
+thereof.&mdash;Approved February 25, 1863. With Marginal Notes and an Index.</p>
+
+<p>VI. Fourteen Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, in
+reference to Taxation of Government Securities by States and
+Cities&mdash;including the celebrated cases of&mdash;1. "<span class="smcap">McCulloh</span> <i>vs</i>.
+<span class="smcap">State of Maryland</span>." 2. "<span class="smcap">Weston</span> <i>vs</i>. <span class="smcap">City of
+Charleston,</span>" 3. "<span class="smcap">Bank of Commerce, N. Y.</span> <i>vs</i>.
+<span class="smcap">Commissioners of Taxes</span>." 4. "<span class="smcap">Bank of Commonwealth</span>
+<i>vs.</i> <span class="smcap">Commissioners of Taxes</span>." 5. "<span class="smcap">Hague</span> <i>vs.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Powers</span>" (<i>Constitutionality of Legal Tenders, Supreme Court of
+New York</i>), &amp;c. Octavo. Price, 50 cents.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>In preparation for Publication shortly</i>.)</p>
+
+<p>VII. The Merchants and Bankers' Almanac, for 1864, containing&mdash;I. A List
+of the Banks, arranged alphabetically, in every State and City of the
+Union,&mdash;Names of President and Cashier, and Capital of each, including
+the National Banks formed under the Act of 1863. II. A List of Private
+Bankers in the United States. III. A List of the Banks in Canada, New
+Brunswick and Nova Scotia&mdash;their Cashiers, Managers and Foreign Agents.
+IV. Governor, Directors and Officers of the Bank of England, 1862. V.
+List of Banks and Bankers in London, December, 1862. VI. List of Bankers
+in Europe, Asia, South America, Australia, West Indies, &amp;c. VII.
+Alphabetical List of Sixteen Hundred Cashiers in the United States.
+VIII. Bank Capital of Towns and Cities. IX. Bank Statistics&mdash;New York
+City Banks, Boston Banks, Philadelphia Banks, New England Banks. X.
+Statement of the Banks in the United States. XI. Lowest and Highest
+Quotations of Stocks at New York, each month, 1862. XII. European
+Finances and Commerce. XIII. Currency Laws of the United States. XIV.
+Revenue Stamps, Taxes, etc.&mdash;Revenue Decisions, etc. XV. The Mint of the
+United States.&mdash;Foreign Coins.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/imgfinger.jpg" alt="pointing finger" title="pointing finger" /></div><p><i>Bankers' Cards will be inserted in this volume
+at Fifteen Dollars each</i>. All orders must be addressed to <b>J. SMITH
+HOMANS, Jr.</b>, NEW YORK</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h3>NINE ARTICLES</h3>
+
+<h4>THAT EVERY FAMILY SHOULD HAVE!!</h4>
+
+
+<p>The Agricultural Societies of the State of New York, New Jersey, and
+Queens County, L. I., at their latest Exhibitions awarded the highest
+premiums (gold medal, silver medal, and diplomas), for these articles,
+and the public generally approve them.</p>
+
+<blockquote><h4>1st.&mdash;PYLE'S O. K. SOAP,</h4>
+
+<p>The most complete labor-saving and economical soap that has been brought
+before the public. Good for washing all kinds of clothing, fine
+flannels, silks, laces, and for toilet and bathing purposes. The best
+class of families adopt it in preference to all others&mdash;Editors of the
+<span class="smcap">Tribune</span>, <span class="smcap">Evening Post</span>, <span class="smcap">Independent</span>,
+<span class="smcap">Evangelist</span>, <span class="smcap">Examiner</span>, <span class="smcap">Chronicle, Methodist</span>,
+<span class="smcap">Advocate and Journal</span>, <span class="smcap">Church Journal</span>, <span class="smcap">American
+Agriculturist</span>, and of many other weekly journals, are using it in
+their offices and families. We want those who are disposed to encourage
+progress and good articles to give this and the following articles a
+trial.</p>
+
+<h4>2d.&mdash;PYLE'S DIETETIC SALERATUS,</h4>
+
+<p>a strictly pure and wholesome article; in the market for several years,
+and has gained a wide reputation among families and bakers throughout
+the New England and Middle States; is always of a uniform quality, and
+free from all the objections of impure saleratus.</p>
+
+<h4>3d.&mdash;PYLE'S GENUINE CREAM TARTAR,</h4>
+
+<p>always the same, and never fails to make light biscuit. Those who want
+the best will ask their grocer for this.</p>
+
+<h4>4th.&mdash;PYLE'S PURIFIED BAKING SODA,</h4>
+
+<p>suitable for medicinal and culinary use.</p>
+
+<h4>5th.&mdash;PYLE'S BLUEING POWDERS,</h4>
+
+<p>a splendid article for the laundress, to produce that alabaster
+whiteness so desirable in fine linens.</p>
+
+<h4>6th.&mdash;PYLE'S ENAMEL BLACKING,</h4>
+
+<p>the best boot polish and leather preservative in the world (Day and
+Martin's not excepted).</p>
+
+<h4>7th.&mdash;PYLE'S BRILLIANT BLACK INK,</h4>
+
+<p>a beautiful softly flowing ink, shows black at once, and is
+anti-corrosive to steel pens.</p>
+
+<h4>8th.&mdash;PYLE'S STAR STOVE POLISH,</h4>
+
+<p>warranted to produce a steel shine on iron ware. Prevents rust
+effectually, without causing any disagreeable smell, even on a hot
+stove.</p>
+
+<h4>9th.&mdash;PYLE'S CREAM LATHER SHAVING SOAP,</h4>
+
+<p>a "luxurious" article for gentlemen who shave themselves. It makes a
+rich lather that will keep thick and moist upon the face.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p><span class="smcap">These Articles</span> are all put up full weight, and expressly for
+the best class trade, and first-class grocers generally have them for
+sale. Every article is labelled with the name of</p>
+
+<h4>
+JAMES PYLE,<br />
+350 Washington St., cor. Franklin, N. Y.
+</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/imggrover.jpg" alt="Grover and Baker" title="Grover and Baker" /></div>
+
+<h4>Over all Competitors, at the following State and County Fairs of 1863, for the<br />
+BEST FAMILY SEWING MACHINES, the BEST MANUFACTURING MACHINE,<br />and
+the BEST MACHINE WORK:</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>New York State Fair</b>, for the best Family and Manufacturing</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Machine, and best work.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Indiana State Fair</b>, for the best Machine for all purposes, and the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">best work.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Vermont State Fair</b>, for the best Family and Manufacturing Machine,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and best work.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Illinois State Fair</b>, For the best Machine for all purposes, and the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">best work.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Iowa State Fair</b>, for the best Family and Manufacturing Machine,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and best work.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Kentucky State Fair</b>, for the best Machine for all purposes, and</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the best work.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Michigan State Fair</b>, for the best Family and Manufacturing</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Machine, and best work.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Pennsylvania State Fair</b>, for the best Manufacturing Machine,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and beautiful work.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Ohio State Fair</b>, for the best Sewing Machine work.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Oregon State Fair</b>, for the best Family Sewing Machine.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Chittenden Co. (Vt.) Agricultural Society</b>, for the best</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Family and Manufacturing Machine, and best work.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Franklin Co. (N. Y.) Fair</b>, for the best Machine for all purposes,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and work.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Champlain Valley (Vt.) Agricultural Society</b>, for the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">best Family and Manufacturing Machine, and work.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Hampden Co. (Mass.) Agricultural Society</b>, for the best</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Family Machine, and work.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Queens Co. (N. Y.) Agricultural Society</b>, for the best</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Family Machine.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Washington Co. (N. Y.) Fair</b>, for the best Family Machine.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Saratoga Co. (N. Y.) Fair</b>, for the best Family Machine.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Mechanics' Institute (Pa.) Fair</b>, for the best Machine for all</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">purposes, and work.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Greenfield (Ohio) Fair</b>, for the best Family Machine.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Stevenson Co. (Ill.) Fair</b>, for the best Family Machine.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/imgfinger.jpg" alt="pointing finger" title="pointing finger" /></div><p>&mdash;The above comprise all the Fairs at which the
+<b>GROVER &amp; BAKER MACHINES</b> were exhibited this year.</p>
+
+<h4>SALESROOMS: 495 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>JOHN F. TROW,</h2>
+<h3>BOOK</h3>
+ <h4>AND</h4>
+ <h3>JOB PRINTER,</h3>
+ <h4>Nos. 46, 48, &amp; 50 GREENE ST.,</h4>
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Between Grand and Broome</span>,<br />NEW YORK.</p>
+
+<h3>STEREOTYPING, ELECTROTYPING</h3>
+ <h4>AND</h4>
+ <h3>BOOK-BINDING,</h3>
+ <h4>DONE PROMPTLY, &amp; IN THE BEST MANNER.</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+
+  <h3>BEYOND THE LINES;</h3>
+  <h5>OR,</h5>
+  <h4>A YANKEE PRISONER LOOSE IN DIXIE.</h4>
+
+
+<p class='center'>A New Book of thrilling interest. By REV. CAPTAIN J. J. GEER,</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Formerly
+Pastor of George Street M. P. Church, Cincinnati, and late Assistant
+Adjutant-General on the Staff of Gen. Buckland. With an INTRODUCTION by
+Rev. ALEXANDER CLARK, Editor of the School Visitor.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This is one of the most thrilling accounts of adventure and suffering
+that the war has produced. Capt. Geer was wounded and captured at the
+great battle of Shiloh, tried before several prominent Rebel Generals
+for his life, among whom were Hardee, Bragg, and
+Beauregard,&mdash;incarcerated in four jails, four penitentiaries, and twelve
+military prisons; escaped from Macon, Georgia, and travelled barefoot
+through swamps and woods by night, for 250 miles, was fed by negroes in
+part, and subsisted for days at a time on frogs, roots, and berries, and
+was at last recaptured when within thirty-five miles of our gunboats on
+the Southern coast.</p>
+
+<p>The particulars of his subsequent sufferings as a chained culprit are
+told with a graphic truthfulness that surpasses any fiction.</p>
+
+<p>The work contains a fine steel portrait of the author, besides numerous
+wood engravings illustrative of striking incidents of his experience
+among the rebels. Every Unionist&mdash;every lover of his country&mdash;every man,
+woman, and child should read this BOOK OF FACTS AS THEY ACTUALLY
+OCCURRED.</p>
+
+<p>The author has not only succeeded in making a narrative of exciting
+interest, but has ingeniously interwoven in the book many original and
+eloquent arguments in favor of a vigorous prosecution of the war against
+Rebellion and Oppression.</p>
+
+<p>Just published on fine white paper, and handsomely bound in cloth. 285
+pages.</p>
+
+<p>Agents wanted in every county and township in the Union, to whom
+extraordinary inducements will be offered.</p>
+
+<p>Specimen copies will be sent to any person for $1, postpaid, with
+particulars to Agents.</p>
+
+<h4>NOTICES OF THE PRESS.</h4>
+
+<p>"No narrative of personal adventure that has been published since the
+war began, equals this in interest. It presents in a still more vivid
+light the barbarism and cruelty of Southern rebels; for the account he
+gives of the treatment of himself and his fellow prisoners exceeds
+anything we have heretofore read."&mdash;<i>Philadelphia Evening Bulletin.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The Captain's graphic account of affairs in the South during his long
+captivity there will be read with great interest. The Introduction is by
+Rev. Alexander Clark, which is sufficient in itself to warrant a large
+sale."&mdash;<i>Philadelphia Daily Inquirer.</i> Address all orders to</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;"><b>J. W. DAUGHADAY, Publisher,</b></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 22em;">1308 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/imgfinger.jpg" alt="pointing finger" title="pointing finger" /></div><p>Exchanges copying the above or the substance of
+it, and sending us a marked copy, will receive a copy of the work.</p>
+
+<p class='author'>J. W. D.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>LAW NOTICE.</h2>
+
+<h3>ROBERT J. WALKER,</h3>
+
+<h4>LATE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, AND</h4>
+
+<h3>FREDERIC P. STANTON,</h3>
+
+<h4>LATE CHAIRMAN OF THE NAVAL AND<br />JUDICIARY COMMITTEES
+OF CONGRESS,</h4>
+
+<h3>PRACTISE LAW</h3>
+<p class='center'>in the SUPREME and CIRCUIT Courts at Washington, COURTS
+MARTIAL, the COURT OF CLAIMS, before the DEPARTMENTS and BUREAUS,
+especially in</p>
+
+<h4>LAND, PATENT, CUSTOM HOUSE, AND WAR CLAIMS.</h4>
+
+<p class='center'>Aided by two other associates, no part of an extensive business will be
+neglected. Address,</p>
+
+
+<h4>WALKER &amp; STANTON,</h4>
+<p class='center'>Office, 218 F STREET, WASHINGTON CITY, D. C.</p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>DUNCAN S. WALKER &amp; ADRIEN DESLONDE will attend to Pensions, Bounties,
+Prize, Pay, and Similar Claims. WALKER &amp; STANTON will aid them, when
+needful, as consulting counsel. Address WALKER &amp; DESLONDE, same office,
+care of Walker &amp; Stanton.</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p class='center'><b>WARD'S TOOL STORE,</b><br />
+(<span class="smcap">Late</span> WOOD'S,)</p>
+<p class='center'>Established 1831,<br />47 CHATHAM,
+cor. North William St., &amp; 513 EIGHTH AV.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>A GENERAL ASSORTMENT OF<br /><b>TOOLS, CUTLERY, AND HARDWARE,</b><br />ALWAYS ON HAND.</p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Maker of Planes, Braces &amp; Bits, and Carpenters' &amp; Mechanics' Tools,</i><br />IN
+GREAT VARIETY AND OF THE BEST QUALITY.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>N. B.&mdash;PLANES AND TOOLS MADE TO ORDER AND REPAIRED.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>This widely-known Establishment still maintains its reputation for the
+unrivalled excellence of its OWN MANUFACTURED, as well as its FOREIGN
+ARTICLES, which comprise Tools for Every Branch of Mechanics and
+Artizans.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>MECHANICS' AND ARTIZANS', AMATEURES' AND BOYS' TOOL CHESTS IN GREAT
+VARIETY, ON HAND, AND FITTED TO ORDER WITH TOOLS READY FOR USE.</p>
+
+<p>The undersigned, himself a practical mechanic, having wrought at the
+business for upwards of thirty years, feels confident that he can meet
+the wants of those who may favor him with their patronage.</p>
+
+<h3>SKATES.</h3>
+
+<p>I have some of the finest Skates in the city, of my own as well as other
+manufactures. Every style and price.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/imgfinger.jpg" alt="pointing finger" title="pointing finger" /></div><p>Skates made to Fit the Foot without Straps.</p>
+
+<p class='author'>WILLIAM WARD, Proprietor.</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+
+<h3>ARTIFICIAL LEGS</h3>
+
+
+<h4>(BY RIGHT, PALMER'S PATENT IMPROVED)</h4>
+
+<blockquote><div class="figleft"><img src="images/imgleg.jpg" alt="CONFUCIUS" title="CONFUCIUS" /></div>
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/imgarm.jpg" alt="CONFUCIUS" title="CONFUCIUS" /></div>
+<p>Adapted to every species of mutilated limb, unequaled in mechanism and
+utility. Hands and Arms of superior excellence for mutilations and
+congenital defects. Feet and appurtenances, for limbs shortened by hip
+disease. Dr. HUDSON, by appointment of the Surgeon General of the U. S.
+Army, furnishes limbs to mutilated Soldiers and Marines.
+References.&mdash;Valentine Mett, M. D., Willard Parker, M. D., J. M.
+Carnochan, M. D. Gurden Buck, M. D., Wm. H. Van Buren, M. D.</p>
+
+<p>Descriptive pamphlets sent gratis. E. D. HUDSON, M. D., ASTOR PLACE (8th
+St.), CLINTON HALL, Up Stairs.</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+  <h1>The</h1>
+  <h1>Continental Monthly.</h1>
+
+
+<p>The readers of the <span class="smcap">Continental</span> are aware of the important
+position it has assumed, of the influence which it exerts, and of the
+brilliant array of political and literary talent of the highest order
+which supports it. No publication of the kind has, in this country, so
+successfully combined the energy and freedom of the daily newspaper with
+the higher literary tone of the first-class monthly; and it is very
+certain that no magazine has given wider range to its contributors, or
+preserved itself so completely from the narrow influences of party or of
+faction. In times like the present, such a journal is either a power in
+the land or it is nothing. That the <span class="smcap">Continental</span> is not the
+latter is abundantly evidenced <i>by what it has done</i>&mdash;by the reflection
+of its counsels in many important public events, and in the character
+and power of those who are its staunchest supporters.</p>
+
+<p>Though but little more than a year has elapsed since the
+<span class="smcap">Continental</span> was first established, it has during that time
+acquired a strength and a political significance elevating it to a
+position far above that previously occupied by any publication of the
+kind in America. In proof of which assertion we call attention to the
+following facts:</p>
+
+<p>1. Of its <span class="smcap">political</span> articles republished in pamphlet form, a
+single one has had, thus far, a circulation of <i>one hundred and six
+thousand</i> copies.</p>
+
+<p>2. From its <span class="smcap">literary</span> department, a single serial novel, "Among
+the Pines," has, within a very few months, sold nearly <i>thirty-five
+thousand</i> copies. Two other series of its literary articles have also
+been republished in book form, while the first portion of a third is
+already in press.</p>
+
+<p>No more conclusive facts need be alleged to prove the excellence of the
+contributions to the <span class="smcap">Continental</span>, or their <i>extraordinary
+popularity;</i> and its conductors are determined that it shall not fall
+behind. Preserving all "the boldness, vigor, and ability" which a
+thousand journals have attributed to it, it will greatly enlarge its
+circle of action, and discuss, fearlessly and frankly, every principle
+involved in the great questions of the day. The first minds of the
+country, embracing the men most familiar with its diplomacy and most
+distinguished for ability, are among its contributors; and it is no mere
+"flattering promise of a prospectus" to say that this "magazine for the
+times" will employ the first intellect in America, under auspices which
+no publication ever enjoyed before in this country.</p>
+
+<p>While the <span class="smcap">Continental</span> will express decided opinions on the
+great questions of the day, it will not be a mere political journal:
+much the larger portion of its columns will be enlivened, as heretofore,
+by tales, poetry, and humor. In a word, the <span class="smcap">Continental</span> will be
+found, under its new staff of Editors, occupying a position and
+presenting attractions never before found in a magazine.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h4>TERMS TO CLUBS.</h4>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="70%" cellspacing="0" summary="Subscription Costs">
+<tr><td align='left'>Two copies for one year,</td><td align='left'>Five dollars.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Three copies for one year,</td><td align='left'>Six dollars.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Six copies for one year,</td><td align='left'>Eleven dollars.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Eleven copies for one year,</td><td align='left'>Twenty dollars.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Twenty copies for one year,</td><td align='left'>Thirty-six dollars.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align='center'>PAID IN ADVANCE</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class='center'><i>Postage, Thirty-six cents a year</i>, to be paid <span class="smcap">by the
+Subscriber</span>.</p>
+
+<h4>SINGLE COPIES.</h4>
+
+<p class='center'>Three dollars a year, <span class="smcap">in advance</span>. <i>Postage paid by the
+Publisher</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>JOHN F. TROW, 50 Greene St., N. Y.,<br />
+PUBLISHER FOR THE PROPRIETORS.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/imgfinger.jpg" alt="pointing finger" title="pointing finger" /></div><p>As an Inducement to new subscribers, the
+Publisher offers the following liberal premiums:</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/imgfinger.jpg" alt="pointing finger" title="pointing finger" /></div><p>Any person remitting $3, in advance, will
+receive the magazine from July, 1862, to January, 1864, thus securing
+the whole of Mr. <span class="smcap">Kimball's</span> and Mr. <span class="smcap">Kirke's</span> new
+serials, which are alone worth the price of subscription. Or, if
+preferred, a subscriber can take the magazine for 1863 and a copy of
+"Among the Pines," or of "Undercurrents of Wall Street," by <span class="smcap">R. B.
+Kimball</span>, bound in cloth, or of "Sunshine in Thought," by
+<span class="smcap">Charles Godfrey Leland</span> (retail price, $1. 25.) The book to be
+sent postage paid.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/imgfinger.jpg" alt="pointing finger" title="pointing finger" /></div>
+<p>Any person remitting $4.50, will receive the
+magazine from its commencement, January, 1862, to January, 1864, thus
+securing Mr. <span class="smcap">Kimball's</span> "Was He Successful? "and <span class="smcap">Mr.
+Kirke's</span> "Among the Pines," and "Merchant's Story," and nearly 3,000
+octavo pages of the best literature in the world. Premium subscribers to
+pay their own postage.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/imgffl.jpg" alt="Finest Farming Lands" title="Finest Farming Lands" /></div>
+
+
+<p><b>EQUAL TO ANY IN THE WORLD!!!</b></p>
+
+<p>MAY BE PROCURED</p>
+
+<p><b>At FROM $8 to $12 PER ACRE,</b></p>
+
+<p>Near Markets, Schools, Railroads, Churches, and all the blessings of
+Civilization.</p>
+
+<p>1,200,000 Acres, in Farms of 40, 80, 120, 160 Acres and upwards, in
+ILLINOIS, the Garden State of America.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The Illinois Central Railroad Company offer, ON LONG CREDIT, the
+beautiful and fertile PRAIRIE LANDS lying along the whole line of their
+Railroad. 700 MILES IN LENGTH, upon the most Favorable Terms for
+enabling Farmers, Manufacturers, Mechanics and Workingmen to make for
+themselves and their families a competency, and a HOME they can call
+THEIR OWN, as will appear from the following statements:</p>
+
+<p>ILLINOIS.</p>
+
+<p>Is about equal in extent to England, with a population of 1,722,666, and
+a soil capable of supporting 20,000,000. No State in the Valley of the
+Mississippi offers so great an inducement to the settler as the State of
+Illinois. There is no part of the world where all the conditions of
+climate and soil so admirably combine to produce those two great
+staples, <span class="smcap">Corn</span> and <span class="smcap">Wheat</span>.</p>
+
+<p>CLIMATE.</p>
+
+<p>Nowhere can the Industrious farmer secure such immediate results from
+his labor as on these deep, rich, loamy soils, cultivated with so much
+ease. The climate from the extreme southern part of the State to the
+Terre Haute, Alton and St. Louis Railroad, a distance of nearly 200
+miles, is well adapted to Winter.</p>
+
+<p>WHEAT, CORN, COTTON, TOBACCO.</p>
+
+<p>Peaches, Pears, Tomatoes, and every variety of fruit and vegetables is
+grown in great abundance, from which Chicago and other Northern markets
+are furnished from four to six weeks earlier than their immediate
+vicinity. Between the Terre Haute, Alton &amp; St. Louis Railway and the
+Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, (a distance of 115 miles on the Branch,
+and 136 miles on the Main Trunk,) lies the great Corn and Stock raising
+portion of the State.</p>
+
+<p>THE ORDINARY YIELD</p>
+
+<p>of Corn is from 60 to 80 bushels per acre. Cattle, Horses, Mules, Sheep
+and Hogs are raised here at a small cost, and yield large profits. It is
+believed that no section of country presents greater inducements for
+Dairy Farming than the Prairies of Illinois, a branch of farming to
+which but little attention has been paid, and which must yield sure
+profitable results. Between the Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, and
+Chicago and Dunleith, (a distance of 56 miles on the Branch and 147
+miles by the Main Trunk,) Timothy Hay, Spring Wheat, Corn, &amp;c., are
+produced in great abundance.</p>
+
+<p>AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.</p>
+
+<p>The Agricultural products of Illinois are greater than those of any
+other State. The Wheat crop of 1861 was estimated at 35,000,000 bushels,
+while the Corn crop yields not less than 140,000,000 bushels besides the
+crop of Oats, Barley, Rye, Buckwheat, Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes,
+Pumpkins, Squashes, Flax, Hemp, Peas, Clover, Cabbage, Beets, Tobacco,
+Sorgheim, Grapes, Peaches, Apples, &amp;c., which go to swell the vast
+aggregate of production in this fertile region. Over Four Million tons
+of produce were sent out the State of Illinois during the past year.</p>
+
+<p>STOCK RAISING.</p>
+
+<p>In Central and Southern Illinois uncommon advantages are presented for
+the extension of Stock raising. All kinds of Cattle, Horses, Mules,
+Sheep, Hogs, &amp;c., of the best breeds, yield handsome profits; large
+fortunes have already been made, and the field is open for others to
+enter with the fairest prospects of like results. Dairy Farming also
+presents its inducements to many.</p>
+
+<p>CULTIVATION OF COTTON.</p>
+
+<p>The experiments in Cotton culture are of very great promise. Commencing
+in latitude 39 deg. 30 min. (see Mattoon on the Branch, and Assumption
+on the Main Line), the Company owns thousands of acres well adapted to
+the perfection of this fibre. A settler having a family of young
+children, can turn their youthful labor to a most profitable account in
+the growth and perfection of this plant.</p>
+
+<p>THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD</p>
+
+<p>Traverses the whole length of the State, from the banks of the
+Mississippi and Lake Michigan to the Ohio. As its name imports, the
+Railroad runs through the centre of the State, and on either side of the
+road along its whole length lie the lands offered for sale.</p>
+
+<p>CITIES, TOWNS, MARKETS, DEPOTS.</p>
+
+<p>There are Ninety-eight Depots on the Company's Railway, giving about one
+every seven miles. Cities, Towns and Villages are situated at convenient
+distances throughout the whole route, where every desirable commodity
+may be found as readily as in the oldest cities of the Union, and where
+buyers are to be met for all kinds of farm produce.</p>
+
+<p>EDUCATION.</p>
+
+<p>Mechanics and working-men will find the free school system encouraged by
+the State, and endowed with a large revenue for the support of the
+schools. Children can live in sight of the school, the college, the
+church, and grow up with the prosperity of the leading State in the
+Great Western Empire.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h4>PRICES AND TERMS OF PAYMENT&mdash;ON LONG CREDIT.</h4>
+
+<p class='center'>
+80 acres at $10 per acre, with interest at 6 per ct. annually
+on the following terms:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="Cost of Land">
+<tr><td align='left'>Cash payment</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$48 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in one year</td><td align='right'>48 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>in two years</td><td align='right'>48 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>in three years</td><td align='right'>48 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>in four years</td><td align='right'>236 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>in five years</td><td align='right'>224 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>in six years</td><td align='right'>212 00</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='center'>40 acres, at $10 00 per acre:</p>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="Cost of Land">
+<tr><td align='left'>Cash payment</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>$24 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Payment</td><td align='left'>in one year</td><td align='right'>24 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>in two years</td><td align='right'>24 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>in three years</td><td align='right'>24 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>in four years</td><td align='right'>118 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>in five years</td><td align='right'>112 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>in six years</td><td align='right'>106 00</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Continental Monthly , Vol IV, Issue
+VI, December 1863, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Continental Monthly , Vol IV, Issue VI,
+December 1863, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Continental Monthly , Vol IV, Issue VI, December 1863
+       Devoted to Literature and National Policy.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 30, 2006 [EBook #18946]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONTINENTAL MONTHLY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, Janet Blenkinship and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by Cornell University Digital Collections)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CONTINENTAL MONTHLY:
+
+DEVOTED TO
+
+LITERATURE AND NATIONAL POLICY.
+
+VOL. IV.--DECEMBER, 1863.--No. VI.
+
+
+
+
+THE NATION.
+
+
+We are of the race of the Empire Builders. Some races have been sent
+into the world to destroy. Ours has been sent to create. It was needed
+that the blunders of ten centuries and more, across the water, should be
+given a chance for amendment. On virgin soil, the European races might
+cure themselves of the fever pains of ages. So they were called here to
+try. There was no rubbish to sweep away. The mere destructive had no
+occupation. The builder and creator was the man wanted. In the full glow
+of civilization, with the accumulated experience of the toiling
+generations, with all the wealth of the fruitful past, we, 'the foremost
+in the files of time,' have been called to this business of _nation
+making_.
+
+The men of our blood, they say, are given to boasting. America adds
+flashing nerve fire to the dull muscle of Europe. That is the fact. But
+the tendency to boasting is an honest inheritance. We can hardly boast
+louder than our fathers across the sea have taught us. The boasting of
+New York can scarcely drown the boasting of London. Jonathan thinks
+highly of himself, but, certainly, John Bull is not behind him in
+self-esteem.
+
+But, after all, what wonder? Ten centuries of victory over nature and
+over men may give a race the right to boast--ten centuries of victory
+with never a defeat! The English tongue is an arrogant tongue, we grant.
+Command, mastery, lordliness, are bred into its tones. The old tongue of
+the Romans was never deeper marked in those respects than our own. It is
+a freeman's speech, this mother language. A slave can never speak it. He
+garbles, clips, and mumbles it, makes 'quarter talk' of it. The hour he
+learns to speak English he is spoiled for a slave. It is the tongue of
+conquerors, the language of imperial will, of self-asserting
+individuality, of courage, masterhood, and freedom. There is no need of
+being thin-skinned under the charge of boasting. A man cannot very well
+learn, in his cradle, 'the tongue that Shakspeare spake,' without
+talking sometimes as if he and his owned creation.
+
+For the tongue is the representative of the speaker. A people embodies
+its soul in its language. And the people who inherit English have done
+work enough in this little world to give them a right to do some
+talking. They, at least, can speak their boast, and hear it seconded, in
+the bold accents their mothers taught them, on every shore and on every
+sea. They have been the world's day-laborers now for some centuries.
+They have felled its forests, drained its marshes, dug in its mines,
+ploughed its wastes, built its cities. They have done rough pioneer work
+over all its surface. They have done it, too, as it never was done
+before. They have made it _stay done_. They have never given up one inch
+of conquered ground. They have never yielded back one square foot to
+barbarism. Won once to civilization, under their leadership, and your
+square mile of savage waste and jungle is won forever.
+
+We are inclined to think the world might bear with us. We talk a great
+deal about ourselves, perhaps; but, on the whole, are we not buying the
+privilege? Did a race ever buckle to its business in this world in more
+splendid style than our own? With both hands clenched, stripped to the
+waist, blackened and begrimed and sweat bathed, this race takes its
+place in the vanguard of the world and bends to its chosen toil. The
+grand, patient, hopeful people, how they grasp blind brute nature, and
+tame her, and use her at their word! How they challenge and defeat in
+the death grapple the grim giants of the waste and the storm--fever,
+famine, and the frost!
+
+You will find them down, to-day, among the firedamps in the mines,
+to-morrow among the splendid pinnacles of the mountains, to settle a
+fact of science, or add a mite to human knowledge. Here is one,
+painfully toiling through the tangled depths of a desert continent, to
+find a highway for commerce or Christianity. Here is another, in the
+lonely seas around the pole, where the ghostly ice-mountains go drifting
+through the gray mists, patiently wrestling with the awful powers of
+nature, to snatch its secret from the hoary deep, and bring it home in
+triumph. Hard fisted, big boned, tough brained, and stout hearted,
+scared at nothing, beaten back by no resistance, baffled, for long, by
+no obstacle, this race works as though the world were only one vast
+workshop, and they wanted all the tools and all the materials, and were
+anxious to monopolize the work of the world.
+
+They are workers primarily, makers, producers, builders. Labor is their
+appointed business as a people. Sometimes they have to fight, when fools
+stand in their way, or traitors oppose their endeavors. They have had to
+do, indeed, their fair share of fighting. Things go so awry in this
+world that a patient worker is often called to drop his tools, square
+himself, and knock down some idiot who insists on bothering him. And
+this race of ours has therefore often, patient as it is, flamed out into
+occasional leonine wrath. It really does not like fighting. That
+performance interferes with its proper business. It takes to the
+ploughshare more kindly than to the sabre, and likes to manage a steam
+engine better than a six-gun battery. But if imbeciles and scoundrels
+will get in its way, and will mar its pet labors, then, heaven help
+them! The patient blood blazes into lava, fire, the big muscles strain
+over the black cannon, the brawny arm guides the fire-belching tower of
+iron on the sea, and, when these people do fight, they fight, like the
+Titans when they warred with Jove, with a roar that shakes the spheres.
+They go at that as they do at everything. They fight to clear this
+confusion up, to settle it once for all, so it will _stay_ settled, that
+they may go to their work again in peace. Fond of a clean job, they
+insist on making a clean job of their fighting, if they have to fight at
+all.
+
+'But, after all, this race of ours is selfish,' you say. 'It works only
+for itself, and you are making something grand and heroic out of that.
+If it civilizes, it civilizes for itself. If it builds cities, drains
+marshes, redeems jungles, explores rivers, builds railroads, and prints
+newspapers, it is doing all for its own pocket.' Well, we say, why not?
+Is the laborer not worthy of his hire? Do you expect a patient, toiling
+people to conquer a waste continent here, for God and man, and get
+nothing for it from either? A people never yet did a good stroke of work
+in this world without getting a fair day's wages for the job. The old
+two-fisted Romans, in their day, did a good deal of hard work in the way
+of road and bridge building, and the like of that, across the sea, and
+did it well, and they got paid for it by several centuries of mastery
+over Europe. We rather think, high as the pay was, and little as the
+late Romans seem to have deserved it, it was, on the whole, a profitable
+bargain for Europe. The truth is, our race has, like all other great
+creating races, been building wiser than it knew. It is not necessary
+that such a race should be conscious of its mission. In its own
+intention it may work for itself. By the guiding of the Great Master, it
+does work for all humanity and all time. If a race comes on the earth
+mere fighters, brigands, and thieves, living by force, fraud, and
+oppression, even then it serves a purpose. It destroys something that
+needs destroying. In its own turn, however, it must perish. But an
+honest race, that undertakes to earn its honest living on the earth, and
+in the main does earn it, honestly and industriously, by planting and
+building, like our own, never works merely for itself. It plants and
+builds to stand forever. The results of patient toil never perish. They
+are so much clear gain to humanity.
+
+To many, the _conscious_ end of the existence of the Yankee nation may
+have been a small affair indeed. That end is only what they make it. Its
+_unconscious_ end is, however, another matter. That end God has made. To
+one man, the nation exists that he may make wooden clocks and sell them.
+To another, the chief end of the nation's existence is that he may get a
+good crop of wheat to market during rising quotations. To another, that
+he may do a good stroke of business in the boot and shoe line. To
+another, that he may make a good thing in stocks. To some in the past,
+this nation existed solely that men might breed negroes in Virginia, and
+work them in Alabama! This great nation was worth the blacks it owned,
+and the cotton it raised! Actually that was all. The _conscious_ end to
+thousands amounted to about this. Men looked at the nation from their
+own small place. They dwarfed its purposes. They made them small and
+mean and low. They did this three years ago more commonly, we think,
+than they do now. The war has taught us many things. It has certainly
+taught us higher ideas of the value of the Nation, and a loftier idea of
+the meaning of its life. We have awaked to the fact that we are trustees
+of this continent for the world. We have been fighting for two years and
+more, not to save this nation for the value of its wheat, or cotton, or
+manufactures, or exports, but for the value of the ideas, the hopes, the
+aspirations, the tendencies this nation embodies. We have risen to see
+that it were a good bargain to barter all the material wealth it holds
+for the priceless spiritual ideas it represents. France babbles about
+'going to war for an idea.' We don't babble. We buckle on our armor and
+fight, we practical, money-making Yankees, who are said to value
+everything by dollars, and, after two years of tremendous fighting, are
+half amazed ourselves to find we have been fighting solely for a
+half-dozen ideas the world can lose only at the cost of despair. Since
+the days when men left house and home and friends, with red crosses on
+their hearts, to redeem from the hands of the infidel the sepulchre
+which the dead Christ once made holy, the world has never seen a war
+carried on for a more purely ideal end than our own. We fight for the
+integrity of _the Nation_. We fight for what that word means of hope
+and confidence and freedom and advancement to the groaning and
+bewildered world. We say, let all else perish,--wealth, commerce,
+agriculture, cunning manufacture, humanizing art. We expend all to save
+_the Nation_. That priceless possession we shall hold intact to the end,
+for ourselves, our children, and the coming years!
+
+Let us see what this thing is that we prize so highly. Let us see if we
+are paying any too high a price for our object--if it is worth a million
+lives and a countless treasure. What is _the Nation_?
+
+There used to be a theory of 'the Social Compact.' It was a prominent
+theory in the French Revolution, It was vastly older, however, than that
+event. It was originally a theory of the Epicureans. Ovid has something
+to say about it. Horace advocates it. It has not perished. It exists in
+a fragmentary way in some books taught in colleges. It has more or less
+of a hold still on many minds. This theory teaches that the natural
+state of man is a state of warfare, an isolated savagery, where each
+man's hand is against his neighbor, each lord and master for himself,
+with no rights except what force gives him, and no possessions except
+what he can hold by force. This natural state, however, was found to be
+a very uncomfortable state, and so men contrive to get out of it as soon
+as possible. For this purpose they form a 'social compact.' They come
+together, and agree to give up some of their natural rights to a settled
+government, on condition that government protect them in the others.
+That is to say, naturally they have the right to steal all they can lay
+their hands on, to rob, plunder, murder, and commit adultery, if they
+have the power, and, generally, to live like a pack of amiable tiger
+cats; but that these pleasant and amusing natural rights they consent to
+give up, on condition they are relieved from the trouble of guarding
+others. Just such babblement as that you can read in very learned books,
+and stuff like that has actually been taught in colleges, and nobody was
+sent to the lunatic asylum! That is the theory of the 'Social Compact.'
+That is the way, according to that theory, that nations are made.
+
+It is enough to say of this old heathen dream, that there never was such
+a state of savage brutalism known since man was man. All men are born
+under some law, some government, some controlling authority. As long as
+fathers and mothers are necessary, in the economy of nature, to a man's
+getting into the world at all, it is very hard for him to escape law and
+control when he comes. I was never asked whether I would be a citizen of
+the United States, whether it was my high will to come into 'the Social
+Compact' existing here. Neither were you. No man ever was. Just fancy
+the United States solemnly asking all the infants born this year, 'if
+they are willing to join the social compact and behave themselves in the
+country as respectable babies should!
+
+It is vastly better to take facts and try to comprehend and use them.
+And, as a fact, man is not naturally a brute beast. He never had to make
+a Social Compact. He has always found one made ready to his hand. Some
+established order, some national life has always stood ready to receive
+the new recruit to the ranks of humanity, put him in his place, and ask
+him no questions. He is made for society. Society is made for him. He is
+not isolated, but joined to his fellows by links stronger than iron, by
+bands no steel can sever. The nation stands waiting for him. In some
+shape, with some development of national life, but always essentially
+the same, the nation takes him, plastic at his birth, into its great
+hands, and moulds and fashions him, by felt and unfelt influences,
+whether he will or no, into the national shape and figure.
+
+And that is what nations are made for. They do not exist to produce
+wheat, corn, cattle, cotton, or cutlery, but to produce _men_. The
+wheat, corn, and the rest exist for the sake of the men. The real value
+of the nation, to itself and to the world, is not the things it
+produces, but the style of man it produces. That is the broad difference
+between China and Massachusetts, between Japan and New York. Nations
+exist to be training schools for men. That is their real business.
+Accordingly as they do it better or worse they are prospering or the
+reverse. What is France about? The newspaper people tell me she is
+building ships, drilling zouaves, diplomatizing at Rome, brigandizing in
+Mexico, huzzaing for glory and Napoleon the Third. That is about the
+wisdom of the newspapers. She is moulding a million unsuspecting little
+innocents into Frenchmen! That is what she is at, and nobody seems to
+notice. What is England doing? Weaving cotton, when she can get it, I am
+told, drilling rifle brigades, blustering in the _Times_, starving her
+workmen in Lancashire, and feasting her Prince in London, talking
+'strict neutrality' in Parliament, and building pirates on the Clyde.
+She's doing worse than that. That is not half her wrong-doing. She is
+taking thousands of plastic, impressible, innocent babes, into her big
+hands, monthly, and kneading them and hardening them into regular John
+Bulls! That's a pretty job to think of!
+
+So the nations are at work all over the world. And the nation that, as a
+rule, takes 'mamma's darling' into its arms, and in twenty or thirty
+years makes him the best specimen of a man, is the most perfect nation
+and best fulfils a nation's purpose.
+
+For the business of Education, which so many consider the schoolmaster's
+speciality, is a larger business than they think. The Family exists to
+do it, the Church exists to do it. It is the real business of the State.
+The great Universe itself, with all its vastness, its powers and its
+mysteries, was created for this. It is simply God's great schoolroom. He
+has floored it with the emerald queen of the earth and of the gleaming
+seas. He has roofed it with a sapphire dome, lit with flaming starfire
+and sun blaze. He has set the great organ music of the spheres
+reverberating forevermore through its high arches. He has put his
+children here, to train them for their grand inheritance. He has ordered
+nature and life and circumstance for this one great end.
+
+Therefore the Nation is not a joint-stock company. It is not a
+paper association. It is not a mutual assurance society for life
+and property. That is the shallow, surface notion that makes
+such miserable babble in political speeches. The Nation is Divine and
+not Human. It is of GOD's making and not of man's. It is a moral
+school, a spiritual training institute for educating and graduating men.
+For that purpose it is _alive_. Men can make associations, companies,
+compacts. God only makes _living bodies_, divine, perpetual
+institutions, with life in themselves, which exist because man exists,
+which can never end till man ends. The Family is one of these. The Church
+is another, in any shape it comes. The Nation is another, holding Family
+and Church both in its arms.
+
+True, from the fact that the power, the administration and the
+arrangements of details are in men's hands in the nation mistake is
+common, and people are tempted to think the Nation purely human. All
+thought below the surface will show the fallacy and stamp the Nation as
+the handiwork of God.
+
+We believe true thought on this matter is, at this day and in this land,
+of first importance. The Lord of Hosts rules, and not the master of a
+thousand regiments with smoking cannon. God builds the Nation for a
+purpose. While it fulfils that purpose it shall stand. The banded folly
+and scoundrelhood within and the gathered force of all enemies without
+shall never overthrow one pillar in its strong foundations or topple
+down one stone from its battlements while it works honestly toward its
+true end. Not till it turn traitor to its place and purposes, not till
+it madly plant itself in the way of the great wheels that roll the world
+back to light and justice, will He who built it hurl it to the earth
+again in crashing ruin, to build another order in its place. The man who
+has let that great truth, written out in flame across the dusky forehead
+of the Past, slip from his foolish atheist's heart and his shallow
+atheist's brain, is blind, not only to our own land's short history, but
+to the lessons of the long ages and the broad world.
+
+We have been driven back to the loftiest ground on this question. We
+have found that only on that could we stand. When the very foundations
+of what we held most awful and reverential have been assailed by mad
+traitorous hands, as though they were vulgar things, when frenzied
+self-will has laid its profane grasp upon the Ark of the Covenant, we
+have been forced back to those strong foundations on which nations
+stand, for hope and confidence, to those tremendous sanctions that
+girdle in, as with the fires of God, the sanctity of Law, the majesty of
+Order, and established Right. We have declared these things Divine. We
+have said men administer truly, but men did not create, and men have no
+right to destroy. We arise in the defence of institutions of which
+Jehovah has made us the guardians for men!
+
+We have said the Nation exists to train men, that the best nation is the
+one that trains the best men. Let us see how it does this.
+
+In the first place, it educates by Written Law. To be sure, laws are
+passed to define and protect human rights, in person, purse, family, or
+good name. People sometimes think that is all they do. But consider.
+These laws on the Statute Book are the Nation's deliberate convictions,
+so far, on right and wrong, a real code of morals, the decisions of the
+national conscience on moral subjects. An act is passed punishing theft.
+It is intended to protect property indeed, but it does more. It stands
+there, the Nation's conviction on a point of ethics. Theft is absolutely
+wrong. It passes another act punishing perjury. The mere lawyer looks at
+this solely as a facility for getting at the truth before a jury. It is
+vastly more. It is a moral decision. The Nation binds the Ten
+Commandments on the popular conscience, and declares, 'Thou shalt not
+bear false witness.' It declares, 'There are everlasting distinctions,
+things absolutely right, and things absolutely wrong. So far has the
+conscience of the Nation made things clear. The good citizen knows all
+this without the Statute Book, and much more. But there must be a limit
+somewhere. Here it is. Up to this point you may come, but no farther.
+Everlasting distinctions must be taught by bolts, chains, and scaffolds,
+if there are those in the Nation who will learn them from no other
+teachers.'
+
+It has been very easy to tamper with Law among ourselves, very easy to
+try experiments. And people get the notion that Law is a mere human
+affair, the act of a legislature, the will of a majority. It is all a
+mistake. A Nation's living laws are the slow growth of ages. They are
+its solemn convictions on wrongs and rights, written in its heart. The
+business of a wise legislator is to help all those convictions to
+expression in formal enactment. Meddling fools try to choke them, pass
+acts against them even, think they can annihilate such convictions. One
+day the convictions insist on being heard, if not by formal law, then by
+terrible informal protest against some legalized wrong. Think how
+laboriously lawmakers have toiled to prevent the expression of the
+Nation's determined convictions on the subject of Slavery! Think of the
+end! Nay, all enactments which accord with these deep decisions of the
+National Conscience, which help them to better expression and clearer
+acknowledgment, are the real Laws of the Land. All that oppose these
+decisions, though passed by triumphant majorities, with loud jubilation,
+and fastened on the Nation as its sense of right, are mere rubbish, sure
+to be swept away as the waves of the National life roll on.
+
+We, by no means, hold that even the best nation, in its most living
+laws, always declares perfect truth and perfect right. Human errors and
+weaknesses enter into all things with which men deal. And the Nation is
+ordered and guided by men. Nevertheless the Nation is an authorized
+teacher of morals, and these errors are the accidents of the
+institution. They are not of its essence. So far as they exist, they
+block its working, they stand in its way. Pure, clear Justice is the
+perfect ideal toward which a living, advancing Nation aims. That it
+daily come nearer this ideal is the basis of its permanence. And,
+meanwhile, though the result be far from attained, we none the less hold
+that the Law of the Nation is, to every man within it, the Law of God.
+His business, as a wise man, is to accept it, obey it, help it to
+amendment where he believes there is error, with all patience and
+loyalty.
+
+For the first disorder in the makeup of man is wilfulness. The child
+kicks and scratches in his cradle. It wants to have its own small will.
+The first lesson it has to learn is the lesson of submission, that the
+untried world, into which it is thrust, is not a place of self-pleasing
+but of law. It takes parents and teachers years to get that fact through
+the stubborn youngster's head. It will burn its fingers, it will tumble
+down stairs, it will pitch head first over fences, because it will not
+learn to forego its own small, ignorant will, and submit to wiser and
+larger wills. In the good old days they used to think that matter ought
+to be learned in childhood once for all, and they labored faithfully to
+convince us urchins, by the unsparing logic of the rod, that the law of
+life is not self-will. Some of us, possibly, remember those emphatic
+lessons yet.
+
+It is hard, however, to learn this thing perfectly. And so after the
+Mother, Father, and Teacher get through, the Nation takes up the lesson.
+A wise, wide, unselfish will takes command, and puts down the narrow,
+conceited, selfish will of the individual. The individual will may think
+itself very wise and very right. But the large will, the broad, strong,
+wise will of the Nation, comes and says: 'Here is the _Law_, the
+embodiment of the great, wide, wise will, to which the wisest and the
+strongest must submit and bow.'
+
+That is the law of human position. Not self-will but obedience, not
+anarchy but order, not mad uncontrolledness, but calm submission, even
+to temporary error and wrong, is the road to ultimate perfection.
+Therefore, we can say nothing too reverential of Law. We cannot guard
+too jealously the clear trumpet-tongued preacher of everlasting right,
+sounding out a great Nation's convictions of obligation and duty. Hedge
+its sanctity with a ring wall of fire. Reverence the voice of the land
+for right and order. We have exploded forever, let us trust, the notion
+of 'the right divine of kings to govern wrong.' We must cling,
+therefore, with tenfold tenacity to the right divine of Law, the Sacred
+Majesty of the Nation's settled Order.
+
+But the Written Law is only one way in which the Nation brings its
+teachings home to the individual. It is not the strongest way. The
+Nation's most powerful formative influence lies in its _traditions_, its
+unwritten law, its sense and feeling about the questions of human life
+and conduct, handed down from father to son in the continuity of the
+national life. And the power to hand these down depends on the fact that
+the Nation is a living organism.
+
+For examine, and you will find every nation has a power to mould men
+after a certain model. We are Americans because we have been made so by
+the national influence. Rome, in old time, moulded men after a certain
+type, and, with infinite small diversities, made them all Romans. Greece
+took them, and, on another model, made them Greeks. England has the
+artistic power, and kneads the clay of childhood into the grown up
+creature the world knows as an Englishman. France has the same power,
+and manufactures the Frenchman.
+
+Now this moulding power, which every nation has, and the greatest
+nations the most markedly of all, comes mostly from what we call the
+National Tradition. Some people call it Public Opinion. They think they
+can even make it. They suppose it belongs to the present. In fact, they
+cannot make it to any extent at all. It belongs to the past. It is a
+thing inherited. It is best to call it National Tradition.
+
+For the nation, being an organism, and living, its life does not end
+with one generation. The river flows to-day, and is the same river it
+was a thousand years ago, though every wave and every drop has changed a
+million times. So the generations heave on into the great sea and are
+forgotten, but the Nation abides the same. So all the thought, and
+feeling, and conviction of the Nation to-day, on questions of human life
+and duty, it brings from the far-away past, from the gray mists of the
+distant hills where it took its rise.
+
+Just think! The life of every great, strong man and woman, who has
+lived, thought, worked in the Nation, has it not entered into the
+Nation's life? Is not here yet, a part of the Nation's influence? Every
+great, distinct type of human nature grown in the Nation becomes forever
+a mould in which to cast men. Every great deed done, every strong
+thought uttered, every noble life lived, is committed to the stream of
+this national tradition. Every great victory won, every terrible defeat
+suffered, every grand word spoken, every noble song sung, is alive to
+the last. The living Nation drops nothing, loses nothing out of its
+life. The Saxon Alfred, the Norman William, Scandinavian viking, moss
+trooper of the border, they have all gone into our circulation, they all
+help to shape Americans. And we have added Washington, the stainless
+gentleman, and Jefferson, the unselfish statesman, and Franklin, the
+patient conqueror of circumstance, and a thousand others, as types by
+which to form the children of this people for a thousand years.
+
+Think, too, how the national tradition rejects all bad models, all mean
+types, how it refuses to touch them at any price, how it will only carry
+down the grand models, the noble types. Arnold never enters as an
+influence into national training. The Arnolds and their treason are
+whelmed and sunk, as the Davises and their treason will be. The
+Washingtons do live as types. Their deeds sweep on, like stately barks,
+borne proudly on the rolling waves of the Nation's life, with triumphal
+music on their snowy decks, the land's glory for evermore! Only the
+noble, only the good, the true in some shape, never the utterly false or
+vile, will this national tradition hold and keep, as an influence and a
+power for time.
+
+Unseen, unfelt, but strong like God's hand, this power surrounds the
+cradle of the child. He finds it waiting for him. He does not know about
+it or reason about it. It takes him, soft and plastic as it finds him,
+and calls out his powers, and fashions them after its own forms. Before
+he is twenty-one he is made up for good and all, an American, an
+Englishman, or a Frenchman, _for life_. The creating influence was like
+the air. He breathed it into his circulation.
+
+There are people who think it very wise to quarrel with this state of
+things. They think it philosophic to sneer at national prejudices, as
+they call them, to call national pride and national feeling narrow and
+bigoted. It is simply very silly to quarrel with any divine and
+unalterable order of life. Better work under it and with it. Does not
+love of country exalt and ennoble, and all the more because of its
+prejudices? Does not the very meanest feel himself higher, more worthy,
+more self-respecting, because he is one of a strong, great, free people,
+with a grand inheritance of heroism from the past, and grand
+possibilities for the future? Who will quarrel with the Frenchman, the
+Englishman, or the Japanese, for holding his land the fairest land, his
+nation the noblest nation the sun shines on? Is it not my fixed faith
+that he is utterly deluded? Do I not _know_ that my own land is the
+garden of the Lord? Do I not see that its valleys are the holiest, and
+its mountains the loftiest, its rivers the most majestic, and its seas
+the broadest, its men the bravest, and its women the purest and fairest
+on the broad earth's face? Even Fourth of July orations have their uses.
+
+No! thank Heaven for this virtue of patriotism! It lifts a man out of
+his lower nature, and makes his heart beat with the hearts of heroes.
+There are two or three things in the world men will die for. The Nation
+is one. They will die for the land where their fathers sleep. They will
+fling fortune, hope, peace, family bliss, life itself, all into the
+gulf, to save its hearths from shame, its roof trees from dishonor. They
+will follow the tattered rag they have made the symbol of its right,
+through bursting shells and hissing hail of rifle shot, and serried
+ranks of gleaming bayonets, 'into the jaws of death, into the mouth of
+Hell,' when they are called. They will do this in thousands, the poorest
+better than the richest often, the humblest just as heroically as the
+leaders of the people. And therefore, we say, thank God for the
+elevating power of Patriotism, for national Pride, for national
+_prejudice_, if you will, that can, by this great love of country, so
+conquer selfishness, meanness, cowardice, and all lower loves, and make
+the very lowest by its power a hero, while the mortal man dies for the
+immortal Nation! Let a man commit himself boldly to the tendencies and
+influences of his race then. Let him work with them, not against them.
+He cannot be too much an American, too thoroughly penetrated with the
+convictions and the spirit of his country. And he need fear no
+contracting narrowness. The Nation's aims are wiser far and loftier far
+than the wisest and the loftiest of any one man, or any one generation.
+
+We have faintly shadowed out here something of the meaning of THE
+NATION. If we are right, we can pay no price that shall come near
+its value. For ourselves, for our children, for the ages coming, it is
+verily the Ark of the Covenant. We have seen that we are here to build
+it. Because GOD needed these United States, He kept a continent
+till the time was ripe, and then sent His workmen to the work. We are
+all, in our degree, builders on those walls. We are building fast, these
+days. Some rotten stones have entered into the structure, and it is hard
+work to get them out, but we shall succeed. We shall see that no more of
+that kind get in. Let us build on the broad foundation of the fathers a
+stately palace, of marble, pure and white, whose towers shall flash back
+in glory the sunlight of centuries, towers of refuge against falsehood
+and wrong and cruelty forevermore.
+
+We are all builders, we say. The humblest does his share. There's fear
+in that thought, but more of hope. Nothing perishes. The private, who
+falls, bravely fighting, does his part like the general. The ploughman's
+honest life gives its contribution to the Nation's greatness as the
+life of Webster does. All is telling in 'the long results of time,'
+helping to decide what style of manhood shall be fashioned in America
+for generations.
+
+For the great Nation grows slowly upward to its perfect proportions, as
+the parent and teacher of men. And all things and all men in it help to
+decide and develop that capacity. Not dazzling battle-bursts alone, not
+alone victorious charges on the trampled plain, not splendid triumphs,
+when laurelled legions march home from conquered provinces and humbled
+lands, not the mighty deeds of mighty men in camps, nor the mighty words
+of mighty men in senates, though all these do their part, and a grand
+part too--not these alone give the great land its character and might.
+These come from a thousand little things, we seldom think of. By the
+workman's axe that fells the forest as by the soldier's bayonet, by the
+gleaming ploughshare in the furrow as by the black Columbiad couchant on
+the rampart, by the schoolhouse in the valley as by the grim battery on
+the bay, by the church spire rising from the grove, by the humble
+cottage in the glen, by the Bible on the stand at eve, by the prayer
+from the peaceful hearth, by the bell that calls to worship through the
+hallowed air; by the merchant at his desk, and by the farmer in the
+harvest field, by the judge upon the bench, and the workman in his shop,
+by the student in his silent room, and by the sailor on the voiceful
+sea, by the honest speaker's tongue, by the honest writer's pen, and by
+the free press that gives the words of both a thousand pair of eagles'
+wings over land and sea, by every just and kindly word and work, by
+every honest, humble industry, by every due reward to manliness and
+right and loyalty, and by every shackle forged and every gallows built
+for villany and scoundrelhood; by a thousand things like these about us
+daily, working unnoticed year by year, is the great river swelled, of
+thought and feeling and conviction, that floats a mighty nation's
+grandeur on through the waiting centuries.
+
+
+
+
+BUCKLE, DRAPER, AND A SCIENCE OF HISTORY.
+
+_SECOND PAPER._
+
+
+The word _Science_ has been so indiscriminately applied to very diverse
+departments of our intellectual domain, that it has ceased to have any
+distinctive or well-defined signification. Meaning, appropriately, that
+which is certainly _known_, as distinguished from that which is matter
+of conjecture, opinion, thought, or plausible supposition merely, its
+application to any special branch of human inquiry signifies, in that
+sense, that the facts and principles relating to the given branch, or
+constituting it, are no longer subjects of uncertain investigation, but
+have become accurately and positively _known_, so as to be demonstrable
+to all intelligent minds and invariably recognized by them as true when
+rightly apprehended and understood. In the absence, however, of any
+clear conception of what constitutes _knowledge_, of where the dividing
+line between it and opinion lay, departments of the universe of
+intelligence almost wholly wanting in exactness and certainty have been
+dignified with the same title which we apply to departments most
+positively _known_. We hear of the Science of Mathematics, the Science
+of Chemistry, the Science of Medicine, the Science of Political Economy,
+and even of the Science of Theology.
+
+This vague use of the word Science is not confined to general custom
+only, but appertains as well to Scientists and writers on scientific
+subjects. So general is this indistinct understanding of the meaning of
+this term, that there does not exist in the range of scientific
+literature a precise, compact, exhaustive, intelligible definition of
+it. In order, therefore, to approach our present subject with clear
+mental vision, we must gain an accurate conception of the character and
+constituents of Science.
+
+In his _History of the Inductive Sciences_, Professor Whewell says:
+
+     'In the first place, then, I remark, that to the formation of
+     science, two things are requisite:--Facts and Ideas; observation of
+     Things without, and an inward effort of Thought; or, in other
+     words, Sense and Reason. Neither of these elements, by itself, can
+     constitute substantial general knowledge. The impression of sense,
+     unconnected by some rational and speculative principle, can only
+     end in a practical acquaintance with individual objects; the
+     operations of the rational faculties, on the other hand, if allowed
+     to go on without a constant reference of external things, can lead
+     only to empty abstraction and barren ingenuity. Real speculative
+     knowledge demands the combination of the two ingredients--right
+     reason and facts to reason upon. It has been well said, that true
+     knowledge is the interpretation of nature; and therefore it
+     requires both the interpreting mind, and nature for its subject,
+     both the document, and ingenuity to read it aright. Thus invention,
+     acuteness, and connection of thought, are necessary on the one
+     hand, for the progress of philosophical knowledge; and on the other
+     hand, the precise and steady application of these faculties to
+     facts well known and clearly conceived.'
+
+This explanation of the nature of Science, more elaborately expanded in
+_The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences_, is limited by its author to
+the Physical Sciences only. In addition to this circumscribed
+application, it is moreover indistinct by reason of the use of the word
+Ideas, a word to which so many different significations have been
+attached by different writers that its meaning is vague and
+undefined--to convey the impression of Laws or Principles. The same
+defect exists in the detailed exposition is perhaps the most extended
+and complete extant.
+
+But even when we gain a clear conception of the proposition which
+Professor Whewell only vaguely apprehends and therefore does not clearly
+state, namely--that Science is an assemblage of Facts correlated by Laws
+or Principles, a system in which the mutual _relations_ of the Facts are
+known, and the Laws or Principles established by them are
+discovered;--when we understand this ever so distinctly, we are still at
+the beginning of a knowledge of what constitutes Science. When do we
+know that we have a Fact? How are we to be sure that our proof is not
+defective? By what means shall it be certain, beyond the cavil of a
+doubt, that the right Laws or Principles, and no more than those
+warranted by the Facts, are deduced? These and some other questions must
+be definitely settled before we can thoroughly comprehend the nature of
+Science, and the consideration of which brings us, in the first place,
+to the examination of the characteristics of Scientific Methods.
+
+The intellectual development of the world has proceeded under the
+operation of three Methods. Two of these, identical in their mode of
+action, but arriving, nevertheless, at widely different results, from
+the different points at which they take their departure, are not
+commonly discriminated, but are both included in the technical term
+_Deductive Method_. The other is denominated the _Inductive_. A brief
+analysis of these Methods will clear the way for an understanding of the
+nature of Science, particularly in its application to the subject of
+History, with which we are at present especially concerned.
+
+The earliest evolution of that which has been called Science,--the
+Mathematics, which we dismiss for the instant, excepted,--took place
+under the operation of a Method, which, ordinarily confounded with the
+true Deductive one, is now better known among rigorous Scientists as the
+Hypothetical or Anticipative Method. This has two modes of expression,
+one of which consists in the assumption of Laws or Principles, which
+have not been adequately verified, or in the erection of fanciful
+hypotheses, as the starting points of reasoning for the purpose of
+establishing other Facts. The second and most common operation referred
+to this Method, which is, however, strictly speaking, an imperfect
+application of the Inductive Method, is _to draw conclusions from Facts
+which these do not warrant_--sometimes conclusions not related to the
+Facts, oftener those which, being so related, are a step beyond the
+legitimate inferences which the Facts authorize, though in the same
+direction. This results in the establishment of Laws or Principles as
+true, which are by no means proven, many of which are subsequently found
+to be incorrect. It is to this operation of the Hypothetical Method that
+Professor Whewell, who does not discriminate the two, refers when he
+describes the defect in the physical speculations of the Greek
+philosophers to have been, 'that though they had in their possession
+Facts and Ideas, _the Ideas were not distinct and appropriate to the
+Facts_.' The main cause of defect in the mental process here employed is
+the tendency of the human mind to generalize at too early a stage of the
+investigation, and consequently upon a too narrow basis of Facts.
+
+This Method characterized the intellectual activity of the race from the
+earliest beginnings of thought up to a period which is commonly said to
+have commenced with the publication of the _Novum Organum_ of Lord
+Bacon. It was of course fruitless of _Scientific_ results, as it was not
+a Scientific, but an absolutely Unscientific Method, since _certainty_
+is the basis of all Science, and since a Method which attempts to deduce
+Facts from Principles which are not ascertained to be Principles, or
+Principles from an insufficient accumulation of Facts, cannot insure
+certainty.
+
+It is common to aver that the Anticipative or Hypothetical Method failed
+to secure distinct and established verities, and thus to answer the
+purpose of a guide to knowledge, because it neglected Facts, disregarded
+experience, and endeavored to spin philosophy out of the unverified
+thoughts of men. Professor Whewell, in the two able and valuable works
+to which we have referred, has shown that this was not the case among
+the Greeks, at least, whose Philosophy 'did, in its opinions, recognize
+the necessity and paramount value of observation; did, in its origin,
+proceed upon observed Facts, and did employ itself to no small extent in
+classifying and arranging phenomena;' and furthermore, 'that Aristotle,
+and other ancient philosophers, not only asserted in the most pointed
+manner that all our knowledge must begin from experience, but also
+stated, in language much resembling the habitual phraseology of the most
+modern schools of philosophizing, that particular facts must be
+_collected_; that from these, general principles must be obtained by
+induction; and that these principles, when of the most general kind, are
+_axioms_.'
+
+The confusion of thought which has existed and, to a considerable
+extent, still exists, even among Scientific men, in relation to the
+nature of this Method, arises from the want of an understanding of its
+twofold mode of operation, as just explained. The assertion of those
+who ascribe the failure of this Method to its neglect of Facts, is true;
+the averment of Professor Whewell that it was neither from a lack of
+Facts nor Ideas, but because the Ideas were not distinct and appropriate
+to the Facts, is not less so. But the former statement applies to that
+phase of the Method which assumed unverified Laws or Principles, or
+fanciful hypotheses, as the starting points of reasoning without
+reference to Facts; while the latter refers to the process, which, while
+it collected Facts and derived Laws therefrom, did not stop at the
+inferences which were warranted by the Facts. This last was the mode of
+applying the Method most in vogue with Aristotle and the Greek
+Scientists; while the first was preeminently, almost exclusively, the
+process of the Greek Philosophers and the mediaeval Schoolmen.
+
+But while the endeavor to arrive at certain knowledge by the Deductive
+Method, by attempting to reason from Principles to Facts, from Generals
+to Particulars, failed so completely as far as the Anticipative or
+Hypothetical branch, of the Method was concerned, the same mode of
+procedure was productive of the most satisfactory results when applied
+to Mathematics, and furnished a rapid and easy means of arriving at the
+ulterior Facts of this department of the universe with precision and
+certainty. We have thus the curious exhibition of the same process
+leading into utter confusion when applied to one set of phenomena, and
+into exactitude and surety when applied to another; and behold the
+Scientific world condemning as utterly useless for other departments of
+investigation, and throwing aside, a Method which is still retained in
+the only Science that is called _exact_, and in which proof amounts to
+_demonstration_, in the strict sense of the term. This anomaly will be
+recurred to and explained farther on.
+
+Soon after the invention of printing, with its resulting multiplication
+of books and increased intellectual activity, the mind of Europe began
+to emerge from the deep darkness in which it had been shrouded for
+centuries, and a number of great intellects engaged in the search after
+knowledge by the close and laborious examination of the actual
+existences and operations of nature around them. Leonardo da Vinci and
+Galileo in Italy; Copernicus, Kepler, and Tycho Brahe in Central Europe;
+and Gilbert in England, peered into the hidden depths of the universe,
+collected Facts, and established those Principles which are the
+foundations of the magnificent structures of modern Astronomy and
+Physics. About the same time, Francis Bacon put forth the formal and
+elaborate statement of that Method of acquiring knowledge which is often
+called after him the Baconian, but more commonly the Inductive Method;
+substantially the Method pursued by the great scientific dicoverers whom
+we have just named.
+
+The characteristic of this Method is the precise Observation of Facts or
+Phenomena and the Induction (drawing in) or accumulation of these
+accurate Observations as the basis of knowledge. (This is seemingly the
+first or etymological reason for the use of the term _Induction_; a term
+subsequently transferred, as we shall see, to the establishment of the
+Laws, from which then _ulterior_ Facts are to be _deduced_.) When a
+sufficient number of Facts have been accumulated and classified in any
+sphere of investigation, and these are found uniformly to reveal the
+same Law or Principle, it is assumed that all similar Phenomena are
+invariably governed by this Principle or Law, which, in reality
+_deduced_ or derived, is, by this inversion of terms, said to be
+_induced_ from the observed Facts. The Law so established has
+thenceforth two distinct functions: I, all the Facts of subsequent
+Observation, by the primitive Method of observation, are ranged under
+the Law which, to this extent, serves merely as a superior mode of
+classification; and, II, the Law itself, now assumed to be known and
+infallible, becomes an instrument of prevision and the consequent
+discovery through it of new Facts, the same which were meant by the
+expression 'ulterior Facts' above used. It is this _deduction_ of new
+Facts from an established Law which constitutes the true and legitimate
+Deductive Method of Science, the third of the three Methods above stated
+and the one which, as has been pointed out, is often erroneously
+confounded with the Anticipative or Hypothetical Method.
+
+The mode of investigation by the Inductive Method is, therefore, in
+general, similar to that which Aristotle and the Greek Scientists
+adopted. It first Observes and Collects Facts; then it resorts to
+Classification for the purpose of discovering the Law by which the
+observed Facts are regulated; then _derives_ from this Classification a
+General Law, presumed to be applicable to all similar Facts, although
+they have not yet been observed; and, finally, _deduces_ from the
+General Law thus established, new Facts and Particulars, by bringing
+them in under the Law.
+
+The Inductive Method is, therefore, almost identical in its mode of
+procedure with one of the processes anciently adopted for the
+acquisition of knowledge under the Anticipative or Hypothetical Method.
+It failed of fruitful results, in this earlier age, because, as we have
+seen, men were not content with adhering rigorously and patiently to the
+logical, irresistible conclusions which Facts evolved, but sought to
+wrench from them Principles, which required for their establishment a
+wider or different range of phenomena. On the revival of this Method
+among the modern Scientists, it was conceived, especially by Bacon, that
+a rigid adhesion to the legitimate deductions of Facts and a faithful
+exclusion from the domain of knowledge of everything which did _not_
+logically and inevitably result from the Observation and Classification
+of Facts, was the only safe way to arrive at certainty in any department
+of thought. It is this fidelity to conclusions rigorously derived from
+Facts, and the severe exclusion of everything not clearly substantiated
+by Observation, Classification, and Induction, which has given us the
+body of proximately definite knowledge that we now possess, and which,
+so far as it has been persevered in, has been productive of such
+beneficial intellectual results.
+
+Under the guidance of this Inductive Method new Sciences have been
+gradually generated, whose foundations and Principles are capable of
+such a degree of satisfactory proof as the Method itself affords. During
+the present century, Auguste Comte, a distinguished French philosopher,
+often denominated the Bacon of our epoch, the special champion of the
+Inductive Method, has undertaken, for our day, the task which his
+illustrious English predecessor attempted for his, namely--an Inventory
+and Classification of our intellectual stores. He endeavored to bring
+the Scientific world up to the _practical_ recognition of that which
+they had _theoretically_ maintained since Bacon's time,--that nothing
+deserves to be considered as true, which cannot be undoubtedly,
+conclusively established by inference, from the Facts of Experience,--a
+theory to which they had never strictly adhered. He insisted that all
+Theological, Metaphysical, and Transcendental Speculations were wholly
+beyond the range of exact inquiry, and should therefore be excluded from
+the domain in which human knowledge was to be sought; and that
+investigation should be confined to those regions of thought and
+activity which were within the limits of precise apprehension. Upon this
+clear, logical and right application of the Inductive Method, Comte
+based his Classification of our existing knowledge. He denominated as
+_Positive_ Sciences those systems of Principles and correlated Facts,
+comprising Mathematics, Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry, Biology,
+Sociology, and their derivative domains, which were founded on the exact
+Observation of Phenomena, and set aside all other realms of the universe
+of thought as departments in which _exact_ knowledge was impossible, and
+whose intellectual examination was therefore fruitless. The Philosophy
+based on this critical Method was denominated by its founder Positivism.
+All modern Scientists, with rare exceptions, whether they are disciples
+of Comte or not, are theoretical Positivists in their modes of
+investigation, in their unwillingness to accept theories not proven, in
+their partiality for Facts, and in their devotion to the Inductive
+Method, although the nature of _proof_ is still but dimly comprehended
+by them as a body, and much laxity creeps into their practical efforts
+at demonstration. Under the influence of Positivism, however, the
+Scientific field is being rapidly cleared of unestablished theories
+which formerly mingled with it, claiming to be an integral part of its
+area, and the boundaries of Science are becoming more closely defined.
+The Inductive Method is enthusiastically eulogized as the source of the
+success of modern Scientific investigators, as the true Scientific
+Method, and--except among a few of the most advanced thinkers--as the
+final word of wisdom in regard to the manner of establishing definite
+and exact knowledge. The Deductive, often called the _a priori_
+Method--in which term the Anticipative or Hypothetical and the true
+Deductive Method, seen in Mathematical investigations, are not
+sufficiently discriminated--is, on the other hand, almost everywhere
+denounced as essentially false, the source of all error; and we are
+assured that the attempt to work it was the fault of the old world,
+prior to Bacon, and the cause of its failure to secure great
+intellectual results.
+
+A distinguished thinker, Stephen Pearl Andrews, from whose writings some
+of these suggestions concerning Methods have been borrowed, points out
+three sources of confusion in the minds even of the learned themselves,
+in connection with this subject. First, in the verbal point of view, the
+terms Induction and Deduction are applied in a way directly the opposite
+of that which their Etymology would indicate: _In_-duction is used for
+the _De_-rivation of a Law from Facts, and _De_-duction for the
+_Intro_-duction of new Facts under the Law. Secondly, the two terms
+Inductive and Deductive, which are alone usually spoken of, are not
+enough to designate all the processes involved in the several Scientific
+Methods; and, thirdly, these terms are sometimes used to denote
+_Processes_ merely, and sometimes to designate Methods which are merely
+characterized by the predominance of one or the other of these
+Processes.
+
+This intricate subject of Methods may be better understood after a
+statement of the following considerations. Induction, as a _Process_,
+occurs whenever Facts are used as an instrument by which to discover a
+Principle or Law of Nature. The Principle is derived from, or, as
+Scientists have chosen to conceive it, _induced upon_ the Facts.
+Deduction, as a _Process_, occurs whenever a Principle or Law of Nature
+is used as an instrument by which to discover Facts. The new Facts are
+ranged under, or, as it is conceived, _deduced from_ the Principle.
+
+Each, of these Processes occurs in _every_ Scientific Method; but
+different Methods are _characterised_ by that one of these two Processes
+which is _put first or takes the lead in the given Method_. Thus, in
+both Methods which are included in the one generally called the
+Deductive, the main Process was _Deduction_, there being no perceptible
+_Induction_ from Collected Facts in the proper Hypothetical or
+Anticipative Method, while in the true Deductive Method, as applied to
+Mathematics, the Inductive stage is so short and so slight that it is
+performed instinctively by all people and the Deductive stage at once
+reached. The other branch of the Hypothetical Method, that used by
+Aristotle and the Greek Scientists, was, as we have seen, in reality a
+first and imperfect attempt to use the Inductive Method. In this Method
+itself, on the other hand, the main Process is the _Induction_ or
+derivation of a Principle or Law from accumulated Facts, while
+_Deduction_, or the bringing in of new Facts under the Law, is a
+subordinate or Secondary Process.
+
+In reality, there is but ONE Method, having several stages or
+_Processes_, which Processes, preponderating at different epochs, have
+not been clearly apprehended as necessary complements of each other, and
+have, hence, been regarded as different Methods. In one phase of the
+Anticipative or Hypothetical stage,--the assumption of basic Principles
+as points to reason from,--the Observation and Collection of Facts, and
+the Induction therefrom, were processes so imperfectly performed, that
+they appeared to have no existence; in another phase, that employed by
+Aristotle, these Processes were apparent, but still imperfectly
+conducted, and hence, in both cases, the Law or Principle employed for
+the _Deductive_ Process was liable to be defective, and therefore
+insufficient as a guide to the acquisition of certain knowledge. In the
+Inductive stage or Method, on the other hand, the Processes thus
+defectively employed in the former stage, the Hypothetical, are
+preeminently and disproportionately active, while the Deductive Process
+is given a very inferior position. The establishment of the just,
+reciprocal activity of these two Processes in intellectual investigation
+would secure the perfection of the _one true Scientific Method_.
+
+The Inductive Method--preserving the term Method to avoid confusion--in
+which the mode of procedure from Facts to Principles predominates, and
+which is hence sometimes called the Empirical, or the Experimental, or
+the Positive, or the _a posteriori_ Method, is that which now prevails
+in the world, which is extolled as if it were the only legitimate
+Method, and the only possible route to Scientific Discovery. That the
+just claims of the Inductive Method are very great is universally
+admitted, but let us not stultify ourselves by assuming a position in
+its defence which is in direct violation of the teachings of the Method
+itself,--namely, the assumption of a theory which is not verified by
+Facts. That the Inductive Method is vastly superior to the Anticipative
+or Hypothetical one, is abundantly proved; but that it is the _only_
+correct path to Scientific truth, that it is the best path to Scientific
+truth which will ever be known, or that in a rightly balanced Method it
+would be the _main_ Process, is an averment for which there is no
+warrant. On the contrary, a very cursory examination of the Inductive
+Method will show defects which render it unavailable as the sole or the
+chief guide in Scientific inquiry.
+
+The leading characteristic of the Inductive Method, that for which it is
+mainly admired, is its cautious, laborious, oftentimes tedious
+Observation and Collection of the Facts of Experience, and their careful
+Classification as a basis for the derivation of a Principle or Law
+applicable to the Phenomena grouped together. By this means, it is said,
+we secure precision and _certainty_, by which is intended, not only the
+_certainty of that which is already observed and classified_, but also
+_the certainty of that which is deduced from the Law or Principle
+derived from these known Facts_. It is just here, however, that the
+Inductive Method is lacking. Experience may testify a thousand, ten
+thousand, any indefinite number of times, to the repetition of the same
+Phenomena, and yet we can have no _certainty_ of the recurrence of the
+same Phenomena, in the future, in the same way. All the Facts of
+Observation and Experience for thousands of years went to convince men
+that the earth was at rest and the sun and stars passing around it. A
+larger Experience showed them their error. How shall we know that our
+Observation has at any time included all the Facts necessary to
+establish a Law? The history of Science, even under the guidance of the
+Inductive Method, is a history of Principles announced as firmly
+established, which a little later were found to be defective and had to
+be adjusted to the advanced stage of human Experience. The very nature
+of the Inductive Method indicates its inadequacy for the largest and
+most important purposes of Science. It gives certainty, where it does
+give it, only up to the point of the present, _it can never afford
+complete certainty for the future_. The logical and rigid testimony of
+this Method can never be more than this;--Observation and Experience
+show that such has been the uniform operation of Nature in this
+particular _so far as can be discovered_, and _in all probability_ it
+will always continue to be such. _High Probability_, amounting, it may
+be, at times, to an assurance of certainty, is the strongest proof which
+this Method can, from its very nature, produce. To establish a Principle
+or Law for a _certainty beyond any possibility of doubt_ by the
+Inductive Method, it is essential that we should know that we are in
+possession of every Fact in the universe which has any relation to the
+given Principle, or rather that we should know that there are _no_ Facts
+in the universe at variance with it. To _know_ this, it is necessary to
+be in possession of _all_ the Facts in the universe, since the Inductive
+Method has no mode of discovering when it has sifted out of the immense
+mass of Facts all those which exist in connection with any given Law. As
+we shall _never_ be in possession of all the Facts of the universe, we
+shall never be able, by the Inductive Method, to possess _certainty_ in
+respect to the future operations of Nature; and thus we discover the
+insufficiency of this Method as a perfect guide to the acquisition of
+knowledge.
+
+The famed Inductive Method, like the Anticipative or Hypothetical,
+furnishes, in truth, only an _assumption_ as a starting point for
+reasoning in the endeavor to establish other Facts than those already
+known. The verification of the Law or Principle assumed is, indeed, in
+the former Method, as complete as it can be, in the nature of the case,
+while in the latter it is not; but we have just seen that the strongest
+proof which Observation, Classification, and Induction can give is that
+of High Probability, on the _supposition_ that a certain number of Facts
+from which a Law is derived include substantially all that the whole
+range of Phenomena belonging to the given sphere would represent. Any
+possible application of the Inductive Method is, therefore, only a
+nearer or more remote approximation to an Exactitude and Certainty which
+the Method itself can never _fully_ attain.
+
+The Inductive Method being thus defective as a Scientific guide, in the
+most important requirement of Science, it is unnecessary to enter into
+an exposition of minor defects, not the least of which is the _slowness_
+with which conclusions must necessarily be arrived at, when they are
+reached only by the gradual accumulation of Facts and the derivation of
+a Law from these. A Method or a Process which lacks that which is the
+very essence of Science--the power of making _known_, of introducing
+_certainty_ into investigation, may be an important factor in the _true
+Scientific_ Method, but cannot constitute the _Method itself_, or its
+_leading_ feature. Let it not be understood, however, that in bringing
+the Inductive Method in Science to the ordeal of a critical examination,
+it is designed to detract from its just dues or to depreciate its true
+value. Science is preeminently severe in its probings; and that which,
+asserts its claim to the highest Scientific position, and affects to be
+the only guide to exact knowledge, cannot expect anything less than the
+most rigorous inquiry into the validity of such claim, and the most
+peremptory insistence upon the production of proper credentials before
+so lofty a seat be accorded it. If inquiry discovers deficiencies in its
+character, Science should rejoice that truth is vindicated, and that, by
+correctly understanding the nature and powers of their present guide,
+Scientific men may avoid being tempted to consider it as competent to
+conduct them into regions where the blind must inevitably be leading the
+blind, and both be in danger of the ditch. If the devotees of the
+Inductive Method have in their enthusiasm set up claims for it which
+cannot be substantiated, they must not blame the rigorous hand, which,
+in the service of Science, unmasks their idol and exhibits its defects,
+but rather impute to their own deviation from the severity of Scientific
+truth, the disappointment which they may experience. The question of
+Method lies at the foundation of all Science. Until it is thoroughly
+understood, until the exact character of all our Methods or Processes is
+definitely and rightly apprehended, there can be no full understanding
+of the true nature of Science, and, hence, no critical and exact line
+drawn between that which is Science and that which is not.
+
+Our examination of the Methods in use thus far in our past search after
+knowledge has developed these facts:--that prior to an era which is
+commonly said to commence with Bacon, the Method of intellectual
+investigation was _mainly_ by attempting to proceed from Principles to
+Facts, and that the attempt exhibits three distinct phases: one, in
+which the Induction stage is so simple and so short as to be
+instinctively and correctly performed by all people, and the Deductive
+stage at once reached--this furnishes the Mathematics, the only Science
+in which hitherto the _true_ Deductive Method has prevailed; a second,
+in which Principles are assumed to reason from, without any previous
+effort at Induction, such as existed, being unconsciously made from the
+supposed Facts or Knowledge which the mind was in possession of; and a
+third, in which Facts were collected, classified, and Induction
+therefrom as a basis of further investigation attempted, but in which
+the Laws or Principles assumed as established by the Facts were not
+rigorously and accurately derived from Facts; or, in other words, in
+which the Facts were not strictly used for the purpose of deriving from
+them just such Laws or Principles only as they actually established, but
+were wrenched to the attempted support of Laws, Principles, or Ideas
+more or less fanciful or unrelated to the Facts. These two last phases
+are included in what is known among Scientists as the Anticipative or
+Hypothetical Method; while the three phases are commonly undiscriminated
+and collectively termed the Deductive Method. It was also developed that
+the results of this period of intellectual activity were fruitless of
+definite Scientific achievements, _except so far as the true Deductive
+Method_ had been employed. It was furthermore seen that since Bacon's
+time, the opposite Method of procedure, namely, from Facts to
+Principles, has been chiefly in vogue; that under its impulse
+distinctness and clearness have been brought to pervade those stores of
+knowledge which were already in our possession, thus fulfilling _one_ of
+the requisites of a perfect Scientific Method, while, however, the other
+necessary requirement, that of furnishing a _certain_ guide to future
+discoveries, has been only proximately attained by it.
+
+It is obvious from this exhibition of the characteristics of the two
+leading Scientific Methods, or the two leading Processes of the one
+Method, in whichever light we may choose to view them, that so far from
+being the best or the only true Method or Process of intellectual
+investigation, the Inductive is far inferior to the _true Deductive_
+Method or Process, in all the essentials of a Scientific guide. The
+Inductive can give us only a _high degree_ of precision and
+definiteness, with only proximate certainty for the future as the result
+of a slow mode of procedure; while the true Deductive Method gives us
+perfect precision, exactitude, and complete certainty, as the result of
+a rapid mode. The true Deductive Method--brought into disrepute by being
+confounded with the Anticipative or Hypothetical, which differs from it
+only in this, that the Principles from which the latter reasons are
+_true_, while those of the former are _doubtful_--has thus far prevailed
+in Mathematics alone, and _Mathematics_ is, up to our day, _the only
+recognized Exact Science_, the only Science in which _Demonstration_, in
+the strict sense of that term, is now possible,--the fruits of the
+Inductive Method being known as the _Inexact_ Sciences, in which only
+Probable Reasoning prevails.
+
+It is necessary to say, in the _strict sense of the term_, because the
+same laxity exists in the use of the word _Demonstration_, as in that of
+Science, and hence it has lost the distinctive meaning which attaches to
+it, in its legitimate use, as signifying a mode of reasoning in which
+the _self-evident truths or axioms_, with which we start, and every step
+in the deduction, 'are not only perfectly definite, but incapable of
+being apprehended differently--if really apprehended, they must be
+apprehended alike by all and at all times.' It is because this Method of
+proof exists only in Mathematics, that this alone is denominated the
+_Exact_ Science, or its branches, the Exact Sciences; Sciences whose
+Laws or Principles, and the Facts connected with or deduced from them,
+are irresistible conclusions of thought, in all minds, which conclusions
+rest upon universally recognized axioms; while the _Inexact Sciences_,
+including all except Mathematics, the Sciences in which the Inductive
+Method prevails, are systems of Laws or Principles, with their related
+Facts, of the truth of which there is great probability, but of which
+there is, nevertheless, no complete certainty; whose conclusions are not
+_based_ upon universally undeniable axioms, or are not _themselves_
+irresistible to the human mind.
+
+The superiority of the Deductive Method, both in its mode of advancing
+to the discovery of new truth and in the precision, clearness, and
+certainty which accompany its findings, must now easily become apparent.
+Whether we regard Induction and Deduction as correlative Processes
+belonging to one Method, each of which has been disproportionately in
+vogue at different epochs, or as distinctive Methods, having each their
+own Deductive and Inductive Processes, in either aspect, Induction is
+only a preparative labor, leading in the more important work of the
+application of the Law or Principle derived. It is only, indeed, for the
+purpose of discovering this Law that Observation, Classification, and
+Induction are undertaken. It has been the triumphant boast of the
+Inductive Method, that it guarded, by means of these preliminary steps,
+in the most careful manner, against error in establishing its Laws. To
+the extent of its capacity it has done so. But we have already seen,
+that deriving its Principles, as it was obliged to, from less than _all_
+the Facts which appertained to the Principles, these must inevitably
+have been lacking in some particulars; it being impossible to make the
+whole out of less than all its parts.
+
+The Inductive Method has obtained an importance greatly exaggerated, for
+the reason that it has been brought into comparison, for the most part,
+with the Anticipative or Hypothetical, the bastard Deductive Method
+only, and its superiority over this exhibited in the most detailed
+manner, while the right application of the Deductive Method, except in
+Mathematics, has not been considered possible. The reason of this can be
+made obvious.
+
+The immense superiority of _Mathematical_ Reasoning, as _Demonstration_
+is often called, over all other kinds, is universally known and
+recognized. For in this mode of reasoning there is no room for doubt or
+uncertainty. It starts from Principles of whose truth there can be no
+doubt, because it is impossible for _the human mind to apprehend them in
+more than one way_, and proceeds by steps, every one of which can
+likewise be apprehended in only one way. Hence all men arrive
+_inevitably_ at the same conclusion at the close of the chain of
+reasoning. It is, therefore, a Method of proof which sets out from a
+precise, definite, universally established Law or Principle which really
+contains the conclusion in itself, and which can be developed to the end
+through a series of necessary and irresistible convincements; while in
+the Inductive Method we are obliged to start from this or that admitted
+Fact or Truth assumed after Observation, Classification, and Induction,
+which may have been rigorously performed, but which, nevertheless, could
+not, in the nature of the case, prove the Fact or Truth with complete
+certainty, and which is not, perhaps, universally admitted, and proceed
+by merely probable inferences drawn from various, diverse, and often
+uncertain relations, until we reach a conclusion. Such reasoning may be
+sufficient to incline the mind to a particular conclusion, as against
+those which tend to any other conclusion, but they are never quite
+sufficient, as in Demonstrative or _true_ Deductive reasoning, to
+_necessitate_ the conclusion, and render any other impossible.
+
+A Method of Scientific investigation which proceeds from self-evident
+truths to necessary results by undeniable steps, would of course be
+preferable to one which, starting from truths whose precision and
+certainty might be doubtful, advances by more or less probable
+inferences to a more or less probable conclusion, did there not exist
+some powerful cause for a contrary action. A difficulty thus far
+insurmountable has, indeed, stood in the way of the adoption of the
+Deductive Method in any department of investigation, save the one
+already referred to. This Method, we have seen, leads to truth or error
+accordingly as the Principles or Laws from which it commences its
+reasoning process are true or false. In the Mathematics, the basic
+truths, being of a simple character, were arrived at by easy and
+instinctive mental processes, and the Method achieved in this department
+great success. But the other domains of human knowledge being more
+complex, involving more qualities or characteristics than mere Number
+and Form and Force, which are all that come within the scope of
+Mathematics, their fundamental bases or truths were not so easily
+attainable. Hence, when Principles or Ideas which men believed to
+contain all the fundamentals of a specific domain of thought were
+adopted as starting points of reasoning, they were generally lacking in
+some important element, which caused the conclusion to be in some way
+incorrect. We have seen the historical results of this mode of procedure
+in what is denominated the Anticipative or Hypothetical Method. The
+failure of this to secure good results, and the absence of any standard
+by which to be certain when a Law or Principle was fundamental, exact,
+and inclusive, when it was a valid basis to reason from, led to the
+abandonment of the Deductive Method, except in its application to
+Mathematics, where true starting points were known. The Observation and
+Classification of Facts was then resorted to, first, in a loose way, in
+Greece, and afterward, in a more rigorous way, in the world at large,
+for the purpose of endeavoring to discover, by the only mode considered
+effective--the examination of Phenomena--the fundamental Principles,
+which, like those of Mathematics, should include all the essentials of
+the special domain under consideration. These being discovered, might
+furnish, it was instinctively felt, starting points from which to work
+the Deductive Process, with the same success as that which attended its
+application to Mathematics.
+
+The Inductive Principle, considered either as a Process or a Method, is
+valuable, therefore, mainly as it furnishes proper starting points for
+the activity of the Deductive Principle. Thus far in the history of the
+Natural Sciences it has been the best and safest guide in affording such
+starting points. But the indications are numerous all about us that the
+progress of Scientific discovery will ere long bring us to a stage,
+where the Laws or Principles which underlie every department of the
+Universe being fully revealed, the function of the Inductive Principle
+as a guide to fundamental bases, will be at an end, and the Deductive
+Method once more assume the leadership, opening to us all departments of
+investigation, with the rapidity, precision, and certainty which
+characterize Mathematical research and Demonstrative Reasoning.
+
+This _desideratum_ must necessarily result whenever a Unitary Law shall
+be discovered in Science; whenever the Sciences, and the Phenomena
+within the different Sciences, shall be _basically_ connected. All the
+present conditions and tendencies of knowledge indicate that the
+attainment of this crowning intellectual goal was predestined to our
+epoch. It has been the grand work of the Inductive Method to arrange
+Facts under Principles, and these latter as Facts or Truths under a
+smaller number of Principles, and these in turn under a still smaller
+number, until all the Phenomena of the different domains of thought
+which are reckoned as Sciences are included within a few Principles
+which lie at the foundation of each domain. The connection of these few
+Principles by a still more fundamental Law, is all that is necessary to
+the completion of the work of the centuries and the establishment of a
+Universal or Unitary Science. Already those recognized as leaders in the
+Scientific world watch expectantly the signs of the times and await the
+advent of the Grand Discovery which is to usher in a new intellectual
+era, 'We have reached the point,' says Agassiz, in one of his _Atlantic
+Monthly_ articles, 'where the results of Science _touch the very problem
+of existence, and all men listen for the solving of that mystery_. When
+it will come, and how, none can say; but this much, at least, is
+certain, _that all our researches are leading up to that question_, and
+mankind will never rest till it is answered.'
+
+'All the Phenomena of Physics,' says Professor Silliman, in his _First
+Principles of Philosophy_, 'are dependent on a limited number of general
+laws, _of which they are the necessary consequences_. However various
+and complex may be the phenomena, their laws are few, and distinguished
+for their exceeding simplicity. All of them may be represented by
+numbers and algebraic symbols, and these condensed _formulae_ enable us
+to conduct investigations _with the certainty and precision of pure
+Mathematics_. As in geometry, all the properties of figures are deduced
+from a few axioms and definitions; so _when the general laws of Physics
+are known, we may deduce from them, by a series of rigorous reasonings,
+all the phenomena to which they give rise_.'
+
+Auguste Comte, in his elaborate and encyclopaedic _Course of Positive
+Philosophy_, tells us that 'these _three_ laws [the Law of Inertia, the
+Law of the Equality of action and reaction, and the Law of the
+Composition of forces] are the experimental basis of the Science of
+Mechanics. From them the mind may proceed _to the logical construction
+of the Science, without further reference to the external world_. * * *
+We cannot, however, conceive of any case which is not met by these three
+laws of Kepler, of Newton, and of Galileo, and their expression is so
+precise that they can be immediately treated in the form of analytical
+equations easily obtained.' While also exhibiting the small number of
+Principles which lie at the foundation of other domains of our
+intellectual accumulations, Comte remarks: 'The ultimate perfection of
+the Positive system would be (if such perfection could be hoped for) to
+represent all phenomena as particular aspects of a single general
+fact;--such as Gravitation, for instance.'
+
+These are a few specimens of what may be found in the books, pointing
+out the gradual approach of Scientific investigation to the discovery of
+a Unitary Law, and the expectation among Scientists of the advent, at
+some period not far distant, of a new Science, the greatest among
+Sciences, a true Pantology or Universology. Upon the apprehension of
+this Law, which must establish the true basis of every domain of thought
+or activity, and show it to be identical or analogous in the several
+domains, we shall be placed, _in relation to the whole universe_,
+precisely where we now stand in relation to Mathematics, Mechanics, and
+Physics; that is, the General Law or Laws of every domain of
+investigation will become known, as we now know those of these Sciences,
+and, to adopt the words of the French writer, 'from them the mind may
+proceed to the logical construction of the Science [being now the
+Science of the whole Universe], without further reference to the
+external world;' or to use the language of Professor Silliman, 'when the
+general laws of [the Universe] are known, we may _deduce_ from them, by
+a series of rigorous reasonings, _all the phenomena to which they give
+rise_.' Thus, upon the discovery of a Unitary Law, linking the Sciences
+together, and showing the identity of their starting points or bases,
+the Deductive Principle, considered either as a Method or a Process,
+must once more take the lead, and the Inductive occupy its legitimate
+position as a subordinate and corroborative auxiliary. Under the
+guidance of this new adjustment of the Deductive and Inductive
+Principles, a full, exact, complete, definite, _Scientific_
+Classification of our knowledge will become possible, and the true
+boundaries of every domain of intellectual examination may be critically
+and clearly established. In the absence of such a Classification, it is
+only by viewing departments of the Universe with reference to the Method
+or Process employed in the investigation of their Phenomena, that we are
+able to estimate their present relations to Science, and to ascertain
+proximately their Scientific or Unscientific character. We proceed,
+then, to examine the connection of History, in its present development,
+with Science, a task to which the foregoing brief and incomplete
+consideration of the subject of Method has been a necessary preliminary.
+
+A number of Classifications of human knowledge have been attempted, none
+of which were exact or complete, or could have been, for a reason which
+was stated above, and none of which are now considered to be
+satisfactory by the Scientific world. Bacon and D'Alembert, men of
+vigorous and vast intellectual capacity, were admirably adapted to such
+a work, so far as it could be performed in their day. But the state of
+knowledge and Scientific progress was not sufficiently advanced, at that
+time, to render any Classification which could be made of more than
+temporary value, and those furnished by these illustrious thinkers now
+appertain only to the archaeology of Science.
+
+The Classification of Auguste Comte, in the absence of a more exact,
+complete, and inclusive one, still holds the highest rank, and is the
+only one which now claims the attention of the general Thinker. It is
+very restricted in its application, professing to include only the
+domain which Comte calls abstract or general Science, which has for its
+object the discovery of the laws which regulate Phenomena in all
+conceivable cases within their domain, and excluding the sphere of what
+he denominates concrete, particular, or descriptive Science, whose
+function it is to apply these laws to the history of existing beings.
+This throws such Natural Sciences as Botany, Zoology, Mineralogy,
+Geology, etc., out of his range. He also excludes the domain of
+_practical_ Knowledge, comprising what is included under the terms, the
+Applied Sciences, the Arts, the Mechanical Sciences, etc. A
+Classification, far more detailed and comprehensive in its scope than
+anything yet published, is in preparation by Professor P. H. Vander
+Weyde, of the Cooper Institute--advanced sheets of which, so far as it
+is elaborated, have been kindly furnished to the writer by the
+author--the incomplete state of which, however, prevents a further
+consideration here.
+
+The Principle which Comte adopted to guide him in his Classification was
+the following: 'All observable phenomena may be included within a very
+few natural categories, so arranged as that the study of each category
+may be grounded on the principal laws of the preceding, and serve as the
+basis of the next ensuing. This order is determined by the degree of
+simplicity, or, what comes to the same thing, of generality of their
+phenomena. Hence results their successive dependence, and the greater or
+lesser facility for being studied.' In accordance with this Principle,
+Comte establishes what he denominates the _Hierarchy of the Sciences_.
+Mathematics stands at the base of this, as being that Science whose
+Phenomena are the most general, the most simple, and the most abstract
+of all. Astronomy comes next, wherein the Static and Dynamic properties
+of the heavenly bodies complicate the nature of the investigation; in
+Physics, Phenomena must be considered in the midst of the still greater
+complications of Weight, Light, Heat, Sound, etc.; Chemistry has
+additional characteristics to trace in its subjects; Biology adds the
+intricacies of vital Phenomena to all below it; and Sociology, the sixth
+and last of Comte's Hierarchy--all other departments of thought other
+than those previously excluded from his survey, being regarded as out of
+the bounds of human cognition--deals with the still more complicated
+problem of the relations of men to each other in society.
+
+This Classification is admirable for the purpose of showing the mutual
+interdependence of the branches of Knowledge included in it; but aside
+from its covering only a small part of our intellectual domain, it is
+also defective in not distinguishing with sufficient clearness that
+which is properly Science, from that which is merely Theory or Plausible
+Conjecture. Biology and Sociology are classed with Mathematics as
+_Positive_ Sciences, as if the Laws or Principles which correlated the
+Phenomena of the former were established as certainly and definitely as
+those of the latter; while there is no prominence given to the different
+nature of _proof_ in Mathematics and that in every other department of
+investigation--except in so far as Mathematical Phenomena and Processes
+enter into the latter--if, indeed, the founder of Positivism has even
+anywhere distinctly stated it. Chemistry, Biology, and Sociology,
+leaving Astronomy and Physics aside for the present, are not yet
+_Positive_ Sciences, in any such sense as Mathematics. The lack of
+_exact_ analysis is apparent in all of Comte's generalizations,
+otherwise magnificent and masterly as they undoubtedly are. In respect
+to the matter under consideration, it renders his Classification
+unavailing for determining with sufficient precision and exactitude the
+character of any intellectual domain. History, while it is the source
+whence the proof of his fundamental positions is drawn, finds no place
+in his Scientific schedule. Even had it been otherwise, the defect just
+alluded to would have rendered it useless for our present purposes,
+until a prior Classification had first been made, exhibiting the radical
+difference between the various domains, which are all indiscriminately
+grouped under the name of _Science_. After such a Classification, based
+on the nature of _proof_ as involved in Method, the Principle which
+guided Comte in the establishment of the Hierarchy of the Sciences will
+enable us, in a concluding paper, to estimate with proximate certainty
+the character of a possible Science of History, and to ascertain how far
+the labors of Mr. Buckle and Professor Draper have aided toward the
+creation of such a Science.
+
+
+
+
+DIARY OF FRANCES KRASINSKA;
+
+OR, LIFE IN POLAND DURING THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
+
+
+                                            Friday, _April 10th._
+
+Easter week is over, and I am really sorry; I had found happiness in
+repose, and already have care and disquiet won their way into my heart
+and my mind.... How many sins I have committed! Poor humanity! poor
+nature, so frail and weak! Notwithstanding my promises and the
+resolutions which I fancied so strong, I yield to the least temptation.
+
+For example, and it is indeed incredible, but a fact, that on Holy
+Thursday, the very day after my confession, I sinned, and sinned through
+pride. I should have worn black when I went to be present at the court
+ceremony, but I could not resist the seduction of a beautiful costume.
+Just as I was beginning my preparations, the Princess Lubomirska entered
+my room, accompanied by her maids, who brought me a charming dress of
+white velvet, with a long train, and trimmed with white roses; the
+headdress consisted of a garland of white roses, and a long white blonde
+veil. The taste and richness of this costume surpasses description! How
+could I resist the happiness of seeing myself so becomingly attired!
+
+I asked the princess why she required me to wear so brilliant a costume
+to church; she replied that on Holy Thursday it was customary after the
+service to go into the great hall of the castle, where the king would
+wash the feet of twelve old men, in commemoration of the humility of our
+Saviour, and that he would also wait upon them at table. During this
+pious and edifying ceremony, a young girl belonging to one of the
+noblest families must make a collection for the poor; the king himself
+names the lady, and this year he was pleased to honor me by his
+selection; he at the same time announced that the results of my efforts
+should be given to the hospital for the poor under the Abbe Baudoin's
+charge.
+
+I was very happy as I listened to the princess; but, must I confess it?
+I was not happy through the good action I was about to perform; I
+thought only of myself, of my beauty, of the charming costume, of the
+effect I should produce among all the other women dressed in black, and
+I rejoiced to think that I should be the most beautiful. What culpable
+vanity! And on Holy Thursday! But at least I frankly admit my sin, and
+humiliate myself for it.
+
+My collection surpassed my hopes. I received nearly four thousand
+ducats. Prince Charles Radziwill said, as he put his hand to his purse:
+'My dear (Panie Kochanku, his favorite expression), one must give
+something to so beautiful a lady;' and he threw five hundred gold pieces
+on my plate, which would have fallen from my hands had I not been aided
+in holding it. When I began my collection, I was very much embarrassed;
+I trembled all over, and blushed at each new offering I received; but by
+degrees I gained courage, and profited by my dancing master's lessons.
+The grand marshal of the court gave me his hand, and named each lord as
+he repeated the customary formula employed in handing them the plate; as
+for me, I could not have said a word; I found it quite enough to make a
+proper and becoming courtesy to each one. When the plate became too
+heavy, the marshal emptied it into a large bag, borne behind us.
+
+I heard many compliments, and I was more looked at and admired than I
+ever had been before in my life. The prince royal said to me: 'If you
+had asked each of us to give you his heart, no one could have refused
+you.'
+
+I replied: 'Affection is not solicited, it is inspired.'
+
+He seemed pleased with my frankness. I cannot comprehend how a woman
+could solicit love, and say: Love me, admire me.... For a king I could
+not thus degrade myself. Tenderness is involuntary; one may seek to win
+it, one may gladly accept it when offered; but to solicit it, is even
+more ridiculous than criminal.
+
+The washing of the feet is one of the most striking ceremonies of our
+religion. A king kneeling before those twelve aged men, and then
+standing behind them while they are at table, is a most touching and
+sublime spectacle. That ceremony can never pass from my memory. Augustus
+III, although no longer young, is still handsome; his gestures bear the
+impress of dignity and nobility: the prince royal, Charles, resembles
+him exactly.
+
+On Good Friday we visited the sepulchre; all the court ladies were
+dressed in black; we made our stations in seven churches, and in each we
+said appropriate prayers. I was on my knees during a whole hour in the
+cathedral. On Holy Saturday the services were magnificent, and the
+organs pealed forth the most heavenly strains of music.
+
+Tho princess's Easter collation (swiencone) was superb; until yesterday,
+the tables were continually covered with cakes and cold meats. It is
+just one year since I assisted at Madame Strumle's very modest
+collation; I was then a schoolgirl; who could have guessed that on the
+following Easter Monday I should be with the princess palatiness, that
+the prince royal would partake of the same collation with myself, and
+that we should eat out of the same plate!
+
+One really finds a pleasure in eating meat after a Lent so rigorously
+observed; for all here are as particular as at Maleszow. During holy
+week, everything is cooked in oil, and on Good Friday a severe fast is
+adhered to, each one taking only food sufficient to keep him from
+starving.
+
+The prince royal has fasted so much that he has become quite thin. I
+noticed this yesterday, and my eyes involuntarily rested upon his
+features with a more tender expression than usual: as he was talking
+with the prince palatine, I did not think he was paying any attention to
+me, but thoughts springing from the heart never escape him, he is so
+good, so quick in understanding; soon after, he thanked me for my
+solicitude. I grew very red, and promised myself in future to keep a
+strict guard over the expression of my eyes.
+
+A woman's part, especially that of an unmarried girl, is very difficult;
+not only must she measure out her words and watch the tones of her
+voice, but she must also command the expression of her countenance. I
+must ask, of what use are governesses and their lessons in such cases?
+The princess is quite right when she says, that ten governesses, let
+them be as watchful as they may, cannot guard a young girl who does not
+know how to guard herself.
+
+                                         Wednesday, _April 15th._
+
+We leave Warsaw to-morrow; I am going with the prince and princess to
+their estate at Opole. My father has written to the princess to say that
+I may remain with her so long as my presence may be agreeable to her. I
+hope she will never be dissatisfied with me; I endeavor to please her in
+every possible way. She inspires me with infinite fear and respect; she
+controls me entirely, and I am always ready to yield to the lightest
+expression of her will; when she smiles upon me, when she looks at me
+kindly, it seems to me as if heaven were opening before me. If I should
+ever reach an advanced age, I would like to inspire the same feelings
+which I experience toward her. The prince royal himself is afraid of the
+princess.
+
+Would any one believe that I am glad to think that I shall not now go to
+Maleszow? I dread the home of my childhood; it seems to me as if I
+should profane it were I to visit it with a heart so filled with unrest
+and disquietude!
+
+Ought I to regret the past? Will a life of torment be the price of a
+single ray of happiness enlightening the highest pinnacle of human
+felicity? If the wish which I dare not express should ever be
+accomplished, I will surely be equal to my position; but I will also
+know how to bear the shipwreck of my dearest hopes.... Great God, how
+can I write, how dare I confide to paper what I fear to confess to
+myself! When I think of him, I tremble lest any one should divine my
+feelings, and yet I write!... If my journal were to fall into any one's
+hands I should be deemed mad, or at least most foolishly presumptuous; I
+must shut it up under four locks.
+
+                           CASTLE OF OPOLE, Friday, _April 24th._
+
+We have been here nearly a week; the situation of the castle is very
+agreeable, but I am no longer gay, and nothing pleases me. The trees
+should already be green, and they are still bare; it should be warm, and
+the air freezes me. I desired to embroider, but the indispensable silks
+were wanting; I tried the piano, but it was not in tune: it will be
+necessary to send to Lublin for the organist. There is quite a large
+library here, but I dare not ask the princess for the key. The prince
+has several new works; he paid in my presence six gold ducats for ten
+little volumes of M. Voltaire's works: Voltaire is now the most
+celebrated writer in France. The princess forbids my reading his books,
+and I am sure I am quite content. But what I cannot endure is, that I am
+not permitted to read a romance lately come from Paris, entitled _La
+Nouvelle Heloise_. It is by a certain Rousseau, and has made a great
+sensation here. I picked up one volume, and read a few pages of the
+preface, but what did I see? Rousseau himself says: 'A mother will
+forbid her daughter to read it.' The princess is quite right, and I laid
+the book aside with a flutter at my heart which still continues.
+
+The physicians in Warsaw have ordered the princess to ride on horseback
+during her sojourn in the country; they say this exercise will be
+excellent for her health. She laughed at the prescription, and had not
+the faintest intention of trying it; but the prince palatine will hear
+of no jesting where physicians are concerned.
+
+He has bought a pretty mare, very gentle and well trained, as also a
+most comfortable saddle; but the princess still refuses to mount the
+animal. She was with great difficulty persuaded yesterday to mount a
+donkey, and thus make the circuit of the garden. She will be obliged to
+repeat this exercise every day. As for me, who have no fear of horses, I
+had a most burning desire to try the mare; I spoke of it yesterday
+evening; but the princess chid me, and told me with quite a severe air,
+that it was the most improper thing in the world for a young lady. I
+must of course renounce my desire; but I do it with real regret, for I
+already saw myself in fancy riding through the forests, going to the
+chase, climbing the steep mountain sides with _him_, and admiring his
+strength and skill....
+
+The castle has become more lively; several persons have come from the
+city and the neighborhood to present their homage to the palatine. They
+might perhaps afford me amusement; and yet I do not even find a passing
+distraction in their presence. I have seen Michael Chronowski, my
+father's former chamberlain; how the poor young man is changed! The
+prince palatine, in consequence of my father's recommendation, placed
+him at the bar in Lublin. They say he is doing very well, but he is
+thin, bent, and old before his time; his face is strangely colored, and
+he has some frightful scars. He has not danced once since Barbara's
+wedding. The time for mazourkas and cracoviennes is past: they have been
+replaced by law cases, pleading, chicanery, and all its tiresome
+accompaniments; his language is so learned that one can no longer
+understand him.
+
+As a compensation, however, we have here one very agreeable visitor,
+Prince Martin Lubomirski, the prince palatine's cousin, though much
+younger than he. I had already met him in society at Warsaw. The
+princess, who is severe, and who never overlooks the least defect,
+criticizes him a little; but I find his manners very agreeable: he owns
+in the neighborhood the estate of Janowiec, and has given us all a most
+pressing invitation to visit his castle. It is possible we may go there;
+I should be charmed, for no one talks more agreeably. He is gay, fond of
+pleasantry, and a great friend to the prince royal; he often speaks of
+him, and always well and worthily; he appreciates him and knows how to
+praise him.... My heart swells with pleasure while I listen.
+
+
+                     CASTLE OF JANOWIEC, Friday, _May 1st, 1760._
+
+We came here two days ago, and Prince Martin says he will not let us
+soon depart. Everything is more beautiful at Janowiec than at Opole; no
+one can be more generous, more hospitable, or more amiable than Prince
+Martin. The princess says he scatters gold and silver about as if he
+expected it to grow. He is now having a wide avenue cut through the
+forest surrounding the castle. I can see from the windows of my room
+immense trees falling beneath the axes of hundreds of laborers; at the
+end of the avenue, a pavilion is being built, at which they work so
+rapidly that one can see it grow from hour to hour. The prince sent to
+Warsaw and to various other places for his workmen; he pays them double
+wages, and he has made a bet with the palatine that the pavilion will be
+entirely finished in four weeks. I am quite sure he will win. The forest
+is to be transformed into an enclosed park. The whole neighborhood
+abounds in wild beasts; but he has had many elks and bears taken to
+people his wonderful park. There must be some mystery lurking behind all
+these preparations. I feel, rather than guess it.
+
+I like Janowiec better than any other place; the situation is charming,
+and the castle magnificent. It stands upon a mountain overlooking the
+Vistula; its architecture belongs to a very ancient period. From the
+castle the whole city may be seen, with the granaries of Kazimierz, and
+also Pulawy, belonging to the Princess Czartoryski. The apartments are
+large, very numerous, and gorgeously furnished; but I believe that my
+boudoir is the most delightful room in the castle. It is situated at the
+top of a tower, and while I am in it I can fancy myself a real heroine
+of romance. It has three windows, all opening in different directions,
+and each with a most enchanting view. I generally sit by the window
+overlooking the new avenue and the pavilion, which rises as if built by
+fairies. The panels of my cabinet are adorned with paintings,
+representing Olympus. 'Venus alone was wanting,' said the prince, with
+that grace for which he is distinguished, 'but you have come to finish
+the picture.'
+
+I feel here an incomprehensible sense of well-being, I am soothed by
+such sweet presentiments, I fancy myself on the eve of some very happy
+event.
+
+
+                                                Sunday, _May 3d._
+
+I do not think I ever rose so early before in my whole life; the castle
+clock has just struck three, and I am already at my writing. I took a
+walk before daylight through the long corridors of the castle: had any
+one seen me, I should have been taken for an ancestral shade, come to
+visit the domain of its descendants. Prince Martin, following an old and
+excellent custom, has built a gallery, containing the portraits of all
+the most distinguished members of his family; all the memories of the
+race of Lubomirski may be found in this gallery. He sent to Italy for an
+artist to execute the portraits, and he called to his aid a learned man
+fully acquainted with the history of the Lubomirski family and of our
+country. After much deliberation and many discussions, the project was
+finally carried into effect in 1756, as announced by the main
+inscription. It is to be regretted, says the princess, that these
+pictures are in fresco, and not in oil colors, as they would then have
+been more solid and transportable.
+
+Let what will happen in the future, at present this gallery is truly
+magnificent. Yesterday, Prince Martin, with the palatine and the
+palatiness, gave me a historical account of each picture; I immediately
+determined to transfer them to my journal. With this intention I rose
+before day and visited the gallery on tiptoe while all were still
+sleeping. I will write down all I have been told, and all I have seen.
+
+In the four corners of the hall are the arms of the Lubomirski family,
+Srzeniawa, received on the occasion of a battle gained by one of the
+ancestors on the banks of the Srzeniawa, not far from Cracow. The first
+picture represents the division of the property between the three
+brothers Lubomirski; a division which was made according to law, during
+the reign of Wladislas I, and signed February 1st, 1088. Nearly all the
+other pictures are family portraits; women rendered illustrious by noble
+deeds, and men distinguished in political, civil, military, or religious
+careers, especially during the reigns of Sigismund III, of John Casimir,
+and of John III, Sobieski, There are several copies of the portrait of
+Barbara Tarlo, who brought the castle of Janowiec as a dowry to a
+Lubomirski.
+
+The series is ended by a picture which is equivalent to a whole poem; it
+represents a winter sky and a naked forest; a furious bear endeavors to
+overthrow a tall and athletic man; a young woman, wearing a hunting
+costume, comes behind the bear and places a pistol at each ear. In the
+distance is a horse running away and dragging behind him an upset
+sledge. I asked an explanation of the picture, and was told as follows:
+
+A certain Princess Lubomirska, who was very fond of the chase, set out
+one winter day on a bear hunt; as she was returning in a little sledge,
+drawn by one horse, and having only one attendant with her, a furious
+bear, driven by some other hunters, fell upon the princess. The
+terrified horse upset the sledge, and she and the attendant must
+infallibly have perished, had not the courageous servant determined to
+sacrifice himself for his mistress; he threw himself before the bear,
+saying these words; 'Princess, remember my wife and children.' But the
+noble and heroic woman, thinking only of the danger of him who was about
+to sacrifice his life for her, drew two small pistols from her pockets,
+placed the barrels in the bear's ears, and killed him on the spot.
+
+In truth, I envy this noble and generous action.... It is needless to
+add that the servant with his wife and children became henceforth the
+special care of the princess.
+
+But, during the last few moments, I have heard considerable noise
+through the castle, and I must return to my own room. I hear Prince
+Martin's voice resounding through the corridors. He is calling his dogs,
+of which he is exceedingly fond, as indeed he may well be, for his
+hounds are the most beautiful in the whole country. He is always sorry
+when the season will not admit of hunting; but at present the most
+intrepid hunters are forced to renounce their sport. I must close my
+book. It is five o'clock, and some one might come into the gallery.
+
+
+                                            Thursday, _May 14th._
+
+We have been to Opole, where we spent several days; but Prince Martin
+made us promise to return here, and here we are again installed. He
+wished us to see the pavilion entirely finished. The exterior is
+completed, and only a few interior embellishments are yet wanting.
+Prince Martin has then won his bet, and he talks to me about it in such
+strange enigmas that I cannot comprehend him; for example, he said to me
+this morning: 'Every one says that I am expending the most enormous sums
+on my park and my pavilion; but I shall receive a recompense which I
+shall owe to you, far above anything I can do.'
+
+Indeed, I lose myself in conjecture; either I am mad, or all who come
+near me have lost their senses.
+
+
+                                            Saturday, _May 16th._
+
+Could I ever have anticipated such happiness! The prince royal has
+arrived; the pavilion, the park, and all, were for him, or rather for
+me; for they know that he loves me, and to please him, the princes have
+invented this pretext for bringing him to Janowiec. Great Heaven! what
+will my fate be! I bless the happy accident that brought him here at
+nightfall, for otherwise every one must have observed my blushes, my
+embarrassment, and that throbbing at my heart which deprived me of the
+power of speech and took away my breath; he too would have understood my
+joy! I never saw him so tender before; but the future--what will that
+be?...
+
+Until now, I have always feigned not to comprehend the meaning of his
+words, and have striven to hide from him all that was passing in my
+soul; but can I always control myself when I must see him every moment?
+Ah! how painful will be the effort!... What torture ever to repress the
+best feelings of one's soul! To refuse expression to my thoughts, when
+my thoughts are all personified in him.... Notwithstanding my efforts, I
+fear lest my heart should be in my eyes, in my voice, in some word
+apparently trivial.... God give me courage, for what can my future
+destiny be? On what can I rely?... My fate sometimes appears to me so
+brilliant, I foresee a superhuman happiness; and then again it seems to
+me so dark and menacing that a shudder runs through my whole frame.
+
+I do not know what to decide upon; I do not know whether I should trust
+to my heart or my reason. Alas! my reason--I have only fears and
+melancholy foreshadowings, which lead me back to the truth when I have
+yielded too willingly to the enchantment of such sweet illusions.
+
+If I could confide in any one; if I could find a friend and guide in the
+princess! But my attachment to her is too respectful to be tender and
+confiding; then she says, perhaps by chance, words which destroy my
+desire to make a confidante of her. She blames the prince's character,
+and pities the woman who would bind herself to him.... The palatine
+gives me no assistance; he doubtless believes my virtue is strong enough
+to suffice without aid or counsel.
+
+I will accept all the happiness which Heaven may send me; I will guard
+it as a sacred treasure, but I will commit no imprudence, no action
+unworthy of my name. God will be my refuge; he will deign to enlighten
+me. I passed the whole of last night in prayer. Ah! how sorry I am the
+Abbe Baudoin is not here, for each day will be a new trial. The prince
+will remain some time at the castle; the princes, his brothers, will
+soon join him here, and great projects for hunting have been made.
+
+
+                                             _May 18th._ evening.
+
+Heaven has been gracious, and my destiny is the happiest of all! I,
+Frances Krasinska, in whose veins runs no royal blood, am to be the wife
+of the prince royal, Duchess of Courland, and one day, perhaps, may wear
+a crown.... He loves me, loves me beyond everything; he sacrifices his
+father to me, and overleaps the inequality in our rank; he forgets all,
+he loves me!
+
+It seems to me I must be misled by some deceitful dream! Is it indeed
+true that I went alone with him this afternoon to walk in the park? The
+princess's recent accident was the cause. As she was ascending the
+stairs of the pavilion, she made a false step, and was forced to remain
+in the saloon with one of the young lady companions. Usually, she does
+not leave us a single moment; but as her foot would not permit her to
+walk, the princes, he and I, went without her. Prince Martin stopped by
+the way to show the prince palatine some of his preparations for the
+chase. The prince royal told them he preferred to walk on, and passed my
+arm within his own. He was silent during some moments; I was surprised,
+for I had always seen him so abounding in wit, and so fertile in
+subjects of conversation. He finally asked me if I still persisted in
+misunderstanding the motive which had brought him to Janowiec. I
+replied, as usual, that the anticipated pleasures of the chase had
+doubtless determined him to accept Prince Martin's invitation.
+
+'No,' he said, 'I came for you, for myself, to secure the happiness of
+my whole life.'
+
+'Is it possible?' I cried; 'Prince, do you forget your rank, and the
+throne which awaits you in the future? The prince royal should wed a
+king's daughter!'
+
+He replied: 'You, Frances, you are my queen; your charms first seduced
+my eyes, and later, your truth and virtue subjugated my heart. Before I
+knew you, I had been always accustomed to receive advances from women;
+scarcely had I said a word, when I was overwhelmed with coquetries....
+You, who have perhaps loved me more than they, you have avoided me; one
+must divine your secret thoughts if one would love you without losing
+all hope; you merit the loftiest throne in the universe, and if I
+desired to be King of Poland, it would only be that I might place a
+crown upon your noble and beautiful brow.'
+
+My surprise, my happiness, deprived me of all power to reply; meanwhile,
+the princes rejoined us, and the prince royal said to them:
+
+'I here take you for the witnesses of my oath: I swear to wed no other
+bride than Frances Krasinska; circumstances require secrecy until a
+certain period, and you alone will know my love and my happiness: he who
+betrays me will be henceforth my enemy.'
+
+The princes made the most profound salutations, and expressed themselves
+deeply honored by the prince royal's confidence; they assured him that
+they would keep his secret most religiously; then, passing by my side,
+they whispered in my ear, 'You are worthy of your good fortune,' and
+departed.
+
+I stood motionless and dumb, but the prince was so tender, his words
+were so persuasive and so eloquent, that I ended by confessing to him
+that I had long loved him: I believe one may, without criminality, make
+this avowal to one's future husband.... The castle clock at length
+struck midnight, that hour for ghosts and wandering spirits; after
+midnight their power vanishes.... Can I yet be the plaything of an
+illusion?... But no, all is true, my happiness is real, my grandeur is
+no dream.... The ring I wear upon my finger attests its truth.
+
+Barbara gave me a ring in the form of a serpent, the symbol of eternity;
+the prince royal often fixed his eyes upon it, and now he has had one
+made exactly like it, with this inscription: 'Forever,' which he has
+exchanged with me for mine. Our first and holy betrothal had no
+witnesses but the trees and the nightingales. I will tell no one of this
+occurrence, not even the princess.
+
+Alas! Barbara and my parents are also ignorant of it--they have not
+blessed our rings; it was not my father who promised me to my betrothed,
+nor has my mother given me her blessing!... Alas! my sorrow oppresses
+me, and my face is bathed in tears.... Yes, all is true, this must
+indeed be life, since I begin to suffer!
+
+
+                                              Monday, _May 25th._
+
+I have written, and it seems to me as if I had said nothing; I have not
+written during the past week, because I found no words to express my
+thoughts.... I am happy, and language, which is eloquent in the
+expression of sorrow, has no tongue for joy and happiness.
+
+Last week, I took up my pen to write, but I soon gave up the attempt; my
+feelings and ideas were confused with their own constant repetition and
+renewal, and when my poor head would have presided over the arrangement
+of the words, my heart melted into hopes and desires.... I can write
+to-day, because the fear of misfortune, of some sudden catastrophe, has
+seized upon me.... If he should cease to love me!...
+
+The royal princes, Clement and Albert, arrived last Thursday. There have
+been hunting parties without intermission. Prince Martin had sent for
+plenty of wild animals; they were let loose in the park, and the princes
+have had as much as they could do. My maid tells me the princes Clement
+and Albert leave this morning; my first thought was that he would go
+too.... Happiness has entirely absorbed me during the past week;
+happiness, unalloyed by a single fear; my cares too as mistress of the
+house (for since the princess's accident I have taken her place) have
+left me not a moment unemployed!... And now, these few words uttered by
+my maid have completely unsettled my mind: Great Heaven, if he were to
+go too! For whom would I wake in the morning, for whom would I dress
+with so much care, for whom would I strive to be more beautiful? Ah!
+without him, I can see but death and a void which nothing can fill!... I
+grow faint.... I must open the window.... I breathe, and already feel
+better.
+
+It is only six o'clock, and yet I see a white handkerchief floating from
+the window of the pavilion. That is his daily signal, to say good
+morning. I will never confess to him that my awakening each day preceded
+his.... But who is that man running toward the castle; I know him
+well--his favorite huntsman; he brings me a bouquet of fresh flowers;
+they must have been sent for to an orangery four leagues from here....
+How silly and unjust I was to torment myself so! He is still here, no
+one has told me that he is going, he will doubtless remain a long
+time.... Ah yes, some days of happiness will still be granted
+me--perhaps some weeks.
+
+
+
+
+THE SLEEPING SOLDIER.
+
+  On the wild battle field where the bullets were flying,
+  With a ball in his breast a brave soldier was lying,
+  While the roar of the cannon and cannon replying,
+    And the roll of the musketry, shook earth and air.
+
+  The red ooze from his breast the green turf was a-staining;
+  The light of his life with the daylight was waning;
+  From his pain-parted lips came no word of complaining:
+    Where the fighting was hottest his spirit was there.
+
+  He had marched in the van where his leader commanded;
+  He had fall'n like a pine that the lightning has branded;
+  He was left by his mates like a ship that is stranded,
+    And far to the rear and a-dying he lay.
+
+  His comrades press on in a gleaming of glory,
+  But backward he sinks on his couch cold and gory;
+  They shall tell to their children hereafter the story,
+    His lips shall be silent forever and aye.
+
+  A smile lit his face, for the foe were retreating,
+  And the shouts of his comrades his lips were repeating,
+  And true to his country his chill heart was beating,
+    When over his senses a weariness crept.
+
+  The rifle's sharp crack, the artillery's thunder,
+  The whizzing of shell and their bursting asunder,
+  Heaven rending above and the earth rumbling under,
+    Nevermore might awake him, so soundly he slept.
+
+  He had rushed to the wars from the dream of his wooing,
+  For fame as for favor right gallantly suing,
+  Stem duty each softer emotion subduing,
+    In the camp, on the field--the dominion of Mars.
+
+  And there when the dark and the daylight were blended,
+  Still there when the glow of the sunset was ended,
+  He slept his last sleep, undisturbed, unattended,
+    Overwept by the night, overwatched by the stars.
+
+    BATON ROUGE, LA., _September 10th, 1863._
+
+
+
+
+MY MISSION.
+
+
+I opened my eyes and looked out.
+
+Not that I had been exactly asleep, but dreamily ruminating over a
+series of chaotic visions that had about as much reason and order as a
+musical medley. I had been riding in the cars for the past six hours,
+and had now become so accustomed to the monotony that all idea of a
+change seemed wildly absurd; in my half-awake state, I was feebly
+impressed with the conviction that I was to ride in the cars for the
+remainder of my existence.
+
+The entrance of the conductor, with the dull little glowworms of lamps
+which he so quickly jerked into their proper places, made a sudden break
+in my train of thought; and, not having anything else to occupy me just
+then, I became speedily beset with the idea that the luminary just above
+my head was only awaiting a favorable opportunity to tumble down upon
+it. The thought became unpleasantly absorbing; and, not having
+sufficient energy to get up and change my seat, I looked out of the
+window again.
+
+The prospect was, like most country views, of no particular beauty when
+seen in the ungenial light of a November evening: the sky rather leaden
+and discouraging; the earth, chilled by the sun's neglect, was growing
+shrivelled and ugly with all its might; and the trees were dreary
+skeletons, flying past the car window in a kind of mad dance, after the
+fashion of Alonzo and the false Imogen. I gave up the idea of making the
+cars my future residence, and considered that it was quite time to look
+about me, and inquire, for present, practical purposes, what I was and
+where I was going.
+
+But, at the very outset of this laudable occupation, a disagreeable fact
+thrust itself impudently in my face, and even shook its fist at me in
+insolent defiance. There was no getting over it--I was undeniably a
+_woman_--and, what was worse, rather a womanly woman. I am aware, of
+course, that this depends. If you should ask that stately lily, radiant
+with beauty, from the crown of the head to the sole of her foot,
+surrounded by her kind, and cherished and admired as one of the choicest
+gems of the garden, whether she considered it an agreeable thing to be a
+flower, she would probably toss her head in scorn, as youthful beauties
+do, at the very question. But ask the poor roadside blossom, trampled
+on, switched off, and subjected to every trial that is visited on
+strength and roughness, without the strength and roughness to protect
+her, and there is very little doubt that she would express a desire to
+wake up, some morning, and find herself transformed into a prickly pear.
+Womanhood, under some circumstances, is very much like sitting partly on
+one chair, and partly on another, without being secure on either.
+
+It is an unnatural combination to have the propensities of a Columbus or
+Robinson Crusoe united with a habit of trembling at stray dogs in the
+daytime, and covering one's head with the bedclothes at night. I had
+longed to be afloat for some time past; but now, that I was fairly out
+of sight of land, I shuddered at the immensity of the fathomless sea
+that stretched before me. Whither bound? To the 'Peppersville Academy,'
+in a town on the border of a lake familiar to me in my geography days at
+school, but which seemed, practically, to have no more connection with
+New York than if it had been in Kamtchatka. To this temple of learning I
+was going as assistant teacher; and the daring nature of the undertaking
+suddenly flashed upon me. Suppose that, when weighed in the examining
+balances, I should be found wanting? Suppose that some horridly sharp
+boy should 'stump' me with 'Davies' Arithmetic?'
+
+That was my weak point, and I realized it acutely. Figures never would
+arrange themselves in my brain in proper order; I am by no means sound
+even on the multiplication table; and the only dates that ever fixed
+themselves in my memory are 1492 and 1776. The very sight of a slate and
+pencil gave me a nervous headache, and as I had lately been told that
+_idiots_ always failed in calculation, I considered myself but a few
+removes from idiocy. My answering that advertisement was a proof of it;
+and here I was, hundreds of miles from any familiar sight, going to
+teach pupils who probably knew more than I did! I had my music and
+French, to be sure, and that was _some_ foundation--but not half so
+solid as a substantial base of figures.
+
+In a sort of frantic desperation, I began, to ply myself with impossible
+sums in mental arithmetic, until I nearly got a brain fever; and the
+cars stopped, and the dreaded station was shouted in my ears, while I
+was in the midst of a desperate encounter with a group of stubborn
+fractions.
+
+How I dreaded the sight of the personage who had twice subscribed
+himself my 'obedient servant, Elihu Summers'! My 'obedient servant,'
+indeed! More likely my inexorable taskmaster, with figures in his eye
+and compound fractions at his tongue's end. I painted his portrait:
+tall, wiry, with compressed lips, and a general air of seeing through
+one at a glance. Now, when one is painfully conscious of being deficient
+in several important points, this sort of person is particularly
+exasperating; and I immediately began to hate Mr. Summers with all my
+might.
+
+Nevertheless, I shook considerably, and, having been informed that I
+would be met at the station, though by whom or what was not specified, I
+prepared to alight, with my bag and shawl and 'Harper,' attached to
+various parts of my person. Considering how short the step is from the
+sublime to the ridiculous, the length, or rather height, of that step
+from the car to the platform was out of all proportion; I looked upon it
+as an invention of the enemy, and stood hopelessly considering the
+impossibility of a descent without the aid of a pair of wings.
+
+Raising my eyes in dismay, I saw in the dim light a pair of arms
+outstretched to my assistance; and, observing that the shoulders
+pertaining thereto were broad and solid-looking, I deposited my hundred
+and twenty pounds of flesh and bone thereon without any compunctions of
+conscience, and no questions asked. I almost fell in love with that
+individual for the very tender manner in which I was lifted to the
+ground; but, once safe on terra firma, I merely said, 'Thank you, sir,'
+and was gliding rapidly into the ladies' saloon, half afraid of
+encountering Mr. Summers in my journey.
+
+But my _aide-de-camp_, with a hasty stride, arrested my progress, as he
+said inquiringly, 'This is Miss Wade, I believe?'
+
+I turned and looked at him, as the light fell upon his figure from the
+open doorway--large and well proportioned, with the kind of face that
+one sees among the heroes of a college 'commencement,' or the successful
+candidates for diplomas--half manly, half boyish, with a firm mouth and
+laughing eyes; and he immediately added, 'I have come to conduct you to
+your boarding house.'
+
+I concluded that he was either a son or nephew of 'Elihu Summers,'
+possibly an assistant in the school; and I felt glad at the prospect of
+some congenial society.
+
+The walk to the boarding house was not a long one, and we said very
+little on the way. My companion had quietly relieved me of my small
+articles of baggage; and I had mechanically taken the offered arm as
+though I had known him all my life. I could not see much of the town in
+the dark, and what I did see did not impress me with a very exalted idea
+of its liveliness--the inhabitants apparently considering it sinful to
+show any lights in the fronts of their houses, except an occasional
+glimmering over the hall door.
+
+My companion suddenly turned, mounted two steps, and lifted a knocker.
+The sound, at first, produced no reply; but presently a sound of
+unbolting and unbarring ensued, and the door was opened, as Morgiana
+would have opened it to let in the forty thieves. A small, pale man,
+with whitish eyes, and gray hair standing on end, peered at us rather
+inhospitably; and on the lower step of the staircase a tallow candle, in
+a brass candlestick, emitted the brilliant light that tallow candles
+usually do.
+
+We effected an entrance by some miracle; and once in that full blaze of
+light, the old man exclaimed:
+
+'Oh, Mr. Summers, so it is you, is it? I was kind of puzzled to make out
+_who_ 'twas. And is this the new teacher you've brought along, or a
+boarding scholar? Looks about as much like one as t'other.'
+
+With a smile, I was introduced as 'Miss Wade;' and just as a pleasant
+matronly looking woman made her appearance, the old man seized me in an
+unexpected embrace, observing, quite as a matter of course, 'I always
+kiss nice-looking young gals.'
+
+'Not always,' thought I, giving him a desperate push that sent him,
+where he more properly belonged, to the arms of Mrs. Bull, who
+opportunely arrived in time to restore his equilibrium.
+
+I suppose my cheeks were blazing, they felt so hot, for the good wife
+gently remarked, 'It is only Mr. Bull's way--he doesn't mean anything by
+it, or I should have been jealous long ago.'
+
+Had the observation not been so hackneyed, I would have advised Mr. Bull
+to mend his way; but he seemed so thoroughly astonished that further
+comment was unnecessary.
+
+A glance at Mr. Summers, who had proved to be the redoubtable Elihu,
+discovered an amused smile hovering around the corners of his mouth; and
+it _was_ ridiculous that, at my first entrance into a house, I should
+have a pitched battle with the master of it. To do the old man justice,
+I do not believe that he _did_ 'mean anything,' as the intended salute
+was to be given in the presence of witnesses; he only labored under the
+hallucination of old men in general, who seem to think that, because it
+is an agreeable thing to them to kiss all the fresh young lips they
+encounter, it must be just as agreeable to the fresh young lips to
+receive it; reminding me of a wise saying I encountered somewhere
+lately, that, 'although age sees a charm in youth, youth sees no charm
+in age.'
+
+But father Bull was not malicious; he only said that 'he guessed I
+wasn't used to country ways;' and after that little brush we became very
+good friends.
+
+I took to _Mrs._ Bull at once; and, following her into a neat little
+room, where there was a stove, a rag carpet, and a table laid for one, I
+was informed that this was the dining room, sitting room, and room in
+ordinary. Tea was over long ago; indeed, as it was eight o'clock, they
+had begun to think of going to bed. Cars in which I travel are always
+behindhand; and they had almost given me up.
+
+Having introduced me to my host and hostess, Mr. Summers took his leave,
+for he did not board there, and went to see that my trunk was speedily
+forwarded to its destination.
+
+I sat down at the neat table, and tried what Mr. Bull denominated
+'presarved squinches'--which might have passed for fragments of granite,
+and were a trifle sour in addition; the apple pie, which, had it been
+large enough, would have been a splendid foundation for a quadrille; the
+bread, which looked like rye, but wasn't; and the tea, which neither
+cheered nor inebriated. This is what good, honest city people eulogize
+under the name of 'a real country tea;' and half an hour after I had
+left the festive board, I could not positively have sworn whether I had
+had any tea or not.
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Bull were very hospitable, and pressed me continually to
+eat, remarking that 'I had an awful small appetite;' but I considered it
+awful under the circumstances, without being small. They had one other
+boarder, they said, 'a single lady, who was very quiet, and didn't
+disturb any one.' They evidently intended this as an eulogy for Miss
+Friggs, but I should have preferred an inmate with more life about her.
+
+At nine o'clock I concluded, from various signs, that it was time to
+turn my steps bedward; and producing a fresh tallow candle, Mrs. Bull
+placed it in another brass candlestick, and led the way up stairs. The
+stairs were narrow, crooked, and winding, and the doors opened with
+latches. My sanctum was of moderate size, with a comfortable-looking
+bed, covered with a white counterpane (I had dreaded patchwork), a white
+curtain to the window, and a white cover on the table,--a pleasant
+harmony, I thought, with the snow that would soon cover the ground; and
+feeling chilled through, in spite of the fire that burned in the funny
+little stove, I wondered that so many people never think of providing
+for but one kind of hunger.
+
+Mrs. Bull helped me to arrange my things, and kissed me good-night in a
+way that went to my heart at once. I did not treat her on this occasion
+as I had treated Mr. Bull.
+
+'I suspect,' said she, kindly, 'that you've been used to things very
+different from what you'll find here; but we'll do all in our power to
+make it pleasant for you, and I dare say that, before long, you'll feel
+quite at home in Peppersville.'
+
+People 'dare say' anything, and many things appeared more probable than
+that I should ever feel at home in Peppersville.
+
+One thing I thoroughly congratulated myself upon, and that was that Mr.
+Summers boarded elsewhere. It is a dreadful thing to be housed under the
+same roof, in a place where there is a total want of all excitement,
+with any sort of a man--people have even become attached to spiders when
+shut up alone with them--and when the man is young, good-looking, and
+poor, the danger is increased. I did not come to Peppersville to fall in
+love with the principal of the Academy; and I was glad that _one_ road,
+at least, to that undesirable end was cut off.
+
+I found the evening psalms and lessons, and then climbed into my
+nest--where I sank down, down, down into the feathery depths, in a
+manner peculiarly terrifying to one whose nights had all been spent on
+hair mattresses. A few hours' ride had transplanted me into a new
+region, among an entirely different race of people, and I fell asleep to
+dream that a whole army of intricate sums were charging upon me with
+fixed bayonets.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Morning came, and I was under the painful necessity of getting up--which
+is always an unnatural wrench under the most favorable auspices. The
+first bell had rung at an unearthly hour, and I paid no attention to it,
+but the second bell was not much more civilized; and as I failed to
+appear, Mrs. Bull came to the door to see if I had made way with myself.
+
+I told her not to wait--I would be down as soon as I could get dressed;
+and I plunged desperately into a basin of cold water. Thankful for the
+institution of nets, I hastily packed my hair into what Artemus Ward
+calls 'a mosquito bar,' and with a final shake-out of my
+hurriedly-thrown-on drapery, I descended, with the expectation of
+finding the family in the full enjoyment of their morning meal.
+
+But Mrs. Bull stood at the head of the table, Mr. Bull at the foot, and
+Miss Friggs at the side, all with their hands on their respective
+chairs. If they had stood in that position ever since Mrs. Bull's visit
+to my door, they had enjoyed it for at least half an hour.
+
+This was very embarrassing; but the only answer that I received to my
+remonstrances was that 'they knew what manners was.' After that, I
+always managed to be down in time.
+
+I found Miss Friggs just as she had been represented, with the addition
+of being very kindly disposed toward me; but between her and Mr. Bull
+there existed a sort of chronic squabble that led to frequent passages
+of wit. Mr. Bull opened the ball, that morning, by observing, with a
+half wink at me, that 'he see she hadn't been kerried off yet,' which
+referred to a previously expressed objection on the part of Miss Friggs
+to sleep without some secure fastening on the door of her room; and
+people in the country can never understand why you should want anything
+different from the existing state of things. Then Mr. Bull remarked that
+Miss Friggs had better sleep in a bandbox or an old stocking, as folks
+packed away valuables in such things, because they were seldom looked
+into by housebreakers.
+
+Suddenly, Miss Friggs asked her tormentor if he had seen any robbers
+lately--when he turned around and handed me the butter. This referred to
+a tradition that Mr. Bull had come running home one evening, entirely
+out of breath, under the firm belief that he was pursued by a robber,
+and nearly shut the door in Mr. Summers's face, who had been in vain
+hallooing to him to stop, in order to apprise him of my expected
+arrival, and make some provision for my accommodation.
+
+These things were all explained to me by degrees; and in the uneventful
+routine upon which I had entered, I learned to consider them quite spicy
+and champagne-ish.
+
+Mr. Summers called at fifteen minutes before nine, according to
+agreement, and we set out together for the Academy. It was a one-storied
+edifice, after a Grecian model, which probably looked well in marble,
+with classical surroundings, but which, repeated in dingy wood, with no
+surroundings at all, grated on an eye that studied the fitness of
+things. But, unfortunately, my business was with the inside; and I felt
+uneasy when I saw the formidable rows of desks.
+
+'And now, Miss Wade,' said my companion, with admirable seriousness,
+'you see your field of action. You will have charge of about thirty
+girls; and when they behave badly, so that you have any difficulty with
+them, just send them in to me.'
+
+This sounded as though they were in the habit of behaving very badly
+indeed; but I doubted if sending them in to him would have been much of
+a punishment for any over fifteen.
+
+There was one scholar there when I arrived--a tall, awkward-looking
+girl, somewhat my senior--whom Mr. Summers introduced as 'Helen Legram.'
+Her only beauty was a pair of very clear eyes, that seemed to comprehend
+me at a glance; for the rest, her face was oddly shaped, her figure bad;
+and a narrow merino scarf, tied around her throat, was not a becoming
+article of dress.
+
+But scarcely had I made these observations when the Philistines were
+upon me--arriving by twos, threes, and fours, and pouring through the
+open door like overwhelming hordes of barbarians. Of course, every pair
+of eyes that entered was immediately fixed upon me; and, although I
+endeavored to keep up my dignity under the infliction, I could not help
+wishing that it were possible to be suddenly taken up and dropped into
+the middle of next week, when my _mauvaise honte_ would have had a
+reasonable chance to wear off by several days' contact.
+
+This _beginning_ is a terrible lion blocking up the way of every
+undertaking, and never does he appear so formidable as at the outset of
+school teaching, unless it is in writing a story. I cast about in my
+mind for various models, as a sort of guide; but the only spirits that
+emerged from the vasty deep were Dr. Blimber and Cornelia. With an
+inconvenient perversity, they refused to be laid, and kept dancing
+before me all day. In entering upon my career, I was firmly impressed
+with two convictions: one was that I didn't know anything, and the other
+was that my pupils would speedily find it out.
+
+The day began, as all sorts of days do; and through the open door of the
+adjoining apartment I watched Mr. Summers, and endeavored to follow all
+his proceedings. When he rang his bell, I rang mine; and, by dint of
+looking as wise and sober as I possibly could, I contrived to begin with
+a tolerable degree of success.
+
+But a pair of clear eyes, that never seemed to be removed from my face,
+embarrassed me beyond expression. Their owner was a perfect bugbear.
+Such a formidable memory I never encountered; and in her recitations,
+which were long and frequent, I do not think she ever misplaced a
+letter. That girl had algebra written on her face; and when, in a slow,
+deliberate way, she approached me with slate, pencil, and book, I felt
+sure that this would prove my Manassas. I was inexpressibly relieved to
+discover that the problems, complicated enough to bring on a slow fever,
+were all unravelled; indeed, my feelings bore no small resemblance to
+those of a criminal at the gallows just presented with a reprieve.
+
+All that I had to do was to say, 'Very well, indeed, Miss Legram; are
+you fond of algebra?' To which she replied, 'Very,' and went back to her
+seat.
+
+Going in to Mr. Summers for some private instructions, I found his desk
+covered with votive offerings, as though it had been the shrine of some
+deity to be propitiated. There were large winter apples; hard winter
+pears; bunches of chrysanthemum; bags of chestnuts, and even popped
+corn; but the parcel that received the most honorable treatment was a
+paper of black-walnut kernels, carefully arranged and presented by a
+little, mild-eyed lame girl. I made a note of that.
+
+With the dignity of a professor, Mr. Summers solved my difficulties;
+while I meekly listened, and wondered if this could be the half-boyish
+individual who had lifted me from the cars. He did not look over
+twenty-three, though, and, if not strictly handsome, had had a very
+narrow escape of it. His hair had a way of getting into his eyes, and he
+had a way of tossing it back as horses toss their manes; and this motion
+invariably brings up a train of associations connected with Mr. Summers.
+
+The day's session was over, and the pupils had departed. I thought that
+Mr. Summers had departed also; and, nervous and wearied out with the
+unwonted strain upon my patience and equanimity, I applied myself
+dejectedly to the fascinating columns of 'Davies' Arithmetic,' for
+unless I speedily added to my small stock of knowledge, a mortifying
+_expose_ would be the inevitable consequence. Why, thought I, with all
+the ills that man is naturally heir to, must some restless genius invent
+figures? The people in those examples have such an insane way of
+transacting business, I could make nothing of them; my answers never
+agreed with the key, but I fully agreed with the poor man who said so
+despairingly, 'Wat wi' faeth, and wat wi' the earth goin' round the sun,
+and wat wi' the railways all a whuzzin' and a buzzin', I'm clean
+muddled, confoozled, and bet!' and flinging the book out of sight, I
+gave myself up to the luxury of a good cry.
+
+I had not been enjoying myself long, though, before I was interrupted;
+and as the crying was not intended for effect, the interruption was an
+unpleasant one. Of course, I had to answer that original question, 'What
+is the matter?' but instead of replying, after the most approved fashion
+in such cases, 'Nothing,' I went directly to the fountain head, and
+said, abruptly, 'Davies' Arithmetic.'
+
+Mr. Summers quietly picked up the book, and I saw that he understood the
+matter at once--for the dimples in his cheeks deepened perceptibly, and
+beneath the dark mustache there was a gleam of white teeth. My face grew
+hot as I noted these signs, and I exclaimed desperately:
+
+'Mr. Summers, I should like, if you please, to resign my situation. I am
+aware that I must seem to you like an impostor, for I cannot do anything
+at all with figures; and I thought'--
+
+Here I broke down, and cried again, and Mr. Summers finished the
+sentence by saying:
+
+'You thought that you would not be called upon to teach arithmetic? A
+very natural conclusion, and there is no reason why you should. I prefer
+taking charge of these classes myself--but no one can supply your place
+in French and music.'
+
+'A sugar plum for the baby,' thought I, and kept silence.
+
+'I think, though,' continued my mentor, 'that anything as dry and
+practical as figures is a very good exercise for an imaginative turn of
+mind, by supplying a sort of balancing principle; and, if you would like
+to improve yourself in this branch, I should take great pleasure in
+assisting you.'
+
+Very kindly done, certainly, and I accepted the offer with eagerness. I
+was to rest that evening, he said--I had had enough for one day; but it
+was understood that on other evenings generally he was to come to Mr.
+Bull's and instruct his assistant teacher in the A B C of mathematics. I
+could not help thinking that few employers would have taken this
+trouble.
+
+Mr. Bull appeared to be of no earthly use in the household except to go
+to the door, which, in Peppersville, was not an onerous duty; and had I
+not so frequently seen the same thing, I should have wondered what Mrs.
+Bull ever married him for. From frequent references to the time 'when
+Mr. Bull was in the store,' I came to the conclusion that he had once
+dealt in the heterogeneous collection of articles usually found in such
+places. I was not informed whether Mr. Bull had 'given up the store,' or
+whether 'the store' had given up Mr. Bull; but I was disposed to
+entertain the latter idea.
+
+There was no servant in the establishment except an old Indian woman,
+who amused herself by preparing vegetables and washing dishes in the
+kitchen--not being at all active, in consequence of having lost part of
+her feet from indulging in a fancy for a couch of snow on one of the
+coldest nights of the preceding winter, when, to use a charitable
+phrase, 'she was not quite herself.' I believe that, even after this
+melancholy warning, that eccentric person was frequently somebody else.
+'However,' as Mrs. Bull said, 'she didn't disturb any one'--and although
+I could not exactly see the force of this reasoning, I treated it with
+respectful silence for Mrs. Bull's sake.
+
+Miss Friggs, who was 'quite one of the family,' and had lived in it so
+long that I believe she almost persuaded herself that she had been born
+in it, 'did' her own room--which was perfectly appalling with its
+fearful neatness. There was not a thread on the carpet, nor a particle
+of dust in the corners; and the bed, when made up, was as accurately
+proportioned as though it had all been scientifically measured off. I
+have caught glimpses of Miss Friggs going about this business with her
+head carefully tied up, as though it might burst with the immensity of
+her ideas on the subject; and when she had finished, you might have
+eaten off the floor--that is, if you preferred it to a table. This was
+her one occupation in life, and she did it thoroughly; but it seemed
+too sad to have so few occupations that any could be accomplished in so
+faultless a manner.
+
+Fired with honest but misguided zeal, I one morning entered the lists
+against Miss Friggs in a vain attempt to make my own bed; but those
+horrid feathers acted like the things in the Philosopher's Scales, for
+when some were up, others were down; neither north nor south, east nor
+west would agree to terms of equality, and it was impossible to bring
+them to any sort of compromise.
+
+I related my experience to Mrs. Bull; and when I assured her that I had
+crawled all over the bed in the vain attempt to bring some order out of
+chaos, she was more amused, in her quiet way, than I had ever known her
+to be. She desired me, however, to leave the room, to her in future, as
+she enjoyed it, and I could not be expected to do everything. I did not
+interfere with her measures again.
+
+A lesson had been given me to look over; and on Mr. Summers's first
+visit to me, in Mrs. Bull's parlor, I felt as if he had been a dentist
+with evil designs on my largest grinder. He was as cool as though he had
+been fifty and I five, and behaved himself generally as though it were a
+very common thing for youthful principals to give private lessons to
+their young lady-teachers.
+
+Mr. Bull had made a fire, which was another talent that I discovered in
+him; and Mrs. Bull had given the room as much of a look of comfort as a
+room can have that is very seldom used. The good woman had even placed a
+dish of apples and doughnuts on a table in the corner--which, she said,
+were always on hand when Mr. Bull was paying his addresses to her; but
+the family did not appear to put any such construction on Mr. Summer's
+visits to me. I had told them that we had a great deal of school
+business in common; and they seemed to think it quite natural that we
+should have.
+
+And to business Mr. Summers proceeded immediately on his arrival,
+throwing me into a state of complete confusion by asking me questions
+not definitely set down in the book, and calmly allowing me to blunder
+through to something like an end without the least interruption or
+assistance. I, whose childhood had for some time been made miserable by
+the question of a sharp schoolmate, 'Which is the heaviest--a pound of
+lead or a pound of feathers?' and her calm persistence that they were
+both alike, in spite of my passionate denial in favor of lead, was not
+likely to distinguish myself at these sittings; and whatever I had
+hitherto admired in Mr. Summers was now eclipsed by my appreciation of
+his extraordinary patience.
+
+'You must think me a perfect fool!' I exclaimed, unguardedly.
+
+'No,' replied my imperturbable companion, 'I consider you a very fair
+average.'
+
+I bit my lip in anger at myself, and turned assiduously to my slate and
+pencil.
+
+'You will take that for next time,' said my preceptor, rising at the end
+of an hour, and calling my attention to a portion that he had marked in
+pencil, 'when I shall be more particular about your recitations. Good
+evening.'
+
+'Very romantic,' thought I, as I walked rather discontentedly into the
+sitting room, and I wondered what sort of stuff Mr. Summers was made of.
+I began to be afraid that I might be piqued into flirting with him.
+
+He seemed to have the talent, though, of winning golden opinions from
+all sorts of people. Mr. Bull pronounced him 'a cute chap,' and 'real
+clever, too,' for he did not consider the terms synonymous. Mrs. Bull
+said that he was just the right person in the right place; and Miss
+Friggs declared that he was 'a young man among a thousand.' Not at
+Peppersville, certainly, for there were but five others in the place;
+but, to use the phraseology most in vogue there, they could not hold a
+candle to him.
+
+That quiet, overgrown girl, with her faultless recitations and steady
+pursuance of one idea, interested me exceedingly, and I determined to
+find out her history. I spoke of her to Mr. Summers, and he replied:
+
+'Oh, yes; Helen Legram is quite an original. 'Born of poor, but
+respectable parents,' I have little doubt that she will turn out like
+the heroes of all biographies that commence in a similar manner. Her
+father is a very plain farmer, living somewhere among the mountains,
+with a large family to provide for; and Helen, in consequence, has
+hitherto enjoyed no advantages in the way of education beyond those
+obtained from an occasional quarter at the district school. In the
+intervals she had to wash, bake, mend, and make, with untiring industry,
+with short snatches of reading, her only indulgence; until, last summer,
+a relative, well to do in the world, spent some months at the mountain
+farm, and presented Helen with the means of obtaining her heart's
+desire--a thorough education. To that end she is now assiduously
+devoting herself in the spirit of Milton, who 'cared not how late he
+came into life, only that he came fit.' Helen Legram is a plain,
+unformed country girl; but she has those three handmaids of talent who
+so frequently eclipse their mistress: industry, patience, and
+perseverance; and I prophesy that not only will she succeed in her
+present undertaking, but win for herself a name among the Hannah Mores
+and Corinnes of posterity. What a wife such a woman would make!'
+
+I wondered if he was engaged to her? They were about the same age, and
+being entirely opposite in every respect, it was quite natural that they
+should fall in love with each other.
+
+I had some trouble with my tall pupil in French, as she had not quite
+the Parisian accent, and at her time of life it was not easy to acquire
+it. She persevered, though, with unparalleled firmness; and as she
+wished to study Latin, I was obliged to learn it myself, from Mr.
+Summers. I pitied that man when I began to stumble through the
+declensions. Virgil would have torn his hair in frenzy at such rendering
+of his lines, and I should have been very sorry to encounter him alone.
+There we sat, hour after hour, in Mrs. Bull's parlor, scarcely a word
+passing between us except on the subject of Latin or arithmetic. Mr.
+Summers was an excellent teacher; and it was worth my sojourn in
+Peppersville to learn what I did.
+
+One evening, however, we were rather more sociable; and in answer to
+some remark of mine, Mr. Summers asked me where I supposed he was born!
+
+Beginning with Maine, I went regularly through the Eastern States, with
+a strong desire to leave him in Massachusetts; but, very much to my
+surprise, he denied them all.
+
+'New York, then, or New Jersey,' I persisted.
+
+Mr. Summers only smiled; and then I tried the Hoosier States, where they
+are 'half horse and half alligator;' his figure was somewhat in the
+backwoodsman style. But none of these would do.
+
+'Then,' said I, out of all patience, 'you could not have been born
+anywhere. I give it up.'
+
+'Well,' was the reply, 'I think you might as well, for you would never
+guess.'
+
+And here the matter ended. But frequently afterward did I find myself
+wondering what portion of the globe Mr. Summers could claim as his own,
+his native land; for I had come to the conclusion that he might not be
+an American at all.
+
+Skating season arrived; and all Peppersville took to the lake like a
+colony of ducks. It was splendidly exhilarating, and my crotchet needle
+had for some time previous been flying through tangled mazes of crimson
+worsted, to the great admiration of the household, in the manufacture of
+a skating cap.
+
+I must have been built expressly for going on ice, for it seemed like my
+native element. Those beautiful moonlight nights, with the cold blue sky
+above and the glittering crystal beneath, were like glimpses of
+fairyland. Mr. Summers taught me how to skate, for which I was
+sufficiently grateful; but I had no idea of being handed over to him
+exclusively for the benefit of Peppersville, so I seized upon 'big
+boys,' or staid, married men, or anything that came handy in the way of
+support, until I was sufficiently experienced to go alone.
+
+Helen Legram did not skate. Nothing could induce her to venture; and
+probably, while we were cultivating our heels on the ice, she was
+cultivating her head in milder latitudes. I thought, _then_, that she
+was to be pitied; but, two weeks later, I would have given all that I
+possessed to have followed her example in the beginning.
+
+It was intensely cold that night, and somehow my skates were very
+troublesome. Mr. Summers bent down to arrange them, and I declined
+making use of his shoulder as a support. I never knew how I did it, but
+ice is slippery; I performed an extraordinary slide--kicked Mr. Summers
+directly in the mouth, thereby knocking out one of his front teeth, as
+though I had been a vicious horse--and went backward into the arms of
+the oldest male pupil of the Peppersville Academy, while my unfortunate
+victim, knocked into a state of insensibility, fell prostrate on the
+ice.
+
+A crowd gathered, of course, and raised their venerable preceptor, and
+brought him to his senses, while I was congratulated on my escape. I
+looked upon this as the most awkward predicament I had ever been placed
+in, and was completely nonplussed as to the course of action to be
+pursued under the circumstances. Had I been in love with Mr. Summers, or
+he with me, the case would have been different; as it was, I would have
+given much to have changed places with him. He declared, however, that
+it was nothing, laughed about the accident, and said that one tooth more
+or less made very little difference. Had he been a woman, he never would
+have forgiven me.
+
+The next morning, Mr. Summers was not at school, and Helen Legram took
+his place. They boarded in the same house; and from her I learned that
+his mouth was so much swollen he could scarcely speak. It was very
+disagreeable, certainly; but, having weighed the matter all the morning,
+I came to the conclusion by afternoon, that it was decidedly my duty to
+go and see after Mr. Summers.
+
+I found him in the parlor, considerably disfigured; and Helen Legram was
+making him some pap--that being the only style of sustenance upon which
+he could venture. His mouth was very sore, for the sharp runner of a
+skate is rather a formidable weapon; but he laughed with his eyes when I
+presented myself, and seemed to enjoy my embarrassment.
+
+'I do not see how it happened,' said I, very much annoyed.
+
+'All that I know of the case,' replied Mr. Summers, quite as though it
+had been somebody else's case, 'is that, while engaged in the discharge
+of my duty, a cloud of dimity suddenly floated before my eyes--a
+stunning shock ensued--I saw stars--and then exit into the region of
+know-nothingdom.'
+
+Rather awkwardly, I suppose, I offered myself as head nurse, having been
+the cause of the mischief; but Mr. Summers, with many thanks for the
+offer, did not think there would be any necessity for availing himself
+of it. I felt very sorry for him, and quite as sorry for myself.
+
+In a few days the principal returned to his school duties. He possessed
+a remarkable degree of reticence; and, owing to this blessed quality,
+no one but ourselves and Helen Legram ever knew of my share in that
+unfortunate accident. I felt rather guilty whenever allusion was made to
+it by some well-meaning person; but I noticed that Mr. Summers always
+turned the conversation as soon as possible. We were on more social
+terms after that disaster; and somehow the evenings spent over Latin and
+arithmetic became less practical, and decidedly more interesting. Mr.
+Summers, however, was very cautious, and so was I. He never seemed to be
+swayed by impulse; and I should have nipped anything like tenderness in
+the bud.
+
+One evening, however, I was considerably astonished at him, and not a
+little indignant. The 'faculty' of the Peppersville Academy were invited
+to a small party at the house of one of its wealthiest patrons, who
+lived some miles out of town.
+
+They sent a covered wagon for us, and a 'boy,' that indispensable
+article in the country, to drive us.
+
+The boy seemed to drive with his eyes shut; suddenly, there was a
+terrific jolt, and I screamed and clung to Mr. Summers for protection.
+Under the circumstances this was unavoidable; but, as he seemed disposed
+to retain my hand, I tried to disengage it.
+
+It was held in a firm grasp; and I said, in a tone that could not be
+mistaken: 'Mr. Summers!'
+
+My hand was immediately released; and neither of us spoke another word
+during the drive.
+
+I did not enjoy that party. I was angry at Mr. Summers, and I let him
+see it; but I had no patience with any other man in the room. In driving
+back, Mr. Summers 'thought that he would sit outside, to get a little
+fresh air,'--which, as the thermometer stood at twenty, must have been
+exhilarating. I was handed out in silence, and went to bed in as bad a
+humor as that in which many a belle comes from the ball room.
+
+There was a coolness between us for several days, which gradually thawed
+into a more genial state of things, but it did not seem to me that it
+ever became quite as it was before.
+
+All winter there were rumblings deep and continual in the political
+sky--sometimes the sun broke out, and people said that it was going to
+clear; but usually the weathercocks predicted a long, southerly storm. I
+never saw a man so full of prophecy as Mr. Bull. One would have supposed
+that every hour brought him telegraphic despatches both from the real
+and the spurious Congress; and that President Lincoln and Jeff. Davis
+were both convinced of their utter inability to take any steps without
+the cognizance and approval of Mr. Bull.
+
+Mrs. Bull said mildly that 'she hoped it would blow over;' but Mr. Bull
+exclaimed indignantly that 'he didn't want it to blow over--he wanted it
+to blow out and done with it, if it was goin' to, and not keep a
+threatenin' all to no purpose. It was high time that things was settled,
+and people knew what was what. If we was goin' to hev a rumpus, he hoped
+we'd _hev_ it.'
+
+If the old man had not been really good-natured and inoffensive, I
+should have taken him in hand; but these disconnected remarks appeared
+to give him so much pleasure that it would have been cruel to deprive
+him of it.
+
+Helen Legram had a reverential way of speaking of Mr. Summers that
+provoked me; but she told me one day, when I laughed at this, that no
+one who knew his life could do otherwise. And how did _she_ 'know his
+life'? He had never disclosed it to _me_--and I could not see what there
+was in Helen Legram to entitle her to this confidence. They certainly
+were engaged--everything went to prove it; and, if I had been at all in
+love with Mr. Summers, I should have classed the feeling that pervaded
+me under the head of jealousy.
+
+Mr. Bull 'guessed that Mr. Summers and that tall gal were goin' to make
+a match of it;' and, when I assented to the proposition, he added that
+'she didn't _pretty_ much, but he kalkilated she'd make a good, stirrin'
+wife for a young man who had his livin' to get. Should hev kind o'
+thought,' continued Mr. Bull, who seemed to love the subject, 'that he'd
+hev fancied _you_; but there's no accountin' for tastes.'
+
+I glided out of the room unperceived, and the old gentleman probably
+talked confidentially to the four walls for some time afterward.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Sumter had fallen; and the whole school broke out in badges.
+Peppersville was on fire, and burning, of course, in red, white, and
+blue flames. No one bought a dress even that had not the loyal colors
+displayed _somewhere_ in it; and a man who did not wear a cockade was
+rather looked askance upon.
+
+Mr. Bull was in his element, and spent his time principally in going to
+the post office in search of news, and asking everybody's political
+shibboleth. The subject was discussed at every meal. Mr. Bull thought
+that half the members of Congress ought to have been hung long ago. Miss
+Friggs, who sometimes attempted the poetical, said that it made her
+heart bleed to think of the glorious figure of Liberty wandering
+desolate and forsaken, with her costly robe of stars and stripes
+trailing in the dust; and Mrs. Bull, who was one of the wisest women I
+ever knew, prudently said nothing on a subject which she did not quite
+understand.
+
+The militia of Peppersville began to turn out in rusty regimentals, and
+cut up queer antics in the street; and Mr. Summers, who appeared to have
+a talent for everything, took them in hand to drill.
+
+'Do you understand military tactics?' I inquired in surprise.
+
+'Somewhat,' was the reply. He had been captain of a company of boy
+soldiers; and, now that I came to think of it, there was something
+decidedly military in his bearing.
+
+'If I were only a _man!_' I exclaimed, discontentedly, 'I would be off
+to the war and distinguish myself; but a woman is good for nothing but
+to be insignificant.'
+
+'The works of a watch are 'insignificant,' in one sense,' observed my
+companion; 'but what would the watch he without them?'
+
+'I do not see any application in this case,' I replied, indifferently.
+
+'A woman,' said he, bending down to adjust some papers, 'is often the
+Miriam and Aaron of some Moses whose hands need holding up. Many a
+bullet that finds the heart of an enemy is sent, not by the hand that
+pulls the trigger, but by a softer hand miles away. Something, or rather
+some _one_, to work for, is an incentive to great deeds.'
+
+Mr. Summers's face was flushed; and he looked suddenly up when he had
+done speaking.
+
+I withdrew my eyes in confusion, and, with the careless remark, 'Mrs.
+Partington would tell you that you were speaking paregorically,' I left
+a place that was getting entirely too hot to hold me.
+
+A few days after, Mr. Summers started for the seat of war, with the
+commission of first lieutenant, and Helen Legram became principal of the
+Peppersville Academy. I think that bright spring days are disagreeable,
+glaring things, when some one whom you like and have been accustomed to
+see in certain places, is seen there no more; and the day that Mr.
+Summers left, I was out of all patience with the April sunshine.
+
+He had said no more: a friendly pressure of the hand from him, and a
+sincerely expressed hope on my part that he would return unharmed--a
+request from Mr. Bull to 'give it to 'em well'--a caution from Mrs. Bull
+not to expose himself, if he could help it, to the night air--a
+pincushion from Miss Friggs, because men never have conveniences-and he
+was gone, with, no reasonable prospect of his return.
+
+I said this to myself a great many times; but I also said that I did not
+go to Peppersville to fall in love with the principal of the Academy.
+
+Those everlasting recitations began to be unendurable; the walks about
+Peppersville were totally uninteresting, and I did not know what to do
+with myself. I cultivated Helen Legram; and, during the vacation, she
+took me home with her to the farm.
+
+It seemed like a new life, that three weeks' visit, and I enjoyed it
+extremely. We went on expeditions up the mountains, and lived a sort of
+vagrant life that was just what we both needed. The roar of cannon could
+not reach us there; the sight of bleeding, dying men was far away; and
+we almost forgot that the teeth of the children whom she had nourished
+at her breast were tugging at the vitals of the Union.
+
+One afternoon, amid the fragrant odor of pine trees, Helen Legram told
+me the story of Mr. Summers's life.
+
+He was born and educated in Florida, much to my astonishment, and had
+entailed upon him the misery of a worthless, dissipated father. His
+mother, after dragging out a saddened existence, sank into the grave
+when her youngest boy was just entering upon the years of boyhood.
+Finally, the elder Summers, who had always boasted of his patrician
+blood, killed a man in a fit of mingled passion and intemperance, and
+then cheated the gallows of its due by putting an end to his own life.
+His property was quite exhausted; and the two sons who survived him
+could only look upon his death as a release from continued mortification
+and disgrace. An uncle's house was open to receive them; but, before
+many years had elapsed, Arthur Summers, who was described as a miracle
+of manly beauty, changed his name for that of a rich heiress who
+bestowed herself and her lands upon him, and requested his brother to
+follow his example in the matter of the name at once, and in the matter
+of the heiress as soon as convenient.
+
+Elihu Summers, however, persisted in retaining the name that his father
+had disgraced; he said that he would redeem it, and declared that no
+wife of his should furnish him with bread while his brain and hands were
+in working order. His brother looked upon him as a harmless lunatic; but
+Elihu was firm, and took up his abode at the North, as better calculated
+to further his design. After a series of adventures he became principal
+of the Peppersville Academy, with the view of ultimately studying a
+profession; and there he had been for two years when I came in contact
+with him.
+
+I had been studying Helen Legram's face during this recital; and at its
+conclusion I asked her if she was engaged to Mr. Summers.
+
+'No, I am not engaged to him,' she replied, with a vivid blush; 'I have
+good reason to suppose that he is attached to some one else.'
+
+'Well,' thought I, as I noted the blush, 'if not engaged to him, you are
+certainly in love with him;' and I felt sorry for her if it was not
+returned.
+
+I did not go back to Peppersville that summer--I had had enough of
+school teaching; and I returned to the relatives with whom I had become
+disgusted, on promises of better behavior from them for the future. They
+were not _near_ relatives--I had none; and I had rebelled at being
+tutored and watched like a child. Having fully asserted my independence,
+I was treated with more respect; but, while they supposed that I was
+nestling down in quiet content, I was busily casting about in my mind
+the practicability of another venture.
+
+I burned to do something for my country; I could not do as meek women
+did, and sit down and sew for it; the monotonous motion of the needle,
+which some people call so soothing, fairly distracted me; and, in spite
+of the low diet of Latin and mathematics on which I had been kept all
+winter, I entertained vague visions of myself, in cropped hair and army
+blue, following the drum.
+
+Just at this critical juncture, when common sense was spreading her
+pinions for flight, I received a letter from a darling Mentor of a
+friend, who was spending the golden sunshine of her life as her Saviour
+spent His, in doing good; and she ordered me to the hospitals.
+
+'You have youth and health,' she wrote; 'spend them in the service of
+your country. Many a brave soldier lies stiffening in his gore on the
+bloody field of Manassas; many as brave are writhing in agony in the
+hospitals that received the wounded of that disastrous day; go among
+them with words of comfort, and smooth the pillow of those brave
+defenders whose blood has been freely poured out to enable _you_ to
+sleep in peace.'
+
+I could wait no longer; in spite of protestation, I put my chattels in
+order, and was off with a noble band of women, who were all bent on the
+same errand.
+
+I had heard nothing from Mr. Summers since his departure: he might have
+been killed at Manassas, or have fallen, side by side with the noble
+Winthrop, at Big Bethel, or have perished, as the lamented Ellsworth
+perished, by the hand of the assassin. I never expected to behold him
+again in _this_ world; and I began to think that I had not appreciated
+him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I cannot describe my life as hospital nurse: it was just passing from
+one scene of suffering to another; and I had not realized that there
+_could_ be so much misery in this bright, beautiful world. At first I
+used to tremble and faint; but finally the intense desire to _do_
+something for these poor, mutilated wrecks of humanity conquered the
+weakness; and I even wondered at my own self-control.
+
+There were pleasant gleams, too, in this life, of utter
+self-abandonment; blessings from fever-parched lips; grateful looks from
+dying eyes; pleased attention to holy words; and, wrapping all like a
+halo, the thought that I was working in very deed, ay, and battling,
+too, for the glorious flag that floated over my head.
+
+They were constantly bringing in fresh patients, and the sight roused no
+curiosity; but one day, such a ghastly face was upturned to view, as
+they placed the shattered body tenderly on a cot, that, involuntarily, I
+bent closer.
+
+'Awful things, those Minie wounds,' observed a young surgeon who stood
+near me; and then, as he went on to describe how the horrible ball
+revolves in the lacerated flesh, I suddenly caught a full view of the
+features, over which the shadow of death seemed to have settled, and
+fainted dead away.
+
+It was a long time, I believe, before I regained my senses; but as soon
+as I did, I went to work. Mr. Summers was stretched before me on that
+cot, with a gaping wound in his shoulder, that had not been attended to
+in proper time. He opened his eyes once, and smiled, as he seemed to
+recognize me bending over him; but a fainting fit ensued, and then he
+became delirious.
+
+I could not bear to have any one else attend to him, and I watched him
+faithfully day and night. That dreadful Minie wound seemed as if it
+never would heal, and I think that the doctors scarcely expected him to
+get up again. I almost felt as if I had been brought to the hospital for
+this one purpose; and without his ever having told me in plain words
+that he loved me--in spite of all my wise resolutions to the
+contrary--during silent watches beside that couch of suffering, I became
+convinced that I loved him with all the strength of which I was capable.
+Yes, I who had nominally devoted myself to the service of my country,
+had ignominiously closed my career by falling in love with the first
+good-looking patient that had been brought into my ward!
+
+If any stupid man, though (a woman would know better), supposes that I
+informed Mr. Summers of this, either by word or look, in his first lucid
+moment, he is entirely mistaken. On the contrary to punish myself for
+this humiliating weakness, I was more severe than ever; and when the
+patient became well enough to thank me for my kind attention, etc., I
+told him, as coldly as I could, that it was no more than I would have
+done for the commonest soldier--(which was not strict truth)--that my
+labors were given to my country, and not to individuals--with much more
+to the same purpose.
+
+Mr. Summers sighed deeply, and turned over on his pillow; and he did not
+imagine how I felt.
+
+He said no more on the subject then; but, one evening, when he had been
+moved from his bed to an easy chair, he spoke out like a man, and a
+pretty determined one, too, in plain terms, and asked me if I would ever
+marry him?
+
+In just as plain terms I told him that I never would--I had resolved to
+devote my life in this manner; and, with an expression of utter
+hopelessness, he replied that he took back all his thanks for the
+miserable life I had saved; he was weary of it, and would hasten to
+throw it away on the next battle field.
+
+This was very dreadful, of course; but that winter's practice had given
+me quite a turn for arithmetic, and I fell to calculating how many
+battles would probably transpire before that crippled shoulder would let
+him take the field again.
+
+'You will not get out under three months,' said I, confidently.
+
+He looked at me for a moment; and then, bending closer, he whispered,
+'You do not really mean it, Isabel?'
+
+My face flushed uncomfortably at this address, but, making a last
+struggle, I inquired carelessly, 'And why not, pray?'
+
+'Because,' he replied, with a steady voice, 'you have too kind a heart
+to consign to a disappointed life one who loves you so devotedly.'
+
+I suppose I had; for, after that, he had the impudence to assure me that
+I was engaged to him.
+
+'Providence seems to smile upon us,' observed my convalescing patient,
+the next morning; 'read this, Isabel.'
+
+The formidable looking document was placed in my hand, and I learned
+that Lieutenant Elihu Summers, for gallant conduct at the battle of Bull
+Run, was promoted to the rank of colonel.
+
+'Mrs. Colonel Summers,' said he, with the old mischief beaming in his
+eye; 'isn't that tempting?'
+
+I immediately punished him by reading an article that happened to be on
+hand, which proved conclusively that army and navy officers were a
+worthless, dissipated set. Nevertheless, it was a satisfaction to think
+that my wish of entering the army was about to be gratified--although in
+such an unexpected way.
+
+I could never definitely ascertain whether Helen Legram loved Mr.
+Summers or not; but I am under the impression that she did, and that she
+will never marry. She makes a splendid principal for the Peppersville
+Academy; and, when we have a house of our own, she will be the first
+invited guest.
+
+I am afraid that I have no 'mission.' I spoiled my school teaching by
+falling in love with the principal, and my hospital nursing by becoming
+infatuated with my most troublesome patient. I do not feel disposed,
+therefore, to try another field.
+
+
+
+
+LETTER WRITING.
+
+
+To Atossa, a Persian queen, the daughter of Cyrus and the mother of
+Xerxes, has been ascribed the invention of letter writing. She, although
+a royal barbarian, was, like her prototype of Sheba, not only an admirer
+of wisdom in others, but wise herself. She first composed epistles. So
+testifies Hellanicus, a general historian of the ancient states, and so
+insists Tatian in his celebrated oration against the Greeks. In that
+oration he contends that none of the institutions of which the Greeks
+were so boastful had their origin with them, but were all invented by
+the barbarians.
+
+It may be doubted, however, whether to any known person in the domains
+of olden time can be truly attributed the high honor of such an
+invention. Indeed, the views that may justly be entertained as to what
+constitutes an invention may be various and diverse. Perhaps, in a
+qualified sense, any signal addition or improvement deserves to be so
+distinguished. What was precisely the subject matter of Atossa's
+invention is not told, nor is anything recorded to lead to the
+conclusion that she invented any new material; but, if she discovered
+any way of committing the communications between persons, separated or
+at a distance from each other, to paper--whether composed of the
+interior bark of trees, or of the Egyptian papyrus, or other flexible
+substance--and making it into a roll or volume, to be sent by some
+carrier, that Persian queen may be accredited as the inventress of
+epistolary composition.
+
+It has been conjectured that letter writing was an art existing in the
+days of Homer; because one of that great poet's characters, named
+Pretus, gives a folded tablet to another personage, Bellerophontes, to
+deliver to a third individual, Jobates. But the learned commentators,
+both German and English, agree in the fact that the Iliad and the
+Odyssey were never written, but recited to various audiences by
+
+  'The grand old bard of Scio's rocky isle.'
+
+Writing, however, was in use throughout Greece before the time of Homer,
+if not in ordinary intercourse, certainly for memorials and
+inscriptions. The age of Homer may be regarded as preceding the
+Christian era by about one thousand years. It synchronizes with the time
+of Solomon. Thus the greatest of poets and the wisest of kings
+coexisted--truly a noticeable fact, a theme for the imagination.
+
+But the Holy Scriptures afford instances of letter writing, in some form
+or other, at a period considerably anterior to the age of Solomon. David
+wrote a letter to Joab, and sent it by the hand of Uriah: 'And he wrote
+in the letter, saying.' (2 Samuel xi, 14, 15.) And, about one hundred
+and forty years afterward, Jezebel wrote letters in Ahab's name (1 Kings
+xxi, 8, 9), and 'sealed them with his seal, and sent the letters unto
+the elders and to the nobles that were in the city, dwelling with
+Naboth, and she wrote in the letters, saying, (2 Kings v, 5, 6, 7; 2
+Kings x, 1, 2, 6, 7.) The king of Syria wrote a letter to the king of
+Israel, and therewith sent Naaman, his servant, to be cured of his
+leprosy: 'And it came to pass when the king of Israel read the letter,
+that he rent his clothes.'
+
+Now this occurred about nine hundred years before the Christian era;
+and, about twenty years later, we are told that Jehu wrote letters and
+sent them to Samaria. A second time he transmitted other letters of a
+similar import, which were cruelly obeyed.
+
+Then there is the threatening letter of the king of Assyria to Hezekiah,
+set forth in the second book of Kings, and also the complimentary
+letter from Berodach-Baladan to the same king of Judah after his
+sickness; a king who subsequently appears himself to have written
+letters to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, to summon them to
+Jerusalem. (2 Kings xix, 14; xx, 12; 2 Chron. xxx, 1-6.)
+
+Cyrus, after publishing his decree giving liberty to the Jews to return
+to their own country and rebuild the house of the Lord at Jerusalem,
+wrote letters recommendatory to the governors of several provinces to
+assist the Jews in their undertaking; one of which letters Josephus has
+recorded as being addressed to the governors of Syria, and commencing
+with the regular epistolary salutation, 'Cyrus, the king, to Sysina and
+Sarabasan sendeth a greeting.' And while the children of the captivity
+were rebuilding their temple (and this was five hundred and twenty-two
+years before Christ), there was a frequent correspondence by letters
+between, their adversaries and Artaxerxes, king of Persia. Now,
+supposing the invention, in any modified sense, of letter writing _on
+paper_, or what may answer to the idea conveyed by that term, is in any
+measure attributable to the daughter of Cyrus, this was quite a matter
+of course and in accordance with the general practice.
+
+Still, let us not be disposed to take away from the royal lady the honor
+of having invented an art which her sex have, in modern years, carried
+to a perfection scarcely attainable by the male sex; for it may be set
+down as an axiom that one woman's letter is worth a dozen letters by
+men.
+
+After all, the instances of communication by means of letter writing to
+which allusions have thus been made are plainly no specimens of that use
+of the invention which constitutes it the medium of free thought and
+intelligence, or even the simple vehicle of domestic intercourse. Those
+letters or missives were either formal announcements of authoritative
+mandates and despatches, or, at best, only the conveyancers of certain
+information, to be the motive to some act or understanding, or to
+determine or direct some course of proceeding. There are no examples of
+what can properly be called _familiar letters_ before the time of
+Cicero, whose correspondence may justly be regarded as among the most
+precious remains of ancient literature which have survived to our own
+day. In connection with this remark, we may be permitted to observe
+that, as with the greatest of ancient, so with the greatest of modern
+orators, he was distinguished for the beauty, power, and brilliancy of
+his letters. There are few instances of English style more charming in
+themselves than the epistles, whether published or still in manuscript,
+written by that versatile and wonderful person, Daniel Webster.
+(_Nunquam tetigit quod non ornavit._) How copious is their expression!
+How facile and felicitous their illustrations! What grace! What beauty
+of diction! What simplicity, elevated by a matchless elegance! Nothing
+more clearly proves the various talents of both the Roman and the
+American statesman than that they should no more have excelled in their
+forensic achievements on grand occasions than in those common and
+trivial affairs of every-day life, so unaffected and so effortless as
+the writing of letters to their friends.
+
+All the letters of Greek and Roman origin which have come down to us
+seem to be doubtful, except those of Plato and Isocrates, until the days
+of Cicero. Under his genius the mind of the Roman nation took a sudden
+spring, and the polite literature of the world was embellished by
+epistolary composition. As the rules and illustrations of poetic writing
+were borrowed by Aristotle from the example of Homer, so the practice
+and authority of Cicero appear to have furnished precepts best entitled
+to determine the character and merits of the epistolary style. He
+esteemed it as a species of composition enjoying the privilege of great
+ease and familiarity, as well in its diction as in its treatment of its
+subject, and also in its employment of the weapons of wit and humor. The
+general style most suitable to its spirit and character he considered to
+be that most in use in the ordinary and daily intercourse of society. He
+admired a simple and playful use of language, and he affected, as he
+asserts, a common and almost plebeian manner of writing, using words of
+every-day stamp in his correspondence. In his view of letter writing,
+its style and manner ought to vary with the complexion of its subject
+matter, and be subjected to no abstract system of rules. Ho propounds
+three principal kinds of epistles: first, that which merely conveys
+interesting intelligence, being, as he says, the very object for which
+the thing itself came into existence; second, the jocose letter; third,
+the serious and solemn letter. And it was besides the opinion of the
+great orator--an opinion sanctioned and ratified by all honorable
+persons then and in our own day--that there is something sacred in the
+contents of a letter which gives it the strongest claims to be withheld
+from third persons. 'For who,' he exclaims, in his second Philippic,
+'who that is at all influenced by good habits and feelings, has ever
+allowed himself to resent an affront or injury by exposing to others any
+letters received from the offending persons during their intercourse of
+friendship?' 'What else,' he eloquently exclaims, 'would be the tendency
+of such conduct but to rob the very life of life of its social charms!
+How many pleasantries find their way into letters, as amusing to the
+correspondents as they are insipid to others; and how many subjects of
+serious interest, which are entirely unfit to be brought before the
+public!'
+
+Truly is it gratifying, in our treatment of this topic, to be able to
+adduce such high, classical authority concerning the sacred and
+inviolable character of all private correspondence. In our humble view,
+not only is the seal of a letter a lock more impregnable to the hand of
+honor than the strongest bank safe which the expert Mr. Hobbs might
+vainly have tried to open; but even when that seal has already been
+rightfully broken and the contents of the letter exposed, those contents
+are to the eye of delicacy as unreadable as if written in that _Bass_
+language which Adam and Eve are said to have spoken while in the garden
+of Eden, and which, since the fall, none but angels have ever been able
+to comprehend. Now, if Cicero thought it base for a third party to read
+a private letter, what eloquent thunder would he not have hurled at the
+head of that wretch who not only read, but printed and published it!
+There is an epithet, which, in certain parts of New England, the folks
+apply to the poorest of poor scamps--'mean.' Now who, in this round
+world, of all that dwell therein, can be found one half so 'mean' as the
+betrayer and revealer of another's secrets? A whip should be placed in
+every honest hand to lash the rascal naked through the world. He should
+be fastened in an air-tight mail bag, and sent jolting and bouncing,
+amid innumerable letters and packages and ponderous franked documents of
+members of Congress, over all the roughest roads of our Northwestern
+country!
+
+To return to what a letter should be. It seems, upon the whole, to have
+been Cicero's opinion--and in this we shall fain agree as well as in his
+view of the secrecy of letters--that, whether the subject be solemn or
+familiar, learned or colloquial, general or particular, political or
+domestic, an easy, vivacious, unaffected diction gives to epistolary
+writing its proper grace and perfection.
+
+In very truth, good letter writing is little else than conversation upon
+paper, carried on between parties personally separate, with this
+especial advantage, that it brings the minds of the interlocutors into
+reciprocal action, with more room for reflection, and with, fewer
+disturbances than can usually consist with personal conversation.
+
+We have thus made mention of Cicero as the greatest of authorities with
+regard to this subject, because he was himself the greatest of letter
+writers. The epistle was the shape in which his versatile and beautiful
+mind most gracefully ran and moulded itself. His fluctuating and
+unstable character no less than his vanity and love of distinction,
+seemed to minister occasion to those varied forms of diction and
+expression in which the genius of animated letter writing may be said to
+delight. Read his 'Familiar Letters,' if not in Latin, yet in
+translation, if you wish to study the most perfect specimens of this
+style--a style which has not been equalled or approached since his day.
+
+Next to the letters of the great Roman orator, merit points to those of
+the philosopher Seneca. He, too, cultivates and enjoins an easy and
+unstudied diction. So great is the excellence of his letters; so nearly
+is their beauty allied to the beauty of our Holy Scriptures; so does he
+seem to anticipate the morals and teachings of our Christian
+dispensation, that it is almost reprehensible to speak of them at all,
+without setting forth their extraordinary charms of style and thought,
+even in a larger space than the present article can be allowed to
+occupy.
+
+After Seneca, the next most noted of the ancient letter writers was
+Pliny the younger. And now we are brought down to the days of the
+Apostles and their Epistles. With a simple reverential allusion to the
+letters of St. Paul and the other immediate followers of our Lord,
+letters that teach men the way of salvation--we pass to a more modern
+consideration of our topic.
+
+Letters can hardly be classified. They are of various sorts. Most of
+them, as schoolboys say, end in t-i-o-n, _tion_. There are Letters of
+Introduction; Letters of Congratulation; Letters of Consolation; Letters
+of Invitation; Letters of Recommendation; Letters of Administration.
+There are, moreover, letters of friendship, business letters, letters of
+diplomacy, letters of credit, letters patent, letters of marque (apt
+also to be letters of mark), and love letters--the last being by no
+means least.
+
+Let not the gentle reader imagine from this enumeration than we are
+going to be so tedious as to divide the remainder of this article into
+heads, and to treat of each one of these kinds of letters in its turn.
+No; our object is, by indicating thus the number of sorts, to elucidate
+the importance of letters, and to prove that, if their writing be not,
+like that of poetry, ranked among the fine arts, it well deserves to be.
+For what more admirable accomplishment can there be--what is of more
+importance often than the proper composing of letters? Many a reputation
+is made or marred by a single epistle. Great consequences follow in the
+train of a single epistle. The pen is mightier than the sword. How well
+may our readers remember one brief letter of Henry Clay (_clarum et
+venerabile nomen!_), who, when a candidate for the Presidency, wrote
+many excellent letters, and too many--so many, indeed, that his
+adversaries indulged in pointless ridicule, and called him 'The Complete
+Letter Writer.' We allude, of course, to that brief letter to certain
+importunate individuals in Alabama, which lost for him the decisive and
+final vote of New York, and made Mr. Polk President--its consequences
+being the war with Mexico, the acquisition and annexation of California,
+the discovery of the gold mines--working an utter change in the
+political and commercial fortunes of the world, which would probably
+never have taken place, or, at least, not in our century, but for that
+one brief Alabama letter! It is, we believe, fully conceded that the
+safest rule for becoming Chief Magistrate of our country is never to
+write a letter.
+
+Many a man and woman, who has written a letter and posted it, wishes
+ardently that it could be recalled; and many a one who has something
+disagreeable to say, and is obliged to say it in a letter because he has
+promised to write, wishes that he could send the letter in blank--like
+Larry O'Branigan to his wife Judy, when he was constrained to inform her
+that he had been dismissed from his place, thus done into verse by the
+bard of Erin:
+
+  'As it was but last week that I sent you a letter,
+    You'll wonder, dear Judy, what this is about,
+  And, troth, it's a letter myself would like better,
+    Could I manage to leave the contents of it out.'
+
+Excellent, by the way, as this Hibernicism is, it is not so perfect as
+the following, which it would be difficult for the most accomplished of
+Paddies to surpass. A man, dying, wrote an epistle, in which, stating
+that he was near death, he took an affectionate farewell of his friends.
+He left the letter open on a table near him, and expired before he had
+time to complete it. His attendant, just after his demise, taking up the
+defunct's pen, in which the ink was scarcely yet dry, added, by way of
+postcript, or rather _post-mortem-script_: 'Since writing the foregoing,
+I have died.'
+
+There is more philosophy than one would at first imagine in the apology
+of him who said that his pen was so bad it could not spell correctly. To
+write a letter as it should be in all respects, to be what it ought to
+be, orthographically, grammatically, rhetorically right, there should be
+a good pen, good paper, good ink. Many a pleasant correspondence has
+been marred by want of these adjuncts; many an agreeable thought
+arrested; many a composition, happily begun, hurried to an abrupt
+conclusion. And how many delightful letters have been omitted or
+neglected to be written by their want! We are not jesting. These
+concomitants, together with nice envelopes, are as requisite to a
+respectable epistle as becoming costume is to a lady. When we see a
+scrawling hand on coarse paper, ill folded, worse directed, and ending,
+'Yours in haste,' we think but little of the writer. Such a one may
+complain of being in a hurry, but ladies and gentlemen should always
+take time to do well whatsoever they do at all. No letters should be
+written 'in haste' except angry ones, and the faster they are 'committed
+to paper' the better. We have found it a capital plan, when in hot
+wrath, to sit directly down and scratch off a furious letter, and then,
+having thus committed our ire to the paper, to commit that to the
+flames. The process is highly refrigerant, in any state of the weather.
+
+Nothing can be more false than the phraseology of most letters. Many a
+letter is commenced with 'dear,' when the writer, if he dared express
+his real sentiment, would use a very opposite word. But, be the
+sentiments of a letter what they may, true or false, real or affected,
+it is the desire of the present writer to insist upon the indispensable
+neatness of letters--that they should be externally faultless, however
+defective inside. We regret to record the unpleasant fact that our
+American ladies seldom write good hands, whereas a fair chirography is
+properly considered as among the very first accomplishments for a
+well-educated girl in England. Who ever saw a letter from a true English
+lady that was not faultless in its details? What nice, legible
+penmanship! How happily expressed! How trim and pretty a cover! How
+beautiful and classic a seal! Very different these from the concomitants
+of half a sheet of ruled paper, scrawled over as if chickens had been
+walking upon it, and folded slopingly, and held loosely together by a
+wafer!
+
+It is an affectation of many lawyers and most literary people to write
+ill, probably to create an impression that such is the vast importance
+of their occupations and lucubrations that they have not time to attend
+to so minor a matter as penmanship. A certain highly distinguished
+counsellor of Massachusetts was said to have written so badly that he
+could not comprehend his own legal opinions after he had put them on
+paper. Now such affectation is in very poor taste. Those who cannot
+write fairly and legibly had better go to school and practise until they
+can. Incomprehensible writing is as bad as incomprehensible speaking. A
+clear enunciation is scarcely more important than a plain hand. A
+lawyer, in speaking, may as well jumble his words so together that not
+one in fifty can be understood, as in writing to scrawl and run them
+about so that not one in fifty can be read.
+
+What a world of content or of unhappiness lies within the little fold of
+a letter! Hark! There is the postman's ring at the door, sharp, quick,
+imperative; as much as to say, 'Don't, keep me standing here; I'm in a
+hurry.' How your heart beats! It has come at length--the long-expected
+letter; an answer to a proposal of marriage, perhaps; a reply to an
+urgent inquiry concerning a matter of business; information with regard
+to some near and dear relative; a bulletin from the field of battle;
+what the heart sighs for, hopes for--fears, yet welcomes--desires, yet
+dreads. You seize the letter. Has it a black seal? Yes? The blood leaves
+your cheeks and rushes to its citadel, frozen with fear, and in your ear
+sounds the knell of a departed joy. No? Then you heave a long sigh of
+relief, and gaze for a moment at the missive, wondering from whom it can
+be. Your doubts are soon resolved, and you rest satisfied or you are
+disappointed. Recall the emotions which you have experienced in opening
+and reading many a letter, and you will acknowledge that fate and
+fortune often announce their happiest or sternest decrees through a
+little sheet of folded paper. Have you not thought so, wife, when came
+the long looked-for, long hoped-for, long prayed-for--with so many sighs
+and tears, such throbbing, and such sinking of the heart--letter from
+your husband, telling the fruition of his schemes, and the prospect of
+his speedy return? Have you not thought so, mother, when your son's
+letter came, assuring you that your early teachings had been blessed to
+him; and, though perchance surrounded by the temptations of a great city
+or a great camp, he had found that 'peace which passeth understanding?'
+Have you not thought so, O happy damsel--yes! that blush tells how
+deeply--when _his_ letter came at last, that letter which told you you
+were beloved, and that all his future felicity depended upon your reply?
+And that soft reply--how covered with kisses, how worn in that pocket of
+the coat in which it can feel the beatings of the precordial region! And
+not of you alone, ye refined and accomplished lovers--but of swains and
+sweethearts are the letters dear. Nothing more prized than such
+epistles, commencing with: 'This comes to inform you that I am well,
+saving a bad cold, and hope you enjoy the same blessing,' and ending:
+
+  'My pen is poor, my ink is pale,
+  My love for you shall never fail.'
+
+Assuredly, if there can be unalloyed happiness in this world, it
+appertains to those dear and distant friends, parted from one another by
+intervening ocean or continent, at those moments of mental communion
+which are vouchsafed by long and loving letters. Ah, how would the bands
+of friendship weaken and drop apart if it were not for them! They
+brighten the links of our social affections; they freshen the verdure of
+kind thoughts; they are like the morning dew and the evening rain to
+filial, conjugal, fraternal, paternal and parental love!
+
+Let us now pass on to say something concerning those different kinds of
+letters that we named. Letters of diplomacy are affairs in which words
+are used for the purpose of concealing or obscuring the author's
+meaning, and which always conclude: 'Yours, with distinguished
+consideration.' To this species of epistle, the 'non-committal style,'
+of which the late Martin Van Buren was reputed to be a perfect master,
+is best adapted. Diplomatists seldom desire to be comprehended; but
+occasionally, when they do, how luminously plain they can be! Witness
+that celebrated letter which Mr. Webster dictated to Edward Everett, and
+the latter put on paper to be sent to Austria's minister, the Chevalier
+Hulsemann. The 'distinguished consideration' of that discomfited
+official was exercised to an unpleasant extent; and the result is that
+Austria has ceased to instruct this republic.
+
+Nothing is more difficult to compose than a letter of consolation or
+condolence. The more earnestly you desire to express sympathy and impart
+solace, the more impossible it seems to find gentle and appropriate
+terms. You would shun commonplaces and avoid sermonizing. You wish to
+say something simple, kind, soothing. And yet the reflection of how far
+short of the exigencies of the grief you would mitigate, fails your best
+and most effectual efforts, oppresses and restrains your pen.
+
+Of letters of business, it is quite well to say as little as they say
+themselves: 'Yours received; contents noted. Yours, &c.' As brevity is
+the soul of wit, so is it the soul of a business letter--the argument of
+which should be _ad rem_, to the matter; _cum punctu_, with point.
+
+Letters of invitation and congratulation are often mere formalities,
+although there is a way of infusing kindness, courtesy, and sincerity
+into them, especially into the latter, which ought at least to seem to
+be in cordial earnest.
+
+Letters of introduction and recommendation are very difficult to write,
+because most people endeavor to give an original turn to their
+expressions. After all, it is judicious, in the composition of such
+affairs, to follow the briefest and most usual formulas, unless, indeed,
+you desire to introduce and recommend some particular person in
+downright reality, and then the farther you deviate from mere customary
+expressions the better. And if you are truly in earnest, you need be at
+no loss what to say: the words will suggest themselves.
+
+Letters of friendship may be divided into two sorts--real and pretended.
+A real letter of friendship commends itself directly to the heart. There
+is a warm, genial glow about it, as welcome as the blaze of a hickory or
+sea-coal fire to one coming in from the cold, bitter breeze of a
+December night. It makes one philanthropic and a believer in human
+goodness. What cheer--what ardent cheer is there in a letter
+unexpectedly received from an old friend between whom and one's self
+roll years of absence, or stretch lands and seas of distance! It is like
+a boon from the very heaven of memory. But a pretended letter of
+friendship--how easily detected! how transparent its falsity! The
+loadstone of love touches it, and finds it mere brass. Its influence is
+icy and bleak, like the rays of the moon, from which all the lenses on
+earth cannot extract one particle of heat.
+
+And what can be said of love letters--those flowers of feeling, those
+redundant roses of recapitulation? There is one strain running through
+their first parts, and then--_da capo_. They are the same thing, over
+and over and over again, and then--repeat. Yet are they never wearisome
+to those who write or to those who acceptably receive. They are like the
+interviews of their writers, excessively stupid to everybody else, but
+exquisitely charming to themselves; that is, _real_ love letters; not
+those absurd things--amusing from their very absurdity--which novelists
+palm off upon innocent readers as the correspondence of heroes and
+heroines. Verily is there a distinction between letters written by
+lovers and love letters. The former may be deeply interesting to
+uninterested readers, while the latter are the very quintessence of
+egotistical selfishness; for, indeed, lovers may sometimes write about
+other matters besides love, as, for example, in the famous epistles of
+Abelard and Heloise.
+
+  'Heaven first taught letters for some wretch's aid,
+  Some banish'd lover or some captive maid;
+  They live, they breathe, they speak what love inspires,
+  Warm from the soul, and faithful to its fires;
+  The virgin's wish without her fears impart,
+  Excuse the blush, and pour out all the heart;
+  Speed the soft intercourse from soul to soul,
+  And waft a sigh from Indus to the pole.'
+
+About the other kinds of letters which have been enumerated, we shall
+have nothing to say; because they are letters rather in name than in
+reality.
+
+The fashion prevalent in modern days, to publish on the demise of an
+author pretty much all his private correspondence, proves the general
+interest which is felt in mere letters. Many of these are utterly
+worthless, vastly inferior to those which constantly pass between
+friends on the topics of the hour or their own affairs. It is charitable
+to conjecture that their writers never imagined that they could be
+exposed in print, or would not be burned as soon as read. And yet, with
+what avidity are they conned and discussed! Look at the letters of Lord
+Byron, Moore, and Campbell. How much brainless twattle do they contain,
+amid a few grains of wit and humor. What mere commonplace! Editors may
+as well publish every word a man says, as what he writes familiarly in
+his dressing gown and slippers. We have not a doubt that by far the best
+letters ever written still remain unpublished. There are many printed
+volumes of travels very inferior to those which could be made up from
+the letters of private persons abroad, composed purely for the
+delectation of friends. There is hardly anything so difficult in writing
+as to write with ease. They who write letters on purpose to be
+published, feel and show a constraint which a mere private correspondent
+never entertains nor exhibits.
+
+The war in which we are engaged has brought forth whole hosts of
+correspondents. They come not single spies, but in battalions. None of
+these letters, so far as we have read, can boast of any striking or
+peculiar excellence. Their great fault is their immense prolixity. Their
+words far outnumber their facts. An editor having once complained to a
+writer of the inordinate length of his composition, the writer replied
+that he had not had time to make it _shorter_. This is doubtless the
+trouble with our army letter writers. They are forced to write _currente
+calamo_--sometimes on the heads of drums, and not unfrequently are such
+epistles as full of sound and fury and as empty as the things on which
+they are written. The best of these correspondents so far is the
+somewhat ignominious Mr. Russell, of the London _Times_; the only one,
+indeed, who has achieved a reputation. Mr. Charles Mackay, his successor
+(_heu! quantum mutatus ab illo_), writes letters that are poorer, if
+possible, than his poems; he has just sufficient imagination to be
+indebted to it for his facts. As for his opinions, he seems to gather
+them, like a ragpicker, from political stews, reeking with the filth of
+treason and foul with the garbage of secession.
+
+So far as _literary_ merit goes, we regret to give our verdict in favor
+of correspondents for the Southern journals. They write with greater
+facility, greater elegance, and greater force than our own too
+voluminous reporters. But, as much as they have figured, it is not
+probable that they will live in print. They are like exhalations over a
+battle field--touched briefly by the hues of sunlight, then fading,
+rolling off, and vanishing in the distance.
+
+Of all the methods of acquiring a good English style, there is no
+practice so beneficial as that of frequent and familiar letter writing.
+Because your object in writing to a friend is to make yourself perfectly
+clear to him, therefore you make use of the simplest, plainest, readiest
+words--and such are ever the best for an essay, sermon, lecture, or even
+oration. This practice imparts ease and perspicuity, and it teaches that
+writing ought to be and may be as little difficult as conversation. It
+teaches every one not to say anything till he shall have something to
+say. A want of something to say is generally not felt in writing
+letters, especially by ladies; but it would seem to be a great pity that
+there are so many words in our language; for, whenever one desires to
+say anything, three or four ways of saying it run in one's head
+together, and it is hard to choose the best! It is quite as puzzling to
+a lady as the choice of a ribbon or a--husband. But let us earnestly
+advise all fair letter writers to lessen their perplexity by restricting
+themselves to words of home manufacture. They may perhaps think it looks
+prettily to garnish their correspondence with such phrases as _de tout
+mon coeur_. Now, _with all my heart_ is really better English; the
+only advantage on the side of the former expression is that it is far
+less sincere. French silks and French laces may be superior, but it is
+much better to make use of the English language. Whenever there is any
+doubt between two words or expressions, choose the plainest, the
+commonest, the most idiomatic. Let ladies eschew fine phrases as they
+would _rouge_; let them love simple words as they do native roses on
+their cheeks. A true lady should be emulous to deserve that praise which
+the old poet Chaucer bestows on his Virginia:
+
+  'Though she were wise as Pallas, dare I sain
+  Her faconde eke full womanly and plain,
+  No contrefeted terms hadde she
+  To semen wise; but after her degree
+  She spake; and all her wordes more or less
+  Sounding in virtue and in gentilesse.'
+
+Exquisite examples of this pure, mother English are to be found in the
+speeches put by Shakspeare into the mouths of his female characters.
+
+  'No fountain from its rocky cave
+  E'er tripped with foot more free;'
+
+never were its waters clearer, more translucent, or more musical. This
+is indeed the peculiar beauty of a feminine style--choice and elegant
+words, but such as are familiar in well-bred conversation; words, not
+used scientifically, but according to their customary signification. It
+is from being guided wholly by usage, undisturbed by extraneous
+considerations, and from their characteristic fineness of discernment
+with regard to what is fit and appropriate, as well as from their being
+much less influenced by the vanity of fine writing, that sensible,
+educated women have a grace of style so rarely attainable by men. What
+are called the graces of composition are often its blemishes. There is
+no better test of beauties or defects of style than to judge them by the
+standard of letter writing. An expression, a phrase, a figure of speech,
+thought to be very splendid in itself, would often appear perfectly
+ridiculous if introduced in a letter. The rule of the cynic is a pretty
+good one, after all: _In writing, when you think you have done something
+particularly brilliant, strike it out._
+
+We are pretty well persuaded that authors are but poor judges of their
+own productions. They pride themselves on what they did with most labor.
+It is not good praise of any work to say that it is 'elaborate.' An
+author's letters are not apt to be labored, 'to smell of the lamp;' and
+they are, therefore, in general, his best specimens. In letter writing
+there will be found a facility, a freedom from constraint, a
+simplicity, and a directness, which are the capital traits of a good
+style. Of Shakspeare it is said, in the preface to the first edition of
+his works: 'His mind and hand went together, and what he thought he
+uttered with that easiness, that we have scarce received from him a blot
+in his papers.' Shakspeare did not, therefore,
+
+  'Write with fury, and correct with phlegm;'
+
+but he wrote straightforwardly and naturally, as they do who assiduously
+practise letter writing.
+
+
+
+
+THE YEAR.
+
+
+  Come, gentle Snowdrop, come; we welcome thee:
+    Shine, fiery Crocus, through that dewy tear!
+  That thou, arrayed in burnished gold, may'st be
+    A morning star to hail the dawning year.
+
+  Now Winter hath ta'en Summer by the hand,
+   And kissed her on her cheek so fair and clear;
+  While Spring strews bridal blossoms o'er the land
+    To grace the marriage of the youthful year.
+
+  The blackbird sings upon the budding spray,
+    I hear the clarion tones of chanticleer,
+  And robins chirp about from break of day,--
+    All pipe their carols to the opening year.
+
+  The butterfly mounts up on jewelled wing,
+    Risen to new life from out her prison drear:
+  All Nature smileth;--every living thing
+    Breaks forth in praises of the gladsome year.
+
+  Down in the sheltered valley, Mayflowers blow,--
+    Their small, sweet, odorous cups in beauty peer
+  Forth from their mother's breast in softened glow,
+    To deck the vestments of the princely year.
+
+  And splendid flowers in richly-colored dress
+    Will bloom when warm winds from the south shall veer:
+  And clustering roses in their gorgeousness
+    Shall form a coronet for the regal year.
+
+  Rejoice, O beauteous Earth--O shining Sea!
+    Rejoice, calm Summer sky, and all things dear:
+  Give thanks, and let your joyful singing be
+    An anthem for the glories of the year.
+
+
+
+
+THE GREAT AMERICAN CRISIS.
+
+_PART ONE._
+
+
+The American crisis, actual and impending; the causes which have led to
+it through the years that have passed; the consequences which must flow
+from it; the new responsibilities which it devolves on us as a people in
+the practical sphere; the new theoretical problems which it forces upon
+our consideration--everything, in fine, which concerns it, constitutes
+it a subject of the most momentous importance. The greatest experiment
+ever yet instituted to bring the progress of humanity to a higher plane
+of development is being worked out on this continent and in this age;
+and the war now progressing between the Northern and the Southern States
+is, in a marked sense, the acme and critical ordeal to which that
+experiment is brought.
+
+First in order, in any methodical consideration of the subject, is the
+question of the causes which have led to this open outburst of collision
+and antagonism between the two great sections of a common country, whose
+institutions have hitherto been--with one remarkable exception--so
+similar as to be almost identical. Look at the subject as we will, the
+fact reveals itself more and more that the one exception alluded to is
+the 'head and front of this offending,' the heart and core of this
+gigantic difficulty, the one and sole cause of the desperate attempt now
+being waged to disturb and break up the process of experiment, otherwise
+so peacefully and harmoniously progressing, in favor of the freedom of
+man. There is no possibility of grappling rightly with the difficulty
+itself, unless we understand to the bottom the nature of the disease.
+
+When the question is considered of the causes of the present war, the
+superficial and incidental features of the subject--the mere symptoms of
+the development of the deep-seated affection in the central constitution
+of our national life--are firstly observed. Some men perceive that the
+South were disaffected by the election of Abraham Lincoln and the
+success of the Republican party, and see no farther than this. Some see
+that the Northern philanthropists had persisted in the agitation of the
+subject of slavery, and that this persistency had so provoked and
+agitated the minds of Southern man that their feelings had become heated
+and irritated, and that they were ready for any rash and unadvised step.
+Others see the causes of the war in the prevalence of ignorance among
+the masses of the Southern people, the exclusion of the ordinary sources
+of information from their minds, the facility with which they have been
+imposed on by false and malignant reports of the intentions of the
+Northern people, or a portion of the Northern people. Others find the
+same causes in the unfortunate prevalence at the South of certain
+political heresies, as Nullification, Secession, and the exaggerated
+theory of State Rights.
+
+A member of President Lincoln's cabinet, speaking of its causes, near
+the commencement of the war, says:
+
+     'For the last ten years an angry controversy has existed upon this
+     question of Slavery. The minds of the people of the South have been
+     deceived by the artful representations of demagogues, who have
+     assured them that the people of the North were determined to bring
+     the power of this Government to bear upon them for the purpose of
+     crushing out this institution of slavery. I ask you, is there any
+     truth in this charge? _Has the Government of the United States, in
+     any single instance, by any one solitary act, interfered with the
+     institutions of the South? No, not in one._'
+
+But let us go behind the symptoms--let us dive deeper than the
+superficial manifestations--let us ask why is it that the South were so
+specially disaffected by the election of a given individual, or the
+success of a given political party, to an extent and with an expression
+given to that disaffection wholly disproportionate to any such cause,
+and wholly unknown to the political usages of the land? Why is the South
+susceptible to this intense degree of offence at the ordinary
+contingency of defeat in a political encounter? Why, again, does the
+persistent discussion or agitation of _any_ subject tend so specially to
+inflame the Southern mind beyond all the ordinary limits of
+moderation--to the denial of the freedom of speech, the freedom of the
+press, and finally of the right of national existence itself to the
+North--except in conformity with preconceived opinions and theories of
+its own? Why were they of the South standing ready, as to their mental
+posture, for any or every rash and unadvised step? Why, again, are the
+Southern people uneducated and ignorant, as the predominant fact
+respecting a majority of their population? Why is the state of popular
+information in that whole region of a nominally free country, such as to
+make it an easy thing to impose upon their credulity and instruct them
+into a full belief in the most absurd and monstrous fabrications, or
+falsifications of the truth? Why were the ordinary sources of
+information excluded from their minds, more than from ours, or from the
+population of any other country? Why this fatal facility on the part of
+the Southern public for being misled by the designing purposes of
+ambitious demagogues; imbued with unjust prejudices; deluded into a
+murderous assault upon their best friends, and into the infliction of
+the most serious political injury upon themselves? Why, as a people, are
+they prompt to rush from the pursuits of peace into all the horrors and
+contingencies of war?--from the enjoyment of political freedom, at least
+nominal and apparent, into the arms of a military despotism, the natural
+and necessary ultimatum of the course which they have chosen to adopt?
+
+The one and sole answer to all these questions is, Slavery. Some one has
+said, in speaking of the present crisis, that the sentiment of loyalty
+has never been prevalent at the South. This is a grand mistake. No
+people on the surface of the planet have more sincerely felt or more
+invariably and unflinchingly demonstrated loyalty than they. But it is
+not loyalty to the American Government, nor indeed to any political
+institutions whatsoever. It is loyalty to slavery and to cotton. No
+other ideas exist, with any marked prominence, at the South. The
+Northern people have never understood the South, and their greatest
+danger in the present collision results from that ignorance. The
+difference between the two peoples is indeed so wide that it is not
+equalled by that which exists between any two nations of Europe--if we
+except, perhaps, the Western nations and the Turks. The single
+institution of slavery has, for the last sixty or seventy years, taken
+absolute possession of the Southern mind, and moulded it in all ways to
+its own will. Everything is tolerated which does not interfere with it;
+nothing whatsoever is tolerated which does. No system of despotism was
+ever established on earth so thorough, so efficient, so all-seeing, so
+watchful, so permeating, so unscrupulous, and so determined.
+
+The inherent, vital principle of slavery is irresponsible, despotic
+rule. The child is born into the exercise of that right; his whole
+mental constitution is imbued with its exercise. Hence for twenty or
+thirty years--not by virtue of law, but against law--the mails have been
+searched throughout the South for incendiary matter, with a strictness
+of censorship unknown to any Government of Europe. Northern men and
+Europeans immigrating to the South have uniformly been quietly dragooned
+and terrorized into the acceptance of theories and usages wholly unknown
+to any free country;--quietly, only because the occasion for doing the
+same thing violently and barbarously had not yet arrived.
+
+The two civilizations, North and South, are wholly unlike. Without the
+slavery of four millions of men, to be kept in subjection by a
+conspiracy to that effect, on the part of the whole free population--the
+lack of fidelity to which conspiracy is the only treason known in those
+regions--the existence of a people like the inhabitants of the Southern
+States would be a riddle incapable of solution. Slavery itself, is _a
+remnant of barbarism overlapping the period of civilization_; but,
+unlike the slaveries of the barbaric ages, American slavery has been
+stimulated into all the enterprising and audacious energy of this
+advanced and progressive age. It is an engine of ancient barbarism
+worked by the steam of modern intelligence. The character of the people
+which has been created under this rare and anomalous state of things is
+alike rare and anomalous. No other people ever so commingled in
+themselves the elements of barbarous and even savage life with traits of
+the highest civilization. No other community were ever so instinct with
+the life of the worst ages of the past, and so endowed with the physical
+and intellectual potencies of the present. The national character of the
+South is that of the gentlemanly blackleg, bully, and desperado.
+Courteous when polished, but always overbearing; pretentious of a
+conventional sense of honor--which consists solely in a readiness to
+fight in the duel, the brawl, or the regular campaign, and to take
+offence on every occasion; with no trace of that modesty or delicacy of
+sentiment which constitutes the soul of true honor; ambitious,
+unscrupulous, bold; dashing and expert; with absolutely no restrictions
+from conscience, routine, or the ordinary suggestions of prudence; false
+and, like all braggarts, cowardly when beaten; confident of their own
+strength until brought to the severest tests; capable of endurance and
+shifts of all kinds; awaiting none of the usual conditions of
+success--the Southern man and the Southern people are neither
+comfortable neighbors in a state of peace, nor enemies to be slightly
+considered or despised in war.
+
+The anomalous character of Southern society, it cannot be too often
+repeated, is not understood and cannot be understood by the people of
+the North, or of Europe, otherwise than through the sharp experience of
+hostile and actual contact; nor otherwise than in the light of the
+inherent tendency and necessary educational influences of the one
+institution of slavery. Of the whole South, in degree, and of the
+Southwestern States preeminently, it may be said as a whole description
+in a single form of expression: _They know no other virtue than brute
+physical courage, and no other crime than abolitionism or
+negro-stealing._
+
+All this is said, not for the purpose of blackening the South, not from
+partisan rancor or local prejudice, or exaggerated patriotic zeal, but
+because it is true. It is not true, however, of the whole population of
+the South, nor true, perhaps, in the absolute sense of any portion. It
+is impossible to characterize any people without a portion of individual
+injustice, or to state the drift of an individual character even,
+without a like injustice to better traits, adverse to the general drift,
+and which, to constitute a complete inventory of national or personal
+attributes, should be enumerated. There is at the South a large
+counterpoise, therefore, of adverse statement, which might be, and
+should be made if the object of the present writing were a complete
+analysis of the subject. It is, however, not so, but a statement of the
+preponderance of public character and opinion in those States. As a
+people they have their countervailing side of advantage--a great deal of
+amiability and refinement in certain neighborhoods, so long as their
+inherent right of domination is not disputed. Men and women are found,
+all over the South, who as individuals are better than the institution
+by which their characters are affected, and whose native goodness could
+not be wholly spoiled by its adverse operation. Slavery, too, offers
+certain advantages for some special kinds of culture. We of the North,
+on the other hand, have our own vices of a kind not to be disguised nor
+denied; so that the present statement should not be mistaken for an
+attempt to characterize in full either population. It is simply
+perceived that the grand distinctive drift of Southern society is
+directly away from the democratic moorings of our favorite republican
+institutions; is rapid in its current and irresistible in its momentum;
+and that already the divergency attained between the political and
+popular character of the people at the North and the South is immense;
+that these constantly widening tendencies--one in behalf of more and
+more practical enlargement of the liberty of the individual; the other
+backward and downward toward the despotic political dogmas and practices
+of the ignorant and benighted past--have proceeded altogether beyond
+anything which has been seen and recognized by the people of the North;
+and that, consequently, the whole North has been acting under a
+misapprehension.
+
+The spirit of the South is and has been belligerent, rancorous, and
+unscrupulous. The idea of settling any question by the discussion of
+principles, by mutual concessions, by the understanding, admission, and
+defence of the rights of each, is not in all their thoughts. They are
+inherently and essentially invaders and conquerors, in disposition, and
+so far as it might chance to prove for them feasible, would ever be so
+in fact. War with them is therefore no matter of child's play, no matter
+of courtesy or chivalry toward enemies, except from a pompous and
+theatrical show of a knightly character, which they do not possess;--it
+is simply a question of pillaging and enslaving, without let or
+hindrance from moral or humanitary considerations, to any extent to
+which they may find, by the experiment now inaugurated, their physical
+power to extend. The North, let it be repeated, entered into this war
+under a misapprehension of the whole state of the case. It is at the
+present hour, to a fearful extent, under the same misapprehension. There
+is still a belief prevailing that the South only needs to be coaxed or
+treated kindly or magnanimously to be convinced that she has mistaken
+the North; that she has not the grievances to complain of which she
+supposes she has, and that she can yet obtain just and equitable
+treatment from us. There is a tacit assumption in the minds of men that
+she _must_ be content to receive the usage at our hands which we are
+conscious that we are ready to bestow, and which has in it no touch of
+aggressive and unjust intention. It is not realized that the spirit of
+the South, in respect to the North, in respect to Mexico, in respect to
+the islands of the sea, and--should their power prove proportionate to
+their unscrupulous piratical aspirations--in respect to all the nations
+of the earth, is that of the burglar and the highwayman. It is not
+realized that the institution of slavery--itself essential robbery of
+the rights of man; covering the area of half a continent, and the number
+of four millions of subjects; planted in the midst of an intellectually
+enlightened people, whose moral sense it has utterly sapped--is
+essentially a great educational system, as all-pervading and influential
+over the minds of the whole population as the common schools of New
+England; and that this grand educational force tends toward and
+culminates in this same tendency toward robbery and the suppression of
+human rights or the individual and national rights of all other
+people--expressed _in a collective and belligerent way_. It is not, as
+said before, that all men at the South are of this filibustering cast;
+but the bold, enterprising, and leading class of the population are so,
+and the remainder are passive in their hands. Virtually and practically,
+therefore, the South are a nation of people having far more relationship
+in thought and purpose with the old Romans during the period of the
+republic and the empire, or with the more modern Goths and Vandals and
+Huns, than they have with the England or New England of to-day.
+
+It is such a people, planted on our borders and aroused for the first
+time to an exhibition on a large scale of those abiding and augmenting
+national attributes and propensities which have thus been indicated,
+with whom we are now brought into hostile array. They are at present
+trying their hand at the collective and organic activities of a national
+cutthroatism which, in an individual and sporadic way, has for many
+years past constituted the national life of that people. Who at the
+North, at the commencement of the war, impressively understood these
+facts? Who even now sees and knows, as the fact is, that the military
+success of Jefferson Davis; that his triumphant march on Philadelphia,
+New York, and Boston--as they of the South threaten, and intend if they
+have the power, and have already twice unsuccessfully attempted--would
+terminate not, in a separation of these States by a permanent disruption
+of the old Union; nor in new compromises of any kind whatsoever; but in
+the absolute conquest of the whole North--not conquest even in any sense
+now understood among civilized people; but conquest with more than all
+the horrors which fourteen centuries ago were visited on Southern Europe
+by the overwhelming avalanche of Northern barbarian invasion?--that in
+that event, freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of
+locomotion without question, freedom in any sense which makes life
+valuable to the man once educated into the conception of freedom, is
+lost?--that the whole progress of modern civilization and development,
+as it has been working itself out in the Northern American States, would
+not only be diverted from its course, but positively reversed and made
+to contribute all its accumulations of power to the building up, not of
+the temple of Freedom for the blessing of the nations, but of an
+infernal pantheon of Despotism and human oppression?
+
+The North was forced, reluctantly and unwillingly, into this war: with
+her as yet it has hardly become a matter of earnest. She has endeavored
+to carry it on considerately and tenderly, for the well-being of the
+South as well as of the North, much in the spirit of a quiet Quaker
+gentleman unexpectedly set upon by a drunken rowdy, 'spoiling for a
+fight,' and whom in his benevolence and surprise, he is anxious indeed
+to restrain, but without inflicting on him serious injury. In an
+especial degree was this tenderness felt on the part of the Government
+and people of the North toward that peculiar institution of the South
+which is distinctively known to be, in some way, fundamentally related
+to this unprovoked and unreasonable attack. While the South was
+attributing to the whole North a rabid abolitionism; while the North
+itself was half suspecting that it had committed some wrong in the
+excess of its devotion to human rights; the simple fact on the contrary
+was, that the whole North had been and was still 'psychologized' into a
+positive respect for slavery, and for slaves as property, which we feel
+for no other species of property whatsoever. The existence of this
+sentiment of veneration for what our Abolition apostles have for some
+years been denominating the 'sum of all villanies,' is a curious fact
+in the spiritual history of our people, which had very generally escaped
+critical observation.
+
+At the South, the individual planter, owning and possessing ten slaves,
+of an aggregate value, it may be, of ten thousand dollars, ranks higher,
+socially, is regarded indeed, in some subtile way, as a richer man, than
+the merchant or banker who may be worth his hundred thousand or half
+million of dollars, provided he has no slaves. To come to be the owner
+of negroes, and of more and more negroes, is the social ambition, the
+aristocratic purpose and pretension of the whole Southern people. It is
+by virtue of this mystical _prestige_ of the institution itself; which
+couples the charms of wealth with the exercise of authority, or a
+certain show of official supremacy on the part of the master; which
+begins by subjugating the imagination of the poorer classes, the whites
+throughout the South, whose direct interests are wholly opposed to those
+of the slaveholding class, and ends by subjecting them, morally and
+spiritually, and binding them in the bonds of the most abject allegiance
+to the oligarchy of slaveholders. It is in this way that the South is
+made a unit out of elements seemingly the most incongruous and radically
+opposed. For a series of years past, the South has sent forth its annual
+caravan of wealthy planters to visit the watering places, and inhabit
+the great hotels of the North. Coming in intimate contact with the
+superior classes of our own population; floating up in the atmosphere of
+serene self-complacency; radiating, shedding down upon those with whom
+they chanced to associate, the ineffable consciousness of their own
+unquestionable superiority; they have communicated without effort on
+their part, and without suspicion on the part of those who were
+inoculated by their presence, the exact mould and pressure of their own
+slaveholding opinion. To this extent, and in this subtile and ethereal
+way, the North had imposed upon it, unconsciously, a certain respect,
+amounting to veneration, for what may be called the sanctity of slavery,
+as it rests in and constitutes the aromal emanation from every Southern
+mind. Hence not only did we begin this war with the feeling of
+tenderness toward the Southern man and the Southern woman as brother and
+sister in the common heritage of patriotism, but, superadded to this,
+with a _special_ sentiment of tenderness toward that _special_
+institution for which it is known that they, our brethren, entertain
+such _special_ regard.
+
+Now all this is rapidly changing; the outrages inflicted on citizens of
+the North residing at the South at the opening of the war--hardly
+paralleled in the most barbarous ages in any other land;--their reckless
+and bloodthirsty methods of war; their bullying arrogance and
+presumption; the true exposition, in fine, of the Southern character as
+it is, in the place of a high-toned chivalry which they have claimed for
+themselves, and which the people of the North have been tacitly inclined
+to accord--are all awakening the Government and the people to some
+growing sense of the real state of the case. Still, however, we are so
+far dominated by these influences of the past, that we are not fighting
+the South upon anything like a fair approximation to equal terms. They
+have no other thought than to inflict on us of the North the greatest
+amount of evil; the _animus_ of deadly war. We, on the other hand, fight
+an unwilling fight, with a constant _arriere pensee_ to the best
+interests of the people whom we oppose--not even as _we_ might construe
+those interests, but, by a curious tenderness and refinement of
+delicacy, for those interests as _they_, from their point of view,
+conceive them to be. We forbear from striking the South in their most
+vital and defenceless point, while they forbear _in nothing_, and have
+no purpose of forbearance.
+
+Who doubts for a moment that a thousand mounted men, acting with the
+freedom which characterized the movements of the detachment of Garibaldi
+in the Italian war, acting with the authorization of the Government,
+actuated by the spirit of a John Brown or a Nat Turner, sent, or rather
+let go, into the mountains of Virginia, North Carolina, or Georgia, with
+the authority to assemble and arm the slaves, retreating whenever
+assailed to the fastnesses of the mountains, would cause more terror in
+those States; would do more, in a word, toward the actual conquest in
+three months' time of those rebel commonwealths, than fifty or a hundred
+times their number organized in the regular forms of modern warfare,
+operating against the whites only, and half-committed to the cooeperative
+protection of the institution of slavery, would accomplish in a year?
+Who doubts for a moment that, if the South could find a like vulnerable
+point in the openings of our armor, she would make, with no hesitation,
+the most fearful and tremendous use of her advantage? The whole North is
+aware of its possession, in its own hands, of this immense engine of
+destructive power over its enemy. The whole civilized world stands by,
+beholding us possessed of it, and expecting, as a simple matter of
+course, that we shall not fail to employ it--standing by indeed,
+perplexed and confused at the seeming lack of any significance in the
+war itself, unless we make use of the power at our command in this
+fortuitous struggle, not only to inflict the greatest injury upon our
+enemy, but to extinguish forever the cause of the whole strife. Still we
+forbear to make the most efficient use of our advantage. We for a long
+time embarrassed and partially crippled ourselves in all our movements
+by an almost unconscious sense of responsibility for the protection of
+this very institution of slavery from the disastrous consequences which
+were liable to fall upon it as the results of the war.
+
+True, we are slowly and gradually recovering from this perversion of
+opinion. The Emancipation Proclamation was probably issued as soon, or
+nearly as soon, as the Northern sentiment was prepared to give it even a
+moral support. Another term had to expire to accustom the same public
+mind to appropriate the spirit of that document as matter of earnest; to
+come to regard it as anything more than a mere _brutum fulmen_, a Pope's
+bull, as President Lincoln once called it himself, against the comet. Up
+to this hour, its effect on the war has been far more as a moral
+influence preparing for a great change of opinion and of conduct, than
+as a charter of efficient operations. General Thomas's action at the
+South, just previous to the capture of Vicksburg, began experimentally
+to inaugurate, on something like an adequate scale, the new programme of
+practical work in the conduct of the war. Even a month earlier his
+movement would hardly have been tolerated by the same army, which, just
+then beginning to appreciate the tremendous difficulty of the enterprise
+of conquering the South, were ready to accept anything new which
+promised to augment their own strength and to weaken that of the enemy.
+Still another term of waiting and suffering is requisite to change the
+habit of mind which has so long despised and maltreated the negro,
+before he will be put, in all respects, upon the footing of his own
+merit as a patriot and a soldier; and before all of his uses as the
+severest goad in the sides of the hostile South will be fairly
+appreciated.
+
+Thus in all ways we are only now in the midst of a revolution of
+opinion, which, when it is accomplished, will be seen to be the greatest
+triumph of the war. Though we have spoken of this change as slowly and
+gradually occurring, yet, viewed with reference to the long periods of a
+nation's life, it is an immense revolution almost instantly effected. We
+are perhaps already one half prepared adequately to use our tremendous
+advantage. New disasters may be providentially requisite to quicken our
+education in the right direction; more punishment for our complicity in
+the crimes of the South; new incentives to a more perfect love of
+justice as a people; but every indication points to the early
+achievement of these substantial victories over ourselves, while, at the
+same time, we conquer the powerful array of Southern intrepidity and
+desperation, in behalf of their bad cause, upon the external battle
+field.
+
+To resume the question of causes. Why is there, and why has there always
+been at the South this unfortunate prevalence of certain political
+heresies, as Nullification, Secession, and the exaggerated theory of
+State Rights?
+
+The answer is still, slavery. The cause of causes, lying back of the
+whole wide gulf of difference in Northern and Southern politics is
+still, slavery. From the date of our Constitution, opinion has divided
+into two great currents, North and South, in behalf of paramount
+allegiance to the General Government at the North, and paramount
+allegiance to the several State Governments at the South. The
+resolutions of '98 and '99 began the public expression of a political
+heresy, which has gone on augmenting at the South from that day to this.
+At the North, the Government of the United States was never feared as
+likely to become injurious in any sense to the inhabitants of the
+States. Each State fell quietly and harmoniously into its true
+subordinate orbit, acknowledging gladly and without question the
+supremacy of the new Government, representative of the whole of the
+people, in simple accord with the spirit and intention of the
+Constitution and the Government which the people had formed. At the
+South, on the contrary, the United States Government was, from the
+first, looked upon with a suspicion plainly expressed in the speech, for
+example, of Patrick Henry, in the Virginia convention, which consented
+reluctantly that the State should come into the Union, lest the National
+Government might, in some unforeseen contingency, interfere with the
+interests of the institution of slavery. That fear, the determination to
+have it otherwise, to make the General Government, on the contrary, the
+engine and supporter of slavery, the propagandist of slavery, in fine;
+has been always, since, the animating spirit of Southern political
+doctrine. A doctrine so inaugurated and developed has endeavored to
+engraft itself by partisan alliance upon the Democratic party of the
+North, but always hitherto with an imperfect success. State Rights, as
+affirmed at the North, has never been a dogma of any considerable power,
+because it has rested on no substratum of suspicion against the General
+Government, nor of conspiracy to employ its enginery for special or
+local designs. At the South it has been vital and significant from the
+first, and it has grown more mischievous to the last. President Lincoln,
+in his first message, discussed, ably enough, the right of secession as
+a mere constitutional or legal right. Others have done the same before
+and since. The opinion of the lawyer is all very well, but it has no
+special potency to restrain the nocturnal activities of the burglar. All
+such discussions are, for the present behalf, utterly puerile.
+Secession, revolution, the bloody destruction and extinction of the
+whole nation, were for years before the war foregone determinations in
+the Southern mind, to be resorted to at any instant at which such
+extreme measures might become necessary; not merely to prevent any
+interference with the holy institution; but equally to secure that
+absolute predominance of the slaveholding interest over the whole
+political concerns of the country which should protect it from
+interference, and give to it all the expansion and potency which it
+might see fit to claim. So long as that absolute domination could be
+maintained within the administration of the Government, slavery and
+slaveholders were content to remain nominally republican and
+democratic--actually despots and unlimited rulers. But a contingency
+threatened them in the future. The numerical growth of population at the
+North, the moral convictions of the North--both of these united, or some
+other unforeseen circumstance, might withdraw the operations of the
+General Government from their exclusive control. To provide for that
+possible contingency, the doctrine of paramount allegiance to the
+individual States, and secondary allegiance merely to the General
+Government--a perpetual indoctrination of incipient treason--was
+invented, and has been sedulously taught at the South from the very
+inception of the Government. Hardly a child in attendance upon his
+lessons in an 'old-field' schoolhouse throughout that region but has
+been imbued with this primary devotion to the interests of his State;
+certainly, not a young lawyer commencing to acquire his profession, and
+riding the circuit from county court-house to court-house, but has had
+the doctrine drummed into his ears, of allegiance to his State; and when
+the meaning and importance of that teaching was inquired for, he was
+impressively and confidentially informed that the occasion might arise
+of collision between the South and the General Government on the subject
+of slavery; and that then it would be of the last importance that every
+Southern man should be true to his section. Thus the way has been
+prepared through three generations of instruction, for the precise event
+which is now upon us, flaunting its pretensions as a new and accidental
+occurrence.
+
+Meantime, the North has suspected nothing of all this. Her own devotion
+and loyalty to the General Government have been constantly on the
+increase, and she has taken it for granted that the same sentiments
+prevailed throughout the South. Hence the utter surprise felt at the
+enormous dimensions which the revolt so suddenly took on, and at the
+unaccountable defection of such numbers of Southern men from the army
+and the navy at the first call upon sectional loyalty. The question is
+not one of legal or constitutional rights in accordance with the literal
+understanding of any parchment or document whatsoever. The most
+triumphant arguments of President Lincoln or of anybody else have had in
+the past, and have now, no actual relevancy to the question at the
+South, and might as well be totally spared. It is purely and simply that
+the South are in dead earnest to have their own way, unchecked by any
+considerations of justice or right, or any other considerations of any
+kind whatsoever--less than the positive demonstration of their physical
+inability to accomplish their most cherished designs. Even in a
+technical way, the question is not most intelligibly stated as one of
+the right of secession; it is the bald question of Paramount Allegiance;
+it is so understood at the South. The whole action of the South is based
+upon a thorough indoctrination into a political dogma never so much as
+fairly conceived of at the North as existing anywhere, until events now
+developing themselves have revealed it, and which is not now even well
+understood among us. Back of this indoctrination again, and the sole
+cause of it, is the existence of the institution of slavery; its own
+instinct from the first that it had no other ground of defence or hope
+of perpetuation but physical force; its fears of invasion and its
+obstinate determination to invade.
+
+The supposition has, until quite recently, extensively prevailed in the
+Northern mind that slavery is or was regarded at the South as a
+necessary evil, borne because it was inherited from the past and because
+its removal had become now next to impossible. A certain school of
+Northern philanthropists, headed, we believe, by Elihu Burritt, had gone
+so far, previous to the war, as to form a society and appeal to the
+Northern people for aid to enable their Southern brethren, through such
+aid, and finally, perhaps, through the interposition of the General
+Government, to rid themselves of this monster evil. This handful of
+kindly individuals must soon have discovered, had they come into actual
+contact with the prevailing sentiment of the South, that their whole
+movement was based upon a misapprehension of that sentiment. Thirty-five
+years ago, and before the Northern abolition movement had taken root in
+the land, it was a pleasant fiction for the Southern mind to speak
+deprecatingly of the blame which they otherwise might seem to incur in
+the mind of mankind for adhering to their barbarous institution; to
+plead their own conviction of its entire wrongfulness, and to
+commiserate themselves for their utter inability to free themselves from
+its weight. A certain considerable freedom of discussion in relation to
+its abstract merits was allowed, with the tacit condition imposed,
+however, just as really though not as consciously as now, that slavery
+itself must not be disturbed. Talk which had in it any touch of genuine
+feeling in favor of active exertion to rid the country of the
+institution as an evil, was then as effectually tabooed as it is to-day,
+with some minor exceptions on the borders of the slaveholding region, in
+Baltimore, North Carolina, Eastern Tennessee, etc., and with the further
+exception when Virginia was terrified for a few weeks or months by the
+results of a desperate insurrection. On the strength of these few
+exceptions, it has been claimed at the South, and still more
+persistently by Southern sympathizers at the North, that the whole drift
+and tendency of things at the South prior to the commencement of the
+abolition agitation at the North were toward gradual emancipation, and
+that they would have ultimated at an early day in that result. This,
+too, is a pleasant fiction with the least possible percentage of truth
+at the bottom of it.
+
+The institution of slavery, under the stimulus given to it by the
+invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney, and the consequent
+development of the cotton-growing industry--aided, curiously enough, in
+a certain sense, by the prohibition of the African slave trade, giving
+rise to the slave-rearing business in Virginia and Maryland--has all
+along been exhibiting a steady, sturdy, and rapid growth. By the
+alliance, accidentally as it were, resulting from the prohibition of the
+slave trade, between the Southern and the Northern slaveholding States,
+a robustness and consistency were given to the whole slaveholding
+interest which possibly it might never have had under a different
+policy. If the foreign importation of slaves had continued, that species
+of population would gradually have overrun the cotton-raising border of
+States--would have overrun them to an extent threatening the safety of
+the institution there by its own plethora--while from the southern line
+of North Carolina and Tennessee northward, where this extra-profitable
+industry could not readily be extended, the temptation to the
+importation of slaves would have been slight, no market existing for the
+home increase. The hold of the institution would have been constantly
+weakened there in the affections of the white population; and, in those
+States, there is a seeming probability that white labor and free labor
+would have taken the place of the present system, as it did in the
+States farther north. This would have deprived the Southern belt of
+cotton-raising and negro-holding States of that sympathy which, under
+existing circumstances, they have steadily had from their more northern
+sisters, and favored an early extinction of the system. However this
+might have been, as things are and have been actually, it is certain
+that at no period has the growth of the slaveholding institution
+exhibited any weakness or defect of vitality. Like an infant giant, it
+has steadily waxed stronger and stronger, and more and more arrogant
+and aggressive.
+
+When the anti-slavery agitation commenced at the North, the parties who
+engaged in it had no consciousness of the immense magnitude and potent
+vitality of the institution against which they proposed to carry on a
+moral warfare. They supposed that, as a matter of course, they would
+find a universal sympathy throughout the North with doctrines in behalf
+of freedom, where freedom was the basis of all our institutions, and
+where, apparently, there was no alliance of interest, no possible reason
+for a sympathy with slavery or the denial of freedom to man. They were
+met unexpectedly by a powerful current of semi-slaveholding opinion
+pervading the whole area of the Free States, and ready to deny to them
+free speech or the rightfulness of any effort to arouse the people to a
+consideration of the subject. When, after some years of contest, this
+current of prejudgment was partially reversed, and their new thought
+began to find audience by the Northern ear; when, strengthened by
+numbers and the better comprehension of the subject by themselves; the
+increased determination and enthusiasm which arose from the _esprit du
+corps_; and the assurance--satisfactory to themselves at least--that
+they were engaged in a good cause; they began to grapple more directly
+with intensified and genuine pro-slavery sentiment at the South itself,
+they were astonished to find that, instead of battling with a weak
+thing, they had engaged in moral strife with one of the most mighty
+institutions of the earth.
+
+Pro-slavery sentiment at the South, inherently arrogant and aggressive,
+as already said, was, at the same time and from the same causes, aroused
+to the consciousness of its own strength. Called on to answer for the
+unseemly fact of its existence in the midst of these modern centuries,
+when the world boasts of human freedom and progression, it began by
+blushing for its hideous aspect and uttering feeble and deprecative
+apologies. Not that it was at bottom ashamed of its existence, for
+slavery, like despotism of all sorts, is characteristically
+self-confident and proud; but because it had been allowed to grow up
+under protest in the midst of free institutions, and among a people
+conscious of the incongruity of the relationship existing between them
+and it; and had so contracted the habit of apology, and the hypocritical
+profession of regret for its own inherent wrongfulness. Provoked,
+however, to try its strength against the feeble assaults of the new
+friends of freedom, finding all its demands readily yielded to, and
+itself victorious in every conflict, it soon threw off its false
+professions of modesty, pronounced itself free from every taint of
+wrong-doing, claimed to be the very corner stone and basis of free
+institutions themselves, the condition _sine qua non_ of all successful
+experiment in republican and democratic organizations, and became boldly
+and openly the assailant and propagandist, instead of occupying any
+longer the position of defence. Then followed the various attempts to
+overthrow and extinguish free speech in the capital of the nation by the
+use of the bludgeon, to extend slavery by illegal and bloodthirsty means
+over the soil of Kansas, to strengthen the enactments of the fugitive
+slave law by new and more offensive provisions, and to cause the
+authority of the Slave Power to be openly and confessedly recognized
+throughout the whole land, as it had been for years secretly and warily
+predominant. The opposition to these measures of aggression ceased to be
+wholly confined to the mere handful of technical abolitionists, and to
+spread and to take possession of the minds of the whole people, exciting
+surprise and alarm, and arousing them to some slight efforts at
+resistance. With this rising tendency to resist arose in like measure
+the tendency of the slaveholding power to invade. The alternative was
+quietly but resolutely chosen in the minds of the leading politicians
+of the South to 'rule or ruin.' Preparation was made for retaining the
+absolute control of the General Government at Washington, and for
+extending the influence of the peculiar institution over the whole North
+and all adjacent countries, so long as that policy should prove
+practicable; and, if by any contingency defeated in it, to break up the
+Union as it existed, and reconstruct it upon terms which should place
+the slaveholding aristocracy in that front rank of authority without
+question, to which, as a settled conviction, ever present and dominant
+in their minds, they alone, of all men, are preeminently entitled.
+
+Accordingly they imposed their weight more and more heavily upon the
+successive administrations from Van Buren down to Buchanan, and were
+encouraged to find that, in proportion as they pressed harder in their
+demands, proportionate concessions seldom failed to be made. The
+reaction at the North was nevertheless steadily progressing. Wisely
+perceiving that the first part of their _programme_ of action had nearly
+served its day; that preparation must be made for entering on the second
+and more desperate part of their conspiracy against free government;
+they forced on the crisis at the Democratic Convention in Charleston, by
+demanding terms which, with the fire in the rear now regularly organized
+and steadily operative at the North, that party could not accede to,
+without consenting to its own death. A disruption ensued of the
+unnatural alliance between the Southern oligarchy and the Northern
+Democracy, and the Southern leaders from that hour availed themselves of
+their sole remaining lease of power under the administration of Mr.
+Buchanan to strengthen their position by all means, honorable and
+dishonorable, for the coming conflict, which by them had been long
+planned or at least looked forward to, as the probable contingency.
+Having virtually the entire control of the General Government, they used
+their power for sending South the arms of the common country, for
+disposing the army and navy in such ways as to leave them in the least
+degree effective for opposing their designs; and with all the quietness
+and deliberation of a dying millionaire making his will, they prepared
+to begin the conflict which the lazy and confiding North had not even
+begun to suspect as among the possibilities of the future; and to begin
+it absolutely upon their own terms.
+
+Enough has now been said, perhaps, in relation to the causes of the
+present war. The present stage of its development is such as might have
+been fairly anticipated from such a commencement. The South has had the
+advantage of earnestness and concentration of purpose; of a warlike and
+aggressive spirit; of prior preparation, and of a full knowledge from
+the first of the desperate nature of the enterprise upon which they were
+about to enter, with a readiness to meet all its contingencies, and,
+since the great uprising, with no anticipation of easy work. The North
+was hurried into a war for which it had no preparation, to which it had
+never looked as a serious probability, and for which it had been
+stripped in a great measure, through the pilfering policy of the South,
+of the ordinary means at its command. A peaceable and highly civilized
+people, among whom actual war upon its own soil had been unknown for
+nearly fifty years, and among whom the spirit of war, always so rife at
+the South, was opposed and neutralized by a thousand industrial and
+peaceful propensities, was suddenly called into the field. Uninstructed
+at first in the real nature of the conflict, regarding it as an
+unreasonable disaffection, and therefore necessarily limited in extent,
+not aroused even yet to a full consciousness of the momentous
+consequences involved in the struggle and its gigantic proportions, they
+have come to the work, in a great measure, unprepared. Their condition
+at its commencement was even less favorable than that of the British
+nation at the commencement of the Russian war. Both of these great
+industrial peoples, with whom war had fallen among the traditions of the
+past, had to begin new struggles by learning anew the theory and
+practice of war. The Northern people rose, after the assault on Fort
+Sumter demonstrated to them that the South was in earnest, with the
+unanimity and power as of a single man, but bewildered and uncertain
+which way to turn, or how to grapple with the strange and unaccountable
+monster of rebellion which had suddenly precipitated himself among them.
+The whole habits of the nation had to undergo a violent and rapid
+change. A new educational experience had to be hurried through its
+successive courses of instruction. The gristle on the bone of the new
+military organization had to have time to harden. Sharp experiences had
+to be undergone, and will still have to be endured, as part of the price
+of tuition in the novel career to which we have been so unexpectedly
+called. Still, we have great power in reserve; no feeling of
+discouragement, no thought of abandoning the purpose of maintaining our
+integrity as a people, no sense of weakness possesses our minds. Great
+and triumphant successes are attending our arms. State after State,
+swept at first wholly or in part into the vortex of revolt, is again
+included within our military lines and brought back to a partial
+allegiance. New questions are rising into importance. We pass from the
+consideration of causes to that of results. It is a different and a
+difficult work to forecast the future. It is a perilous experiment to
+enact the prophet or seer, but in another paper we shall venture at
+least upon some suggestions which may have their uses in modulating that
+national destiny which none of us have the power actually to create or
+even to foretell.
+
+
+
+
+WAS HE SUCCESSFUL?
+
+'Do but grasp into the thick of human life! Every one _lives_ it--to
+not many is it _known_; and seize it where you will, it is
+interesting.'--GOETHE.
+
+'SUCCESSFUL.--Terminating in accomplishing what is wished or
+intended.'--WEBSTER'S _Dictionary_.
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+Miss Arabella Thorne was the daughter of an old citizen of New York, a
+worthy man, a plumber by trade, who, by means of plenty of work, small
+competition, and high prices, managed to scrape together fifty or sixty
+thousand dollars, which from time to time he judiciously invested in
+real estate. Late in life he married a tall, lean, sour-visaged
+spinster, considerably past thirty, with nothing whatever to recommend
+her except that she belonged to one of the first families. The fact is,
+she was a poor relation, and had all her life been passed around from
+cousin to cousin, each endeavoring to shift the burden as quick as
+possible. As she grew older she became more fretful and ill tempered,
+until it was a serious question with all interested how to dispose of
+her. Of late years she had taken to novel reading, and when engaged with
+a favorite romance, she was so peevish and irritable, that, to use a
+common expression, there was no living with her.
+
+Things were at this pass when Thorn (he spelled his name without an
+_e_) was called to do some work at the house of Mr. de Silver, an uncle
+of the 'poor relation,' with whom she was then staying. This gentleman,
+who for years had been at his wits' end to know what to do with his
+niece, conceived the design of marrying her to Thorn, who was in good
+circumstances, and could give her a comfortable home. It so happened
+that she was at that time absorbed with a novel (she always fancied
+herself the heroine) where the principal character was called on to make
+a sacrifice, and by so doing married a nobleman in disguise. She
+therefore was ready; but it was not without some difficulty that Thorn
+was brought into the arrangement. However, the distinction of marrying
+so much above him, and the advantage which might avail to his children,
+overcame his natural good sense, and the 'poor relation' became Mrs.
+Thorn.
+
+It is very certain that Mrs. Thorn would have been the death of her
+husband in a reasonably short period, had she not herself been suddenly
+cut off the second year of her married life, leaving an infant a few
+hours old, whom she named Arabella, after her last heroine, just as the
+breath was leaving her body.
+
+Mr. Thorn buried his wife, and was comforted. He never married again.
+His eighteen months' experience was sufficient. He even consented to
+give up the direction of the infant, who would _not_ be a poor relation
+like her mother, to Mrs. de Silver, who proceeded to look after it quite
+as she would one of her own children.
+
+[And this was all because old Thorn was getting rich, and would probably
+not marry again, and Arabella would have his money.]
+
+When Arabella was ten years old, her father died. By his will he made
+Mr. de Silver his executor, but prudently forbade any sale of his real
+estate till his daughter should be twenty-one, when she was to enter
+into possession. The personal property was ample for her meantime.
+Arabella grew up quite as the adopted child of the De Silvers. They had
+no daughter, but were blessed with three sons. The youngest was but ten
+years older than Arabella, for whom Mrs. de Silver had destined him.
+Miss Thorne (to whose name an _e_ had been mysteriously added) bore a
+strong resemblance to her deceased mother, but there was one striking, I
+may say overwhelming difference between them. Mrs. Thorn had all her
+life been poor and dependent, and treated as such while thrown about
+from house to house for a precarious home. She was crossed and snubbed,
+and a naturally unamiable temper made a thousand times worse by the
+treatment she received. Arabella was rich and independent, and spoiled
+by over indulgence to her idle whims and caprices. For Mrs. de Silver,
+intent on making the match, did not dare cross her dear Arabella in the
+least thing. She was shrewd, and soon perceived that she controlled the
+situation, and did not hesitate to take advantage of it. In fact, she
+kept everybody dancing attendance on her. Fond of admiration to an
+absurd degree, she still had a constant suspicion that she was courted
+for her money. As I have said, in person she resembled her mother, but
+here wealth came in to do away with the resemblance. True, she was tall
+and angular, but she made up superbly, so that on looking at her one
+would exclaim: 'What a stylish woman!' True, her features were homely,
+and her complexion without freshness, but over these were spread the
+magic atmosphere of fashion and assured position. She had a
+consciousness which repelled any idea that _she_ could be otherwise than
+handsome, fascinating, intelligent, and everything else desirable, and
+this consciousness actually produced, in a large majority, the pleasing
+illusion that she was really all these. But she was not. On the
+contrary, stripped of the gloss, she was censorious, supercilious, and
+selfish. Deprived of her dressmaker, she was gaunt and unsightly.
+Separated from her position, she would have been unbearable. Arabella
+had many offers, of course, but she was too fond of her power and too
+suspicious of an attempt on her purse to yield easily. She was enough of
+a coquette not absolutely to destroy the hopes of an admirer, but
+managed to keep him dangling in her train. She had never absolutely
+discouraged young De Silver, but she would not commit herself even to
+Mrs. de S., who still fondly hoped that the money of the industrious
+plumber would come into her family. So matters ran on till Miss Thorne
+was of age. Mr. de Silver evidently did not suppose there was to be any
+change in the management of his ward's affairs. He was soon undeceived.
+The young lady, about two weeks after the event, asked for a private
+interview with her guardian, and very quietly, after a series of polite
+phrases, announced that from that time she should herself take charge of
+her own property. There was nothing in this to which Mr. de Silver could
+object. Beyond some advantages which he derived from its management,
+without injury to his ward, it was of no importance; but he was not a
+little mortified nevertheless. It looked as if there was a lack of
+confidence in his management, but he could only assent, and say his
+accounts were ready for her inspection. The truth is that Arabella had
+made some acquaintances who ranked a grade higher in the fashionable
+world even than the De Silvers. They had impressed her with an idea that
+it would add to her importance to have her own 'solicitor' and take on
+herself the management of her affairs. To this end she had consulted Mr.
+Farrar, a well-known and experienced lawyer, who had been recommended to
+her by one of her friends. Just then speculation in real estate was
+rife, and prices had reached an extravagant point. The first thing which
+Miss Thorne did under the advice of Mr. Farrar, was to sell from time to
+time, as opportunity offered, all the real estate which her father had
+left her, and invest it in personal securities. In this way a very large
+sum was realized, and Miss Thorne's labors soon reduced to the simple
+task of receiving her semi-annual dividends. Mr. Bennett had not
+overrated the value of her property when he pronounced her worth two
+hundred thousand dollars. On the contrary, it is probable one might add
+fifty thousand to the computation and be nearer the mark.
+
+When Mrs. de Silver saw the independent course Miss Thorne was pursuing,
+she became still more assiduous in her efforts to please her dear
+Arabella. The latter, since it was still convenient to live with the De
+Silvers, was sufficiently amiable, but she never omitted an opportunity
+to show that she was her own mistress and intended to continue so. The
+De Silvers were Episcopalians, but they did not attend the most
+fashionable church. Miss Thorne very soon purchased an expensive pew in
+St. Jude's, and although Mrs. de Silver kept a carriage which was always
+at Miss Thorne's disposal, the latter set up a handsome brougham of her
+own. The young lady, after joining her new church, had determined to
+distinguish herself. She was not content with moderate performances. She
+aspired to lead. She kept at the very height of fashion. Yet St. Jude's
+had no more zealous member. She was an inveterate party goer, and
+nothing pleased her better than to have double engagements through the
+whole season; but the period of Lent found her utterly _devote_--a most
+zealous attendant on all the ordinances of the Church. She was very
+intimate with Mr. Myrtle, and it is probable no one had half so much
+influence with her as the Rev. Charles Myrtle himself. She had her
+_proteges_ also--generally some handsome young fellow about taking
+orders, whose devotion to Miss Thorne was perfectly excruciating. Time
+went on and Miss Arabella Thorne was carried along in the train of the
+tyrant. With the passing years she became more intensely fashionable,
+more bigoted, more fond of admiration, more difficult to please. She had
+refused so many offers, while she had coquetted so much, that young men
+began to avoid her. This greatly increased her natural irritability;
+made her jealous of the success of every rising belle, censorious, ill
+natured in remark, and generally disagreeable. When Hiram Meeker first
+saw Miss Arabella Thorne in her pew at St. Jude's, the interesting young
+woman was (dare I mention it?) already twenty-eight. In respect to
+appearance, she had altered very little since she was eighteen. So much
+depended on her milliner, her dressmaker, her costumer, and her maid,
+and to their credit be it spoken, they performed their duty so well,
+that the 'ravages' of the fashionable seasons she had passed through
+were not at all visible. There were times when Miss Arabella Thorne
+would confess to herself that she ought to marry. But with every
+succeeding birthday came increased suspicion that she was sought only
+for her fortune.
+
+Such was the position of affairs when the shrewd wholesale drygoods
+merchant, satisfied that all his cousin cared for in matrimony was
+money, conceived the idea of making a match between Hiram and the
+fashionable Arabella. It did not take the former long, after Mr. Bennett
+once explained just how things stood, to comprehend exactly the
+situation, and to form and mature his plans accordingly. He had
+committed a blunder, as Mr. Bennett termed it, in giving up Miss Tenant,
+but that was a conventional mistake, if, which it is very doubtful,
+Hiram ever admitted that it was a mistake. Here, however, he could bring
+his keen knowledge of human nature to play, and once understanding the
+character of Miss Thorne, he felt fully equal to the enterprise. In
+fact, Hiram was once more on his old ground, and he enjoyed the idea of
+the contest he was about to engage in.
+
+Mr. Myrtle was fully enlisted on Hiram's side. He was much pleased with
+the addition of a wealthy, rising young man--and a proselyte besides--to
+his church. He feared that Miss Thorne might in time be lost to it by
+her marrying outside of his congregation. Here was a capital chance to
+secure _her_ and add to his own influence and popularity.
+
+He was too astute to approach the subject directly. Miss Thorne might be
+suspicious even of him. He would give her no opportunity. Mr. Myrtle was
+too polished and too refined a man, too dignified indeed, to even
+_appear_ in the light of a match maker. But assurance was conveyed by
+Mrs. Myrtle to Mrs. Bennett, and thence _via_ Mr. Bennett confidentially
+to Hiram, that Mr. Myrtle might be relied on to do everything in his
+power in the delicate business.
+
+Thus fortified, and conscious of the aid of the Bennett family, which
+was a very strong point, our hero entered on the fall and winter
+campaign, resolved before it was over to secure the two hundred thousand
+dollars of the fashionable Arabella, and, as it must needs be, that
+inestimable person along with it.
+
+I have mentioned their first sight of each other in church, and the
+curiosity of Miss Thorne to know who the young man in the next pew could
+be. And here Hiram's generalship must be specially noticed. Mrs. Bennett
+proposed to bring about an immediate introduction by arranging an
+_accidental_ meeting at her house. This Hiram peremptorily objected to;
+and in speaking on the subject with Mr. Bennett, with whom all his
+conversations were held, he displayed such a subtle insight into the
+character, habits, and peculiarities of Miss Thorne, that Mr. Bennett
+was amazed. He afterward told his wife she must let Hiram have his own
+way, as the fellow knew more than all of them.
+
+Two parties came off the following week, to both of which Hiram was
+invited through the influence of the Bennetts. Miss Thorne was of course
+present. Hiram, now perfectly at his ease, and fashionably attired, made
+no insignificant display. He was introduced to a great many young
+ladies, and saluting two or three of the most attractive, he paid at
+different stages of the evening assiduous court to them. His waltzing
+was really superb [O Hiram, what a change!], and not a few inquired,
+'Who is he?' Mrs. Bennett was really proud to answer, 'A cousin of ours.
+A very fine young man, indeed--very rich.'
+
+Miss Thorne did not ask any questions--not she; but she quickly
+recognized in the waltzer the occupant of the pew who had already
+attracted her notice. She waited complacently for the moment when Hiram
+should be led up to her for presentation, and she had already decided
+just how she should receive him. She was resolved to ruffle his
+complacency, and thus punish him for not paying his first tribute to her
+charms; then, so she settled it, she would relax, and permit him to
+waltz with her.
+
+When the evening passed, and the fashionable young man had made no
+demonstration, she was amazed. Such a thing had never happened before.
+To think he should not ask _her_, while he devoted half the evening to
+Miss Innis, who waltzed shockingly (every one knew that), and who had no
+money either!
+
+She went home in a very uncomfortable state of mind.
+
+The following Wednesday there was a repetition of this very scene. The
+party was even more brilliant than the last, Miss Thorne more
+exquisitely dressed, but Hiram kept aloof. Miss Thorne had never been
+slighted before--never. This evening she was tempted to waive her pride,
+and inquire of her dear friend Mrs. Bennett, with whom she saw Hiram
+conversing--but the thought was too humiliating, and she forbore.
+
+How she hated the wretch!--that is, as women hate, and as men like to be
+hated. What should she do? Could she endure to attend another party, and
+be so treated? Why, the creature never even looked toward her! What
+right had he to dress so fashionably and to waltz with such ease, and in
+fact appear so well every way? To occupy quite by himself the very best
+pew in St. Jude's, directly in front of her! What audacity! Then his
+provoking _nonchalance_. Oh, what was she to do? She should go crazy.
+Not quite that. She would first inquire of Mr. Myrtle, in a very
+careless manner. So she ran in that same morning on the accomplished
+clergyman, and was speedily in a full gallop of conversation.
+
+'By the way,' she exclaimed, at length, as if a new thought had suddenly
+struck her, 'pray, tell me, who is my new neighbor? I intended asking
+the last time I saw you, but forgot it.'
+
+The Rev. Charles Myrtle looked completely mystified, and asked with his
+eyes, plainly as eyes could ask, 'Pray, what do you mean?'
+
+'I see you don't take. I mean the new occupant of the Winslows' pew;
+some relation, I suppose.'
+
+'Oh, no. He is a cousin of the Bennetts, a young merchant, who has
+purchased the pew.'
+
+'Indeed? A good churchman, I hope, if he is to sit so near me.'
+
+'I should judge so. I am but slightly acquainted with him. Mrs. Bennett,
+however, speaks of him in the most enthusiastic terms. She says he has
+but one fault (I mention it to save you young people from
+disappointment), which is, that he is not fond of ladies' society.'
+
+'I know better,' interrupted Miss Thorne, betraying herself; for she was
+thinking of what she had witnessed at the two parties. Too much a woman
+of the world to blush or betray any embarrassment, she as quickly
+recovered, and added, laughingly, 'No one can make me believe he takes
+all that pains with his dress for nothing.'
+
+'Now I think of it, he does dress in very good taste,' said Mr. Myrtle
+carelessly. 'I think, however, what Mrs. Bennett meant to convey is that
+Mr. Meeker is not a marrying man. She says he is very rich, and has a
+horror of being caught, as it is called.'
+
+'So then his name is Meeker,' replied Miss Thorne, with an absent air,
+as if she had paid no attention to Mr. Myrtle's concluding observation,
+though she had drunk in every word with eager interest.
+
+'Yes. You will probably meet him at the Bennetts', though I do not think
+he would please you, Miss Arabella. [Mr. Myrtle knew the weakness of
+spinsters after reaching a certain age for being called by their first
+name.] You are too _exegeante_, my dear young lady, and Mr. Meeker is
+devoted to affairs.'
+
+'I wonder Mrs. Myrtle does not return; she told me she would not be gone
+two minutes,' said Miss Thorne, with the air of complete indifference to
+what Mr. Myrtle was saying, which a fashionable thorough-bred knows so
+well how to assume.
+
+'Here she is,' said Mr. Myrtle. 'I will leave you together, and go back
+to my labors. Good morning.'
+
+Miss Thorne by this time was really very much excited; so much so that
+she could not resist speaking of Hiram to Mrs. Myrtle, though of course
+in the same accidental way in which she had inquired of her husband.
+
+Mrs. Myrtle of course had much more to say in reply. All about Hiram's
+joining their church--what a good young man he was, how conscientious,
+how devoted to business, and how rich, and getting richer every day.
+
+Miss Thorne drew herself up slightly, as if that could be of no
+consequence to _her_. Still she unbent directly, and said with an
+amiable smile, as if simply to continue the conversation, 'But Mr.
+Myrtle says he is a woman hater.'
+
+'Oh, I think not so bad as that; but Mrs. Bennett says the ladies are
+all crazy about him, and he has a ridiculous suspicion that they are
+after his money.'
+
+'The wretch!' exclaimed Miss Arabella, laughing.
+
+'So I say,' rejoined Mrs. Myrtle. 'But the fact is, Mrs. Bennett says
+that Mr. Meeker thinks too much about business, and if he goes on in
+this way he will never get married, and she tells him she is determined
+he shall marry.'
+
+'A very proper resolve!' exclaimed Miss Thorne in the same vein.
+
+The conversation now turned on other topics, and after a few minutes
+Miss Thorne took leave in no very enviable state of mind. Here was a
+young man about to become one of the stars of fashion, rich,
+accomplished, quite in her own set, too; yet not a step had he taken
+toward securing her favor. Why, he might even outstrip her at St.
+Jude's! Then what _would_ become of her? 'I wonder if he keeps Lent?'
+she muttered between her clenched teeth, as she walked along.
+
+At that very moment, who should she encounter but Miss Innis, a
+charming, bewitching, and very fashionable young creature (so all the
+gentlemen said), to whom at the late parties, as I have already
+mentioned, Hiram had been devoted the larger part of the evening.
+
+The ladies rushed toward each other and embraced in the most
+affectionate manner. The usual rapid chitchat ensued.
+
+'What do you think of our new beau?' asked Miss Innis.
+
+Now Miss Thorne was burning with envy, hatred, malice, and all
+uncharitableness toward the young and rising belle, which was greatly
+increased by witnessing Hiram's extraordinary devotion to her. After the
+conversation with Mrs. Myrtle, she could no longer doubt the fact that
+he was soon to become of decided importance in the fashionable world.
+The moment she saw Miss Innis approaching, she anticipated some such
+question as was now put to her, and knowing that through her dear friend
+Mrs. Bennett she could make Hiram's acquaintance at any time, she had
+decided how to treat it.
+
+She replied therefore with considerable animation, and as if she knew at
+once to whom Miss Innis alluded: 'Oh, I think we shall make something of
+him before the season is over. I tell Mrs. Bennett she must cure him of
+some little provincialisms, however.'
+
+'Provincialisms!' exclaimed Miss Innis, who prided herself on her family
+and aristocratic breeding, though she had not wealth to boast of;
+'provincialisms! I confess I discovered none, and I certainly had a
+pretty good opportunity for judging. He waltzes divinely, doesn't he?'
+
+The tantalizing minx knew very well that Miss Thorne could only judge by
+observation.
+
+'He waltzes with much perfection, certainly,' replied Miss Thorne, with
+the air of a connoisseur, 'but I think a little stiffly.'
+
+'Quite the reverse, I assure you. I never had a partner with whom it was
+so easy to waltz. He supports one so perfectly. I declare I am in love
+with him already. Arabella dear, I give you warning I shall try my best
+to engross his attention the entire season.'
+
+She laughed as she said this, and Miss Thorne laughed; then these young
+women of fashion again embraced, and with smiles and amiable expressions
+went their way.
+
+How suddenly the countenance of each then changed! That of Miss Innis
+gave unmistakable tokens of contempt and disgust, while Miss Thorne's
+face expressed a concentrated venom, which, if I had not myself often
+witnessed, I would not believe is in the power of woman to display.
+
+The rencontre with Miss Innis was so unendurable that Miss Thorne
+resolved to proceed at once to Mrs. Bennett's, where she could get
+definite information. Her pride was beginning to give way before her
+jealousy of a rival.
+
+Mrs. Bennett was at home, and welcomed her dear 'Arabella' with more
+than usual cordiality. A long conversation ensued before Miss Thorne
+could bring herself to broach the delicate subject. At last, and it had
+to be apropos of nothing, she said:
+
+'Oh, I declare, I forgot. Do you know I am angry with you? Yes, very,
+very angry.'
+
+Mrs. Bennett immediately put on the proper expression.
+
+'Tell me, quick, all about it,' she said. 'I will do penance if I have
+given you cause.'
+
+'Indeed, you have given great cause. You have undertaken to bring out a
+gentleman, and your own cousin, too, without presenting him to me, and I
+made up my mind never to speak to you again; but you see how I keep my
+resolution.'
+
+'Poor Mr. Meeker!' exclaimed Mrs. Bennett. 'He little thinks in what
+trouble he has involved me.'
+
+'But what have you to say for _yourself_?' persisted Miss Thorne.
+
+'I declare, Arabella, I don't know what to say. Cousin Hiram is so odd
+and so obstinate on some points, although in most respects the best
+creature in the world.'
+
+'Why, what can you mean?'
+
+'I can hardly explain what I do mean. In short, while Cousin Hiram asks
+my advice in many matters, and, indeed, follows it; yet, where ladies
+are concerned, he is as obstinate as a mule.'
+
+'But what has that to do with your not presenting him?'
+
+'Well, since you must know,' hesitated Mrs. Bennett, 'he declined being
+introduced to you.'
+
+'Declined!'
+
+'Yes.'
+
+'It is all through that hateful Mary Innis!' exclaimed Miss Thorne,
+reddening with rage. 'I know it. I am sure of it. Yes, I see through it
+all--all.'
+
+'I dare say,' returned Mrs. Bennett. 'I can't believe it either,' she
+continued. 'He is not so easily influenced. But, Arabella, my dear,
+think no more of the matter. You will like Mr. Meeker, I know, when you
+do meet, and all the more for any little obstacle at the beginning. I
+was just thinking how I could bring you together. What do you say to
+dropping in at--no, that won't do. I have it; come round this very
+evening and take tea with us. Mr. Meeker is almost sure to come in. He
+has not been here this week.'
+
+'Arabella' had her little objections.
+
+'Nonsense, my darling. I am determined you two shall become acquainted
+before Mrs. Jones's party, and that is next Thursday. Don't forget how
+fond you are of waltzing, and there Cousin Hiram is superb.'
+
+'I know it,' said Miss Thorne, with a sigh. 'But won't it look strange?'
+
+'Look strange to do what you have done so often, my darling! Now,
+Arabella, I won't take 'no' from you.'
+
+'I consent,' said Miss Thorne, languidly. 'He won't be rude to me, will
+he?'
+
+'Rude! why, Arabella, what do you take him for?'
+
+The ladies separated in great good humor.
+
+Miss Thorne, with a view to be revenged on Miss Innis, was determined to
+secure our hero on any terms. She was at Mrs. Bennett's at the appointed
+hour. On this occasion her toilette was elaborately simple. She always
+exhibited, not only great taste, but great propriety, in dress. On this
+occasion one might readily suppose that, running in for a brief call,
+she had been induced to prolong her stay.
+
+About eight o'clock, who should arrive but Hiram! What a singular
+coincidence!
+
+An introduction followed.
+
+Miss Thorne was very natural. She appeared entirely at ease, receiving
+Hiram with quiet cordiality, as if he were a member of the family.
+
+Hiram, on his part, did not exhibit any of those disagreeable qualities
+for which he received credit, but was apparently quite disarmed by the
+domesticity of the scene.
+
+The conversation became general, and all joined in it. After a while Mr.
+Bennett withdrew to 'spend a half hour at the club,' assuring Miss
+Thorne he would return in ample time to hand her to her carriage.
+Presently the servant called Mrs. Bennett, and hero and heroine were
+left alone together.
+
+There was an awkward pause, which was first broken by Arabella, when the
+conversation ran on much in this way:
+
+'We are to have a very gay season, I believe.'
+
+'Indeed!'
+
+'I suppose you take a great interest in it?'
+
+'Quite the contrary. I take very little.'
+
+'Still, you seem to enjoy parties.'
+
+'Why, yes. When I go, the best thing I can do is to enjoy them.'
+
+'But you like to go, don't you?'
+
+'I can scarcely say I do--sometimes, perhaps.'
+
+'A person who waltzes as well as you do ought to like parties, I am
+sure.'
+
+'I feel very much flattered to have you praise my waltzing.'
+
+There was another pause. It was again broken by Miss Thorne.
+
+'Do you know I think you so droll?'
+
+'Me! pray, what is there droll about me?'
+
+'Oh, I don't know. I can't tell. But you are droll--very droll.'
+
+'Really, I was not conscious of it.'
+
+'Were you aware that you occupy a seat directly in front of me in
+church?'
+
+'Certainly; that's not droll, is it?'
+
+'Well, yes; I think it is, rather. But that is not what I was going to
+say. Will you answer me one question truly? It will seem strange for me
+to ask it,' simpered Arabella; 'but you must know your cousin Mrs.
+Bennett and I are the dearest friends--the _very_ dearest friends; and
+meeting you here, it seems different, and I am not so much afraid of
+you.'
+
+Hiram sat with eyes wide open, in affected ignorance of what could
+possibly come next.
+
+'Now you put me out, indeed you do; I can never say what I was going to,
+in the world.'
+
+'_Do_,' said Hiram, gently.
+
+'Well, will you tell me why you refused to be introduced to me, and who
+it is that has so prejudiced you against me?'
+
+'No one, I assure you,' replied Hiram.
+
+'Then why did you decline the introduction? It is of no use to deny it;
+I know you _did_ decline it.'
+
+'I heard you were an heiress,' replied Hiram naively, 'and I don't like
+heiresses.'
+
+'Why not, pray?'
+
+'Oh, for various reasons. They are always such vain, stuck-up creatures.
+Then they are excessively requiring, and generally disagreeable.'
+
+'You saucy thing, you,' exclaimed Miss Thorne, but by no means in a
+displeased tone.
+
+'Then why did you ask me? I must tell the truth. I confess I did not
+want to make your acquaintance. Everybody was talking about Miss
+Thorne--Miss Thorne--Miss Thorne. For my part, it made me detest you.'
+
+'Oh, you horrible creature,' said Arabella, now quite appeased.
+
+'I don't deny it,' continued Hiram, pleasantly. 'I repeat, I can't bear
+an heiress. I wouldn't marry one for the whole world.'
+
+'Why, pray?'
+
+'Because she would want her separate purse and separate property, and it
+would be _her_ house, and _her_ horses and carriage, _her_ coachman, and
+so on. Oh no--nothing of that for me. I will be master of my own
+establishment.'
+
+'What a savage you are! I declare it is as refreshing to hear you talk
+as it would be to visit a tribe of Indians.'
+
+'You are complimentary.'
+
+'You see I do you justice, though we are enemies. But tell me now that
+you have been introduced to me, do I seem at all dangerous?'
+
+Hiram Meeker's countenance changed from an expression of pleasant
+badinage to one of sentimental interest, while he gazed abstractedly in
+the young lady's face, without making any reply.
+
+Arabella's heart beat violently, she scarce knew why.
+
+'You do not answer,' she said.
+
+'I cannot tell,' said Hiram, dreamily; then, starting, as if from a
+revery, he said, in his former tone, 'Oh, your sex are all dangerous;
+only there are degrees.'
+
+'I see you are not disposed to commit yourself. I will not urge you. But
+do you think you will be afraid to waltz with me at the next party?'
+
+'It was the introduction I objected to, not the waltz.'
+
+'Then you consent?'
+
+'With your permission, gladly.'
+
+'The first waltz at the next party?'
+
+'The first waltz at the next party.'
+
+It is not necessary to detail the conversation which ensued, and which
+was of a more general nature, referring to New York society, life _a la
+mode_, the reigning belles, then by an easy transition to Mr. Myrtle,
+and topics connected with St. Jude's. Soon they fell into quite a
+confidential tone, as church subjects of mutual interest were discussed,
+so that, when Mrs. Bennett returned to the room, it seemed almost like
+an interruption.
+
+'I knew you two would like each other if you ever became acquainted,'
+said Mrs. Bennett, with animation.
+
+'Pray, how do you arrive at any such conclusion?' replied Miss Thorne,
+in a reserved tone, while she gave Hiram a glance which was intended to
+assure him she was merely assuming it.
+
+'Oh, never mind, my dear; it is not of so much consequence about your
+liking Hiram. You may detest him, if you please, but I am resolved he
+shall like you, for you are my pet, you know.'
+
+Arabella looked affectionate, and Hiram laughed.
+
+'Oh, you may laugh as much as you please; men cannot understand our
+attachments for each other, can they, Arabella?'
+
+'No, indeed.'
+
+'That is true enough,' quoth Hiram.
+
+After Mr. Bennett came in, a handsome little supper was served. That
+concluded, Hiram waited on Miss Thorne to her carriage.
+
+'I shall expect you to take back all the naughty things you have said
+about me to your cousin,' she said, very sweetly, after she was seated.
+
+'About you, yes; but not about the _heiress_. But--but if you were not
+one, I do think I should like you pretty well. As it is, the objection
+is insuperable; good night.'
+
+Away went carriage and horses and Arabella Thorne. Hiram stepped back
+into the house.
+
+'My wife says you have made a splendid hit to-night, Hiram,' remarked
+Mr. Bennett.
+
+'Does she?' replied the other, in an absent tone.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Hiram went late to Mrs. Jones's party.
+
+So did Miss Thorne.
+
+In a pleasant mood, Mrs. Bennett walked with her cousin to where the
+heiress was standing, and said, 'Miss Thorne, this is Mr. Meeker. I
+believe, however, you have met before.'
+
+The waltzing had already commenced, and Hiram led his not unwilling
+partner to the floor, where they were soon giddily whirling, to the
+intense admiration of the lookers on.
+
+It was now Hiram felt grateful to the unknown young lady who taught him
+how to waltz _close_. He practised it on this occasion to perfection.
+Arabella, by degrees, leaned more and more heavily. One arm resting
+fondly on his shoulder, she was drawn into immediate contact with
+Hiram's _calculating_ heart. Round and round she sped--round and round
+sped Hiram, until the two were so blended that it was difficult to
+decide who or what were revolving.
+
+At last Arabella was forced to yield. Faintly she sighed, 'I must stop,'
+and Hiram, coming to a graceful termination, seated her in triumph--the
+master of the situation!
+
+Miss Innis looked on and smiled. Others expressed their admiration of
+the performance. None could deny it was very perfect.
+
+Soon they were on the floor again, and again Arabella struggled hard for
+the mastery. It was in vain. After repeated attempts to hold the field,
+she was obliged to yield.
+
+Hiram was too familiar with the sex to attempt to pursue his advantage.
+Indeed, Miss Arabella, having accomplished her object in showing Miss
+Innis that she _could_ monopolize Hiram if she chose, would have been
+quite ready to play the coquette and assume the dignified.
+
+Hiram was prepared for this, and further was resolved not to expose
+himself to any manifestation of her caprice. He perceived Miss Thorne
+was disinclined to converse, and fancied she was preparing to be
+reserved. So he passed quietly into the next room, where he found Miss
+Innis quite ready to welcome him, though surrounded by a number of
+gentlemen. He claimed her for the next waltz by virtue of an engagement
+entered into at Mrs. Jones's. Soon the music commenced, and away they
+went, responsive to its fascinating strains. Both waltzed admirably.
+They entered with zest into the spirit of the scene and with that
+sympathy of motion which makes every step so easy and so enjoyable.
+There was no rivalry, no holding out against the other. The pauses were
+natural, not by either, but, as it were, by mutual understanding. Miss
+Thorne was also on the floor with a very showy partner, doing her best
+to attract attention. She managed, as she swept by her rival,
+_accidentally_ to step on her dress in a very damaging manner. But Miss
+Innis was one of those natural creatures who are never discomfited by
+such an occurrence. She very quietly withdrew, and in about two minutes
+was on the floor again.
+
+'It is well,' said Hiram to her in a low tone, 'that this happened to
+you instead of Miss Thorne.'
+
+'Why?'
+
+'Because she never could have appeared again the same evening.'
+
+Miss Innis smiled, and spoke of something else. The little hit did not
+seem in the least to gratify her.
+
+Hiram noted this. 'Youth and beauty can well afford to be amiable, but
+it does not always happen that they are so,' he whispered.
+
+Miss Innis looked at him seriously, but made no reply; and the two took
+seats within the recess of a window.
+
+At this moment Miss Thorne, having stopped waltzing, passed across the
+room to the same vicinity, and stood talking with a gentleman, in a
+position to command a view of the couple just seated. As Hiram raised
+his eyes he encountered hers, for she was looking intently toward him.
+He saw enough to be satisfied that his plans were working to perfection.
+
+Without appearing to notice her presence, he continued the conversation
+with his partner, and so engrossing did it become on both sides that
+neither seemed aware of the rapid flight of the hours. And it was only
+when Miss Innis perceived that the rooms were becoming thinned that she
+started up with an exclamation of surprise that it was so late.
+
+Hiram Meeker walked slowly homeward. He could not resist a certain
+influence from stealing over him.
+
+'Why is it,' he muttered to himself, 'that all the handsome girls are
+without money, and all the rich ones are ugly?'
+
+He drew a long sigh, as if it were hard for him to give up such a lovely
+creature. He soon reached his lodgings, and going to his room, he seated
+himself before the fire, which burned cheerfully in the grate, and
+remained for a time completely lost in thought.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+O Hiram Meeker, is it even now too late to obey some natural instincts?
+You are well embarked in affairs, have already made money enough to
+support a wife pleasantly. Your business is daily increasing, your
+mercantile position for a young man remarkably well assured. Here is a
+really lovely young girl--a little spoiled, it may be, by fashionable
+associations, but amiable, intelligent, and true hearted. Probably you
+might win her, for she seems to like you. The connection would give you
+position, for you would marry into an old and most respectable family.
+True, you have conducted yourself shamefully toward Emma Tenant--to say
+nothing of Miss Burns. Let that pass. There is still opportunity to
+retrace. Attempt to win Miss Innis. If you do win her, what a happy home
+will be yours! As for Miss Thorne--Hiram, you _know_ what she is. You
+despise her in your heart. Besides, she is almost twenty-nine--you but
+twenty-seven. Will her money compensate? O Hiram, stop--stop now, and
+think!
+
+This may have been the revery of Hiram Meeker.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At last he rose and prepared to retire. Doubtless he had made a final
+and irrevocable decision.
+
+What was it?
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+There is good news for the Tenant family! The large commercial house in
+London whose failure dragged down Tenant & Co., had a branch at Rio.
+This branch had been heavily drawn on, and suspended because the firm
+in London stopped. When affairs were investigated, it turned out that
+the Rio branch was well aboveboard. The result was that the London house
+was enabled to pay a composition of fifteen and sixpence in the pound.
+This not only enabled Tenant & Co. to settle with their creditors, but
+placed that old and respectable firm in a position to go on with their
+business, though in a manner somewhat limited when compared with their
+former operations. The whole commercial community rejoiced at this. Tho
+house had been so long established, and was conducted with so much
+integrity, that to have it go down seemed a blow struck at the fair name
+and prosperity of the city. A committee appointed by the creditors had
+investigated everything connected with the failure, prior to hearing of
+the news from Rio. This committee utterly refused to permit Mr. Tenant
+to put his house into the list of assets from which to pay the company's
+debts. He insisted, but they were inexorable. This was highly gratifying
+to him, but he was not content. Now he could meet all on equal terms.
+
+We must forgive Mrs. Tenant if she felt a very great degree of
+exultation at this result. The affair between Hiram Meeker and her
+daughter had touched her so deeply (until Emma was away she did not feel
+how deeply), that she could not but indulge her triumph that now, when
+she encountered him, she was able to pass him with complete
+indifference. While her husband was crippled, she continued to feel
+scorn and contempt. Having regained her old position, she enjoyed a
+repose of spirits and was no longer tantalized by recollection of the
+scenes of the last few months.
+
+Emma Tenant had a most charming European tour. She was absent a year.
+Two or three months before her return, and while spending a few weeks
+among the Bernese Alps (I think Emma once told me it was at the Hotel
+Reichenbach, near Meyringen), she encountered an old acquaintance, that
+is, an acquaintance of her childhood, in the person of young
+Lawrence--Henry Lawrence--who was taking advantage of a business trip
+abroad to view the glory and the majesty of nature in the Oberland
+Bernois.
+
+However much it may seem contrary to the theory of romantic young men
+and women, I am forced to state that notwithstanding her former love for
+Hiram Meeker, Emma Tenant had not been six months in Europe before the
+wound might be considered healed. As her mind became enlarged by taking
+in the variety of scenes which were presented, scenes ever fresh and
+changing, she was better enabled to judge how far such a person as Hiram
+Meeker could ultimately make her happy. Day by day she saw his character
+more clearly and in a truer light, and could thus fully appreciate the
+narrow escape she had from a life of wretchedness.
+
+Before she encountered young Lawrence, she had become entirely
+disenchanted. The former illusion was fully dispelled, and her heart
+left quite free to be engrossed by a new interest.
+
+Young ladies and gentlemen! Am I giving currency to theories which you
+are accustomed to consider heretical? I am but recording the simple
+truth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By the time Emma Tenant had reached New York the affianced of Henry
+Lawrence (subject, of course, to her parents' approbation), Hiram Meeker
+was engaged to--Miss Thorne.
+
+Once decided on his course, Hiram pursued his object with the tenacity
+of a slow hound.
+
+He took advantage of every weakness. He operated on her jealous nature
+so as to subject her to all the tortures which that spirit begets. By
+turns he flattered and browbeat her. He was sunny and amiable, or
+crabbed and austere, as suited his purpose. In fact, he so played on
+the poor girl, whose vanity and suspicion and jealous fear of a rival
+were intense, that he made her life miserable. She was even thwarted in
+the quarter where her strength principally lay. For Hiram treated her
+fortune as a mere nothing at all. If she, as had been her custom, headed
+a subscription for some charity at St. Jude's, Hiram was sure to put
+down his name for double the amount in close proximity to hers.
+
+At last her spirit was completely broken by the persevering, unsparing,
+flattering, cajoling, remorseless Hiram. So she stopped quarrelling, and
+yielded. Then, how charming was our hero! Amiable, kind, desirous to
+please, yet despotic to an extent: never yielding the power and
+ascendency he had gained over her.
+
+The great point now was to prevent any marriage settlement. Being
+married, since Miss Thorne's property was all 'personal,' he could at
+once possess himself of it. Prior to the engagement, Hiram had often
+repeated that he would many no woman who maintained a separate estate.
+And so much did he dwell on this that Miss Thorne was actually afraid to
+speak to her solicitor on the subject.
+
+In the summer succeeding the gay season we have spoken of, Hiram Meeker
+and Arabella Thorne were united at St. Jude's by the Rev. Charles
+Myrtle, in presence of 'the most aristocratic and fashionable concourse
+ever assembled on such an occasion.' The Bennetts were present in great
+profusion. Mrs. Myrtle, all smiles and tears, stood approvingly by. Mr.
+Myrtle, so all declared, never performed the ceremony so well before.
+Miss Innis had a conspicuous place in the proceedings, she being the
+first of the four bridesmaids who attended Arabella to the altar.
+
+I have never been able to explain her selection of one she had so feared
+and hated as a rival, nor Miss Innis's acceptance. But there she stood,
+very beautiful, and apparently much interested in what was going on.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+After they had returned from their wedding tour, Hiram took possession
+of his wife's securities. His heart throbbed with excitement and his
+eyes glistened as he looked them over.
+
+Mr. Bennett had fallen considerably short of the mark. Here were more
+than two hundred and fifty thousand dollars!
+
+Just then real estate had fallen to the extreme lowest point after the
+collapse of the former high speculative prices. Hiram took immediate
+advantage of this state of things. During the next three months he had
+sold out his wife's securities, and invested two hundred thousand
+dollars in vacant lots admirably situated in the upper part of the city.
+The balance he put into his business.
+
+From that period it did not require a heavy discounting of the future to
+write Hiram Meeker a MILLIONAIRE.
+
+
+END OF PART II.
+
+
+
+
+DEAD!
+
+
+  Dead--dead--no matter, the skies are blue,
+    In their fathomless depths above,
+  And the glad Earth's robes are as bright in hue,
+  And worn with as regal a grace, and true,
+  As they were on the day they were woven new
+    By the hand of Infinite Love.
+
+  Hush! hush!--there is music out in the street,
+    A popular martial strain;
+  While the constant patter of countless feet
+  Keeps time to the strokes of the drum's quick beat,
+  And the echoing voices that mix and meet
+    Swell out in a glad refrain.
+
+  Lost--lost! Oh, why, when the earth is bright,
+    And soft is the zephyr's breath,
+  Oh! why, when the world is so full of light,
+  Should the wild heart, robed in a cloak of night,
+  Send up from frozen lips and white
+    A desolate cry of death?
+
+  Dead--dead! How wearily drag the days;
+    And wearily life runs on!
+  The skies look cold, through a misty haze,
+  That curdles the gold of the bright sun's rays,
+  And the dead leaves cover the banks and braes,
+    A shroud of the summer gone.
+
+  Last year--nay! nay! I do not complain;
+    There are graves in the heart of all;
+  So I do not murmur; 'twere weak and vain;
+  I accept in silence my share of pain,
+  And the clouds, with their fringes of crimson stain,
+    That over my young life fall.
+
+  There were beautiful days last year, I mind,
+    When the maple trees turned red,
+  They flew away like the sportive wind,
+  But I gathered the joys they left behind,
+  As I gather the leaves, but to-day I find
+    That the joys, like the leaves, _are dead_.
+
+  One year! It is past, and I stand _alone_,
+    Where I stood with another then;
+  'Tis well--I had scorned to have held _my own_
+  From the bloody strife, though my soul had known
+  That _his_ life would ebb ere the day was gone,
+    Amid thousands of nameless men.
+
+  _Nameless_, yet never a one less dear
+    Than the _dearest_ of all the dead;
+  I weep--but, Father, my bitter tear
+  Falleth not down o'er a _single_ bier--
+  I mourn not the joys of the lost last year,
+    But the rivers of bright blood shed.
+
+
+
+
+RECONSTRUCTION.
+
+
+Reconstruction sounds the key note of American politics to-day. It is as
+true now as when Webster first said it, that 'the people of this
+country, by a vast and countless majority, are attached to the Union.'
+Reconstruction is the hope of the Union; and the hope of the Union is
+the controlling energy of the war. Hence, naturally, the theories that
+prevail in regard to reconstruction begin to define the political
+parties of the immediate future. United on the war, which they hold to
+be not simply inevitable, but also a war in the combined interests of
+liberty and order, and, therefore, just, the people seem likely about to
+be divided on questions suggested by the probably speedy termination of
+the war. The Union one and indivisible is the fundamental maxim on which
+all such questions must be based. So long as the name of Washington is
+reverenced among them, the American people will accept no other basis of
+settlement. The Union is to them the security and hope of all political
+blessings--liberty, justice, political order--which blessings it
+insures. Disunion is revolution, and puts them in peril. Therefore, no
+theory of reconstruction is practicable which countenances disunion, or
+in anywise assails the principle of the eternal oneness and
+indivisibility of the Union.
+
+
+THEORIES OF RECONSTRUCTION.
+
+There are three prominent theories of reconstruction now before the
+people. The first, as being in the natural and constitutional order of
+things, has shaped the policy of the Administration in its whole conduct
+of affairs. It supposes the rebellion to be an armed insurrection
+against the authority of the United States, usurping the functions and
+powers of various State Governments, and seeking to overthrow the
+Nation. So considering it, the whole power of the Nation has been
+brought to bear to subdue it, in accordance with the just authority
+conferred by the Constitution, which is the organic law of the Nation.
+The steadfast prosecution of this policy, upheld and supported by the
+people with a unanimity and patient faith that have strengthened the
+cause of democratic government all over the earth, has rescued from the
+rebellion and restored to their undisputed position in the Union, the
+States of Kentucky, Missouri, and now, at last, Tennessee, with a
+portion of Virginia. Such are the results to the Union of the natural
+and constitutional policy that aims at reconstruction through
+restoration.
+
+The two other theories spoken of may be best considered together, as
+they originated in a common purpose, namely, the abolition of slavery,
+which it is supposed cannot be attained by the ordinary processes of war
+under the Constitution. Their advocates, however, contend that they are
+strictly constitutional.
+
+The first of these theories supposes that the States included in the
+rebellion have, by the fact of rebellion, forfeited all rights as
+States. It is argued that States, like individuals, forfeit their rights
+by rebellion.
+
+The other theory supposes that the States having rebelled, may be dealt
+with as foreign States; so that, according to the laws of war, the
+nation may treat them altogether as alien enemies, and in the event of
+the Nation's triumph, the States will be in all respects like conquered
+provinces.
+
+It will be observed that each of these theories ignores the principle of
+the indivisibility of the Union, and presupposes a dismemberment of it
+on the part of every rebellious State.
+
+
+I. THEORY OF STATE SUICIDE.
+
+Probably no one will deny that rebellion works a forfeiture of all
+political rights to those engaged in it. The subject who renounces his
+allegiance can claim no protection: just as the Government that should
+fail to protect its subjects, could not claim their allegiance.
+Allegiance and protection are reciprocal and interdependent duties, and
+the failure of one involves and works the failure of the other. So that
+it might be quite correct to declare, in reference to the Southern
+rebellion, that a rebel has no rights which the United States is bound
+to respect. It will be perceived that the question of _right_ is here
+spoken of, and not the question of _policy_. No feeling of sympathy with
+a defeated people, not the thousand-fold natural ties that bind the
+North and the South, should blind our eyes to the main question of
+right. Any policy toward repentant rebels that is not magnanimous and
+honorably befitting our complete triumph, can never find favor with the
+American people, nor ought to; but the incalculably precious interests
+of the Nation will not admit of any uncertain precedents in regard to
+secession. The precedent must be perfectly clear. It must be established
+unqualifiedly and unalterably that secession is treason, and that
+whoever is concerned in it is a traitor and must expect a traitor's
+punishment. It has been common to call secession a political heresy. The
+rebellion, the fruit of secession, stamps it as more and worse than
+simply a heresy. It is inchoate treason, and only awaits the favorable
+conditions to become open and flagrant. The patriotism, therefore, of
+any man may fairly be suspected, who, refusing to be taught by the
+experience of this war, revealing these things as in the clear light of
+midday, can speak softly and with 'bated breath' of secession. His
+country's baptism of fire has not regenerated such a man.
+
+The attempt, as the legitimate and inevitable result of secession, to
+overthrow a Government whose burdens rested so lightly on its citizens
+as to have given rise to a current phrase that they were unfelt; and yet
+whose magnificent power gave it rank among the first of nations,
+securing full protection to the humblest of its citizens, and causing
+the name of American to be as proud a boast as Roman in the day of
+Rome's power; and withal being the recognized refuge and hope of liberty
+and humanity all over the globe, as vindicating the right royalty of
+man;--the attempt to overthrow such a Government must stand forever as
+the blackest of crimes. For the Confederate treason is more than treason
+against the United States: it is a crime against humanity, and a
+conspiracy in the interest of despotism, denying the royalty of man.
+
+But, to return to our argument, a distinction is carefully to be noted
+between the consequences of rebellion to the individuals who engage in
+it and to the State which it assumes to control. It needs no argument to
+show that rebellion against the supreme power of a State does not
+necessarily affect the permanence of that power. If the rebellion fails,
+the rightful authority resumes its functions. If the rebellion succeeds,
+the movers of it assume the powers of the State, and succeed to all its
+functions. The civil wars of England furnish abundant illustration of
+this principle. However the course of Government may for the time have
+been checked, and its whole machinery disarranged, the subsidence of the
+tumult left the state, in every case, as an organic whole, the same. The
+consequences of unsuccessful rebellion fell only upon the persons
+engaged in it. So, in the successive changes that befell France after
+the Revolution, the state, as the body politic, remained unchanged. In
+dealing with the question of rebellion in our country the same principle
+applies, only another element enters into the calculation. That element
+results from the peculiar character of our Government in its twofold
+relation to the people of State and Nation. The Government springs
+directly from the people, who have ordained separate functions for the
+two separate organisms, or bodies politic, the State and the Nation.
+Strictly considered, there are not two Governments, there is only one
+Government. Certain functions of it are ordained to be executed by the
+State, and certain other functions by the Nation, How, then, can the
+State, as such, assume to set aside the ordained functions of the
+Nation? How, on the other hand, might the Nation assume to control the
+ordained functions of the State? Each to its own master standeth or
+falleth, and that master is the people. Hence, the absurdity of the
+doctrine which claims the right of a State to resume powers once
+delegated to the Nation. For the State, as such, never delegated those
+powers. Hence, the absurdity of secession as a dogma in American
+politics. And hence, also, it equally appears how absurd is any claim on
+the part of the Nation to visit upon the State organism the penalties of
+the treason of individuals against itself.
+
+Let it be remembered that the State derives none of its rights from the
+Nation. How, then, can it be said to forfeit its rights to the Nation?
+The State is a separate and distinct organism, deriving its rights
+directly from the people within its territorial limit. They established
+it, and to them alone it is responsible. In the same manner, the people
+of the whole country, without regard to the territorial limits of
+States, established the Nation. The people of the whole country,
+therefore, have a permanent interest in the Nation, and no one portion
+of them may rightfully assume to set aside its supreme obligations, in
+disregard and violation of the organic law. If certain of the people of
+any State have rebelled against the National Government, attempting thus
+to set aside its paramount obligations, undoubtedly their lives and
+property are forfeit to the Nation. But how can their individual treason
+work a forfeiture of the State powers and functions? These have been
+usurped, indeed, by the armed combinations of the rebellion, but they
+are still complete, only awaiting the overthrow of the armed
+combinations to be resumed and controlled by those persons within the
+same territorial limit who have not rebelled.
+
+It is objected to this view that it assumes a substratum of loyal people
+still existing in the rebel States. The assumption is certainly
+warrantable when we read of the scenes--witnesses against the Southern
+Confederacy whose eloquence surpasses speech--that have attended the
+overthrow of the rebellion in Tennessee; and when we remember that even
+in South Carolina there are such names as Judge Pettigrew and Governor
+Aiken; and when in New York city alone there is to-day a large body of
+Georgians, whose loyalty has made them exiles, and who only await the
+day of their State's deliverance to return and restore their State's
+loyalty; and when the signs in North Carolina are so positive that a
+Union element yet survives there; and when even far-off Texas has her
+loyal exiles in our midst. Considering those 'signs of the times,' the
+assumption that there are loyal men in the rebellious States seems
+certainly a valid and proper one, and one on which fairly to rest an
+argument. But it is believed that the argument is good without this
+assumption. Suppose that, the rebellion being overthrown, not even one
+man remains loyal to the Nation within the territorial limits of any
+single State, has the State ceased to exist? A State is called, in the
+language of publicists, a body politic. It is, in effect, a sort of
+corporation, administered for the benefit of its inhabitants by trustees
+whom they appoint. One of the maxims of law is that a trust shall not
+fail for lack of a person to execute it. It might, therefore, in such a
+case as the one supposed, be competent for the United States to
+designate persons who should take charge of the State Government, and
+administer it in trust for the children of its former recreant
+inhabitants, and as their legal and political successors. Reverting to
+the settled principles of the law, we find that the essential idea of a
+corporation is its immortality, or individuality, or the perpetual
+succession of persons under it, notwithstanding the changes of the
+individual persons who compose it. The State, like a corporation, has an
+individuality of its own, which is not affected by the changes of the
+individual persons composing it. It has an immortality, not affected by
+their entire extinction. Its own organic existence is not thereby
+extinguished. In other words, the State cannot be merged, or swallowed
+up, in the Nation.
+
+It seems, then, that the doctrine of State suicide, as propounded in so
+many words, by its author, in the original resolutions offered in
+Congress, is equally repugnant to the Constitution and good sense. It
+is, in effect, revolutionary; for it would dismember the Union, by
+striking out of existence States as purely and completely sovereign
+within the sphere of their functions as the Nation itself. It is idle to
+deny that it thus recognizes and gives support to the doctrine of
+secession; for it accepts the results of secession, and supposes that
+accomplished by the rebellion which the war is meant to thwart and
+prevent, to wit, the disruption of the ties that bind the States and the
+Nation together in one harmonious whole.
+
+What are we fighting for? To restore constitutional order; to vindicate
+'the sacredness of nationality.' In other words, to combat the principle
+of secession, by force and arms, in its last appeal, just as we have
+always combated and opposed it hitherto on the platform and in the
+senate. But what right have we to oppose secession by coercion? The
+right of self-preservation. For secession loosens the very corner-stone
+of our Government, so that the whole arch falls, breaking the Union into
+an infinity of wretched States. Admitting secession, our Constitution
+is, indeed, no stronger than 'a rope of sand.' We fight to maintain the
+Constitution as an Ordinance of Sovereignty (as it has been forcibly
+styled) over the whole Nation. We must so maintain it, or surrender our
+national existence. This being so, we cannot admit any such right as
+secession; for that would be to sanction the revolutionary doctrine
+that a body of men, usurping a State Government, and calling themselves
+the State, can absolve their fellow citizens from their allegiance to
+the Constitution, the supreme law of the land. The rebel States are,
+then, still members of the Union. Otherwise, we are waging an unjust
+war. Otherwise we falsify and contradict the record of our Revolution,
+and are striving to reduce to dependence a people who are equally
+striving to maintain their independence. There is no justification for
+this war save in the plea for the National Union; no warrant for it save
+in the preservation of the Constitution, which is the palladium and
+safeguard of the Nation. The Southern rebellion has usurped the
+functions and powers of various State Governments: when it is
+overthrown, the victims of its usurpation will be restored to their
+former rights. _Their_ allegiance is still perfect. Nothing but their
+own act can absolve them from it.
+
+
+II. THEORY OF THE STATES AS ALIEN ENEMIES.
+
+The advocates of the theory that the rebel States are foreign enemies,
+and may be treated according to all the laws of war with foreign
+nations, seek support for their views in the decision of the Supreme
+Court rendered last March in the Hiawatha and other prize cases. The
+question was raised in those cases whether we had the right to
+confiscate the property of persons resident in the rebel States who
+might be non-combatants or loyal men. The Court decided that 'all
+persons residing within this territory (the rebellious region) whose
+property may be used to increase the revenues of the hostile power, are
+_in this contest_ liable to be treated as enemies, _though not
+foreigners_.' This decision defines the _status_ of persons in the
+rebellion region _bello flagranti_, or while the war lasts. It calls all
+persons within that region enemies, because their 'property may be used
+to increase the revenues of the hostile power.' Could their property be
+so used after the defeat of the rebellious power? The decision does not
+assume to determine that question. Nor could it come within the province
+of the Court to decide what might at some future time be the condition
+and _status_ of loyal men at the South.
+
+It is said that in accordance with this decision all persons in the
+rebellious States are to be treated as alien enemies, and the deduction
+is hastily made that as to them all the Constitution, like any treaty,
+or compact, with foreign States, is, by the fact of rebellion, annulled.
+Aside from the fact that the Constitution is not a compact, and when
+rightly understood cannot be confounded with a compact, such a
+conclusion is at war with that essential principle of our Government,
+which denies to any body of men the right to absolve their unwilling
+fellow citizens from their allegiance, that is, denies the right of
+secession. Such citizens, whose will is overpowered by force, have never
+proved false to their fealty. The Constitution is still theirs; they are
+still parties to it; and their rights are still sacred under it.
+
+That no such conclusion is warranted by the decision above referred to,
+will still further appear from the following considerations:--Our
+dealings with foreign nations are regulated by the principles of
+international law, and, according to that law, war abrogates all
+treaties between belligerents, as of course. But international law
+supposes the belligerents to be of equal and independent sovereignty.
+This is the very point in dispute in our contest with the rebellion. We
+deny to the rebellion the attribute of independent sovereignty, as we
+deny it to every one of the States included in the rebellion. Our
+Constitution is, in no sense, a treaty between sovereign States. It is
+an organic law, establishing a nation, ordained by the people of the
+whole country. Therefore, only such persons under it as voluntarily wage
+war upon it, can be strictly called enemies: only such persons, on the
+defeat of the rebellion, will be liable to be treated as enemies. As to
+all men who have not participated in the rebellion, it is not easy to
+see how war, rebellion, usurpation, or any power on earth can destroy
+their rights under the Constitution.
+
+
+III. THEORY OF THE CONSTITUTION AND COMMON SENSE.
+
+Reconstruction, then, must come, as the Union came, by the action of the
+people within the territorial limits of each recreant State. That it
+will so come is, in a manner, assured and made certain by the action of
+Kentucky, Missouri, Virginia, and Tennessee. Surely, we cannot expect
+the political action of an oppressed minority, in any one of the rebel
+States, to anticipate the National forces sent for their deliverance.
+The armed combinations in those States have overborne all opposition,
+and, during the past two years, have wielded the complete powers of a
+military despotism. The Southern confederacy is a monstrous usurpation
+in each and every rebel State. The United States is intent on dethroning
+that usurpation, for the purpose of restoring, to every man who asks it,
+the rights guaranteed to him by the Constitution of his fathers; and for
+the equal purpose of asserting its rightful powers as the National
+Government under the Constitution. The present Administration, then, has
+taken the only course possible to be taken without open and flagrant
+violation of the Constitution, which is the sole and sufficient warrant
+for the war. For this course Abraham Lincoln is entitled to the
+gratitude of the people. His conscientious policy has been the salvation
+of the Republic, maintaining its integrity against armed rebellion, on
+the one hand, and, on the other hand, saving it from destructives whose
+zeal in a noble cause has often blinded their minds to the higher claims
+of the Nation: in whose existence, nevertheless, that cause alone has
+promise of success.
+
+But, it is asked, does not rebellion affect the institution of slavery?
+Not as a State institution, so far as the municipal law of any State is
+concerned. That the slaves of rebels may properly be confiscated, as
+other property, seems not only reasonable and right, but also in
+accordance with well-settled decisions of the Supreme Court. Moreover,
+the Constitution gives to Congress the power to prescribe the punishment
+of treason, and undoubtedly the Supreme Court will hold the Confiscation
+Act under that power to be constitutional and valid.
+
+But does not the Emancipation Proclamation operate to confer freedom on
+all slaves within the rebel States? This question must likewise be
+brought to the Supreme Court for adjudication. If the Proclamation can
+be shown to have the qualities of a legislative act, doubtless it will
+operate as a statute of freedom to all slaves within the districts named
+in it. But it must be remembered that the Executive cannot make law. The
+Proclamation, as an edict of the military commander, can only operate
+upon the condition of such slaves as are in a position to take advantage
+of its terms. As such military edict, therefore, it might be of no force
+outside of the actual military lines of the United States armies.
+
+But the fact of freedom to many thousands of slaves by reason of this
+war, and the inevitable speedy breaking down of the institution of
+slavery as one of the consequences to slaveholders of their mad folly,
+are beyond dispute, and assure us of the wise Providence of Him who
+maketh even the wrath of man to praise Him, and the remainder of wrath
+He will restrain.
+
+
+
+
+VIRGINIA.
+
+
+One of the most curious and interesting results of that eclectic spirit
+which has brought into suggestive relations the different spheres of
+human knowledge and inquiry, is the application of geographical facts to
+historical interpretation. The comprehensive researches of Ritter and
+the scientific expositions of Humboldt enable us to recognize the vast
+influence of local conditions upon social development, and to account
+for the peculiar traits of special civilization by the distribution of
+land and water, and the agency of climate and position. In the calm
+retrospect of the present crisis of our national history, when the
+philosopher takes the place of the partisan and the exciting incidents
+of the present are viewed in the chastened light of the past, it will be
+seen and felt that a kind of poetical justice and moral necessity made
+Virginia the scene of civil and physical strife. Of all the States, she
+represents, both in her annals and her resources, her scenery, and her
+social character, the average national characteristics: natives of each
+section of the land find within her limits congenial facts of life and
+nature, of manners and industry: like her Southern sisters, she has
+known all the consequences of slavery--but at certain times and places,
+free labor has thriven; commerce and agriculture, the miner, the
+mariner, the tradesman, not less than the planter, found therein scope
+for their respective vocations; the life of the sea coast, of the
+mountains, and of the interior valleys--the life of the East, West, and
+Middle States was there reproduced in juxtaposition with that of the
+South. Nowhere in the land could the economist more distinctly trace the
+influence of free and slave labor upon local prosperity: nowhere has the
+aristocratic element been more intimately in contact with the
+democratic. Her colonial record indicates a greater variety in the
+original population than any other province: she has given birth to more
+eminent statesmen, has been the arena of more fierce conflicts of
+opinion, and is associated most directly with problems of government, of
+society, and of industrial experiment. On her soil were first landed
+African captives; and when the curse thus entailed was dying out, it was
+renewed and aggravated by the inducement to breed slaves for the cotton
+and sugar plantations. From Virginia flowed the earliest stream of
+immigration to the West, whereby a new and mighty political element was
+added to the Republic: there are some of the oldest local memorials of
+American civilization: for a long period she chiefly represented
+Southern life and manners to the North: placed between the extremes of
+climate--producing the staples of all the States, except those bordering
+on the Gulf--earlier colonized, prominent in legislation, fruitful in
+eminent men, she was more visited by travellers, more written about,
+better known, and therefore gathered to and grafted upon herself more of
+the rich and the reckless tendencies and traits of the country; and
+became thus a central point and a representative State--which destiny
+seems foreshadowed by her physical resources and her local situation.
+Except New England, no portion of our country has been more fully and
+faithfully illustrated as to its scenery, domestic life, and social
+traits, by popular literature, than Virginia. The original affinity of
+her colonial life with the ancestral traditions of England, found apt
+expression in Spenser's dedication of his peerless allegory to
+Elizabeth, wherein the baptism of her remote territory, in honor of her
+virginal fame, was recognized. The first purely literary work achieved
+within her borders was that of a classical scholar, foreshadowing the
+long dependence of her educated men upon the university culture of Great
+Britain; and those once admired sketches of scenery and character which
+gave to William Wirt, in his youth, the prestige of an elegant writer,
+found there both subjects and inspiration; while the American school of
+eloquence traces its early germs to the bar and legislature of the Old
+Dominion, where the Revolutionary appeals of Patrick Henry gave it a
+classic fame. The most prolific and kindhearted of English novelists,
+when he had made himself a home among us and looked round for a
+desirable theme on which to exercise his facile art, chose the
+Southampton Massacre as the nucleus for a graphic story of family life
+and negro character. The 'Swallow Barn' of Kennedy is a genuine and
+genial picture of that life in its peaceful and prosperous phase, which
+will conserve the salient traits thereof for posterity, and already has
+acquired a fresh significance from the contrast its pleasing and naive
+details afford to the tragic and troublous times which have since almost
+obliterated the traces of all that is characteristic, secure, and
+serene. The physical resources and amenities of the State were recorded
+with zest and intelligence by Jefferson before Clinton had performed a
+like service for New York, or Flint for the West, or any of the numerous
+scholars and writers of the Eastern States for New England. The very
+fallacy whereon treason based her machinations and the process whereby
+the poison of Secession was introduced into the nation's life-blood,
+found exposition in the insidious fiction of a Virginian--Mr. George
+Tucker--secretly printed years ago, and lately brought into renewed
+prominence by the rebellion. 'Our Cousin Veronica,' a graceful and
+authentic family history, from the pen of an accomplished lady akin to
+the people and familiar with their life, adds another vivid and
+suggestive delineation thereof to the memorable illustrations by Wirt,
+Kennedy, and James; while a score of young writers have, in verse and
+prose, made the early colonial and the modern plantation and waterplace
+life of the Old Dominion, its historical romance and social and scenic
+features, familiar and endeared; so that the annals and the aspects of
+no State in the Union are better known--even to the local peculiarities
+of life and language--to the general reader, than those of Virginia,
+from negro melody to picturesque landscape, from old manorial estates to
+field sports, and from improvident households to heroic beauties; and
+among the freshest touches to the historical and social picture are
+those bestowed by Irving in some of the most charming episodes of his
+'Life of Washington.'
+
+When the river on whose banks was destined to rise the capital of the
+State received the name of the English monarch in whose reign and under
+whose auspices the first settlers emigrated, and the Capes of the
+Chesapeake were baptized by Newport for his sons Charles and Henry, the
+storm that washed him beyond his proposed goal revealed a land of
+promise, which thenceforth beguiled adventure and misfortune to its
+shores. Captain John Smith magnified the scene of his romantic escape
+from the savages: 'Heaven and earth,' he wrote, 'seemed never to have
+agreed better to frame a place for man's commodious and delightful
+habitation.' To the wonderful reports of majestic forests, rare wild
+flowers, and strange creatures, such as the opossum, the hummingbird,
+the flying squirrel, and the rattlesnake--to the pleasures of the chase,
+and the curious traits of aboriginal life--were soon added the
+attractions of civic immunities and possibilities--free trade, popular
+legislative rule, and opportunities of profitable labor and social
+advancement. Ere long, George Sandys, a highly educated employee of the
+Government, was translating Ovid on the banks of the James river;
+industry changed the face of the land; a choice breed of horses, the
+tobacco culture, hunting, local politics, hospitality--churches after
+the old English model, manor houses with lawns, bricks, and portraits
+significant of ancestral models, justified the pioneer's declaration
+that Virginia 'was the poor man's best country in the world.' Beautiful,
+indeed, were the natural features of the country as described by the
+early travellers; auspicious of the future of the people as it expanded
+to the eye of hope, when the colony became part of a great and free
+nation. Connected at the north and east, by thoroughfare and
+watercourse, with the industrial and educated States of New England, the
+fertile and commercial resources of New York, and the rich coal lands
+and agricultural wealth of Pennsylvania; Maryland and the Atlantic
+providing every facility to foreign trade, and the vast and then
+partially explored domains of Kentucky and Ohio inviting the already
+swelling tide of immigration, and their prolific valleys destined to be
+the granary of the two hemispheres--all that surrounded Virginia seemed
+prophetic of growth and security within, the economist and the lover of
+nature found the most varied materials; with three hundred and
+fifty-five miles of extent, a breadth of one hundred and eighty-five,
+and a horizontal area of sixty-five thousand six hundred and twenty-four
+square miles--one district embracing the sea coast to the head of
+tidewater, another thence to the Blue Ridge, a third the valley region
+between the latter range and that of the Alleghanies, and a fourth the
+counties beyond them--every kind of soil and site, from ocean margin to
+river slope, from mountain to plain, are included within her limits:
+here, the roads stained with oxides, indicative of mineral wealth;
+there, the valleys plumed with grain and maize; the bays white with
+sails; the forest alive with game; lofty ridges, serene nooks, winding
+rivers, pine barrens, alluvial levels, sterile tracts, primeval
+woods--every phase and form of natural resource and beauty to invite
+productive labor, win domestic prosperity, and gratify the senses and
+the soul. Rivers, whose names were already historical--the James, the
+York, the Rappahannock, the Potomac, and the peaceful Shenandoah,
+flowing through its beautiful valley and connecting the base of the Blue
+Ridge with the Potomac; Chesapeake bay, a hundred and ninety miles from
+its entrance through Maryland and Virginia, on the one side, and the
+Roanoke, finding an outlet in Albemarle sound, while the Kanawha and
+Monongahela, as tributaries of the Ohio, on the other, keep up that
+communication and natural highway which links, in a vast silver chain,
+the separate political unities of the land. The hills ribbed with fine
+marble and pierced by salubrious springs; picturesque natural bridges,
+cliffs, and caves, described with graphic zeal by Jefferson, and the
+wild and mysterious Dismal Swamp, sung by Moore; the tobacco of the
+eastern counties, the hemp of lands above tidewater, the Indian corn,
+wheat, rye, red clover, barley, and oats, of the interior, and the fine
+breeds of cattle and horses raised beyond the Alleghany--are noted by
+foreign and native writers, before and immediately after the Revolution,
+as characteristic local attractions and permanent economical resources;
+and with them glimpses of manorial elegance, hospitality, and
+culture--which long made the life and manners of the State one of the
+most congenial social traditions of the New World.
+
+Yet, as if prophetic of the long political issues of which she was
+destined to be the scene of conflict, the colonial star of Virginia was
+early obscured by misfortune. When John Smith left her shores for the
+last time in 1609, discontent and disaster had already marred the
+prospects of the new settlement; and, in half a year, Gates, Somers,
+Newport arrived to find but sixty colonists remaining, and they resolved
+to abandon the enterprise; but on encountering Delaware, they were
+induced to return, and Jamestown was again the scene of life and labor.
+Ten years of comparative success ensued; and then one hundred and sixty
+poor women were imported for wives, at a cost of about the same number
+of pounds of tobacco; but simultaneously with this requisite provision
+for domestic growth and comfort, the germ of Virginia's ruin came: a
+Dutch vessel entered the James river, bringing twenty African captives,
+which were purchased by the colonists. Two years later the Indians made
+a destructive foray upon the thriving village; the king became alarmed
+at the freedom of political discussion, dissolved the Virginia company,
+and appointed a governor and twelve councillors to rule the
+province;--the father's policy was followed by Charles the First, many
+of whose zealous partisans found a refuge from Cromwell in the province.
+At last came the Revolution and the Union. Meantime slavery was dying
+out; its abolition was desired; and had free labor then and there
+superseded it, far different would have been the destiny of the fair
+State; whose western portion affords such a contrast to that wherein
+this blight induced improvidence and deterioration, the tokens whereof
+were noted by every visitor in the spare and desultory culture of the
+soil, the neglected resources, the dilapidated fences and dwellings, and
+the absence of that order and comfort which inevitably attaches to
+legitimate industry and self-reliance. This melancholy perversion of
+great natural advantages was the result of slave breeding for the
+Southern market. Otherwise Virginia would have continued the prosperous
+development initiated in her colonial days. The exigencies of the cotton
+culture, rendered immensely profitable by a mechanical invention which
+infinitely lessened the cost of preparing the staple for the market, had
+thus renewed and prolonged the original and fast-decaying social and
+political bane of a region associated with the noblest names and most
+benign prospects. Chief-Justice Marshall aptly described to an English
+traveller this sad and fatal transition:
+
+     'He said he had seen Virginia the leading State for half his life;
+     he had seen her become the second, and sink to be the fifth. Worse
+     than this, there was no arresting her decline if her citizens did
+     not put an end to slavery; and he saw no signs of any intention to
+     do so, east of the mountains at least. He had seen whole groups of
+     estates, populous in his time, lapse into waste. He had seen
+     agriculture exchanged for human stock breeding; and he keenly felt
+     the degradation. The forest was returning over the fine old
+     estates, and the wild creatures which had not been seen for
+     generations were reappearing; numbers and wealth were declining,
+     and education and manners were degenerating. It would not have
+     surprised him to be told that on that soil would the main battles
+     be fought when the critical day should come which he foresaw.'
+
+That day it is our lot to behold. Forced at the point of the bayonet to
+arrogate to herself the illegal claims she had vainly sought to
+establish by popular suffrage, as reserved rights, in 1787, and the
+resolutions of 1798, the Secession Ordinance was nominally passed and
+summarily enforced, despite the protests of the citizens and the
+withdrawal of the western counties; and thus the traitors of the Cotton
+States made Virginia the battle field between slaveocracy and
+constitutional government. As early as 1632 a fierce controversy for
+territorial rights occurred on the Chesapeake, when that portion of
+Virginia, now Maryland, was brought into dispute by Claiborne, who began
+to trade, notwithstanding the grant which Lord Baltimore had secured:
+this, the first conflict between the whites, and two Indian massacres,
+made desolate the region so lately devastated by the civil war. Nor was
+the original enjoyment of remarkable political rights coincident with
+American independence; for, while Charles the Second was an exile, and
+Parliament demoralized, the fugitive king still held nominal sway in
+Virginia; and when the flight of Richard Cromwell left the kingdom
+without a head, that distant colony was ruled by its own assembly, and
+enjoyed free suffrage and free trade: then came what is called Bacon's
+rebellion--an effective protest against oppressive prohibitions. Nor did
+these civil discords end with the Restoration; many old soldiers of
+Cromwell emigrated to Virginia, and, under their auspices, an
+insurrection 'against the tobacco plot' was organized; and this was
+followed by numerous difficulties in home legislation, by violent
+controversies with royal governors; deputies continually were sent to
+England to remonstrate with the king against 'intolerable grants' and
+the exportation of jailbirds. Their despotic master over the sea
+appropriated the lands of the colonists, while their own representatives
+monopolized the profits; cruel or obstinate was the sway of Berkeley,
+Spottwood, Dinwiddie, and Dunmore; and after the people had succumbed as
+regards military opposition, they continued to maintain their rights by
+legislative action. Under James the Second, Lord Howard repealed many of
+these conservative acts and prorogued the House of Burgesses. A respite,
+attested by glad acclaim, marked the accession of William and Mary, and
+the recall of Howard. Andros was sent over in 1692. The skirmish with
+Junonville initiated the French war and introduced upon the scene its
+most hallowed name and character, when Colonel Washington appeared first
+as a soldier, strove in vain against the ignorance and self-will of
+Dinwiddie, and shared Braddock's defeat, to be signally preserved for
+the grandest career in history.
+
+And when the war of the Revolution gave birth to the nation, not only
+was Virginia the native State of its peerless chief, but some of its
+memorable scenes and heroes there found scope; Steuben and Lafayette
+there carried on military operations, there the traitor Arnold was
+wounded, Hamilton and Rochambeau gained historic celebrity, and there
+the great drama was closed by the surrender of Cornwallis. In the
+debates incident to the adoption of the Federal Constitution, there was
+manifested in Virginia that jealousy of a strong central government,
+which thwarted the wise advocacy and ignored the prophetic warnings of
+the best statesmen, thereby confirming the fundamental error destined,
+years after, to give facility to treasonable usurpation: the
+Constitution was only ratified, at last, by a majority of ten. In the
+war of 1812, Hampton, Craney Island, White House, and various places on
+and near the Potomac, since identified with fierce encounters and forays
+in the war of the rebellion, witnessed gallant deeds in behalf of the
+Republic. In 1829 a convention assembled in Virginia to modify the
+Constitution. Long having the most extensive territory and largest
+slaveholders, the aristocratic element disturbed and overmastered
+democratic principles. During Cromwell's rule, when virtually
+independent, Virginia proffered a fleet to the fugitive monarch; who,
+when restored, in gratitude ordered her arms to be quartered with those
+of England, Scotland, and Ireland; in exile even accepted her invitation
+to migrate thither and assume the privileges of royalty: coins of the
+Old Dominion yet testify this projected despotism. Instead of Dissenters
+as in New England, Quakers as in Pennsylvania, or Romanists as in
+Maryland, Virginia, from her earliest colonization, was identified with
+the Church of England. It was regarded, says one of her historians, as
+an 'unrighteous compulsion to maintain teachers; and what they called
+religious errors were deeply felt during the regal government:' the
+children of the more prosperous colonists were sent to England to be
+educated; their pursuits and habits, on returning, were unfavorable to
+study; and, therefore, the advantage thus gained was, for the most part,
+confined to 'superficial good manners,' and the ideal standard attained
+that of 'true Britons and true churchmen;' the former was a more
+cherished distinction there than elsewhere in America. In 1837 was
+copied from a tombstone in an old-settled part of the State, this
+inscription: 'Here lyes the body of Lieut. William Harris, who died May
+ye 16, 1608--a good soldier, husband, and neighbor: _by birth a
+Briton_.' In these facts of the past and normal tendencies we find ample
+means and motives to account for the anomalous political elements
+involved in the history--social and civic--of Virginia. While boasting
+the oldest university where four Presidents of the United States were
+educated, she sustained a slave code which was a bitter satire on
+civilized society: the law of entail long prevailed in a community
+ostensibly democratic, and only by the strenuous labors of Jefferson was
+church monopoly abolished. It is not surprising, in the retrospect, that
+her roll of famous citizens includes the noblest and the basest names
+which illustrate the political transitions of the land; the architects
+and subverters of free polity, the magnanimous and the perfidious. When
+the ameliorating influence of time and truth had, in a degree,
+harmonized the incongruous elements of opinion and developed the
+economical resources, while they liberalized the sentiments and
+habitudes of the people; when, says Caines, 'slavery, by exhausting the
+soil, had eaten away its own profits, and the recolonization by free
+settlers had actually begun, came suddenly the prohibition of the
+African slave trade, and nearly at the same time, the vast enlargement
+of the field for slavery, by the purchase of Louisiana; and these two
+events made Virginia again profitable as a means of breeding for
+exportation and sale at the South.
+
+The future geographer who elaborately applies the philosophy of that
+science, as interpreted by its modern professors, to our own history,
+will find in the events of the last few years in Virginia the richest
+and most impressive illustrations of local and physical causes in
+determining political and social destinies. Between the eastern and
+western portion of that State it will be demonstrated that nature placed
+irreconcilable barriers to the supremacy of slave labor and slave
+property; and the economical value of each will be shown thus and there
+tested with emphatic truth; so that by the laws of physical geography
+the first effect of an appeal to arms to maintain the one, was to
+alienate, as a civic element, the other, and give birth to a new State,
+by virtue of the self assertion incident to the violation of a normal
+instinct and necessity of civilization.
+
+What a change came over the scene when the grave civic interests so long
+and recklessly involved in the conflict of opinion were submitted to the
+arbitrament of battle! Along the river on whose shores the ashes of
+Washington had slept for more than half a century in honored security,
+batteries thundered upon each passing craft that bore the flag of the
+nation: every wood became a slaughter pen, every bluff a shrine of
+patriotic martyrdom; bridges were destroyed and rebuilt with alacrity;
+the sentinel's challenge broke the stillness of midnight; the earth was
+honeycombed with riflepits; campfires glowed on the hills; thousands
+perished in the marshes; creeks were stained with human blood; here sank
+the trench; there rose a grave mound or a fortress; pickets challenged
+the wanderer; every ford and mountain pass witnessed the clash of arms
+and echoed with the roar of artillery; the raid, the skirmish, the
+bivouac, the march, and the battery successively spread desolation and
+death; Arlington House, full of peaceful trophies, once dear to national
+pride, was the headquarters of an army; balloons hung in the sky, whence
+the movements of the foe were watched. Gaps and junctions were contested
+unto death; obscure towns gained historic names and bloody memories; and
+each familiar court-house and village came to be identified with
+valorous achievements or sanguinary disaster.
+
+And this land of promise, this region which so long witnessed the
+extremes of political magnanimity and turpitude, this arena where the
+vital question of labor, as modified by involuntary servitude, and free
+activity, found its most practical solution--was, and is, legitimately,
+appropriately, and naturally, the scene of the fiercest strife for
+national existence--where the claims and the climax of freedom and faith
+culminated in all the desolation of civil war. A more difficult country
+for military operations can scarcely be imagined. Early in the struggle
+it was truly said:
+
+     'Virginia is the Switzerland of the continent--a battle field every
+     three miles--a range of hills streaming where Hill may retire five
+     miles by five miles till he reaches Richmond--a conquest,
+     undoubtedly, if the North perseveres, but won at such a cost and
+     with such time as to prolong unnecessarily the struggle. The
+     Richmond of the South lies in the two millions of blacks that are
+     within the reach of cannon of our gunboats in the rivers that empty
+     into the Gulf.'
+
+How wearisome the delays and how constant the privations of the army of
+occupation in such a region, wrote an experienced observer:
+
+     'Dwelling in huts, surrounded by a sea of mud, may appear to be
+     very romantic--on paper--to some folks, but the romance of this
+     kind of existence with the soldiers soon wears away, and to them
+     any change must necessarily be for the better; they therefore hail
+     with delight, as a positive relief, the opportunity once more to
+     practise their drill which the recent change of weather has
+     afforded them. For the last three months, the time of the soldier
+     has passed heavily enough, with the long winter nights, and little
+     else to relieve the monotony of his life but stereotyped guard
+     duty.'
+
+It would require volumes to describe the ravages of war in Virginia: let
+a few pictures, selected from sketches made on the spot, indicate the
+melancholy aspect of a domain, a few weeks or months before smiling in
+peace and productiveness. The following facetious but faithful
+statement, though confined to a special, applies to many districts:
+
+     'The once neat court-house stands by the roadside a monument to
+     treason and rebellion, deprived of its white picket fence, stripped
+     of window blinds, cases, and dome, walls defaced by various
+     hieroglyphics, the judge's bench a target for the 'expectorating'
+     Yankee;' the circular enclosure occupied by the jury was besmeared
+     with mud, and valuable documents, of every description, scattered
+     about the floor and yard--it is, indeed, a sad picture of what an
+     infatuated people will bring upon themselves. In one corner of the
+     yard stands a house of records, in which were deposited all the
+     important deeds and papers pertaining to this section for a
+     generation past. When our advance entered the building, they were
+     found lying about the floor to the depth of fifteen inches or more
+     around the doorsteps and in the dooryard. It is impossible to
+     estimate the inconvenience and losses which will be incurred by
+     this wholesale destruction of deeds, claims, mortgages, etc. I
+     learned that a squadron of exasperated cavalry, who passed this way
+     not long since, committed the mischief. The jail across the way,
+     where many a poor fugitive has doubtless been imprisoned for
+     striking out for freedom, is now used as a guardhouse. As I write,
+     the bilious countenance of a culprit is peeping through the iron
+     grates of a window, who, may be, is atoning for having invaded a
+     henroost or bagged an unsuspecting pig. Our soldiers have rendered
+     animal life almost extinct in this part of the Old Dominion.
+     Indeed, wherever the army goes, there can be heard on every side
+     the piercing wail of expiring pork, the plaintive lowing of a
+     stricken bovine, or suppressed cry of an unfortunate gallinacious.'
+
+Here is a scene familiar to many a Union soldier who gazed at sunset
+upon the vast encampment:
+
+     'Along the horizon a broad belt of richest amber spread far away
+     toward north and south; and above, the spent, ragged rain clouds of
+     deep purple, suffused with crimson, were woven and braided with
+     pure gold. Slowly from the face of the heavens they melted and
+     passed away as darkness came on, leaving the clear sky studded with
+     stars, and the crescent moon shedding a soft radiance below. I
+     climbed to the top of a hill not far off, and looked across the
+     country. On every eminence, in every little hollow almost, were
+     innumerable lights shining, some thick and countless as stars,
+     indicating an encampment; others isolated upon the outskirts; here
+     and there the glowing furnace of a bakery; the whole land as far as
+     the eye could see looking like another heaven wherein some
+     ambitious archangel, covetous of creative power, had attempted to
+     rival the celestial splendors of the one above us. There was no
+     sound of drum or fife or bugle; the sweet notes of the 'good-night'
+     call had floated into space and silence a half hour before; only on
+     the still air were heard the voices of a hand of negroes chanting
+     solemnly and slowly, to a familiar sacred tune, the words of some
+     pious psalm.'
+
+We may realize the effect of the armed occupation upon economical and
+social life by a few facts noted after a successful raid:
+
+     'In the counties visited there were but few rebels found at home,
+     except the very old and the very young. In nine days' travel I did
+     not see fifty able-bodied men who were not in some way connected
+     with the army. Nearly every branch of business is at a standstill.
+     The shelves in stores are almost everywhere empty; the shop of the
+     artisan is abandoned and in ruins. The people who are to be seen
+     passively submit to all that emanates from Richmond without a
+     murmur; they are for the most part simple minded, and ignorant of
+     all that is transpiring in the great theatre about them. An
+     intelligent-looking man in Columbia laughed heartily when told that
+     Union troops occupied New Orleans--Jefferson Davis would let them
+     know it were such the fact; and I could not find a man who would
+     admit that the Confederates had ever been beaten in a single
+     engagement. These people do not even read the Richmond papers, and
+     about all the information they do obtain is what is passed about in
+     the primitive style, from mouth to mouth. Before this raid they
+     believed that the Union soldiers were anything but civilized
+     beings, and were stricken with terror when their approach was
+     heralded. Of six churches seen in one day, in only one had there
+     been religious services held within six months. One half at least
+     of the dwelling houses are unoccupied, and fast going to decay.'
+
+Not all the land is ill adapted to cool actions and strategy; there are
+sections naturally fortified, and these have been the scenes of military
+vicissitudes memorable, extreme, picturesque, and fatal. Here is an
+instance:
+
+     'There is no town in the United States which exhibits more
+     deplorably the ravages of war than Harper's Ferry. More than half
+     the buildings are in ruins, and those now inhabited are occupied by
+     small dealers and peddlers, who follow troops, and sell at
+     exorbitant prices, tarts and tinware, cakes and crockery, pipes and
+     poultry, shoes and shirts, soap and sardines. The location is one
+     of peculiar beauty. The Potomac receives the Shenandoah at this
+     point; each stream flowing through its own deep, wild, winding
+     valley, until it washes the base of the promontory, on the sides
+     and summit of which are scattered the houses and ruins of the town.
+     The rapids of the rivers prevent navigation, and make the fords
+     hazardous. The piers of an iron bridge and a single section still
+     remaining, indicate a once beautiful structure; and a pontoon
+     substitute shows the presence of troops. An occasional canal boat
+     suggests a still continued effort at traffic, and transport
+     railcars prove action in the quartermaster's department. The
+     mountains are 'high and hard to climb.' The jagged sides of slate
+     rock rise vertically, in many places to lofty heights, inducing the
+     sensation of fear lest they should fall, while riding along the
+     road which winds under the threatening cliffs. The mountains are
+     crowned with batteries, 'like diadems across the brow,' and the
+     Hottentoty-Sibley tents dot the ridges like miniature anthills.'
+
+But within and around the capital of Virginia cluster the extreme
+associations of her history: these memories and memorials of patriotism
+hallow the soil whereon the chief traitors inaugurated their infamous
+rule; the trial of Burr and the burning of the theatre are social
+traditions which make Richmond a name fraught with tragic and political
+interest; her social and forensic annals are illustrious; and,
+hereafter, among the many anomalies of the nation's history, few will
+more impress the thoughtful reminiscent than that a city eminent for
+social refinement and long the honored resort of the most eminent
+American statesmen and jurists, the seat of elegant hospitality and the
+shrine of national fame, was, for years, desecrated by the foulest
+prisons, filled with brave American citizens, who were subjected to
+insults and privations such as only barbarians could inflict, for no
+cause but the gallant defence of the national honor and authority
+against a slaveholders' rebellion.
+
+But perhaps no coincidence is more impressive in the late experience of
+a Union soldier in Virginia than the associations then and there
+awakened by the recurrence of the anniversary of the birth of her
+noblest son and our matchless patriot:
+
+     'The 22d of February, 1863--the anniversary of Washington's
+     birthday--will long be remembered,' writes one, 'by the Army of the
+     Potomac. Encamped, as it is, on the very spot where he--'whom God
+     made childless that a nation might call him father'--passed most of
+     his youthful days, the thoughts of all naturally revert to the
+     history of that great man, and particularly to that part of his
+     early life, when, within the sacred precincts of home, a mother's
+     care laid the foundation of that high moral character which in
+     after life gave tone to both his civil and military career. Within
+     one mile of the spot where I am now writing these lines, George
+     Washington lived from the fourth to the sixteenth year of his age.
+     The river, the hills, and dales, now so familiar to the soldiers
+     composing this army, were the same then as to-day, and were the
+     scene of his early gambols, his youthful joys and sorrows. Over
+     these hills he wandered in the manly pursuits for which he was at
+     that early period distinguished above his fellows, and which
+     prepared him for enduring the hardships of the position he was
+     destined to fill; here, too, is where tradition says he
+     accomplished the feat of throwing a stone across the Rappahannock,
+     and here, too, stood the traditional cherry tree, about the
+     destruction of which with his little hatchet he would not utter a
+     falsehood. Yonder, just across the Rappahannock, in a small,
+     unostentatious burying ground, the immortal remains of 'Mary,
+     mother of Washington,' were buried--sacred spot, now desecrated by
+     the presence of the enemies of those principles which her honored
+     son spent the energies of his life to establish for the benefit of
+     all mankind. When we think for what Washington took up arms against
+     the mother country, and what, by his example and teachings, he
+     sought to perpetuate forever, and see the fratricidal hand raised
+     to destroy the fair fabric he helped to rear, we feel something as
+     though an omnipotent power would here intervene, and here on this
+     sacred spot overthrow the enemies of this land without the further
+     sacrifice of blood.'
+
+Quite a different and more recent local association is thus recorded:
+
+     'The second time that I stood here was nigh three years ago, when I
+     spoke to you in relation to John Brown, then in a Virginia jail.
+     How great the result of that idea which he pressed upon the
+     country! Do you know with what poetic justice Providence treats
+     that very town where he lay in jail when I spoke to you before? The
+     very man who went down from Philadelphia to bring his body back to
+     his sad relatives--insulted every mile of the road, his life
+     threatened, the bullets whistling around his head--that very man,
+     for eight or ten months, is brigadier-general in command of the
+     town of Charlestown and Harper's Ferry. By order of his superior
+     officers, he had the satisfaction of finding it his duty, with his
+     own right hand, to put the torch to that very hotel into which he
+     had been followed with insult and contumely, as the friend of John
+     Brown; and when his brigade was under orders to destroy all the
+     buildings of that neighborhood, with reverential care he bade the
+     soldiers stop to spare that engine house that once sheltered the
+     old hero. I do not know any history more perfectly poetic than of
+     that single local instance given us in three short years. Hector
+     Tindale, the friend of John Brown, who went there almost with his
+     life in his right hand, commands, and his will is law, his sword is
+     the guarantee of peace, and by his order the town is destroyed,
+     with the single exception of that hall which John Brown's presence
+     has rendered immortal.'
+
+The graphic details furnished by the army correspondents to the daily
+press of the North, reveal to us in vivid and authentic terms the change
+which war has wrought in Virginia. The condition of one 'fine old
+mansion' is that of hundreds. On the banks of the Rappahannock and in
+the vicinity of Fredericksburg is, for instance, an estate, now called
+the Lacy House, the royal grant whereof is dated 1690. The bricks and
+the mason work of the main edifice are English; the situation is
+beautiful; the furniture, conservatories, musical instruments, every
+trait and resource suggest luxury. After the battle of Fredericksburg,
+the Lacy House became a hospital: and a spectator of the scene thus
+describes it:
+
+     'The parlors, where so often had the fairest and brightest of
+     Virginia's daughters, and her bravest and most chivalric sons, met
+     to enjoy the hospitalities of the liberal host, and to join in the
+     mazy dance 'from eve till rosy morn'--the dining room, where so
+     many lordly feasts had been served--the drawing room, wherein the
+     smiling host and hostess had received so many a welcome guest--the
+     bed rooms, from the bridal chamber where the eldest scion of the
+     house had first clasped in his arms the wife of his bosom, to the
+     low attic where the black cook retired after her greasy labors of
+     the day, all were closely crowded with the low iron hospital beds.
+     These halls, which had so often reechoed the sound of music, and of
+     gayest voices, and also of those lower but more sacred tones that
+     belong to lovers, now resounded with shrieks of pain, and with the
+     lower, weaker groans of dying men.
+
+     'The splendid furniture was put to strange uses--the sideboard of
+     solid rosewood, made in those honest days before cabinet makers had
+     learned the rogue's trick of veneering, instead of being crowded
+     with generous wines, or with good spirits that had mellowed for
+     years in the cellars, was now crowded in every shelf with
+     forbidding-looking bottles of black draughts, with packages of salt
+     and senna, and with ill-omened piles of raking pills, perhaps not
+     less destructive in their way than shot and shell of a more
+     explosive sort. The butler's pantry and store rooms had their
+     shelves and drawers and boxes filled, not with jellies and
+     marmalades and preserves, and boxes of lemons and preserved ginger
+     and drums of figs, and all sorts of original packages of all sorts
+     of things toothsome and satisfying to the palate--but even her
+     scammony and gamboge, and aloes and Epsom salts, and other dire
+     weapons, only wielded by the medical profession, had obtained
+     exclusive sway.
+
+     'On many a retired shelf, and in many an odd corner, too, I saw
+     neglected cartridge boxes, cast-off belts, discarded caps, etc.,
+     which told, not of the careless and heedless soldier, who had lost
+     his accoutrements, but of the _dead_ soldier, who had gone to a
+     land where it is to be hoped he will have no further use for Minie
+     rifle balls or pipe-clayed crossbelts. I saw, too, with these other
+     laid-aside trappings, dozens and hundreds of Minie and other
+     cartridges, never now to be fired at an enemy by the hand that had
+     placed them in the now discarded cartridge box.
+
+     'The walls of the various rooms of the Lacy House, like those of
+     most of the old houses in Virginia, are ceiled up to the top with
+     wood, which is painted white. There is a heavy cornice in each
+     room; there are the huge old-fashioned fireplaces, the marble
+     mantelpieces over the same, and in the main dining room, where it
+     was the custom for the men to remain after dinner, and after the
+     ladies had retired, was a curious feature to be observed, that I
+     have never seen but once or twice. Over the marble mantel, but
+     quite within reach, runs a mahogany framework intended for the
+     reception of the toddy glasses, after the various guests shall have
+     finished the generous liquor therein contained.
+
+     'There are still some vestiges of the family furniture
+     remaining--some rosewood and mahogany sideboards, tables,
+     bedsteads, etc., which the family have not been able to remove, and
+     which the occupying soldiers have found no use for. The most
+     notable of these articles is a musical instrument, which may be
+     described as a compound harp-organ. It is, in fact, an upright
+     harp, played by keys which strike the wires by a pianoforte action,
+     which has an ordinary piano keyboard. This is, in fact, the
+     earliest form of the modern pianoforte. Then, in the same
+     instrument is an organ bellows and pipes, the music from which is
+     evoked by means of a separate keyboard, the bellows is worked by a
+     foot treadle, like that most detestable abomination known to
+     moderns as a melodeon. Thus, in the same instrument, the performer
+     is supposed to get the powers and effect both of an upright piano
+     and a small organ. It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to say that
+     this instrument (which, doubtless, originally cost at least $3,000)
+     is now utterly useless, the wires, many of them, being broken, and
+     the whole machine being every way out of order. The maker's name is
+     set down as 'Longman & Broderup, 26 Cheapside, No. 13 Haymarket,
+     London.' The poor old thing has doubtless been in the Lacy House
+     for more than a hundred years. It has been rudely dragged from its
+     former place of honor, and now stands in the middle of the floor.
+     The spot it formerly occupied has been lately filled by a hospital
+     bed, on which a capital operation was performed. The spouting blood
+     from the bleeding arteries of some poor patient has covered the
+     wall with crimson marks. In fact, everywhere all over the house,
+     every wall and floor is saturated with blood, and the whole house,
+     from an elegant gentleman's residence, seems to have been suddenly
+     transformed into a butcher's shamble. The old clock has stopped;
+     the child's rocking horse is rotting away in a disused balcony; the
+     costly exotics in the garden are destroyed, or perhaps the hardiest
+     are now used for horse posts. All that was elegant is wretched; all
+     that was noble is shabby; all that once told of civilized elegance
+     now speaks of ruthless barbarism.'
+
+Take another illustration--that of the incongruous juxtaposition of old
+family sepulchres and fresh soldiers' graves--the associations of the
+past and the sad memorials of recent strife even among the dead:
+
+     'Yesterday,' writes a thoughtful observer, from near Stafford Court
+     House, in December, 1862, 'for the first time since leaving
+     Harper's Ferry, I met with an evidence of the old-time aristocracy,
+     of which the present race of Virginians boast so much and possess
+     so little. About four miles from here, standing remote and alone in
+     the centre of a dense wood, I found an antiquated house of worship,
+     reminding one of the old heathen temples hidden in the recesses of
+     some deep forest, whither the followers after unknown gods were
+     wont to repair for worship or to consult the oracles. On every side
+     are seen venerable trees overtowering its not unpretentious
+     steeple. The structure is built of brick (probably brought from
+     England), in the form of a cross, semi-gothic, with entrances on
+     three sides, and was erected in the year 1794. On entering, the
+     first object which attracted my attention was the variously carved
+     pulpit, about twenty-five feet from the floor, with a winding
+     staircase leading to it. Beneath were the seats for the attendants,
+     who, in accordance with the customs of the old English Episcopacy,
+     waited upon the dominie. The floor is of stone, a large cross of
+     granite lying in the centre, where the broad aisles intersect. To
+     to the left of this is a square enclosure for the vestrymen, whose
+     names are written on the north side of the building. The reader, if
+     acquainted with Virginia pedigrees, will recognize in them some of
+     the oldest and most honorable names of the State--Thomas Fitzhugh,
+     John Lee, Peter Hedgman, Moot Doniphan, John Mercer, Henry Tyler,
+     William Mountjoy, John Fitzhugh, John Peyton. On the north hall are
+     four large tablets containing Scriptural quotations. Directly
+     beneath is a broad flagstone, on which is engraved with letters of
+     gold, 'In memory of the House of Moncure.' This smacks of royalty.
+     Parallel to it lies a tombstone with the following inscription:
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Sacred to the memory of William Robison, the fourth son of H. and
+     E. Moncure, of Windsor Forest, born the 27th of January, 1806, and
+     died 13th of April, 1828, of a pulmonary disease, brought on by
+     exposure to the cold climate of Philadelphia, where he had gone to
+     prepare himself for the practice of medicine. Possessed of a mind
+     strong and vigorous, and of a firmness of spirit a stranger to
+     fear, he died manifesting that nobleness of soul which
+     characterized him while living, the brightest promise of his
+     parents, and the fondest hopes of their afflicted family.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     'Led, doubtless, by the expectation of discovering buried
+     valuables, some one has removed the stone from its original
+     position, and excavated the earth beneath. Close by the entrance on
+     the north side are three enclosed graves, where sleep those of
+     another generation. The brown, moss-covered tombstones appear in
+     strong contrast to a plain pine board at the head of a fresh-made
+     grave alongside, and bearing the following inscription: 'Henry
+     Basler, Company H, One Hundred and Eighteenth Pennsylvania
+     Volunteers.'
+
+Loyal during the civil war of England, virtually an independent State
+under Cromwell, it is the remarkable destiny of Virginia, so called in
+honor of Queen Elizabeth's unmarried state, to have given birth to the
+spotless chief who conducted to a triumphant issue the American
+Revolution--to the orator who, more than any individual, by speech alone
+kindled the patriotic flame thereof--to the jurist whose clear and
+candid mind and sagacious integrity gave dignity and permanence to
+constitutional law--and to the statesman who advocated and established
+the democratic principle and sentiment which essentially modified and
+moulded the political character and career of the Republic, and he was
+the author of that memorable Declaration of Independence which became
+the charter of free nationality. From 1606, when three small vessels,
+with a hundred or more men, sailed for the shores of Virginia under the
+command of Christopher Newport, and Smith planned Jamestown, to the last
+pronunciamento of the rebel congress of Richmond, the documentary
+history of Virginia includes in charter, code, report, chronicle, plea,
+and protest, almost every possible element and form of political
+speculation, civic justice, and seditious arrogance: and therein the
+philosopher may find all that endears and hallows and all that
+disintegrates and degrades the State as a social experiment and a moral
+fact: so that of all the States of the Union her antecedents, both noble
+and infamous, indicate Virginia as the most appropriate arena for the
+last bitter conflict between the great antagonistic forces of civil
+order with those of social peace and progress. There where Washington, a
+young surveyor, became familiar with toil, exposure, and responsibility,
+he passed the crowning years of his spotless career; where he was born,
+he died and is buried; where Patrick Henry roamed and mused until the
+hour struck for him to rouse, with invincible eloquence, the instinct of
+free citizenship; where Marshall drilled his yeoman for battle, and
+disciplined his judicial mind by study; where Jefferson wrote his
+political philosophy and notes of a naturalist; where Burr was tried,
+Clay was born, Wirt pleaded, Nat Turner instigated the Southampton
+massacre, Lord Fairfax hunted, and John Brown was hung, Randolph
+bitterly jested, and Pocahontas won a holy fame--there treason reared
+its hydra head and profaned the consecrated soil with vulgar insults and
+savage cruelty; there was the last battle scene of the Revolution and
+the first of the Civil War; there is Mount Vernon, Monticello, and
+Yorktown, and there also are Manassas, Bull Run, and Fredericksburg;
+there is the old graveyard of Jamestown and the modern Golgotha of Fair
+Oaks; there is the noblest tribute art has reared to Washington, and the
+most loathsome prisons wherein despotism wreaked vengeance on
+patriotism; and on that soil countless martyrs have offered up their
+lives for the national existence, whose birth-pangs Virginia's peerless
+son shared, and over whose nascent being he kept such holy and intrepid
+vigil, bequeathing it as the most solemn of human trusts to those
+nearest to his local fame, by whom, with factious and fierce scorn, it
+has been infamously betrayed on its own hallowed ground; whose best
+renown shall yet be that it is the scene, not only of Freedom's
+sacrifice, but of her most pure and permanent triumph.
+
+
+
+
+SHE DEFINES HER POSITION.
+
+
+  Lingering late in garden talk,
+    My friend and I, in the prime of June.
+  The long tree-shadows across the walk
+    Hinted the waning afternoon;
+  The bird-songs died in twitterings brief;
+    The clover was folding, leaf on leaf.
+
+  Fairest season of all the year,
+    And fairest of years in all my time;
+  Earth is so sweet, and heaven so near,
+    Sure life itself must be just at prime.
+  Soft flower-faces that crowd our way,
+    Have you no word for us to-day?
+
+  Each in its nature stands arrayed:
+    Heliotropes to drink the sun;
+  Violet-shadows to haunt the shade;
+    Poppies, by every wind undone;
+  Lilies, just over-proud for grace;
+    Pansies, that laugh in every face.
+
+  Great bloused Peonies, half adoze;
+    Mimulus, wild in change and freak;
+  Dainty flesh of the China Rose,
+    Tender and fine as a fairy's cheek;
+  (I watched him finger the folds apart
+    To get at the blush in its inmost heart.)
+
+  Lo, at our feet what small blue eyes!
+    And still, as we looked, their numbers came
+  Like shy stars out of the evening skies,
+    When the east is gray, and the west is flame.
+  --'Gather yourself, and give to me,
+    Those Forget-me-nots,' said he.
+
+  Word of command I take not ill;
+    When love commands, love likes to obey.
+  But, while my words my thoughts fulfil,
+    'Forget me not,' I will not say.
+  Vows for the false; an honest mind
+    Will not be bound, and will not bind.
+
+  In your need of me I put my trust,
+    And your lack of need shall be my ban;
+  'Tis time to remember, when you must;
+    Time to forget me, when you can.
+  Yet cannot the wildest thought of mine
+  Fancy a life distuned from thine.
+
+  ... Small reserve is between us two;
+    'Tis heart to heart, and brain to brain:
+  Bare as an arrow, straight and true,
+    Struck his thought to my thought again.
+  'Not distuned; one song of praise,
+  First and third, our lives shall raise.'
+
+  Close we stood in the rosy glow,
+    Watching the cloudland tower and town;
+  Watching the double Castor grow
+    Out of the east as the sun rolled down.
+  'Yonder, how star drinks star!' said he;
+  'Yield thou so; live thou in me.'
+
+  Nay, we are close--we are not one,
+    More than those stars that seem to shine
+  In the self-same place, yet each a sun,
+    Each distinct in its sphere divine.
+  Like to Himself art thou, we know;
+  Like to Himself am I also.
+
+  What did He mean, when He sent us forth,
+    Soul and soul, to this lower life?
+  Each with a purpose, each a worth,
+    Each an arm for the human strife.
+  Armor of thine is not for me;
+  Neither is mine adjudged by thee.
+
+  Now in the lower life we stand,
+    Weapons donned, and the strife begun;
+  Higher nor lower; hand to hand;
+    Each helps each with the glad 'Well done!'
+  Each girds each to nobler ends;
+  None less lovers because such friends.
+
+  So in the peace of the closing day,
+    Resting, as striving side by side,
+  What does He mean? again we say;
+    For what new lot are our souls allied?
+  Comes to my ken, in Death's advance,
+  Life in its next significance.
+
+  See yon tortoise; he crossed the path
+    At noon, to hide where the grass is tall;
+  In a slow half sense of the sun-king's wrath,
+    Burrowing close to the garden wall.
+  --Think, could we pour into that dull brain
+  A man's whole life, joy, thought, and pain!
+
+  So, methinks, is the life we lead,
+    To the larger life that next shall be:
+  Narrow in thought, uncouth in deed;
+    Crawling, who yet shall walk so free;
+  Walking, who yet on wings shall soar;
+  Flying, who shall need wings no more.
+
+  Lo, in the larger life we stand;
+    We drop the weapons, we take the tools:
+  We serve with mind who served with hand:
+    We live by laws who lived by rules.
+  And our old earth-love, with its mortal bliss,
+  Was the fancy of babe for babe, to this.
+
+  ... Visions begone! Above us rise
+    The worlds, on His work majestic sent.
+  Floating below, the small fireflies
+    Make up a tremulous firmament.
+  Stars in the grass, and roses dear,
+  Earth is full sweet, though heaven is near.
+
+
+
+
+WHIFFS FROM MY MEERSCHAUM.
+
+
+I have that same old meerschaum yet--the same that I clasped to my lips
+in the days that are gone, and through whose fragrant, wavy clouds, as
+they floated round my head, I saw--sometimes clear and bright, sometimes
+dimmed by a mist of rising tears--visions of childhood's joyous hours,
+of schoolboy's days, of youth, with its vague dreams and longings, of
+early manhood, and its high hopes and proud anticipations.
+
+I smoke it still, though the tobacco be not always the choicest--for one
+cannot be fastidious in the army, and sutlers do not keep much of an
+assortment--and still it brings me sweet dreams, though of a different
+color.
+
+Yes, old and tried friend, times have greatly changed in the few years
+that we have been together. Sons have been torn from fond parents;
+brothers have snatched hasty kisses from tearful sisters, and marched
+off to the tap of the drum with firm step and flashing eyes, while,
+beneath, the heart beat low and mournfully; young men and maidens, in
+the rosy flush of dawning love, have parted in sadness, but proudly
+facing the duty and bravely trusting the future and the eternal Right.
+Over many a noble fellow, on the bloody fields of Shiloh and Antietam
+and Stone River, the wings of the death-angel have fallen; at many a
+hearthstone there is mourning for the brave that are dead on the field
+of honor--though it is a royal sorrow, and a proud light gleams through
+the fast-falling tears.
+
+But you and I, my faithful comrade, are together still. Next to my heart
+I have carried you many a weary league; many a dreary and, but for you,
+comfortless night we have bivouacked together. Time and roughing it have
+made their marks on both of us. Scars mar your polished face, now
+changed from spotless white to rich autumnal russet; and mine, too, the
+sun, and wind, and other smoke than that of Orinoko have darkened. You
+have lost your ornamental silver cap, and amber-mouthed stem, and I my
+polished two-storied 'tile' and the tail of my coat. But never mind; if
+we are battered and bruised, and scratched and scarred, and knocked
+around till the end of time, we will never lose our identity; and if we
+live till I am as bald as you are, we will always be good friends. Won't
+we, old boy, eh?
+
+And the old boy murmurs an unqualified assent.
+
+Puff! puff! Your face lights up as brightly, and your fragrant breath
+comes as freely here by the campfire, as when we were at home, and had
+our slippered feet upon the mantelpiece before the old-fashioned
+'Franklin,' and were surrounded by our books and our pictures, and the
+numerous _little things_, souvenirs, perhaps valueless in themselves,
+but highly prized, and reluctantly left to the tender mercies of the
+thoughtless and unappreciating.
+
+And it is these _little things_ that the soldier misses most and most
+frequently longs for. It is not the feather bed or the warm biscuits
+that he thinks of, but that dainty little penwiper, with his initials
+worked in it, and those embroidered slippers, that _she_ gave him. He
+would not give a contractor's conscience for sweet milk; but he would
+like to have his smoking cap.
+
+I once seriously thought of sending home for a certain _terra cotta_
+vase for holding cigars--a mantelpiece ornament; but I happened to
+remember that I had cigars very seldom, and a mantelpiece not at all,
+and concluded not to send.
+
+Many of these little things the young soldier will bring from home with
+him, in spite of the pooh-poohs of practical parents, and carry with
+him, in spite of the sneers of thoughtless comrades. I know a fellow who
+carries in his breast pocket the withered, odorless skeleton of a
+bouquet, that was given him on the day he left home, and who will carry
+it till he returns, or till it is reddened with his blood. And when I
+see a man, in the face of ridicule and brutal scoffing, through long
+marches and weary days of dispiriting labor, clinging with fond tenacity
+to some little memento of the past, I set him down as a man with his
+heart in the right place, who will do his country and God good service
+when there is need. And--it is well to practise what one admires in
+others--I confess that I have a smoking cap that I have often packed
+into my knapsack, at the expense of a pair of socks; and I would rather
+have left out my only shirt that was off duty than that it should have
+failed to go with me. Yes, dear girls, your little presents, perhaps
+forgotten by you, by us are fondly cherished; and around them all hover,
+like the perfume of fresh flowers, fragrant memories of the merry days
+gone by, and dreams of starry eyes and laughing lips, of floating
+drapery and flashing jewels, and moonlit summer nights in the dear
+Northland.
+
+May your eyes ne'er grow dim, nor your smiles fade away!
+
+
+
+
+LITERARY NOTICES.
+
+
+     LEVANA; or, The Doctrine of Education. Translated from the
+     German of JEAN PAUL FRIEDRICH RICHTER, Author of 'Flower,
+     Fruit, and Thorn Pieces, 'Titan,' 'Walt and Vult,' etc., etc.
+     Boston: Ticknor & Fields. For sale by D. Appleton & Co., New York.
+
+The mere annunciation of a book, as yet unknown to the American public,
+from the pen of Jean Paul Richter, will be sufficient to awaken the
+attention of all cultivated readers. He who has read and loved one book
+of this marvellous writer, will not easily rest until he has read them
+all. He is known in Germany as Jean Paul der Einzige,--Jean Paul, the
+Only--and it is true that he is the unimitated and the inimitable. He is
+_utterly_ unlike Shakspeare, and yet more like him in his grand
+charities and breadth of range than like any other author. He is the
+'Only,' the genial, the humorous, the pathetic, the tender, the satiric,
+the original, the erudite, the creative--the poet, sage, and scholar.
+But we might exhaust ourselves in expletives, and yet fail to give any
+idea of his rich imagery, his wonderful power, his natural and tender
+pathos. Besides, who does not already know him as a really great writer,
+through the appreciative criticisms of Thomas Carlyle?
+
+'Levana' is a work on Education, written as Jean Paul alone could write
+it. In order to give our readers some idea of the nature of the subjects
+treated therein, we place before them a part of the table of contents:
+Importance of Education; Proof that Education Effects Little; Spirit and
+Principle of Education; To Discover and Appreciate the Individuality of
+the Ideal Man; On the Spirit of the Age; Religious Education; The
+Beginning of Education; The Joyousness of Children; Games of Children;
+Children's Dances; Music; Commands, Prohibitions, Punishments, and
+Crying; Screaming and Crying of Children; On the Trustfulness of
+Children; On Physical Education; On the Destination of Women; Nature of
+Women; Education of Girls; Education of the Affections; On the
+Development of the Desire for Intellectual Progress; Speech and Writing;
+Attention and the Power of Adaptive Combination; Development of Wit;
+Development of Reflection, Abstraction, and Self-Knowledge; On the
+Education of the Recollection--not of the Memory; Development of the
+Sense of Beauty; Classical Education, etc., etc.
+
+We have often wondered why this book was not given to American readers;
+it was published in England, in its English dress, at least ten years
+ago. It addresses itself to parents, treating neither of national nor
+congregational education; it elevates neither state nor priest into
+educator; but it devolves that duty where the interest ought ever to be,
+on the parents, and particularly on the mother. In closing the preface
+to this book, Baireuth, May 2, 1806, Jean Paul says: 'It would be my
+greatest reward if, at the end of twenty years, some reader, as many
+years old, should return thanks to me, that the book which he is then
+reading was read by his parents.'
+
+May this work find many readers, and true, appreciative admiration.
+
+
+     FLOWER, FRUIT, AND THORN PIECES; or, The Married Life,
+     Death, and Wedding of the Advocate of the Poor, Firmian Stanislaus
+     Siebenkaes. By JEAN PAUL FRIEDRICH RICHTER. Translated from
+     the German by EDWARD HENRY NOEL. With a Memoir of the
+     Author by THOMAS CARLYLE. Ticknor & Fields: Boston. For
+     sale by D. Appleton & Co., New York.
+
+Scarcely had we finished our few remarks on the 'Levana' of Jean Paul,
+when we were called upon to welcome another work from the same loved
+hand. We have long known and prized 'Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces.'
+The writings of Richter have humanity for their text, and it has always
+been a matter of astonishment to us that they were not more widely known
+in this country. His style is peculiar, it is true, but it is the
+peculiarity of originality, never of affectation. His illustrations are
+drawn from every source, from science, art, history, biography, national
+manners, customs, civilized and savage; his imagery is varied,
+exquisite, and natural, and his religion embraces all creeds and sects.
+He is the preacher of immortal hopes, of love to God, and all-embracing
+human charities. His plots are merely threads to string his pearls,
+opals, and diamonds upon. We prefer him greatly to the cold, worldly,
+and classic Goethe. His works always have a meaning, for he was a lofty
+and original thinker. He was colossal and magnanimous both as man and
+writer. Carlyle says of him: 'His intellect is keen, impetuous,
+far-grasping, fit to rend in pieces the stubbornest materials, and
+extort from them their most hidden and refractory truth. In his Humor he
+sports with the highest and lowest; he can play at bowls with the Sun
+and Moon. His Imagination opens for us the Land of Dreams; we sail with
+him through the boundless Abyss; and the secrets of Space, and Time, and
+Life, and Annihilation hover round us in dim, cloudy forms; and
+darkness, and immensity, and dread encompass and overshadow us. Nay, in
+handling the smallest matter, he works it with the tools of a giant. A
+common truth is wrenched from its old combinations, and presented to us
+in new, impassable, abysmal contrast with its opposite error. A trifle,
+some slender character, some jest, quip, or spiritual toy, is shaped
+into the most quaint, yet often truly living form; but shaped somehow as
+with the hammer of Vulcan, with three strokes that might have helped to
+forge an AEgis. The treasures of his mind are of a similar description
+with the mind itself; his knowledge is gathered from all the kingdoms of
+Art, and Science, and Nature, and lies round him in huge unwieldy heaps.
+His very language is Titanian; deep, strong, tumultuous; shining with a
+thousand hues, fused from a thousand elements, and winding in
+labyrinthic masses.' We recommend Jean Paul to universal study; he will,
+in spite of all his grotesque and broken arabesques, amply repay it.
+
+     BROKEN COLUMNS. Sheldon & Co., 335 Broadway, New York.
+
+An anonymous novel, by one who says: 'I shall not say I have not
+aforetime walked openly in the highway of literature, but on this
+occasion the public must indulge me with the use of a thick veil; a
+veil, albeit, which will allow me to observe whether smiles or frowns
+mark the public countenance.'
+
+The author will without doubt find both smiles and frowns on the faces
+he would regard. His characters are novel, the situations eccentric, the
+denouements unexpected. Love is made the solvent and reformer of vice.
+The sinner seems not actually depraved, but ever ready to return to the
+path of virtue. Forgiveness is the elixir of reformation and
+regeneration. Charity controls the inner life. The work contains
+passages of great beauty, though the style is often broken and rugged.
+It is philanthropic, and full of pity for the erring. We fail to
+understand the characters, because we have never seen coarse vice
+associated with tenderness and refinement. It is true, as our author
+says, that 'in seeking the reclamation of our fellow creatures, we are
+nothing less than co-workers with God.' But it is a solemn task, and
+charity itself is subject to the laws of eternal justice.
+
+     THE OLD MERCHANTS OF NEW YORK CITY. By WALTER
+     BARRETT, Clerk. Second Series. Carleton, publisher, 413
+     Broadway, New York.
+
+The first series of this book had a circulation so extensive that its
+author gives to the world another volume. The motto of the work seems to
+be, 'The crowning city--whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers
+are the _honorable_ of the earth.' It is not a series of biographies,
+but light, gossiping sketches of persons, things, manners, the
+eccentricities of noted men, the transfers of well-known pieces of
+property, the changes in firms, the improvements in streets and
+buildings, the gradual extension of old and the introduction of new
+branches of trade and business, the intermarriages of families, etc.,
+etc. To those familiar with the business habits of New York, acquainted
+with its localities, interested in the origin and early history of its
+mercantile families, of whom the book contains many personal anecdotes,
+we presume it will prove amusing and entertaining.
+
+     VINCENZO; or, Sunken Rocks. A Novel, by JOHN
+     RUFFINI, Author of 'Doctor Antonio,' 'Lavinia,' etc. Carleton,
+     publisher, 413 Broadway, New York.
+
+'Dr. Antonio' had many admirers both here and in England, and is already
+in the second edition. The scene of Vincenzo is laid in Italy, during
+the progress of the Italian Revolution. The 'Sunken Rocks' are the
+widely differing religious and political views of husband and wife; and
+our author closes his tale in saying: 'Would to God, at least, that the
+case of the Candias was an isolated one! But no; there is scarcely any
+corner in Europe that does not exhibit plenty of such, and worse. God
+alone knows the number of families whose domestic peace has been, of
+late years, seriously damaged, or has gone to wreck altogether on those
+very rocks so fatal to Vincenzo.' Alas! that the present civil war
+should have given birth to much of the same domestic alienation and
+bitterness in our own midst as we find portrayed in the novel before us.
+Suffering of this kind, real and severe, exists among ourselves,
+saddening the heart of many a woman, and paralyzing the exertions of
+many a man who would else be patriotic and loyal.
+
+     PIQUE. A Novel. Loring, publisher, 319 Washington street,
+     Boston. For sale by Oliver S. Fell, 36 Walker street, New York.
+
+We have no doubt that this book will excite considerable attention in
+the novel-reading world. It is in all probability destined to become as
+popular as the one of which, without being any imitation, it frequently
+reminds us--we mean 'The Initials.' The characters portrayed in 'Pique'
+develop themselves through the means of spirited conversations, arising
+from the surrounding circumstances--conversations always natural and
+without exaggeration. The pages are never dull, the story being varied
+and full of interest. It is a tale of the affections, of the home
+circle, of jealousies, misconceptions, perversions, feelings, the
+incidents growing naturally out of the defects and excellences of the
+individuals depicted. The scene is laid in England; the local coloring
+and characters being thoroughly English. Modern life and modern traits
+are portrayed with considerable skill and cleverness. The moral tone is
+throughout is unexceptionable. We commend 'Pique' to all lovers of
+refined, spirited, and detailed home novels.
+
+     MEDITATIONS ON LIFE AND ITS RELIGIOUS DUTIES. Translated
+     from the German of Zschokke. By FREDERICA ROWAN. Boston:
+     Ticknor and Fields, 1863. For sale by D. Appleton & Co., New York.
+
+The tendency of these 'Meditations' is eminently practical, and the
+subjects treated are of universal application and interest. The
+translation is dedicated to Princess Alice, of England, now of Hesse,
+and is well executed, preserving the beauty and simplicity of the
+original, and supplying a need frequently felt in current religious
+literature, where vague reveries too often usurp the place of sensible
+counsel and life-improving suggestions.
+
+     PETER CARRADINE; or, The Martindale Pastoral By
+     CAROLINE CHESEBRO'. Sheldon &, Company, 335 Broadway.
+     Gould & Lincoln, Boston.
+
+We have not yet had time to read this 'Pastoral' for ourselves, but it
+is highly commended by Marion Harland, author of 'Alone.' 'The story is
+confined within the limits of a country neighborhood, but there is
+variety of character, motive, and action. You are reminded that the
+authoress writes with a purpose, as well as a power, that the earnest,
+God-fearing soul of the philanthropist has travailed here for the good
+of her kind, not the mere 'sensation' romancist writer for the
+entertainment of an idle hour.' We quote from Marion Harland.
+
+     EXCURSIONS. By HENRY D. THOREAU, Author of
+     'Walden,' and 'A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers.' Boston:
+     Ticknor & Fields. For sale by D. Appleton & Co., New York.
+
+Henry David Thoreau was a man of decided genius, and an ardent lover of
+nature. His eye was open to beauty, and his ear to music. He found
+these, not in rare conditions, but wheresoever he went. He was sincerity
+itself, and no cant or affectation is to be found in his writings. He
+was religious in his own way; incapable of any profanation, by act or
+thought, although his original living and thinking detached him from the
+social religious forms. He thought that without religion no great deed
+had ever been accomplished. He was disgusted with crime, and no worldly
+success could cover it. He loved nature so well, and was so happy in her
+solitude, that he became very jealous of cities and the sad work which
+their refinements and artifices made with man and his dwelling. The axe
+was always destroying his forest. 'Thank God,' he said, 'they cannot cut
+down the clouds.'
+
+We have taken the above traits from the exceedingly interesting
+biographical sketch introducing this book, from the masterly hand of
+R. W. Emerson. The writings of Thoreau are the result of his character,
+modelled from and colored by the tastes and habits of his daily life.
+Nature lives in his pages. We know of no more delightful reading. He
+says: 'A truly good book is something as natural, and as unexpectedly
+and unaccountably fair and perfect, as a wild flower discovered on the
+prairies of the West or in the jungles of the East. Where is the
+literature which gives expression to nature? He would be a poet who
+could impress the winds and streams into his service, to speak for him;
+who nailed words to their primitive senses, as farmers drive down stakes
+in the spring, which the frost has heaved; who derived his words as
+often as he used them--transplanted them to his page with earth adhering
+to their roots; whose words were so true, and fresh, and natural that
+they would appear to expand like buds at the approach of spring, though
+they lay half-smothered between two musty leaves in a library--aye to
+bloom and bear fruit there, after their kind, annually, for the faithful
+reader, in sympathy with surrounding nature.'
+
+Such a poet is Thoreau, and fair and perfect as the wild flowers of the
+prairies are his 'good books.' In the above extract he has himself
+described them. Who knows not his 'Autumnal Tints,' and 'Wild Apples,'
+and who has ever read them without loving them? Theodore Winthrop's
+'Life in the Open Air,' 'Out-door Papers,' by T. W. Higginson, and
+'Excursions,' by H. D. Thoreau, are books which could only have been
+written in America, and of which an American may justly feel proud. They
+are in themselves a library for the country, and we heartily commend
+them to all who love nature and the fresh breath of the forest.
+
+     THE GREAT STONE BOOK OF NATURE. By DAVID THOMAS
+     ANSTED, M. A., F. R. S., F. G. S., etc. Late Fellow of Jesus
+     College, Cambridge; Honorary Fellow of King's College, London.
+     Published by George W. Childs, 628 and 630 Chestnut Street,
+     Philadelphia, 1863. Received per favor of C. T. Evans, 448
+     Broadway, New York.
+
+To popularize scientific knowledge is one of the most difficult of
+tasks. Men of real science are rarely willing to spare the necessary
+time, and the work is ordinarily undertaken by a class of pseudo
+savants, who have just acquired that little learning which is so
+dangerous a thing. Deductions and results are all that can be set before
+the people, who are unable to follow scientific processes, and who are
+hence liable to receive impressions, the truth or error of which must
+depend upon the fairness and logical acumen of the individual mind
+addressing them. The work before us is evidently written by one
+thoroughly conversant with the subject under consideration, and the
+author seems careful to assert no fact or affirm no conclusion not
+strictly warranted by actual research. Solid works of this kind ought to
+be warmly welcomed, and as such we recommend the above to our reading
+community.
+
+     REMAINS IN VERSE AND PROSE, OF ARTHUR HENRY HALLAM. With a
+     Preface and Memoir. Ticknor & Fields, Boston.
+
+Arthur Henry Hallam possessed the friendship of one who ranks high among
+the living poets of England--Tennyson. How bitterly the poet felt his
+death, he has himself testified in his 'In Memoriam,' a book which has
+many admirers both in England and America. The image of young Hallam
+hovers like a lovely shadow over these yearning poems devoted to the
+memory of the regretted friend; his 'Remains,' will enable us to
+understand why he excited a love so tender and respectful, and left so
+deep a grief for his loss when he passed away. 'From the earliest years
+of this extraordinary young man, his premature abilities were not more
+conspicuous than an almost faultless disposition, sustained by a more
+calm self-command than has often been witnessed in that season of life.
+The sweetness of temper that distinguished his childhood, became, with
+the advance of manhood, an habitual benevolence, and ultimately ripened
+into that exalted principle of love toward God and man, which animated
+and almost absorbed his soul during the latter period of his life, and
+to which his compositions bear such emphatic testimony.'
+
+The 'Remains' of such a spirit cannot fail to be interesting. We were
+especially pleased with the 'Oration on the Influence of Italian Works
+of Imagination on the same class of compositions in England.' The great
+Italians seldom receive their full meed of praise, either from the
+English or ourselves. Some very mature remarks are also made upon the
+influence of German mind upon English literature.
+
+     THE REJECTED WIFE. By Mrs. ANN S. STEPHENS,
+     Author of 'Fashion and Famine,' 'The Old Homestead,' 'Mary
+     Derwent,' &c. T. B. Peterson & Brothers, Chestnut street,
+     Philadelphia.
+
+A novel in which are depicted the early days of Benedict Arnold. The
+characters are well drawn and sustained, and the tale one of
+considerable interest. The fright and agony of the fair, young, deserted
+wife are delicately and skilfully drawn; most of the scenes in which she
+is introduced are full of nature and simple pathos. The pictures of
+Puritan manners, lives, and thoughts, are graphic and truthful. We
+commend the book to all lovers of a good, pure, domestic novel.
+
+     PINNEO'S ANALYTICAL GRAMMAR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE:
+     Designed for Schools. By T. S. PINNEO, M. A., M. D.,
+     Author of 'Primary Grammar,' 'Hemans Reader,' &c. Revised and
+     enlarged. New York: Clark, Austin & Smith; Cincinnati: W. B. Smith
+     & Co.
+
+This work is intended to succeed the author's 'Primary Grammar,' being,
+however, complete in itself. It presents a full view of the
+well-established principles of the English language, in their practical
+bearing on _analysis_ and _construction_. No space is wasted on the
+discussion of curious or unimportant points, which, however interesting
+to the critical student, always encumbers an elementary work. Simplicity
+in definitions, examples, exercises, and arrangement, has been carefully
+studied. The exercises are full and numerous; a large portion of them
+designed to teach, at the same time, the _nature_, _properties_, and
+_relations_ of words, and the _analysis_ and _construction_ of
+sentences.
+
+'Model Class-Books on the English Language have been produced by
+Professor Pinneo, and they should be adopted as standard text-books in
+the schools of the United States.'-_Educational Reports_.
+
+     THE BRITISH AMERICAN. No. 6. October, 1863. A Monthly
+     Magazine devoted to Literature, Science, and Art. Toronto: Rollo &
+     Adams, publishers.
+
+Contents: A Further Plea for British American Nationality, by Thomas
+D'Arcy McGee; The Maple; A Tale of the Bay of Quinte; Longfellow and his
+Poetry; The Cited Curate; The Labradorians; Margaret; The Settler's
+Daughter; Song; Historical Notes on the Extinct Tribes of North
+America--The Mascoutens--The Neuters--The Eastern Range of the Buffalo;
+Sonnet to the Humming Bird; Reviews; The British Quarterlies; The
+British Monthlies; American Periodicals, &c., &c.
+
+     THE MASSACHUSETTS TEACHER: A Journal of School and Home
+     Education. Resident Editors: Charles Ansorge, Dorchester; Wm. T.
+     Adams, Boston; W. E. Sheldon, West Newton, New Series, October,
+     1863. Boston: Published by the Massachusetts Teachers' Association,
+     No. 119 Washington street, Boston.
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S TABLE.
+
+
+THE LAW OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.
+
+In the articles contributed to our pages, we do not always exact a
+precise conformity to our own views. If we are satisfied with the
+general scope and tendency of thought presented by respectable writers
+who appear in their own names, we do not care to make known any minor
+differences of opinion, or to criticise what we consider the errors of
+their productions. Nevertheless, we suppose that a calm and friendly
+expression of our own thoughts, on any subject discussed in our pages,
+will not be out of place or unkindly received in any quarter.
+
+In the very able and interesting article in our last number, by Mr.
+Freeland, that writer announced the doctrine that 'the social,
+political, religious, and scientific development of the world proceeds
+under the operation of two grand antagonistic principles,' which he
+calls respectively, 'Unity,' and 'Individuality.' 'The first of these,'
+he says, 'tends to bring about cooeperation, consolidation, convergence,
+dependence; the second to produce separation, isolation, divergence, and
+independence. Unity is the principle which tends to order; Individuality
+to freedom.'
+
+We are prepared to admit the existence and operation of these principles
+as stated. They constitute the active tendencies of society, and they
+perform in the social world precisely what the antagonistic forces of
+attraction and repulsion do in the physical. They are the principles of
+aggregation and organization, as well as of agitation, conflict, and all
+revolutionary or progressive activity. In a more perfect state of
+development, they will exhibit themselves as the centripetal and
+centrifugal forces of a beautiful system arrived at that stage of
+regulated motion which constitutes a stable equilibrium.
+
+But while we admit the universal operation of these two principles, we
+think Mr. Freeland has made a serious mistake in the application of
+them,--a mistake which seems to run through his entire essay, and to
+pervade the whole system of his philosophy. We shall venture upon a
+brief criticism, solely with the view of eliminating truth. The
+question, though somewhat abstract in its nature, is to us of the
+highest interest; and we shall ever be ready to yield our position, when
+convinced that it is erroneous and untenable.
+
+We find what we consider the exceptionable doctrine in the following
+passage: 'Unity is allied to the affections, which are synthetic in
+their character; Individuality, to the intellect, which is mainly
+analytical and disruptive in its tendency. Unity is predominant in
+religion, which is static in its nature; Individuality to science, which
+is primarily disturbing. In the distribution of the mental faculties,
+Unity relates to the moral powers, and Individuality to the
+intellectual; the former being, as both Mr. Buckle and Professor Draper
+have shown, more stationary in their character than the latter. As in
+this paragraph the 'affections' are placed in contrast with the
+'intellect,' we suppose that by the former the writer intends to
+designate the emotions or passions, thus making that most obvious
+analysis of the mind into halves--the active impulses and moral
+principles on the one hand, and the perceptive and reflective faculties
+on the other. There is some little confusion of statement, in afterward
+contrasting the 'moral powers' with the 'intellectual;' but we imagine
+that the same general classification is intended, although not quite
+defined with philosophical accuracy.
+
+If we are correct in this interpretation of the language quoted, we do
+not see how the emotional part of human nature can, in any general
+sense, be said to be allied to unity. The passions are the basis of all
+human agitation and conflict, and have been the cause of all the wars
+which have engaged mankind during the past ages of the world. In the
+early periods of history the selfish emotions have preponderated over
+the benevolent. Hatred, ambition, avarice, have been superior to love,
+humility, and charity. It is more than doubtful whether, even now, the
+selfish passions of the human race are not still in the ascendant.
+
+It may be said that, in the long run, the emotions tend to harmony, and
+that the cooeperative and benevolent feelings are continually approaching
+their final and complete triumph. This is undoubtedly true; but it is
+wholly attributable to the progress of the human intellect, which, day
+by day, is demonstrating that man's emotional and moral nature can find
+its highest enjoyment and its most perfect development only in the
+complete subordination of the selfish and unsocial passions, to those
+which promote universal toleration and brotherhood.
+
+But if Mr. Freeland is wrong in the position that the primary tendency
+of the passions is to unity, he seems to us equally far from scientific
+truth when he asserts that intellect is 'disrupting' in its tendency,
+and that science is primarily 'disturbing.' It is true the intellect has
+the analytical faculty; but it is equally true that the opposite faculty
+of generalization is that which most strongly characterizes it and
+distinguishes reason from instinct. So far from analysis being the
+earliest predominant tendency of the intellect, almost all its most
+familiar and ordinary acts are those of synthesis. In all the phenomena
+of perception, the separate sensations are combined by an act of the
+judgment into the concrete ideas of form and substance, while the
+highest and most permanent characteristic of science is in the
+comprehensive attainment of general laws.
+
+The simple truth of the whole case is, that the affections or passions
+of men are the motive powers which impel them to action in every field
+of human affairs. The intellect, on the contrary, dominates these motive
+powers by its faculty of unfolding truth, foreseeing consequences,
+exploring the path of practicable progress, and illuminating the objects
+of rational desire to humanity. In the passions of men we have the two
+antagonistic forces--the attraction and repulsion--the centripetal and
+centrifugal tendencies--which ever antagonize each other, and through
+all the conflicts and agitations of mankind, are tending to eventual
+harmony. The moral faculty is a mere standard of right and wrong, which,
+of course, remains comparatively fixed and permanent through all the
+ages. The changes of opinion and action, in the sense of morality, are
+due wholly to the difference of knowledge at successive periods. Just as
+the intellect is capable of determining the bearing and consequences of
+human action, and of fixing the intention with reference to such
+consequences, will the moral character of such action be pronounced,
+more or less correctly, according to the degree of enlightenment of the
+parties concerned.
+
+From this analysis it will be plainly seen, that all the force is in the
+passions or desires of men. These are enlightened, and therefore
+regulated by the intellect, and judged by the moral faculty according to
+the consequences foreseen and intended. Ideas alone have the power of
+organization. The passions attend upon ideas as their ministers and
+servants. Beliefs, which represent the ideas or knowledge prevalent at
+successive periods in history, have controlled the destiny of men and
+nations, and all human passions have been marshalled and arrayed in
+conformity with them.
+
+The error of Mr. Freeland, we respectfully submit, is in placing the
+intellect and the passions in antagonism with each other, while, in
+truth, it is one passion, or one class of passions, which antagonizes
+another. The direction given to society by the predominating force of
+all the individual propensities is retrogressive, stationary, or
+progressive, revolutionary and destructive, or moderate and safe,
+according to the knowledge of facts and the prevision of consequences
+which may inform the judgments and enlighten the consciences of the
+masses.
+
+At periods of general ignorance and superstition, the announcement of a
+great scientific or philosophic truth may produce commotion,
+persecution, and discord. But it is evident that these are the results
+of ignorance and not of knowledge--of unenlightened passion, and not of
+the awakened intellect. Truth is attractive to all minds, and its
+tendency is to invite universal assent. In so far, therefore, as the
+intellect is capable of discovering truth, its tendency is to unify and
+harmonize, and by no means to separate into disorder. In an age of
+inquiry, the emancipation of thought may be attended with much
+disturbance. The right of individual judgment will necessarily produce
+conflict in the very act of emerging from the preceding state of
+ignorance and restraint. The state of transition cannot be one of
+tranquillity, although it is the inevitable path to a higher and more
+complete harmony. But it is inaccurate and philosophically untrue, as we
+think, to characterize the intellect as 'disturbing,' or 'disrupting.'
+It is disturbing only to ignorance, and disrupting only to the systems
+and organizations based upon falsehood.
+
+We think these positions and brief discriminations are accurate, and not
+to be overthrown by argument; and as they are fundamental, we have
+thought it not improper to state them here, as the basis upon which we
+accept the general reasoning of Mr. Freeland as to the law of human
+development. Buckle and Draper are right as to the fixed character of
+moral standards; but the progressive development of knowledge gives new
+applications to moral principles, and requires their perpetual operation
+and control. In this sense, morality keeps pace with knowledge, and
+though dependent upon new truths for its own advancement, is
+indispensable to the progress of mankind in the social benefits to be
+derived from every intellectual acquisition.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A musical example of a rhythm rare and difficult of treatment in
+English--the dactylic.--ED.
+
+
+GONE!
+
+BY EARL MARBLE.
+
+  Gone from the earth, in her innocence, purity,
+    Gone, 'mong her bright sister angels to dwell;
+  Gone, to explore the dark shades of Futurity,
+    Gone to her final home! Sweet one, farewell!
+
+  On this cold, freezing earth, sensitive, shivering,
+    Standing but feebly before its chill blast;--
+  Into the Future, her face with joy quivering,
+    Into its warmth, its morn genial, at last!
+
+  Gone from her earth-home, where all were but blessing her
+    In the cold, heart-chilling language of earth;
+  Now, in her heaven-home, all are caressing her,
+    Not as the Clay, but the soul of New Birth!
+
+  Slowly, the days which once fleeted so cheerily,
+    Floated as though we could never know pain,
+  Drag their dull length along, sadly and drearily,
+    Wearily praying for Lethe in vain!
+
+  Yet, though 'tis hard that the young and the beautiful,
+    From loving hearts should be torn thus away,
+  Still will we try to be patient and dutiful,
+    Knowing that after the night comes the day.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AERONAUTICS.
+
+Recent British papers and correspondents bring very pleasing accounts of
+a balloon ascension, which took place in London on the 9th of October.
+This adventure is the more interesting to us, from the fact that the
+well-known and experienced aeronauts, Messrs. Coxwell and Glaisher, were
+accompanied in their celestial excursion by several private individuals
+of distinction, and among the rest by the Hon. Robert J. Walker, of this
+country, whose able contributions have done so much to enhance the value
+of THE CONTINENTAL. Some years ago, this gentleman had the
+scientific curiosity to descend to the bottom of the sea, in a new
+diving apparatus, just then invented; and recently he has been driven
+through a tunnel on a railway, by the pneumatic process, which in
+certain locations and conditions, will probably hereafter be substituted
+for the ordinary power of the locomotive engine. He seems to be not only
+ready to welcome all valuable improvements in science and mechanics, but
+is ready himself to take the risks of dangerous exploration in the
+pursuit of knowledge and for the promotion of progress.
+
+But of all such adventures, that into the regions of the atmosphere is
+by far the most interesting. Living immersed in this great ocean of air
+and moisture which surrounds the earth, and is the theatre of all the
+grand, beautiful, benignant, and often terrific phenomena of
+meteorology, it is no more than a very natural curiosity which induces
+us to seek by aerial exploration to understand its physical
+peculiarities, and to make use of the vast resources which it will
+doubtless soon afford to the genius and enterprise of the human race.
+
+Until recently, we believe, it has been considered a settled fact, that
+the atmosphere was limited to the height of about forty-five miles, that
+being estimated as the limit at which the earth's attraction would be
+balanced by the expansive force of the particles of air. But in this
+problem there is an element of complication in the rotation of the
+atmosphere with the earth on its axis. Near the surface, and for a great
+distance upward, the air is but a part of the solid globe, or rather an
+appendage to it, moving with it in all respects like the denser fluid
+which constitutes the mighty ocean. But there must be a point in the
+ascent upward, where the centrifugal force of the particles of air, in
+the diurnal rotation, must over-balance the power of gravitation; and
+from that limit, the motions of the atmosphere must be subject to a law
+of a wholly different character--partaking of the nature of planetary
+revolution, rather than of axial rotation. The latest speculations as to
+the height of the atmosphere, seem to have reached only this degree of
+certainty, viz., that it does not extend so far as the orbit of the
+moon. Otherwise, it is argued, the superior attraction of that body, in
+its immediate vicinity, would aggregate a considerable quantity of the
+air about it, which would tend to retard the motions of the satellite in
+its orbit, and of the earth on its axis; whereas, the revolutions and
+rotations of both are known to have been uniform for a period as far
+back as authentic observation extends.
+
+But these speculations, however curious and interesting, are of no
+practical importance. We shall never be able to traverse the air to any
+great distance above the earth's surface. Independent of mechanical
+difficulties, two great impediments will forever prevent the realization
+of any such ambitions aspirations. These are the increase of cold and
+decrease of pressure in the upper regions of the air, and the deficiency
+of oxygen in the rarefied element for the support of animal life. It is
+well known that at the earth's surface, the pressure on all parts of the
+body, internal and external, by the weight of the superincumbent
+atmosphere, is no less than 141/2 pounds to every square inch. The
+structure of the human body is physiologically conformed by nature to
+this pressure, and it cannot survive with any very great change of this
+amount, either by increase or diminution. When one descends into the
+water, the pressure is doubled at about 32 feet of depth. In ascending
+in the atmosphere, the pressure is diminished much less rapidly, of
+course, but quite sensibly when the altitude becomes very great.
+
+Messrs. Coxwell and Glaisher are said to have ascended in 1862 to a
+height of seven and a half miles. One of these gentlemen became entirely
+insensible from cold and want of oxygen, and the other very nearly so,
+being obliged to open the valve of the balloon with his teeth for want
+of the use of his hands.
+
+Nature provides a partial remedy for the difficulty of breathing in the
+upper regions of the atmosphere. In the effort to breathe, the lungs are
+found to expand and to develop air cells not ordinarily used, so as to
+bring a larger quantity of the rarefied air into contact with the blood.
+It has been proposed to assist this effort of nature, and, in order to
+enable the aeronaut to reach a greater altitude with safety, to carry up
+in bags a supply of oxygen for breathing. As air is carried or forced
+down into the water to enable the diver to breathe, so it may be
+conveyed upward for the benefit of the aerial adventurer.
+
+But with all possible expedients, it is not probable that man will ever
+be able to get far away from the surface of the earth which is his
+natural place of abode. If he can explore the lower strata immediately
+adjoining his own theatre of action--the strata in which all the great
+and important phenomena of meteorology take place--and if he can succeed
+in traversing it at his pleasure with safety and some degree of
+celerity, as we doubt not he will eventually, this great achievement
+will subserve all the useful purposes possible to be derived from such
+skill and knowledge.
+
+The atmosphere will still be the vast reservoir of oxygen, nitrogen, and
+carbon, from winch all living things in the air, on the earth, or in the
+depths of the boundless ocean, whether animal or vegetable, draw far the
+greater part of their nutriment. We can never reach the surface of this
+atmospheric ocean, for that would be for us a region of inanity and
+death; but there is scarcely a doubt that we shall freely use it in the
+future for purposes of locomotion, at the same time that we breathe and
+assimilate it as the very pabulum and substance of our mortal bodies.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+IN MEMORIAM!
+
+  Far in the wood he lieth,
+    Sleeping alone
+  Where the wind of autumn sigheth,
+    Making its moan,
+  Where the golden beams are leaping
+    Bright overhead,
+  And the autumn leaves lie sleeping
+    Over the dead,
+  By the stream that runs forever,
+    Hurrying past,
+  'Neath the trees that bend and quiver
+    Wild in the blast;--
+  Deep in the wood he lieth,
+    Under the sod,
+  Where the wind of autumn sigheth,
+    Alone--with his God.
+
+                        E. W. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The great question of the hour is, that of rebuilding the edifice of the
+Republic, which has been rudely shaken and partly thrown down by the
+rebellion. All patriotic hearts, in anticipation of the speedy close of
+the war, are turned with intense interest to this important work.
+Opinions divide upon this as upon all other great subjects, and we have
+two antagonistic ideas, organizing their respective parties with
+reference to it. One party maintains that the rebellious States have
+forfeited all their rights, and can under no circumstances claim to be
+recognized in their former relations, except on a re-admission into the
+Union upon the terms prescribed by the Constitution for the admission of
+new States. The other party denies that any of the States, as such, have
+forfeited, or can forfeit any of their rights, and maintains the duty of
+the Federal Government to protect all the States in their constitutional
+integrity, to put down the rebellion within them, and to restore to them
+the republican forms which have been violently overthrown.
+
+In each of these positions, there seems to be a combination of truth and
+error. So long as any State is in a belligerent and treasonable
+attitude, disclaiming and repudiating her obligations under the
+Constitution, she is obviously not entitled to the benefits of the
+system which she thus assails and defies. The State being sustained in
+rebellion by its whole people, it is vain to say the Government can only
+regard the people as individuals, for these are the State, and must be
+treated accordingly. But if, laying down her arms, or even after being
+conquered, a State returns to her allegiance, to reject her demands
+would be to admit that secession had been effectual. It would be a
+recognition of the validity, if not of the rightfulness of the movement
+which assumed to carry the State out of the Union.
+
+On the other hand, to maintain that the State is still legally in the
+Union, even at the moment of violent treason, and is still entitled to
+claim her position and rights as such, would be equally, if not more
+absurd and injurious to the nation. It is argued, that if there be any
+true and loyal citizens in the State, however few, they are entitled to
+the protection of the Federal Government, and the recognition of their
+State as a member of the Union. This doctrine is unreasonable and
+impracticable. Any theory which would carry us to the absurd extreme of
+constituting a State of an inconsiderable number of men,--the paltry
+minority of a large population--would not be more objectionable to the
+good sense of the people, than irreconcilable with the fundamental
+principles of our complex government. Such a minority, however small,
+would be entitled to the protection and to the highest favor of the
+Government; and if they could be built up into a power sufficiently
+strong to maintain themselves in the State, then they would fairly be
+entitled to claim full recognition. If, by the legitimate exercise of
+its war powers, by the just restraint and punishment of treason, the
+Federal Government can establish the real political ascendency of the
+loyal part of the population, and thus actually restore the State
+Government on a fair and substantial basis, even though it be placed in
+the hands of a present minority, it would be fully justified in
+recognizing this organization as a member of the old Union. But to set
+up a mere sham, and pretend to rebuild a State on the basis of
+inconsiderable numbers, against even the disloyal sentiments of the
+great body of the people, would be unwise and unavailing. Such a
+reconstruction would be hollow and deceptive, a danger and a snare,
+forever threatening the tranquillity of the country.
+
+The question is one of practical statesmanship; and the Government must
+deal with it upon the principles of common sense, without embarrassing
+itself by any mere theories which would be troublesome and inapplicable
+in any emergency. How long after subjugation the Government will wait
+for the return of any State to its allegiance, and what indications of
+sincere loyalty will be accepted, as well as what fair and honorable
+inducements will be held out to lure the erring population back into the
+fold of the Union, are matters for the gravest consideration, and can
+only be determined when the occasion for decision shall arise. To thrust
+a State back into the Union, and clothe it with all its former
+constitutional privileges, while the masses of its people are still
+hostile to the Federal authority, would evince a degree of recklessness,
+and even insanity, which, it is to be hoped, the Government will never
+exhibit. But when a State is fit to return, and may properly and safely
+be received, let her be welcomed cordially and heartily, without the
+least reminiscence of her sad and disastrous error.
+
+The true difficulty is not in the principle which is to control our
+action in any given circumstances. That is sufficiently plain in itself;
+it is only the application which is difficult. We cannot acknowledge the
+equality and sisterhood of a State, which, though subdued, is still
+hostile and not to be trusted in the Union: but we can and will receive
+all those which truly accept the result of the war and honestly return
+to their allegiance. We cannot create a State in the midst of a hostile
+population, and maintain the sovereign right of an inconsiderable few
+against the voice of the vast majority; but we can favor, encourage, and
+build up the loyal minority when that is sufficiently important, so as
+to make it the majority, and clothe it with the power of the
+resuscitated State.
+
+So long as there is no loyal State authority fairly representing the
+people, the State must be considered as disabled, and its rights _in
+abeyance_. There is no necessity of considering the State as
+extinguished, while there is hope of a favorable change. To reduce the
+States to the condition of territories would be an act of extreme
+hostility, and could only be the ultimate result of incorrigible
+treason, holding out against subjugation and against all the reasonable
+inducements which can be offered to a rebellious people by a magnanimous
+Government. We can never receive into the bosom of the Union a hostile
+people, full of treason, and always ready for renewed mischief. Though
+they be conquered in arms, we cannot compel their thoughts and
+affections. Unless they yield these, force cannot win them; and we must
+therefore hold the rein of control for our own security. The act of
+recognition will be always determined by the will of the Federal
+authorities. This right of decision necessarily places in their hands
+the supreme control of those conditions which are necessary to our
+future security.
+
+
+END OF VOLUME IV.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The peculiar taint or infection which we call SCROFULA lurks in
+the constitutions of multitudes of men. It either produces or is
+produced by an enfeebled, vitiated state of the blood, wherein that
+fluid becomes incompetent to sustain the vital forces in their vigorous
+action, and leaves the system to fall into disorder and decay. The
+scrofulous contamination is variously caused by mercurial disease, low
+living, disordered digestion from unhealthy food, impure air, filth and
+filthy habits, the depressing vices, and, above all, by the venereal
+infection. Whatever be its origin, it is hereditary in the constitution,
+descending "from parents to children unto the third and fourth
+generation;" indeed, it seems to be the rod of Him who says, "I will
+visit the iniquities of the fathers upon their children." The diseases
+which it originates take various names, according to the organs it
+attacks. In the lungs, Scrofula produces tubercles, and finally
+Consumption; in the glands, swellings which suppurate and become
+ulcerous sores; in the stomach and bowels, derangements which produce
+indigestion, dyspepsia, and liver complaints; on the skin, eruptive and
+cutaneous affections. These all having the same origin, require the same
+remedy, viz.: purification and invigoration of the blood. Purify the
+blood, and these dangerous distempers leave you. With feeble, foul, or
+corrupted blood, you cannot have health; with that "life of the flesh"
+healthy, you cannot have scrofulous disease.
+
+
+~AYER'S SARSAPARILLA~
+
+Is compounded from the most effectual antidotes that medical science has
+discovered for this afflicting distemper, and for the cure of the
+disorders it entails. That it is far superior to any other remedy yet
+devised, is known by all who have given it a trial. That it does combine
+virtues truly extraordinary in their effect upon this class of
+complaints, is indisputably proven by the great multitude of publicly
+known and remarkable cures it has made of the following diseases:
+~King's Evil or Glandular Swellings, Tumors, Eruptions, Pimples,
+Blotches and Sores, Erysipelas, Rose or St. Anthony's Fire, Salt Rheum,
+Scald Head, Coughs from tuberculous deposits on the lungs, White
+Swellings, Debility, Dropsy, Neuralgia, Dyspepsia or Indigestion,
+Syphilis and Syphilitic Infections, Mercurial Diseases, Female
+Weaknesses~, and, indeed, the whole series of complaints that arise from
+impurities of the blood. Minute reports of individual cases may be found
+in AYER'S AMERICAN ALMANAC, which is furnished to the druggists
+for gratuitous distribution, wherein may be learned the directions for
+its use, and some of the remarkable cures which it has made when all
+other remedies had failed to afford relief. Those cases are purposely
+taken from all sections of the country, in order that every reader may
+have access to some one who can speak to him of its benefits from
+personal experience. Scrofula depresses the vital energies, and thus
+leaves its victims far more subject to disease and its fatal results
+than are healthy constitutions. Hence, it tends to shorten, and does
+greatly shorten the average duration of human life. The vast importance
+of these considerations has led us to spend years in perfecting a remedy
+which is adequate to its cure. This we now offer to the public under the
+name of AYER'S SARSAPARILLA, although it is composed of
+ingredients, some of which exceed the best of _Sarsaparilla_ in
+alterative power. By its aid you may protect yourself from the suffering
+and danger of these disorders. Purge out the foul corruptions that rot
+and fester in the blood; purge out the causes of disease, and vigorous
+health will follow. By its peculiar virtues this remedy stimulates the
+vital functions, and thus expels the distempers which lurk within the
+system or burst out on any part of it.
+
+We know the public have been deceived by many compounds of
+_Sarsaparilla_ that promised much and did nothing; but they will neither
+be deceived nor disappointed in this. Its virtues have been proven by
+abundant trial, and there remains no question of its surpassing
+excellence for the cure of the afflicting diseases it is intended to
+reach. Although under the same name, it is a very different medicine
+from any other which has been before the people, and is far more
+effectual than any other which has ever been available to them.
+
+
+~AYER'S CHERRY PECTORAL~
+
+The World's Great Remedy for Coughs, Colds, Incipient Consumption, and
+for the relief of Consumptive patients in advanced stages of the
+disease.
+
+This has been so long used and so universally known, that we need do no
+more than assure the public that its quality is kept up to the best it
+ever has been, and that it may be relied on to do all it has ever done.
+
+Prepared by Dr. J. C. AYER & CO., PRACTICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS
+LOWELL, MASS.
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger] Sold by all Druggists, everywhere.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOW COMPLETE.
+
+THE NEW AMERICAN CYCLOPAEDIA,
+
+A POPULAR DICTIONARY OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE.
+
+EDITED BY
+
+GEORGE RIPLEY AND C. A. DANA,
+
+ASSISTED BY A NUMEROUS BUT SELECT CORPS OF WRITERS.
+
+
+The design of THE NEW AMERICAN CYCLOPAEDIA is to furnish the
+great body of intelligent readers in this country with a popular
+Dictionary of General Knowledge.
+
+THE NEW AMERICAN CYCLOPAEDIA is not founded on any European
+model; in its plan and elaboration it is strictly original, and strictly
+American. Many of the writers employed on the work have enriched it with
+their personal researches, observations, and discoveries; and every
+article has been written, or re-written, expressly for its pages.
+
+It is intended that the work shall bear such a character of practical
+utility as to make it indispensable to every American library.
+
+Throughout its successive volumes, THE NEW AMERICAN CYCLOPAEDIA
+will present a fund of accurate and copious information on SCIENCE,
+ART, AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES, LAW, MEDICINE, LITERATURE,
+PHILOSOPHY, MATHEMATICS, ASTRONOMY, HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY,
+RELIGION, POLITICS, TRAVELS, CHEMISTRY, MECHANICS, INVENTIONS, and
+TRADES.
+
+Abstaining from all doctrinal discussions, from all sectional and
+sectarian arguments, it will maintain the position of absolute
+impartiality on the great controverted questions which have divided
+opinions in every age.
+
+
+PRICE.
+
+This work is published exclusively by subscription, in sixteen large
+octavo volumes, each containing 750 two-column pages.
+
+Price per volume, cloth, $3.50; library style, leather, $4; half
+morocco, 4.50; half russia, extra, $5.
+
+
+_From the London Daily News._
+
+It is beyond all comparison the best,--indeed, we should feel quite
+justified in saying it is the only book of reference upon the Western
+Continent that has ever appeared. No statesman or politician can afford
+to do without it, and it will be a treasure to every student of the
+moral and physical condition of America. Its information is minute,
+full, and accurate upon every subject connected with the country. Beside
+the constant attention of the Editors, it employs the pens of a a host
+of most distinguished transatlantic writers--statesmen, lawyers,
+divines, soldiers, a vast array of scholarship from the professional
+chairs of the Universities, with numbers of private literati, and men
+devoted to special pursuits.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  HOME
+  INSURANCE COMPANY
+  OF NEW YORK,
+  OFFICE, 112 & 114 BROADWAY.
+
+
+  CASH CAPITAL,                 $1,000,000.
+  Assets, 1st Jan., 1860,       $1,458,396 28.
+  Liabilities, 1st Jan., 1860,      42,580 43.
+
+
+THIS COMPANY INSURES AGAINST LOSS & DAMAGE BY FIRE, ON FAVORABLE TERMS.
+
+LOSSES EQUITABLY ADJUSTED & PROMPTLY PAID.
+
+DIRECTORS:
+
+  Charles J. Martin,
+  A. F. Willmarth,
+  William G. Lambert,
+  George C. Collins,
+  Danford N. Barney,
+  Lucius Hopkins,
+  Thomas Messenger,
+  William H. Mellen
+  Charles B. Hatch,
+  B. Watson Bull,
+  Homer Morgan,
+  L. Roberts,
+  Levi P. Stone,
+  James Humphrey,
+  George Pearce,
+  Ward A. Work,
+  James Lowe,
+  I. H. Frothingham,
+  Charles A. Bulkley,
+  Albert Jewitt,
+  George D. Morgan,
+  Theodore McNamee,
+  Richard Bigelow,
+  Oliver E. Wood,
+  Alfred S. Barnes,
+  George Bliss,
+  Roe Lockwood,
+  Levi P. Morton,
+  Curtis Noble,
+  John B. Hutchinson,
+  Charles P. Baldwin,
+  Amos T. Dwight,
+  Henry A. Hurlbut,
+  Jesse Hoyt,
+  William Sturgis, Jr.,
+  John R. Ford,
+  Sidney Mason,
+  G. T. Stedman, Cinn.
+  Cyrus Yale, Jr.,
+  William R. Fosdick,
+  F. H. Cossitt,
+  David J. Boyd, Albany,
+  S. B. Caldwell,
+  A. J. Wills,
+  W. H. Townsend.
+
+CHARLES J. MARTIN, President. JOHN McGEE, Secretary. A. F. WILLMARTH,
+Vice-President.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+~HUMPHREYS' SPECIFIC HOMOEOPATHIC REMEDIES~
+
+Have proved, from the most ample experience, an entire success. ~Simple~,
+Prompt, Efficient~, and ~Reliable~, they are the only medicines
+perfectly adapted to ~FAMILY USE~, and the satisfaction they have
+afforded in all cases has elicited the highest commendations from the
+~Profession~, the ~People~, and the ~Press~.
+
+                                                                    cts.
+  No. 1. Cures Fever, Congestion & Inflammation                       25
+   "    2.   "   Worms and Worm Diseases                              25
+   "    3.   "   Colic, Teething, etc., of Infants                    25
+   "    4.   "   Diarrhoea of Children & Adults                       25
+   "    5.   "   Dysentery and Colic                                  25
+   "    6.   "   Cholera and Cholera Morbus                           25
+   "    7.   "   Coughs, Colds, Hoarseness and Sore Throat            25
+   "    8.   "   Neuralgia, Toothache & Faceache                      25
+   "    9.   "   Headache, Sick Headache & Vertigo                    25
+   "   10.   "   Dyspepsia & Bilious Condition                        25
+   "   11.   "   Wanting Scanty or Painful Periods                    25
+   "   12.   "   Whites, Bearing Down or Profuse Periods              25
+   "   13.   "   Croup and Hoarse Cough                               25
+   "   14.   "   Salt Rheum and Eruptions                             25
+   "   15.   "   Rheumatism, Acute or Chronic                         25
+   "   16.   "   Fever & Ague and Old Agues                           50
+   "   17.   "   Piles or Hemorrhoids of all kinds                    50
+   "   18.   "   Ophthalmy and Weak Eyes                              50
+   "   19.   "   Catarrh and Influenza                                50
+   "   20.   "   Whooping Cough                                       50
+   "   21.   "   Asthma & Oppressed Respiration                       50
+   "   22.   "   Ear Discharges & Difficult Hearing                   50
+   "   23.   "   Scrofula, Enlarged Glands & Tonsils                  50
+   "   24.   "   General Debility & Weakness
+   "   25.   "   Dropsy                                               50
+   "   26.   "   Sea-Sickness & Nausea                                50
+   "   27.   "   Urinary & Kidney Complaints                          50
+   "   28.   "   Seminal Weakness, Involuntary
+                 Dishcarges and consequent prostration             $1.00
+   "   29.   "   Sore Mouth and Canker                                50
+   "   30.   "   Urinary Incontinence & Enurisis                      50
+   "   31.   "   Painful Menstruation                                 50
+   "   32.   "   Diseases at Change of Life                        $1.00
+   "   33.   "   Epilepsy & Spars & Chorea St. Viti                 1.00
+
+  PRICE.
+
+  Case of Thirty-five Vials, in morocco case, and Book, complete    $8.00
+  Case of Twenty-eight large Vials, in morocco, and Book             7.00
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+  Case of Twenty large Vials, plain case, and Book                   4.00
+  Case of fifteen Boxes (Nos. 1 to 15), and Book                     2.00
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+
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+
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+
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+  562 BROADWAY, NEW YORK~
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+Every well-managed Banking Institution has a Library, small or large, of
+standard works on Banking, Bills, Notes, and upon collateral topics, for
+the use of the president, cashier, officers, and directors. Such works
+should be accessible to every Bank officer, and are especially useful to
+the Bank Clerk who aims at advancement in his profession, and whose
+services thereby are more valuable to the institution in which he is
+employed.
+
+For the convenience of subscribers to the Bankers' Magazine, the
+following works are kept on hand at No. 63 WILLIAM STREET, and copies
+will be furnished, either by mail or express, to order:
+
+I. Historical and Statistical Account of the Foreign Commerce of the
+United States, and of each State, for each year, 1820-1856; the Exports
+to and Imports from every Foreign Country, each year, 1820-1856;
+Commerce of the Early Colonies; Origin and Early History of each State
+8vo., pp. 200. $1.50.
+
+II. The Banking System of the State of New York, with notes and
+references to adjudged cases; including an account of the New York
+Clearing House. 2. A Historical Sketch of the former and present Banking
+Systems of the State. 3. All the existing Statutes relating to Banking.
+4. A List of all Banks chartered or established between the years 1791
+and 1856. One vol. 8vo., pp. 440. $4.00.
+
+III. A Cyclopaedia of Commerce and Commercial Navigation. Edited by J.
+Smith Homans, and by J. Smith Homans, Jr., B. S., Author of "An
+Historical and Statistical Account of the Foreign Commerce of the U. S."
+_Terms_--Muslin, $6; Sheep extra, $6.75; Half Calf extra, $8; Sheep
+extra, 2 vols., $8; Law Sheep, 2 vols, $8; Half Calf extra, 2 vols,
+$8.75. In one volume octavo, 2000 pages, double columns, containing more
+than three volumes of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
+
+IV. A Manual for Notaries Public and Bankers--Containing a History of
+Bills of Exchange; Forms of Protest and Notices of Protest; the Laws of
+each State in reference to Interest, Damages on Bills, &c.; the latest
+decisions upon Bills, Notes, Protests, &c. 1 vol., octavo, pp. 220. $2
+(or by mail, postage prepaid, $2.25).
+
+V. The Loan, Revenue, and Currency Acts of 1863. I. An Act to Provide
+Ways and Means for the Support of the Government, to June,
+1864.--Approved March 3, 1863. II. An Act Amendatory of the Internal
+Revenue Laws, and for other purposes.--Approved March 3, 1863. III. An
+Act to Provide a National Currency, secured by a Pledge of United States
+Stocks, and to provide for the Circulation and Redemption
+thereof.--Approved February 25, 1863. With Marginal Notes and an Index.
+
+VI. Fourteen Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, in
+reference to Taxation of Government Securities by States and
+Cities--including the celebrated cases of--1. "MCCULLOH _vs_. STATE OF
+MARYLAND." 2. "WESTON _vs_. CITY OF CHARLESTON," 3. "BANK OF COMMERCE,
+N. Y. _vs_. COMMISSIONERS OF TAXES." 4. "BANK OF COMMONWEALTH _vs._
+COMMISSIONERS OF TAXES." 5. "HAGUE _vs._ POWERS" (_Constitutionality of
+Legal Tenders, Supreme Court of New York_), &c. Octavo. Price, 50 cents.
+
+(_In preparation for Publication shortly_.)
+
+VII. The Merchants and Bankers' Almanac, for 1864, containing--I. A List
+of the Banks, arranged alphabetically, in every State and City of the
+Union,--Names of President and Cashier, and Capital of each, including
+the National Banks formed under the Act of 1863. II. A List of Private
+Bankers in the United States. III. A List of the Banks in Canada, New
+Brunswick and Nova Scotia--their Cashiers, Managers and Foreign Agents.
+IV. Governor, Directors and Officers of the Bank of England, 1862. V.
+List of Banks and Bankers in London, December, 1862. VI. List of Bankers
+in Europe, Asia, South America, Australia, West Indies, &c. VII.
+Alphabetical List of Sixteen Hundred Cashiers in the United States.
+VIII. Bank Capital of Towns and Cities. IX. Bank Statistics--New York
+City Banks, Boston Banks, Philadelphia Banks, New England Banks. X.
+Statement of the Banks in the United States. XI. Lowest and Highest
+Quotations of Stocks at New York, each month, 1862. XII. European
+Finances and Commerce. XIII. Currency Laws of the United States. XIV.
+Revenue Stamps, Taxes, etc.--Revenue Decisions, etc. XV. The Mint of the
+United States.--Foreign Coins.
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger] _Bankers' Cards will be inserted in this
+volume at Fifteen Dollars each_. All orders must be addressed to ~J. SMITH
+HOMANS, Jr.~, NEW YORK
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+~NINE ARTICLES~
+
+THAT EVERY FAMILY SHOULD HAVE!!
+
+
+The Agricultural Societies of the State of New York, New Jersey, and
+Queens County, L. I., at their latest Exhibitions awarded the highest
+premiums (gold medal, silver medal, and diplomas), for these articles,
+and the public generally approve them.
+
+~1st.--PYLE'S O. K. SOAP,~
+
+The most complete labor-saving and economical soap that has been brought
+before the public. Good for washing all kinds of clothing, fine
+flannels, silks, laces, and for toilet and bathing purposes. The best
+class of families adopt it in preference to all others--Editors of the
+TRIBUNE, EVENING POST, INDEPENDENT, EVANGELIST, EXAMINER, CHRONICLE,
+METHODIST, ADVOCATE AND JOURNAL, CHURCH JOURNAL, AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST,
+and of many other weekly journals, are using it in their offices and
+families. We want those who are disposed to encourage progress and good
+articles to give this and the following articles a trial.
+
+~2d.--PYLE'S DIETETIC SALERATUS,~
+
+a strictly pure and wholesome article; in the market for several years,
+and has gained a wide reputation among families and bakers throughout
+the New England and Middle States; is always of a uniform quality, and
+free from all the objections of impure saleratus.
+
+~3d.--PYLE'S GENUINE CREAM TARTAR,~
+
+always the same, and never fails to make light biscuit. Those who want
+the best will ask their grocer for this.
+
+~4th.--PYLE'S PURIFIED BAKING SODA,~
+
+suitable for medicinal and culinary use.
+
+~5th.--PYLE'S BLUEING POWDERS,~
+
+a splendid article for the laundress, to produce that alabaster
+whiteness so desirable in fine linens.
+
+~6th.--PYLE'S ENAMEL BLACKING,~
+
+the best boot polish and leather preservative in the world (Day and
+Martin's not excepted).
+
+~7th.--PYLE'S BRILLIANT BLACK INK,~
+
+a beautiful softly flowing ink, shows black at once, and is
+anti-corrosive to steel pens.
+
+~8th.--PYLE'S STAR STOVE POLISH,~
+
+warranted to produce a steel shine on iron ware. Prevents rust
+effectually, without causing any disagreeable smell, even on a hot
+stove.
+
+~9th.--PYLE'S CREAM LATHER SHAVING SOAP,~
+
+a "luxurious" article for gentlemen who shave themselves. It makes a
+rich lather that will keep thick and moist upon the face.
+
+THESE ARTICLES are all put up full weight, and expressly for
+the best class trade, and first-class grocers generally have them for
+sale. Every article is labelled with the name of
+
+  ~JAMES PYLE,~
+  350 Washington St., cor. Franklin, N. Y.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Over all Competitors, at the following State and County Fairs of 1863,
+for the BEST FAMILY SEWING MACHINES, the BEST MANUFACTURING MACHINE, and
+the BEST MACHINE WORK:
+
+  ~New York State Fair~, for the best Family and Manufacturing
+  Machine, and best work.
+
+  ~Indiana State Fair~, for the best Machine for all purposes, and the
+  best work.
+
+  ~Vermont State Fair~, for the best Family and Manufacturing Machine,
+  and best work.
+
+  ~Illinois State Fair~, For the best Machine for all purposes, and the
+  best work.
+
+  ~Iowa State Fair~, for the best Family and Manufacturing Machine,
+  and best work.
+
+  ~Kentucky State Fair~, for the best Machine for all purposes, and
+  the best work.
+
+  ~Michigan State Fair~, for the best Family and Manufacturing
+  Machine, and best work.
+
+  ~Pennsylvania State Fair~, for the best Manufacturing Machine,
+  and beautiful work.
+
+  ~Ohio State Fair~, for the best Sewing Machine work.
+
+  ~Oregon State Fair~, for the best Family Sewing Machine.
+
+  ~Chittenden Co. (Vt.) Agricultural Society~, for the best
+  Family and Manufacturing Machine, and best work.
+
+  ~Franklin Co. (N. Y.) Fair~, for the best Machine for all purposes,
+  and work.
+
+  ~Champlain Valley (Vt.) Agricultural Society~, for the
+  best Family and Manufacturing Machine, and work.
+
+  ~Hampden Co. (Mass.) Agricultural Society~, for the best
+  Family Machine, and work.
+
+  ~Queens Co. (N. Y.) Agricultural Society~, for the best
+  Family Machine.
+
+  ~Washington Co. (N. Y.) Fair~, for the best Family Machine.
+
+  ~Saratoga Co. (N. Y.) Fair~, for the best Family Machine.
+
+  ~Mechanics' Institute (Pa.) Fair~, for the best Machine for all
+  purposes, and work.
+
+  ~Greenfield (Ohio) Fair~, for the best Family Machine.
+
+  ~Stevenson Co. (Ill.) Fair~, for the best Family Machine.
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger]--The above comprise all the Fairs at
+which the ~GROVER & BAKER MACHINES~ were exhibited this year.
+
+~SALESROOMS: 495 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.~
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+~JOHN F. TROW,~
+
+BOOK AND
+
+~JOB PRINTER,~
+
+Nos. 46, 48, & 50 GREENE ST.,
+
+BETWEEN GRAND AND BROOME, NEW YORK.
+
+~STEREOTYPING, ELECTROTYPING~
+
+AND BOOK-BINDING, DONE PROMPTLY, & IN THE
+BEST MANNER.
+
+
+
+  BEYOND THE LINES;
+  OR,
+  A YANKEE PRISONER LOOSE IN DIXIE.
+
+~A New Book of thrilling interest. By REV. CAPTAIN J. J. GEER,~
+
+Formerly Pastor of George Street M. P. Church, Cincinnati, and late
+Assistant Adjutant-General on the Staff of Gen. Buckland. With an
+INTRODUCTION by Rev. ALEXANDER CLARK, Editor of the School Visitor.
+
+This is one of the most thrilling accounts of adventure and suffering
+that the war has produced. Capt. Geer was wounded and captured at
+the great battle of Shiloh, tried before several prominent Rebel
+Generals for his life, among whom were Hardee, Bragg, and
+Beauregard,--incarcerated in four jails, four penitentiaries, and twelve
+military prisons; escaped from Macon, Georgia, and travelled barefoot
+through swamps and woods by night, for 250 miles, was fed by negroes in
+part, and subsisted for days at a time on frogs, roots, and berries, and
+was at last recaptured when within thirty-five miles of our gunboats on
+the Southern coast.
+
+The particulars of his subsequent sufferings as a chained culprit are
+told with a graphic truthfulness that surpasses any fiction.
+
+The work contains a fine steel portrait of the author, besides numerous
+wood engravings illustrative of striking incidents of his experience
+among the rebels. Every Unionist--every lover of his country--every man,
+woman, and child should read this BOOK OF FACTS AS THEY ACTUALLY
+OCCURRED.
+
+The author has not only succeeded in making a narrative of exciting
+interest, but has ingeniously interwoven in the book many original and
+eloquent arguments in favor of a vigorous prosecution of the war against
+Rebellion and Oppression.
+
+Just published on fine white paper, and handsomely bound in cloth. 285
+pages.
+
+Agents wanted in every county and township in the Union, to whom
+extraordinary inducements will be offered.
+
+Specimen copies will be sent to any person for $1, postpaid, with
+particulars to Agents.
+
+~NOTICES OF THE PRESS.~
+
+"No narrative of personal adventure that has been published since the
+war began, equals this in interest. It presents in a still more vivid
+light the barbarism and cruelty of Southern rebels; for the account he
+gives of the treatment of himself and his fellow prisoners exceeds
+anything we have heretofore read."--_Philadelphia Evening Bulletin._
+
+"The Captain's graphic account of affairs in the South during his long
+captivity there will be read with great interest. The Introduction is by
+Rev. Alexander Clark, which is sufficient in itself to warrant a large
+sale."--_Philadelphia Daily Inquirer._ Address all orders to
+
+  ~J. W. DAUGHADAY, Publisher,~
+  1308 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia.
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger] Exchanges copying the above or the
+substance of it, and sending us a marked copy, will receive a copy of
+the work.
+                                                         J. W. D.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LAW NOTICE.
+
+ROBERT J. WALKER, LATE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, AND
+
+FREDERIC P. STANTON, LATE CHAIRMAN OF THE NAVAL AND JUDICIARY COMMITTEES
+OF CONGRESS,
+
+~PRACTISE LAW~ in the SUPREME and CIRCUIT Courts at Washington, COURTS
+MARTIAL, the COURT OF CLAIMS, before the DEPARTMENTS and BUREAUS,
+especially in
+
+~LAND, PATENT, CUSTOM HOUSE, AND WAR CLAIMS.~
+
+Aided by two other associates, no part of an extensive business will be
+neglected. Address,
+
+  ~WALKER & STANTON,~
+  Office, 218 F STREET, WASHINGTON CITY, D. C.
+
+DUNCAN S. WALKER & ADRIEN DESLONDE will attend to Pensions, Bounties,
+Prize, Pay, and Similar Claims. WALKER & STANTON will aid them, when
+needful, as consulting counsel. Address WALKER & DESLONDE, same office,
+care of Walker & Stanton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WARD'S TOOL STORE, (LATE WOOD'S,) Established 1831, 47 CHATHAM,
+cor. North William St., & 513 EIGHTH AV.
+
+A GENERAL ASSORTMENT OF TOOLS, CUTLERY, AND HARDWARE, ALWAYS ON HAND.
+
+_Maker of Planes, Braces & Bits, and Carpenters' & Mechanics' Tools,_ IN
+GREAT VARIETY AND OF THE BEST QUALITY.
+
+N. B.--PLANES AND TOOLS MADE TO ORDER AND REPAIRED.
+
+This widely-known Establishment still maintains its reputation for the
+unrivalled excellence of its OWN MANUFACTURED, as well as its FOREIGN
+ARTICLES, which comprise Tools for Every Branch of Mechanics and
+Artizans.
+
+MECHANICS' AND ARTIZANS', AMATEURES' AND BOYS' TOOL CHESTS IN GREAT
+VARIETY, ON HAND, AND FITTED TO ORDER WITH TOOLS READY FOR USE.
+
+The undersigned, himself a practical mechanic, having wrought at the
+business for upwards of thirty years, feels confident that he can meet
+the wants of those who may favor him with their patronage.
+
+~SKATES.~
+
+I have some of the finest Skates in the city, of my own as well as other
+manufactures. Every style and price.
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger] Skates made to Fit the Foot without Straps.
+
+WILLIAM WARD, Proprietor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: artificial leg]
+
+~ARTIFICIAL LEGS~
+
+[Illustration: artificial arm]
+
+(BY RIGHT, PALMER'S PATENT IMPROVED)
+
+Adapted to every species of mutilated limb, unequaled in mechanism and
+utility. Hands and Arms of superior excellence for mutilations and
+congenital defects. Feet and appurtenances, for limbs shortened by hip
+disease. Dr. HUDSON, by appointment of the Surgeon General of the U. S.
+Army, furnishes limbs to mutilated Soldiers and Marines.
+References.--Valentine Mett, M. D., Willard Parker, M. D., J. M.
+Carnochan, M. D. Gurden Buck, M. D., Wm. H. Van Buren, M. D.
+
+Descriptive pamphlets sent gratis. E. D. HUDSON, M. D., ASTOR PLACE (8th
+St.), CLINTON HALL, Up Stairs.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  The
+  Continental Monthly.
+
+The readers of the CONTINENTAL are aware of the important
+position it has assumed, of the influence which it exerts, and of the
+brilliant array of political and literary talent of the highest order
+which supports it. No publication of the kind has, in this country, so
+successfully combined the energy and freedom of the daily newspaper with
+the higher literary tone of the first-class monthly; and it is very
+certain that no magazine has given wider range to its contributors, or
+preserved itself so completely from the narrow influences of party or of
+faction. In times like the present, such a journal is either a power in
+the land or it is nothing. That the CONTINENTAL is not the
+latter is abundantly evidenced _by what it has done_--by the reflection
+of its counsels in many important public events, and in the character
+and power of those who are its staunchest supporters.
+
+Though but little more than a year has elapsed since the
+CONTINENTAL was first established, it has during that time
+acquired a strength and a political significance elevating it to a
+position far above that previously occupied by any publication of the
+kind in America. In proof of which assertion we call attention to the
+following facts:
+
+1. Of its POLITICAL articles republished in pamphlet form, a
+single one has had, thus far, a circulation of _one hundred and six
+thousand_ copies.
+
+2. From its LITERARY department, a single serial novel, "Among
+the Pines," has, within a very few months, sold nearly _thirty-five
+thousand_ copies. Two other series of its literary articles have also
+been republished in book form, while the first portion of a third is
+already in press.
+
+No more conclusive facts need be alleged to prove the excellence of the
+contributions to the CONTINENTAL, or their _extraordinary
+popularity;_ and its conductors are determined that it shall not fall
+behind. Preserving all "the boldness, vigor, and ability" which a
+thousand journals have attributed to it, it will greatly enlarge its
+circle of action, and discuss, fearlessly and frankly, every principle
+involved in the great questions of the day. The first minds of the
+country, embracing the men most familiar with its diplomacy and most
+distinguished for ability, are among its contributors; and it is no mere
+"flattering promise of a prospectus" to say that this "magazine for the
+times" will employ the first intellect in America, under auspices which
+no publication ever enjoyed before in this country.
+
+While the CONTINENTAL will express decided opinions on the
+great questions of the day, it will not be a mere political journal:
+much the larger portion of its columns will be enlivened, as heretofore,
+by tales, poetry, and humor. In a word, the CONTINENTAL will be
+found, under its new staff of Editors, occupying a position and
+presenting attractions never before found in a magazine.
+
+
+TERMS TO CLUBS.
+
+  Two copies for one year,                    Five dollars.
+  Three copies for one year,                   Six dollars.
+  Six copies for one year,                  Eleven dollars.
+  Eleven copies for one year,                Twenty dollars.
+  Twenty copies for one year,            Thirty-six dollars.
+                           PAID IN ADVANCE
+
+_Postage, Thirty-six cents a year_, to be paid BY THE
+SUBSCRIBER.
+
+SINGLE COPIES.
+
+Three dollars a year, IN ADVANCE. _Postage paid by the
+Publisher_.
+
+  JOHN F. TROW, 50 Greene St., N. Y.,
+  PUBLISHER FOR THE PROPRIETORS.
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger] As an Inducement to new subscribers, the
+Publisher offers the following liberal premiums:
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger] Any person remitting $3, in advance,
+will receive the magazine from July, 1862, to January, 1864, thus
+securing the whole of Mr. KIMBALL'S and Mr. KIRKE'S new serials, which
+are alone worth the price of subscription. Or, if preferred, a
+subscriber can take the magazine for 1863 and a copy of "Among the
+Pines," or of "Undercurrents of Wall Street," by R. B. KIMBALL, bound in
+cloth, or of "Sunshine in Thought," by CHARLES GODFREY LELAND (retail
+price, $1. 25.) The book to be sent postage paid.
+
+[Illustration: pointing finger] Any person remitting $4.50, will receive
+the magazine from its commencement, January, 1862, to January, 1864,
+thus securing Mr. KIMBALL'S "Was He Successful? "and Mr. KIRKE'S "Among
+the Pines," and "Merchant's Story," and nearly 3,000 octavo pages of the
+best literature in the world. Premium subscribers to pay their own
+postage.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: THE FINEST FARMING LANDS WHEAT CORN COTTON FRUITS &
+VEGETABLES]
+
+~EQUAL TO ANY IN THE WORLD!!!~
+
+MAY BE PROCURED
+
+~At FROM $8 to $12 PER ACRE,~
+
+Near Markets, Schools, Railroads, Churches, and all the blessings of
+Civilization.
+
+1,200,000 Acres, in Farms of 40, 80, 120, 160 Acres and upwards, in
+ILLINOIS, the Garden State of America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Illinois Central Railroad Company offer, ON LONG CREDIT, the
+beautiful and fertile PRAIRIE LANDS lying along the whole line of their
+Railroad. 700 MILES IN LENGTH, upon the most Favorable Terms for
+enabling Farmers, Manufacturers, Mechanics and Workingmen to make for
+themselves and their families a competency, and a HOME they can call
+THEIR OWN, as will appear from the following statements:
+
+ILLINOIS.
+
+Is about equal in extent to England, with a population of 1,722,666, and
+a soil capable of supporting 20,000,000. No State in the Valley of the
+Mississippi offers so great an inducement to the settler as the State of
+Illinois. There is no part of the world where all the conditions of
+climate and soil so admirably combine to produce those two great
+staples, CORN and WHEAT.
+
+CLIMATE.
+
+Nowhere can the Industrious farmer secure such immediate results from
+his labor as on these deep, rich, loamy soils, cultivated with so much
+ease. The climate from the extreme southern part of the State to the
+Terre Haute, Alton and St. Louis Railroad, a distance of nearly 200
+miles, is well adapted to Winter.
+
+WHEAT, CORN, COTTON, TOBACCO.
+
+Peaches, Pears, Tomatoes, and every variety of fruit and vegetables is
+grown in great abundance, from which Chicago and other Northern markets
+are furnished from four to six weeks earlier than their immediate
+vicinity. Between the Terre Haute, Alton & St. Louis Railway and the
+Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, (a distance of 115 miles on the Branch,
+and 136 miles on the Main Trunk,) lies the great Corn and Stock raising
+portion of the State.
+
+THE ORDINARY YIELD
+
+of Corn is from 60 to 80 bushels per acre. Cattle, Horses, Mules, Sheep
+and Hogs are raised here at a small cost, and yield large profits. It is
+believed that no section of country presents greater inducements for
+Dairy Farming than the Prairies of Illinois, a branch of farming to
+which but little attention has been paid, and which must yield sure
+profitable results. Between the Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, and
+Chicago and Dunleith, (a distance of 56 miles on the Branch and 147
+miles by the Main Trunk,) Timothy Hay, Spring Wheat, Corn, &c., are
+produced in great abundance.
+
+AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
+
+The Agricultural products of Illinois are greater than those of any
+other State. The Wheat crop of 1861 was estimated at 35,000,000 bushels,
+while the Corn crop yields not less than 140,000,000 bushels besides the
+crop of Oats, Barley, Rye, Buckwheat, Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes,
+Pumpkins, Squashes, Flax, Hemp, Peas, Clover, Cabbage, Beets, Tobacco,
+Sorgheim, Grapes, Peaches, Apples, &c., which go to swell the vast
+aggregate of production in this fertile region. Over Four Million tons
+of produce were sent out the State of Illinois during the past year.
+
+STOCK RAISING.
+
+In Central and Southern Illinois uncommon advantages are presented for
+the extension of Stock raising. All kinds of Cattle, Horses, Mules,
+Sheep, Hogs, &c., of the best breeds, yield handsome profits; large
+fortunes have already been made, and the field is open for others to
+enter with the fairest prospects of like results. Dairy Farming also
+presents its inducements to many.
+
+CULTIVATION OF COTTON.
+
+The experiments in Cotton culture are of very great promise. Commencing
+in latitude 39 deg. 30 min. (see Mattoon on the Branch, and Assumption
+on the Main Line), the Company owns thousands of acres well adapted to
+the perfection of this fibre. A settler having a family of young
+children, can turn their youthful labor to a most profitable account in
+the growth and perfection of this plant.
+
+THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD
+
+Traverses the whole length of the State, from the banks of the
+Mississippi and Lake Michigan to the Ohio. As its name imports, the
+Railroad runs through the centre of the State, and on either side of the
+road along its whole length lie the lands offered for sale.
+
+CITIES, TOWNS, MARKETS, DEPOTS.
+
+There are Ninety-eight Depots on the Company's Railway, giving about one
+every seven miles. Cities, Towns and Villages are situated at convenient
+distances throughout the whole route, where every desirable commodity
+may be found as readily as in the oldest cities of the Union, and where
+buyers are to be met for all kinds of farm produce.
+
+EDUCATION.
+
+Mechanics and working-men will find the free school system encouraged by
+the State, and endowed with a large revenue for the support of the
+schools. Children can live in sight of the school, the college, the
+church, and grow up with the prosperity of the leading State in the
+Great Western Empire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PRICES AND TERMS OF PAYMENT--ON LONG CREDIT.
+
+  80 acres at $10 per acre, with interest at 6 per ct. annually
+  on the following terms:
+
+  Cash payment                 $48 00
+
+  Payment in one year           48 00
+     "    in two years          48 00
+     "    in three years        48 00
+     "    in four years        236 00
+     "    in five years        224 00
+     "    in six years         212 00
+
+
+  40 acres, at $10 00 per acre:
+
+  Cash payment                 $24 00
+
+  Payment in one year           24 00
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