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+Project Gutenberg's Hardy Perennials and Old Fashioned Flowers, by John Wood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Hardy Perennials and Old Fashioned Flowers
+       Describing the Most Desirable Plants, for Borders,
+       Rockeries, and Shrubberies.
+
+Author: John Wood
+
+Release Date: July 26, 2006 [EBook #18913]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARDY PERENNIALS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Paul Murray, Janet Blenkinship and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: A CORNER OF THE AUTHOR'S GARDEN AT KIRKSTALL.]
+
+
+
+
+HARDY PERENNIALS
+
+AND
+
+Old-Fashioned Garden Flowers:
+
+
+DESCRIBING
+
+THE MOST DESIRABLE PLANTS FOR BORDERS, ROCKERIES, AND SHRUBBERIES,
+
+INCLUDING
+
+FOLIAGE AS WELL AS FLOWERING PLANTS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BY JOHN WOOD.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ILLUSTRATED.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LONDON: L. UPCOTT GILL, 170, STRAND, W. C.
+
+1884.
+
+LONDON: PRINTED BY A. BRADLEY, 170, STRAND, W. C.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+At the present time there is a growing desire to patronise perennial
+plants, more especially the many and beautiful varieties known as
+"old-fashioned flowers." Not only do they deserve to be cultivated on
+their individual merits, but for other very important reasons; they
+afford great variety of form, foliage, and flower, and compared with
+annual and tender plants, they are found to give much less trouble. If a
+right selection is made and properly planted, the plants may be relied
+upon to appear with perennial vigour and produce flowers more or less
+throughout the year. I would not say bouquets may be gathered in the
+depth of winter, but what will be equally cheering may be had in blow,
+such as the Bluet, Violet, Primrose, Christmas Rose, Crocus, Hepatica,
+Squills, Snowdrops, and other less known winter bloomers. It does not
+seem to be generally understood that warm nooks and corners, under trees
+or walls, serve to produce in winter flowers which usually appear in
+spring when otherwise placed.
+
+There are many subjects which, from fine habit and foliage, even when
+flowerless, claim notice, and they, too, are described.
+
+Many gardens are very small, but these, if properly managed, have their
+advantages. The smaller the garden the more choice should be the
+collection, and the more highly should it be cultivated. I shall be glad
+if anything I say tends in this direction. From my notes of plants
+useful memoranda may be made, with the object of adding a few of the
+freest bloomers in each month, thus avoiding the error often committed
+of growing such subjects as mostly flower at one time, after which the
+garden has a forlorn appearance. The plants should not be blamed for
+this; the selection is at fault. No amount of time and care can make a
+garden what it should be if untidy and weedy plants prevail. On the
+other hand, the most beautiful species, both as regards foliage and
+flowers, can be just as easily cultivated.
+
+The object of this small work is to furnish the names and descriptions
+of really useful and reliable Hardy and Perennial Plants, suitable for
+all kinds of flower gardens, together with definite cultural hints on
+each plant.
+
+Perhaps flowers were never cultivated of more diversified kinds than at
+the present time; and it is a legitimate and not uncommon question to
+ask, "What do you grow?" Not only have we now the lovers of the distinct
+and showy, but numerous admirers of such species as need to be closely
+examined, that their beautiful and interesting features may gladden and
+stir the mind. The latter class of plants, without doubt, is capable of
+giving most pleasure; and to meet the growing taste for these, books on
+flowers must necessarily treat upon the species or varieties in a more
+detailed manner, in order to get at their peculiarities and
+requirements. The more we learn about our flowers the more we enjoy
+them; to simply see bright colours and pretty forms is far from all the
+pleasure we may reap in our gardens.
+
+If I have not been able to give scientific information, possibly that of
+a practical kind may be of some use, as for many years, and never more
+than now, I have enjoyed the cultivation of flowers with my own hands.
+To be able to grow a plant well is of the highest importance, and the
+first step towards a full enjoyment of it.
+
+I have had more especially in view the wants of the less experienced
+Amateur; and as all descriptions and modes of culture are given from
+specimens successfully grown in my own garden, I hope I may have at
+least a claim to being practical.
+
+I have largely to thank several correspondents of many years' standing
+for hints and information incorporated in these pages.
+
+                                                    J. WOOD.
+
+  WOODVILLE, KIRKSTALL,
+
+   _November, 1883._
+
+
+
+
+ERRATA.
+
+
+For the placing of capital letters uniformly throughout this Volume to
+the specific names at the cross-headings, and for the omission of many
+capitals in the body of the type, the printer is alone responsible.
+
+Numerous oversights fall to my lot, but in many of the descriptions
+other than strictly proper botanical terms have been employed, where it
+seemed desirable to use more intelligible ones; as, for instance, the
+flowers of the Composites have not always been termed "heads," perianths
+have sometimes been called corollas, and their divisions at times
+petals, and so on; this is hardly worthy of the times, perhaps, but it
+was thought that the terms would be more generally understood.
+
+  Page 7, line 8. For "lupin" read "Lupine."
+  Page 39, line 31. For "calyx" read "involucre."
+  Page 40, line 27. For "calyx" read "involucre."
+  Page 46, line 1. For "corolla" read "perianth."
+  Page 47, lines 3 and 6. For "corolla" read "perianth."
+  Page 48, last line. For "lupin" read "Lupine."
+  Page 60, line 16. For "pompon" read "pompone."
+  Page 64, line 36. For "corolla" read "perianth."
+  Page 102, line 27. For "Fritillaries" read "Fritillarias."
+  Page 114, cross-heading. For "Ice-cold Gentian" read "Ice-cold
+            Loving Gentian."
+  Page 213. For "_Tirolensis_" read "_Tyrolensis_."
+  Page 214, cross-heading. For "_Cashmerianum_" read "_Cashmeriana_."
+  Page 215, cross-heading. For "_Cashmerianum_" read "_Cashmeriana_."
+  Page 275, line 26. For "corolla" read "perianth."
+  Page 284, line 25. For "calyx" read "involucre."
+  Page 285, line 1. For "calyx" read "involucre."
+
+                                                    JOHN WOOD.
+
+  _November 14th, 1883._
+
+
+
+
+HARDY PERENNIALS
+
+AND
+
+OLD-FASHIONED GARDEN FLOWERS.
+
+
+
+
+Acæna Novæ Zealandiæ.
+
+_Otherwise_ A. MICROPHYLLA; _Nat. Ord._ SANGUISORBEÆ,
+_or_ ROSE FAMILY.
+
+
+The plant, as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 1), is small, and
+its flowers are microscopic, hardly having the appearance of flowers,
+even when minutely examined, but when the bloom has faded there is a
+rapid growth, the calyces forming a stout set of long spines; these,
+springing from the globular head in considerable numbers, soon become
+pleasingly conspicuous, and this is by far the more ornamental stage of
+the plant. It is hardy, evergreen, and creeping. It seldom rises more
+than one or two inches from the ground, and only when it approaches a
+wall, stones, or some such fixed body, does it show an inclination to
+climb; it is, therefore, a capital rock plant. As implied by its
+specific name, it comes from New Zealand, and has not long been
+acclimatised in this country.
+
+The flowers are produced on fine wiry stems an inch or more long, being
+nearly erect; they are arranged in round heads, at first about the size
+of a small pea; these, when bruised, have an ammoniacal smell. Each
+minute flower has four green petals and brownish seed organs, which
+cause the knob of flowers to have a rather grimy look, and a calyx which
+is very hard and stout, having two scales and four sepals. These sepals
+are the parts which, after the seed organs have performed their
+functions, become elongated and of a fine rosy-crimson colour; they form
+stiff and rather stout spines, often ¾in. long; they bristle evenly from
+every part of the little globe of seed vessels, and are very pretty. The
+spines are produced in great abundance, and they may be cut freely;
+their effect is unique when used for table decoration, stuck in tufts of
+dark green selaginella. On the plant they keep in good form for two
+months. The leaves are 1in. to 2in. long, pinnate; the leaflets are of a
+dark bronzy colour on the upper side and a pale green underneath, like
+maidenhair, which they also resemble in form, being nearly round and
+toothed. They are in pairs, with a terminal odd one; they are largest at
+the extremity, and gradually lessen to rudimentary leaflets; the foliage
+is but sparingly produced on the creeping stems, which root as they
+creep on the surface.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1. ACÆNA NOVÆ ZEALANDIÆ.
+
+(One half natural size.)]
+
+The habit of the plant is compact and cushion-like, and the brilliant
+spiny balls are well set off on the bed of fern-like but sombre foliage.
+During August it is one of the most effective plants in the rock garden,
+where I find it to do well in either moist or dry situations; it grows
+fast, and, being evergreen, it is one of the more useful creepers for
+all-the-year-round effect; for covering dormant bulbs or bare places it
+is at once efficient and beautiful. It requires light soil, and seems to
+enjoy grit; nowhere does it appear in better health or more at home
+than when carpeting the walk or track of the rock garden.
+
+It is self-propagating, but when it is desirable to move a tuft of it,
+it should be done during the growing season, so that it may begin to
+root at once and get established, otherwise the wind and frosts will
+displace it.
+
+It blooms from June to September, more or less, but only the earliest
+flowers produce well-coloured spines.
+
+
+
+
+Achillea Ægyptica.
+
+EGYPTIAN YARROW; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+This is an evergreen (though herb-like) species. It has been grown for
+more than 200 years in English gardens, and originally came, as its name
+implies, from Egypt. Notwithstanding the much warmer climate of its
+native country, it proves to be one of the hardiest plants in our
+gardens. I dare say many will think the Yarrows are not worthy of a
+place in the garden; but it should not be forgotten that not only are
+fine and useful flowers included in this work, but also the good
+"old-fashioned" kinds, and that a few such are to be found amongst the
+Yarrows is without doubt. Could the reader see the collection now before
+me, cut with a good piece of stem and some foliage, and pushed into a
+deep vase, he would not only own that they were a pleasing contrast, but
+quaintly grand for indoor decoration.
+
+_A. Ægyptica_ not only produces a rich yellow flower, but the whole
+plant is ornamental, having an abundance of finely-cut foliage, which,
+from a downy or nappy covering, has a pleasing grey or silvery
+appearance. The flowers are produced on long stems nearly 2ft. high,
+furnished at the nodes with clean grey tufts of smaller-sized leaves;
+near the top the stems are all but naked, and are terminated by the flat
+heads or corymbs of closely-packed flowers. They are individually small,
+but the corymbs will be from 2in. to 3in. across. Their form is that of
+the common Yarrow, but the colour is a bright light yellow. The leaves
+are 6in. to 8in. long, narrow and pinnate, the leaflets of irregular
+form, variously toothed and lobed; the whole foliage is soft to the
+touch, from the nappy covering, as already mentioned. Its flowers, from
+their extra fine colour, are very telling in a cut state. The plant is
+suitable for the borders, more especially amongst other old kinds.
+Ordinary garden loam suits it, and its propagation may be carried out at
+any time by root division.
+
+Flowering period, June to September.
+
+
+
+
+Achillea Filipendula.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+This grows 4ft. high, and the foliage, though fern-like, has an untidy
+appearance, from the irregular way in which it is disposed. It is
+herbaceous, and comes from the Caucasus. The flowers are somewhat
+singular, arranged in corymbs of a multiplex character; they are very
+large, often 5in. across. The smaller corymbs are arched or convex,
+causing the cluster or compound corymb to present an uneven surface; the
+small flowers are of rich old gold colour, and have the appearance of
+knotted gold cord; they are very rigid, almost hard. The leaves are
+linear, pinnate, lobed and serrated, hairy, rough, and numerously
+produced. From the untidy and tall habit of this subject, it should be
+planted in the background; its flowers, however, will claim a prominent
+position in a cut state; they are truly rich, the undulating corymbs
+have the appearance of embossed gold plate, and their antique colour and
+form are compared to gold braid by a lady who admires "old-fashioned"
+flowers. It will last for several weeks after being cut, and even out of
+water for many days. A few heads placed in an old vase, without any
+other flowers, are rich and characteristic, whilst on bronze figures and
+ewers in a dry state, and more especially on ebony or other black
+decorations, it may be placed with a more than floral effect. In short,
+rough as the plant is, it is worth growing for its quaint and rich
+flowers alone; it is seldom met with. Soil and propagation, the same as
+for _A. Ægyptica_.
+
+Flowering period, June to September.
+
+
+
+
+Achillea Millefolium.
+
+COMMON MILFOIL; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+This is the well-known wild Yarrow; it is, however, the typical form of
+a fine variety, called _A. m. roseum_, having very bright rose-coloured
+flowers, which in all other respects resembles the wild form. Both as a
+border subject and for cutting purposes, I have found it useful; it
+flowers for several months, but the individual blooms fade in four or
+six days; these should be regularly removed. The freshly-opened corymbs
+are much admired. Soil and mode of propagation, the same as for previous
+kinds.
+
+Flowering period, June to November.
+
+
+
+
+Achillea Ptarmica.
+
+_Syns._ A. SYLVESTRIS _and_ PTARMICA VULGARIS; _Common
+Names_, WILD YARROW, SNEEZEWORT, GOOSE-TONGUE, _and_ WILD
+PELLITORY; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+A very common British plant, or, I may say, weed, which can live in the
+most reeky towns, only mentioned here to introduce _A. P. fl.-pl._,
+which is one of the most useful of border flowers. I am bound to
+add, however, that only when in flower is it more presentable than the
+weedy and typical form; but the grand masses of pure white
+bachelors'-button-like flowers, which are produced for many weeks in
+succession, render this plant deserving of a place in every garden. It
+is a very old flower in English gardens. Some 250 years ago Parkinson
+referred to the double flowering kind, in his "Paradise of Pleasant
+Flowers," as a then common plant; and I may as well produce Gerarde's
+description of the typical form, which answers, in all respects, for the
+double one, with the exception of the flowers themselves: "The small
+Sneesewoort hath many rounde and brittle braunches, beset with long and
+narrowe leaues, hackt about the edges like a sawe; at the top of the
+stalkes do grow smal single flowers like the fielde Daisie. The roote is
+tender and full of strings, creeping farre abroade in the earth, and in
+short time occupieth very much grounde." The flowers of this plant are
+often, but wrongly, called "bachelors' buttons," which they much
+resemble.
+
+For cutting purposes, this plant is one of the most useful; not only are
+the blooms a good white, but they have the quality of keeping clean, and
+are produced in greater numbers than ever I saw them on the single form.
+Those requiring large quantities of white flowers could not do better
+than give the plant a few square yards in some unfrequented part of the
+garden; any kind of soil will suit it, but if enriched the bloom will be
+all the better for it. The roots run freely just under the surface, so
+that a large stock may soon be had; yet, fine as are its flowers, hardy
+and spreading as the plant proves, it is but seldom met with. Even in
+small gardens this fine old flower should be allowed a little space.
+Transplant any time.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Aconitum Autumnale.
+
+AUTUMN MONK'S-HOOD; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+Hardy, perennial, and herbaceous. This is one of the finest subjects for
+autumn flowering. The whole plant, which stands nearly 3ft. high, is
+stately and distinct (Fig. 2); the leaves are dark green, large, deeply
+cut and veined, of good substance, and slightly drooping. The flowers
+are a fine blue (a colour somewhat scarce in our gardens at that
+season), irregularly arranged on very stout stems; in form they exactly
+resemble a monk's hood, and the manner in which they are held from the
+stems further accords with that likeness. These rich flowers are
+numerously produced; a three-year-old plant will have as many as six
+stout stems all well furnished, rendering the specimen very
+conspicuous.
+
+This is one form of the Monk's-hood long grown in English gardens, and
+is called "old-fashioned." _A. japonicum_, according to some, is
+identical with it, but whether that is so or not, there is but a slight
+difference, and both, of course, are good.
+
+I find it likes a rich deep soil. It is propagated by division of the
+roots after the tops have turned yellow in autumn or winter.
+
+It flowers from August until cut down by frosts.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2. ACONITUM AUTUMNALE.
+
+(About one-tenth natural size.)]
+
+
+
+
+Allium Moly.
+
+LARGE YELLOW GARLIC; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy bulbous perennial, of neat habit, with bright golden flowers,
+produced in large heads; they endure a long time and are very effective;
+it is by far the best yellow species. Where bold clumps of yellow are
+desirable, especially if somewhat in the background, there can be few
+subjects more suitable for the purpose than this plant; both leaves and
+flowers, however, have a disagreeable odour, if in the least bruised. It
+is a very old plant in English gardens, and is a native of the South of
+Europe. Its chief merits are fine colour, large head, neat habit, and
+easy culture. The flowers are 1in. across, borne in close heads, having
+stalks over an inch long springing from stout scapes; the six long oval
+petals are of a shining yellow colour; the seed organs also are all
+yellow and half the length of petals; the scape is about a foot high,
+naked, round, and very stout; the leaves are nearly as broad as tulip
+leaves, and otherwise much resemble them.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Allium Neapolitanum.
+
+NEAPOLITAN ALLIUM; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+This has pure white flowers arranged in neat and effective umbels, and
+though not so useful in colour as the flowers of _A. Moly_, they are
+much superior to those of many of the genus.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+Both of the above Alliums may be grown in any odd parts which need
+decorating with subjects requiring little care; any kind of soil will do
+for them, but if planted too near the walks the flowers are liable to be
+cut by persons who may not be aware of their evil odour. The bulbs may
+be divided every three years with advantage, and may be usefully planted
+in lines in front of shrubs, or mixed with other strong-growing flowers,
+such as alkanets, lupins, and foxgloves.
+
+
+
+
+Alyssum Saxatile.
+
+ROCK MADWORT, _or_ GOLDEN TUFT; _Nat. Ord._
+CRUCIFERÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3. ALYSSUM SAXATILE.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+This pleasing and well-known hardy, evergreen, half-woody shrub is
+always a welcome flower. From its quantity of bloom all its other parts
+are literally smothered (see Fig. 3). When passing large pieces of it in
+full blow, its fragrant honey smell reminds one of summer clover
+fields.
+
+Its golden yellow flowers are densely produced in panicles on procumbent
+stems, 12in. to 18in. long. The little flowers, from distinct notches in
+the petals, have a different appearance from many of the order
+_Cruciferæ_, as, unless they are well expanded, there seem to be eight
+instead of four petals. The leaves are inversely ovate, lanceolate,
+villose, and slightly toothed. A specimen will continue in good form
+during average weather for about three weeks. It is not only seen to
+most advantage on rockwork, where its prostrate stems can fall over the
+stones, but the dry situation is in accordance with its requirements;
+still, it is not at all particular, but does well in any sunny
+situation, in any soil that is not over moist or ill drained. It is
+easily and quickly propagated by cuttings in early summer.
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Anchusa Italica.
+
+ITALIAN ALKANET; _Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4. ANCHUSA ITALICA (Flower Spray).
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial of first-class merit for gardens where
+there is plenty of room; amongst shrubs it will not only prove worthy of
+the situation, but, being a ceaseless bloomer, its tall and leafy stems
+decked with brilliant flowers may always be relied upon for cutting
+purposes; and let me add, as, perhaps, many have never tried this fine
+but common flower in a large vase, the stems, if cut to the length of
+18in., and loosely placed in an old-fashioned vase, without any other
+flowers, are more than ornamental--they are fine.
+
+Its main features are seen in its bold leafy stems, furnished with
+large, dark blue, forget-me-not-like flowers, nearly all their length.
+The little white eyes of the blossoms are very telling (see Fig. 4). The
+flowers are held well out from the large leaves of the main stem by
+smaller ones (from 1in. to 8in. long), at the ends of which the buds and
+flowers are clustered, backed by a pair of small leaflets, like wings.
+Just before the buds open they are of a bright rose colour, and when the
+flowers fade the leafy calyx completely hides the withered parts, and
+other blooms take their places between the wing-like pair of leaflets;
+so the succession of bloom is kept up through the whole summer. The
+leaves of the root are very large when fully grown during summer--over a
+foot long--those of the stems are much less; all are lance-shaped and
+pointed, plain at the edges, very hairy, and of a dark green colour. The
+stems are numerous, upright, and, as before hinted, branched; also, like
+the leaves, they are covered with stiff hairs, a characteristic common
+to the order. Well-established plants will grow to the height of 3ft. to
+5ft.
+
+Flowering period, May to September.
+
+
+
+
+Anchusa Sempervirens.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a British species, and, as its name denotes, is evergreen; not,
+let me add, as a tall plant, for the stems wither or at least become
+very sere, only the large leaves of the root remaining fresh; and though
+it has many points of difference from _A. Italica_, such as shorter
+growth, darker flowers and foliage, and more oval leaves--these form the
+distinctions most observable. By its evergreen quality it is easily
+identified in winter. There is also an important difference from the
+axillary character of the flower stems. With these exceptions the
+description of _A. Italica_ will fairly hold good for this native
+species.
+
+This Alkanet has various other names, as _Borago sempervirens_,
+_Buglossum s._, and with old writers it, together with allied species,
+was much esteemed, not only for the flowers, but for its reputed
+medicinal properties. To those who care to grow these good old plants I
+would say, well enrich the soil; when so treated, the results are very
+different from those where the plants have been put in hungry and
+otherwise neglected situations; this favourable condition may be easily
+afforded, and will be more than repaid. Strong roots may be transplanted
+at any time, and propagation is more quickly carried out by division of
+the woody roots, which should be cut or split so that each piece has a
+share of bark and a crown. Just before new growth has begun, as in
+January, is the best time for this operation, so that there is no chance
+of rot from dormancy.
+
+Flowering period, May to September.
+
+
+
+
+Andromeda Tetragona.
+
+_Syn._ CASSIOPE TETRAGONA; _Nat. Ord._ ERICACEÆ.
+
+
+A dwarf hardy evergreen shrub, which comes to us from Lapland and North
+America; though a very beautiful subject for either rockwork or border,
+it is rarely seen. It is not one of the easiest plants to grow, which
+may, to some extent, account for its rarity. Still, when it can have its
+requirements, it not only thrives well, but its handsome form and
+flowers repay any extra trouble it may have given. In the culture of
+this, as of most plants of the order _Ericaceæ_, there is decidedly a
+right way and a wrong one, and if the species now under consideration
+has one or two special requirements it deserves them.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5. ANDROMEDA TETRAGONA.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+With me it never exceeds a height of 6in. or 7in., is much branched, and
+of a fine apple green colour; the flowers are small but very beautiful,
+bell-shaped, pendent, and springing from the leafy stems of the previous
+year's growth. The leaves are small as well as curious, both in form and
+arrangement, completely hiding their stems; their roundish grain-shaped
+forms are evenly arranged in four rows extending throughout the whole
+length of the branches (whence the name _tetragona_), giving them a
+square appearance resembling an ear of wheat, but much less stout (see
+Fig. 5); the little leaves, too, are frosted somewhat in the way of many
+of the saxifrages. It is next to impossible to describe this pretty
+shrub; fortunately, the cut will convey a proper idea at a glance. All
+who possess more select collections of hardy plants and shrubs should
+not fail to include this; it is fit for any collection of fifty choice
+species.
+
+I struggled long before finding out the right treatment, as presumably I
+now have, yet it is very simple, in fact, only such as many other plants
+should have; but, unlike them, _A. tetragona_ will take no alternative;
+it must have partial shade, sandy peat or leaf soil, and be planted in a
+moist or semi-bog situation. On the raised parts of rockwork it became
+burnt up; planted in loam, though light, it was dormant as a stone; in
+pots, it withered at the tips; but, with the above treatment, I have
+flowers and numerous branchlets. Many little schemes may be improvised
+for the accommodation of this and similar subjects. Something of the bog
+character would appear to be the difficulty here; a miniature one may be
+made in less than half an hour. Next the walk dig a hole 18in. all ways,
+fill in with sandy peat, make it firm; so form the surface of the walk
+that the water from it will eddy or turn in. In a week it will have
+settled; do not fill it up, but leave it dished and put in the plant.
+Gentians, _pyrolas_, calthas, and even the bog pimpernel I have long
+grown so.
+
+_A. tetragona_ can be propagated by division of the roots, but such
+division should not be attempted with other than a perfectly healthy
+plant. It should be done in spring, just as it begins to push, which may
+be readily seen by the bright green tips of the branchlets; and it is
+desirable, when replanting, to put the parts a little deeper, so as to
+cover the dead but persistent leaves about the bottoms of the stems
+which occur on the parts four or more years old. After a year, when so
+planted, I have found good roots emitted from these parts, and,
+doubtless, such deeper planting will, in some way, meet its
+requirements, as in this respect they are provided for in its habitats
+by the annual and heavy fall of leaves from other trees which shade it.
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Alpina.
+
+ALPINE WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+From Austria, the foliage closely resembling that of _A. sulphurea_, but
+the flowers are larger and of various colours. It is said to be the
+parent of _A. sulphurea_.
+
+It flowers in June. See _A. sulphurea_.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Apennina.
+
+MOUNTAIN WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+This is one of the "old-fashioned" flowers of our gardens--in fact, a
+native species, having a black tuberous root, which forms a distinct,
+though invisible characteristic of the species. As the old names are
+somewhat descriptive, I give them--viz., Geranium-leaved Anemone, and
+Stork's-bill Windflower.
+
+The appearance of a bold piece of this plant when in flower is
+exceedingly cheerful; the soft-looking feathery foliage forms a rich
+groundwork for the lavish number of flowers, which vary much in colour,
+from sky-blue to nearly white, according to the number of days they may
+have been in blow, blue being the opening colour. The flowers are
+produced singly on stems, 6in. high, and ornamented with a whorl of
+finely-cut leaflets, stalked, lobed, and toothed; above this whorl the
+ruddy flower stem is much more slender. During sunshine the flowers are
+1½in. across the tips of sepals, becoming reflexed. The foliage, as
+before hinted, is in the form of a whorl, there being no root leaf, and
+the soft appearance of the whole plant is due to its downiness, which
+extends to and includes the calyx. The lobes of the leaves are cupped,
+but the leaves themselves reflex until their tips touch the ground,
+whence their distinct and pleasing form.
+
+This plant is most at home in the half shade of trees, where its flowers
+retain their blue colour longer. It should be grown in bold patches, and
+in free or sandy soil. The tubers may be transplanted soon after the
+tops have died off in late summer.
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Blanda.
+
+FAIR WINDFLOWER, _or_ BLUE GRECIAN ANEMONE; _Nat.
+Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a lovely winter flower, of great value in our gardens, from its
+showiness. It is a recent introduction from the warmer climes of the
+South of Europe and Asia Minor; and though it is not so vigorous under
+cultivation in our climate as most Windflowers, it proves perfectly
+hardy. A little extra care should be taken in planting it as regards
+soil and position, in order to grow it well. It belongs to that section
+of its numerous genus having an involucrum of stalked leaflets.
+
+The flowers are produced on stalks, 4in. to 6in. high; they are nearly
+2in. across, of a fine deep blue colour; the sepals are numerous and
+narrow, in the way of _A. stellata_, or star anemone. The leaves are
+triternate, divisions deeply cut and acute; the leaves of the involucrum
+are stalked, trifid, and deeply cut. The whole plant much resembles _A.
+Apennina_. Where it can be established, it must prove one of the most
+useful flowers, and to possess such charming winter blossom is worth
+much effort in affording it suitable conditions. The soil should be
+rich, light, and well drained, as sandy loam, and if mixed with plenty
+of leaf soil all the better. The position should be sheltered, otherwise
+this native of warm countries will have its early leaves and flowers
+damaged by the wintry blast, and the evil does not stop there, for the
+check at such a period interferes with the root development, and
+repetitions of such damage drive the plants into a state of "dwindling,"
+and I may add, this is the condition in which this plant may frequently
+be seen. Many of the Anemones may be planted without much care, other
+than that of giving them a little shade from sunshine. The present
+subject, however, being so early, is not likely to obtain too much
+bright weather, but rather the reverse. If, then, it is planted in warm
+quarters, it may be expected to yield its desirable flowers in average
+quantity compared with other Windflowers, and in such proportion will
+its roots increase. The latter may be divided (providing they are of
+good size and healthy) when the leaves have died off.
+
+Flowering period, February and March.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Coronaria.
+
+POPPY-LIKE WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+Hardy and tuberous. The illustration (Fig. 6) is of the double form, in
+which it may frequently be seen; also in many colours, as blue, purple,
+white, scarlet, and striped; the same colours may be found in the single
+and semi-double forms. There are many shades or half colours, which are
+anything but pleasing, and where such have established themselves,
+either as seedlings or otherwise, they should be weeded out, as there
+are numerous distinct hues, which may just as easily be cultivated. The
+great variety in colour and form of this Anemone is perhaps its most
+peculiar characteristic; for nearly 300 years it has had a place in
+English gardens, and came originally from the Levant. Its habit is neat;
+seldom does it reach a foot in height, the flowers being produced
+terminally; they are poppy-like, and 2in. to 3in. across, having six
+sepals. The leaves are ternate, segments numerous; each leaf springs
+from the tuber, with the exception of those of the involucre.
+
+In planting this species, it should be kept in mind that it neither
+likes too much sunshine nor a light soil; under such conditions it may
+exist, but it will not thrive and scarcely ever flower. When the
+tuberous roots have become devoid of foliage they may be lifted, and if
+they have grown to a size exceeding 3in. long and 1in. in diameter, they
+may be broken in halves with advantage; the sooner they are put back
+into the ground the better; slight shade from the mid-day sun and good
+loam will be found to suit them best. When the various colours are kept
+separate, bold clumps of a score or so of each are very effective; mixed
+beds are gay, almost gaudy; but the grouping plan is so much better,
+that, during the blooming period, it is worth the trouble to mark the
+different colours, with a view to sorting them at the proper time.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6. ANEMONE CORONARIA FLORE-PLENO.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+The nutty roots are often eaten by earth vermin, especially wireworm.
+Whenever there is occasion to lift the roots it is a good plan to dress
+them, by repeated dips in a mixture of clay and soot, until they are
+well coated; they should be allowed to dry for a short time between each
+dip; this will not only be found useful in keeping off wireworm and
+similar pests, but will otherwise benefit the plants as a manure.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Decapetala.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+New, from North America; has a deteriorated resemblance to _A. alpina_
+and _A. sulphurea_ (which see). The foliage is much less; the flower
+stems are numerous, close together, stout, and 9in. to 12in. high; they
+are also branched, but not spreading. The flowers have seven to ten
+sepals, are an inch across, and of a creamy white colour. The heads of
+seed are more interesting than their flowers; they form cotton-like
+globes, 1½in. diameter, and endure in that state for a fortnight. I was
+inclined to discard this species when I first saw its dumpy and
+badly-coloured flowers, but the specimen was left in the ground, and
+time, which has allowed the plant to become more naturally established,
+has also caused it to produce finer bloom, and it is now a pleasing and
+distinct species of an interesting character.
+
+The same treatment will answer for this species as for _A. sulphurea_.
+All the Anemones may be propagated by seeds or division of the roots.
+The latter method should only be adopted in the case of strong roots,
+and their division will be more safely effected in early spring, when
+they can start into growth at once.
+
+Flowering period, May to June.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Fulgens.
+
+SHINING WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7. ANEMONE FULGENS.
+
+(Plant, one-eighth natural size.)]
+
+This is a variety of _A. hortensis_ or _A. pavonina_, all of which much
+resemble each other. This very showy flower is much and deservedly
+admired. In sheltered quarters or during mild seasons it will flower at
+Christmas and continue to bloom for several months. It will be seen by
+the illustration (Fig. 7) to be a plant of neat habit, and for effect
+and usefulness it is one of the very best flowers that can be introduced
+into the garden, especially the spring garden, as there is scarcely
+another of its colour, and certainly not one so floriferous and durable.
+Though it has been in English gardens over fifty years, it seems as if
+only recently its real worth has been discovered. It is now fast
+becoming a universal favourite. The flowers are 2in. across, and of a
+most brilliant scarlet colour, produced singly on tall naked stems,
+nearly a foot high. They vary in number of sepals, some being
+semi-double. The foliage is bright and compact, more freely produced
+than that of most Windflowers; it is also richly cut.
+
+It may be grown in pots for conservatory or indoor decoration. It needs
+no forcing for such purposes; a cold frame will prove sufficient to
+bring out the flowers in winter. Borders or the moist parts of rockwork
+are suitable for it; but perhaps it is seen to greatest advantage in
+irregular masses in the half shade of trees in front of a shrubbery,
+and, after all, it is impossible to plant this flower wrong, as regards
+effect. To grow it well, however, it must have a moist situation, and
+good loam to grow in. It is easily propagated by division of strong
+healthy roots in autumn.
+
+Flowering period, January to June, according to position and time of
+planting.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Japonica.
+
+JAPAN WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+This and its varieties are hardy perennials of the most reliable kinds;
+the typical form has flowers of a clear rose colour. _A. j. vitifolia_
+has larger flowers of a fine bluish tint, and seems to be the hybrid
+between the type and the most popular variety, viz., _A. j.
+alba_--Honorine Jobert--(see Fig. 8). So much has this grown in favour
+that it has nearly monopolised the name of the species, of which it is
+but a variety; hence the necessity of pointing out the distinctions.
+Frequently the beautiful white kind is sought for by the typical name
+only, so that if a plant were supplied accordingly there would be
+disappointment at seeing a somewhat coarse specimen, with small rosy
+flowers, instead of a bold and beautiful plant with a base of large
+vine-shaped foliage and strong stems, numerously furnished with large
+white flowers, quite 2in. across, and centered by a dense arrangement of
+lemon-coloured stamens, somewhat like a large single white rose. This
+more desirable white variety sometimes grows 3ft. high, and is eminently
+a plant for the border in front of shrubs, though it is very effective
+in any position. I grow it in the border, on rockwork, and in a half
+shady place, and it seems at home in all. It will continue in bloom
+until stopped by frosts. The flowers are among the most useful in a cut
+state, especially when mingled with the now fashionable and handsome
+leaves of heucheras and tiarellas; they form a chaste embellishment for
+the table or fruit dishes.
+
+The plant is sometimes much eaten by caterpillars; for this the remedy
+is soapy water syringed on the under side of the leaves. Earwigs also
+attack the flowers; they should be trapped by a similar plan to that
+usually adopted for dahlias.
+
+To those wishing to grow this choice Anemone, let me say, begin with the
+young underground runners; plant them in the autumn anywhere you like,
+but see that the soil is deep, and if it is not rich, make it so with
+well-decayed leaves or manure, and you will have your reward.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8. ANEMONE JAPONICA ALBA (A. HONORINE JOBERT).
+
+(About one-twelfth natural size.)]
+
+Flowering period, August to November.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Nemorosa Flore-pleno.
+
+DOUBLE WOOD ANEMONE, _or_ WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._
+RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+This is the double form of the common British species; in every part but
+the flower it resembles the type. The flower, from being double, and
+perhaps from being grown in more exposed situations than the common form
+in the shaded woods, is much more durable; an established clump has kept
+in good form for three weeks.
+
+The petals (if they may be so called), which render this flower so
+pleasingly distinct, are arranged in an even tuft, being much shorter
+than the outer or normal sepals, the size and form of which remain true
+to the type. The pure white flower--more than an inch across--is
+somewhat distant from the handsome three-leaved involucrum, and is
+supported by a wiry flower stalk, 3in. to 5in. long; it is about the
+same length from the root, otherwise the plant is stemless. The flowers
+are produced singly, and have six to eight petal-like sepals; the leaves
+are ternately cut; leaflets or segments three-cut, lanceolate, and
+deeply toothed; petioles channelled; the roots are long and round, of
+about the thickness of a pen-holder. This plant grown in bold clumps is
+indispensable for the choice spring garden; its quiet beauty is much
+admired.
+
+It enjoys a strongish loam, and a slightly shaded situation will conduce
+to its lengthened flowering, and also tend to luxuriance. Soon after the
+flowers fade the foliage begins to dry up; care should, therefore, be
+taken to have some other suitable flower growing near it, so as to avoid
+dead or blank spaces. Pentstemons, rooted cuttings of which are very
+handy at this season for transplanting, are well adapted for such use
+and situations, and as their flowers cannot endure hot sunshine without
+suffering more or less, such half-shady quarters will be just the places
+for them.
+
+The double white Wood Anemone may be propagated by divisions of the
+tubers, after the foliage has completely withered.
+
+Flowering period, May.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Pulsatilla.
+
+PASQUE FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+A British species. This beautiful flower has long been cultivated in our
+gardens, and is deservedly a great favourite. It may not be
+uninteresting to give the other common and ancient names of the Easter
+Flower, as in every way this is not only an old plant, but an
+old-fashioned flower. "Passe Flower" and "Flaw Flower" come from the
+above common names, being only derivations, but in Cambridgeshire, where
+it grows wild, it is called "Coventry Bells" and "Hill Tulip." Three
+hundred years ago Gerarde gave the following description of it, which,
+together with the illustration (Fig. 9), will, I trust, be found ample:
+"These Passe flowers hath many small leaues, finely cut or iagged, like
+those of carrots, among which rise up naked stalks, rough and hairie;
+whereupon do growe beautiful flowers bell fashion, of a bright delaied
+purple colour; in the bottome whereof groweth a tuft of yellow thrums,
+and in the middle of the thrums thrusteth foorth a small purple
+pointell; when the whole flower is past, there succeedeth an head or
+knoppe, compact of many graie hairie lockes, and in the solide parts of
+the knops lieth the seede flat and hoarie, euery seed having his own
+small haire hanging at it. The roote is thick and knobbie of a finger
+long, and like vnto those of the anemones (as it doth in all other parts
+verie notablie resemble) whereof no doubt this is a kinde."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9. ANEMONE PULSATILLA.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+This flower in olden times was used for making garlands, and even now
+there are few flowers more suitable for such purpose; it varies much in
+colour, being also sometimes double. It may be grown in pots for window
+decoration or in the open garden; it likes a dry situation and
+well-drained soil of a calcareous nature. In these respects it differs
+widely from many of the other species of Windflower, yet I find it to do
+well in a collection bed where nearly twenty other species are grown,
+and where there are both shade and more moisture than in the open parts
+of the garden. It may be propagated by division of the strong
+root-limbs, each of which should have a portion of the smaller roots on
+them. Soon after flowering is a good time to divide it.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Stellata.
+
+STAR WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10. ANEMONE STELLATA.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+This gay spring flower (Fig. 10) comes to us from Italy, but that it
+loves our dull climate is beyond doubt, as it not only flowers early,
+but continues for a long time in beauty. _A. hortensis_ is another name
+for it, and there are several varieties of the species, which mostly
+vary only in the colours of the flowers, as striped, white and purple.
+The typical form, as illustrated, is seen to be a quaint little plant;
+its flowers are large, of a shining light purple colour, and
+star-shaped; the dwarf foliage is of the well-known crowfoot kind. When
+grown in bold clumps it is richly effective, and, like most other
+Anemones, is sure to be admired.
+
+It thrives well in a light loam and in slight shade; I have tried it in
+pots kept in cold frames, where it flowers in mid-winter. It would
+doubtless make a showy appearance in a cool greenhouse. To propagate it,
+the roots should be divided after the tops have died down in summer.
+
+Flowering period, February to June, according to position and time of
+planting.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Sulphurea.
+
+SULPHUR-COLOURED WINDFLOWER; _Syn._ A. APIIFOLIA;
+_Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11. ANEMONE SULPHUREA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+This is a grandly beautiful Windflower from Central Europe. The names,
+combined with the illustration (Fig. 11), must fail to give the reader a
+proper idea of its beauty; the specific name in reference to the colour
+falls far short, and cannot give a hint of its handsome form and
+numerous finely-coloured stamens; and the drawing can in no way
+illustrate the hues and shell-like substance of the sepals; there is
+also a softness and graceful habit about the foliage, that the name,
+_apiifolia_ (parsley-leaved), does not much help the reader to realise.
+It may be parsley-like foliage in the comparative sense and in relation
+to that of other Anemones, but otherwise it can hardly be said to be
+like parsley. It is said by some to be only a variety of _A. alpina_; if
+so, it is not only a distinct but an unvarying form, so much so that by
+others it is held to be a species; the line of difference in many
+respects seems so far removed, even granting it to be a variety (as in
+hundreds of similar cases), as to warrant a specific title. It may be
+more interesting to state that it is a lovely and showy flower, and that
+the shortest cut to an enjoyment of its beauties is to grow it.
+
+The flowers are 2in. to 2½in. across when expanded, but usually they are
+cup-shaped. The six sepals are egg-shaped but pointed, of much
+substance, and covered with a silky down on the outside, causing them to
+have changeable hues according to the play of wind and light. The
+stamens are very numerous, the anthers being closely arranged and of a
+rich golden colour; the flower stems grow from 9in. to 18in. high, being
+terminated by one flower; it carries a large and handsome involucre of
+three leaves, a little higher than the middle of the stem, and just
+overtopping the radical leaves, umbrella fashion; the leaves of the
+involucre are like those of the root, but stalkless. The radical leaves
+are stalked, well thrown out, drooping, and over 1ft. long, ternate and
+villous; the leaflets are pinnatifid and deeply toothed.
+
+This desirable plant is of the easiest culture, thriving in common
+garden soil, but it prefers that of a rich vegetable character and a
+situation not over dry. The flowers are persistent under any conditions,
+and they are further preserved when grown under a little shade, but it
+should only be a little.
+
+For propagation see _A. decapetala_.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+There are two other allied kinds which not only much resemble this, but
+which flower at or near the same time--viz., _A. alpina_ and _A.
+decapetala_, which see.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Sylvestris.
+
+SNOWDROP A.; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+This hardy herbaceous species comes from Germany, but it has been grown
+nearly 300 years in this country, It is distinct, showy, and beautiful;
+it ranks with "old-fashioned" flowers. Of late this Windflower has come
+into great favour, as if for a time it had been forgotten; still, it is
+hard to make out how such a fine border plant could be overlooked.
+However, it is well and deservedly esteemed at the present time; and,
+although many have proved the plant and flowers to be contrary to their
+expectations in reference to its common name, "Snowdrop Anemone," the
+disappointment has been, otherwise, an agreeable one. It only resembles
+the snowdrop as regards the purity and drooping habit of its flowers.
+
+Well-grown specimens have an exceedingly neat habit--the foliage spreads
+and touches the ground, rounding up to the flower stems (which are about
+a foot high) in a pleasing manner. The earliest flowers are very
+large--when fully open quite 1½in. across--but they are more often seen
+in the unopen state, when they resemble a nutmeg in shape. Whether open
+or shut, they are a pure white, and their pendent habit adds not a
+little to their beauty, as also does the leafy involucre. The leaves are
+three-parted, the two lower lobes being deeply divided, so that at a
+first glance the leaves appear to be five-parted; each of the five lobes
+are three-cleft, and also dentate, downy, and veined; the leaf stalks
+are radical, red, long, slightly channelled, and wiry; in all respects
+the leaves of the involucre resemble those of the root, excepting the
+size, which is smaller, and the stalks are green, like the flower stems.
+
+In a cut state, the pure satin-white blossoms are fit for the most
+delicate wreath or bouquet; they have, morever, a delicious
+clover-scent. It enjoys a light vegetable soil in a slightly shaded and
+moist situation; if it could be allowed to ramble in the small openings
+of a front shrubbery, such positions would answer admirably.
+
+The roots are underground-creeping, which renders this species somewhat
+awkward to manage when grown with others in a collection of less rampant
+habit. On the other hand, the disposition it has to spread might very
+well be taken advantage of by providing it with a good broad space, than
+which nothing could be more lovely for two months of the year.
+
+It is needless to give directions for its propagation, as the runners
+spring up all round the parent plant. Slugs are very fond of it, and in
+early spring, especially when the new growths are appearing, they should
+be kept in check, otherwise they will eat down into the heart of the
+strongest plant; a dose of clear lime water will be found effective and
+will not hurt the new leaves; if this is followed up with a few
+sprinklings of sand, the slugs will not care to occupy such unpleasant
+quarters.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Vernalis.
+
+SHAGGY WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+A curious but pretty alpine species, from the Swiss Alps, consequently
+very hardy. It is not a showy subject, but its distinctions are really
+beautiful, and commend it to those who love to grow plants of a
+_recherché_ character.
+
+The illustration (Fig. 12) will give some idea of it, but no description
+can convey even an approximate notion of its flowers, which are produced
+singly, on short, stout, hairy stems, about 5in. high. For so small a
+plant the flower is large, more than an inch across when expanded, but
+usually it keeps of a roundish, bell-shaped form. Its colour is a
+bluish-white inside, the outside being much darker. It would be violet,
+were not the hairs so long and numerous that they form a brownish coat
+which is, perhaps, the most remarkable trait of this species. The
+leaves, too, are very hairy--twice, and sometimes thrice, divided,
+rather small, and also few.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12. ANEMONE VERNALIS (SHAGGY
+ANEMONE).
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+This little plant is most enjoyed when grown in pots. It may be plunged
+in sand or ashes in an open space, but it should never be allowed to
+suffer for moisture. When so grown, and just before the flowers open, it
+should be removed to a cool, airy frame, where it should also be plunged
+to keep its roots cool and moist; it will require to be very near the
+glass, so as to get perfect flowers. Such a method of growing this
+flower affords the best opportunity for its close examination; besides,
+it is so preserved in finer and more enduring form. It thrives well in
+lumpy peat and loam, but I have found charcoal, in very small lumps, to
+improve it, as it does most plants grown in pots, especially such as
+require frequent supplies of water. The slugs are very fond of it; a
+look-out for them should be kept when the plants are growing, and
+frequent sprinklings of sharp ashes will be found useful.
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Anthericum Liliago.
+
+ST. BERNARD'S LILY; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+This may be grown as a companion to St. Bruno's Lily, though not so neat
+in habit or rich in bloom. In all respects it is very different. It is
+taller, the flowers not half the size, and more star-shaped, foliage
+more grassy, and the roots creeping and jointed.
+
+All the Anthericums named by me will do in ordinary soil, but prefer a
+fat loam of considerable depth. If, therefore, such conditions do not
+exist, there should be a good dressing of well-rotted stable manure
+turned in, and a mulching given in early spring.
+
+Anthericums are propagated by division of the roots, which should be
+carefully performed during the autumn. After such mutilation they should
+not be disturbed again for three years, or they will deteriorate in
+vigour and beauty.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Anthericum Liliastrum.
+
+ST. BRUNO'S LILY; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+This charming plant is a native of Alpine meadows, and is known by other
+names, as _Paradisia_ and _Cyackia_, but is more commonly called St.
+Bruno's Lily. It is emphatically one of the most useful and handsome
+flowers that can be grown in English gardens, where, as yet, it is
+anything but as plentiful as it ought to be. Not only is it perfectly
+hardy in our climate, but it seems to thrive and flower abundantly. It
+is fast becoming a favourite, and it is probable that before long it
+will be very common, from the facts, firstly, of its own value and
+beauty, and, secondly, because the Dutch bulb-growers have taken it in
+hand. Not long ago they were said to be buying stock wherever they could
+find it. The illustration (Fig. 13) shows it in a small-sized clump.
+Three or four such specimens are very effective when grown near
+together; the satin-like or shining pure white flowers show to greater
+advantage when there is plenty of foliage. A number planted in strong
+single roots, but near together, forming a clump several feet in
+diameter, represent also a good style; but a single massive specimen,
+with at least fifty crowns, and nearly as many spikes of bloom just
+beginning to unfold, is one of the most lovely objects in my own garden.
+
+The chaste flowers are 2in. long, six sepalled, lily-shaped, of a
+transparent whiteness, and sweetly perfumed; filaments white, and long
+as the sepals; anthers large, and thickly furnished with bright
+orange-yellow pollen; the stems are round, stout, 18in. high, and
+produce from six to twelve flowers, two or three of which are open at
+one and the same time. The leaves are long, thick, with membranous
+sheaths, alternate and stem-clasping, or semi-cylindrical; the upper
+parts are lanceolate, dilated, subulate, and of a pale green colour. The
+roots are long, fleshy, brittle, and fasciculate.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13. ANTHERICUM LILIASTRUM.
+
+(Plant, one-sixth natural size; blossom, one-fourth natural size.)]
+
+This plant for three or four weeks is one of the most decorative; no
+matter whether in partial shade or full sunshine, it not only flowers
+well, but adorns its situation most richly; the flowers, in a cut state,
+are amongst the most useful and effective of hardy kinds--indeed, they
+vie with the tender exotics.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+_A. l. major_ is a new variety in all its parts like the type, with the
+exception of size, the flowers being larger by nearly an inch. The
+variety is said to grow to the height of 8ft.
+
+
+
+
+Anthyllis Montana.
+
+MOUNTAIN KIDNEY VETCH; _Nat. Ord._ LEGUMINOSÆ.
+
+
+For rockwork this is one of the most lovely subjects. It is seldom seen,
+though easy to grow, perfectly hardy, and perennial. It is classed as an
+herbaceous plant, but it is shrubby, and on old specimens there is more
+wood than on many dwarf shrubs. It is of a procumbent habit, and only
+4in. to 6in. high in this climate. It comes from the South of Europe,
+where it probably grows larger.
+
+In early spring the woody tips begin to send out the hoary leaves; they
+are 3in. to 6in. long, and from their dense habit, and the way in which
+they intersect each other, they present a pleasing and distinct mass of
+woolly foliage.
+
+The leaves are pinnatifid, leaflets numerous, oval, oblong, and very
+grey, nearly white, with long silky hairs.
+
+The flowers are of a purple-pink colour, very small, and in close
+drumstick-like heads. The long and numerous hairs of the involucre and
+calyx almost cover over the flowers and render them inconspicuous;
+still, they are a pretty feature of the plant; the bloom stands well
+above the foliage on very downy, but otherwise naked stalks.
+
+When planted in such a position that it can rest on the edge of or droop
+over a stone, strong specimens are very effective. It seems to enjoy
+soil of a vegetable character, with its roots near large stones. I have
+heard that it has been found difficult to grow, but that I cannot
+understand. I fear the fault has been in having badly-rooted plants to
+start with, as cuttings are very slow in making an ample set of roots
+for safe transplanting. Its increase by division is no easy matter, as
+the woody stems are all joined in one, and the roots are of a tap
+character. Seed seldom ripens; by cuttings appears to be the readier
+mode of propagation; if these are taken off in early spring, put in a
+shady position, and in leaf soil, they will probably root as the seasons
+get warmer.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Apios Tuberosa.
+
+_Syn._ GLYCINE APIOS; _Nat. Ord._ LEGUMINOSÆ.
+
+
+This is a pretty climber, or, more strictly speaking, a twiner; it is
+hardy, tuberous, and perennial. The tubers resemble potatoes, but
+incline to pear-shape, as implied by the generic name. 240 years ago it
+was introduced from North America; still, it is seldom met with,
+notwithstanding its good habit and colour. It is one of those happy
+subjects which most conduce to the freshness and wild beauty of our
+gardens; the dark and glossy verdure is charmingly disposed in
+embowerments by means of the delicate twining stems; and though it grows
+apace, there is never an unsightly dense or dark mass, so commonly seen
+in many climbers, but, instead, it elegantly adorns its station, and the
+outlines of its pretty pinnate leaves may easily be traced against the
+light.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14. APIOS TUBEROSA.
+
+(One-twelfth natural size; _a_, flower, natural size.)]
+
+As may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 14), it is in the way of a
+climbing bean. The flowers are purple and borne in small clusters from
+the axils of the leaves, and, of course, as indicated by the order to
+which it belongs, they are like pea flowers; they are produced a long
+time in succession, providing the frosts do not occur; they have the
+scent of violets. The leaves are distantly produced on fine wiry stems,
+which grow to the length of 12ft.; they are pinnate, the leaflets being
+of various sizes, oval, smooth, and of a dark shining green colour.
+
+The roots are not only peculiar in the way already mentioned, but the
+tubers have the appearance of being strung together by their ends. They
+are edible, and where they grow wild they are called "ground nuts." From
+the description given it will be easy to decide how and where it should
+be planted.
+
+There should be provision made for its twining habit, and it may have
+the liberty of mixing its foliage with that of less beautiful things
+during autumn, such, for instance, as the bare _Jasmine nudiflora_; its
+spare but effective leaves and flowers will do little or no harm to such
+trees, and after the frosts come the jasmine will be clear again. It may
+also be grown with happy results as shown in the illustration, needing
+only a well-secured twiggy bush. Cut as sprays it is very serviceable
+for hanging or twining purposes.
+
+It most enjoys a light soil, also a sunny situation. Sometimes it has
+been found slow at starting into growth when newly planted; this,
+however, can hardly be the case with newly lifted tubers. I may add that
+it is no uncommon thing for these to be out of the ground for weeks and
+months together, when they not only become hard and woody, but when
+suddenly brought in contact with the damp earth rot overtakes them.
+There is no difficulty whatever with fresh tubers, which may be lifted
+after the tops have died off. Beyond securing fresh roots, there is
+nothing special about the culture of this desirable climber.
+
+Flowering period, August to October.
+
+
+
+
+Arabis Lucida.
+
+SHINING ROCK CRESS; _Nat. Ord._ CRUCIFERÆ.
+
+
+This member of a well-known family of early spring flowers is desirable,
+for its neat habit and verdancy. There is not a particle of sere foliage
+to be seen, and it has, moreover, a glossy appearance, whence the
+specific name. The flowers are not of much effect, though, from their
+earliness, not without value; they are in the way of the flowers of the
+more common species, _A. alpina_, but less in size; they are also more
+straggling in the raceme; these two features render it inferior as a
+flower; the stalks are 3in. to 6in. high. The leaves are arranged in lax
+flattened rosettes, are 1in. to 3in. long, somewhat spathulate, notched,
+fleshy, of a very dark green colour, and shining. The habit is dense and
+spreading, established tufts having a fresh effect. Though an Hungarian
+species, it can hardly have a more happy home in its habitat than in our
+climate. Where verdant dwarf subjects are in request, either for
+edgings, borders, or rockwork, this is to be commended as one of the
+most reliable, both for effect and vigour. In the last-named situation
+it proves useful all the year round, but care should be taken that it
+does not overgrow less rampant rock plants.
+
+_A. l. variegata_ is a variety with finely-marked leaves. The bloom
+resembles that of the type, but is rather weaker. It is better to remove
+the flowers of this kind, as then the rather slow habit of growth is
+much improved, as also is the colour of the foliage. The leaves being
+more serviceable and effective than the bloom, the uses should be made
+of it accordingly. They are broadly edged with yellow, the green being
+lighter than that of the type, but equally bright; the ends of the
+leaves are curled backwards, but, with the exception of being a little
+smaller, they are similar in shape to the parent form. This is a gem for
+rockwork, and, if it did not belong to a rather ordinary race of plants,
+it would, perhaps, be more often seen in choice collections. This,
+however, does not alter its worth. Seen in crevices of dark stone on
+rockwork, or in bold tufts near the walks, or planted with judgment near
+other dwarf foliaged subjects, it ever proves attractive. It is much
+less rampant, and, perhaps, less hardy than the type. It has only been
+during the recent very severe winters, however, that it has been killed.
+The Arabis is easily propagated by slips or rootlets, which should be
+taken after flowering. The variegated form is better for being so
+propagated every year. If bold patches are desired, they should be
+formed by planting a number together, 3in. or 4in. apart.
+
+Flowering period, February to June.
+
+
+
+
+Aralia Sieboldi.
+
+SIEBOLD'S ARALIA; _Nat. Ord._ ARALIACEÆ.
+
+
+The present subject (see Fig. 15)--beautiful, hardy, and evergreen--is a
+species of recent introduction; still, it has already become well known
+and distributed, so much so that it scarcely needs description; but
+there are facts in reference to it which would seem to be less known. It
+is seldom seen in the open garden, and many amateurs, who otherwise are
+well acquainted with it, when they see it fresh and glossy in the open
+garden in the earliest months of the year, ask, "Is it really hardy?"
+Not only is such the case, but the foliage, and especially the deep
+green colour, are rarely so fine when the specimens have indoor
+treatment, and, on this account, the shrub is eminently suitable for
+notice here.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15. ARALIA SIEBOLDI.
+
+(One-tenth natural size.)]
+
+The order _Araliaceæ_ is nearly related to _Umbelliferæ_, from which
+fact an idea may be had of the kind and arrangement of the flowers. Many
+of the genera of the order _Araliaceæ_ are little known; perhaps the
+genus _Hedera_ (ivy) is the only one that is popular, and it so happens
+to immediately follow the genus _Aralia_. To remember this will further
+assist in gleaning an idea of the form of blossom, as that of ivy is
+well known. _Aralia Sieboldi_, however, seldom flowers in this climate,
+either in or out of doors. When it does, the white flowers are not of
+much value; they are small, like ivy blossom in form, but more spread
+in the arrangement. There are five sepals, five petals, five styles, and
+five cells in the berries. The flowers are produced on specimens 2ft. to
+5ft. high during winter, when favourable. The leaves, when well grown,
+are the main feature of the shrub, and are 12in. or more across. This
+size is not usual, but a leaf now before me, and taken from an outside
+specimen, measures over a foot, with a stout round stalk, 13in. long;
+the form of leaf is fan-shaped, having generally seven lobes, each
+supported by a strong mid-rib; the lobes are formed by divisions rather
+more than half the diameter of the leaf; they are slightly distant,
+broadly lance-shaped, waved at the edges, toothed near the ends, the
+teeth being somewhat spiny; the substance is very stout and leather-like
+to the touch; the upper surface is a dark shining bronzy-green,
+beautifully netted or veined; the under surface is a pale green, and
+richly ornamented by the risen mid-ribs and nerves of the whole leaf;
+the leaf-stalks are thick, round, bending downwards, and 6in. to 18in.
+long, springing from the half woody stem.
+
+The habit of the shrub is bushy, somewhat spreading, causing the
+specimens to have a fine effect from their roundness, the leaf
+arrangement also being perfect. Without doubt this is one of the most
+distinct and charming evergreens for the ornamental garden, sub-tropical
+in appearance, and only inferior to palms as regards size; it is
+effective anywhere. It need not be stated that as a vase or table
+decoration it ranks with the best for effect and service, as it is
+already well-known as such. In planting this subject outside, young but
+well-rooted examples should be selected and gradually hardened off. At
+the latter end of May they should be turned out of the pots into a rich
+but sandy loam. The position should be sunny, and sheltered from the
+north. Some have advised that it should be grown under trees, but I have
+proved that when so treated the less ripened foliage has suffered with
+frost, whilst the specimens fully exposed to the sun have not suffered
+in the least; they would droop and shrivel as long as the frost
+remained, but as soon as the temperature rose they became normal,
+without a trace of injury. When planted as above, young specimens will
+soon become so established and inured to open-air conditions, that
+little concern need be felt as regards winter; even such as were under
+trees, where they continued to grow too long, and whose tender tops were
+cut away by frost, have, the following summer, made a number of fresh
+growths lower down the stems. I should like to say that on rockwork this
+shrub has a superb effect, and I imagine the better drained condition of
+such a structure is greatly in favour of its health and hardiness. The
+propagation is by means of cuttings; slips of half-ripened wood, taken
+during the warmest months, if put in sandy loam in a cucumber frame,
+will root like willow. As soon as roots have formed, pot them separately
+and plunge the pots in the same frame for a week or two, then harden
+off. For the first winter the young stock ought to be kept either in a
+greenhouse or a cold frame, and by the end of the following May they
+will be ready to plant out. A well-drained position is important.
+
+Flowering period, November to March, in favourable or mild seasons.
+
+
+
+
+Arisæma Triphyllum.
+
+_Syns._ A. ZEBRINUM _and_ ARUM TRIPHYLLUM; _Common
+Names_, THREE-LEAVED ARUM _and_ JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT;
+_Nat. Ord._ ARACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy tuberous-rooted perennial from North America. I will at once
+explain that the above leading name is not the one generally used here,
+but in America, where the species is common, botanists have adopted it;
+besides, it is, as will be seen from the following description, very
+distinct from other Arums. The Syn. _Arisæma zebrinum_, as given,
+belongs really to a variety of _A. triphyllum_, but the type is marked
+in its flowers zebra-like, and there are many shades and colours of it,
+therefore both or either of the names may be used for the different
+forms, with a fair degree of propriety, as in fact they are.
+
+There is a doubt with some as to the hardiness of this plant; in my mind
+there is none whatever. It is no stranger to frosts in its habitats, but
+I do not found my conviction on anything but my experience of it. It has
+been grown fully exposed for two winters, and sometimes the frosts must
+have gone as far down as the roots.
+
+There is nothing showy about this plant, but there is something which
+stamps it as a fitting subject for a garden of choice plants; its bold,
+dark green foliage and quaint-looking flowers render it desirable on the
+score of distinctness. It has, moreover, a freshness upon which the eye
+can always linger. The flowers are in general form like the calla-lily;
+the upper part of the spathe, or sheathing leaf, which is really the
+calyx, is, however, more elongated, pointed, and hooked; otherwise the
+spathe is erect, slightly reflexed just above the folded part, giving
+the appearance of a pair of small lobes; this--the calyx--is really the
+most conspicuous part of the flower; in the belly it is beautifully
+striped with broad lines of a purplish-brown colour, which shade off to
+an inch of green in the middle, when they form again, and continue to
+the tip of the spathe, which will be 4in. to 6in. long, and nearly 2in.
+broad at the widest part; these lines run between the ribs, and, as
+before hinted, they are of various colours, such as brown, purple, pink,
+and green. The ribs are nearly white, and the green parts are very pale.
+The spadix is over 3in. long, club-shaped, spotted with brown, very much
+so near the end. The anthers at the base of the spadix are curious, and
+should be examined. They are invisible until the folded part of the
+spathe is opened; they are numerous, arranged in a dense broad ring,
+sessile, and nearly black. This curious flower is produced on a stout,
+round scape, a foot or more in height. The leaves are radical, having a
+stalk a foot long. They are, as the specific name implies, divided into
+three parts, each being of equal length, entire, wavy, and pointed. The
+whole plant has a somewhat top-heavy appearance (see Fig. 16), but I
+never saw it broken down by the weather. It makes quick growth in
+spring, the scape appearing with the leaves; in late summer it dies
+down. It looks well in quiet nooks, but it also forms a good companion
+to showy flowers in more open situations; in a cut state, for dressing
+"old-fashioned" vases, nothing could be in better character, a few
+leaves of yarrow, day lily, flag, or similar foliage being all it will
+require.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16. ARISÆMA TRIPHYLLUM.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+It may be transplanted, any time from September to the end of January,
+into good light loam or leaf soil, 4in. or 6in. deep; if there should be
+a dry season during the period of growth, the plant should be well
+watered. To increase it, the tubers may be divided every third year,
+providing the growth has been of a vigorous tone. I may add, that, from
+its tall and not over-dense habit, there may with advantage, both to it
+and the plants used, be a carpet grown underneath--ivy, vincas, or sweet
+woodruff for some situations, and brighter subjects for more conspicuous
+parts of the garden, such as the finer kinds of mimulus, ourisia, alpine
+aster, and dwarf iris.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Arum Crinitum.
+
+HAIRY ARUM, _or_ DRAGON'S MOUTH; _Nat. Ord._
+ARACEÆ.
+
+
+As may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 17), this is a most singular
+plant. It proves hardy in this climate if its position is selected; in
+other words, it is not hardy in all kinds of soils and situations, but
+if planted four or five inches deep, in sandy or half decayed vegetable
+mould, facing the south, there is little to fear either as regards
+hardiness or its thriving. I think, therefore, it may be called hardy.
+It is far more interesting than handsome, but there is at the present
+time an evident desire amongst amateurs to grow the various Arums, and
+more especially has this one been sought after; I have, therefore,
+introduced it amongst more beautiful flowers, and given an enlarged
+drawing of the entire plant, together with the spathe in its unopened
+state.
+
+The plant is a native of Minorca, and was imported in 1777. In this
+climate it grows to the height of 18in., developing the flower with the
+foliage. It is produced on a stout scape nearly 1ft. high, of a pale
+green colour, marked with dark short lines and spotted with delicate
+pink dots. The folded spathe is of leather-like substance, rough, almost
+corky in texture; also variously marked and tinted. At the base there
+are a number of green lines arranged evenly and longitudinally on a
+nearly white ground. A little higher--the belly part--the lines are less
+frequent, irregular, and mixed with pink dots. Still higher, the ground
+colour becomes pale green, the lines dark green, and the pink spots are
+changed to clouded tints; the remainder of the folded spathe--to the
+tip--is a mixture of brown and green dots, the total length being fully
+9in. When the spathe opens, it does so quickly, bending more than half
+its length outwards, the division looking upwards. To those who have not
+before seen the plant at this stage, it will prove an interesting
+surprise; the odour, however, is repulsive. The spathe at its widest
+part is 6in. broad, and tapers off to a blunt point. It is of a dark
+purple colour and covered with long bent dark hairs, whence the specific
+name. They are curiously disposed, and remind one of some hairy animal
+that has been lifted out of the water the wrong way as regards the
+direction of the hair. The spadix is comparatively small, black, and
+also covered with hairs. The flower should be closely watched if its
+peculiarities are to be fully noted, as it not only opens quickly but
+soon begins to wither. During the short period that the flower is open
+the lower part of the spathe or belly becomes filled with all kinds of
+flies, being held by the spear-like hairs.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17. ARUM CRINITUM.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+The leaves have long stalks, marked and tinted in a similar manner to
+that of the scape. They are curiously formed and twisted, pedate or
+bird-foot shaped, the outer segments twice cut, lance-shaped, and
+turned inwards or over the main part of the leaf; the leaves are of a
+deep green colour, and of good substance; they seldom exceed four in
+number to each plant or tuber.
+
+This curious species should, as above indicated, have a warm situation,
+where it will also be comparatively dry in winter. Its propagation may
+be effected by division of the roots of strong specimens.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Asters.
+
+MICHAELMAS DAISIES, _or_ STARWORTS; _Nat. Ord._
+COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+Hardy, perennial, and herbaceous. These are a numerous family, and many
+of them have an ungainly habit and insignificant flowers--in fact, are
+not worth growing, save as wild flowers in unfrequented places. I will
+mention a few of the finer sorts, which are mostly species: _A.
+diversifolius_, _A. ericoides_, _A. grandiflorus_, _A. pendulus_, and
+_A. Dumosus_, these are all good, both in habit and flowers; _ericoides_
+and _pendulus_ make really handsome bushes, but the very beautiful _A.
+amellus_, and its more dwarf variety (_A. Mdme. Soyance_), have tempted
+me to write of these old-fashioned plants, which may be said to be
+wholly distinct, as their flowers are so very much brighter (dark
+purple, with a clear yellow centre), and the rays so much more evenly
+and compactly furnished. Their stems are 2ft. to 3ft. high, and flowered
+half their length with clusters of bloom about the size and form of
+full-grown field daisies. These wand-like spikes in a cut state are
+bright and appropriate decorations. In vases they are very effective,
+even when used alone. The flowers are very lasting, either cut or
+otherwise; the plants will bloom six or eight weeks.
+
+These subjects will thrive in almost any kind of soil or position,
+opening their flowers during the dullest weather, and though they like
+sunshine, they will not wait for it. It is scarcely needful to further
+describe these well-known flowers, but, as well as the species, there
+are some bright and beautiful varieties which merit further notice. All
+the Starworts are easily increased by root division any time.
+
+Flowering period, August to November.
+
+
+
+
+Aster Alpinus.
+
+ALPINE STARWORT, _or_ BLUE DAISY; _Nat. Ord._
+COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+An exceedingly beautiful and very much admired alpine plant, which does
+not die down like most of the Starworts, but has woody stems; it is
+seldom seen more than a foot high, and its large bright purple flowers
+seem disproportionate. This is one of the plants which should have a
+place in every garden, and more especially in rock gardens. There cannot
+well be a more neat and telling subject; the form and size of its
+flowers are not often seen on such dwarf plants, and it also has the
+merit of being a "tidy" subject when not in bloom. The illustration
+(Fig. 18) will give a fair idea of its main features. Its purple
+flowers, which are fully 2in. across, have for many days an even and
+well-expanded ray, when the florets curl or reflex; the disk is large,
+and numerously set with lemon-yellow florets; the flowers are well
+lifted up on stout round stems, covered with short stiff hairs, and
+furnished with five or six small leaves; the main foliage is of compact
+growth, lance-shaped, entire, spathulate and covered with short hairs.
+
+[Illustration: FIG 18 ASTER ALPINUS.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+Considering that this plant has been in English gardens for 220 years,
+and that its merits must be seen by anyone at a glance, it is hard to
+say why it is not better known; even in choice and large collections it
+always proves attractive when in flower. The blooms in a cut state are
+very durable; they not only hold together, but also keep a good colour.
+Under cultivation it is in no way particular; it will endure anything
+but being deprived of light; from its dwarf, stout, and shrubby
+character, it would form a useful and a handsome edging to the larger
+walks; and by growing it so extensively an enviable supply of flowers
+for cutting would be at hand.
+
+A stock of young plants may soon be got up by division of strong roots
+after the flowering season; such pieces as have roots may be planted at
+once in their permanent quarters; the rootless parts should be dibbled
+into light sandy loam and shaded with branches for a week or two.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+_A. a. albus_ is a white-flowered variety, blooming about the same time.
+There does not appear to be that vigour about it which characterises the
+type; this, however, is not the only shortcoming; when compared with the
+rich purple flower, the white one, with its large yellow disk, appears,
+to say the least, a questionable improvement.
+
+
+
+
+Aster Ptarmicoides.
+
+BOUQUET STARWORT; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+This Starwort is a very recently-imported species from North America.
+Like many other things which have proved worthless as decorative
+flowers, this was highly praised, but for a while its weedy-looking
+foliage caused suspicion; after becoming well established, it flowered,
+and, I am glad to say, proves a most distinct and useful Starwort. Its
+small white flowers much resemble the field daisy, but they are borne on
+densely-branched stems in hundreds; in fact, the plant, which grows
+nearly 2ft. high, seems to be nearly all flowers. Each one has a single
+ray of shining white florets, narrow and separate. Those of the disk are
+of a canary-yellow colour; the imbricated calyx is pear-shaped; pedicels
+slender, bent, wiry, and furnished with very small leaves; main stems
+hispid, woody, and brittle. The leaves of the root are 2in. to 4in.
+long, smooth, entire, linear, almost grass-like; those of the stems much
+less, becoming smaller as they near the flowers; they are somewhat
+rough, partaking of the quality of the stems. The habit of the plant is
+much branched, the spreading clusters of flowers being six or ten times
+the size of the plant, so that it becomes top-heavy; it blooms for many
+weeks, and is not damaged by coarse weather. Amongst other Asters it
+shows to advantage, flowering earlier than most of them, but lasting
+well into their period of bloom. It is sure to prove a useful white
+autumnal flower; small sprays when cut look better than on the plant, as
+they are then seen to be well spread and rigidly held by means of their
+wiry stalks; they have the scent of Southernwood. It grows well with me
+in ordinary garden loam, the situation being well exposed to the sun. It
+may be readily propagated by root division.
+
+Flowering period, August to October.
+
+
+
+
+Bellis Perennis.
+
+COMMON PERENNIAL DAISY; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+This native plant, the commonest flower of the field and wayside, and
+the weed of our grass-plots, is the parent form of the handsome and
+popular double kinds seen in almost every garden. Well known as these
+flowers are, it may prove interesting to learn a little more about the
+fine large double crimson and white kinds--their treatment, for
+instance--in order to have abundance of flowers during the earliest
+months of the year; and the uses to which they may be most
+advantageously put; for, common as are the Daisies, they are, without
+doubt, amongst the most useful flowers we possess. First, I will briefly
+give the names and descriptions of the more distinct varieties.
+
+_B. p. aucubifolia_ is the Double Daisy, having a beautifully variegated
+foliage, mottled with golden-yellow in the way of the aucuba.
+
+_B. p. fistulosa._--This is the double crimson or pink Daisy, having its
+florets piped or quilled (see Fig. 19).
+
+_B. p. hortensis_ embraces all the double forms raised and cultivated in
+gardens, no matter what colour, and so distinguished from the typical
+form of the fields.
+
+_B. p. prolifera_ is that curious and favourite kind called "Hen and
+Chickens." The flowers are double, and from the imbricate calyx of the
+normal flower there issue a number of smaller Daisies having straggling
+florets; the whole on one main stalk presenting a bouquet-like effect.
+
+These kinds, the specific names of which are not only descriptive, but
+amply embrace the group, are much added to by flowers having other names
+and minor distinctions, the latter, for the most part, being only shades
+or mixtures of colour--as crimson, pink, white, and bicolours. The
+florets in many kinds are exceedingly pretty, from the way in which they
+are tipped and shaded; notably, a new variety that was sent me under the
+name of Dresden China. These sorts having different tints are usefully
+named with "florists'" names--as Pearl, Snowball, Rob Roy, Sweep, Bride,
+&c. I may say that I have long grown the Daisy largely, Bride and Sweep
+being the favourite kinds; both are robust growers, very hardy and
+early. Bride is the purest white, with florets full, shining, and well
+reflexed; rather larger than a florin, and when fully developed has a
+half globular appearance; another good point is its flower stalks being
+4in. to 5in. long, which renders it serviceable as cut bloom. Sweep is
+not quite so large, though a good-sized Daisy, it also opens more flat;
+its colour, however, is first rate, it is the darkest crimson Daisy I
+ever saw, is of a quilled form and very full. Its chief point is its
+constant colour; if the florets are examined, they are the same deep
+crimson underneath as on the face of the flower; this, together with its
+long stalks, renders it useful, too, in a cut state.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19. BELLIS PERENNIS FISTULOSA.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+To grow this useful flower well and render it doubly valuable by having
+it in bloom in mid-winter, requires three things: First, timely
+transplanting; secondly, rich soil; thirdly, partial shade; these
+conditions will be more briefly and, perhaps, clearly explained, if I
+state my method. At the end of May or fore part of June, plenty of good
+rotten stable manure is wheeled into the bush-fruit quarters; it is
+worked in with a fork, so as to do as little damage as possible to the
+bush roots. A line is drawn, and the old Daisy roots which have just
+been taken up are trimmed by shortening both tops and roots. They are
+severely divided, and the pieces planted 6in. apart in rows 8in.
+asunder. In such a cool, moist situation they soon form good tufts, and
+I need scarcely say that the dressing of manure has also a marked effect
+on the fruit crop. A planting so made is not only a cheerful carpet of
+greenery during winter, but is well dotted over with bloom. The plants
+being well established in rich soil, and having the shelter of the
+bushes during summer and winter, are the conditions which have conduced
+to such early flowers. This is the method I have adopted for years, and
+both Daisies and fruit have been invariably good crops. I ought,
+however, to say that beds more exposed, together with the fact that the
+Daisy roots have to be transplanted in October or November, never flower
+so early, from which it will be seen that the treatment explained hardly
+applies to such bedding; but where a breadth of bloom is required, say,
+for cutting purposes, I know no better plan. As cut bloom the daisy is
+charming in glass trays on a bed of moss, or even in small bouquets,
+mixed with the foliage of pinks, carnations, and rosemary. Such an
+arrangement has at least the merit of sweet simplicity, and somehow has
+also the effect of carrying our thoughts with a bound to spring-time.
+
+The ancient names for this "old-fashioned" flower were "Little Daisies"
+and "Bruisewoorte." The latter name, according to Gerarde, was applied
+for the following reasons: "The leaues stamped, taketh away bruses and
+swellings proceeding of some stroke, if they be stamped and laide
+thereon, whereupon it was called in olde time Bruisewoorte. The iuice
+put into the eies cleereth them, and taketh away the watering;" and here
+is a dog note: "The same given to little dogs with milke, keepeth them
+from growing great."
+
+Flowering period, February to July.
+
+
+
+
+Bocconia Cordata.
+
+_Syn._ MACLEAYA CORDATA; _Nat. Ord._ PAPAVERACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial from China. It is a tall and handsome
+plant; its fine features are its stately habit, finely-cut foliage, and
+noble panicles of buds and flowers; during the whole progress of its
+growth it is a pleasing object, but in the autumn, when at the height of
+7ft. it has become topped with lax clusters of flowers, over 2ft. long,
+it is simply grand. There are other names in trade lists, as _B.
+japonica_ and _B. alba_, but they are identical with _B. cordata_;
+possibly there may be a little difference in the shades of the flowers,
+but nothing to warrant another name. Having grown the so-called species
+or varieties, I have hitherto found no difference whatever; and of the
+hardy species of this genus, I believe _B. cordata_ is the only one at
+present grown in English gardens. During spring and early summer this
+subject makes rapid growth, pushing forth its thick leafy stems, which
+are attractive, not only by reason of their somewhat unusual form, but
+also because of their tender and unseasonable appearance, especially
+during spring; it is rare, however, that the late frosts do any damage
+to its foliage. It continues to grow with remarkable vigour until, at
+the height of 5ft. or more, the flower panicles begin to develop; these
+usually add 2ft. or more to its tallness.
+
+The flowers are very small but numerous, of an ivory-white colour; they
+are more beautiful in the unopened state, when the two-sepalled calyx
+for many days compresses the tassel-like cluster of stamens. Each half
+of the calyx is boat-shaped, and before they burst they have the form
+and colour of clean plump groats; as already hinted, the stamens are
+numerous, and the anthers large for so small a flower, being spathulate.
+As soon as the stamens become exposed, the calyx falls, and in a short
+time--a few hours--the fugacious anthers disappear, to be followed only
+a little later by the fall of the filaments; there is then left a naked
+but headed capsule, half the size of the buds, and of the same colour;
+they may be traced on the panicle in the illustration (Fig. 20). From
+the fading quality of the above-named parts, the buds and capsules
+chiefly form the ornamental portion of the compound racemes.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20. BOCCONIA CORDATA.
+
+(About one-twentieth natural size; blossom, one-half natural size.)]
+
+The leaves are from 8in. to 10in. in diameter, the largest being at the
+base of the tall stems; their outline, as the specific name implies, is
+heart-shaped, but they are deeply lobed and dentate, in the way of the
+fig leaf, but more profusely so; they are stalked, of good substance,
+glaucous, nearly white underneath, which part is also furnished with
+short stiff hairs. The glaucous hue or farina which covers the
+leaf-stalks and main stems has a metallic appearance, and is one of its
+pleasing features as a decorative plant. For many weeks the flowers
+continue to be developed, and from the deciduous quality of the fading
+parts, the panicles have a neat appearance to the last. In a cut state
+the long side branches of flowers, more than a foot long, are very
+effective, either alone or when mixed with other kinds, the little
+clusters of white drop-like buds being suitable for combination with the
+choicest flowers.
+
+As a decorative specimen for the more ornamental parts of the garden,
+and where bold subjects are desired, there are few herbaceous things
+that can be named as more suitable; from the day it appears above the
+ground, to and throughout its fading days in the autumn, when it has
+pleasing tints, it is not only a handsome but distinct form of plant; as
+an isolated specimen on the lawn, or by frequented walks, it may be
+grown with marked effect; if too nearly surrounded with other tall
+things, its beauty is somewhat marred; but wherever it is planted it
+should have a good fat loam of considerable depth. I ought not to omit
+saying that it forms a capital subject for pot culture; plants so
+treated, when 12in. or 18in. high, no matter if not then in flower, are
+very useful as window or table plants; but of course, being herbaceous,
+they are serviceable only during their growing season; they need not,
+however, be a source of care during winter, for they may with safety be
+plunged outside in a bed of ashes or sand, where they will take care of
+themselves during the severest weather.
+
+It may be propagated by cuttings taken from the axils of the larger
+leaves during early summer; if this method is followed, the cuttings
+should be pushed on, so that there are plenty of roots before the winter
+sets in. I have found it by far the better plan to take young suckers
+from established plants; in good rich soil these are freely produced
+from the slightly running roots; they may be separated and transplanted
+any time, but if it is done during summer they will flower the following
+season. Tall as this subject grows, it needs no supports; neither have I
+noticed it to be troubled by any of the garden pests.
+
+Flowering period, September to August.
+
+
+
+
+Bulbocodium Trigynum.
+
+_Syns._ COLCHICUM CAUCASICUM _and_ MERENDERA
+CAUCASICUM; _Nat. Ord._ MELANTHACEÆ.
+
+
+This pretty miniature bulbous plant is very hardy, flowering in winter.
+It is a scarce flower, and has recently been represented as a new plant.
+As a matter of fact, it is not new, but has been known under the above
+synonymous names since 1823, when it was brought from the Caucasus. In
+general appearance it is very different from the _Colchicum_ (Sprengle),
+as may be seen by the drawing (Fig. 21), and _Merendera_ (Bieberstein)
+is only another Spanish name for _Colchicum_. The new name, authorised
+by Adams, may have been the cause, all or in part, of its being taken
+for a new species. The specific name may be presumed to be in reference
+to either its deeply-channelled, almost keeled leaves, which have the
+appearance of three corners, or in allusion to the triangular way in
+which they are disposed. It is a desirable flower for several
+reasons--its earliness, durability, rich perfume, and intrinsic beauty.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21. BULBOCODIUM TRIGYNUM.
+
+(Full size.)]
+
+The little plant, at the height of 2in., produces its rather large
+flowers in ones and twos in February, and they last for many days in
+perfect form. The scent reminds one of the sweet honey smell of a white
+clover field during summer. The colour is very pale lilac, nearly white;
+the tube takes on a little greenness; it is also divided, though the
+slits are invisible until the bloom begins to fade. The corolla, of
+irregular segments, is 1½in. across when expanded; the stamens are half
+the length of the petal-like segments, and carry anthers of exquisite
+beauty, especially when young, then they are orange colour, divided like
+a pair of half-opened shells, and edged with chocolate; the styles are a
+delicate pale green, and rather longer than the stamens. The leaves, as
+already stated, are channelled, broadest at the base, tapering to a
+point, which is rather twisted; they are 2in. long during the blooming
+period, of a deep green colour, stiff, but spreading, forming a pretty
+accurate triangle. This description, together with the cut, will suggest
+both the uses and positions in which it should be planted; if a single
+blossom, when brought indoors, proves strongly fragrant, it is easy to
+imagine what a clump must be in the garden. Like those of the colchicum,
+its flowers are quickly developed; the leaves grow longer afterwards,
+and die off in summer.
+
+It thrives in a sandy loam or leaf soil, in a sunny part, and increases
+itself at the roots like the saffrons.
+
+Flowering period, February and March.
+
+
+
+
+Bulbocodium Vernum.
+
+SPRING BULBOCODIUM, _or_ SPRING SAFFRON; _Nat. Ord._
+MELANTHACEÆ.
+
+
+In mild winters, sheltered positions, and light vegetable soil, this
+bulbous plant may be seen in blossom from January to March. The flowers
+appear before the leaves, and may, at the first glance, be taken for
+lilac-coloured croci. Up to a certain stage, however, the colour
+gradually improves in the direction of purple, and where there are
+established patches it is no inconsiderable part of the effect caused by
+this desirable winter flower to see it a mass of bloom in many shades,
+ranging from white (as in the bud state) to a lively purple. It is an
+old plant in English gardens, and is largely found wild in mid-Europe.
+It came from Spain as early as 1629. Still, it is not generally known or
+grown; but within the last few years it has come to the fore, with a
+host of other hardy and early-flowering subjects. The natural order in
+which it is classed includes many beautiful genera, both as regards
+their floral effect and anatomical structures. _Veratrum_, _Uvularia_,
+and _Colchicum_ are, perhaps, the more familiar, and the last-mentioned
+genus is a very nearly allied one. A feature of the genus _Bulbocodium_
+is implied by the name itself, which means "a wool-covered bulb." This
+quality, however, will be more observable when the bulb is in a dormant
+state; it exists under the envelope. The crocus or saffron-like flowers
+are aptly named "Spring Saffron," though there is a great botanical
+difference to be seen between this genus and that of _Colchicum_ when
+the flower is dissected. The bloom is produced from the midst of an
+ample sheath, and overlapping leaves, which are only just visible in the
+early season of this year; the corolla of six petal-like divisions is
+2in. to 3in. across when expanded, and of various shades and colours, as
+already stated; the segments are completely divided, being continued
+from the throat of the corolla to the ovary by long tapering bases,
+called nails, claws, or ungues. The leaves are stout, broadly
+strap-shaped, channelled, and of a deep green colour. The bulb is rather
+small; its form resembles that of the autumn crocus, as also does its
+mode of growth and reproduction.
+
+The early blossoms of this bulb soon disappear, and though the roots are
+all the better for being well ripened, a thin patch of some of the finer
+annuals sown in spring amongst their withering leaves will not do much
+harm, and will prove useful as gap-stoppers. Another good way is to grow
+these dwarf bulbous flowers with a carpet of creepers, of which there
+are scores in every way suitable; and where nothing else is available or
+to be grown with success, the small-leaved ivy will answer well. The
+dwarf phloxes, however, are more useful; their browned spreading
+branches form a neutral but warm-looking ground to the purple blossoms;
+besides, by the time all trace of the Bulbocodium has shrivelled up,
+they begin to produce their sheets of bloom. All such prostrate forms
+not only preserve dwarf winter flowers from the mud, but otherwise give
+effect to the borders. This bulb thrives best in light soil, well
+drained; in sheltered nooks it may be had in flower a month earlier than
+in exposed parts. Under such conditions it increases very fast, and the
+bulbs may be transplanted with advantage every other year after the tops
+have died off. In stiff or clay-like soil it dwindles and dies.
+
+Flowering period, January to March.
+
+
+
+
+Calthus Palustris Flore-pleno.
+
+DOUBLE MARSH MARIGOLD; _Old Common Name_, "MEADOW
+BOOTES"; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+The typical, or single-flowering variety of this plant is a British
+species, and a rather common one; but the pleasing habit and bright,
+finely-formed, orange-yellow flower of this double kind renders it a
+suitable plant for any garden. It is herbaceous and perennial, and loves
+boggy situations. It is, however, very accommodating, and will be found
+to do well in ordinary garden soil, especially if it be a stiffish loam;
+clayey land is well adapted for it. No matter what kind of weather
+prevails, it has always a neat and fresh appearance. By the illustration
+(Fig. 22) the reader will doubtless recognise its familiar form. As
+already stated, its flowers are orange-yellow, very full, with petals
+evenly arranged; they are 1in. across, and produced on round, short,
+hollow stems, seldom more than 9in. high. The forked flower stalks are
+furnished with embracing leaves, differing very much from the others,
+which are stalked, heart-shaped, nearly round, and evenly-toothed. All
+the foliage is of a rich dark shining green colour. Strong specimens
+produce flowers for a long time, fully two months, and frequently they
+burst into blossom again in the autumn. Individual flowers are very
+lasting, and, moreover, are very effective in a cut state. It is a
+robust grower, providing it is not in light dry soil; it seems with me
+to do equally well fully exposed to sunshine and in partial shade, but
+both positions are of a moist character.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22. CALTHUS PALUSTRIS FLORE-PLENO.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+It has long fleshy roots, which allows of its being transplanted at any
+time, early spring being the best, to increase it. The crowns should be
+divided every three years, when there will be found to be ample roots to
+each one.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Calystegia Pubescens Flore-pleno.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ CONVOLVULACEÆ.
+
+
+This double Convolvulus is a somewhat recent introduction from China; it
+is hardy and perennial. So distinct are its large flesh-coloured flowers
+that they are often taken at the first glance, when cut, for double
+pyrethrums or chrysanthemums, but, seen in connection with the plant,
+the form of foliage and climbing or twining habit of the bindweed soon
+enable the most casual observer of flowers to recognise its genus.
+
+The flowers are 2in. to 3in. across, petals long, narrow, wavy, and
+reflexed; these are well held together by the five-parted calyx, further
+supported by a bract of two small but stout leaves. The flower stalks
+are round and wiry, 3in. or 4in. long; they are produced all along the
+twining stems, which are only of the moderate length of 5ft. or 6ft. The
+leaves are of the well-known Convolvulus form.
+
+I find it a good plan to grow this subject amongst tall and early
+flowering plants, such as lupins, foxgloves, and lilies, the old stems
+of which form ample supports for the climber; moreover, they are
+rendered less unsightly from being thus furnished anew with leaf and
+flower, even though not their own. Another method is in early summer to
+place a short twiggy branch over the pushing growths; it will soon
+become covered, and if not too large, the ends of the shoots will
+slightly outgrow the twigs and hang down in a pleasing manner. The plant
+should be started in light sandy loam and have a warm situation,
+otherwise flowers will be scarce and the whole specimen have a weedy
+appearance. When once it becomes established, it will be found to spread
+rapidly by means of its running roots, which, unless checked, will soon
+become a pest. I simply pull out all growths except such as shoot up in
+the desired position, and so continue to treat them as weeds throughout
+the growing season. Stems furnished with flowers a yard or more long, in
+a cut state, make rich festoons; single blooms (the smaller ones) look
+well as "buttonholes," being neat and effective, without gaudiness. I
+ought to state that a succession of flowers is kept up for fully three
+months; this fact adds not a little to the value of this handsome
+flesh-coloured bloomer. Roots may be transplanted at any time; the
+smallest piece will produce a blooming plant the first season, if put
+into a proper soil and situation.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Campanula Grandis.
+
+GREAT BELLFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ CAMPANULACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial from Siberia, growing to a height of 3ft.
+Its flowers are large, bright, and numerous; well-established clumps
+will present masses of bloom for more than a month with average weather.
+As a large showy subject there are few plants more reliable, or that can
+in any way excel it, more especially for town gardens. It is a rampant
+grower, quickly covering large spaces by means of its progressive roots;
+in gardens or collections where it can only be allowed a limited space,
+the running habit of the roots will doubtless prove troublesome, and
+often such free growers, however handsome they may be otherwise, are
+esteemed common, which should not be. The proper thing to do would be to
+give these vigorous and fine flowering subjects such quarters as will
+allow them their natural and unrestrained development.
+
+The flowers of _C. grandis_ are more than 1in. across the corolla, the
+five segments being large and bluntly pointed, of a transparent
+purple-blue colour, and very enduring; they are arranged on short
+stalks, which issue from the strong upright stems. They form little
+tufts of bloom at every joint for a length of nearly 2ft.; the
+succession, too, is well kept up. Buds continue to form long after the
+earliest have opened. The leaves are 4in. to 8in. long and ¾in. wide,
+lance-shaped, stalkless, and finely toothed. They are arranged in round
+tufts on the unproductive crowns, and they remain green throughout the
+winter.
+
+As regards soil, any kind will do; neither is the question of position
+of any moment beyond the precaution which should be taken against its
+encroachments on smaller subjects. In the partial shade of shrubs it not
+only flowers well but proves very effective. Useful as this plant is in
+the garden, it becomes far more so in a cut state. When it is needful to
+make up a bold vase or basket of flowers for room decoration, it can be
+quickly and effectively done by a liberal use of its long, leafy, but
+well-bloomed spikes; five or six of them, 2ft. to 3ft. long, based with
+a few large roses, pæonies, or sprays of thalictrum, make a noble
+ornament for the table, hall, or sideboard, and it is not one of the
+least useful flowers for trays or dishes when cut short. Propagated by
+division at any time, the parts may be planted at once in their blooming
+quarters.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Campanula Latifolia.
+
+BROAD-LEAVED BELLFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ CAMPANULACEÆ.
+
+
+A British species, very much resembling _C. grandis_, but somewhat
+taller, and flowering a little earlier; the latter quality has induced
+me to mention it, as it offers a fine spike for cutting purposes before
+the above is ready.
+
+Culture, uses, and propagation, the same as for _C. grandis_.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Campanula Persicifolia.
+
+PEACH-LEAVED BELLFLOWER; _Old Common Names_,
+"PEACH-BELS" _and_ "STEEPLE-BELS"; _Nat. Ord._
+CAMPANULACEÆ.
+
+
+This good "old-fashioned" perennial has had a place in English gardens
+for several hundred years; it is still justly and highly esteemed. It is
+a well-known plant, and as the specific name is descriptive of the
+leaves, I will only add a few words of Gerarde's respecting the flowers:
+"Alongst the stalke growe many flowers like bels, sometime white, and
+for the most part, of a faire blewe colour; but the bels are nothing so
+deepe as they of the other kindes, and these also are more delated and
+spred abroade then any of the reste." The varieties include single blue
+(type) and white, double blue, and different forms of double white.
+
+In all cases the corolla is cup or broad bell shaped, and the flowers
+are sparingly produced on slightly foliaged stems, 18in. to 3ft. high;
+there are, however, such marked distinctions belonging to _C. p. alba
+fl.-pl._ in two forms that they deserve special notice; they are very
+desirable flowers, on the score of both quaintness and beauty. I will
+first notice the kind with two corollas, the inner bell of which will be
+more than an inch deep, and about the same in diameter. The outer
+corolla is much shorter, crumpled, rolled back, and somewhat marked with
+green, as if intermediate in its nature between the larger corolla and
+the calyx. The whole flower has a droll but pleasing form, and I have
+heard it not inaptly called "Grandmother's Frilled Cap." The other kind
+has five or more corollas, which are neatly arranged, each growing less
+as they approach the centre. In all, the segments are but slightly
+divided, though neatly formed; this flower is of the purest white and
+very beautiful, resembling a small double rose. It is one of the best
+flowers to be found at its season in the borders, and for cutting
+purposes I know none to surpass it; it is clean and durable. So much are
+the flowers esteemed, that the plant is often grown in pots for forcing
+and conservatory decoration, to which treatment it takes kindly.
+
+In the open all the above varieties grow freely in any kind of garden
+soil, but if transplanted in the autumn into newly-dug quarters they
+will in every way prove more satisfactory; this is not necessary, but if
+cultivation means anything, it means we should adopt the best-known
+methods of treatment towards all the plants we grow, and certainly some
+of the above Bellflowers are deserving of all the care that flowers are
+worth.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Campanula Pyramidalis.
+
+PYRAMIDAL _or_ CHIMNEY CAMPANULA; _Nat. Ord._
+CAMPANULACEÆ.
+
+
+This herbaceous perennial is a very old flower in this country; it came
+from Carniola in the year 1594. It is very hardy, and for several months
+together it continues to produce its large lively blue flowers,
+beginning in July and lasting until stopped by frosts. At no time is it
+in finer form than in September; at the height of from 5ft. to 7ft. it
+proves richly effective amongst the blooming hollyhocks, where, as
+regards colour, it supplies the "missing link" (see Fig. 23).
+
+The flowers are a light bright blue colour, and 1in. to 1½in. across.
+The corolla is bell-shaped, the five divisions being deeply cut, which
+allows the flower to expand well; the calyx is neat and smooth, the
+segments long and awl-shaped; the flower stalks are short, causing the
+numerous erect branches to be closely furnished with bloom during
+favourable weather. The leaves of the root are very large and stalked,
+of irregular shape, but for the most part broadly oval or lance-shaped.
+The edges are slightly toothed, having minute glands; those of the stems
+are much smaller, sessile, and long egg-shaped; all the foliage is
+smooth, and of a dark green colour; the main stems are very stout, and
+sometimes grow to the height of 7ft. Vigorous plants will send up
+several of these, from which a great number of small ones issue, all
+assuming an erect habit; blooming specimens are hardly anything else
+than a wand-like set of flowered stems, and though it is advisable to
+stake them, I have seen them bend and wave during high winds without
+damage.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23. CAMPANULA PYRAMIDALIS.
+
+(One-twentieth natural size; _a_, one-half natural size.)]
+
+In the borders and shrubbery this is a very effective subject; it is
+amongst herbaceous plants what the Lombardy poplar is amongst forest
+trees--tall, elegant, and distinct. Its use, however, is somewhat
+limited, owing to the stiffness of the stems and the shortness of the
+flower stalks; but when grown in pots--as it often is--for indoor
+decoration, it proves useful for standing amongst orange and camellia
+trees. It has very strong tap roots, and enjoys a deep rich loam. Not
+only does it look well among trees, but otherwise the partial shade of
+such quarters seems conducive to finer bloom.
+
+Flowering period, July to October.
+
+_C. p. alba_ is a white flowering variety of the above species; its
+other points of distinction are its smaller-sized leaves and much paler
+green colour, by which alone the plants may be easily recognised from
+the type. This variety may be grown with good effect in pots or the
+border; it scarcely gets so tall as the blue form, but looks well by the
+side of it.
+
+The readiest way to increase these plants is to take the young and dwarf
+growths from the woody crown of the roots, paring off a little of the
+bark with each. If these are put in sandy loam during the warm growing
+season and kept shaded for a few days, they will very soon make plenty
+of roots; this method in no way damages the flowers. Another way is by
+seed, but seedlings are two years before they bloom.
+
+
+
+
+Campanula Speciosa.
+
+SHOWY HAREBELL; _Nat. Ord._ CAMPANULACEÆ.
+
+
+A comparatively new species, brought from Siberia in 1825, and sometimes
+called _C. glomerata dahurica_. It is a good hardy plant, perennial and
+herbaceous, and one of the earliest to flower. It has a distinct
+appearance; it nearly resembles _C. aggregata_, but the latter does not
+flower until several weeks later. Apart from its likeness to other
+species of the genus, it is a first-class border flower, having large
+bells of a fine deep purple colour, and, unlike many of the Harebells,
+is not over tall, but usually about a foot high, having a neat habit.
+The flowers are arranged in dense heads, whorl fashion, having very
+short stalks; they are nearly 2in. long and bell shaped. The leaves
+(radical) are oval heart-shaped and stalked; those of the stems are
+sessile; the whole plant is hairy and robust. This is one of the flowers
+which can hardly be planted out of place in any garden, excepting
+amongst the rare and very dwarf alpines; it is not only true to its
+name, "showy," but handsome. It will grow and flower well in the worst
+soil and needs no sort of care; it would be fine in lines by a
+shrubbery, and is effective in bold clumps; and though a new kind, it
+belongs to a race of "old-fashioned" flowers, amongst which it would mix
+appropriately. Increased by division in autumn.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Campanula Waldsteiniana.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ CAMPANULACEÆ.
+
+
+A rare and distinct alpine species from Carinthia. It proves perfectly
+hardy in this climate. For the rock garden it is a gem of the first
+water, its habit being dwarf, dense, and rigid; floriferous as many of
+the Bellflowers are, I know none to excel this one. As may be observed
+in the following description, there are not a few distinctive traits
+about it, which, more or less, go to make it a desirable subject for
+rare and choice collections.
+
+The flowers are a glistening bluish-lilac, erect, and ¾in. across when
+fully expanded. The corolla can hardly be said to be bell-shaped, as the
+five divisions are two-thirds of its depth, which allows it, when full
+blown, to become nearly flat, and as the segments are equal, sharply
+cut, and pointed, the flower has a star-like appearance. The little
+calyx is cup-shaped, angular, and has small, stout, horn-like segments,
+which are bent downwards. Each flower has a pedicel about 1in. long,
+which springs from the axils of the main stem leaves; the stems seldom
+exceed the height of 4in. or 5in., and they are exceedingly fine,
+thready, as also are the pedicels; they are, moreover, of zigzag form,
+from node to node. The leaves are ¾in. long, and less than ½in. wide,
+ovate or nearly cordate, partially folded, and sometimes reflexed at the
+ends, nearly stalkless, slightly toothed, smooth, of good substance and
+a peculiar grey-green colour. The foliage for two or three weeks is
+completely hidden by the large number of flowers, during which time it
+is a most attractive subject.
+
+I grow it with other dwarf Campanulas in a collection bed, where it
+compares well with the finest, such as _C. pulla_, _C. muralis_, and _C.
+Zoysii_, for effectiveness. Having proved it to thrive well in light
+sandy soil of a vegetable character, I have not tried it otherwise; it
+enjoys a sunny situation. The site should be well drained; it will
+endure nothing like stagnant moisture--its peculiar roots would indicate
+this fact, they are not only tender and fleshy, but thick and of a
+pith-like nature, and, as I have never been able to gather any seed, and
+the propagation has to be carried out by root division, there requires
+to be a careful manipulation of these parts, for not only do they split
+and break with the least strain, but when so mutilated they are very
+liable to rot. I have found it by far the better plan to divide this
+plant after it has begun to grow in March or April, when its fine
+shining black shoots, which resemble horse hairs in appearance, are
+about ½in. high. Slugs are fond of this plant; a dressing once a week of
+sand and soot, when it begins to grow, will keep them off.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+
+
+
+Centaurea Montana.
+
+MOUNTAIN KNAPWEED; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+This is an "old-fashioned" and favourite flower. Every one must be
+familiar with its thistle-like formed flowers; it is sometimes called
+the large or perennial Cornflower and also the Large Bluebottle. The
+blue variety has been grown in English gardens since 1596. There are now
+white and pink coloured varieties, all rampant growers, very hardy and
+perennial. They are in every way superior to the annual kind, which is
+so largely grown, the flowers being more than twice the size, and
+produced two months earlier; the blooming period is maintained until
+late autumn.
+
+The flowers, as before hinted, are thistle-shaped; the pericline or knob
+just under the florets is cone-shaped, covered with evenly set and
+pointed scales, green, edged with a brown margin, set round with short
+bristle-like teeth. The florets of the outer ring are 1½in. long,
+tubular half their length, the wider portion being five to seven cut;
+the centre florets are short and irregular, richly tinted with pink at
+their bases; the whole flower or ray, when expanded, is 3in. across.
+They are produced on stems over 2ft. long and of a somewhat procumbent
+habit, angular and branched near the tops; the leaves are 3in. to 6in.
+long, lance-shaped, entire and decurrent, giving the stems a winged
+appearance. They are of a greyish colour--nappy--whence the name
+Knapweed.
+
+This vigorous species, with its white and pink varieties, may be grown
+in any kind of soil. It requires plenty of room; a two-year-old plant
+will form a specimen a yard in diameter under favourable conditions. The
+effect is good when all the three colours are grown near each other in
+bold pieces. They yield an unfailing supply of flowers, which are of a
+very useful type; in fact, the more they are cut the more they seem to
+bloom, and it is a good plan to cut short half the stems about June.
+They will (in a week or two) produce new shoots and large flowers in
+abundance, the gain being flowers of extra size during autumn.
+
+Propagated by division of the roots any time.
+
+Flowering period, June to September.
+
+
+
+
+Centranthus Ruber.
+
+_Syn._ VALERIANA RUBER--RED VALERIAN; _Nat. Ord._
+VALERIANACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a strong and vigorous garden plant, with a somewhat shrubby
+appearance; it is herbaceous, perennial, and sometimes classed as a
+British species, therefore hardy; but though its classification among
+British plants is justifiable, it is only so on the ground of its being
+a naturalised subject, its original habitats being in the South of
+Europe. It is a favourite and "old-fashioned" flower, and it fully
+justifies the estimation in which it is held, the flowers being produced
+in large bunches of a fine rich colour, which are very durable. Its
+shrubby habit is not one of its least recommendations; seen at a
+distance--which it easily can be--it might be taken for a ruby-coloured
+rhododendron, to which, of course, it has no resemblance when closely
+inspected. It grows 2ft. high or more.
+
+The flowers are a bright ruby colour, very small, but closely massed in
+great numbers, borne in corymbs, terminal and much branched; "the
+calyx-limb, at first revolute, afterwards expanded into a feather-like
+pappus;" the corolla is tubular, long, slender, and spurred; the
+segments or petals are small and uneven, both in form and arrangement;
+the germen is long; anther prominent and large for so small a flower,
+viz., ¾in. long and hardly ¼in. in diameter. The stems are stout, round,
+hollow, and glaucous; they are furnished with leaves of various shapes
+at the nodes, as lance-shaped, long oval, heart-shaped and plain,
+elliptical and pointed, wavy and notched, and arrow-shaped, lobed, and
+toothed. The root leaves are mostly ovate, lanceolate, and entire. The
+whole plant is smooth and glaucous. From the description given, it may
+readily be seen that when in flower it will be effective--massive heads
+of ruby flowers topping a shrub-like plant of shining foliage and
+glaucous hue. It is eminently fitted for lines or borders where other
+strong growers are admitted. In a cut state the flowers are very useful;
+they are strongly scented, something like the lilac, with just a
+suspicion of Valerian in it. I ought not to omit mention of its extra
+brightness as seen by gaslight--this fact adds much to its value for
+indoor decoration.
+
+It may be grown in any kind of garden soil, needing nothing at any time
+in the way of special treatment; but if it is supplied with a little
+manure it will pay back with interest, in the form of extra-sized
+bunches and brighter flowers.
+
+_C. r. albus_ is a white-flowering kind of the above; its main points of
+difference are its paler green foliage, smaller sized corymbs, shorter
+growth, and rather later season of bloom.
+
+_C. r. coccinea_ is another kind; the specific name is misleading. It is
+not scarlet, but nearer a rose colour, and when compared with the
+typical colour it appears much inferior; still, it is a good variety.
+All the three colours, when grown side by side, are very showy when in
+bloom.
+
+This species, with its varieties, may be easily propagated by root
+divisions at any time from late summer to spring; the long fleshy roots
+should not be broken more than can be helped; every piece with a crown
+on it will make a flowering plant the first season.
+
+Flowering period, June to September.
+
+
+
+
+Cheiranthus Cheiri.
+
+COMMON WALLFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ CRUCIFERÆ.
+
+
+This well-known evergreen shrub (see Fig. 24) is more or less hardy in
+our climate, according to the conditions under which it is grown.
+Although a native of the South of Europe, it rarely happens, however
+severe the winter may be in this country, that we are totally deprived
+of the favourite bouquet of Wallflowers in winter or early spring, while
+it is equally true that, during the hard weather of one or two recent
+winters, in numerous gardens every plant was killed. In favourable
+seasons its blooms are produced throughout winter, but the full blow
+comes in April. Three hundred years ago it was known by its present
+name; in this respect it is a rare exception, as most flowers have many
+and widely different names, especially the "old-fashioned" sorts, so
+that often the varied nomenclature hinders the identification of the
+species. At one time the Wallflower was called the "Gillyflower," but
+the name is now only applied to a biennial and single-flowered variety
+of the stock--a near relation of the Wallflower. More than 200 years ago
+Parkinson wrote, "Those Wallflowers that, carrying beautiful flowers,
+are the delights and ornaments of a garden of pleasure."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24. CHIERANTHUS CHEIRI.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+Of its well-known beauties, as regards its form, colour, varieties, and
+delicious perfume, description is needless, though I may say, in
+passing, that its fragrance renders it of value to those whose olfactory
+nerve is dead to the scent of most other flowers.
+
+Two errors are frequently committed in planting the Wallflower; first,
+at the wrong time, when it is nearly a full-grown specimen and showing
+its flowers; next, in the wrong way, as in rows or dotted about. It
+should be transplanted from the seed beds when small, in summer or early
+autumn, and not in ones and twos, but in bold and irregular groups of
+scores together; anything like lines or designs seems out of harmony
+with this semi-wildling. There is another and very easy method which I
+should like to mention, as a suggestion--that of naturalisation; let
+those near ruins, quarries, and railway embankments and cuttings,
+generously scatter some seed thereon during the spring showers, when the
+air is still; in such dry situations this flower proves more hardy than
+in many gardens. Moreover, they serve to show it to advantage, either
+alone or in connection with other shrubs, as the whin, which flowers at
+the same time; here, too, it would be comparatively safe from being
+"grubbed up."
+
+Flowering period, January to June.
+
+
+
+
+Cheiranthus Marshallii.
+
+MARSHALL'S WALLFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ CRUCIFERÆ.
+
+
+A distinct and very hardy hybrid, being shrubby and tree-like in shape,
+but withal very dwarf. From the compact habit, abundance and long
+duration of its flowers, it is well suited for showy borders or lines.
+It is not yet well known, but its qualities are such that there can be
+no wonder at its quickly coming to the front where known.
+
+It differs from the common Wallflower in being more dwarf and
+horizontally branched, while the leaves are more bent back, hairy, and
+toothed; immediately below the floriferous part of the stem the leaves
+are more crowded, the stems more angular, the flowers much less, not so
+straggling, and of a dark orange colour. Other hybrids in the same way
+are being produced, differing mostly in the colour of the flowers, as
+lemon, greenish-yellow, copper, and so on.
+
+Plants a year old are so easily raised from cuttings, and form such neat
+specimens, that a stock cannot be otherwise than very useful in any
+garden; besides, they lift so well that transplanting may be done at any
+time. My finest specimens have been grown from their cutting state, on a
+bed of sifted ashes liberally mixed with well-rotted stable manure; in
+such light material they have not only done well, but, when a few roots
+were required, they lifted large balls without leaving any fibre in the
+ground. To have good stout stock before winter sets in, slips should be
+taken from the old plants as soon as they have done flowering; dibble
+them into light but well enriched soil, and give water in droughty
+weather only.
+
+I ought to mention that this dwarf Wallflower, and also its allied
+kinds, are capital subjects for very dry situations; on old walls and
+the tops of outhouses they not only do well, but prove decorative
+throughout the year. In such places plants will live to a great age, and
+sow their own seed freely besides.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Chionodoxa Luciliæ.
+
+SNOW GLORY; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy bulbous perennial, from Asia Minor. It has only been cultivated
+about four years in English gardens; still it has been proved to be as
+hardy as the squills, which it very much resembles. Mr. Maw, who
+discovered and introduced it, found it "near the summit of the
+mountain," which (though it is a native of a much warmer climate than
+ours) may account for its hardy character. That it is a most beautiful
+flower is beyond doubt, but there are those who think it has been
+overpraised. It should not, however, be forgotten that Mr. Maw's
+description of it was from a sight of it in masses, a state in which it
+can hardly have been judged yet in this country, as until very recently
+the bulbs were very expensive. It has, however, taken kindly to our
+climate, and is likely to increase fast, when it may be seen to greater
+advantage.
+
+It grows to the height of 6in. or 8in.; the flower scapes, which are
+rather slender, are somewhat shorter than the foliage, the flowers being
+longer in the petals than the squills, almost star-shaped, and nearly
+1in. across; later on they reflex. Their colour is an intense blue,
+shading to white in the centre of the flower. The flowers are produced
+in numbers, from three to six on a stem, having slender pedicels, which
+cause the flowers to hang slightly bell fashion. The leaves, from their
+flaccidness and narrowness, compared with the squills, may be described
+as grassy. The bulbs are a little larger than the kernel of a cob nut,
+nearly round, having satiny skins or coats.
+
+It may be grown in pots, and forces well if allowed first to make good
+roots, by being treated like the hyacinth. It should be kept very near
+the glass. It has also flowered fairly well in the open border fully
+exposed, but in a cold frame, plunged in sand and near the glass, it has
+been perfection. Single bulbs so grown in "sixties" pots have done the
+best by far.
+
+All the bulbs hitherto experimented with have been newly imported; very
+different results may possibly be realised from "home-grown" bulbs. It
+is also probable that there may be varieties of this species, as not
+only have I noticed a great difference in the bulbs, but also in the
+flowers and the habit of plant. This I have mentioned to a keen
+observer, and he is of the same opinion; be that as it may, we have in
+this new plant a lovely companion to the later snowdrops, and though it
+much resembles the squills, it is not only sufficiently distinct from
+them, but an early bloomer, which we gladly welcome to our gardens. It
+seems to do well in equal parts of peat, loam, and sand, also in leaf
+soil and sand.
+
+Flowering period, March and April.
+
+
+
+
+Chrysanthemum.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+The flowers to which I would now refer the reader are of no particular
+species, but, like several other genera, this genus has been
+considerably drawn upon or utilised by the hybridiser, and the species,
+looked upon from a florist's point of view, have been much improved
+upon by their offspring. Not only are Japan and China the homes of the
+finer flowering species, but in these countries the Chrysanthemum has
+been esteemed and highly cultivated for centuries; in fact, such a
+favourite is this flower with the Chinese, that they have treated it
+with many forms of their well-known art in matters horticultural, and
+when the flower was brought to this country it would doubtless be in a
+form improved by them. It reached this country nearly 100 years ago, and
+was known by the names _C. indicum_ and _C. sinense_; about the same
+time a species from the East Indies was called _C. indicum_. This
+flower, from the time of its introduction, has been justly appreciated;
+and by the skill of several cultivators we have a largely increased
+number of forms and colours. Still, there are certain distinctions kept
+up amongst the varieties, and they are commonly known by such names as
+"large-flowering," "pompon, or small-flowered," "early flowering,"
+"anemone-flowered," and "Japanese." These names, besides being somewhat
+descriptive, are otherwise useful to the amateur who may wish to grow a
+representative collection, and where there is convenience it is
+desirable to do so in order to observe their widely different forms and
+colours, as well as to enjoy a long succession of bloom.
+
+So well is the Chrysanthemum known that little could be usefully said of
+it by way of description; but well as it is known and easy as its
+culture is, there are few things in our gardens that show to greater
+disadvantage. This should not be with a subject which offers such range
+of habit, colour, and period of blooming; and when such is the case,
+there must be some radical mistake made. The mistake I believe to be in
+the selection, and that alone. If so, the remedy is an easy matter. Let
+me ask the reader to remember three facts: (1) Many sorts grown in pots
+and flowered under glass are unfitted for the borders or open garden.
+(2) The later flowering varieties are of no use whatever for outside
+bloom. (3) Of the early blooming section, not only may the finest
+varieties be grown with marked effect, but they, as a rule, are of more
+dwarf habit, and will afford abundance of bloom for cutting purposes for
+nearly two months. Selections are too often made from seeing the fine
+sorts in pots; let it be understood that all are perfectly hardy, but
+owing to their lateness, their utility can only be realised under
+artificial conditions. I am not now considering pot, but garden kinds,
+and no matter what other rules may be observed, if this is overlooked it
+will be found that though the plant may grow finely and set buds in
+plenty, they will be so late as to perish in their greenness by the
+early frosts; on the other hand, of the early section, some will begin
+to bloom in August, and others later, each kind, after being covered
+with flowers for several weeks, seeming to finish naturally with our
+season of flowers.
+
+There is nothing special about the culture of this very hardy and
+rampant-growing plant, but I may add that, though it will stand for many
+years in one place, and flower well too, it is vastly improved by
+division of the roots in autumn or early spring every second year. The
+earth of its new site should be deeply dug and well enriched with stable
+manure; it will not then matter much what sort of soil it is--the more
+open the situation the better. How grandly these decorate the borders
+when in masses! and as a cut flower I need hardly say that there are few
+to excel the Chrysanthemum, either as an individual bloom or for bouquet
+and other work.
+
+I do not frequently make mention of many florists' flowers by name, but
+in this case I think I may usefully name a few varieties: Andromeda,
+cream coloured, Sept.; Captain Nemo, rosy purple, Aug.; Cassy, pink and
+white, Oct.; Cromatella, orange and brown, Sept.; Delphine Caboche,
+reddish mauve, Aug.; Golden Button, small canary yellow, Aug.;
+Illustration, soft pink to white, Aug.; Jardin des Plantes, white,
+Sept.; La Petite Marie, white, good, Aug.; Madame Pecoul, large, light
+rose, Aug.; Mexico, white, Oct.; Nanum, large, creamy blush, Aug.;
+Précocité, large, orange, Sept.; Soeur Melaine, French white, Oct.;
+St. Mary, very beautiful, white, Sept. These, it will be seen, are
+likely to afford a variety and succession of bloom.
+
+Flowering period, August to November.
+
+
+
+
+Cichorium Intybus.
+
+_Syns._ C. PERENNE _and_ C. SYLVESTRE--WILD
+SUCCORY _or_ CHICORY; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+This herbaceous perennial is a native plant, in many parts being very
+common. Not only, however, do many not know it as a wild flower, but we
+have the facts that under cultivation it is a distinct and showy plant,
+and that of late it has come into great request. Its flowers are a
+pleasing blue, and produced on ample branches, and for mixing with other
+"old-fashioned" kinds, either in the borders or as cut blooms, they are
+decidedly telling; for blending with other Composites it has its value
+mainly from the fact that blues are rare in September; the China asters
+are too short in the stalk for cutting purposes, and many of the tall
+perennial starworts are neither bright nor well disposed. I may also
+mention another proof of its decorative quality--it is not common
+(_i.e._, wild) in my district, and a plant being cultivated in my garden
+for its flowers has been so much admired that it is likely to have other
+patrons, and in many instances it is being introduced into gardens where
+the choicest flowers are cultivated. I am bound, however, to say that
+when not in flower it has the appearance of the commonest weed.
+
+Its flowers are produced when 2ft. to 6ft. high. They are of a fine
+glistening blue colour, 1in. to 1½in. across, and in the way of a
+dandelion flower, but stalkless individually, being disposed in ones,
+twos, and threes, somewhat distantly in the axils of the leaves, and all
+over the numerous and straggling branches. The leaves are rough, of a
+dingy green colour, and variously shaped, Gerarde's description being as
+follows: "Wilde Succori hath long leaues, somewhat snipt about the edges
+like the leaues of sow thistle, with a stalke growing to the height of
+two cubits, which is deuided towarde the top into many braunches. The
+flowers grow at the top blewe of colour; the roote is tough and woodie,
+with many strings fastened thereto."
+
+I find this plant not only enjoys a half shady place, but if it is so
+placed that its quick growing branches can mix with those of other
+subjects in a trellis or other supports, its coarser parts will not only
+be partially hidden, but the rich coloured flowers will show to
+advantage. I may mention that mine is mixed with Virginian creeper on
+wires, and the effect may easily be imagined. It will do in any kind of
+garden soil, but if deeply dug and well manured the flowers are vastly
+improved. Propagated by seed or division of the stout tap roots.
+
+Flowering period, August to September.
+
+
+
+
+Clethra Alnifolia.
+
+ALDER-LEAVED CLETHRA; _Nat. Ord._ ERICACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy deciduous shrub, and mentioned in connection with herbaceous
+perennials because of its rich flowers and dwarf habit. It is a native
+of North America, having been grown in this country for 150 years; it is
+not so often met with as it ought to be, though much esteemed. It
+becomes very productive of flowers when only 2ft. high, but grows
+somewhat taller when well established; it is more valuable than common
+from its floriferousness, during late summer to the end of the season.
+
+Let me at once state that its winning point is the delicious scent of
+its pure white flowers; it is very powerful, and like that of the lilac
+and alder combined; the racemes are 2in. or 3in. long, and compactly
+formed of short-stalked flowers less than ½in. across; they are of good
+substance, and in form resemble the lilac flower minus the tube; the
+flower stems are somewhat woody, and foliaged to the base of the spike
+or raceme. The leaves are of varying sizes, oval, lance-shaped, and
+short-stalked, distinctly veined and slightly wrinkled, sharp but finely
+toothed, of a dark shining green colour on the upper and a greyish-green
+on the under side. The whole shrub is somewhat rough to the touch; the
+habit is bushy and branching, increasing in size from suckers; the
+numerous twiggy side shoots of the previous year's growth produce the
+flowers.
+
+It enjoys a light soil and sunny situation, and it may be planted
+anywhere in the shrubbery or borders as a first-class flowering subject.
+Its scent loads the air for some distance around, and pleasantly reminds
+one of spring flowers. Such sweet-smelling flowers are not too plentiful
+in September, and I know not a better one than this amongst hardy
+flowers for the late season. Its odour is fine and full; a single sprig
+now by me proves almost too much for the confinement of a room. This
+quality is invaluable in small flowers that can be freely cut, which,
+moreover, as in this case, are otherwise suitable for bouquet work.
+Propagated by cuttings and division of the suckers, taken when growth
+has ceased; if put in sandy loam and a warm situation, they will become
+rooted during the following spring.
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+
+
+
+Colchicum Autumnale.
+
+MEADOW SAFFRON; _Common Name_, AUTUMNAL CROCUS; _Nat.
+Ord._ MELANTHACEÆ.
+
+
+A native bulbous perennial (see Fig. 25). The Colchicums are often
+confounded with the autumn-flowering species of croci, which they much
+resemble when in bloom; the similarity is the more marked by the
+absence, from both, of their leaves in that season, otherwise the leaves
+would prove to be the clearest mark of difference. Botanically they are
+far removed from each other, being of different orders, but there is no
+need to go into such distinctions, not, at any rate, in this case.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25. COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE
+
+(about one-sixth natural size.)]
+
+The flowers are well known and they need not be described further than
+by saying they are in form crocus-like, but much longer in the tubes and
+of a bright mauve-purple colour. The bulbs have no resemblance to the
+crocus whatever, being often four times the size of the crocus corms.
+Moreover, they are pear-shaped and covered with flaky wrappers of a
+chestnut brown colour; if examined, these coverings will be found, near
+the neck of the bulb, to be very numerous and slack fitting, extending
+above the ground, where they have the form of decayed or blackened
+foliage; a singular fact in connection with the roots is, they are not
+emitted from the base of the bulb, but from the side of the thickened or
+ovate part, and are short and tufty. In early spring the leaves, which
+are somewhat like the daffodil, but much broader and sheathed, are
+quickly grown; at the same time the fruit appears. In summer the foliage
+suddenly turns brown, and in the autumn nothing is seen but blackened
+foliage, which is very persistent, and which, a little later, acts as
+sheaths for the long-tubed flowers. Unless the weather be very
+unfavourable, these flowers last a long time--fully two weeks. The
+double variety, which is somewhat scarce, is even more lasting, and I
+may add, it is a form and colour so softly and richly shaded that it is
+nothing short of exquisite; but the single variety, now more especially
+under notice, is also capable of agreeably surprising its friends when
+used in certain ways, for instance, as follows: A tray of the bright
+green and nearly transparent selaginella, so common in all greenhouses,
+should form the ground for twos or threes of these simple but elegant
+Saffron flowers; no other should be placed near--their simplicity forms
+their charm. It will be seen that the robust but soft-coloured flower of
+the meadows harmonises finely with the more delicately grown moss. In
+other ways this fine autumnal flower may be used with pleasing effect in
+a cut state, and it blends well with the more choice exotics. This is
+more than can be said of many hardy flowers, and it is fortunate that
+during dull weather, when we are driven from our gardens, there are
+still some flowers which may be hastily gathered and so arranged indoors
+as to give us all the pleasure which only such flowers can yield at such
+a season.
+
+I find this subject to do well in any situation, but I think the blooms
+are a richer colour if grown under partial shade. The bulbs should not
+be disturbed if abundance of flowers are wanted; but if it is found
+desirable to propagate them, the bulbs may be lifted every two or three
+years, when the tops have withered, and when there will probably be
+found a goodly crop of young tubers.
+
+Flowering period, September and October.
+
+
+
+
+Colchicum Variegatum.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ MELANTHACEÆ.
+
+
+This comes from Greece, nevertheless it is perfectly hardy; it is not
+only peculiarly pretty when closely examined, but a truly handsome
+flower, either as cut bloom or seen in groups in a growing state.
+Compared with _C. autumnale_, it is shorter in the tube, or more dwarf;
+still, it is a larger flower, and its rosy purple petals, or divisions
+of the corolla, are more spear-shaped, and each from 2in. to 3in. long;
+they have a stout and almost white mid-rib, the other parts of the
+segments being distinctly and beautifully chequered with white and rosy
+purple; the tube is stout, and of transparent whiteness; the foliage
+less than that of the British species, and more wavy. The habit of the
+flowers is erect, and during sunshine they become flatly expanded, when
+they will be 4in. to 5in. across, being 3in. to 4in. high. It is a very
+durable flower, lasting at least a fortnight, and many are produced
+from one bulb, appearing in succession, so that the blooming period is
+well extended; it braves the worst weather with little or no damage.
+Unlike the longer-tubed varieties, it is never seen in a broken state,
+and it is this which mainly renders it superior. Either as a cut flower,
+or a decorative subject for the borders or rockwork, it is a first-rate
+plant, being neat and showy.
+
+It enjoys a sandy loam in a moist but warm situation; at the base of a
+small rockwork having a southern aspect it flourishes to perfection; it
+can hardly be planted wrongly provided there is no stagnant moisture.
+Propagated like _C. autumnale_, than which it is of slower increase.
+
+Flowering period, September and October.
+
+
+
+
+Coreopsis Auriculata.
+
+EAR-LEAVED COREOPSIS; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26. COREOPSIS AURICULATA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+The oldest species of the genus grown in English gardens; its flowers
+are yellow, but dotted at the base of the ray florets. The leaves, as
+implied by the name, are dissimilar to other species, being lobed and
+having ear-like appendages; but this feature is far from constant, and
+otherwise the leaves differ, being sub-sessile and oval-lance-shaped
+(see Fig. 26). It came from North America as long ago as 1699. Slugs are
+very fond of these plants, and in winter more especially, when the
+dormant eyes are not only in a green, but exposed state; they should be
+watched after, or during one mild night the whole may be grazed off, to
+the great injury of the plant.
+
+Its habit, uses, culture, and propagation are the same as for _C.
+tenuifolia_.
+
+
+
+
+Coreopsis Grandiflora.
+
+LARGE-FLOWERED COREOPSIS; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+In many parts this resembles _C. lanceolata_, its main distinction being
+implied by its name. The flowers are larger and the ray florets more
+deeply cut; it is also bolder in the foliage, and the stems grow nearly
+as strong as willows. It is an abundant bloomer, and a good specimen is
+a glorious object during the autumn. It comes from North America, but my
+experience of it is that it is not so hardy as _C. lanceolata_ and _C.
+auriculata_.
+
+Habit, uses, culture, and propagation, as for _C. lanceolata_.
+
+
+
+
+Coreopsis Lanceolata.
+
+SPEAR-LEAVED COREOPSIS; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+This form of bright yellow flower is in great favour during August, but
+that is not all. The various kinds of this genus are plants of the
+easiest culture, and their rich flowers are produced in great quantities
+from midsummer to the time the frosts begin. This species has been said
+to be only of a biennial character; it is, however, understood generally
+to be perennial, though not quite so hardy as others which come from the
+colder climates of America. It was imported from Carolina in 1724, and
+in this country proves hardy in selected situations, where its roots are
+comparatively dry in winter, and I may add that it proves a true
+perennial.
+
+When the plant has attained the height of a foot it begins to flower;
+each bloom has a long pedicel, nearly naked, also round and smooth. The
+flowers are a shining yellow colour, and nearly 3in. across; the florets
+of the ray are flatly arranged, shield-shaped, pleated, and
+four-toothed, the teeth being sometimes jagged; the disk is small for so
+large a flower; the florets brown and yellow. The double involucrum,
+common to the genus, has its upper set of bracteoles rolled outward;
+they are of a brownish colour; the lower set are green and wheel-shaped
+during the period of a perfect ray, and they alternate with the upper
+ones. The leaves, as may be inferred from the specific name, are
+lance-shaped, 2in. to 6in. long, smooth and entire; they are attenuated
+to the stems, which they more or less clasp. The habit of the plant is
+much branched, but only slightly at base; it becomes top-heavy from the
+numerous shoots near the top, which cause it to be procumbent; otherwise
+this subject would rank with tall growers. It is one of the most useful
+flowers, both, in the garden and when cut, the long stalks in both cases
+adding much to its effectiveness; its form and brightness are sure to
+commend it, no matter whether it happens to be a fashionable flower or
+otherwise. It is at once a bold and delicate form, and one that
+harmonises with any other kinds and colours.
+
+It should be grown in deeply-dug and well-enriched earth, and, as
+already hinted, the drier the situation the more safely will it winter.
+Not only that, but on raised beds or banks sloping to the full sunshine
+it will also flower to perfection. All its family, so far as I have
+proved them, hate excessive moisture. Its propagation may be by
+division, as in this damp climate it does not seem to ripen seed, but I
+have found sometimes not a little difficulty in dividing the woody
+roots, as frequently there is only one stem below the surface with
+roots. When there are more the difficulty is lessened, but I have
+noticed that the stronger branches which are weighted to the ground form
+rudimentary roots where in contact with the earth. These may either be
+pegged and covered with soil, or cut off and made into cuttings,
+removing most of the tops. If the latter is done during August they will
+become well rooted before the frosts appear.
+
+Flowering period, July to October.
+
+
+
+
+Coreopsis Tenuifolia.
+
+SLENDER-LEAVED COREOPSIS; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+Hardy, herbaceous, and perennial; a native of North America, and a
+distinct species, from its finely-cut foliage and small, dark,
+orange-yellow flowers. For several weeks it has a few flowers, but
+during September it literally covers itself with bloom, so that it is
+one of the most pleasing objects in the garden.
+
+It grows 2 ft. high; each flower has a long nearly nude stalk, slender
+but wiry; the flowers are 1½in. across, and of a deep yellow colour; the
+florets of the ray are more distant from each other than is the case
+with many of the genus; the disk is small, dark brown, but changing from
+the appearance and disappearance of the yellow seed organs. The foliage,
+as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 27), is deeply and finely cut,
+of a dark green colour, and so arranged that each node has a nearly
+uniform dressing; the main stems are slender, and bend gracefully with
+the least breeze, and otherwise this plant proves a lively subject. Its
+habit is bushy and very floriferous, and it is well worth a place in
+every garden. It cannot fail to win admiration; even when growing, and
+before the flowers appear, it is a refreshing plant to look upon. In a
+cut state, the bloom, if taken with long stems, is well adapted for
+relieving large and more formal kinds. Tastes differ, and in, perhaps,
+nothing more than floral decorations; all tastes have a right to a share
+of indulgence, and in claiming my privilege in the use of this flower,
+I should place two or three sprays (stems) alone in a glass or bright
+vase, but there might be added a spike of the cardinal flower or a pair
+of single dahlias and a falling spray of the Flame nasturtium
+(_Tropæolum speciosum_).
+
+This plant should have a rich soil, sunny aspect, and a raised or
+well-drained site, and this is all it needs; it is not a subject to
+increase fast; not only, however, may it be easily divided, but if
+properly done after the tops have died down, the smallest pieces will
+make good blooming stock the first season.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27. COREOPSIS TENUIFOLIA.
+
+(One-sixth natural size; _a_, half natural size.)]
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+
+
+
+Cornus Canadensis.
+
+CANADIAN CORNELL, _or_ DOGWOOD; _Nat. Ord._
+CORNACEÆ.
+
+
+This pretty herbaceous plant is sometimes said to be a British species;
+its specific name, however, somewhat forbids that opinion. _C. suecica_,
+which is British, is very similar in all its parts, and the two may have
+been confounded. They flower, however, at very different dates, _C.
+Canadensis_ beginning in June and continuing until well into autumn;
+during the month of August the flowers are in their finest form and
+greatest numbers. It grows 6in. to 8in. high, and notwithstanding its
+dwarfness, it proves a most attractive object, being not only
+conspicuous for so small a plant, but chastely beautiful.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28. CORNUS CANADENSIS.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+The flowers are exceedingly small, strictly speaking, and are arranged
+in a minute umbel in the midst of a bract of four white pink-tinted
+leaves; these latter are commonly taken for the petals, and, as may be
+seen in the illustration (Fig 28), the real flowers will only appear as
+so many stamens; but at their earlier stage these are of a yellowish
+colour; later the purplish style becomes prominent and imparts that
+colour to the umbel, and, in due time, small fruit are formed. All the
+while the bract of pleasing white leaves remain in unimpaired condition;
+they are arranged in two pairs, one of larger size than the other,
+somewhat heart-shaped and bluntly-pointed, richly tinted at their edges
+and tips with a bright pink colour, and forming a flower-like bract
+1½in. across the broadest part. The bract and pedicels of the umbel all
+spring from the extremity of a peduncle 1½in. long, square, but of wiry
+character; this grows from the midst of a whorl of six leaves, and
+sometimes only four. They are in pairs, one pair being larger than their
+fellows, and are from 1½in. to 2in. long, elliptical-oblong, entire,
+smooth, waved, distinctly veined, tinted with pink at the tips and
+edges, and of a pale apple-green colour. On the stem, below the whorl of
+leaves, there is one pair more, varying only in size, being rather less.
+The habit of the species is neatness itself. From the slightly creeping
+roots, the perennial stems are produced separately, forming compact
+colonies of bright foliage, topped with its lively bracts.
+
+It is a suitable plant for the moist parts of rockwork, where it may be
+grown with such things as _Cardamine trifolia_, _Galax aphylla_, _Pyrola
+rotundifolia_, and _Salix reticulata_, and it would form a rich edging
+to choice dwarf plants, more especially if the position were
+gutter-formed, as it loves moisture in abundance. In such positions as
+those just mentioned, together with a light vegetable soil, this plant
+will grow to perfection, and that it is worth a proper place is
+evidenced by its long-continued blooming. Many flowers come and go
+during its period of attractiveness, and, after the summer flush, it is
+one to remain, braving alike the hot sunshine and heavy rain. Its
+propagation is by division of the roots in autumn or very early spring.
+
+Flowering period, June to October.
+
+
+
+
+Corydalis Lutea.
+
+YELLOW FUMITORY; _Nat. Ord._ FUMARIACEÆ.
+
+
+A native herbaceous perennial, though somewhat rare in a wild state. As
+grown in gardens, where it seems to appreciate cultural attentions, it
+proves both useful and effective, especially when placed in partial
+shade (when its foliage has an almost maiden-hair-like appearance), or
+as an edging it proves both neat and beautiful.
+
+It seldom exceeds a foot in height. The flowers are small, a yellow,
+white and green mixture, the yellow predominating; they are produced in
+loose spare racemes, on well-foliaged diffuse stems, which are also
+angular; the calyx is composed of two leaves; the petals are four,
+forming a snapdragon-like flower. The leaves are bipinnate, leaflets
+wedge-shape, trifoliate, and glaucous; the foliage very dense, having a
+pretty drooping habit. It flowers all summer, and is one of the most
+useful plants in a garden to cut from, the foliage being more valuable
+than the flowers.
+
+Its native habitats are said to be old walls and ruins, but I have
+proved it for years to do grandly in ordinary garden soil, both exposed
+and in the shade of fruit trees. When once established it propagates
+itself freely by seed. I ought to add that it answers admirably grown in
+pots for window decoration, the rich foliage nearly hiding the pot.
+
+Flowering period, May to October.
+
+
+
+
+Corydalis Nobilis.
+
+NOBLE _or_ GREAT-FLOWERED CORYDALIS; _Nat. Ord._
+FUMARIACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29. CORYDALIS NOBILIS.
+
+(One-half natural size; blossom, natural size.)]
+
+A hardy tuberose perennial, imported from Siberia in 1783. It is one of
+that section of the Fumitories called "Hollowe Roote," the
+appropriateness of which name is most amply illustrated in the species
+now under consideration. If, in the first or second month of the year, a
+strong specimen is examined, the long and otherwise stout tuberous root
+will be found, immediately under the healthy and plump crown, to be not
+only hollow, but so decayed that the lower and heavy fleshy parts of the
+root, which are attached to the crown by a narrow and very thin portion
+of the root bark, in such a way as to suggest that the lower parts might
+as well be cut off as useless--but, let me say, do not cut it. If it is
+intended to replant the specimen, let it go back to "Mother Earth" with
+all its parts, deformed as some may seem to us; otherwise _Corydalis
+nobilis_ will be anything but a noble plant at the flowering season; it
+may not die, but it will probably make for itself another "hollowe
+roote" before it produces any flowers, The habit and form of this plant
+are perfect (see Fig. 29), and there are other points of excellence
+about it which cannot be shown by an engraving, in the way of the
+arrangements of colours and shades. Seldom does the little plant, so
+full of character, exceed a height of 8in. The specimen from which the
+drawing was made was 7in., and grown fully exposed in a pot plunged in
+sand. Another plant, grown on rockwork, "high and dry," is about the
+same size, but it looks better fed. Probably the long roots are short of
+depth in pots, and the amount of decay may soon poison the handful of
+mould contained therein. Be that as it may, the specimens grown in pots
+have a hungry appearance compared with those less confined at the roots.
+
+The flowers are a pleasing mixture of white, yellow, brown, and green.
+The four petals are of such a shape and so arranged as to form a small
+snapdragon-like flower. These are densely produced in a terminal cluster
+in pyramid form on the stout and richly-foliaged stem; dense as is the
+head of flowers, every floret is alternated with a richly-cut leaf, both
+diminishing in size as they near the top. The older flowers become
+yellow, with two petals tipped with brown, the younger ones have more
+white and green, and the youngest are a rich blend of white and green;
+the head or truss is therefore very beautiful in both form and colour,
+and withal exquisitely scented, like peach blossom and lilac. The leaves
+are stalked bipinnate; leaflets three-parted, cut, and glaucous; there
+are few plants with more handsome foliage, and its beauty is further
+enhanced by the gracefully bending habit of the whole compound leaf. The
+flowers are too stiff for cutting, and otherwise their fine forms,
+colours, and perfume cannot well be enjoyed unless the plants are grown
+either in pots or at suitable elevations on rockwork, the latter being
+the more preferable way. The long blooming period of this plant adds not
+a little to its value, lasting, as it does, quite a month, the weather
+having little or no effect on the flowers.
+
+Any kind of sweet garden soil seems to do for it, and its propagation is
+carried out by careful root division.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Corydalis Solida.
+
+_Common Name_, FUMITORY; _Nat. Ord._ FUMARIACEÆ.
+
+
+This is said to be a British species, but it is a doubtful, as well as
+somewhat scarce one. Though but a small plant of the height of 6in. or
+8in., it is very effective, being compact with finely-cut foliage of a
+pale glaucous green, and the stems pleasingly tinted. For some weeks in
+early spring it forms a graceful object on rockwork, where it seems to
+thrive well.
+
+The flowers, which are purple, are not showy; still, they are effective
+from the way in which they are borne, as the illustration (Fig. 30) will
+show. Its specific name is in reference to its root, which is bulbous
+and solid. Many of the Fumitories have remarkably hollow roots, and one
+of the old names of this genus is written "Hollowe roote." When the
+flowers fade the whole plant withers, nothing being left but the bulbous
+roots to complete their ripening; still, this should not hinder its
+extensive cultivation, because it not only appears in its best form when
+flowers are rare, but also because it is so pleasingly distinct.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30. CORYDALIS SOLIDA.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+I find it to do well on rockwork, also in well-drained borders of light
+loam. It should be allowed to increase until it forms good-sized tufts,
+which it soon does. To propagate it, it is only necessary to divide the
+tubers any time from July to October.
+
+Flowering period, February to May.
+
+
+
+
+Crocus Medius.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ IRIDACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a charming kind, seldom seen and, perhaps, little known; the
+name would imply that it is a variety having equal traits of two other
+forms. It blooms in January and the flowers appear without any foliage.
+So well is the Crocus known, it will only be needful to state the more
+striking features of the one under notice.
+
+The flowers are produced on tubes 3in. to 5in. long, and stoutly formed;
+the colour is a shaded lilac-purple, striped with darker lines; the
+petals or divisions of the perianth are 1½in. long and ½in. broad,
+shining or satiny, and become well expanded during the short moments of
+winter sunshine; the stamens are half the length of perianth, of a fine
+deep orange colour, and covered with a thick coat of pollen all their
+visible length. In rich contrast with these is the style, with its tuft
+of filaments of a bright orange scarlet colour. From this description it
+will be seen that the flower is a rather small Crocus, but from the soft
+tints of the perianth, and more pronounced and bright colours of the
+seed organs, it is one of much beauty. These features, added to the
+facts of the bloom appearing in winter and having the scent of wild
+roses, are sure to render it a favourite kind wherever grown. The leaves
+are short and narrow, almost grassy.
+
+It enjoys a light but rich loam and sunny aspect, and increases itself
+freely by offsets of the matured corms, clumps of which may be divided
+after the foliage has withered.
+
+Flowering period, January.
+
+
+
+
+Cyananthus Lobatus.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ POLEMONACEÆ.
+
+
+A small plant with a large flower, a veritable gem; no collection of
+choice alpines can be complete without this species. A native of Chinese
+Tartary, brought to this country in 1844, where it proves perfectly
+hardy in the most exposed parts of the open garden; it is herbaceous and
+perennial; its large and brilliant flowers are very beautiful, but all
+its other parts are small, as may be seen in the illustration (Fig. 31).
+It is seldom met with except in collections of rare plants, but there is
+no reason why it should not be more commonly grown, as its requirements
+are now well understood. It is not a showy subject, but, when examined,
+it proves of exquisite beauty.
+
+The flowers are of a bright purple-blue colour, over an inch across, the
+petals being of good substance, tongue-shaped, and falling backwards,
+when the china-like whiteness about the top of the tube becomes more
+exposed; the calyx is very large, nearly egg-shaped, having five
+finely-pointed and deeply-cut segments; the bulky-looking part, which
+has an inflated appearance, is neatly set on a slender stem, and densely
+furnished with short black hairs of even length; this dusky coat has a
+changeable effect, and adds not only to the character, but also to the
+beauty of the flower. The small attenuated leaves are alternate and
+laxly arranged on the flower stems, which are 6in. to 12in. long, round,
+and nearly red. Each leaf is less than 1in. long, distinctly lobed with
+five or more lobes, and all the edges are turned back, causing the
+foliage to appear thick and well finished; the foliage of the stems not
+bearing flowers is more closely set. The habit of the plant is
+procumbent; stems contorted, and producing solitary flowers.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31. CYANANTHUS LOBATUS.
+
+(Natural size.)]
+
+It should be grown on rockwork, where its stems can nestle between the
+stones and its roots find plenty of moisture, as in a dip or hollowed
+part; the long and fleshy roots love to run in damp leaf mould and
+sand. The position should be open and sunny, in order to have flowers.
+Cuttings may be taken during summer, and struck in sandy peat kept
+moist, or strong roots may be divided. The latter method is the less
+desirable, not only because of jeopardising the parent stock but also
+because strong roots show to greater advantage when not separated.
+
+Flowering period, September and October.
+
+
+
+
+Cypripedium Calceolus.
+
+ENGLISH LADY'S SLIPPER; _Nat. Ord._ ORCHIDACEÆ.
+
+
+This well-known terrestrial orchid is a rare British plant, very
+beautiful, and much admired, so much so, indeed, that many desire to
+grow it. It happens, however, that it seldom thrives under cultural
+treatment, and seems to prefer a home of its own selection, but its
+habitats are said now to be very few in Great Britain, it having been
+hunted out and grubbed up everywhere. Fortunately, it can be grown in
+gardens, and in good form, though rarely seen thus. To see well-grown
+flowers of this orchid either makes us feel more contented with our own
+climate or strongly reminds us of others where the most gorgeous
+varieties of flowers and fruit grow wild. It is large and striking,
+fragrant, and very beautiful; no one can see it, especially in a growing
+state, without being charmed by its freshness and simplicity; it also
+forms one of the finest specimens for the student in botany, and in
+every way it is a plant and flower of the highest merit (see Fig. 32).
+It should be in all collections of choice plants, and every amateur
+should persevere until he succeeds in establishing it.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32. CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+Under cultivation it flowers in early May, at a height of 9in. to 12in.;
+the flowers are composed of a calyx of three brownish-purple sepals,
+which have only the appearance of two, from the fact of the lower two
+being joined or grown together, and even so combined they are somewhat
+less than the upper sepal. The division may be observed at the tips,
+though in some specimens it is microscopic--in the one now by me it is
+hardly the eighth of an inch. Two petals; these are cross-form in
+relation to the sepals, of the same colour, and a little longer--about
+2in.--narrow, drooping, pointed, and slightly twisted when a few days
+old; lip, "blown out like a slipper," shorter than the sepals,
+compressed, richly veined, and lemon yellow. The seed organs are
+curious, the stigma being foot-stalked, peltate, and placed between and
+above the anthers. The leaves are pale green, very hairy, many-ribbed,
+stem-clasping, alternate, ovate, and slightly wavy; the lower ones are
+5in. or 6in. long and 2in. to 3in. wide, and pointed. The root is
+creeping, the fibres stout, long, wiry, and bent. During spring the
+plant makes rapid growth, and seldom bears more than one flower; for the
+first time a plant produced two with me in 1882. They are sweetly
+scented, like the primrose.
+
+Many amateurs, who have otherwise proved their knowledge of the
+requirements of plants by growing large and choice collections, have
+failed to establish this after many trials; and were it not for the fact
+that with me it is growing in various positions and under different
+modes of treatment, and that it has so grown for several years, I think
+I should not have ventured to give hints to experienced horticulturists.
+In my opinion, four conditions are strictly necessary in order to
+establish this native orchid in our garden: (1) A strong specimen with a
+goodly portion of the rhizoma attached; (2) Firm or solid planting
+during autumn; (3) Moist situation; (4) Shade from the mid-day sun.
+Further information may be best given by stating the _modus operandi_:
+Several years ago a number of good roots were planted in sandy loam of a
+calcareous nature. They were put in somewhat deeply, the roots carefully
+spread out, and the soil made solid by repeated waterings, the position
+being shaded by an apple tree. They are now well established, and only
+receive a top dressing of leaves and manure to keep them cool and moist
+in summer. At the same time a number were potted deeply in loam, peat,
+and broken oyster shells; when filling in the compost, it, too, was
+washed to the roots, so as to make all solid by frequent applications;
+the pots have always been kept in cool and shady quarters, and plunged;
+they bloom well every season. I have likewise found another plan to
+answer well. In a moist corner make up a low-lying bed of sand and peat,
+mostly sand, plant 9in. deep, and make all solid, as before, by water.
+When the growths appear on the surface, water with weak liquid manure,
+and if shade does not exist from the mid-day sun, some should be
+provided; in this way I am now growing my finest specimens; but if once
+the roots become dry, the plants will suffer a serious check. I feel
+equally confident that the roots enjoy a firm bed, but it should be of
+such material that they can freely run in it.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Daphne Cneorum.
+
+TRAILING DAPHNE; _Common and Poetical Name_, GARLAND
+FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ THYMELACEÆ.
+
+
+An alpine shrub from Austria; dwarf, evergreen, and having a tendency to
+creep. It is deservedly a great favourite; it wins admiration by its
+neat and compact form and its dense and numerous half-globular heads of
+rosy pink flowers, which are exceedingly fragrant, in the way of the old
+clove carnation, but more full.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33. DAPHNE CNEORUM.
+
+(One-fourth natural size; (1) flower, full size.)]
+
+The flower buds are formed during the previous season of growth, like
+those of the rhododendron; for many days before the flowers open the
+buds have a very pleasing appearance, being closely packed and
+coral-like; when all the florets are expanded they form a half-globular
+head 1in. to 1½in. across, being of a lively pink colour. The flowers
+are composed of a tubular calyx, four-parted; leaves inversely ovate,
+lanceolate, pointed, and entire; about an inch long, and narrow; of a
+dark green colour and much substance, being arranged in circular form on
+the round and somewhat wiry, tough stems, which in time become very long
+and bare.
+
+In order to grow this shrub well, three conditions are needful, viz., a
+moderately pure atmosphere, exposure to full sunshine, and plenty of
+moisture; it also prefers peat or vegetable soil, but this is not
+strictly needful if the other conditions are present. I have grown the
+specimen, from part of which the illustration (Fig. 33) was drawn, for
+four years in rich loam, without a particle of peat, but the roots have
+been protected against drought by large stones at the base of small
+rockwork. Doubtless, peat, where it is plentiful, used in addition to
+the above compost, would prove beneficial. After a few years' growth in
+one position, bushes which have become long and bare in the stems may be
+transplanted with advantage, laying in the stems to a moderate depth,
+from which new roots will issue the first season; this is also the
+readiest way of propagation. February or September would be suitable
+months for such operation, but the latter would probably interfere with
+its flowering at that time, when frequently a second but spare crop is
+produced.
+
+Flowering periods, April and May, and again in September.
+
+
+
+
+Daphne Mezereum.
+
+MEZEREON; _Old Names_, SPURGE-FLAX, GERMAN
+OLIVE-SPURGE, _and_ DWARF BAY; _Nat. Ord._
+THYMELACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a dwarf deciduous shrub, which produces its welcome flowers in
+great abundance whilst bare of leaves; it is a British species, though
+not occurring generally, yet it is pretty well known from its extensive
+cultivation as a garden shrub. The flowers are very desirable, from the
+way in which they are produced in knotted clusters on the long stems;
+they appear in winter; moreover, they are of a hardy and durable nature
+and very sweetly scented. As a shrub it is very suitable for any sized
+garden, being dwarf--2ft. to 4ft. In some parts it is a general
+favourite, and may be seen in almost every garden; such patronage is
+well merited, as it not only enlivens the garden at a dead season, but
+it heralds spring time and furnishes long sprigs of wallflower-scented
+blossom as cut bloom, which shows to advantage by gaslight.
+
+There are interesting facts in connection with this shrub that add to
+its charm. It was esteemed of old of great virtue; all its parts are hot
+and biting, more especially the berries, of which it was said that "if a
+drunkard do eate--he cannot be allured to drinke any drinke at that
+time: such will be the heate of his mouth and choking in the throte."
+Its wood is very soft and tough, and cannot easily be broken; this,
+however is a quality common to the genus. The berries are poisonous to
+man, but birds are so fond of them that they are rarely allowed to
+become ripe, at least, such is the case near towns. The seeds of this
+and allied species are used in the South of Europe as a yellow dye for
+wool. From its importance, the shrub has been long and widely known, and
+both its botanical and common names are numerous; for these, however,
+the reader may not care. It is seldom called by any other than its
+specific name, Mezereon, which Gerarde describes as English-Dutch.
+
+Its flowers, which are purple, come on the otherwise naked stems of last
+season's growth, lateral fashion, in threes mostly, and sometimes the
+blossomed stems will be over a foot in length; the flowers are ½in.
+long, sessile and funnel-shaped; the limb four-cut; sweet smelling and
+very durable. The berries are the size of a small pea, bright green at
+first, then turning to red, and ultimately to a nearly black colour. The
+leaves--lance-shaped, smooth, and deciduous--appear after the flowers.
+The habit is branched and erect, forming neat bushes. In a wild state it
+flowers in March and April, but under cultivation it is much earlier.
+
+In the garden it may be planted under other trees, where it proves one
+of a scarce class of shade-loving flowering shrubs; it also does well in
+open quarters. In gardens, where its fruit is unmolested, it is,
+perhaps, more attractive than when in blossom, as then the foliage adds
+to its beauty. The flowers in a cut state are serviceable, pretty, and
+desirable from their sweetness; long sprigs mixed with lavender or
+rosemary form a winter bouquet not to be despised; or, it may be placed
+in a vase, with a few small-leaved ivy trails and a spray of evergreen
+bamboo (Metake). Gerarde's description of this shrub will, doubtless, be
+read with interest: "The braunches be tough, limber, and easie to bend,
+very soft to be cut; whereon do grow long leaves like those of priuet,
+but thicker and fatter. The flowers come foorth before the leaves,
+oftentimes in the moneth of Januarie, clustering togither about the
+stalks at certain distances, of a whitish colour tending to purple, and
+of a most fragrant and pleasant sweet smell. After come the smal
+berries--of an exceeding hot and burning taste, inflaming the mouth and
+throte of those that do taste thereof, with danger of choking."
+
+Flowering period, February to April.
+
+There is a variety called _D. M. album_; the only difference from the
+typical form is implied by the name, the flowers being white. It also is
+in bloom at the same time as the species.
+
+_D. M. autumnale_ is another variety, which, however, blooms in the
+autumn; the flowers are red; it is a native of Europe.
+
+These shrubs enjoy a light but moist soil of a vegetable nature, but
+they also thrive in a sandy loam. They may be increased by seed, or,
+more quickly, by grafting on stocks of spurge laurel; cuttings may be
+rooted, but are uncertain.
+
+
+
+
+Dentaria Digitata.
+
+TOOTHWORT; _Nat. Ord._ CRUCIFERÆ.
+
+
+A hardy, tuberous perennial, native of Switzerland, but long cultivated
+in British gardens, and decidedly "old-fashioned."
+
+Imagine a spray of pale purple wallflower, and that will give some idea
+of the form and colour of its flowers, which are produced on round wiry
+stems, nearly a foot high, in terminal racemes. The leaves, which are
+produced mostly in threes on a stem, have a channelled petiole, and, as
+the specific name denotes, are spread out like fingers, mostly of five
+parts; a five-cut leaf of a Christmas rose will give a fair notion of
+the form, but the Toothwort leaves are less, not so thick, and more
+herb-like than the hellebore; they are also finely, deeply, but
+irregularly toothed. The roots are of singular form, almost like human
+teeth, arranged as scales, whence the name Toothwort. Its first
+appearance above ground is in February, when the young growths are bent
+or folded like those of the anemone, and in genial seasons it will
+flower early in March.
+
+It loves both a little shade and moisture. I grow it at the base of a
+bit of rockwork, in black or leaf mould; the aspect is south-east, but
+an old sun-dial screens it from the mid-day sun. The whole plant has a
+somewhat quaint appearance, but it has proved a great favourite. When
+the tops have died down the roots can safely be lifted, cut in lengths
+of one or two inches, and then replanted. It also produces seed freely,
+but from the easy method of increase by root division, I have not had
+occasion to experiment with seed.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Dianthus Deltoides.
+
+MAIDEN PINK; _Old Names_, "WILD GILLOFLOWER,"
+"VIRGIN-LIKE PINKE," "MAIDENLY PINKE"; _Nat. Ord._
+CARYOPHYLLACEÆ--SILENACEÆ.
+
+
+A British species of perennial character, never failing to bloom for a
+long period when it meets with a suitable home in our gardens--as in
+positions similar to those described for _Erysimum pumilum_. Seen either
+wild or in gardens it is much admired; it bears but simple flowers, but
+therein consists its beauty.
+
+As Gerarde says, "Virgin-like Pinke is like unto the rest of the garden
+pinkes in stalkes, leaves, and rootes. The flowers are of a blush
+colour, whereof it tooke his name, which sheweth the difference from the
+other." It is about the most simple form of the Pink tribe. The flowers
+are a little over ½in. across, of a rose colour or pleasing blush. It
+grows nearly a foot high in some soils, but in a poor compost it is more
+dwarf and floriferous. The flower stems are much divided near the tops,
+and capable of producing a good effect from their numbers of bright
+flowers. The leaves are small, scarcely 1in. long, linear,
+lance-shaped, and of a dark green colour; they are closely arranged on
+decumbent stems, which sometimes are more than 1ft. long. The habit is
+compact, both as regards leaves, stems, and flowers.
+
+For all such places as afford dryness at the roots this is a suitable
+plant as a constant bloomer of effective colour. When once it has become
+established it seeds freely, and the young plants may be seen in the
+walks for yards around the parent stock. It is one of those happy
+subjects that can take care of themselves, either braving its enemies or
+having none.
+
+In its wild state it blooms from the sixth to the tenth month, both
+inclusive; but with cultural attention and during favourable winters, it
+has been seen in flower to the end of the year.
+
+Flowering period, June to October.
+
+
+
+
+Dianthus Hybridus.
+
+_Syn._ D. MULTIFLORUS; MULE PINK; _Nat. Ord._
+CARYOPHYLLACEÆ.
+
+
+Hardy and evergreen. The specific name of this variety is not at all
+descriptive, and it may be better to at once give its common name of
+Mule Pink, of which there are various colours, as bright scarlet, rose
+and pure white, all very double and neat flowers.
+
+It is the double rose kind which has induced me to speak of this section
+of the Pink and Sweetwilliam family. I dare say many will be surprised
+when I state that my strongest plant of this has been in flower more
+than two years. Severe as the 1881 winter was, when the plant was clear
+of snow it was seen to have both flowers and buds--in fact, for two
+years it has flowered unceasingly; the other varieties are not such
+persistent bloomers. The genus to which these hybrids belong is very
+numerous, and includes Carnations, Picotees, garden and alpine Pinks and
+Sweetwilliams. They are all remarkable for their fresh green and
+glaucous foliage and handsome flowers. Some species or varieties are
+amongst the "old-fashioned" garden plants of Parkinson's time, and all
+are characterised by an exquisite perfume. The Latin name of this genus
+is a very happy one, meaning "divine flower," in reference to its
+fragrance. Nearly every form and colour of Dianthus are popular
+favourites, and hardly any garden is without some of them.
+
+The Mule Pink is supposed to have been produced from _D. barbatus_ and
+_D. plumarius_; be that as it may, the features of both are distinctly
+seen in it: the colour and partial form of the foliage, the form of
+stems, and clustered arrangement of the buds much resemble _D. barbatus_
+or Sweetwilliam; whilst the stout reflexed and pointed features of the
+leaves, and the general form of the small but double flowers resemble
+_D. plumarius_, or the garden Pink. To this description of _D. hybridus_
+I will only add that in both foliage and flowers there is more
+substance than in either of its reputed parents, and the habit of the
+plant is semi-trailing or procumbent, as seen in specimens three years
+old. It is rather more difficult to grow than the common Pink. Any
+position or soil will not answer; it does well on rockwork, where it can
+hardly suffer from damp, so much disliked by all the genus; but if thus
+planted, it should be where its thickly-foliaged stems cannot be turned
+over and wrenched by strong winds. It may be grown in borders in sandy
+loam; and if such borders are well drained, as they always should be for
+choice flowers, there will be little to fear as to its thriving. Such an
+excellent flower, which, moreover, is perpetually produced, deserves
+some extra care, though, beyond the requirements already mentioned, it
+will give very little trouble.
+
+To increase it, the readiest way is to layer the shoots about midsummer,
+half cutting through the stems, as for Carnations; thus treated, nice
+plants will be formed by October, when they may be lifted and
+transplanted to their blooming quarters; and I may here state that a
+line of it, when in flower, is richly effective. A good style also is to
+make a bold clump by setting ten or twelve plants 9in. apart. Another
+mode of propagation is to take cuttings at midsummer and dibble them
+into boxes of leaf soil and sand. Keep them shaded and rather close for
+a week or more. If the boxes could be placed in a cucumber frame, the
+bottom heat and moisture would be a great help to them. The object to
+aim at should be not only to root the cuttings, but to grow them on to
+fair-sized plants for putting out in the autumn. To do this, when the
+cuttings are rooted they should be planted 6in. apart in a bed made up
+of well decayed manure and sand, in which it will be seen that they will
+make plenty of roots and become sturdy plants. The wireworm and slugs
+are both very fond of Pinks and Carnations. Slugs should be trapped, but
+the wireworm, unfortunately, has often done the mischief before we
+become aware of its presence, and even then it is a troublesome pest to
+get rid of. I find nothing more useful than stirring and digging the
+soil as soon as there is room to work with a spade or fork; the worm
+cannot endure frequent disturbance, and such operations are otherwise
+beneficial to the plants.
+
+Flowering period, May to September.
+
+
+
+
+Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a distinct and noble species. The older leaves are more
+spoon-shaped, at least a foot long, rather narrow, not toothed, of a
+reddish colour at the base, and the mid-rib pale green, almost
+straw-colour; the flower scape is also reddish, but the flowers are
+fewer. As a foliage plant this species is very effective.
+
+All the Dodecatheons make a rapid growth in spring, their scapes being
+developed with the leaves; the genus will continue in flower for two
+months, after which time, however, their foliage begins to dry up. They
+should, therefore, be planted with other subjects of later growth and
+blooming, so as to avoid blank spaces. The overshading foliage of other
+things will do them no harm, as it will be only for a season. The
+position should be moist and somewhat sheltered from high winds, or the
+stout and tender flower stems will be snapped off. The soil should be of
+a vegetable character and retentive of moisture. My specimens are grown
+in leaf soil and loam, in a dip of small rockwork. All the kinds were
+planted that a large flat stone, which we had ready, would so fit to, or
+over, them as to secure their roots against drought. This I find a good
+plan with moisture-loving subjects, where suitable positions are not
+otherwise readily offered. Besides, the varieties so grown have a
+pleasing appearance, and for purposes of comparison are very handy.
+Their propagation is easy. The crowns may be divided either in spring or
+autumn, the latter being the best time, as then probably each piece will
+flower the following spring.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Dodecatheon Meadia.
+
+SHOOTING STAR, _or_ AMERICAN COWSLIP; _Nat. Ord._
+PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+A distinct and pretty herbaceous perennial, very hardy and floriferous.
+Those who do not readily recognise it by any of the above names, may do
+so by the illustration (Fig. 34). It has long been grown in English
+gardens--nearly 150 years--its habitat being North America. Not only
+does it do well in this climate, but since its introduction several
+improved varieties of this species have been produced, which are both
+good and distinct. A brief notice of them will not be out of place here,
+but first the general description may as well be given.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34. DODECATHEON MEADIA.
+
+(One-sixth natural size.)]
+
+The flowers much resemble the Cyclamen, but they are only about
+one-fourth the size; the calyx is five-parted; the corolla has five
+stout petals inserted in the tube of calyx; they are well reflexed and
+rather twisted; their colour is purplish-lilac, but at the base of the
+petals there is a rich blending of maroon and yellow. The seed organs
+are very long, compact, and pointed, giving the appearance of shooting
+stars. The flowers are arranged in fine clusters on a scape more than a
+foot high, each flower having a rather long, wiry, and gracefully
+bending pedicel; all of them spring from one centre. The leaves are
+radical, oblong, smooth, dented, and wavy, about 8in. long and nearly
+3in. broad.
+
+_D. M. albiflorum_ I do not grow, but from what I remember of it, it
+differs from the above only in being less vigorous and in having white
+flowers.
+
+_D. M. elegans_.--Shorter and broader in leaf, and roundly toothed;
+flower stems shorter, umbels more numerously flowered, bloom deeper in
+colour.
+
+_D. M. giganteum_ has a very large leaf, much larger than the typical
+form of the species, and of a pale green colour, and in all other
+respects it is larger, being also more than a week earlier in flower.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Dondia Epipactis.
+
+_Syns._ ASTRANTIA EPIPACTIS _and_ HACQUETIA EPIPACTIS;
+_Nat. Ord._ UMBELLIFERÆ.
+
+
+This is a little gem, perhaps rather overdone with too many big names;
+still, this choice, hardy, herbaceous perennial is worth knowing by all
+its titles. Never more than 6in. high, its singular flowers are very
+attractive; they spring from the ground almost abruptly, are
+greenish-yellow and leafy in appearance--in fact, what at first sight
+might seem to be the petals are really but whorled bracts, which embrace
+the tiny umbels of flowers. Soon after the flowers the leaves begin to
+appear, unfolding like many of the anemones, each one springing from the
+root only; they also are of a peculiar colour and shape, being
+three-lobed and finely notched.
+
+It will stand any amount of rough weather, always having a fresh
+appearance when above ground. It forms a choice specimen for pot culture
+in cold frames or amongst select rock plants; it should be grown in
+mostly vegetable mould, as peat or leaf mould, and have a moist
+position. Not only is it a slow-growing subject, but it is impatient of
+being disturbed; its propagation should therefore only be undertaken in
+the case of strong and healthy clumps, which are best divided before
+growth commences in February.
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Doronicum Caucasicum.
+
+LEOPARD'S-BANE; _Syn._ D. ORIENTALE; _Nat. Ord._
+COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+The specific name denotes sufficiently whence this comes. It is hardy,
+herbaceous, and perennial, and one of those plants which deserves to be
+in every garden; its general appearance is that of a tender plant, from
+the pale but fine delicate green of its foliage, a somewhat uncommon
+shade for so early a season. It begins to flower in March in a warm
+situation in the garden, when only a few inches high, and it goes on
+growing and flowering until summer, when it is nearly 2ft. high. A
+glance at Fig. 35 will give a fair idea of its habit.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35. DORONICUM CAUCASICUM.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+The flowers, which are bright yellow, are 2½in. across, produced one at
+a time, though the leafy stems are well supplied with buds in various
+stages of development. The leaves, besides being so rich in colour, are
+of handsome forms, being variously shaped, some having long stalks,
+others none; all are finely toothed and heart-shaped; the radical ones
+come well out and form a good base, from which the flower stems rise,
+and they in their turn serve to display the richly veined and ample
+foliage which clasps them to near their tops. Although this species is
+not a very old plant in English gardens, it belongs to a genus, several
+species of which are very "old-fashioned," and, consequently, it shares
+the esteem in which such subjects are held at the present time.
+
+If left alone, after being planted in fairly good soil, it will soon
+grow to a bold specimen. Plants three years old are 2ft. across;
+rockwork or ordinary borders are alike suitable for it, but if planted
+on the former, it should be of a bold character, so as to harmonise. I
+have observed that neither grubs nor slugs seem to meddle with this
+plant, which is certainly a rare recommendation. Its propagation may be
+carried out at almost any time.
+
+Flowering period, March to July.
+
+
+
+
+Echinacea Purpurea.
+
+_Syn._ RUDBECKIA PURPUREA; PURPLE CONE-FLOWER; _Nat.
+Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+In the autumn season one is almost confined to Composites, but in this
+subject there is, at any rate, a change, as regards colour. Yellows are
+indispensable, but then predominate too strongly. The flower under
+notice is a peculiar purple with greenish-white shadings. This will
+doubtless sound undesirable, but when the flower is seen it can hardly
+fail to be appreciated. It is much admired; in fact it is stately,
+sombre, and richly beautiful--not only an "old-fashioned" flower, but an
+old inhabitant of English gardens, coming, as it did, from North America
+in the year 1699. In every way the plant is distinct; it does not
+produce many flowers, but they individually last for several weeks, and
+their metallic appearance is a fitting symbol of their durability. They
+begin to expand in the early part of September, and well-established
+plants will have bloom until cut off by frost.
+
+The flowers are borne at the height of 2ft. to 3ft., and are produced
+singly on very thick, rigid stalks, long, nearly nude, grooved,
+furnished with numerous short, bristle-like hairs, and gradually
+thickening up to the involucrum of the flower. Said involucrum is
+composed of numerous small leaves, a distinguishing trait from its
+nearest relative genus _Rudbeckia_. The receptacle or main body of the
+flower is very bulky; the ray is fully 4in. across, the florets being
+short for so large a ray; they are set somewhat apart, slightly
+reflexed, plaited, and rolled at the edges, colour reddish-purple,
+paling off at the tips to a greyish-green; the disk is very large,
+rather flat, and furnished with spine-like scales, whence the name
+_Echinacea_, derived from _echinus_ (a hedgehog). In smelling this
+flower contact should therefore be avoided; it is rather forbidding; the
+disk has changeable hues of red, chocolate, and green. The leaves of the
+root are oval, some nearly heart-shaped, unevenly toothed, having long
+channelled stalks; those of the stems are lance-shaped, distinctly
+toothed, of stouter substance, short stalked, and, like those of the
+root, distinctly nerved, very rough on both sides, and during September
+quickly changes to a dark, dull, purple colour. The habit of the plant
+is rather "dumpy;" being spare of foliage, thick and straight in the
+stems, which are drum-stick like; it is for all that a pleasing subject
+when in flower; I consider the blooms too stiff for cutting, more
+especially as they face upwards.
+
+Unlike many species of its order, it is somewhat fickle. I have lost
+many plants of it; it likes neither shade nor too much moisture;
+latterly I have found it to do well in a sunny situation, in deep rich
+loam and vegetable soil mixed. If planted with other ray flowers it
+forms a fine contrast, and when once it has found suitable quarters the
+more seldom it is disturbed the better. It may be propagated by
+division, which may be more safely done after growth has fairly started
+in spring, or it may be done at the sacrifice of the flowers in late
+summer or early autumn, before growth or root action has ceased.
+
+Flowering period, September to end of October.
+
+
+
+
+Edraianthus Dalmaticus.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ CAMPANULACEÆ.
+
+
+A rare and beautiful alpine species, from Dalmatia and Switzerland. At
+the end of July it is one of the most distinct and charming flowers in
+the rock garden, where it not only finds a happy home, but, by its neat
+and peculiar habit, proves a decorative subject of much merit. This
+desirable plant (see Fig. 36) is quite hardy in this climate, being
+herbaceous and perennial; it has, however, the reputation of being
+difficult to manage, but, like numerous other things, when once its
+requirements and enemies are found out, the former supplied and
+protection from the latter afforded, it proves of easy management. In
+some instances these conditions may, though stated in such few words,
+prove comprehensive; but in this case it is not so. The position and
+soil it most seems to enjoy may be readily afforded in any garden, as we
+shall shortly see; but, so far as my experience goes, the slugs are its
+most persistent enemies. Especially when in flower do they make long
+journeys to reach it; they go over sand and ashes with impunity, and
+often the beautiful tufts of bloom are all grazed off in one night. I
+had occasion to fetch in from the garden the specimen now before me,
+and, when brought into the gaslight, a large slug was found in the
+midst of the grassy foliage, and a smaller one inside one of the bell
+flowers. The "catch and kill 'em" process is doubtless the surest
+remedy, and three hours after sunset seems to be the time of their
+strongest muster. Not only does this plant suffer from slugs when in
+flower, but perhaps equally as much when in its dormant state,
+especially if the winter is mild; then I have noticed the somewhat
+prominent crowns eaten entirely off, and it is not unlikely that this
+plant has come to have the name of a fickle grower, from being the
+favourite prey of slugs.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36. EDRAIANTHUS DALMATICUS.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+It is not more than 4in. high under any conditions in this climate, and
+more often only 3in. in height. From the thrift-like tufts of foliage
+there radiates a set of stout round flower stalks, which are 3in. to
+4in. long, and rest on the ground; the large heads of flowers are erect;
+the stalks are red, and furnished with short stout hairs and short
+foliage, the latter becoming sere long before the bloom fades. The
+crowded heads of "bells" are of pale purple colour, in the style of the
+bell-flower; they are an inch in length, the corolla being somewhat
+deeply divided; eight to twelve form the terminal cluster, and they have
+a fleshy calyx, with very long and persistent segments; the lower part
+can scarcely be seen for the ample and somewhat peculiar bract which
+closely embraces the whole cluster; said bract springs from the much
+thickened stalk and is composed of half leaf and half scale-like forms,
+arranged in two or more circles; the scales feather off with the
+leaf-like appendage, the latter being reflexed, but the whole is
+furnished with spines. The foliage of a well-grown specimen is arranged
+in tufts, the whole having a grass-like appearance. The leaves are 2in.
+to 4in. long, rough and hairy on the upper side, smooth and shining
+underneath, the edges having rather long hairs their whole length; the
+main root is long, thick, and somewhat woody.
+
+To grow this plant well, it requires a good deep loam for its long
+roots, and a surfacing of grit will be of benefit, as the crowns should
+be clear of the damp loam. This elevation of the crowns is natural to
+the plant, and should be provided for. The position cannot well be too
+exposed, provided the deep searching roots can find plenty of moisture.
+On rockwork this subject may be planted with considerable effect. If put
+between large stones in upright positions, the plant will show its
+pretty form to advantage. The spoke-like flower stalks, radiating from
+the rich dark green tufts of foliage, are very pleasing. It may be
+propagated by offsets from strong and healthy plants. Care should be
+taken not only to have all the roots possible with each crown, but the
+young stock should be carefully established in pots before planting in
+the open. Shade and careful watering will be needful; too much of the
+latter will render rot inevitable. Soon as the flowering period is past
+is the best time to divide the roots, which should not be done too
+severely.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+
+
+
+Epigæa Repens.
+
+CREEPING _or_ GROUND LAUREL; _Nat. Ord._
+ERICACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy evergreen creeper, long since imported into this country from
+North America (1736), but only within the last few years has it won much
+favour. At the present time it is much sought after. It has the
+reputation of being a ticklish subject to grow. Many have had it and
+lost it, and those who still retain a specimen are loth to mutilate it
+for increase. This may to some extent account for the present demand for
+and difficulty experienced in obtaining it. For the last three years,
+hard as the seasons have been within that time, its flowers have been
+produced in great abundance on my specimen.
+
+Usually it flowers in this climate in April, but when winter has
+continued open and genial, its blooms are produced as early as the
+middle of March, and they are in their full beauty in early April. They
+are white, delicately tinged with pink, of much substance and wax-like
+appearance. They are small, not unlike in form the lilac flower, but
+rather more open at the corolla and shorter in the tube. They are
+arranged in one-sided, elongated bunches, which rest on the ground, the
+blossoms peeping through the foliage. I must not omit to mention perhaps
+the most desirable property of this species--viz., the perfume of its
+flowers, which is strong, aromatic, and refreshing. The leaves are
+cordate, ovate, and entire, nearly 2in. long, slightly drawn or
+wrinkled, and covered with stiffish hairs. They are arranged on
+procumbent branches, all, like the flowers, facing upwards. To see the
+clusters of waxy flowers these branches must be raised, when it will be
+seen that the flower stalks issue from the axils of the leaves all along
+the branches. In a cut state the flowers are more than useful; they are,
+from their delicious, scent, a great treat. The plant is a suitable
+companion to the ledums, kalmias, gaultherias, and other genera of its
+own order.
+
+Its culture, in this climate at least, has, from all accounts, proved
+rather difficult, so that it may be said to require special treatment;
+such, at any rate, has been my experience of it. Suitable soil, aspect,
+shelter, moisture, and position, all seem necessary for the well-doing
+of this plant. It deserves them all, and, let me add, they may all be
+easily afforded. The list of requirements may seem formidable on paper,
+but to put them into practice is but a trifling affair. My specimen is
+grown in leaf mould, a little loam mixed in with it, and fine charcoal
+instead of sand, but sand will answer nearly as well; the aspect is
+east, it is sheltered from the west by a wall, the north by
+rhododendrons, and the south by a tall andromeda. Moreover, its position
+is one that is sunken between small mounds, where moisture collects, and
+is never wanting; and when the specimen was first planted a large
+sandstone was placed over its roots to further secure them against
+drought; under these conditions it has thriven and flowered well, and
+afforded many offshoots. I attribute its well-doing mainly to the
+sheltered aspect and even state of moisture, but doubtless all the
+conditions have helped its growth. Its propagation is best carried out
+by earthing up about the collar, so as to induce the branches to become
+rooted, or they may be pegged near the extremities like carnation
+layers, but they will be two years, probably, before they can be safely
+lifted.
+
+Flowering period, middle of March to end of April.
+
+
+
+
+Eranthis Hyemalis.
+
+_Syn._ HELLEBORUS HYEMALIS; WINTER ACONITE; _Nat.
+Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+This, though well known and a general favourite, is not seen in the
+broad masses which ought to characterise its culture.
+
+It is nearly related to the Christmas roses, and, like them, flowers in
+winter, the bright golden blossoms suddenly appearing during sunshine
+close to the earth. A little later the involucrum becomes developed, and
+is no unimportant feature. It forms a dark green setting for the sessile
+flower, and is beautifully cut, like the Aconite. There are other and
+very interesting traits about this little flower that will engage the
+study of botanists.
+
+It enjoys a moist soil, somewhat light; also a little shade. In such
+quarters not only do the tubers increase quickly, but the seed
+germinates, and if such positions are allowed it, and garden tools kept
+off, there will soon be a dense carpet of golden flowers to brighten the
+wintry aspect of the open garden. Many things in the way of deciduous
+flowering shrubs may be grown with them, their bareness in winter and
+shade during summer favouring their enjoyment and growth. Early in the
+summer they die down. From that time the tubers may be lifted and
+transplanted. Such work should be finished in early autumn, or the roots
+will not have time to establish themselves for the first winter's bloom.
+
+Flowering period, December to February.
+
+
+
+
+Erica Carnea.
+
+WINTER HEATH; _Nat. Ord._ ERICACEÆ.
+
+
+A well-known, hardy, evergreen shrub, belonging to a genus comprising
+many hundreds of species and varieties, which, for the most part,
+however, are not hardy in this country, being natives of the Cape. The
+genus is most numerously and beautifully illustrated in _Loddige's
+Botanical Cabinet_. This might be thought to have no claim to
+consideration in this book, but I introduce it because of its great
+value in the spring garden, and because in all respects it may be
+cultivated like an ordinary border plant, which is saying a deal for one
+of the Heath family.
+
+_Erica carnea_ comes to us from Germany, but it has so long been grown
+in this country that it would appear to have become naturalised in some
+parts. In the latter part of March it is to be seen in its full beauty;
+the flowers are reddish-purple, abundantly produced on short leafy
+stems, and arranged in racemes, drooping; the foliage is of the
+well-known Heath type; the whole shrub has a procumbent habit, rarely
+growing more than a foot high; its fine deep green foliage, compact
+habit, and bright enduring flowers are its chief recommendations; the
+latter often last six weeks in good form and colour, so that little more
+needs to be said in its praise.
+
+It can hardly be planted in a wrong position--on rockwork, in borders,
+or shrubberies, fully exposed, or otherwise, it proves a cheerful
+object, whilst as an edging shrub it is second to none, excelling box by
+the additional charm of its flowers. Not long since I was struck by the
+way in which the common vinca had interlaced itself with a few bushes
+of this Heath, both being in full bloom at the same time; the effect was
+truly fine, the red of the Heath and pale blue flowers of the periwinkle
+being so numerous and set on such a fine bright green carpet, of two
+distinct types of foliage, that to my mind they suggested a most
+pleasing form of spring bedding, and also one of semi-wildness, which,
+for quiet beauty, more laboured planting could certainly not excel. Most
+Ericas require peaty soil; in the case of this, however, it is not
+necessary. Doubtless it would do well in peat, but I have ever found it
+to thrive in ordinary loam or garden soil, so that I have never planted
+it otherwise, except where peat has been the most handy. It is also
+easily propagated, carrying, as it does, plenty of root as well as earth
+with each rooted stem; these only need to be carefully divided and
+transplanted in showery weather, just before the new growths commence
+being the best time. An annual top dressing of leaf mould is very
+beneficial.
+
+Flowering period, February to April.
+
+
+
+
+Erigeron Caucasicus.
+
+CAUCASION FLEABANE; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+Herbaceous and perennial. This species is a somewhat recent introduction
+compared with some of the same genus which may be called old varieties,
+from having been introduced as early as 1633, as in the case of _E.
+graveolens_. Moreover, the genus is represented by such British species
+as _E. acris_, _E. alpinus_, and _E. uniflorus_. The variety now under
+notice is, as its specific name implies, a native of the Caucasus, first
+brought into this country about sixty years ago. It is a pleasing
+subject when in flower, and is certainly worth growing.
+
+Its daisy-shaped flowers are less than an inch across, and when fully
+matured of a rosy purple colour; but, perhaps, the most interesting and
+attractive features about this plant are the various forms and colours
+of its flowers at their different stages of development; just before
+opening, the buds are like miniature birds' nests formed of white
+horsehairs, all arranged in the same way, _i.e._, round the bud, but the
+points are turned into the centre--these are the unexpanded florets; the
+next stage of development may be seen in buds, say, two days older, when
+a few of the florets have sprung from the nest form, and have the
+appearance of mauve-coloured spiders' legs laid over the bud; gradually
+they (being dense and numerous) expand in a similar manner, outgrowing
+their angularity, and at the same time deepening in colour, until at
+length we see the rosy-purple, daisy-shaped, and feathery flower with a
+yellowish centre. These pleasing flowers are borne in loose masses on
+stems nearly 2ft. high, and remain in bloom all the summer through.
+
+About the middle of August a large plant was divided, and the flowers
+were then cut away. The young stock so propagated were in flower in the
+following June. I may here appropriately name an experiment I tried on
+this species two years ago. It was sent to me as the dwarf _Aster
+dumosus_, which it much resembles in the leaves, these being
+spoon-shaped from the roots, the others tongue-shaped and stem-clasping,
+but rougher and lighter green. I also saw it was not woody enough in the
+stem for the Michaelmas daisy. It was then near flowering, and the
+winter was just upon us, so, in order to get the flowers out, I covered
+it with a bell glass, slightly tilted. It flowered, and continued to
+flower throughout the winter with such shelter, and doubtless many of
+our fine late-blooming perennials, by such simple contrivances, might
+have their flowers protected or produced at a much later date than
+otherwise.
+
+Flowering period, June to October.
+
+
+
+
+Erigeron Glaucum.
+
+_Syn._ CONYZA CHILENSIS; GLAUCOUS FLEABANE, _or_
+SPIKENARD; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+This very beautiful species is far from common. There are many facts in
+connection with it which render it of more than ordinary value and
+interest. It is sometimes classed as an alpine; probably that is only an
+inference, or it may be so considered by some, from its dwarf habit and
+suitable association with alpines. It is not an alpine; it comes from
+South America, and though that climate differs so widely from ours, the
+plant grows and winters to perfection in this country.
+
+One of its main distinctions is its somewhat shrubby and evergreen
+character; of the whole genus, so far as it is at present comprehended,
+it is the only species with such traits; its foliage, too, is of
+leathery substance, and compares oddly with the herb-like leaves of its
+relatives; it is, moreover, as indicated by its specific name, of a
+glaucous hue; and otherwise, as may be seen in the following
+description, there exist well marked dissimilarities. But, what is of
+more importance, when viewed as a garden subject or an ornamental
+flower, it is one of the most useful as well as distinctly beautiful, as
+much from the fact that it produces its flowers in two crops, which
+extend over six or seven months of the year, as from their numbers and
+showiness.
+
+The flowers are nearly 2in. across the ray, the florets being of a
+pleasing lilac-purple, and rather short, owing to the large size of the
+disk, which is often nearly an inch in diameter; this part of the flower
+is more than usually effective, as the disk florets become well
+developed in succession, when they have the appearance of being dusted
+with gold; the scales, which are set on the swollen stem, are of a
+substantial character; the numerous imbricate parts, which are covered
+with long downy hairs pointing downwards, give the body of the flower a
+somewhat bulky appearance. It will be observed that I have made no
+mention of the Conyza traits of divided ray florets and reflexed scales,
+simply because they do not exist in this species, and though there are
+other Conyza traits about the plant, notwithstanding its almost
+isolating distinctions from other Erigerons, it would seem to have more
+properly the latter name, and which is most often applied to it. The
+flower stems, which produce the flowers singly, seldom exceed a height
+of 12in.; they are stout, round, and covered with soft hairs, somewhat
+bent downwards. They spring from the parts having new foliage, and for a
+portion--about half--of their length are furnished with small leaves,
+which differ from those on the non-floriferous parts of the shrub,
+inasmuch as they have no stalks. The leaves are produced in compact
+tufts on the extremities of the old or woody parts of the shrub, which
+become procumbent in aged specimens; the leaves vary in length from 2in.
+to 4in. long, and are roundly spoon-shaped, also slightly and distantly
+toothed, but only on the upper half; they are stout, ribbed, clammy, and
+glaucous. The habit of the shrub is much branching, dense, and
+prostrate; its foliage has a pleasant, mentha-like odour, and the
+flowers have a honey smell.
+
+This subject may occupy such positions as rockwork, borders of the
+shrubbery, or beds of "old-fashioned" flowers. Its flowers, being, as
+taste goes at the present time, of a desirable form, will prove very
+serviceable as cut bloom. A good loam suits it to perfection, and no
+flower will better repay a good mulching of rotten manure. Its
+propagation, though easy, is somewhat special, inasmuch as its woody
+parts are stick-like and bare of roots, until followed down to a
+considerable depth, therefore the better plan is either to take
+advantage of its prostrate habit by pegging and embedding its branches,
+or, as I have mostly done, take cuttings with a part of the previous
+season's wood to them, put them well down in deeply-dug light soil, and
+make them firm. If this plan is followed, it should be done during the
+summer, so that the cuttings will have time to root before winter sets
+in. The layering may be done any time, but if in spring or summer,
+rooted plants will be ready for the following season.
+
+This subject begins to flower in June, and, as already hinted, it
+produces two crops of flowers; the first are from the parts which have
+been green and leafy through the winter, the second from the more
+numerous growths of the new season, and which are grandly in bloom in
+August; not only are the latter more effective as regards numbers and
+colour, but the fuller habit or more luxuriant condition of the shrub
+render the specimens more effective in late summer.
+
+
+
+
+Eryngium Giganteum.
+
+GREAT ERYNGO; _Nat. Ord._ UMBELLIFERÆ.
+
+
+This hardy species was brought from the Caucasus in 1820. The genus,
+though not commonly patronised as garden subjects, are, nevertheless,
+highly ornamental, and when well grown much admired. Specimens are of
+various heights, according to position and nature of the soil; under
+ordinary conditions they will be 2ft. to 3ft. high at the blooming
+period.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37. ERYNGIUM GIGANTEUM.
+
+(One-tenth natural size.)]
+
+As will be inferred from the order to which the Eryngium belongs, the
+flowers are aggregate, of a changeable blue, and arranged in cone-shaped
+heads 1½in. long; the heads are neatly embraced by an ample bract of
+prickly leaves; the main flower stem is well and evenly branched (see
+Fig. 37), each node being furnished with leaves which clasp the stems;
+they are, like those of the flower bract, deeply cut and prickly; the
+radical leaves are very different, long stalked, large heart-shaped and
+toothed, of good substance and a glossy green colour. The whole plant
+has a rather stiff appearance, the flower stems, together with the stem
+leaves, are of a pleasing hue, nearly the colour of blue note paper;
+this is characteristic of several of the genus, and adds greatly to
+their effect. Specimens look well with a grassy foreground or in
+borders.
+
+Their culture is easy, provided the soil is of a light nature; a sunny
+position is needful, in order to have the tops well coloured. Propagate
+by division of strong and healthy clumps when dormant. Wireworm and grub
+are fond of the roots; when the plants appear sickly, these pests should
+be looked for.
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+
+
+
+Erysimum Pumilum.
+
+FAIRY WALLFLOWER, _or_ DWARF TREACLE-MUSTARD; _Nat.
+Ord._ CRUCIFERÆ.
+
+
+One of the alpine gems of our rock gardens, not in the sense of its
+rarity, because it grows and increases fast. It came from Switzerland
+about sixty years ago, and for a long time was esteemed as a biennial,
+but it is more--it is perennial and evergreen; at any rate its new
+branches take root, and so its perennial quality is established. Let the
+reader imagine a shrub, 3in. high, much branched, and densely furnished
+with pale green foliage, which hides all its woody parts, forming itself
+into cushions, more or less dotted over with minute canary-yellow
+flowers, and he will then only have a poor idea of the beauty of this
+pretty alpine. It flowers in summer, autumn, and winter, and in certain
+positions both its habit and flowers show to most advantage at the
+latter season. At no other time during the year have my specimens looked
+so fresh and beautiful as in January. This I have proved repeatedly to
+be the result of position, shortly to be explained.
+
+The flowers are produced in terminal racemes, are scarcely ½in. across,
+cruciform in the way of the Wallflower, greenish-yellow, and delicately
+scented. The leaves vary in shape on the various parts of the branches,
+some being lance-shaped and others nearly spoon-shaped; the lower ones
+being all but entire, and the upper ones, which are arranged in
+rosettes, distinctly toothed. They seldom exceed an inch in length, more
+often they are only half that size, but much depends on the position and
+soil. In summer the foliage is greyish-green; later it is almost a
+bright or clear green, the latter being its present colour. The habit is
+branching and compact, by which it adapts itself to crevices and uneven
+parts in a pleasing manner; and not only does it best adorn such places,
+but from the fact of their dryness, they are better suited to the
+requirements of this little shrub.
+
+A sandy loam, such as will not bake, suits, and if mixed with a few
+stones all the better--this will be found ample food for it; poor soil
+and a dry situation grow this subject in its finest form. I may perhaps
+usefully give the method by which my specimen is grown, after
+experimenting with it in various parts of the garden, and also the
+substance of a few notes I made of it. In pots the fine roots soon
+formed a matted coat next the sides, when the foliage would turn sickly
+and yellow, so that, useful as the practice is of growing alpines in
+pots, it does not answer in this case. On rockwork, in vegetable soil,
+this low shrub grew taller, being less woody, and was killed by severe
+weather. On the flat, in borders, in rich soil, it did well for a
+season, then damped off, a branch or two together. On the flat, in sand
+alone, it does well, also on the top of a wall, such being a position
+especially provided for hardy sempervivums and a few cacti. A bit of the
+Fairy Wallflower was tried there in a thin layer of sandy loam, and for
+two years my finest specimen has occupied that position, flowering more
+or less throughout the winter. Where there are old walls or rockwork it
+should be introduced. A ready and effective way of planting it is to get
+a sod of grass 3in. thick; measure with the eye the size of the
+interstice in the side of a wall, partly cut through the sod on the
+earthy side, open it by bending, and insert the roots of a small
+specimen; close up, and cram the planted sod tightly into the selected
+opening. In one season the shrub so planted will have a snug and pretty
+appearance. It is self-propagating, from the fact of its lower branches
+rooting where they touch the soil. These may be taken any time and
+planted separately.
+
+Flowering period, April to winter.
+
+
+
+
+Erythronium Dens-canis.
+
+DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy bulbous perennial. There are several varieties of this species,
+and all are very handsome.
+
+The variety shown at Fig. 38 is the large white-flowering kind; others
+have yellow, pale purple, and lilac-coloured blooms. All are produced
+singly on stems 4in. or 5in. long, and gracefully bending. During bright
+weather the divisions of the lily-like flowers become reflexed and
+otherwise show themselves to advantage. Their foliage forms a rich
+setting for the flowers, being variously coloured with red, brown, and
+different shades of green, all charmingly blended or marbled. The leaves
+are broad and oval, and open out flatly, so that their beauties can be
+well seen; if they are grown amongst the very dwarf sedums or mosses,
+they look all the better and are preserved from splashes. Two leaves,
+one stem, one flower, and one bulb constitute a whole plant; both
+flowers and foliage remain in beauty for a long time.
+
+I have them growing in various positions and soils, and I think they
+most enjoy a vegetable mould, with full exposure to the sun, but they
+should not lack moisture; they seem to increase more rapidly in peat
+than in any other compost. They should not be disturbed more than
+necessary, and when they are, autumn is the best time to transplant.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38. ERYTHRONIUM DENS-CANIS.
+
+(Large white variety. One-half natural size.)]
+
+Flowering period, March and April.
+
+
+
+
+Euonymus Japonicus Radicans Variegata.
+
+VARIEGATED ROOTING SPINDLE TREE; _Nat. Ord._
+CELASTRACEÆ.
+
+
+It is probable that the genus _Euonymus_ is more generally known than
+that of _Celastrus_, from which the order takes its name; besides, the
+latter is composed of unfamiliar genera, so it is more likely that the
+reader will not care about any reference to them; it may concern him
+more to know that the above somewhat long name belongs to a very dwarf
+hardy evergreen shrub, having a neat habit and very beautiful foliage.
+This variety is one of many forms which come under the name _E.
+japonicus_, none of which, however, have long been cultivated in this
+country, the date of the introduction of the type being 1804. The genus
+is remarkable for the number of its species having ornamental foliage,
+and not less so, perhaps, for the insignificance of their flowers. The
+species under notice (_E. japonicus_) in cultivation has proved
+sportive, which habit has been taken advantage of, whence the numerous
+forms, including the one I have selected for these remarks. Some of the
+Spindle Trees do not flower in this climate, and others, which do,
+produce no seed; these facts are in connection with the more finely
+leaf-marked sorts, and it may be inferred that such unfruitfulness
+arises from their hybrid nature or abnormal tendency, as seen in
+"sports."
+
+The typical form is a tree growing 20ft. high, producing small white
+flowers, but of the variegated kind under notice established specimens
+have ever failed to show the least sign of flowering, though otherwise
+well developed and of good habit. The leaves are nearly oval, ½in. to
+1½in. long, sometimes oblong, sharply serrulated, of stout leathery
+substance, smooth, and much variegated in colour. The markings are
+mostly on and near the edges, and take the form of lines and marblings.
+The tints are a mixture of white, yellow, and pink, inclining to purple;
+these are variously disposed on a dark green ground. The arrangement of
+the leaves is crowded and panicled on the recent shoots, which are twice
+and thrice branched; from the shortness and twisted shape of the leaf
+stalks, the branchlets have a compressed appearance. The old stems are
+round, wiry, 9in. to 18in. long, prostrate, and emit roots like the ivy
+when they come in contact with suitable surfaces, whence the name
+"_radicans_." The habit of the shrub, from its dense and flattened
+foliage, fine colour, and persistent nature, together with its dwarfness
+and rooting faculty, all go to render it one of the finest rock shrubs
+for winter effect. The wetness of our climate only seems to make it all
+the brighter, and it is also without that undesirable habit of rooting
+and spreading immoderately.
+
+It enjoys a sunny situation and enriched sandy loam. Where such
+conditions exist it may be planted with good effect as a permanent
+edging to walks or beds; as such it may be clipped once or twice a year,
+but I may add that it is worth the extra time required for pruning with
+a knife, as then the leaves are not cut in two and the outline is left
+less formal. By such treatment the foliage is kept thick to the base of
+the shrub. The summer prunings may be pricked into sandy loam in a
+shady part, where they will root and become useful stock for the
+following spring, or strong examples may be pulled to pieces of the
+desired size.
+
+
+
+
+Festuca Glauca.
+
+BLUE GRASS; _Nat. Ord._ GRAMINEÆ.
+
+
+This comes from the warm climate of Southern Europe, but is a perfectly
+hardy grass in this country; it is highly ornamental, irrespective of
+its flowers, and is useful in several ways. With me it is grown somewhat
+largely, and both professional and amateur gardeners have quickly
+appreciated its effectiveness, but it has been amusing to see their want
+of faith when told that "it stands out all winter." It belongs to a
+section of grasses of fine quality as fodder for cattle, all enjoying
+good soil of a light and rich nature. Its main features as a garden
+subject are its distinct blue colour and dense graceful habit; these
+qualities, however, are greatly dependent on the quality of soil, which
+must be positively rich. Its bloom is of no value ornamentally, being
+much like that of some of our common meadow grasses, and it will be as
+well to remove it in order that the grass may be all the brighter and
+more luxuriant. The blades, if they can be so called, are reed-like, but
+very fine, 6in. to 12in. long, densely produced, and gracefully bending.
+The glaucous quality is most pronounced, and quite justifies the common
+name Blue Grass. More need not be said to show that this must be
+effective in a garden, especially where bedding and the formation of
+bold lines are carried out; as single tufts, on rockwork, or in the
+borders, it looks well; whilst as an edging to taller grasses and
+bamboos it shows all to advantage. It is also often grown in pots in
+greenhouses, where it proves useful for drooping over the edges of the
+stage; but if it once obtains a place in the garden and is well grown,
+the amateur will see in it a suitable subject for many and varied uses.
+
+Wherever it is planted the soil should be made sandy and fat with
+manure; in this the long roots are not only warmer, but they amply
+support a rapid growth and metallic lustre. As the roots can easily be
+lifted from the light soil without damage, this grass may be divided any
+time when increase is needful.
+
+Flowering period, summer.
+
+
+
+
+Fritillaria Armena.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+A charming little hardy bulbous perennial, which, although as yet a
+comparative stranger in this country, bids fair to find a place not only
+in our gardens, but in the list of the choicest spring favourites, such
+as lily of the valley, snowdrops, snowflake, and squills, being of the
+same or nearly allied order, as well as of corresponding stature. Its
+yellow flowers, too, highly commend it, as, with the exception of the
+yellow crocus, we have not a very dwarf spring flower of the kind, and,
+as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 39), it differs widely from the
+crocus in every way.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39. FRITILLARIA ARMENA.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+This is a really charming species; its dark yellow flowers are large for
+so small a plant, being more than an inch across when expanded by
+sunshine, but its more common form is bell-shape; one, and sometimes
+more flowers are produced on the upright, smooth, leafy stem, which is
+less than 6in. high. The leaves are alternate linear, sharply pointed,
+smooth, and glaucous: Such dwarf flowers always show to most advantage,
+as well as keep cleaner, where carpeted with suitable vegetation; the
+dark green _Herniaria glabra_ would be perfection for this glaucous
+plant.
+
+It seems happy where growing fully exposed in ordinary garden soil, but
+it is not unlikely that it may require more shade, in common with other
+Fritillaries, for, as before hinted, it is yet in its trial stage. I am,
+however, pretty certain of its hardiness, but not about the best mode of
+culture and propagation.
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Funkia Albo-marginata.
+
+_Common Name_, WHITE-EDGED PLANTAIN-LEAVED LILY; _Nat. Ord._
+LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial from Japan, of but recent introduction,
+than which there are few more useful subjects to be found in our
+gardens. It combines with its wealth of foliage a bold spike of pleasing
+lilac flowers, the former, as implied by the specific name, being edged
+with a white line, which is broad and constant, this quality being all
+the more commendable from the fact that many variegations are anything
+but reliable. Speaking of this as a decorative plant for the garden, it
+may be said to be one of the best; however placed, it has a neatness and
+beauty which are characteristic, especially when used in lines, and has
+become well established; from early spring, when the fresh young leaves
+appear, until the autumn is well advanced, this plant upholds a fine
+appearance independent of its flowers; they are, however, not wanting
+in beauty, produced as they are on stems nearly 2ft. high, and nude with
+the exception of one or two very small leaves. The floral part of the
+stem will be 8in. or more in length; the flowers are numerous, 2in.
+long, trumpet-shaped, drooping, and so arranged that all fall in one
+direction; the colour is lilac, with stripes of purple and white; each
+flower is supported by a bract, which, like the foliage, is margined
+with white. The leaves are 6in. to 8in. long, oval-lanceolate, waved and
+ribbed, of a dark green colour, margined with white; the leaf stalks are
+stout, 6in. long, and broadly channelled.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Funkia Sieboldii.
+
+SIEBOLD'S PLANTAIN-LEAVED LILY; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a grand plant; the lily-like flowers alone are sufficient to
+commend it, but when we have them springing from such a glorious mass of
+luxuriant and beautiful foliage, disposed with a charming neatness
+rarely equalled, they are additionally effective. The illustration (Fig.
+40) gives a fair idea of the form and dimensions of a specimen three
+years ago cut from the parent plant, when it would not have more than
+two or three crowns, so it may be described as very vigorous; and, as if
+its beauties were not sufficiently amplified by flowers and form of
+foliage, the whole plant is of a rich glaucous hue, rendering it still
+more conspicuous and distinct. It is herbaceous and perfectly hardy,
+though it comes from the much warmer climate of Japan, whence are all
+the species of _Funkia_. It is a comparatively new plant in English
+gardens, having been introduced into this country only about fifty
+years; still, it is pretty widely distributed, thanks, doubtless, to its
+exceptionally fine qualities. I know no plant more capable of
+improvement as regards size than this; if set in rich deep soil, it will
+in a few years grow to an enormous specimen. One so treated in my garden
+is 4ft. to 5ft. in diameter, and about the same height when the
+flower-stems are fully developed. I should, however, add that this is an
+unusual size, but it, nevertheless, indicates what may be done by high
+culture.
+
+The flowers are produced on nude stems, 2ft. or 4ft. high, being
+arranged in somewhat short and irregular one-sided spikes; they spring
+singly from the axils of rather long bracts (see Fig. 40) and have long
+bending pedicels, which cause the flowers to hang bell fashion; their
+colour is a soft pale lilac, nearly white. Size, 1in. to 2in. long, and
+bell or trumpet shaped. They are of good substance, and last a long time
+in fine form. The leaves have radical stalks, nearly 2ft. long in
+well-grown specimens, gracefully bending and deeply channelled; they are
+from 8in. to 12in. long, and about half as wide, long heart-shaped,
+somewhat hooded, waved, distinctly ribbed, and evenly wrinkled;
+glaucous and leathery. The outer foliage is so disposed that the tips
+touch the ground; it is abundantly produced, forming massive tufts. The
+long fleshy roots denote its love of a deep soil; a moist but
+well-drained situation suits it, and manure may be used--both dug in
+and as a top dressing--with marked advantage. The natural beauty of this
+subject fits it for any position--the lawn, shrubbery, borders, beds, or
+rockwork can all be additionally beautified by its noble form; grown in
+pots, it becomes an effective plant for the table or conservatory. The
+flowers in a cut state are quaint and graceful, and the leaves are even
+more useful; these may be cut with long stalks and stood in vases in
+twos and threes without any other dressing, or, when desired, a few
+large flowers may be added for a change, such as a panicle of _Spiræa
+aruncus_, a large sunflower, or a spike or two of gladioli. Leaves so
+cut may be used for weeks; after they have become dusty they may be
+sponged, when they will appear fresh, like new-cut ones.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40. FUNKIA SIEBOLDII.
+
+(One-eighth natural size.)]
+
+In the propagation of this plant certain rules should be observed,
+otherwise the stock of young plants will prove stunted and bad in
+colour. Do not divide any but strong and healthy clumps, taking care not
+to damage more roots than can be helped; do not divide too severely, but
+let each part be a strong piece of several crowns, and after this they
+should be allowed to make three years' growth in a good, rich, deep soil
+before they are again disturbed, and thereby the stock will not only be
+of a vigorous character, but always fit for use in the most decorative
+parts of the garden.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Galanthus Elwesii.
+
+ELWES'S GALANTHUS _or_ SNOWDROP; _Nat. Ord._
+AMARYLLIDACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a splendid species or variety, whichever it may be, said to be
+the finest of all the Snowdrops; it is a new kind and not yet much
+known. My impressions of it last spring were not in accordance with such
+reports, but I ought to add that, though the bulbs were fresh when sent
+me, they had only been planted less than a year, when they flowered
+somewhat feebly.
+
+Flowering period, February and March.
+
+All the Snowdrops may be propagated by seed or division of crowded
+clumps--after all the tops have died off is the proper time; the longer
+the delay, the worse for next season's bloom, as new root action sets in
+about that period.
+
+
+
+
+Galanthus Imperati.
+
+IMPERIAL SNOWDROP; _Nat. Ord._ AMARYLLIDACEÆ.
+
+
+I have only recently flowered this kind. It is said by Mr. W. Robinson
+to be double the size of _G. nivalis_, which estimate is probably
+correct, judging from the blooms which I have obtained. With me the
+bulbs seem either not to have a happy home, or they may have suffered
+from the vicissitudes of transport from the genial climate of Italy. The
+publisher of this book informs me that he flowered _G. imperati_ the
+first year in the open borders, from some bulbs procured from Messrs.
+Collins Bros., and that the blossoms were highly scented, as of elder
+flowers.
+
+Flowering period, February and March.
+
+
+
+
+Galanthus Nivalis.
+
+COMMON SNOWDROP, EARLY BULBOUS VIOLET, _and_ FAIR
+MAIDS OF FEBRUARY; _Nat. Ord._ AMARYLLIDACEÆ.
+
+
+One of the most charming members of the British flora; a native of our
+fields and orchards, so beautiful as to be beyond description, and,
+fortunately, so common as to need none (see Fig. 41). It belongs to a
+noble order of bulbous plants, the genera of which are numerous, as are
+the species too, in perhaps an increased proportion. Comparatively few
+are hardy in our climate, and very few indeed are natives of this
+country, so that in this respect the Snowdrop, if not a rare flower, is
+a rare representative in our flora of the order _Amaryllidaceæ_.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41. GALANTHUS NIVALIS.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+It may be useful to give a few of the better-known genera to which
+_Galanthus_ is so nearly related: _Amaryllis_, _Nerine_, _Crinum_,
+_Vallota_, _Pancratium_, _Alstroemeria_, and _Narcissus_. The
+last-named genus is more nearly allied than any of the other genera
+mentioned; not only does it resemble the Galanthus in style, early
+period of bloom, and habit of becoming double, but also for the general
+hardiness of its species, a feature not usual in their order.
+
+The literal meaning of the generic name is "Milk Flower." The title with
+such a pleasing reference was given by Linnæus. The specific
+name--meaning white--may, for two reasons, seem unnecessary; first,
+because milk is white, and again, because no other than white-flowered
+species are known. All the three common names are happy ones: "Snowdrop"
+and "Fair Maids of February" are appropriate both to the season and a
+pretty flower; "Bulbous Violet" pleasantly alludes to its sweetness; all
+are poetical, as if this lovely flower had the same effect on the
+different minds of those (including Linnæus) who first gave them. A
+dropped name for the Snowdrop was that of "Gilloflower"; Theophrastus,
+the father of natural history, gave it the name of "Violet" (_Viola
+alba_ or _V. bulbosa_)--that would be 2100 years ago! The bulbs should
+be planted by thousands; they will grow anywhere and in any kind of
+soil; the demand for their blossom is ever increasing, and Snowdrops, as
+everybody knows, are always in place, on the grass, border, or window
+sill, or for table; they may be used as emblems of either grief or joy;
+they are sweetly pure and attractive, without showiness.
+
+Flowering period, February to April.
+
+
+
+
+Galanthus Plicatus.
+
+FOLDED GALANTHUS; _Nat. Ord_. AMARYLLIDACAÆ.
+
+
+A species from the Crimea; compared with our native kind, it is larger
+in the grass, having also other, but very slight, points of difference.
+The main one is implied by its name, "plicatus," or folded; its leaves
+are furrowed, which causes it to have a folded appearance.
+
+Culture and flowering period, the same as for the other species.
+
+
+
+
+Galanthus Redoutei.
+
+REDOUTE'S GALANTHUS; _Nat. Ord._ AMARYLLIDACEÆ.
+
+
+This is by far the most distinct form, having broad grass-green foliage.
+It is somewhat late in flowering (during March and April), and not so
+free as others.
+
+
+
+
+Galax Aphylla.
+
+_Syn._ BLANDFORDIA CORDATA; HEART-LEAVED GALAX; _Nat.
+Ord._ PYROLACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42. GALAX APHYLLA.
+
+(One-sixth natural size; 1, natural size.)]
+
+Nearly 100 years ago this charming little plant was imported from North
+America; still, it is rarely seen, notwithstanding that rock-gardens
+have long been popular. On rockwork it not only thrives well, but
+appears to great advantage. No rock-garden should be without it. It is a
+rare and beautiful subject, remarkably distinct and pleasing; it is
+perfectly hardy, also perennial and herbaceous; but its last-named
+characteristic should be qualified, inasmuch as the old leaves remain in
+good form and colour until long after the new ones are fully grown, so
+that there are always two sets of foliage. Viewed in this light, it may
+be called an evergreen plant; moreover, it is one of those plants which
+the artist can scarcely do justice to, for though the illustration (Fig.
+42) depicts faithfully its neat habit and handsome foliage, the living
+plant makes a better impression. I said it was rare, but this is less in
+the sense of scarcity than because it is little known and seldom seen;
+it is also quite distinct from any other plant, and the only species of
+the genus.
+
+Its milk-white flowers, which, though very simple, are richly effective,
+are produced on tall, nude stems, 18in. high, round, wiry, and nearly
+amber-coloured. They are arranged in a dense spike, 6in. to 8in. long;
+the corolla is ¼in. across, and composed of five petals; the calyx has a
+short tube and five sepals; the leaves are heart-shaped, nearly round,
+evenly toothed, and sometimes glandular; of leathery substance, and
+somewhat stiff, smooth, shining, and richly veined or nerved. The leaves
+of various ages differ in colour; the old ones are dark green,
+conspicuously reticulated; the new, but perfectly-developed ones, are
+pale green, with a ray of yellowish-green next the edges; the growing
+ones are nearly red, and all the serrated edges are hemmed with a nearly
+scarlet line, always brightest at the points of the teeth. This
+finely-tinted foliage is elegantly disposed by means of the stalks,
+which bend in various ways; they vary in length from 4in. to 8in., and
+are all radical; they are round, wiry, and once grooved. The bloom lasts
+for several weeks in good form, and the foliage is always beautiful,
+more especially in the autumn, when it glows like polished mahogany.
+Such a plant can hardly fail to please when well grown, but it must be
+so developed.
+
+This lovely plant certainly requires a little special treatment, but
+that is easy and simple; in fact, it scarcely can be called special. It
+may be put in a few words--damp, but not sour vegetable soil, and very
+slight shade. My specimen, from which the drawing was taken, is growing
+in a little dip at the base of a small rockery, below the level of the
+walk, which acts as a watershed; the soil is nearly all leaf mould--a
+small portion of loam, and I ought to add that there is a moderate
+quantity of small charcoal incorporated with it, which will doubtless
+assist in keeping the soil sweet. There cannot, therefore, be much
+difficulty in setting up these conditions; the charcoal may not be
+necessary, but an annual top-dressing with it will meet the case of such
+plants as grow in low damp situations. The propagation of this species
+is very easy in the case of well-grown clumps, which, when dug up in the
+autumn and thoroughly shaken, will come asunder into many small and
+well-rooted crowns; these only require to be replanted separately, under
+similar conditions to those by which they were produced. No attempt
+should be made to divide other than perfectly healthy clumps.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+
+
+
+Galega Officinalis.
+
+OFFICINAL GOAT'S-RUE; _Nat. Ord._ LEGUMINOSÆ.
+
+
+A grand "old-fashioned" flower. It is 314 years since this plant was
+brought from Spain; it is perfectly hardy and herbaceous. Both it and
+its varieties are among the most useful subjects of the flower garden;
+they grow to shrub-like bushes, have elegant foliage, and an abundance
+of bloom, which continues until late autumn. Specimens have a clean and
+healthy appearance, and though they grow to the height of 4ft., they
+give no trouble, requiring neither tying nor supports. From their large
+quantities of flowers they are exceedingly gay; but it is for the
+handsome stems in a cut state that they should be most prized. These,
+cut 18in. long, and placed singly in pots or vases, are truly noble,
+more especially by gaslight.
+
+As will be inferred from the order to which _Galega_ belongs, the
+flowers are pea-flower-shaped, about ½in. or more long, and the same
+broad. They are of a pleasing, but undecided blue colour, arranged in
+long conical racemes, on stout, round stalks, as long as the leaves,
+which are pinnate, having a terminal odd one. The leaflets are evenly
+arranged in pairs, mostly in six pairs; they are each about 2in. long,
+lance-shaped, mucronate, entire, smooth, and glaucous. The floriferous
+character of the plant may be inferred from the fact that, after the
+raceme fades, there pushes from the axil a peduncle, which, in a short
+time, produces many other racemes.
+
+_G. o. alba_, a variety of the above, grows 4ft. high, and is an
+abundant bloomer; flowers superb for cutting purposes. For culture, see
+_G. Persica lilacina_.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Galega Persica Lilacina.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ LEGUMINOSÆ.
+
+
+This is a lovely species of _Galega_ imported little more than fifty
+years ago from Persia. Perfectly hardy; in general form it corresponds
+with _G. officinalis_. The following are its distinctions: More dense
+racemes of lilac flowers, a foot less tall, leaflets shorter and
+broader--in fact, oval, oblong, somewhat twisted or edged up in the
+arrangement, and often without the terminal leaflet.
+
+The above Goat's-rues are of the simplest culture; they will do in any
+soil, but if they are liberally treated they will repay it. A fat loam
+and sunny situation are what they delight in. They may remain year after
+year in one position, but I find them to do better in every way if they
+are divided the second year; it should be done in summer, so that they
+can make a little growth in their new quarters before winter sets in. In
+order to carry out this, the older plants (I divide half my stock one
+year, the other half the year following) should be cut over near the
+ground, though they may be in full bloom. Divide the roots into several
+strong pieces, and replant them in soil deeply dug and where they are
+intended to flower; they will bloom finely the following season.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Gentiana Acaulis.
+
+GENTIANELLA; _Nat. Ord._ GENTIANACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy, evergreen creeper, its creeping stems running immediately under
+the surface. This is a remarkably beautiful plant, and the wonder is
+that it is not grown in every garden. The most attractive features, when
+in flower, of this dwarf Gentian are its immensely large blooms and neat
+shining green foliage (see Fig. 43). It is easily identified, there
+being not another species like it, and certainly very few to equal it
+for beauty and service; it forms one of the best edgings for beds and
+borders. Many report that it is difficult to grow, which may be the case
+in some gardens from one cause or other, whilst in many places it runs
+like quick-grass.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 43. GENTIANA ACAULIS.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+Flowers, dark bright blue, large, long bell-shaped, but not drooping;
+tube, five-angular, nearly 3in. long; corolla, five-limbed, and an inch
+or more wide; the stems are seldom more than 3in. long, square,
+furnished with small opposite leaves, and terminated with one flower on
+each. That part of the foliage which sends up the flower is arranged in
+rosette form, the leaves being stout, flat, and acutely lance-shaped.
+Anywhere or everywhere may this subject be planted; it is always bright,
+even in winter, and when there are no flowers upon it it forms a rich
+covering for the otherwise bare ground; its blooms will each keep good a
+week. They are rarely produced in great numbers at one time, but the
+plants will continue for a long while to yield them sparingly.
+
+I find _G. acaulis_ to thrive well at the base of rockwork, as an edging
+to a flat bed, and in the gutters of the garden walks--it likes
+moisture. To me this is clearly proved by other plants, which, in all
+respects but one, are treated the same, the exceptional condition being
+that they are planted on the sloping face of rockwork, where they
+scarcely grow and never bloom. With reference to soil, rich or silky
+loam is best for it, but any kind, if sweet and retentive, will do. Its
+propagation may be effected by division of the rooted creeping stems
+after they have made four leaves. Very early in spring is a good time to
+do this, but neither these nor the old plant, if it has been much
+disturbed, will flower the same season after being so mutilated.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Gentiana Asclepiadea.
+
+SWALLOW-WORT-LEAVED GENTIAN; _Nat. Ord._ GENTIANACEÆ.
+
+
+A tall and beautiful alpine species from Austria, very hardy and
+herbaceous. It has long had a place in English gardens--fully 250
+years--and is described by Parkinson in his "Paradise of Flowers." The
+tall stems are very showy, having an abundance of shining dark green
+foliage, amongst which nestle the large and bright purple-blue flowers;
+it is a subject that looks well at a distance, and, as a rule, flowers
+with that quality are of the greatest value for borders and cutting
+purposes.
+
+It grows nearly 2ft. high; the stems are round, erect, short-jointed,
+and very leafy; the flowers are produced on a third of their length,
+they are stalkless, and spring from the axils of the leaves in pairs;
+the calyx is ½in. long, tubular, angled, and having fang-shaped
+segments; the corolla is also tubular and angled, somewhat bellied, the
+divisions being deeply cut and reflexed; the whole flower will be fully
+1½in. long. The inside of the corolla is striped with white and various
+shades of blue and purple. The leaves are 2in. long, oval, lance-shaped,
+distinctly ribbed, somewhat lobed at the base, and stem-clasping, which
+gives the pair of leaves a joined or perfoliate appearance; the nodes
+are short, or near together, the lower ones being the more distant,
+where also the leaves are much smaller; the foliage is a glossy dark
+green colour, the whole plant having a sombre but rich effect.
+
+From the fact that the long stems are top-heavy and of a brittle
+character, a sheltered position should be given to this plant, or the
+wind will snap them off. It ought not to have stakes, as they would mar
+its good form. A fat loam and a moist situation will suit this Gentian
+to perfection, and it may be planted with other strong herbaceous things
+in the borders, where it should be allowed to grow to large specimens.
+It is one of the quickest growers of its genus, few species of which can
+be grown in too large quantities. When it is needful to increase this
+subject, it maybe done more readily than the propagation of some
+Gentians--the roots are more easily separated. It should, however, be
+carefully done, and early spring is the best time; or if the autumn
+should be a dry season and the tops die off early, it may be done then.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+
+
+
+Gentiana Burseri.
+
+BURSER'S GENTIAN; _Nat. Ord._ GENTIANACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy perennial species, of a bold but neat habit, while the flowers
+and foliage combine in rendering it a first-class decorative subject. It
+is a recent introduction, having been brought from the Pyrenees in 1820;
+it is seldom seen in flower gardens, where it certainly deserves to be.
+
+Its flowers are not brilliant, but they are effective from their size,
+number, and persistency; they are produced in whorls on stout round
+stems 18in. high, but only on the three or four upper joints. Each
+flower is 1½in. long, lemon-yellow, tubular, angular, having four to six
+segments, widely separated, and furnished with a membrane at each
+separation. The segments, and also the tube, are dotted with dark brown
+spots; each flower is tightly folded in a somewhat one-sided membranous
+calyx and borne erect. They occur in pairs mostly, but with several
+pairs in a whorl. They have very short pedicels, and the whorl is
+supported by a bract of stem-clasping leaves, cupped, and variously
+shaped, as ovate and beaked; there are also supplementary bracteoles.
+The leaves of the root very much resemble the plantain leaf, also that
+of _G. lutea_, having longish ribbed and grooved petioles or stalks;
+they are 5in. to 6in. long, and over 3in. broad, egg-shaped, entire,
+veined longitudinally, and slightly wrinkled; they are of a dark green
+colour, shining, and of good substance. The leaves of the stems, as
+already stated, are stem-clasping, and differ in shape. The flowers keep
+in good form for two or three weeks, and otherwise this rigid
+bright-foliaged Gentian proves very ornamental.
+
+I find it to do well in vegetable soil in a moist quarter. Most of the
+members of this genus enjoy plenty of moisture at their roots, and this
+specimen is no exception. A flat stone will form a good substitute for a
+damp situation if placed over the roots; besides, such a method of
+growing this and others of the tall Gentians will allow of their being
+planted on rockwork, or otherwise, near the more frequented walks,
+where they must always prove pleasing from their bold and shining
+foliage, to say nothing of their striking flowers. The propagation of
+this species should be effected by division of the roots, which are very
+strong. Each crown should have as much of the more fibrous roots
+retained as possible, and the parts to be severed should be cut with a
+very sharp knife; it also ripens seed plentifully.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Gentiana Cruciata.
+
+CROSS-LEAVED GENTIAN; _Nat. Ord._ GENTIANACEÆ.
+
+
+An interesting species from Austria, and one of the "old-fashioned"
+plants of English gardens, having been cultivated in this country for
+nearly 300 years. Gerarde gives a faithful and full description of it,
+which I will quote: "Crossewoort Gentian hath many ribbed leaues spred
+upon the ground, like unto the leaues of sopewroot, but of a blacker
+green colour; among which rise vp weak iointed stalks, trailing or
+leaning towarde the grounde. The flowers growe at the top in bundels,
+thicke thrust togither, like those of sweete Williams, of a light blew
+colour. The roote is thicke, and creepeth in the grounde farre abroade,
+whereby it greatly increaseth." Its height seldom exceeds 10in., and it
+is to be commended because it is one of the Gentians that are easily
+grown, and is handsome withal. It may be planted in either vegetable or
+loamy soil--the common border seems to suit it; it spreads much faster
+than any of the other Gentians I know, with the exception of _G.
+acaulis_, and it is in broad masses one sees it to greatest advantage.
+Propagated by division any time.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Gentiana Gelida.
+
+ICE-COLD GENTIAN; _Nat. Ord._ GENTIANACEÆ.
+
+
+This species comes from Siberia, and has been grown in this country for
+nearly eighty years. It is a very beautiful species, the whole plant
+being handsome; it grows nearly a foot high.
+
+The flowers are produced in terminal clusters, one large flower being
+surrounded by a whorl of smaller ones; they are of a rich purplish-blue
+inside the corolla, which is rotate; the segments (mitre-shaped) and the
+spaces between are prettily furnished with a feathery fringe; the wide
+tube is also finely striped inside; the calyx is tubular, having long
+awl-shaped segments; the stems are procumbent, firm (almost woody),
+short jointed, and thickest near the top. The leaves are of a dark
+shining green colour, from 1½in. to 2in. long, smallest at the root end,
+and finishing next the flowers with the largest, which are
+lance-shaped, the lower ones being heart-shaped; they are closely
+arranged in pairs, are sessile, and at right angles with the stem.
+
+It seems to enjoy a shady damp corner in rockwork, where its distinct
+forms and neat habit appear to advantage. It should be planted in
+vegetable soil, such as peat or well-decayed leaves mixed with sand. It
+cannot endure drought at the roots. It is a slow-growing plant, but very
+floriferous; the flowers last fully a fortnight in good form, the
+weather, however rough or wet, seeming to have no effect on them. In a
+cut state it is exquisite, but those who properly value the Gentians,
+especially the slow growers, will hardly care to cut away the stems, as,
+by doing so, not only will the plant be checked, but next year's growth
+will prove reduced in both number and vigour. It is propagated by root
+division when in a dormant state. I have also successfully transplanted
+this kind after it has made considerable growth, but the roots have been
+carefully guarded against dryness.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Gentiana Verna.
+
+SPRING ALPINE FELWORT; _Nat. Ord._ GENTIANACEÆ.
+
+
+A native evergreen creeper. This plant has many synonymous names in old
+books. It is now, however, well known by the above Latin name. Let me at
+once say that it is a matchless gem. Its flowers are such as to attract
+the notice of any but a blind person. It is said to be rare now in this
+country, still, I think it is far from being extinct in its wild state.
+Be that as it may, it is fortunate that it can be easily cultivated, and
+nothing in a garden can give more pleasure. Its flowers are blue--but
+such a blue! the most intense, with a large and sharply defined white
+eye, and though only ½in. across, one on each stem, and 3in. high, they
+are grandly effective. It has a tubular, angled calyx; corolla five-cut.
+The leaves are oval, nearly 1in. long, and half as broad; dark shining
+green and of leathery substance. The radical leaves are crowded into a
+nearly rosette form.
+
+By many this Gentian is considered difficult to grow, but if a proper
+beginning is made it proves to be of the easiest management. Very
+suitable places may be found for it in, not _on_, rockwork, where good
+fat loam forms the staple soil; little corners, not _above_ the ground
+level, but on, or better still, _below_ the ground level, are sure to
+meet its requirements; on the edge of a border, too, where moisture
+collects in the small gutter, has proved a suitable position for it.
+But, perhaps, the most successful way of growing it is in pots, for, as
+with _Trientalis Europa_ and other root creepers, when so treated more
+compact specimens are obtained. It is important to begin with
+properly-rooted plants, the crowns of which are often 2in. to 3in. below
+the surface; from these spring the numerous, bare, yellow, wiry stems,
+too often taken for roots, whereas the main roots are still deeper, very
+long for so small a plant, and furnished with silky feeders. Good crowns
+potted in rich fibrous loam and plunged in sand, fully exposed, with an
+unstinted supply of water, is the substance of the simple treatment my
+plants receive the year round; they are still in the 3in. and 4in. pots
+in which they were placed three years ago, and during spring they are
+covered with flowers. When a pot is lifted out of the sand in which it
+is plunged, the fine long silky roots are seen to have made their way
+through the hole. Spring is the best time to plant.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Geranium Argenteum.
+
+SILVERY CRANE'S-BILL: _Nat. Ord._ GERANIACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 44. GERANIUM ARGENTEUM.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+A hardy perennial alpine from the South of Europe, introduced in 1699.
+It is, therefore, an old plant in this country, and is one of the gems
+of the rock garden; very dwarf, but effective, as may be seen by the
+illustration (Fig. 44). The foliage is of a distinct and somewhat
+conglomerate character, besides being of a silvery-grey colour.
+Well-grown specimens of this charming Crane's-bill look remarkably well
+against dark stones. Its flowers are large for so small a plant, and
+wherever it finds a suitable home it cannot fail to win admiration. In
+borders of rich soil it is grown to the height of about six inches, but
+in drier situations, as on the upper parts of rockwork, it is more
+dwarf.
+
+The flowers are fully an inch in diameter when open, cup-shaped, and
+striped in two shades of rose colour; the unopened flowers are
+bell-shaped and drooping; they are borne on long naked pedicels, bent
+and wiry, oftentimes two on a stem; calyx five-cleft, segments concave;
+petals five, equal and evenly arranged. The leaves are produced on long,
+bent, wiry stalks, the outline is circular, but they are divided into
+five or seven lobes, which are sub-divided and irregular, both in size
+and arrangement; they have a silky appearance, from being furnished with
+numerous fine hairs or down. The plant continues to flower for many
+weeks, but, as may be judged, it is, otherwise than when in flower,
+highly attractive. To lovers of ornamental bedding this must prove a
+first-rate plant. As an edging to beds or borders of choice things it
+would be pleasingly appropriate, and, indeed, anywhere amongst other
+dwarf flowers it could not be other than decorative.
+
+It thrives well in a good depth of loam, its long tap-roots going a long
+way down. If, therefore, it is planted on rockwork, suitable provision
+should be made for this propensity. The propagation of the plant is not
+so easy, from the fact that it makes large crowns without a
+corresponding set of roots, and its seed is scarce and often taken by
+birds before ripened. Moreover, the seedlings do not always come true;
+still, it seems the only mode of propagation, unless the old plants have
+plenty of time allowed them to spread and make extra roots. Latterly I
+have gathered the seeds before the capsules burst--in fact, whilst
+green--and, after carrying them in the waistcoat pocket for a few days,
+they have been sown in leaf soil and sand, and germinated freely. When
+the seedlings have made a few leaves the deteriorated forms may be
+picked out readily.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Gillenia Trifoliata.
+
+_Syn._ SPIRÆA TRIFOLIATA _and_ S.
+TRILOBA--THREE-LEAVED GILLENIA; _Nat. Ord._
+ROSACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial from North America, imported in 1713. The
+main features about this plant are its elegant form and rich tints. The
+illustration (Fig. 45) may give some idea of the former quality, but to
+realise the latter the reader should see a living specimen in the form
+of a bold clump. There is a wild beauty about this subject which it is
+not easy to describe; as a flower it is insignificant, but the way in
+which the flowers are disposed on the slender stems, blending with a
+quaintly pretty foliage, neither too large nor dense, renders them
+effective in their way. It is, however, only as a whole that it can be
+considered decorative, and it should be well grown.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 45. GILLENIA TRIFOLIATA.
+
+(One-sixth natural size; blossom, full size.)]
+
+Although most nearly related to the spiræas the distinctions from that
+genus are very marked, notably the very slender stems and large flowers,
+which are produced singly on rather long-bending pedicels, almost as
+fine as thread, and, like the stems, of a bright brown (nearly ruddy)
+colour. The flowers form a lax panicle, interspersed with a little
+foliage. The calyx is a bright brown colour, rather large and
+bell-shaped. It contrasts finely with the five long, narrow petals,
+which are white, tinted with red; they are also irregular in form and
+arrangement, somewhat contorted. The leaves, as implied by the specific
+name, are composed of three leaflets; they have very short stalks, and
+the leaflets are all but sessile, lance-shaped, finely toothed or
+fringed, ribbed, and somewhat bronzed. Perhaps it is most useful in a
+cut state; the sprays, even if they have but one or two flowers on them,
+are charming for vase work. I may say the calyx is persistent, and after
+the petals have fallen they not only increase in size, but turn a fine
+red colour, and so render the sprays additionally effective.
+
+To grow this plant well it should have a deep soil; it also loves
+moisture, and, as already hinted, partial shade; it is a steady grower,
+far from rampant, like the spiræas. This is a capital subject to grow
+near or under "leggy" shrubs and trees, where, in semi-shade, it is not
+only at home, but proves very attractive. It may be propagated by
+division, the best time being early in the year, just before growth
+commences.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Gynerium Argenteum.
+
+PAMPAS _or_ SILVERY GRASS; _Nat. Ord._
+GRAMINEÆ.
+
+
+This handsome grass is well known, at least, its feathery plumes are,
+from the fact of their being imported largely in a dry state for
+decorative purposes. It has not been grown long in this country, and,
+perhaps, it is not generally known that it endures our climate as an
+outdoor plant; in most parts of Great Britain, however, it proves hardy.
+As far north as Yorkshire I have seen it in the form of specimens 8ft.
+high; my own examples are yet young--two and three years old--and are
+only just beginning to flower, at the height of 3ft. to 4ft., diameter
+about the same. It is a native of South America, occurring mostly on the
+prairies; it is also found in other parts where there are swamps and
+high temperatures. This would lead us to have doubts as to its
+suitableness for English gardens, but facts prove it to have elastic
+qualities in this respect. It proves at all times to be a noble ornament
+in gardens of moderate size.
+
+In its growing or green state it is a distinct and pleasing object, but
+it is at its greatest beauty when it has ripened its tall and silky
+plumes, which glisten in the sunshine and are of a silvery-grey colour,
+and when also the very long and narrow grass has become browned and
+falls gracefully, more or less curling under the tufts. All its parts
+are persistent, and, as a specimen of ripe grass, it is not only
+ornamental in itself, but it gives a warm effect to its surroundings
+during winter. Under favourable conditions it will grow 10ft. or 12ft.
+high, but it is seldom that it attains a height of more than 8ft. or
+9ft. As an illustration (Fig. 46) is given, further description is not
+needed. I may add that if it is not "laid" by heavy snows, it keeps in
+good form until the new grass begins to grow in the following spring.
+
+I find it to do well in light earth, well enriched with stable manure,
+the soil having a more than ordinary quantity of sand in it; the
+position is such as can have a good supply of moisture, being near walks
+that drain to it. In stiffish loam a strong clump was planted three
+years ago, but it has never looked healthy. The best positions for it
+are well-prepared shrubbery borders; there it contrasts finely with the
+greenery, and receives some protection from the high winds. It may be
+increased by division of healthy roots, when the grass is ripe, but it
+ought not to be cut off.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 46. GYNERIUM ARGENTEUM.
+
+(One-twentieth natural size.)]
+
+The plumes appear in August, and will keep in good condition till the
+weather changes to a wintry character.
+
+
+
+
+Harpalium Rigidum.
+
+_Syn._ HELIANTHUS RIGIDUS--RIGID SUNFLOWER; _Nat.
+Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+One of the most effective and beautiful flowers to be seen in autumn; it
+would be hard to mention another at any period of the year that gives
+more satisfaction and pleasure than this does, either as a decorative
+plant or a cut flower. A bold specimen, 4ft. through, is truly fine, and
+not only those who seldom visit a garden, but amateurs well versed in
+flowers, are alike charmed with its rich and stately blossoms. Most
+people know what a Sunflower is; many of them are coarse and almost
+ugly; but though the present subject is of the family, it is supremely
+distinct; it is without the formal character in its ray, and also the
+herby leafiness of many of its genus, its large, clean, shining, golden
+flowers, mounted on slender, ruddy, long, and nearly nude stalks, not
+only render it distinct, but impart an elegance to this species, which
+is all its own. It grows 4ft. high, is a comparatively new kind in
+English gardens, and comes from North America; still, it has become
+widely known and appreciated, in fact a universal favourite, so much so
+that, although it increases fast, the demand for it is not yet
+satisfied; it is, doubtless, a flower for every garden.
+
+The flowers are 4in. across, glistening golden yellow, and formed of a
+deep ray and small disk; the florets of the ray are 1½in. long and more
+than ½in. broad, they are incurved at their points, but reflexed at
+their edges, and are handsomely ribbed or pleated; they are arranged in
+two or three rays in each flower, and irregularly disposed; the florets,
+being well apart, not only seem to give the bloom body, but also an
+artistic informality and lightness. The florets of the disk are
+chocolate colour, whence issue twirled filamentary forms, which impart
+to the centre of flower the appearance of being netted with a golden
+thread. The scaly involucre is formed of numerous small members of a
+dark olive-green colour, neatly arranged and firmly clasping the whole
+flower. The pedicels are long, round, covered with short stiff hairs,
+and thickened at the involucre; the stems are very rough, rigid, hard,
+and brown or ruddy on the sunny side, sometimes twisted and nude, with
+the exception of a solitary rudimentary leaf. The main stems have many
+axillary branches. The leaves of the root are few, 5in. or 6in. long,
+and oval. Those of the stems more lance-shaped, sessile, and slightly
+dentate, or toothed, lessening in size as they get higher; all the
+leaves are very thick, three-veined, and remarkably hispid, being almost
+as coarse as sandpaper to the touch. I have also observed another
+peculiarity about the leaves, when they have been taken from the plant
+for an hour or more, _i.e._, they have a most elastic property. Very
+often the leaves may be seen in trios, whence spring three side
+branches, surrounding the upright and central one. The habit of the
+whole specimen is very rigid, with the exception of the flowers, which
+are slightly nodding; the tallest growths need no stakes, and the
+species enjoys a happy immunity from insect pests, probably by reason of
+its hispid character. As already stated, as a garden subject this is one
+of the most useful; it shows grandly in front of evergreens, and
+associates well with lilies. In borders of tall perennials, or in
+conspicuous but distant situations, such as are visible from the doors
+or windows of the house, or as isolated clumps, on or near the lawn,
+this fine Sunflower may be planted with satisfactory results; in fact,
+it cannot be planted wrong, provided it is kept away from small
+subjects. In a cut state it is of such value that it cannot be
+overpraised--a branch with four fully blown flowers and others nearly
+out, requires no assistance as a table decoration. Its blooms have the
+quality of keeping clean, doubtless from the smoothness of the florets.
+
+The cultural requirements are few. Any garden soil will do for it, but
+if deeply dug and well enriched with stable manure, so much the better;
+it should have a fairly open situation; it is not only a Sunflower in
+name and form, but it enjoys sunshine. It is self-propagating, and runs
+freely at the roots, immediately under the surface; the thick stolons
+form knobby crowns at their extremities, out of and from under which the
+roots issue, going straight and deep down, and so forming an independent
+plant.
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+
+
+
+Hedera Conglomerata.
+
+CONGLOMERATE IVY; _Nat. Ord._ ARALIACÆ.
+
+
+I do not introduce this as a flowering subject, but as a dwarf
+ornamental shrub; it differs so much from all other species and
+varieties of Ivy, and is so beautiful withal, that I trust no further
+apology is needed for giving it a place amongst decorative plants and
+shrubs. I have not been able to learn its habitat or origin; its stunted
+tree-like shape, together with other peculiarities, would indicate that
+it is a species; be that as it may, it has long had a place in English
+gardens, and yet it is seldom met with--it would be hard to explain why.
+On a bit of rockwork I have grown a specimen for nearly five years, and
+it was an old shrub when planted, yet it is not more than 2ft. in
+diameter and 1ft. high. It is much admired, and many notes have been
+taken of it. For rockwork, it is one of the best dwarf evergreen shrubs
+I know.
+
+It has very small leaves, densely arranged in flat or one-sided wreaths.
+They seldom exceed 1in. in diameter, and are of various forms, as
+heart-shaped, sagittate, oval, tri-lobed, and so on. Some are notched,
+others slightly toothed, but many are entire. All are waved or
+contorted, wrinkled and thickened at the edges, where the younger leaves
+show a brown line; the under sides are pale green, and furnished with
+short stiff brown hairs, as also are the stout leaf stalks. The upper
+side of the foliage is a dark glossy green, with shadings of brown. In
+substance the leaves are leathery, inclining to stiffness. The stunted
+branches have a cork-like appearance as regards the bark, are diffuse,
+curiously bent, and sometimes twisted loosely together. It is of slow
+growth, more especially in the upward direction, and though provision
+may be made for it to cling and climb, and it has also well-formed roots
+on the branchlets, still, it assumes more the tree-shape. I never saw or
+heard of its flowering, much less that it ever produced seed; if it does
+not seed we are not only deprived of an ornamental feature belonging to
+the genus from the absence of berries, but it proves that it is only a
+variety of some species.
+
+It may be grown in any kind of sandy soil, and nothing special whatever
+is needed. An open sunny situation will favour its form and colour of
+foliage; under trees I have found it to produce larger leaves of plainer
+shape and more even colour. During the winter it becomes a conspicuous
+object on rockwork, where it seems most at home. It may be propagated by
+cuttings, and spring is a suitable season to lay them in; in well dug
+light soil they soon make plenty of roots.
+
+
+
+
+Helianthus Multiflorus.
+
+MANY-FLOWERED SUNFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+This fashionable flower is glaringly showy. Still, it is not wanting in
+beauty; moreover, it belongs to an "old-fashioned" class, and is itself
+a species which has been grown for nearly 300 years in English gardens.
+It was brought from North America in the year 1597, and during the whole
+of its history in this country, it can hardly ever have been more
+esteemed than it is to-day; it is very hardy, and in every way a
+reliable subject. Everybody knows the Sunflower, therefore no one will
+care to read a description of it; still, one or two remarks may,
+perhaps, be usefully made in the comparative sense, as this is a
+numerous genus. Many of the Sunflowers are annuals, to which this and
+others of a perennial character are much superior, not only in being
+less trouble and not liable to be out of season from mismanagement in
+sowing and planting, as with the annual sorts, but from the fact that
+their flowers are of better substance and far more durable; they are
+also less in size and more in number--two points of great gain as
+regards their usefulness as cut bloom. They are, besides, better
+coloured, and the flowering season more prolonged. Well-established
+specimens, two or three years old, will, in average weather, last in
+good form for fully six weeks. The colour (yellow) is common to the
+Sunflowers. This species has flowers which vary much in size, from 2in.
+to 6in. across, and they are produced on stems 3ft. to 6ft. high, well
+furnished with large heart-shaped leaves of a herb-like character,
+distinctly nerved, toothed, and rough.
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+_H. m. fl.-pl._ is, of course, the double form of the above, the disk
+being represented by a mass of florets considerably shorter than those
+of the ray proper. The flowers are not produced in such large numbers as
+with the typical form, neither does the plant grow so tall, but the
+foliage is a little larger; these constitute all the points of
+difference which I have noticed. These forms of Sunflower are very
+effective--nowhere, perhaps, so much as amongst shrubs. The plants lift
+well, carrying a good ball that facilitates their being placed in pots
+even when in bloom, when, as I have lately seen, they may be used in a
+most telling manner with potted shrubs in large halls, corridors, and
+public buildings. In such places they get no sun to make them droop, and
+a good watering keeps them as fresh as if they had not been disturbed.
+Of the usefulness of this flower in a cut state nothing whatever need be
+said--who has not tried it? Doubtless, when it becomes unfashionable it
+will have fewer patrons, but it will be the same flower, richly
+beautiful--æsthetic. No special culture is needed, any kind of garden
+soil will suit it; if well enriched, all the better. Any situation will
+do but one too densely shaded. Propagated by splitting the roots after
+the plants have done flowering, or in spring.
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+
+
+
+Helianthus Orygalis.
+
+GRACEFUL SUNFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+Yet another Sunflower, and one, too, of the common yellow colour, and
+not otherwise attractive, as may be seen by the illustration (Fig.
+47)--of course, I am now referring to the flower only. There are,
+however, features about this species which all must admire; stems 7ft.
+high, furnished with bright foliage, in the manner indicated, are not
+mean objects, even if topped with but a common yellow composite. This is
+a native of North America, and of recent introduction; it is a distinct
+species, and for foliage a prince among its fellows. I know not another
+to nearly approach it, _H. angustifolius_ being perhaps the nearest, but
+that species has never with me proved of more than a biennial character,
+and its leaves, though long and narrow, are irregular and herby.
+
+The flowers need not be further described beyond saying that they are
+borne on short side shoots, near the top of the main stems, but they
+harmonise with the general arrangement of foliage, and, indeed, from
+their bract-like leafiness, somewhat enrich it. This is one of the
+latest-blooming Sunflowers. The leaves are 5in. to 8in. long, and ½in.
+to 1in. wide, the lower half on the stems droop, though they are of good
+substance; the upper half bend gracefully, and, from their close
+arrangement, all but hide the stem. At the axils of the larger leaves,
+tufts of smaller (much smaller) leaves appear, causing the long stems to
+be top-heavy. Still, they wave and bend during the strongest winds
+without supports or damage. It will be seen that the usefulness of this
+plant consists in its distinct form and tallness, and that it is
+effective is without doubt. Among low shrubs, or with other tall things,
+will prove suitable quarters for it.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 47. HELIANTHUS ORYGALIS.
+
+(One-eighth natural size; flower, one-fourth natural size.)]
+
+Any kind of soil will do, shelter from the wind being the most
+important, and perhaps the only point to study when planting. It is
+propagated by root divisions when the tops have withered.
+
+Flowering period, September and October.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Abchasicus.
+
+ABCHASIAN HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a native of the Caucasus, and in this climate, where it has been
+cultivated about fifteen years, it retains its foliage through the
+winter in a green state. It is a free grower, and flowers well, having a
+somewhat slender habit. It is sometimes described as having green
+flowers, but more often as having purple ones. It may be useful to
+remember that there are varieties, and it is likely that, even in the
+so-called green flowers, traces of purple will be seen. Not only is it a
+fact that this species, like _H. purpurascens_ and _H. niger_, is far
+from fixed as regards depth of colour, but it is said to be one of the
+parent forms of some of the fine hybrids. These considerations may help
+to reconcile the apparently conflicting descriptions as regards bloom
+colour.
+
+The flower stems are 12in. to 18in. high, distantly forked twice, and of
+a purplish colour. The flowers are produced in threes and fours on each
+of the branchlets, are inclined to purple, over 2in. across, and
+nodding; sepals oval, waved, and set well apart at the outer ends;
+petals scale-like, green, and numerous; anthers a beautiful delicate
+yellow; leaves of the flower stems few, small, and of irregular form,
+notched, finely serrate, and of a purplish-green shade; in their young
+state more especially does the purple prevail on the under surface--they
+are, in fact, nearly the colour of the flowers. The radical leaves are
+many, nearly a foot in diameter, of a dark green colour, and leathery
+substance; the leaflets are rather distant from each other, forming a
+noble pedate leaf; they are somewhat one-sided, slightly waved, sharply
+and regularly toothed nearly all their length. From this description it
+will be inferred that this is one of the most distinct species, and such
+is truly the case. Moreover, it has a bold and rich effect. The older
+radical foliage, with its long stalks, is for the most part spread on
+the ground, when the new erect flower stems, furnished with small leaves
+and nodding buds and blossoms, all of a shining purplish colour, form a
+peculiar but pleasing contrast, not nearly so marked in any other
+species with which I am acquainted. There is a variety called _H. A.
+purpureus_, in allusion to the colour of the flowers being a little more
+purple.
+
+This Abchasian species and its varieties are not widely distributed;
+they are to be obtained, and need no longer be found only in rare
+collections. It is desirable in every way for the garden, where it forms
+a most ornamental object during winter. Its flowers last for four or
+five weeks, and in a cut state they form rich companion bloom to the
+white Christmas Rose.
+
+A good fat loam suits them; the position should be rather shady and
+moist, but by all means well drained. A top dressing of good rotten
+manure, after all have done blooming, about the end of March, is a great
+help to them. All the Hellebores may be easily increased by root
+divisions, but the stock should be strong and healthy. Roots affected
+with the least rot or canker should be discarded, as from their slowness
+of growth they will not be worth garden space. Seed may also be raised,
+but unless sown as soon as it is ripe germination is less certain, and
+always slower in proportion to the length of time it has been kept dry.
+I may add that, in February (1883), I noticed a pot, sown with Hellebore
+seed in February of 1880; a few were just pushing through the mould. The
+seed was sold to me as the produce of 1879. Since 1880 I have sown seed
+ripened on plants that were bloomed for indoor decoration, it being
+ready about February. From this I had nice little plants in less than
+twelve months. But by seed the process of propagation is slow, and not
+advisable unless the object is to obtain new varieties--a very easy
+matter, by the way, with this family, if the simple rules of
+cross-hybridising are applied.
+
+All the Christmas Roses should be so planted that they may be
+conveniently shaded during their blooming time. They mostly flower
+during the dullest part of the year, and the blossom, more especially
+the white kinds and those with metallic hues, unless protected, become
+damaged with mud splashes. Hand-lights or bell-glasses should be freely
+used.
+
+Flowering period, January to March.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Antiquorum.
+
+ANCIENT HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+In what sense this specific name is applied, or which meaning of the
+word is supposed to be exemplified in this plant, I have no means of
+being certain. It is very probable that the name is in reference to its
+"old-fashioned," but beautiful, flowers; that they are "worthy,"
+"dearer, more acceptable," and of "more esteem and account," is likely
+to be the verdict of every amateur who grows this kind successfully, for
+a more lovely flower could hardly be desired--large, white, softly toned
+with pink and grey. Sepals very large, incurved, overlapping each other,
+having the appearance of being semi-double, and being of good substance.
+The petals are small, short, of a lively green, and numerous. It is a
+bold and effective flower, but to see it in its full beauty it should be
+gathered spotlessly clean, as grey and pink tints are ugly when soiled.
+The leaves accompanying the flowers are of the previous season's growth,
+and are produced on slender round stalks, 1ft. to 1½ft. long, and much
+thickened at their junction with the leaves. The latter are nearly a
+foot across, pedate, or palm-shaped; the segments or leaflets are
+sub-divided and of irregular form, but mostly ovate, lance-shaped,
+finely and sharply toothed, and of a dull green colour. In a rich and
+free loam this kind proves a good grower, and when, in January, it is
+putting up its flower stalks, the buds being well developed and coloured
+from the time they appear above the earth, furnished with "floral leaf,"
+in which respect it differs from the common Christmas Rose, it causes a
+pleased surprise that such a pure and delicate looking blossom can
+develop and mature in the depth of winter. As a cut flower by many it
+would be preferred to the better-known _H. niger_, not only for its
+antique tints, but for the fine cup form, which is constant, and the
+overlapping, incurved edges of the sepals. Altogether, its form is
+distinct, and when used in small glasses as single specimens, or, at
+most, accompanied only by a fern frond or a few blades of grass, it is a
+charming object.
+
+Cultivation, as for _H. Abchasicus_.
+
+Flowering period, January to April.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Bocconi.
+
+BOCCON'S HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+This, by many, is believed to be a species, but as such is
+unauthenticated. It is classed as a variety of _H. purpurascens_,
+compared with which, however, there are some well-marked distinctions.
+It is sometimes called _H. multifidus_, a name that suits it well, as
+being descriptive of its irregularly slashed foliage. It has but
+recently been brought under cultivation, and was found a native of the
+Apennines of Etruria. It proves perfectly hardy in this climate, and
+flowers in mid-winter unless the season is very severe. As will be
+inferred from its near relationship to _H. purpurascens_, like that
+species it has non-persistent foliage, and the flower stems with their
+floral leaves appear before the leaves of the root. As a species or
+variety, whichever it may be, its more marked features are to be seen in
+the form or cut of the leaves.
+
+As a garden flower it is not showy, yet it stands out well in a group;
+the nodding cup-shaped bloom is a bright green colour, and, for a time,
+the outer sides of the sepals only are seen; but when the flowers are
+more fully expanded, the numerous and somewhat long stamens (which are a
+creamy-white) seem to nearly fill the cup; to my mind, its greatest
+charm is in the fragrant odour which it yields, resembling that of elder
+flowers. A single blossom, if plucked dry and when in its prime, scents
+a small room; at such a stage, the anthers are loaded with pollen, and
+the tubular petals are richly charged with nectar. True, these
+last-named qualities are common to the genus, but when they are coupled
+with that of a sweet perfume, and produced by an open-air plant in
+winter, such a plant, be its blossoms green or red, is too valuable to
+be neglected. The flowers are borne on stems 6in. to 12in. high, which
+are twice and thrice branched or forked, having six to twelve blossoms
+on a stem. The flowers are bright green, nearly 2in. across, cup-shaped,
+and drooping. The sepals are somewhat oval, concave, and overlapping;
+petals very short, pale green, and evenly arranged; stamens
+creamy-white; styles green. The flowers are supported by floral leaves,
+which are much divided, in the way of those of _H. purpurascens_, but
+the segments are more irregular in shape. The radical leaves have long
+stems, and are palmate; divisions lobed. It dies down entirely during
+the autumn. Being a vigorous grower and free bloomer, and the flowers
+very durable withal, it should be largely grown for the sake of its
+sweet-scented blossoms for cutting purposes. There is an allied variety
+cultivated under the name of _H. B. angustifolia_ (narrow-leaved).
+Assuming that _H. Bocconi_ is a species, this is a variety but slightly
+removed from the typical form, inasmuch as the latter is not only much
+cut in the floral and radical leaves, but the shape is uncertain. This
+form, then, which, at least by its name, claims a specific feature in
+the cut of leaf, may be somewhat difficult to identify, more especially
+as there are no other dissimilarities of note. Seen, however, as a
+well-grown specimen, the feature of narrow foliage is not only manifest,
+but the plant is very effective.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, the same as with _H. Abchasicus_.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Colchicus.
+
+COLCHICAN HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+A new species from Asia Minor. This is a strong grower and blooms well.
+The flowers vary in size and shade, but it may be said to be distinct in
+form and pronounced in colour, the latter being an uncommon feature with
+the Hellebores; either growing or cut it is indispensable to a group.
+Moreover, it is one of the best flowers of the genus, and would stand
+high even in a selection of the best six; it is one that should have a
+place in every collection.
+
+It flowers amongst the previous season's foliage on branched stems; the
+sepals are somewhat round and flat, which gives the flower a stiff
+appearance. Still, from their unusual deep purple colour and the yellow
+stamens, together with the manner in which the sepals overlap each
+other, the flower is a most effective one; the petals are a bright
+green, and blend harmoniously with the yellow and purple parts. The
+leaves are very large, pedate, dentate, and distinctly veined. In a
+young state the foliage is richly coloured or tinted with "bloom." It
+enjoys a rich sandy loam and summer shade.
+
+Cultivation, the same as for _H. Abchasicus_.
+
+Flowering period, January to March.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Cupreus.
+
+COPPERY HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+Notwithstanding its peculiar colour, as implied by the name, this is a
+pleasing border flower; moreover, the somewhat large flowers are also
+numerous; blossoms 3in. across, arranged in clusters of four and six,
+and handsomely furnished with new foliage, are no mean things in the
+depth of winter. The specific name of this Hellebore, though applicable,
+is not so definite as some, inasmuch as the colour to which it refers is
+that of several other species and varieties; there may be rather more of
+the metallic hue in our subject, but it is so slight as to be outside
+the pale of notice to the florist. The Coppery Hellebore is a native of
+mid-Europe, and is one of recent introduction into this country, where
+it proves hardy but annually dies down. It grows and flowers freely in
+January, the flower stalks appearing before the radical foliage, and
+attaining a height of nearly a foot.
+
+The flower stems are a palish green, with purplish markings, are twice
+branched and furnished with floral leaves; the latter have ample
+stipules and seven longish divisions, which are well spread out,
+distinctly veined underneath, and coarsely toothed. The flowers are 2in.
+to 3in. across, sepals pointed, overlapping for about half their length,
+and well expanded; their outsides are of a purplish colour, which
+extends along the stalk; the inner surface of the sepals is a yellowish
+green, the whole being suffused with a metallic hue or "bloom"; the
+stamens and anthers are a creamy white, the petals short and
+apple-green. The flowers droop gracefully, and are rendered all the more
+pleasing by the floral leaves which immediately support them. The leaves
+of the root are large and pedate, the divisions wide apart and unevenly
+toothed; the under sides are distinctly veined with purplish-brown when
+in a young state. The habit is robust, and the bloom is produced well
+above the radical foliage. There is a peculiar beauty about a strong
+flowering specimen which would hardly be expected from the above
+description, and it is even more difficult for me to do it justice.
+
+In a cut state a whole stem, with its flowers in different stages of
+development, is fine. The youngest rosy-purple buds, about the size of a
+cob nut; the more opened bell-shaped forms, just showing both the inner
+and outer colours of the sepals; these surmounted by the longer-stalked,
+fully expanded, but drooping flower, with its tassel-like bunch of
+stamens, and all finely interspersed with young leaves of two distinct
+colours, according to the side which meets the eye--all go to make it a
+charming decoration for indoors, and if cut clean it deserves a place
+for the whole week or more during which it remains in good form.
+
+Cultivation, as for _H. Abchasicus_.
+
+Flowering period, January to March.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Dumetorum.
+
+BUSHY HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+One of the less showy species. It comes from Hungary, and has been grown
+in this country about seventy years. It entirely renews its foliage
+yearly, the flower stems appearing before the radical leaves. The
+flowers are small, green, and drooping; the sepals are roundish. The
+flower stems are twice branched, full-flowered, and furnished with the
+"cut floral leaf," which is nearly stalkless and palmate. The root
+leaves are very smooth and pedate. The bright green flowers mix well
+with others, but where Hellebores are grown in limited varieties this
+may be omitted without loss as regards floral beauty.
+
+Cultivation, as for _H. Abchasicus_.
+
+Flowering period, February and March.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Foetidus.
+
+STINKING HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a native species, distinct, ornamental, and evergreen. Its name
+may, with some, prevent its being planted in the pleasure garden, but
+its foetid odour is not perceptible unless sought for. It is mostly
+found wild in this country in chalky districts, and it occurs largely in
+the southern parts of Europe. Though poisonous, it is a valuable herb.
+Its value as a garden subject consists in its dark evergreen foliage,
+good habit, and handsome panicles of bloom. The latter is produced under
+cultivation in mid-winter. It never fails to flower then if the position
+is a sheltered one. In its wild state the flowers appear in March. It
+belongs to that section of the Hellebores which have leafy stems and
+many flowers; its grows 2ft. high, and never seems to rest, but goes on
+making new leaves throughout winter.
+
+The flowers are produced in clusters larger than a man's hand, and are
+of a green colour, the sepals edged with brown, which turns to a
+purplish tint; they are nearly an inch across, well cupped, and mostly
+hang bell-fashion; the leaves are much smaller than those of most
+Hellebores, pedate, smooth, of stout substance and dark green colour;
+the divisions of the leaves are narrow and numerous. The foliage is
+persistent, and keeps green until after the new has appeared; it bends
+downwards in a pleasing manner, and the leafy stems have a palm-like
+appearance. These, when topped with panicles of flowers, though they be
+green ones, are worthy objects for any garden. It is a suitable plant
+for mixing with deciduous shrubs; bold specimens of it enliven such
+borders by their shining greenery, and they are of greatest service when
+most needed, for in such sheltered quarters they are pretty sure to
+flower during winter; and the summer shade, if not too dense, will
+prove more beneficial to them than otherwise.
+
+Cultivation, ordinary garden soil.
+
+Flowering period, December to April.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Guttatus.
+
+SPOTTED HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+This is one of the newer species or varieties; its main distinction is
+well implied by the specific name. The flowers are fully 2in. across,
+and white; the sepals are spotted with purple; the petals are more
+constant than in some species, and of a rich green colour; flowers are
+produced on stems having the floral leaf; the buds are a greenish white,
+but very beautiful. The foliage is smaller than that of most kinds; the
+leaves are radical, rather short-stalked, pedate, and divisions narrow;
+they are of a leathery substance and a dark green colour. This is a free
+bloomer, a fact which, together with those of its winter-blooming habit
+and distinct flowers, renders it a valuable acquisition to the open
+garden. Either cut or growing, it is very lasting.
+
+Cultivation, as for _H. Abchasicus_.
+
+Flowering period, January to March.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Niger.
+
+BLACK HELLEBORE, _or_ CHRISTMAS ROSE; _Nat. Ord._
+RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy, herbaceous perennial. It came from Austria in 1597. In favoured
+situations it proves evergreen; there is nothing black to be seen about
+a growing plant, and it has often puzzled its admirers as to the cause
+of its specific name, which is in reference to the black roots of a year
+or more old. It would appear, moreover, that this is not the true "Black
+Hellebore" of the ancients (see remarks under _H. Orientalis_). This
+"old-fashioned" flower is becoming more and more valued. That it is a
+flower of the first quality is not saying much, compared with what might
+be said for it; and, perhaps, no plant under cultivation is capable of
+more improvement by proper treatment (see Fig. 48). Soil, position, and
+tillage may all be made to bear with marked effect on this plant, as
+regards size and colour of flowers and season of bloom. We took its most
+used common name--Christmas Rose--from the Dutch, who called it
+Christmas Herb, or Christ's Herb, "because it flowereth about the birth
+of our Lord Iesus Christ," and we can easily imagine that its beautiful
+form would suggest the other part of its compound name, "rose." In
+sheltered parts, where the soil is deep and rich, specimens will grow a
+foot high and begin to bloom in December, continuing until March.
+
+The individual flowers last a long time in perfection, either on the
+plant or in a cut state; they vary somewhat in their colour, some being
+more brown on the outer side of the sepals, and others much suffused
+with pink; but under glass, whether in the shape of a bell glass in the
+open garden, or a greenhouse, they mature to a pure white; their form is
+somewhat like that of a single rose, but may be more properly compared
+to a flower of its own order--the single pæonia. It is composed of five
+sepals, and is 2in. to 3in. across, being white or rose-coloured; these
+sepals form a corolla-like calyx; the petals are very short and tubular,
+nestling down amongst the tassel-like bunch of stamens; the flowers are
+produced on stout leafless scapes, having one or two bracteæ; for the
+most part the flowers are in ones or pairs, but sometimes there may be
+seen three, and even four, on a scape. The leaves are radical, having
+stout, round stalks; they are large and pedate in shape, stout, and of
+leathery substance. The habit of the plant is neat, growing into rounded
+tufts.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 48. HELLEBORUS NIGER.
+
+(One-quarter natural size.)]
+
+In suitable quarters it proves a quick grower, whilst in ungenial
+situations it will hardly increase, though it is seldom killed. As it
+happens that its flowers are produced at a most unfavourable time for
+keeping them clean, they should be covered with some kind of glass
+shelters, or, where the soil is retentive, the roots may be lifted with
+large balls of earth to them, and be placed in a cool greenhouse well up
+to the light. It would, however, be a mistake to adopt this plan where
+the soil is loose, and during the lifting operation will fall from the
+roots; and it is also a mistake to expect flowers from newly-planted
+roots. Where its fine bloom is required at Christmas, good roots should
+have been planted fully a year previously. Doubtless many an amateur
+will herein recognise his failing point when expecting Christmas Roses
+from roots planted only a month before, and sometimes less. True, the
+buds are there, and fine ones, too, perhaps, but the plants, unless
+transferred with a good ball, suffer a check which it will take at least
+a year to outgrow. It is a good plan to grow this flower in good-sized
+pots, which should be plunged in a shady part of the garden all the
+year, with the exception of the blooming period; but even with pots well
+grown and showing plenty of buds, the mistake is often made of suddenly
+placing them in heat, immediately over hot pipes or flues, the heat from
+which shrivels the buds and foliage too. Though the Hellebores are
+amongst our best flowers for forcing, it should be done gently in an
+atmosphere constantly kept humid.
+
+As a cut bloom, the Christmas Rose vies with the eucharis and
+pancratium. For vase work, or used about the person, it is a flower that
+wins the greatest admiration, and it is no unusual thing for cut flowers
+to last indoors quite a fortnight.
+
+_H. n. angustifolius_ (narrow-leaved Hellebore) has smaller flowers than
+the type. The divisions of the leaves or leaflets are narrower, whence
+its name. The foliage is of a pale or apple green, whereas that of the
+type is very dark. It was introduced in the same year as its reputed
+parent. As a foliage plant it is very handsome, the leaves bending
+gracefully, and the whole specimen having a neat appearance.
+
+_H. n. maximus_ is the largest Christmas Rose, and is a truly grand
+variety; the flowers are 4in. and 5in. across. The illustration (Fig.
+49) is one-fourth natural size. The scapes are very stout, and produce
+several flowers, which are held well above the foliage; like those of
+the type, they, too, are tinted with a pink colour, which passes away
+when the flowers are a week or so old. The foliage is remarkably bold,
+having thick, round, and beautifully marked stalks. Well-established
+specimens have a shrub-like effect, being nearly 2ft. high, and richly
+furnished to the ground. The half-blown buds of this variety are
+exquisitely beautiful, and vary somewhat in form according to their age;
+some resemble a nearly blown tulip, and others a rosebud. As
+buttonholes, backed with a frond of maidenhair, they are charming. A
+whole scape, having one fully-blown flower and several buds, is the most
+perfect and beautiful decoration imaginable for a lady's hair. This
+variety is at its best in the month of December, being a little earlier
+than the typical form.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 49. HELLEBORUS NIGER MAXIMUS.
+
+(One-quarter natural size.)]
+
+All these kinds should be grown in moist and rather shady quarters;
+under trees not too densely foliaged will suit them; the soil should be
+a deep rich loam. I may mention that all my Hellebores are grown under
+"nurses," _i.e._, suitable small trees. I use walnut. About eighteen
+species and varieties are planted under six small trees, 4ft. high. The
+reasons why I use walnut are, that they leaf late in spring and lose
+their leaves early in autumn, so affording the greater amount of light
+during the flowering time of the Hellebores, and screening them in
+summer from the sun with their ample but not over thick foliage; a cut
+under the trees once a year with a sharp spade keeps them dwarf and
+prevents their making too many strong roots. Without saying that
+Hellebores should be grown in this way, it will serve to show how they
+may be conveniently shaded. Nothing could well look more happy under
+such treatment, and, once properly planted, they give no further trouble
+than a mulching of rotten manure in spring, when all the kinds have
+finished flowering. Christmas Roses are easily raised from seed,
+provided it is sown as soon as ripe, but plants so raised are two or
+three years before they flower. The quicker method of increase is by
+division of the roots. This can only be done successfully when the old
+stock is in robust health. Pieces of roots taken from old and unhealthy
+specimens will remain in the ground for twelve months as immovable as
+stones, whereas the least bits of clean young growths will form nice
+blooming plants the first year.
+
+Flowering period, December to March.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Odorus.
+
+SWEET-SCENTED HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+Like all the Hellebores, excepting the white-flowered _H. niger_ and its
+varieties, this has, until very recently, been much neglected,
+notwithstanding that its name implies the rare and desirable quality of
+a sweet odour; moreover, it is of easy culture, very hardy, and a free
+bloomer. It is a native of Hungary, and was introduced to English
+gardens in 1817. It is like _H. purpurascens_, only its flowers are
+green; it even more strongly resembles our native _H. viridis_. All its
+foliage is renewed annually. It belongs to the section having stems
+few-flowered, forked, and bearing floral leaves. It grows 9in. to 12in.
+high.
+
+The flowers are green, small, nodding, and scented. The sepals are
+nearly round, and overlap each other. The flowers are produced at long
+intervals on the twice-branched, stout, pale green stems; they are
+supported by prettily-cut leaves, having lance-shaped segments, finely
+serrated, also having large stipules. The radical leaves are palmate,
+covered with a fine down on the under surface. The segments are oblong,
+undivided, and at the base quite entire, but finely toothed near the
+top. The bloom lasts a long time, either cut or in the growing state.
+There is nothing very distinct to the eye about this species, but it is
+to be commended for the sweetness of its flowers.
+
+Like other Hellebores, it should be grown in a shady place, where there
+is a good depth of rich sandy loam. Propagated by division of healthy
+stock at almost any period.
+
+Flowering period, February to March.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Olympicus.
+
+OLYMPIAN HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+This comes from a Grecian habitat, as the specific name denotes; still
+it is perfectly hardy in this climate, and it deserves a place in every
+garden. It is not so old in English gardens as some kinds, and may not
+be much known; at any rate, it is seldom met with; but, from the fact
+of its coming into bloom in the first month of the year, and having
+finely-formed purple flowers, it is a desirable companion to the white
+Christmas Rose; it is variously stated to have white and purple flowers,
+both statements being authorised; they are produced in spare clusters on
+stems a foot high; the buds are charming objects, of a ruddy-brown
+colour, and the size of a big filbert; they are rather close together,
+and supported by a "cut floral leaf." The leaves are well divided and
+almost palm-shaped, the leaflets being ovate and toothed. It is a free
+grower, and never fails to bloom well too.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, the same as with _H. niger_.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Orientalis.
+
+EASTERN HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+Sometimes also called the Lenten Rose, as it may often be seen in flower
+during Lent, though it is no uncommon thing for it to bloom in January
+in favoured situations and mild winters. This is a very old species
+which has long been known to botanists, but it has only recently been
+introduced into this country. It is a native of the Levant, is plentiful
+on mountains and near Thessalonica and Constantinople. It has gone under
+the name of _H. officinalis_, and as such was, as it still is, the shop
+Hellebore of the East. As a garden flower it is to be recommended as one
+of the best of the genus; the colour is often a fine rose variously
+tinted, and the blooms are of good size. It is, however, a species
+respecting which there is still considerable misconception. One
+authority says the leaves die off and again appear with the flowers;
+another classes it with the group "leaves not annually dying"; then one
+says, "the greenish-white blossoms are tinted at the margin with
+purple"; another, that the flowers are "rose-coloured"; whilst botanical
+descriptions, usually so taunting to the florist as regards
+blossom-colour, are no exceptions in this case. "Sepals oval, coloured,"
+does not point out very clearly the information desired. Many of the
+species of Hellebore are known to produce flowers varying more or less
+in colour; and we also know that an individual blossom, during the long
+period in which the sepals keep good, often changes its tints and
+colours, but we are scarcely prepared to hear that a species has
+greenish-white flowers, whilst we have always seen a rosy or rosy-purple
+one produced. Still, the information from another source, that _H.
+orientalis_ is a species intermediate between _H. niger_ and _H.
+viridis_, would seem to favour the greenish-white as the typical colour;
+be that as it may, it is most likely that the more desirable
+rosy-flowered variety will prevail in flower gardens, that being the
+general recognised colour of the type, and moreover, one which renders
+it pleasingly distinct in the whole genus. There are hybrid kinds which
+have been raised from this species crossed with _H. viridis_ and,
+perhaps, others, and some of them have greenish-white flowers; but they
+should not be confounded with the species under notice. These varieties
+have received such names as _H. orientalis elegans_, _H. o.
+viridescens_, and _H. o. punctatus_. If hybrids are to be honoured with
+specific names, it will require much care to avoid confusion, and it is
+just possible that some such causes have led to the various descriptions
+above referred to. The type under notice is fairly distinct, and the
+amateur having a slight acquaintance with the Hellebore family will have
+little difficulty in making it out.
+
+The flowers are produced on forked stems, and are accompanied by
+finely-cut floral leaves, nearly sessile and palmate; the radical leaves
+are large, pedate, downy underneath, having long stalks, and remaining
+green throughout winter. The habit is to push the stout flower stems
+well up above the foliage, sometimes as high as 18in.; the flowers are
+very durable, at least the major parts--as the sepals--are, the stamens
+and petals falling somewhat sooner than those of most species; if
+different positions are given to a few specimens, flowers may be had
+from Christmas to Lent, according to amount of shelter or exposure
+therein obtained for the plants.
+
+There are facts connected with this plant, as other than a garden
+subject, which can hardly fail to be generally interesting. "This is the
+Black Hellebore of the ancients," so that, though _H. niger_ bears the
+name and is known to be largely possessed of properties similar to those
+of the oriental species, it is proved to be wrongly applied. So much was
+claimed by ancient doctors for the Black Hellebore as a medicine in
+mania, epilepsy, dropsy, and other ills to which mortals are heirs, that
+naturally the true plant was sought with much zeal. Dr. Woodville
+laments the want of proper descriptions of plants and the consequences,
+and in his "Botany," p. 51, points out some ridiculous errors made in
+reference to the Black Hellebore previous to 1790; he gives the names of
+many plants which had been mistaken for it and actually employed, and he
+assumes that at the time of his writing all such errors had not only
+been discovered, but corrected, by what he then described as, and we now
+call by the name of, _H. niger_, being the true Black Hellebore; and
+after all, the potent herb of the ancients has been identified in a
+plant (a near relation, it is true) other than the white Christmas
+Rose--it may be some time before we come to think of our present subject
+as the true Black Hellebore, especially when an otherwise popular
+species bears the name.
+
+Cultivation, as for _H. niger_.
+
+Flowering period, December to April.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Purpurascens.
+
+PURPLISH HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+A native of Podolia and Hungary, introduced sixty to seventy years ago.
+It belongs to the section whose flowers appear before the root leaves,
+having branched flower stalks and the cut floral leaf. It is a dwarf
+kind, and varies very much; I have now an established specimen in bloom
+at the height of 3in., and others at 8in. or 9in. It also differs in the
+depth of bloom-colour; some of its flowers may be described as
+purplish-green and others as greenish-purple, slaty and dove-coloured;
+others have a tinge of red more visible. The flowers are few, on
+twice-forked stems, are 2in. or more across, and commonly, as the name
+implies, of a purplish colour; the inner surface of the sepals is a
+slaty shade, the purple prevailing on the outer surface; the form of the
+flower is nearly round and slightly cupped, from the nearly round or
+kidney shaped sepals, which neatly overlap each other, and are also
+incurved at the edges; the petals are very short and green; the stamens
+and anthers of a creamy white; the floral leaf is nearly stalkless;
+segments unevenly toothed. The radical leaves are "pubescent on the
+under surface, palmate, with the segments cuneated at the base, and from
+three to five lobed at the apex." The habit is robust and free blooming;
+the flowers slightly droop, and, though the colours are not showy, they
+are attractive from the way in which they are borne on the straight
+stems and the absence of the larger leaves. It is a desirable species
+for the garden; a few specimens grown amongst a mass of the "winter
+aconite" are enough to make one forget that it is winter.
+
+Cultivation, as for _H. niger_.
+
+Flowering period, February to April.
+
+
+
+
+Hepatica Angulosa.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a very distinct species. It comes from North America, and is
+twice the size of _H. triloba_ in all its parts; the leaves are more
+cut, and very woolly; the flowers are bright mauve, and 1½in. across.
+All the Hepaticas are slow growers, but _H. angulosa_ is the more
+vigorous. Some say they should be grown in peat, but I never saw them so
+fine in peat as in strong loam, well drained and manured; they are the
+better with slight shade. I do not object to peat, as possibly it may be
+more suitable than the natural soil of some gardens. Still, if I had to
+make up a compost for Hepaticas, I should freely use strong loam on a
+well-drained site. With me they have been in flower nearly three months,
+commencing in February.
+
+It seems desirable to increase these fine spring flowers, but they are
+most impatient of being disturbed, and, after all, the increase can
+exist in no finer form than in big clumps, though when they are to be
+propagated the roots should be divided before the new leaves are
+produced, which is during the blooming period. A deeply-dug and
+well-manured plot should be prepared for them, and their long roots
+should not be doubled up in the least; they both need and deserve great
+care.
+
+Flowering period, February to April.
+
+
+
+
+Hepatica Triloba.
+
+_Syns._ ANEMONE TRILOBA _and_ ANEMONE HEPATICA; _Nat.
+Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 50. HEPATICA TRILOBA.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+The well-known common Hepatica, of which there are so many beautiful
+varieties. It is a hardy perennial, one of the "old-fashioned" flowers
+of English gardens, and is said by some to be a British species; anyhow,
+it was well known and admired in this country 300 years ago.
+Well-established specimens form neat tufts of three-lobed leaves on long
+stems, which are not evergreen in this climate, though the Hepaticas are
+known to be so in North America, one of their most extensive habitats.
+Here, under cultivation, they produce much finer flowers, and more of
+them. The cut (Fig. 50), however, shows the foliage in more perfect form
+than it is commonly seen to be in this climate during the period of
+bloom, when the old is usually sered, and the new scarcely visible. The
+varieties of _H. triloba_ differ only in the colour and form of their
+flowers, there being blue, purple, white, and pink. Of the first and
+last named there are double varieties as well.
+
+Cultivation, the same as for _H. angulosa_.
+
+Flowering period, February to April.
+
+_H. t. splendens_ is a charming Windflower, and one which, from its
+extra brilliancy, is sure to become a favourite, as, indeed, the whole
+genus _Anemone_ is. It is a new variety of _H. triloba_, and is yet
+somewhat scarce, differing from the more generally known kinds of the
+same species in only two points, so that, beyond the mention of them, no
+other description is needful: (1) Its flowers are single red, but so
+much deeper in colour, brighter, and of better substance, as to be quite
+distinct, and merit the name "_splendens_." (2) It flowers earlier than
+the commoner red kind. This handsome seedling of the common Hepatica is
+very suggestive of what can be done by raising seed from
+carefully-selected sorts, and within the last few years something has
+been done in that direction, so that in a little time we may expect to
+see other good varieties. I may add that seedlings are three years
+before they bloom, and even longer before a proper idea can be formed of
+their qualities.
+
+Cultivation, the same as for _H. angulosa_.
+
+Flowering period, February to March.
+
+
+
+
+Hesperis Matronalis Flore-pleno.
+
+DOUBLE SWEET ROCKET, _or_ DAMES' VIOLET; _Nat. Ord._
+CRUCIFERÆ.
+
+
+There are several double forms of this very popular old flower, such as
+purple, ruby, and pure white, the last named being by far the greatest
+favourite. A few years ago it was said to be very scarce, and in some
+parts of the country it certainly was so, but when the present taste for
+the good old flowers became general, it was not only found, but quickly
+propagated, so that now the double white Sweet Rocket may be had
+everywhere, and certainly no more beautiful flower can occupy the garden
+borders, its perfume being strong and deliciously fragrant. The parent
+plant of these double kinds is widely distributed over Europe; all are
+perfectly hardy.
+
+They vary in height from 12in. to 18in., branching candelabra-like, the
+flowers being produced in terminal spikes, arranged in the way of, and
+very much resembling, the double stocks--in fact, the Hesperis used to
+be called "Queene's Gilloflower." The leaves may be briefly described as
+oval, lance-shaped, toothed, and veined; dark green, and often spotted
+or blotched. Gerarde's description, too, may be given, as it is always
+pleasant to recognise the old plants of 300 years ago: "Dames' Violets
+hath great large leaues of a darke greene colour, somewhat snipt about
+the edges; among which spring up stalks of the height of two cubites,
+set with such like leaves; the flowers come foorth at the toppe of the
+branches--like those of the Stock Gilloflower, of a verie sweete smell."
+
+These desirable flowers have a long blooming period, and their
+cultivation is simple; there is, however, one special point to be
+observed, otherwise these double kinds will die off. It should be
+remembered that they produce no seed, and propagation must be carried
+out by divisions of the roots and cuttings; old plants, too, have a
+habit of forming their perennial crowns nearly out of the soil, so that
+the roots going down from them are often bare and unestablished; the
+older parts, too, are frequently attacked by ground vermin. No doubt
+these causes would tend greatly to the former scarcity of the finer
+kinds, but all the difficulties, if they can be called such, may be
+overcome by the very simple process of either putting in cuttings like
+wallflower slips during summer, or, as soon as the old plants are past
+their best bloom, dividing and replanting the various parts deeper,
+whereby all of them, however small, will make good plants the following
+season.
+
+This mode of keeping up the stock will be found to make the plants
+vigorous and free blooming, and also will prove a remedy for the
+complaint so often given expression to in such words as "I lost all my
+double Sweet Rockets; I cannot keep them above two years."
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera.
+
+ALUM-ROOT; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a small genus of hardy perennials suitable for the decoration of
+the English garden from their bold and finely-shaped leaves, which are
+well marked with various pleasing tints, also because of their perpetual
+verdure and neat habit. It takes its name from J. H. de Heucher, a
+botanist. The species, as many of them as are known, are from American
+habitats; nearly all have been introduced within the last sixty years;
+the well-known _H. Americana_, however, is an old plant in English
+gardens, having been cultivated for 223 years. The order, as given
+above, together with the illustration figuring one of the species (see
+Fig. 51), will give some idea of the usefulness of the genus, especially
+when it is remembered that in the depth of winter the foliage is fresh,
+and even in a growing state.
+
+The flowers are of little value for ornamental purposes; they are very
+small and numerous, and are arranged in panicles or racemes, on rather
+tall and mostly leafless stems, round, and somewhat wiry; calyx, petals,
+and stamens have a mixed appearance, the whole flower being of a dingy
+colour, often resembling some of the panicled bloom of meadow grass,
+when seen at a short distance; the calyces, however, are persistent,
+they crown the capsules; these and the naked stems, from their durable
+nature, mar the beauty of the foliage for several weeks, unless cut off.
+The plants are more ornamental without the flowers, as they impart a
+seedy appearance; at no time does the foliage show to more advantage
+than in January, when most herbaceous plants are dormant, and when their
+handsome tufts are alike beautiful, either bedewed with fogs,
+crystallised with hoar-frost, or glittering in the sunshine. As a genus,
+_Heuchera_ is sometimes placed after _Saxifraga_ and before that of
+_Tiarella_; the latter it much resembles, as well as the genera
+_Mitella_ and _Tellima_. Anyone knowing these will at once admit the
+usefulness of the plants under notice.
+
+Not only do they make good edgings or lines to borders, but the leaves
+in a cut state are of great service for table decoration, doing duty
+repeatedly around dishes, &c., either with or without flowers; after
+being so used, if placed in water, they may be kept a fortnight in good
+form. I am told that the leaves are sold in Covent Garden Market for
+similar purposes. I have seen them used in the autumn with the large
+white anemone, and in winter with the Christmas rose, one flower
+arranged and tied on the face of a single leaf. These placed round
+dishes, &c., have a pretty effect.
+
+They grow freely in any kind of soil, excepting stiff clay, and are
+readily increased by division of the crowns. This may be done any time,
+but, perhaps, spring is the best.
+
+The Heucheras bloom from May to August.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Americana.
+
+AMERICAN HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+The flowers of this species are a dull or reddish purple. The foliage is
+rough and clammy; the form of leaf resembles that of _H. glabra_ (see
+Fig. 51), but the colour is a lighter green. All the genus are of an
+astringent nature, but this species is remarkably so, and in its native
+country has earned for the family the name of "Alum-root."
+
+For cultivation and flowering period see _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Cylindrica.
+
+CYLINDRICAL-SPIKED HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+This is much in the way of _H. Richardsoni_, with the distinction
+indicated by the name, the flowers being arranged evenly round the spike
+like a cylinder.
+
+For cultivation and flowering period see _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Drummondi.
+
+DRUMMOND'S HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+A tall kind, with leaves of handsome shape (heart-shaped and lobed) and
+greener than most varieties.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period are described under _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Glabra.
+
+SMOOTH HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 51. HEUCHERA GLABRA.
+
+(One-sixth natural size.)]
+
+This was introduced in 1824 from North America. The foliage is bold and
+abundant; the illustration (Fig. 51) not only gives a good idea of the
+form and habit of foliage, but fairly represents the whole genus, as
+seen during the late (1882) season. This species has dull pinkish
+flowers; the scapes have a few leaves; root leaves are 2in. to 5in. in
+diameter, heart-shaped, lobed, toothed, smooth, and of a dark
+bronzy-green colour. The leaf stalks are long and slender; the habit
+very neat.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period are described under _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Lucida.
+
+SHINING-LEAVED HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+A very dwarf species, not more than 3in. or 4in. high; the foliage a
+clear bright green, nearly kidney-shaped, lobed, and roundly toothed.
+The fresh appearance of its prostrate leaves, which are 2in. across,
+forms a pleasing object in mid-winter.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, as given under _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Metallica.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+This was presented to me in 1881 by a lady, who informed me that it was
+introduced by the late Miss Hope. It is a beautiful plant; the hues
+somewhat justify the name, but to the touch the leaves are more like a
+soft fabric, as cloth or velvet. The flowers are of no value, but the
+foliage is bloom of no mean order, so much so, that everyone stops to
+admire this handsome plant.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, as given under _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Micrantha.
+
+SMALL-FLOWERED HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+From Columbia. Flowers a yellowish-green; leaves nearly round, bluntly
+lobed, crenate or round toothed, the teeth horned or pointed; the colour
+is inclined to auburn during autumn, but it varies, and for a botanical
+description it would be hard to state a particular colour. The gardener,
+however, will find in this a most useful plant, where different forms
+and tints of foliage are desirable. Into the sub-tropical garden it may
+be introduced with good effect. I may add that the leaf stalks are 9in.
+to 12in. long, also of a rich brown colour, and the leaves are 3in. to
+5in. across.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, as described under _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Purpurea.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+This seems to be a less known or newer variety. If the name has
+reference to the colour of the foliage, it is not inappropriate. The
+bold leaves are a dark green, shading to a bronze, then a purple, the
+whole having a soft downy effect. It is a charming kind.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, the same as for the _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Ribifolia.
+
+CURRANT-LEAVED HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+This is another dwarf kind, producing such leaves as the name denotes.
+Of this species the only useful feature for a garden seems to be its
+habit of neatly carpeting the ground under deciduous trees. It has also
+a remarkably fresh appearance during winter.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, as for other _Heucheras_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Richardsoni.
+
+RICHARDSON'S HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+A taller variety than _H. Drummondi_. The most striking distinctions are
+the pale green colour of the young leaves contrasting with the bronzed
+appearance of the older ones, and the larger size of its flowers, which,
+however, are green.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, as for other species.
+
+
+
+
+Houstonia Coerulea.
+
+BLUETS; _Nat. Ord._ GENTIANACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 52. HOUSTONIA COERULEA.
+
+(Natural size.)]
+
+Hardy and evergreen. This pretty little shining plant never exceeds a
+height of 3in. Like most species of this order, both flowers and foliage
+have much substance and endure for a long time in perfection, but its
+neat form and bright parts most commend it--it almost sparkles in both
+leaf and flower. This species, as implied by the specific name, bears a
+blue flower, but there is a variety (_H. c. alba_ or _H. albiflora_)
+which bears white flowers, from a specimen of which the illustration
+(Fig. 52) is drawn, and, as the colour of the flower is the only
+dissimilarity, a description of the typical form will in all other
+respects apply to both.
+
+The flowers, which are produced singly on slender stems 2in. high, are
+composed of a four-toothed calyx; corolla, four petals, or four-toothed
+and funnel-shaped; when fully expanded each flower is ½in. across, and
+shows a distinct yellow eye. The leaves of the root are spathulate,
+those of the stems opposite and lanceolate; all the parts are shown of
+the natural size in the illustration.
+
+All the known Houstonias are natives of North America; still, our
+winters seem to kill strong plants. From an impression that the plants
+were destroyed by insects amongst their roots and foliage, I had several
+tufts lifted, well shaken out, and divided in the autumn; they were
+replanted in leaf soil and sand and kept rather moist. When planting
+them, all amongst the roots was thickly strewn with dry silver sand, so
+as to leave no space for the lodgment of vermin; the results were fine,
+fresh, green tufts throughout the following winter, which, however, was
+not severe; still, the plants not so treated dwindled and were
+unhealthy, whereas the others were finely in bloom, the subject of the
+drawing being one of them. These minute plants do well and look well
+wedged between large stones on rockwork, where they flower nearly all
+the year round; they also form pretty pot specimens under cold frame
+treatment; and they may be used with good effect for surfacing the pots
+in which other hardy but tall and bare stemmed things--such as
+lilies--are grown.
+
+The mode of propagation has been indicated by the above autumnal
+treatment.
+
+Flowering period, April to July.
+
+
+
+
+Hutchinsia Alpina.
+
+_Syn._ LEPIDIUM ALPINUM; _Nat. Ord._ CRUCIFERÆ.
+
+
+An alpine species, from South Europe, which may be said to be evergreen
+in this climate, and, according to my experience of it, flowering
+throughout the year. Though found in some gardens to be difficult to
+establish, when it finds a suitable home it becomes a pretty addition.
+
+This alpine seldom exceeds 2in. in height. The flowers are a glistening
+white and very small, produced in numerous heads, and they are very
+enduring; the calyx is concave and falls off; the four petals are
+inversely ovate; the little leaves are deeply lobed, of a pale shining
+green colour, with plenty of substance; its habit is spreading or
+creeping. Neither slugs nor any other pests seem to meddle with it. It
+may be transplanted at any time, and the mode of propagation may be
+gathered from the following remarks.
+
+Probably because its name implies its alpine character, some may be
+misled to plant it on rockwork; whether that be so or not, I so tried
+it, and found it would not grow in such a situation. A bed of dwarf and
+moisture-loving subjects was being planted, in which a bit of this
+Hutchinsia was dibbled, and it found a home in the moist vegetable soil.
+For two or three years I do not remember to have seen it, or the
+seedlings, without flowers; its pretty, dwarf, rue-like foliage grew so
+thickly that it threatened to kill the edging of gentianella and such
+things as _Polemonium variegatum_, the double cuckoo-flower, and the
+little _Armeria setacea_; it also filled the walks, and its long wiry
+roots have been eradicated with difficulty. From this it will be seen
+how much depends, with some plants, on the position in which they are
+placed.
+
+
+
+
+Hydrangea Paniculata Grandiflora.
+
+LARGE-PANICLED HYDRANGEA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+This dwarf shrub is perfectly hardy and deciduous; it comes from Japan,
+and is one of the best hardy things I have come across for some time. It
+is quite a new introduction, and has many fine qualities; the fact of
+its producing immense clusters of white flowers, 12in. long and 12in. in
+circumference, as well-established plants, is enough to induce its
+extended cultivation; but when it is stated that its clusters are
+numerous and durable, that the shrub begins to flower in summer and
+continues in great beauty until damaged by frosts, it will doubtless be
+recorded on the lists of desiderata of those who do not possess it. The
+usefulness of such a subject is notable not only to the gardener who has
+a keen eye to artistic effect, but to the lover of showy flowers (see
+Fig. 53).
+
+The flowers are male and female kinds, and, as is usual with the genus,
+the fruitful ones are interspersed with unfruitful, being shorter in the
+stalks and nearly covered over by the latter, which are much larger; in
+fact, they are not the true flowers from a botanist's point of view, but
+with the florist it is exactly the opposite; their colour is white, more
+or less tinted with pink, which, if the autumn season proves fine and
+dry, becomes purple. As the name denotes, the bloom is arranged in
+massive panicles, pyramidal form, 6in. to 12in. long, and 4in. to 8in.
+in diameter. They slightly bend with the great weight, but are otherwise
+well supported by the woody stems. The latter are somewhat short, seeing
+they carry such large clusters. The leaves are oval, subcordate
+(varying), distinctly ribbed, and finely toothed, also varying much in
+size. The habit of the shrub is much branched, of strong growth, and
+very floriferous. The flowering shoots issue from the hard wood of the
+previous season's growth. In the shrubbery it is very attractive, its
+flowers out-numbering, out-measuring, and out-lasting most of its
+neighbours. Kept dwarf, what a grand bedder it would make! Grown in pots
+it is a first-class indoor subject. It has that rare quality, even when
+in small pots, of being adapted for the company of large ferns, palms,
+&c., from the great size of its panicles, and I need scarcely say that
+for cutting purposes it is valuable, more especially in decorations
+which are not closely viewed.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 53. HYDRANGEA PANICULATA GRANDIFLORA.
+
+(One-tenth natural size); blossom, natural size.]
+
+The culture of this shrub is very simple; it does best in rich loam. The
+situation should be sunny, that it may well ripen its wood. In order to
+have clusters of large size, it should be closely pruned, like roses, by
+which treatment the bush may also be kept in the desired form. Its
+propagation is by cuttings; they should be of fairly well-ripened wood
+of the last season's growth. The degree of ripeness, like that of such
+things as roses and fuchsias, may vary according to the method by which
+the cuttings are to be treated. Half-ripened shoots will root well in a
+little heat; the harder wood will root equally well, but more slowly, in
+the open in sandy loam.
+
+Flowering period, July to end of September.
+
+
+
+
+Hypericum Calycinum.
+
+LARGE-CALYXED ST. JOHN'S WORT, _or_ ROSE OF SHARON;
+_Nat. Ord._ HYPERICACEÆ.
+
+
+A very ornamental deciduous shrub, but often green throughout the
+winter. This I claim the privilege of introducing amongst herbaceous
+perennials; it is a well-known and favourite "old-fashioned" flower, in
+fact, a native of Ireland. The old name for it was "Cup St. John's
+Wort." In July it is in splendid form, and, familiar as we are with it,
+it never fails to win admiration. How charming are its large, shining,
+golden blossoms, nestling amongst the bright but glaucous foliage! the
+bundled tassels composed of numerous filamentary stamens glistening like
+threads of gold; and though often seen one can never tire of it. As a
+flower, it is distinct in form, showy, and richly effective.
+
+It grows to the height of 1ft. or 18in.; the flowers are 4in. across, of
+a rich golden-yellow colour, and produced singly on the very leafy stems
+which, at the base or at their more woody parts, are square, the upper
+parts being nearly round. Short flower-stalks issue from the side and
+near the top, a small new growth being produced in juxtaposition with
+the blossom, the said growth being composed of half-a-dozen or so
+smaller-sized leaves of a pale apple-green, charmingly suffused with a
+glaucous hue. The calyx of five sepals is very large, whence the
+specific name, and each sepal is nearly round and cupped, whence the old
+common name, "Cup St. John's Wort"; the five petals are 2in. long and
+widely apart; stamens very numerous, long, thready, and arranged in
+tufts. These are very beautiful, and form the most conspicuous part of
+the flower; like the other seed organs, and also the petals, they are of
+a rich, glistening, yellow colour. The leaves are closely arranged in
+pairs, opposite, and nearly sessile; they are 2in. to 3in. long, and
+about 1in. broad, oval-oblong, blunt, smooth, and leathery. When young,
+they are as above described, but when older, they are of a dark, shining
+green colour, and somewhat reflexed. The under sides are finely
+reticulated or veined, and sometimes the foliage is spotted with brown.
+The habit of the shrub is neat, the short stems being numerous and
+semi-prostrate, forming dense, even masses of verdant foliage.
+
+Such a subject as this cannot be too highly esteemed on the score of the
+merits already set forth; but there are other good qualities which I
+will briefly refer to presently. There can be little doubt that the fine
+parts and many uses, decorative and otherwise, of most of the
+"old-fashioned" flowers have much to do with the high and continued
+esteem in which they are held. Not one of the least recommendations of
+this St. John's Wort is that it can be grown with great success under
+the shade of trees. It is one of the very few subjects that will bloom
+freely in such situations. It is, therefore, very valuable; besides, as
+regards its period of flowering, it comes in nicely after the vincas are
+over. These two genera are, perhaps, the best hardy flowering shrubs we
+possess for planting in the shade of trees. I scarcely need add that for
+more open situations, as rockwork and borders, it is in every way
+suitable.
+
+To the lover of cut flowers this must prove one of the most
+satisfactory, not only because of its beauty, but also because they are
+produced for fully three months--into September--and they are sweetly
+scented, like wallflowers. A flower-topped stem forms a perfect and
+unique decoration for a lady's hair; sprays in small vases are
+exquisite, whilst a bowlful for the table (without any other flower) is
+very fine indeed--let the reader try these simple styles of decoration.
+Also, mixed with other flowers, it is one of the most telling; none of
+the yellow exotics can excel it. It is now before me, with a few sprays
+of the pink sweet pea and a bold spike of the white variety of
+goat's-rue; the blend is both delicate and effective. As a cut flower it
+can hardly be misused, provided it is not crowded.
+
+Its culture is simple. Any sort of garden soil suits it, but it prefers
+a sandy loam. A winter top dressing of stable litter will help to
+produce greater luxuriance and a longer succession of flowers. It
+quickly and broadly propagates itself by means of its creeping roots;
+these may be at any time chopped off, with a sharp spade, in strong
+pieces, which, if planted in deeply-dug loam, will make blooming
+specimens for the following season.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Iberis Correæfolia.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ CRUCIFERÆ.
+
+
+This is a hybrid and much improved variety of the well-known evergreen
+and shrubby Candytuft, often called "Everlasting Candytuft." A more
+pronounced remove from its parents could hardly be found in any plant or
+shrub than is this. There are evident improvements in colour, size, and
+habit, both in foliage and flowers. It is also a robust grower and
+perfectly hardy, in these respects being very different from _I.
+Gibraltarica_. None of the shrubby Candytufts can compare with this for
+usefulness and beauty; it comes into flower in May, and is in its
+greatest beauty in early June. It remains in fine form for fully four
+weeks. At first the flowers seem small, but later they form broad masses
+of dazzling whiteness, the corymbs being the size of a crown piece. Not
+only is this wholly distinct from its relatives, but it is one of the
+most useful flowers and evergreen shrubs which can be introduced to a
+garden. It cannot be planted wrong as regards either soil or situation.
+It forms a rich surfacing subject, all the year round, to other tall
+plants, as lilies, &c. It looks well as a front specimen in the
+shrubbery, makes an effective and neat appearance at the angles of
+walks, or as an edging it may be cut and trimmed as a substitute for a
+grass verge; it thrives on sunny or almost sunless outhouse tops, and on
+rockwork it is superb; moreover, it grows fairly well in reeky towns,
+and though its white flowers may be soiled the day they open, its bright
+green leaves and dense habit render it a pleasing object.
+
+The flowers are arranged in flat heads at first, but as the stems become
+elongated and the succession of buds open, a long round cluster is
+formed by the old flowers remaining (as they do for weeks), such heads
+or spikes sometimes being 3in. long. There is much substance in the
+petals, which causes them to glisten in strong light; the flower stems
+are produced 5in. or 6in. above the foliage, their total height rarely
+exceeding a foot. The leaves are numerous, of a dark shining green
+colour; in length 1½in., and over ¼in. broad near the ends; their shape
+is spathulate, obtuse, entire, and smooth; the new set of foliage
+contrasts pleasingly with the old, and its growth is completed during
+the flowering period; the woody and slender branches are numerous and
+procumbent.
+
+Besides the positions already mentioned, in which this shrub may
+usefully be planted, there is none more so, perhaps, than that of rough
+or unsightly corners, where, if it is provided with a little loam, it
+will soon adapt its form to the surroundings. The flowers in a cut state
+are not only sweet-smelling, but very useful where white bloom is needed
+in quantity, as for church decorations. _I. correæfolia_ can scarcely be
+said to need cultural treatment, but it is useful to bear in mind that
+it may be much more finely bloomed if generously treated, which simply
+consists in nothing more than giving it a sunny place and sandy loam,
+well enriched with old manure. Specimens so treated, which were cuttings
+only two years ago, are now 2ft. in diameter, and covered densely with
+large flowers; and how lovely some of the pretty weeds which have sprung
+up amongst the bushes, and mingle their flowers among the masses of
+white, appear--such as Spring Beauty (Claytonia), pink flowers; the
+Maiden Pink (_Dianthus deltoides_), rose; Self-heal (_Prunella
+pyrenaica_), purple; and the forget-me-nots! This comparatively new
+Candytuft is as easily increased as grown, by either layers or cuttings;
+the latter may be put in almost any time, early spring being the best;
+if put in in June, no better quarters can be given than under the shade
+of shrubs, where the soil is sandy loam.
+
+Flowering period, middle of May to middle of June.
+
+
+
+
+Iris Foetidissima.
+
+GLADDON, GLADWIN, _or_ SPURGE-WORT; _Nat. Ord._
+IRIDACEÆ.
+
+
+A British species, occurring largely in some parts, in shady woods and
+swampy places near the sea. It is evergreen and of a pleasing form
+throughout the year. Its flowers are of a dull colour, and not likely to
+be much esteemed, more especially when in midsummer there are so many
+beautiful kinds around; still, it merits a place in our gardens. Its
+handsome berry-like seeds, which are so attractively conspicuous in
+December, are much more desirable than its flowers, ready as they are
+for our use at Christmas time.
+
+It grows 2 ft. high, and is a water-loving plant, but may be easily
+grown in the more moist parts of the garden. The large pod is
+three-cornered; the husks having turned brown, become divided, and
+expose to view the large, orange-coloured seeds, which, later, turn to a
+reddish-brown. They are held in the husks for many weeks and strong
+winds do not displace them; they are very effective amongst the dark
+green foliage, and may be cut if desired, as they often are, for indoor
+decoration. They may be used in a hundred different ways, but never do
+they show to more advantage than when cut with long stems and placed in
+a vase with some of their own dark green sword-shaped leaves; these
+last-named, by the way, may be appropriated throughout the winter as a
+dressing for other flowers. There need be no difficulty in growing this
+species, for if the soil is not naturally moist in summer, a thick
+dressing of rotten stable manure will meet the case. As a matter of
+fact, my specimen is grown in a bed fully exposed to the sun; the soil
+is well drained, and stone-crops are grown in the next bed to it; no
+water is ever given to established plants, and still the Gladwin is well
+fruited; the soil is deeply tilled, and there is a thick covering of
+manure. It is easily propagated by division of the roots in autumn or
+early spring.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Isopyrum Gracilis.
+
+SLENDER ISOPYRUM; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a hardy herbaceous plant, of great beauty. The flowers are not
+showy, but their great numbers and arrangement render them of importance
+in what may be termed a fine-foliaged subject. The Isopyrums are very
+nearly related to the thalictrums or rues, and this one greatly
+resembles the maidenhair-like section, one of which it is often taken
+for. There is, however, an important botanical difference between the
+two genera: the thalictrums have no calyx, and the Isopyrums have.
+Still, as the flowers of both are very small, that feature is not very
+observable. As a decorative plant it may be classed with the
+maidenhair-like rues, and the illustration may be said to give a fair
+idea of three or four species.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 54. ISOPYRUM GRACILIS.
+
+(One-eighth natural size; 1, leaflet, full size.)]
+
+The Isopyrum under notice grows 12in. or 15in. high, and produces its
+dark brown flowers on slender, well-branched stems, forming feathery
+panicles, which have a graceful appearance. The flowers are very small,
+and composed of a five-cleft calyx, five equal petals, and numerous
+long, pendent seed-organs; the stems are elegantly furnished with the
+fine-cut foliage. The leaves are large, but the leaflets small, as may
+be seen by the one given, full size, in the drawing (Fig. 54), being
+somewhat cordate, lobed, and dentate; they have hair-like stalks, which
+add to their elegance of arrangement, and their glaucous colour further
+enhances their effectiveness.
+
+This light and diffuse subject may be usefully planted to relieve other
+kinds; in beds or lines it looks well, having a lace-like effect; as a
+cut flower or spray it nearly equals maidenhair, and for mixing with
+large flowers, it perhaps excels. Either cut or in the growing state it
+is very durable. It may be grown in average garden soil, but to have it
+fine, it should be given vegetable soil and a moist situation, not
+shaded. It is propagated by seeds or division of the roots in autumn.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+
+
+
+Jasminum Nudiflorum.
+
+NUDE-FLOWERED JASMINE; _Nat. Ord._ JASMINACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 55, JASMINUM NUDIFLORUM.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+This was brought to this country from China a little less than forty
+years ago, and, as proof of its sterling worth, it is already in
+extensive use. The whole genus is a favourite one; but there is a
+special and most attractive feature about this species that is sure to
+render it desirable to all--it flowers freely in mid-winter, and it does
+so in the open garden. Like many of the genus, this species comes from a
+very warm climate, and for a time it was grown in glasshouses as a
+tender shrub, where it flowered during the winter months. It is now
+found to be a perfectly hardy subject, not only withstanding our most
+trying seasons without the least injury, but also proving true to the
+month of December as the period when it begins to produce its numerous
+golden flowers. It is a climbing deciduous shrub, though it has neither
+the habit of clinging nor twining.
+
+The shrub produces bloom when only 18in. high, but it often grows to as
+many feet, and even taller. The flowers are borne singly at the joints
+from which the leaves have fallen, and as the latter were opposite, the
+blossom appears in pairs on the new twigs. In the bud state they are
+drooping, and are marked with a bright chestnut tint on the sunny side.
+The calyx is ample, almost leafy, but these parts are hidden when the
+flower opens and becomes erect. The form of the Jasmine blossom is well
+known; in size this one is rather larger than a full-blown violet, and
+quite as sweetly scented, which is saying very much, but the colour is
+yellow; the petals are of good substance and shining; the flowers last a
+long time, even during the roughest weather, they open most during
+sunshine, but do not wait for it, and they remain open until they fade.
+The leaves, which are produced in early spring, are very small and
+ternate; leaflets of unequal size, ovate, downy, and of dark green
+colour. The wood is very pithy, square, with sharp corners, and having
+the appearance almost as if winged; the younger branchlets are dark
+bronze green. The habit of the shrub is rampant, climbing, much
+branched, and very floriferous. The green leafless sprigs of bloom are
+very serviceable in a cut state for vase decoration, especially if mixed
+with dry grasses or well-foliaged flowers; the sweet odour, too, reminds
+one of spring time. Specimens growing against the house or other walls,
+either nailed or in a trellis, have a happy effect in winter, from the
+slender whip-like growths hanging down and being well bloomed. From the
+dark green colour and great number of branchlets, although leafless, a
+well-grown example has quite the effect of an evergreen.
+
+It enjoys a sunny position, but I have it doing well in a northwest
+aspect; it may be used in bush form in almost any situation. Neither is
+it particular as to soil, but I should not think of planting a
+winter-blooming subject in stiff or retentive loam--that of a sandy
+nature is more likely to be productive of flowers. It is easily
+propagated from cuttings of the young wood; if they are taken in late
+summer, when the leaves are falling, they will root quickly. Before the
+strong west winds of autumn occur, it should be pruned, in order to
+prevent its being torn from the wall; if the prunings are laid in sandy
+loam, between shrubs, they will be sufficiently rooted for planting out
+by the following spring.
+
+Flowering period, December to April.
+
+
+
+
+Kalmia Latifolia.
+
+BROAD-LEAVED KALMIA; _Nat. Ord._ ERICACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 56. KALMIA LATIFOLIA.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+An evergreen shrub, very hardy in our climate. It comes from North
+America, and from its dwarf character and free-blooming habit, it is not
+only one of the most useful shrubs, but may be freely planted in
+connection with herbaceous subjects, where it will help to redeem the
+deadness of beds and borders during winter (see Fig. 56). Like the
+rhododendron, it grows to various heights, according to the soil or
+situation in which it may be planted, but 18in. to 2ft. is the size at
+which it may often--perhaps most often--be seen producing its wealth of
+flowers. There are many fine flowering shrubs, but they do not gain the
+esteem in which this is held. Its large clusters of delicate flowers,
+surmounting dark shining foliage, and which seem almost too pure and
+beautiful to withstand the vicissitudes of the open garden, are its
+winning points; moreover, the flowers last several weeks in perfection.
+The flowers are arranged in broad panicles; the pedicels and five-cleft
+calyx are a bright brown colour, and furnished with short stiff hairs.
+The salver-shaped corolla, which is white, pleasingly tinted with red,
+has a short tube and five divisions, curiously cornered; the flower is
+fully ¾in. across, and in its unopened state is hardly less pretty than
+when blown. The leaves are borne on stout woody branches, have short
+stalks, and a bent or contorted habit; they are thick, leathery,
+shining, smooth, and of a dark green colour on the upper side;
+underneath they are a yellowish-green. In form they are elliptical and
+entire, being 3in. to 4in. long. Healthy specimens are well furnished
+with foliage; otherwise it is spare, and when that is the case the
+flowering is rarely satisfactory.
+
+As this subject requires to be grown in moist vegetable soil, such as
+leaf mould or peat, it is useless to plant it where these conditions do
+not exist; moreover, the rule with species of the order _Ericaceæ_ is to
+require a pure, or approximately pure, atmosphere. Doubtless these
+conditions will debar many from growing this shrub successfully; but I
+may add, where its requirements can be afforded, not only should it be
+freely planted, but it will probably thrive without any further care.
+
+As a cut flower it is exquisite, if taken with a good stem and a few
+leaves; to many it may appear odd when I say it is too good to cut, but
+there are others who will comprehend me. The flowers can nowhere show to
+more advantage than on the bush, and it seems a pity to take its
+strongest branches for the sake of transferring the blossom.
+
+It is a slow-growing subject, but easily propagated by layering the
+lower branches; no matter how old or hard the wood has grown, if pegged
+well down they will soon become rooted.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Lactuca Sonchifolia.
+
+SOW THISTLE-LEAFED LETTUCE; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+This is one of the few ornamental species of a somewhat numerous genus;
+it is, moreover, perennial and hardy in this climate--characteristics
+not common to the family. It came from Candia, in 1822, since which time
+it has been grown in English gardens, more or less, as a decorative
+plant; it is of unusual form, especially in the foliage. I think it
+would scarcely be called handsome; but the flowers, which are a fine
+pale blue, and of the form usual to the order, are too good to be
+overlooked, and their value is enhanced by the fact of their being
+produced so late in the year.
+
+In speaking of the flower as a subject of the pleasure garden, it is
+unnecessary to describe it beyond saying that it is of a rich but pale
+blue colour, and over 1in. across, produced on stalks nearly 2ft. high,
+in lax panicles. The leaves are large--about 1ft. long and 9in.
+wide--have a stout mid-rib, are pinnate, and most curiously lobed. The
+leaflets, moreover, are fantastically shaped, being again lobed, also
+toothed and bent in various ways. The teeth have spine-like points, and
+the only uniform trait about their form seems to be that the edges are
+turned backwards. The upper surface is a pale green colour, the under
+side grey, almost white. It is of rather neat habit, and though I have
+not grown it in lines, it is only needful to see one good specimen in
+order to be certain of its effectiveness when so planted; it would be
+singularly distinct.
+
+It enjoys sunny quarters and deep but light or sandy loam. With me it
+does well on a raised bed of light earth; its long tap roots will save
+it from drought during the driest summer, when its fleshy and
+fast-growing foliage would lead one to think that it could not endure a
+dry time. It is readily increased by division of the roots or seed.
+
+Flowering period, September to strong frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Lathyrus Grandiflorus
+
+LARGE-FLOWERED EVERLASTING PEA; _Nat. Ord._
+LEGUMINOSÆ.
+
+
+A hardy, herbaceous climber, coming from the South of Europe. It was
+introduced to this country nearly seventy years ago; it is an attractive
+object when in bloom, growing 6ft. high and being very floriferous. The
+flowers are nearly 2in. across. Not only in good soil do specimens grow
+densely and become furnished from the ground to the extremities of the
+stalks with bloom, but the roots run under the surface so rapidly that a
+veritable thicket is formed in three or four years. It is as well to
+allow this fine pea a good broad space, in the midst of which several
+iron standards, 6ft. high, should be firmly fixed; to these, fresh
+twiggy branches might be secured every spring; if the old ones are left
+in, their rottenness will allow them to snap off during strong winds
+when the tendrils have laid hold of them; but fresh branches, used as
+suggested, will bend but not break, and will withstand the strongest
+winds. This is very important, as, if the mass of foliage heads over, it
+is spoilt for the season.
+
+The flowers are dark rose colour, produced in twos and threes on longish
+stalks, which spring from the axils. The tendrils are three-cut, having
+a pair of oval leaflets; the stems are square, or four-angled, and
+slightly twisted and winged. This plant may be grown in any soil or
+situation. A specimen does well with me planted in rubble, where it
+covers a short rain-water pipe, the said pipe being feathered with twigs
+every spring; but to have flowers of extra size and luxuriant growth,
+plant in good loam, in a sunny site, and top dress with stable manure
+every spring. This large Pea-flower is most useful for cutting purposes,
+being not only handsome but very durable. The running roots may be
+transplanted in early spring, just before they make any stem.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Lathyrus Latifolius.
+
+LARGE-LEAVED LATHYRUS, _or_ EVERLASTING PEA; _Nat.
+Ord._ LEGUMINOSÆ.
+
+
+This deciduous climber is one of the handsomest plants of the British
+flora (see Fig. 57); in its wild state it is a charming object, and
+under cultivation, in full exposure to sunshine, with proper provision
+for its tendrils, and kept clear of weeds, it becomes in every way one
+of the finest objects in the garden, whether considered as a decorative
+climber, a floral specimen, or a source of cut flowers.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 57. LATHYRUS LATIFOLIUS.
+
+(One-sixth natural size.)]
+
+It grows fully 8ft. high, in deep and rich soil, and is furnished with
+large, many-flowered bunches of blossom from the leaf axils nearly all
+its length, each flower stalk being 6in. to 9in. long. The flowers are
+of a lively rose colour, about twelve in a cluster; tendrils five-cut,
+long, and two-leaved. The leaves are in pairs, elliptical, many ribbed,
+glaucous, and very large, whence the specific name; the internodes of
+the whole plant are winged, wings membranaceous; stipules large, broader
+than the stems. The habit is rampant; it enjoys sunshine, but will do in
+partial shade.
+
+_L. l. albus_ is a variety similar to the above in all its parts, but
+scarcely as large in the foliage, and the flowers are pure white, and
+produced a week or a fortnight later; for cutting purposes these are
+justly and highly esteemed.
+
+Tall vases may be pleasingly dressed by the flowered stems, if cut about
+3ft. long; these twined round or hanging down are very graceful, but
+they should not be used too freely--one, or two at most, on each large
+vase will be ample.
+
+Both the above may be grown with good effect amongst other climbers, on
+a specially prepared trellis-work, ordinary pea-rods, or over defunct
+trees.
+
+Propagated by seeds, or by division of very strong roots only. February
+is a good time for both methods.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Leucojum Æstivum.
+
+SUMMER SNOWFLAKE; _Nat. Ord._ AMARYLLIDACEÆ.
+
+
+As may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 58), this native bulbous plant
+is somewhat ungainly; blooming specimens are sometimes 2ft. high, and
+each one rarely produces more than three of its small flowers, but they
+are worth growing, because of their lasting properties, either cut or
+otherwise; the pretty snowdrop-shaped flowers are very effective when
+used in vases, their long stems rendering them more serviceable than
+they otherwise would be.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 58. LEUCOJUM ÆSTIVUM.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+The white flower is without calyx, and has a corolla of six petals,
+each one being delicately tipped with pale green; they are produced on
+long thick stems, each flower having a somewhat lengthened pedicel, by
+which they are suspended bell-fashion. The foliage is of the common
+daffodil form, but longer; bulb small.
+
+There are, it is said, two varieties of this species, which have
+generally become mixed; the other variety is said to be more dwarf and
+later in flowering; if this is correct, possibly these mixed varieties
+may have something to do with the long time which they are known to
+continue flowering.
+
+Not only for the sake of preventing the tall growths from heading over
+should it be grown in broad masses, but when so planted this flower is
+more effective. It will grow in any kind of soil, but it seems most at
+home amongst dwarf shrubs, where its flowers are always of a more
+delicate colour than when exposed. Propagated by division of the roots
+during autumn every third year.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Leucojum Vernum.
+
+SPRING SNOWFLAKE; _Nat. Ord._ AMARYLLIDACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy bulbous species from Germany. It is not necessary either to
+describe or praise this beautiful flower, beyond stating that in every
+way it closely resembles the snowdrop; it is larger, however, whence the
+appropriateness of its name, Snowflake, in relation to that of the
+snowdrop. It will thrive anywhere but in wet, sour situations; it most
+enjoys fine light soil and the partial shade of trees, where it rapidly
+increases by offsets of the bulbs; these may, with advantage, be divided
+every three or four years.
+
+Flowering period, March and April.
+
+
+
+
+Lilium Auratum.
+
+GOLDEN-RAYED _or_ JAPANESE LILY; _Nat. Ord._
+LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a hardy Lily, and though this particular species is
+comparatively new to our English gardens, it belongs to a noble genus
+which has had a place in our ancestors' gardens for ages. It was long
+thought that this bulb from Japan could not endure our winters, and
+though it is proved to be perfectly hardy, there are yet many who only
+cultivate it indoors, and seem surprised when they see it in beds and
+borders, where it is allowed to remain year after year.
+
+The flowers vary very much in size, from 5in. to 8in. across; the
+divisions are richly tinted (golden-rayed), beautifully spotted and
+reflexed; the stems, at the height of 3ft. to 6ft., are furnished with
+flowers, mostly about five to eight in number. Though the flowers
+appear delicate, it is surprising how well they stand out in the open
+garden. For beauty and effect this Lily is incomparable (see Fig. 59).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 59. LILIUM AURATUM.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+Much has been said about its culture, far more than need be put into
+practice. I have found the observance of three simple rules sufficient
+in order to have it in fine bloom year after year: First, begin with
+good sound bulbs, not over large. Second, plant them 9in. deep in sandy
+soil, and a moist situation, surrounding each bulb with half-a-spadeful
+of fine charcoal, which protects them from rot, canker, and (what I
+believe to be the chief cause of failure) the wireworm. Third, grow them
+where they will be sheltered from high winds; otherwise their long and
+top-heavy stems become wrenched, and the upper roots, above the bulbs,
+so torn that the current season's bloom is more or less damaged and root
+development checked.
+
+To put my simple method of growing this Lily in a plainer way, I may
+state that my garden is naturally well drained, has light soil, and a
+south aspect. Under a west wall I planted small bulbs in the manner
+already stated, and though I have often seen this Lily nearly twice as
+tall as ever I grew it, I have not any cause to complain about the
+quantity of bloom. I never either water or put down stakes as supports.
+If the situation is moist no water is needed, and it is next to
+impossible to send down stakes without coming in contact with the large
+bulbs. Doubtless a few good waterings with liquid manure would be an
+advantage, but where _L. auratum_ is esteemed as satisfactory with short
+stems, this need not be given.
+
+When once a clump or batch of this Lily has become established, it
+should not be disturbed for several years, when, if the stems are
+becoming too rank to allow them to wave without damaging each other's
+flowers, or if there are many young unflowered stems, they may
+profitably be dug out in a careful manner when the bulbs have ripened,
+which will be the case when the tops have become thoroughly dry; there
+will then be found to be numbers of nice clean young bulbs, which, with
+a year's extra patience, will probably form a more vigorous batch than
+the parent one. Such bulbs are properly called "home grown."
+
+Flowering period, September to November.
+
+
+
+
+Linum Flavum.
+
+YELLOW FLAX; _Nat. Ord._ LINACEÆ.
+
+
+This handsome shrub-like Flax comes from Austria, and is a comparatively
+new species in English gardens. It is not only a distinct form, but from
+the large quantities and more durable quality of its flowers, it proves
+itself a very useful subject for flower-beds and borders, where it
+should have the most select companions. It is classed as a hardy,
+herbaceous perennial; its woody character, and a few green leaves which
+it carries throughout the winter would, however, show that it is not
+strictly herbaceous. Its hardiness, too, will be questioned by many who
+have tried to winter it outside, more especially in the northern parts
+of Great Britain. It is only hardy under certain conditions, which, in
+effect, is saying that it is not perfectly hardy. It requires a light
+warm soil and a dry situation, besides which, if the winter is severe,
+it should be protected with a thick covering of ashes or cocoa fibre.
+This special treatment has been found needful in Yorkshire, but more
+south it has been proved hardy without such precautions. The neat habit
+and clusters of rich yellow flowers of this plant render it deserving of
+the little extra care above indicated; this, together with the fact that
+it is hardy in many parts, is a sufficient reason for naming it amongst
+hardy plants.
+
+Its flowers are produced in branched heads, dense and numerous, on stems
+a foot or more high; each flower is 1in. or 1½in. across, the five
+petals being of a transparent golden yellow, distinctly veined with
+orange; they are broad, and overlap each other; calyx small, and of a
+dark olive-green colour; segments finely pointed. The leaves are 2in. or
+more in length, lanced, but inclining to spoon shape; sessile, stout,
+smooth, entire, and glaucous. Through the summer new stems are quickly
+grown, which, in their turn, become topped with clusters of bloom, and
+so a succession of flowers is kept up until autumn. On rockwork it is
+effective, the situation, to some extent, meeting the requirements of
+its somewhat tender constitution; it may also be grown well in beds or
+borders, but they should be of a sandy character, and raised, unless it
+is intended to take up the plants for the winter; in such positions four
+or five specimens form a charming group, and nothing can be finer than
+the effect of other Flaxes, of a tall and spray-like character, grown
+near and amongst this golden yellow, such, for instance, as _L.
+Narbonnense_ and _L. perenne_.
+
+It is easily propagated by seeds, which should be sown in the autumn as
+soon as ripe; it may also be divided, but I have found the quickest and
+best results from cuttings taken in a half-ripened state. They should be
+put round the side of a rather large pot in sandy peat; the warmth,
+shade, and moisture of a cucumber-frame will cause them to root quickly,
+when they should be potted off singly, so as to make sturdy plants
+before the winter sets in, and such young stock ought to be wintered in
+a cold frame.
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+
+
+
+Lithospermum Prostratum.
+
+PROSTRATE GROMWELL; _Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEÆ.
+
+
+Sometimes called the Gentian L., from its bright blue gentian-like
+flowers. By many this species is considered synonymous with _L.
+fruticosum_. They are, however, very dissimilar. Our subject is an
+evergreen and stunted trailer; _L. fruticosum_ is a deciduous trailer
+and very vigorous; both, however, are perfectly hardy. The most striking
+characteristics of the Prostrate Gromwell are its fine dark blue flowers
+and procumbent habit. It is a native of France, and only within the last
+sixty years has it been introduced into this country. Its habit is most
+distinct as compared with the various long-stemmed species. It much
+resembles the well-known _Veronica prostrata_ in its general appearance.
+
+Its flowers are sparingly produced from the axils of the leaves, but,
+being large compared with the size of the foliage, they are very
+effective when they first open. The dark but bright blue corolla is
+tinged with red, but later on the colour becomes an unmixed blue, and
+the blooms increase in size until more than ½in. across. The complexion
+of the foliage is very dark (holly green), the leaves are about 1in.
+long, and are narrow and stalkless; they have much substance and are
+rather hard. The whole plant is thickly coated with hairs--a common
+feature of this order; but in this species the hairs are remarkably
+stiff, those of the edges of the leaves being almost thorny.
+
+The form of growth assumed by this plant eminently fits it for rockwork.
+It should be so planted that its densely-branched stems can fall over
+the face of a light-coloured stone; in this respect it forms a good
+companion to the dwarf phloxes, but it is otherwise a superior rock
+plant, being more characteristic and prolonged in its flowering. It
+should be allowed to grow to a large size, which will require several
+years, or the object may be sooner gained by planting half-a-dozen
+specimens in a group; this should be done when the plants are young, as
+it is very impatient of being disturbed when once established. It would
+make a capital edging plant for small shrubs, to come next the grass,
+backed by a row of _Erica carnea_, which is also dwarf, a continued
+bloomer and contemporaneous. Its propagation can only be readily
+effected in this climate by cuttings, as it does not ripen seed well; it
+cannot be divided, because generally the little shrub has a short bole,
+therefore, cuttings must be struck from the previous year's growth; they
+should be dibbled into fine sand and peat, kept shaded and cool for
+several weeks; they root quicker during the warm season, when they are
+also less liable to be over-watered, which is a very common cause of
+failure in striking cuttings; they should be well rooted before the
+winter sets in.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Lobelia Cardinalis.
+
+CARDINAL FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ LOBELIACEÆ.
+
+
+This is one of the finest herbaceous perennials that bloom in October;
+stately, brilliant and lasting. There are many varieties of it, and of
+late years some extra fine sorts have been raised and named, all of
+which are good. The varieties differ much in the foliage as well as the
+flowers, some being much larger, and of a dark brown or reddish colour.
+The illustration (Fig. 60) is drawn from the typical form, which has
+smooth foliage; it is not so large as some of the varieties, but it
+seemed desirable to figure the type, otherwise the varieties might have
+proved misleading. To a more than ordinary extent this plant is called
+by its common name, "the Cardinal Flower," and I have very frequently
+found that it has not been recognised by its proper name, even by
+amateurs who had long grown it. "Is that tall plant a Lobelia?" has
+often been asked; therefore, common as the plant is, I thought it might
+prove useful to give an illustration. One of its valuable qualities is
+that it flowers for a very long time, beginning about the latter end of
+August and continuing until stopped by frosts. In the early part of
+October it is simply grand, as then not only the main stems, but the
+lower ones, are all furnished with their brilliant colouring.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 60. LOBELIA CARDINALIS.
+
+(One-twelfth natural size.)]
+
+This "old-fashioned" plant grows 2ft. or 3ft. high; the flowers are
+produced in terminal spikes on stout, round, and well-foliaged stems;
+each flower has a slender stalk, starting from the axil of a rudimentary
+leaf. The calyx is very finely formed, broadly cup-shaped and cornered;
+the five divisions are narrow, finely pointed, ¾in. long, and spreading;
+the corolla has a divided tube 1in. long, broadly set in the ample
+calyx, gradually narrowing to the divisions of the corolla. As may be
+seen by the engraving, the flowers much resemble some of our native
+orchids in form, the lip being most characteristic. The leaves are
+broadly lance-shaped, serrated, and sessile. The habit of the plant is
+erect, and almost rigid. The flowers are of the most attractive kind for
+borders, and, as cut bloom, can hardly be excelled.
+
+The only drawback which attaches to it in this climate is that it is
+_not_ perfectly hardy; in other words, it dies in winter when planted in
+certain soils and positions. But I can, from an experience extending
+over three trying winters, confidently state that, if it is planted in
+spring, in deep rich loam, fully exposed to the sun, it will both flower
+well and live through the winter. Only let the reader remember that it
+is a native of North America, and he may then judge that it can be no
+stranger to a cold climate. The advantages of the above method are, that
+the plant becomes well established during summer, its long cord-like
+roots get deep down to the moisture it loves so well, and from full
+exposure it withers seasonably and the crowns become fully ripened by
+the time the strongest frosts occur, so that they do it no harm. The
+reader may take it for what it is worth, that by leaving the dried
+stalks on, the plants are benefited; at any rate, I leave them on, for
+the following reasons: In a dry state they are very hollow, and when cut
+I have found them conductors of rain into the midst of the younger roots
+and dormant crowns, causing them to rot, and when the remaining part of
+the stalk has come away from rottenness too, it has been seen that a
+cavity of corruption had formed where it joined. When I have left the
+withered stalks untrimmed until the following growing season, no such
+decay has been seen. So that, after all, it is perhaps not less hardy
+than many other plants about which little doubt exists, but which may
+have been a little more fortunate as regards other conditions than cold.
+
+To those who prefer to dig up their stock of _L. cardinalis_ and winter
+it away from frost, I may say that it is only needful to pack the roots
+in sand, which should be kept moist, not wet. Propagation may be
+effected by division of the crowns in spring.
+
+Flowering period, August to first frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Lychnis Chalcedonica.
+
+CHALCEDONIAN LYCHNIS, _or_ SCARLET LYCHNIS; _Nat.
+Ord._ SILENACEÆ.
+
+
+This hardy herbaceous perennial (see Fig. 61) came from Russia so long
+ago as 1596. It is a well-known and favourite flower, and, of course, a
+very "old-fashioned" one; it is commonly called the Scarlet Lychnis, but
+there are other forms of it with white flowers, both double and single,
+and there is also a double scarlet variety. The typical form comes into
+flower a fortnight earlier than the others, but all may be seen in bloom
+during July. The very brilliant flowers, which are produced for several
+weeks in large showy heads, must commend this plant, and its tall habit
+renders it all the more conspicuous. It ought to be grown in every
+collection of hardy perennial flowers, amongst which bright scarlets are
+not too plentiful. In sandy loam, enriched with well-rotted manure, it
+attains a height of 2ft. to 3ft. The flowers are ¾in. across, the five
+petals open flat, and each petal is divided into two rounded segments;
+the calyx is hairy, long, bellied, ribbed, five-cleft, and much narrowed
+at the divisions; the numerous flowers are arranged in flat clusters,
+interspersed with many small leaves or bracteoles; the stems are stout,
+round, and having hairs pointing downwards; the nodes or joints are
+distant and furnished with a pair of stem-clasping, lance-shaped leaves,
+whence issue short stems that flower later on. The leaves are 2in. to
+4in. long, lance-shaped, hairy, waved at the edges, and somewhat
+recurved. The whole plant is of a clammy character, after the manner of
+other Catchflies.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 61. LYCHNIS CHALCEDONICA.
+
+(One-third natural size)]
+
+As already hinted, this species, with its varieties, enjoys a sandy
+soil; a mulching of manure proves of great benefit; not only are the
+heads of bloom larger for it, but the side shoots are induced to flower
+freely. In borders of tall plants the scarlets are very showy; they
+cannot, however, endure shade; the position should be sunny and open.
+The propagation of the single forms may be carried out by seed, which
+ripens in large quantities; in fact, they sow themselves freely. The
+double kinds should be divided in early spring. In a cut state the
+flowers are both useful and effective, and if kept in a sunny window
+will continue in good form and open the buds.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Lychnis Viscaria Flore-pleno.
+
+GERMAN CATCHFLY; _Nat. Ord._ SILENACEÆ.
+
+
+The double form of the red German Catchfly. The old Latin name for the
+type was _L. Angustifolia_, which is still used sometimes, being a good
+descriptive name. So much cannot be said of the common name; at any
+rate, it sounds odd that one of our native plants should be called the
+"German Catchfly," as name is evidently used in the geographical sense.
+There are several forms of this species having double flowers, which may
+be termed florists' or garden varieties; all are handsome and effective
+flowering plants, and last a long time in good form. A very short
+description will suffice for these, the flowers of which in many
+respects resemble pinks; they are, however, borne on stout stems in long
+heads, the petals being full, divided, and bent, each flower an inch
+across. The rose-coloured varieties are bright and attractive; the
+leaves are in tufts 3in. or 4in. long, narrow and reflexed. These double
+Catchflies are very showy in either borders or rockwork; they rank with
+our neatest subjects and brightest flowers, and certainly ought to be
+widely grown.
+
+They enjoy a stiff soil, but are in no way particular; they should,
+however, have a sunny situation. They may be increased by root divisions
+in summer or early spring.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Lysimachia Clethroides.
+
+CLETHRA-LIKE LOOSESTRIFE; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a tall-growing and distinct species, newly imported from Japan;
+it is perfectly hardy and herbaceous, and differs very much indeed from
+its creeping and evergreen relation, the moneywort, or "creeping jenny,"
+being more like a tall speedwell, having large leaves; it is so
+dissimilar, there can be no likelihood of confounding it with other
+species. As a decorative garden plant it is both attractive and
+interesting.
+
+It attains a height of 3ft. in favourable quarters, and has both a
+wealth of rich foliage and showy one-sided spikes of white flowers; the
+latter are neatly formed and continue to develop along the spike for the
+length of a foot; the flowers are ½in. across, somewhat star-shaped,
+having five, and sometimes six, divisions of the corolla, which are oval
+and cupped; the short flower stalk is supported by a very narrow
+bracteole of equal length--this helps not a little to enrich the yet
+unblossomed part of the spike, the buds of which are of the purest
+whiteness and pearl-shape, mounted in the claw-like setting of the pale
+green calyx; these pleasing spikes of flowers and buds have a peculiar
+habit of bending; the unbloomed part is at right angles with the erect
+stem, with the exception of the tip, which slightly erects itself; the
+angle is ever changing, being ruled by the change of flower to seed, the
+development causing the sharp bend to rise day by day. The leaves of the
+root are spoon-shaped, and those of the stems broadly lance-shaped,
+varying in length from 3in. to 5in., entire, veined, of good substance,
+and having attenuated stalks; the younger leaves have a changeable
+satiny hue; all the leaves at their junction with the stems are marked
+with a bright redness; the main stems are furnished with many side
+branches, which assist in maintaining floriferousness until late autumn.
+The habit of the plant is dense, and from the numerous spikes of flowers
+and bright green foliage strong specimens have a commendable appearance;
+with me, the growth has been remarkably vigorous, exceeding by nearly a
+foot the usual height; this I attribute to the enrichment of the soil.
+The bent spikes are scarcely suitable for cutting purposes, but that the
+plant is deserving of a place in the borders may fairly be inferred from
+the manner in which it wins admiration when in flower. It enjoys deep
+loam, which, as before hinted, should be rich; the situation should be
+such as will afford it protection from the winds--then, if its leaves
+remain untorn, they will afford a treat from their "autumnal tints."
+Propagated by root division during late autumn or early spring.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Margyricarpus Setosus.
+
+BRISTLY PEARL-FRUIT; _Nat. Ord._ ROSACEÆ.
+
+
+A charming little evergreen shrub, and most aptly named, for not only
+does the name convey some idea of its beauty, but it is specific to the
+utmost degree; a glance at the illustration (Fig. 62) and the English
+name, which is a translation of the Latin one, will show this. It is the
+only species of the genus. It was introduced in the year 1829 from Peru,
+and for a time was considered too tender a subject for other than stove
+treatment, and even now it is treated as a shrub needing protection; but
+warm as is its native climate, it proves hardy in ours; it is not merely
+a safe subject to winter out under special conditions, but quite hardy
+in fully exposed parts. It stood out with me in the winters of 1879-80
+and 1880-1, and in 1881-2, which, however, was specially mild, it held
+its berries until spring. Its evergreen character renders it all the
+more desirable, for though the foliage is small and somewhat spare, it
+is of a bright and pleasing colour. Quite young specimens are prolific,
+and only during the severe months are they without berries.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 62. MARGYRICARPUS SETOSUS.
+
+(One-third natural size; fruit, natural size.)]
+
+A full-grown example does not exceed the height of 6in. or 8in. in this
+climate. The flowers are green and insignificant--in fact, hardly
+visible, and must be closely looked for; they are produced singly on
+the riper parts of the soft wooded branches; they are chubby forms, all
+but stalkless, and supported by a brown stem-clasping sheath, which is
+long-pointed and bent backwards, resembling a spine; these sheaths are
+numerous, and probably suggested the specific name, _setosus_--rough or
+bristly. The flowers appear for many months, and there is a
+corresponding succession of berries; the latter form the main feature of
+this singular shrub, measuring 1/8in. to 1/6in. in diameter, they are of
+a clear, shining white colour, and are well named "pearl fruit." Sooner
+or later in the season every joint of the main branches seems to be
+furnished with fruit, which lasts a long time in perfection. The leaves
+are ½in. to 1in. long, pinnate, leaflets awl-shaped, reflexed, and of a
+deep glistening green colour; they are arranged in minute tufts on
+stoutish branchlets, and, for the most part, have a single berry at the
+parent node. All these young shoots grow in the upward direction,
+leaving the procumbent branches to form an even line on the lower side.
+The habit of this shrub is spreading and prostrate, and, from the bright
+berries and foliage (the latter all turned upwards), it becomes a most
+pleasing object to look down upon, reminding one of a dwarf erica
+immediately after a hailstorm. For rockwork, this is a gem. Many
+amateurs will be glad to learn, if they do not already know the shrub,
+that it is one of those pretty, uncommon, and distinct forms ever
+desirable for choice collections.
+
+It should be so planted that its branches can rest on a dark-coloured
+stone; this will show up its fruit to advantage. It enjoys a rich, light
+soil, thriving in a mixture of sand, loam, and rotten leaves. Beyond
+this there is nothing special about its culture; moreover, it is easily
+increased, either by cuttings taken in summer and pricked into moist
+peat under a bell glass, or by layering the branches. These only need to
+be pegged down and covered with soil, or to have a small boulder placed
+on the part where roots are desired.
+
+Flowering period, all summer.
+
+
+
+
+Mazus Pumilio.
+
+DWARF MAZUS; _Nat. Ord._ SCROPHULARIACEÆ.
+
+
+This diminutive and pretty plant is a native of Australia, and was
+introduced into this country in 1823. It is hardy, herbaceous, and
+perennial; it is, however, sometimes said to be only annual, which may
+have been inferred from the fact of its perishing in winter in this
+climate when grown in cold, stiff soil, but that it is perennial is
+beyond doubt. Not only have I experienced that it dies every winter in
+clay soil, but also that the roots remain fresh and healthy year after
+year when in more suitable quarters, such as an open situation in light
+vegetable soil mixed with sand, where it quickly spreads by underground
+runners and asserts its perennial character.
+
+Its flowers much resemble the small wild violet of the hedgerows, in
+size and colour more especially; the flower-stalks are, however,
+sometimes branched, carrying four or five flowers; and if I may be
+allowed to make another comparison in order to convey an idea of its
+form, I would mention _Pinguicula vulgaris_, the common butterwort. The
+flowers spring from the midst of flattened tufts of pale green foliage;
+the leaves are 1in. to 3in. long, spoon-shaped, slightly waved at the
+edges and occasionally notched, distinctly veined, of a light green
+colour, and flesh-tinted in the stalks; they are arranged in nearly
+rosette form up to the period of flowering, when they are not only
+longer, but become almost erect; but the younger tufts which do not
+produce flowers remain perfectly flat.
+
+It is useful for rockwork or as a carpet plant where the soil is of a
+sandy nature. There should be few bare places in our gardens whilst we
+have such lovely creepers as this to fall back upon. The rooted stems,
+which run immediately under the surface, may be transplanted any time
+except during winter. If the roots are mutilated then, they will
+probably rot.
+
+Flowering period, June to September.
+
+
+
+
+Melittis Melissophyllum.
+
+_Syn._ M. GRANDIFLORUM; LARGE-FLOWERED BASTARD BALM; _Nat.
+Ord._ LABIATÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 63. MELITTIS MELISSOPHYLLUM.
+
+(One-sixth natural size.)]
+
+This is a somewhat uncommon but handsome native plant. The above names,
+together with the illustration (Fig. 63), will doubtless give the reader
+a fair idea of its appearance. It forms one of the best possible
+subjects for a border of "old-fashioned" plants, being of a distinct
+type and colour.
+
+The flowers are a mixture of white, pink, and purple; and are nearly
+2in. long, in general shape resembling the foxglove, but wider at the
+corolla and a little shorter in the broad tube. They are arranged in
+whorls springing from the axils of the leaves. The whorls are said to be
+of as many as eight flowers, but specimens are more commonly seen to
+have only two to four, being repeated the whole length of the stems,
+which are 18in. high. The leaves are two to three inches long, and half
+as broad, ovate, serrate, hairy, and short stalked. No one can be
+otherwise than pleased with the ancient style and soft colour of the
+large flowers, which last a long time in perfection. There is a
+trimness, too, about the plant which distinguishes it from the more
+weedy species to which it is related.
+
+In a cut state the long stems are not only pretty of themselves when
+placed in old vases or crackle ware, but they have a remarkably good
+effect. They, however, should not be crowded or swamped by more showy
+foliage or flowers--in fact, they should be used alone.
+
+It will grow anywhere and in any quality of soil, but slight shade and
+well-enriched loam will be found to make a vast difference in the size
+of the flowers, and their colour will be also improved. It may be
+divided or transplanted any time after it has done flowering.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Monarda Didyma.
+
+_Syn._ M. KALMIANA; BEE BALM, _or_ OSWEGO TEA; _Nat.
+Ord._ LABIATÆ.
+
+
+All the Monardas are natives of North America, and, consequently, quite
+hardy in this country; they are also herbaceous and perennial. This
+species has been grown for 130 years in English gardens, and at the
+present time it is not only accounted an old flower but it is highly
+esteemed. The blooms are large and brilliant in colour, and their shaggy
+forms give them an effect which is decorative both in the garden and
+vase.
+
+The flowers are not only numerous, but, for the most part, bright;
+moreover, they begin to flower at midsummer and continue until the
+frosts set in.
+
+The species under notice has bright scarlet flowers, produced when the
+plant is about 18in. high; it, however, grows to nearly twice that size,
+flowering all the while. The whorls of bloom issue from half-globular
+arrangements of buds and persistent calyces; each flower is an inch
+long; corolla ringent, or gaping; helmet, or upper division, linear; the
+seed organs are longer; the calyx tubular, having five minute teeth,
+being striped and grooved; the whole head, or whorl, is supported by a
+leafy bract, the leaflets being of a pale green colour, tinted with red.
+The leaves are ovate-cordate, or broadly lance-shaped, taper-pointed,
+toothed, rough, and slightly wrinkled, and they have short stalks. The
+stems are square, grooved, and hard. The whole plant exhales a powerful
+but pleasant odour. The habit is branching, that of the root
+progressive, not only increasing rapidly, but such parts on the surface
+may be termed creeping or prostrate branches, forming a veritable mat of
+fibre.
+
+The whole genus is made up of such species as may be used freely in most
+gardens, more especially in those having plenty of space.
+
+For culture and flowering period, see _M. Russelliana_.
+
+
+
+
+Monarda Fistulosa.
+
+WILD BERGAMOT; _Syns._ M. AFFINIS, M. ALTISSIMA, M. MEDIA,
+M. OBLONGATA, M. PURPUREA, _and_ M. RUGOSA; _Nat. Ord._
+LABIATÆ.
+
+
+The Wild Bergamot has a pleasant smell; it has, however, the
+objectionable property of attracting great numbers of bees and wasps.
+
+Compared with the scarlet _M. didyma_, the more striking differences are
+the purple flowers, which are less, and mostly produced in single heads.
+The bracts are tinted with purple, and they are more bent down the
+stems; the latter, too, are only half as thick and of a dark brown
+colour.
+
+For culture and flowering period, see _M. Russelliana_.
+
+
+
+
+Monarda Russelliana.
+
+RUSSELL'S MONARDA; _Nat. Ord._ LABIATÆ.
+
+
+Another, distinct species. Its flowers are white, with pistil tinted
+purple, and less in size than either of the above. The bract is
+remarkably large, and further amplified by numerous small leaves amongst
+the flowers; all are deeply tinted or veined with purple; the leaves are
+larger than those of _M. didyma_, and those near the tops of the stems
+are also tinted with purple on their stalks, mid-ribs, and edges; the
+stems are green, rounded at the corners, channelled, and smooth.
+
+There are other species than those I have named, but the above-mentioned
+are not only the more distinct, and well represent the genus, but as
+flowers they form a richly beautiful trio of colour, so that, when grown
+side by side, their effectiveness is much enhanced; as cut bloom they
+answer well for furnishing old vases. Either growing or cut, their
+flowers and leaves are pleasant, but if bruised the odour is too
+powerful; they, however, when used in moderation, form a valuable
+ingredient of _pot pourri_.
+
+They may be grown in ordinary soil, and in any position but a too shady
+one. The propagation of these plants may be carried out any time, by
+cutting small squares of the matted roots from old specimens, but it
+will be found that if allowed to grow to bold examples their effect will
+be all the more telling.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Morina Longifolia.
+
+_Syn._ M. ELEGANS; WHORL FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ DIPSACEÆ.
+
+
+Until this plant comes into flower there is little about it for us, who
+are trained to dislike and almost despise thistles, to admire. It is
+not a thistle certainly, but the resemblance is very close when not in
+flower, and the three or four specimens which I grow have often caused a
+laugh from visitors at my expense, but I pocket the laugh and ask them
+to come and see my thistles in June. When, too, weeding is being done,
+it is always needful, for the safety of the plants, to give some such
+hint as "Do not pull up those thistles;" but if this plant is no
+relation to that despised weed, it belongs to another race, the species
+of which are also formidably armed--viz., the Teasel. It comes from the
+Himalayas, and is comparatively new in English gardens.
+
+It is hardy, herbaceous, and perennial, grows to a height of 2ft., and
+the flowers are produced in whorls or tiers interspersed with the thorny
+foliage near the top of the stems. At this stage of development the
+plant has a noble appearance, and the rings of flowers are very
+beautiful--though when I say flowers I here mean the combination of buds
+and blossoms in their different stages and colours. The buds are pure
+white and waxy, and when open, are of a delicate pink; as they get
+advanced, they turn to a lovely crimson; these are all the more
+pleasing, because the flowers last a long time. In form they are tubular
+and horn-shaped, having a spreading, uneven corolla, five-parted. Each
+flower is 1in. long and ¾in. across, six to fifteen in a whorl, the
+whorls being five to ten in number. The whorl-bracts are formed of three
+arrow-shaped leaves, deeply cupped, and overlapping at their junction
+with the stem or scape; they are spiny and downy underneath. Calyx,
+tubular and brown. Segments (two), pale green, notched, alternated with
+long spines, and surrounded with shorter ones. The leaves of the root
+are 9in. to 12in. long, and 2in. wide in the broadest parts; pinnate,
+waved, and spined, like the holly or thistle. The leaves of the stem are
+similar in shape, but very much smaller. The whole plant, and especially
+if there are several together, has a stately appearance, and attracts
+much attention; it is a good border plant, but it will be more at home,
+and show to equal advantage in openings in the front parts of the
+shrubbery, because it enjoys a little shade, and the shelter from high
+winds is a necessity, it being top heavy; if tied, it is robbed of its
+natural and beautiful form.
+
+It thrives well in sandy loam. Slugs are fond of it, and eat into the
+collar or crown, and therefore they should be looked for, especially in
+winter, during open weather. To propagate it, the roots should be
+divided as soon as the plants have done flowering, they then become
+established before winter sets in. Plant in the permanent quarters, and
+shade with leafy branches for a fortnight.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Muhlenbeckia Complexa.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ POLYGONACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 64. MUHLENBECKIA COMPLEXA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size; fruit, natural size.)]
+
+A hardy climber, of great beauty; during November its nearly black stems
+are well furnished with its peculiar small dark green leaves, which,
+even when without flowers or fruit, render it an object of first-class
+merit as a decorative subject. The illustration (Fig. 64) is fairly
+representative of all its parts; still, it can give no idea of the
+effect of a specimen climbing 4ft. to 6ft. high, diffuse and spreading
+withal. Although I have grown this handsome climber several years, my
+experience and information respecting it are very limited indeed; its
+hardiness and beauty are the inducements which have led me to recommend
+it for the pleasure garden. As a matter of fact, I have never bloomed
+it, and I am indebted to a lady for the wax-like and flower-shaped
+fruits illustrated; they were produced in a warm vinery, and I have
+otherwise learned that in this climate the plant only flowers outside
+during very warm summers. I have also information from one of H. M.
+Botanic Gardens that this species "was introduced from South America,
+but when and by whom I am unable to say. It requires a warm, sheltered
+position. Before the severe winters came it used to be covered with
+star-like whitish flowers, which were succeeded by fruits."
+
+The fruits given in the illustration (natural size) are a fine feature,
+but, considering the uncertainty of their production, they can hardly be
+claimed for outside decoration. They are of a transparent, wax-like
+substance, and the tooth-like divisions glisten like miniature icicles;
+they hang in small clusters on lateral shoots from the more ripened
+stems, and have a charming effect, contrasting finely with the black
+stems and dark green foliage. The leaves are small (¼in. to ¾in. across)
+somewhat fiddle-shaped, of good substance, and having slender stalks;
+they are alternate and distantly arranged on the long trailing and
+climbing stems. The habit is dense and diffuse, and though it loses many
+leaves in winter, I have never seen it entirely bare; it is therefore
+entitled to be called evergreen with outdoor treatment. The distinct
+form and colour of its foliage, together with the graceful shape of the
+spray-like branches, render this subject of great value for cutting
+purposes. Seen in company, and used sparingly with white flowers for
+epergne work, the effect is unique; and I ask those who possess it to
+try it in that or a similar way.
+
+It enjoys a sunny position and well drained or sandy soil. With me it
+grows entangled with a rose tree, the latter being nailed to the wall. I
+have also seen it very effective on the upper and drier parts of
+rockwork, where it can have nothing to cling to; there it forms a dense
+prostrate bush. It may be propagated by cuttings of the hardier shoots,
+which should be taken in early summer; by this method they become nicely
+rooted before winter.
+
+Flowering periods, warm summers.
+
+
+
+
+Muscari Botryoides.
+
+GRAPE HYACINTH; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a hardy species, somewhat finer than the more common _M.
+racemosum_, from the fact of its richer, bright sky blue flowers. The
+form of the Grape Hyacinth is well known (see Fig. 65), being a very old
+garden flower and a great favourite; when it is once planted, it keeps
+its place, despite all drawbacks common to a crowded border, with the
+exception of that wholesale destroyer, a careless digger; if left
+undisturbed for a year or two, it increases to very showy clumps.
+
+The flowers, which are densely arranged on stout spikes 8in. high, are
+very small, globular, and narrowed at the opening, where the tiny
+divisions are tipped with white. The foliage resembles that of the wood
+hyacinth, but it is more rigid, not so broad, and slightly glaucous.
+
+It seems to do best in light earth, and the flowers are finer in colour
+when grown in shade, but not too much. Where quantities are available,
+they may be used as an edging, nothing looking better in a spring
+garden.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 65. MUSCARI BOTRYOIDES.
+
+(One-eighth natural size.)]
+
+_M. b. alba_ varies only in the colour of its flowers; the white is
+somewhat creamy for a time; it becomes much clearer after a few days,
+and remains in perfection for two weeks in ordinary weather. This is a
+charming variety; grown by the side of the different blues its beauty is
+enhanced. It is very effective as a cut flower, though rather stiff, but
+if sparingly used it is attractive for bouquets, whilst for a buttonhole
+one or two spikes answer admirably.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Muscari Racemosum.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+This is the commonest species, and although very pleasing, suffers by a
+comparison with the above blue kind, being more dwarf and the flowers
+less bright. The best time to transplant the bulbs is when the tops have
+died off, and the choicer sorts of these, as well as all other bulbs
+whose foliage dies off early in summer, should have something to mark
+their situation when in their dormant state.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, as for _M. botryoides_.
+
+
+
+
+Narcissus Minor.
+
+SMALLER DAFFODIL; _Nat. Ord._ AMARYLLIDACEÆ.
+
+
+A very beautiful and effective spring flower. Though a native of Spain,
+it proves one of the hardiest denizens of our gardens; it is not often
+met with, but it has been cultivated in this country since 1629. It was
+well known in Parkinson's time. Not merely is it a species due to bloom
+early, but it does so, no matter how severe the weather may be, in
+March, and the flowers are freely produced. We could hardly have more
+severe weather than we had in March, 1883, when the snow was sometimes
+several inches deep and the frost as much as 17deg. to 23deg. Still
+this little Daffodil continued to push up its golden blossoms, so that
+in the latter half of the month, it formed one of the most pleasing of
+the hardy flowers of the spring garden. Its blue-green leaves are
+densely grown, and being only 4in. high and somewhat rigid, they not
+only form a rich setting for the bright blossom which scarcely tops
+them, but they support the flowers, which have a drooping habit. Later
+on, however, they lift their fair faces and look out sideways, but
+whether seen in profile or otherwise, they are alike charming.
+
+I do not remember ever to have seen or heard this flower described as
+finely scented; as a matter of fact, it is deliciously so. The odour is
+aromatic and mace-like. If the bloom is cut when in its prime and quite
+dry, a few heads will scent a fair-sized room. Of course, all the
+species of the genus (as implied by the generic name) exhale an odour,
+and some kinds a very fragrant one, whilst others are said to be
+injurious; but the spicy smell of this can scarcely be otherwise than
+acceptable, and it must always be a desirable feature in a flower
+suitable for cutting, and more especially in a winter and spring flower.
+From its dwarfness this Daffodil is very liable to be soiled; either of
+three plans may be adopted to prevent this: Plant on grass; top-dress in
+January with longish litter, which by the blooming time will have a
+washed and not very objectionable appearance; or, lastly, let the
+patches grow broad and thick, when their own foliage will keep down the
+mud, excepting at the sides. I find the litter method to answer well for
+scores of things for a similar purpose.
+
+Flowers are produced on slender scapes, 3in. to 4in. long, singly, from
+the long membranous spatha; they are 1¼in. across the expanded perianth,
+and about the same length; the six divisions are rather longer than the
+tube, and of a pale yellow or lemon colour; the crown or nectary is
+campanulate, longer than the petal-like divisions, lobed, fringed, and
+of a deep yellow colour. The leaves are strap-shaped, stout and
+glaucous, and about the same length as the scapes.
+
+This plant is in no way particular as to soil, provided it is well
+drained. It enjoys, however, partial shade and liberal top-dressings of
+manure. It increases fast by offsets, and, if desirable, the bulbs may
+be lifted the third year for division, after the tops have died off in
+late summer.
+
+Flowering period, March and April.
+
+
+
+
+Nierembergia Rivularis.
+
+WATER NIEREMBERGIA, _or_ WHITE CUP; _Nat. Ord._
+SOLANACEÆ.
+
+
+This alpine plant comes from La Plata; when well grown (and it easily
+may be) it is a gem--hardy, herbaceous, and perennial. It has a most
+pleasing habit; from its mass of root-like stems which run very near the
+surface, it sends up a dense carpet of short-stalked leaves, which in
+July become studded over with large and chaste white flowers; though it
+rarely exceeds 4in. in height, it is very attractive.
+
+The flowers are 1½in. across, of a variously tinted white, sometimes
+with pink and sometimes with purplish-grey inside the corolla. The
+outside is yellowish-green; the five lobes of the corolla are arranged
+cup-fashion, having four distinct ribs or nerves and wavy margins, the
+inner bases being richly tinted with lemon-yellow; what appears at first
+sight to be the flower-stalk, 2in. to 3in. long, is really a long round
+tube, very narrow for so large a flower; it is of even thickness all its
+length. The calyx nearly touches the earth; it is also tubular and
+five-cleft. The leaves are from less than an inch to 3in. long, somewhat
+spoon-shaped or sub-spathulate and entire, smooth, and very soft to the
+touch.
+
+It thrives in a light soil, but it should not be dry. Moisture and a
+little shade are the chief conditions required by this lovely creeper,
+and where bare places exist, which are otherwise suitable, nothing more
+pleasing could well be planted; in dips or the more moist parts of
+rockwork, it may be grown with capital effect, but the patches should be
+broad. It also forms a good surfacing subject for leggy plants or
+shrubs. Lilies not only appear to more advantage when carpeted with the
+short dense foliage of this creeper, but their roots are kept more cool
+and moist by it, and there are many similar cases in which it will prove
+equally useful. It is easily propagated by division of the roots after
+the leaves have died off, but I have found spring much the better time,
+just as the new growth is pushing.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+
+
+
+Oenothera Speciosa.
+
+SHOWY EVENING PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._ ONAGRACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy and beautiful perennial species from North America; it is aptly
+named, as the flowers are not only large but numerous (see Fig. 66). The
+plant has a gay appearance for many weeks. As a garden flower, it is one
+of those happy subjects which may be allowed to grow in any odd corner,
+no matter what quality the soil may be, and full exposure or a little
+shade is equally suitable. No matter where it grows in the garden, it is
+a showy and pleasing flower, which, if plucked, is found to have the
+delicate smell of the sweet pea. It grows 18in. high, is herb-like in
+the foliage, and very distinct from other species, more especially as
+regards its slender stems and somewhat large and irregular foliage.
+
+The flowers are a satiny white, delicately nerved, and nearly 3in.
+across; the four petals are a pleasing yellowish-green at the bases;
+when fully expanded they form a cross, being clear of each other; they
+become tinted with rose when they begin to fade. The leaves are of
+various sizes, sometimes spotted, lance-shaped, toothed, and attenuated
+at the base. The general habit of the plant is erect, but it is often
+procumbent; it has, from its slender stems, a light appearance, and for
+one evening's use the sprays are very useful in a cut state.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 66. OENOTHERA SPECIOSA.
+
+(One-sixth natural size.)]
+
+It propagates itself freely by its root runners near the surface. These
+roots may be transplanted in early spring, and they will flower the same
+year.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Oenothera Taraxacifolia.
+
+DANDELION-LEAVED EVENING PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._
+ONAGRACEÆ.
+
+
+From the great beauty of the flowers of this plant, it has not only
+become widely distributed, but a great favourite, considering that it
+was so recently introduced into this country as 1825; it came from Peru.
+Fortunately this charming exotic proves perfectly hardy in our climate;
+it is also herbaceous and perennial. No garden ought to be without so
+easily grown a flower, and though its foliage much resembles that of the
+common dandelion, a fine mass of it proves no mean setting for the large
+white flowers which spring from the midst of it. Another pleasing
+feature in connection with the flowers is that for a day they are pure
+white, after which they partly close and turn to a scarcely less
+beautiful delicate flesh tint. This colour and the half closed form are
+retained for several days; it exhales a sweet odour, about which there
+is a peculiarity. When newly opened--the first night--while the flowers
+are white, they will be found to have a grateful scent like tea roses;
+but if the older and coloured blooms are tried, they will be found to
+have the refreshing smell of almonds.
+
+There is yet another curious trait about this lovely flower--it has a
+long stalk-like tube, which may be called the flower stalk, as, so to
+speak, it has no other, and the lower part--it being 4in. to 6in.
+long--is inclined to squareness, but near the top it becomes round and
+widens into the divisions of the calyx, being, in fact, the tube or
+undivided part of the calyx. Let the reader carefully examine this
+interesting flower. First pluck it with all its length of stem or tube
+(it may be 6in. long); with a small knife or needle split it upwards,
+and there will be exposed the style of a corresponding length. The tube
+and segments of the calyx are of a pale green colour, segments an inch
+or more long, finely pointed; the four petals are large, nearly round,
+and overlapping each other, forming a corolla more than 3in. across;
+they are satiny in appearance, and transparent, beautifully veined or
+nerved, the nerves having delicate green basements, from which spring
+stamens of a like colour, but with anthers ½in. long, evenly balanced,
+and furnished with lemon-yellow pollen. The leaves are herb-like, and,
+as the common name implies, like the leaves of the dandelion, similar in
+size, but more cut or lobed. The plant, however, varies materially from
+the dandelion, in having stems which push out all round the crown,
+growing to a considerable length, and resting on the ground.
+
+This plant cannot well be grown in too large quantities, where there is
+plenty of room; it produces flowers for a long time, and they are highly
+serviceable for cutting purposes, though lasting only a short time. It
+cannot well be planted wrong as regards position, as it will thrive
+anywhere, providing the soil is enriched, it being a gross feeder; it
+should not, however, be planted where it will be likely to overgrow
+smaller and less rampant subjects. On the whole, it is one of those
+plants which afford a maximum of pleasure for a minimum of care, and
+needs no special culture--in fact, takes care of itself. Its
+propagation is simple, and may be carried out either by division of the
+old roots or by transplanting the self-sown seedlings into their
+blooming quarters, during March or April.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Omphalodes Verna.
+
+CREEPING FORGET-ME-NOT; _Syn._ CYNOGLOSSUM OMPHALODES;
+_Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEÆ.
+
+
+The common name of this pretty, hardy, herbaceous creeper at once gives
+the keynote to its description; it is a very old plant in English
+gardens, and a native of South Europe. Parkinson gives a very neat
+description of it: "This small borage shooteth forth many leaves from
+the roote, every one upon a long stalke, of a darke greene colour; the
+stalkes are small and slender, not above halfe a foote high, with very
+few leaves thereon, and at the toppes come forth the flowers, made of
+five blew round pointed leaves, every one upon a long foote stalke."
+This, together with the well-known form and habit of the plant, leaves
+little more to be said by way of description; and it maybe added that
+though the flowers are akin to forget-me-nots, but more brilliant, the
+foliage is very different indeed, being nearly heart-shaped, and over
+2in. long. Its habit is such that though its flowers are small, they are
+somewhat conspicuous, from their brightness, abundance, and manner in
+which they are produced, _i.e._, well above a bright green mass of
+leaves; only bold clumps, however, show to such advantage. When the
+plant is fairly established, it makes rapid growth, increasing itself
+somewhat strawberry fashion, by runners.
+
+It is worthy of note here that this semi-woody creeper does well under
+trees not too densely grown. Many inquiries are made for such subjects,
+and this is one of the number (which is far from ample) that can be
+relied upon for not only covering the bare earth, but also for
+bespangling such position with its bright blossoms for two months in
+spring. I have also tried it in pots, grown and bloomed under the shade
+of a trellised peach tree, in a small house, without artificial heat,
+where it not only did well, but vied with the violets for effectiveness.
+
+This otherwise robust plant I have found to die when divided in the
+autumn (a period when many--indeed, I may say most--perennials are best
+transplanted), but when its propagation is carried out in spring, it
+grows like a weed.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Ononis Rotundifolia.
+
+ROUND-LEAVED RESTHARROW; _Nat. Ord._ LEGUMINOSÆ.
+
+
+One of the most charming of the "old-fashioned" border flowers, having
+been grown in this country since 1570. It came from the Pyrenees, is
+hardy, evergreen, and shrubby. The common name of the genus, Restharrow,
+is in reference to the long, tough, and woody roots and branches.
+According to Gerarde, these properties "maketh the oxen, whilst they be
+in plowing, to rest or stand still." Although this species has tough
+roots and branches, it seems more likely that the name would be from the
+trouble caused by the weedy species of the genus of his time.
+
+In its growing state there is seen an exquisiteness of form and colour
+rarely approached by any other subject; from the manner in which the
+unopened scarlet buds blend with the thick and handsome-shaped foliage,
+the illustration (Fig. 67) can scarcely do justice to it. It should not
+be judged by other and better known species of the genus, some of which
+are of a weedy character, and from which this is as distinct as it well
+can be. Besides having the valuable property of flowering all summer, it
+is otherwise a suitable subject for the most select collections of hardy
+flowers.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 67. ONONIS ROTUNDIFOLIA.
+
+(Plant, one-sixth natural size; blossom, natural size.)]
+
+It grows 18in. high, and is erect and branched in habit; the flowers are
+produced on short side shoots; in form they are pea-flower-shaped, as
+the reader will infer from the order to which the shrub belongs. The
+raceme seldom has more than two or three flowers fully open at one time,
+when they are of a shaded pink colour, and nearly an inch in length; the
+leaves are 1in. to 2in., ternate, sometimes in fives, ovate, toothed,
+and covered with glandular hairs.
+
+The plant should be grown in bold specimens for the best effect.
+Ordinary garden soil suits it; if deeply dug and enriched, all the
+better. It is not so readily increased by division of the roots as many
+border plants, though root slips may, with care, be formed into nice
+plants the first season; the better plan is to sow the seed as soon as
+well ripened, from which more vigorous plants may be had, and they will
+sometimes flower the following summer, though far short of their natural
+size.
+
+Flowering period, June to September.
+
+
+
+
+Onosma Taurica.
+
+GOLDEN DROP; _Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy perennial, somewhat woody, and retaining much of its foliage in
+a fresh state throughout the winter, though by some described as
+herbaceous. The leaves which wither remain persistent, and sometimes
+this proves a source of danger to the specimen, from holding moisture
+during our wet winters, causing rot to set in. It is a comparatively new
+plant in English gardens, having been introduced from the Caucasus in
+1801, and as yet is seldom met with. Not only is it distinct in the form
+of its flowers--as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 68)--from other
+species of its order, but it has bloom of exceptional beauty, and the
+plant as a garden subject is further enhanced in value from the fact of
+its delicious perfume and perpetual blooming habit--_i.e._, it flowers
+until stopped by frosts; in short, it is one of the very finest hardy
+flowers, and if I could only grow a small collection of fifty, this
+should be one of such collection.
+
+The flowers are bright yellow, 1½in. long, somewhat pear-shaped, and
+tubular. The calyx is long and deeply divided; the corolla is narrowed
+at the mouth; segments short, broad, and rolled back, forming a sort of
+rim. The flowers are arranged in branched heads, which are one-sided.
+The flower stalks are short, and the flowers and buds closely grown. The
+stems are about a foot long, having short alternate shoots, which flower
+later on; they are weighed to the ground with the numerous flowers and
+buds; the leaves are 3in. to 6in. long, narrow, lance-shaped, reflexed,
+and covered with short stiff hairs, which impart a grey appearance to
+the foliage.
+
+It should be grown fully exposed, as it loves sunshine; if planted in
+the frequented parts of the garden, its delicious perfume is the more
+likely to be enjoyed; on rockwork, somewhat elevated, will perhaps prove
+the best position for it, as then the pendent flowers can be better seen
+and studied. The whole habit of the plant renders it a suitable subject
+for the rock garden; it may be grown in either loam or vegetable soil if
+well drained, and when it once becomes established in genial quarters it
+makes rapid growth and is very floriferous. What a rich bed could be
+formed of this, judiciously mixed with hardy fuchsias and the various
+linums, having deep blue flowers and graceful slender stems! These all
+love a breezy situation and sunshine, they also all flower at the same
+time, and continuously. To increase this choice plant, cuttings should
+be taken during summer; they may be rooted quickly if placed in a
+cucumber frame and kept shaded for ten or twelve days; water should be
+given carefully, or the hairy leaves will begin to rot. Aim at having
+the young stock well rooted and hardened off before the cold weather
+sets in.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 68. ONOSMA TAURICA.
+
+(Plant, one-quarter natural size; blossom, one-half natural size.)]
+
+Flowering period, June to the frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Orchis Foliosa.
+
+LEAFY ORCHIS; _Nat. Ord._ ORCHIDACEÆ.
+
+
+This terrestrial Orchid is not generally known to be hardy, but that
+such is the fact is beyond doubt. It is not only hardy, though it comes
+from Madeira, but it thrives better in this climate when exposed to all
+the drawbacks belonging to the open garden, or hardy treatment, than
+when kept under glass. It only seems to require two things--a deep rich
+soil and leaving alone--being very impatient of disturbance at its
+roots. Many of the hardy Orchids, though interesting, are not showy
+enough as flowers for beds or borders. This, however, is an exception,
+and is not only, in common with other Orchids, an interesting species,
+but a handsome and durable flower.
+
+It blooms at different heights, from 9in. to 2ft.; the spike, as implied
+by the name, is leafy up to and among the flowered portion, which is
+from 3in. to 9in. long; the flowers are a cheerful purple colour, each
+¾in. in diameter; the sepals are erect, cupped, and paler in colour than
+the other parts of the flower; petals small; lip large, three lobed, the
+middle one somewhat pointed; leaves oblong and smooth, lessening and
+becoming more subulate near the top of the stem. When well grown, this
+plant has a noble appearance, and when closely viewed is seen to be a
+flower of a high order, as, in fact, all the Orchids are.
+
+Fortunately, it is not so particular either as regards soil or
+atmosphere as most of its relations, and it may frequently be met with
+in cottage gardens in splendid form. Good sandy loam, in a moist
+situation, suits it well, and I have seen it with fine spikes of bloom
+both in partial shade and fully exposed. Its position should be
+correctly noted, otherwise, when the tops have died down, the roots may
+suffer damage; they should be well guarded against disturbance. When
+increase is desirable the roots may be divided, but if they can be left
+alone it will be much to the advantage of the specimens.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Orchis Fusca.
+
+BROWN ORCHIS; _Nat. Ord._ ORCHIDACEÆ.
+
+
+A rare and noble British species, terrestrial, and having a tuberous
+root of moderate size; the specific name does not always apply, as this
+species varies considerably in the colour of its flowers--certainly all
+are not brown. According to Gray, the flowers are "large,
+greenish-brown, brownish-purple, or pale ash grey;" the specimen from
+which our illustration (Fig. 69) was drawn may be said to be
+"brownish-purple," from its great number of brown spots; it is also
+slightly tinged with green. According to Linnæus, it is synonymous with
+_O. Militaris_, the Soldier, or Brown Man Orchis. Of the native kinds
+of Orchis, many of which are now getting very scarce, it is desirable to
+know what's what. But, as a garden flower, the one now under
+consideration has many points of merit. The plant is bold and portly,
+and the foliage ample compared with many of the genus. The head of
+flowers is large, numerous, and well lifted up, while, far from their
+least good quality, is that of their fine aromatic perfume.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 69. ORCHIS FUSCA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size; 1 and 2, natural size of flower.)]
+
+The full size of a flower is shown in the drawing. The sepals are seen
+to be broad, converging, and pointed; the lip, which is rough, is
+three-parted; lobes, unequal and ragged; the side ones are long and
+narrow, the middle lobe is twice notched in an irregular manner; the
+spur is straight with the stem; bracts, short; the flowers are densely
+produced, forming a compact bunch 3in. to 4in. long, on a spike rather
+over a foot tall; they continue in perfection three weeks or a month.
+The leaves are 9in. or more in length, lance-shaped, and fully an inch
+broad in the middle; they are of a pale, shining, green colour, the
+root leaves resting on the ground.
+
+I find this Orchid capable of withstanding very rough treatment, but it
+requires some time (two years) to get fairly established. Silky loam and
+leaf soil are suitable for it; a moist situation, but in no way of a
+stagnant character, should be given, and the position should also be
+carefully selected, so as to secure the brittle and top-heavy flower
+spikes from strong winds, otherwise it will suffer the fate of hundreds
+of tulips after a gale. It is propagated by root division after the
+foliage has died off.
+
+Flowering period, end of May to end of June.
+
+
+
+
+Origanum Pulchellum.
+
+BEAUTIFUL MARJORAM; _Nat. Ord._ LABIATÆ.
+
+
+This is indeed a well-named species or variety, whichever it may be;
+little seems to be known of its origin, but that it is distinct and
+beautiful is beyond doubt. It shines most as a rock plant; its long and
+bending stems, which are somewhat procumbent, have as much rigidity
+about them as to prevent their having a weak appearance; the tips,
+moreover, are erect, showing off to advantage the handsome imbricate
+bracts, bespangled as they are with numerous rosy-purple blossoms. The
+long and elegant panicles of bracteæ, together with the pleasing
+arrangement thereof, are the main features of this subject.
+
+The rosy flowers are very small, and have the appearance of being packed
+between the bracteoles; still, their gaping forms are distinctly
+traceable, but the pretty lipped calyxes are quite hidden; the bract
+leaves are roundly-oval, acute, cupped, and touched with a nutty-brown
+tint on the outer sides; the spikes have many minor ones, being as fine
+as a thread, covered with short soft hairs, and of a brown colour; the
+leaves are ¾in. long, oval, entire, and downy. The plant or shrub grows
+18in. high. As already hinted, the habit is procumbent, the older flower
+stems being woody; not only is it a bright object for rockwork, but it
+is in its finest form when most other flowers are past. The branches are
+useful in a cut state; the slender spikelets, with their pale green and
+brown tinted bracts, are very pretty by gas light, and they keep well
+for a long time in water.
+
+The Marjorams are fond of a dry situation, and this is no exception to
+that rule. Rockwork or raised beds of sandy loam suits it to perfection,
+provided the aspect is sunny. It will, therefore, be seen that there is
+nothing special about its culture, neither is there in its propagation;
+cuttings may be taken in summer, or the rooted shoots may be divided at
+almost any time.
+
+It flowers from September to the time of severe frosts, and is in its
+greatest beauty in October.
+
+
+
+
+Orobus Vernus.
+
+PEASELING, OR SPRING BITTER VETCH; _Nat. Ord._
+LEGUMINOSÆ.
+
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial; it flowers in very early spring, and
+sometimes sooner, but it is in full beauty in April, its blooming period
+being very prolonged. Not only is this bright and handsome pea flower
+worth attention being a very old subject of English gardens, but also
+because of its intrinsic merit as a decorative plant. I say plant
+designedly, as its form is both sprightly and elegant, which, I fear,
+the illustration (Fig. 70) can hardly do justice to--more especially its
+spring tints and colours.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 70. OROBUS VERNUS.
+
+(One-fourth, natural size.)]
+
+Pretty nearly as soon as the growths are out of the earth the flowers
+begin to appear. The greatest height the plants attain rarely exceeds a
+foot; this commends it as a suitable border plant. Individually the
+flowers are not showy, but collectively they are pleasing and effective.
+When they first open they are a mixture of green, red, blue, and purple,
+the latter predominating. As they become older they merge into blue, so
+that a plant shows many flowers in various shades, none of which are
+quite an inch long, and being borne on slender drooping stalks, which
+issue from the leafy stems, somewhat below the leading growths, the
+bloom is set off to great advantage. The foliage in form resembles the
+common vetch, but is rather larger in the leaflets, and instead of being
+downy like the vetch, the leaves are smooth and bright. In a cut state,
+sprays are very useful, giving lightness to the stiffer spring flowers,
+such as tulips, narcissi, and hyacinths. Rockwork suits it admirably; it
+also does well in borders; but in any position it pays for liberal
+treatment in the form of heavy manuring. It seeds freely, and may be
+propagated by the seed or division of strong roots in the autumn.
+Whether rabbits can scent it a considerable distance off, I cannot say,
+but, certain it is, they find mine every year, and in one part of the
+garden eat it off bare.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Ourisia Coccinea.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SCROPHULARIACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial from South America, as yet rarely seen in
+English gardens, and more seldom in good form. As may be judged by the
+illustration (Fig. 71), it is a charming plant, but it has beauties
+which cannot be there depicted; its deep green and shining leaves
+constitute wavy masses of foliage, most pleasing to see, and the
+short-stemmed, lax clusters of dazzling scarlet flowers are thereby set
+off to great advantage. I have no fear of overpraising this plant, as
+one cannot well do that. I will, however, add that it is a decorative
+subject of the highest order, without a single coarse feature about it;
+seldom is it seen without a few solitary sprays of flowers, and it is
+never met with in a seedy or flabby state of foliage, but it remains
+plump throughout the autumn, when it sometimes shows a disposition to
+indulge in "autumnal tints." Though seldom encountered, this lovely
+plant is well known, as it is pretty sure to be, from notes made of it
+and published with other garden news; but it has the reputation of being
+a fickle plant, difficult to grow, and a shy bloomer. I trust this
+statement will not deter a single reader from introducing it into his
+garden; if I had found it manageable only with an unreasonable amount of
+care, I would not have introduced it here. It certainly requires special
+treatment, but all the conditions are so simple and practicable, in even
+the smallest garden, that it cannot be fairly termed difficult, as we
+shall shortly see.
+
+The flowers are 1½in. long, in form intermediate between the pentstemon
+and snapdragon, but in size smaller, and the colour an unmixed deep
+scarlet: they are produced on stems 9in. high, round, hairy, and
+furnished with a pair of very small stem-clasping leaves, and where the
+panicle of flowers begins there is a small bract, and less perfectly
+developed ones are at every joint, whence spring the wiry flower stalks
+in fours, threes, and twos, of various lengths and a ruddy colour. The
+panicles are lax and bending; the flowers, too, are pendent; calyx,
+five-parted and sharply toothed; stamens, four, and long as petals;
+anthers, large and cream coloured, style long and protruding. The leaves
+are radical, and have long, hairy, bending stalks; the main ribs are
+also hairy; beneath, they are of a deep green colour, bald, shining,
+veined and wrinkled; their form is somewhat heart-shaped, sometimes
+oval, lobed, but not deeply, and unevenly notched; they grow in dense
+masses to the height of 6in.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 71. OURISIA COCCINEA.
+
+(Plant, one-fourth natural size; 1, blossom, one-half natural size.)]
+
+It is said to like a peaty soil, in which I have never tried it. In the
+management of this plant I have found position to be the main
+desideratum; the soil may be almost anything if it is kept moist and
+sweet by good drainage, but _Ourisia coccinea_ will not endure exposure
+to hot sunshine; even if the soil is moist it will suffer. I have large
+patches of it, 3ft. in diameter, growing in a mixture of clay and ashes,
+formed into a bank 18in. high, sloping north and screened by a hedge
+nearly 6ft. high from the mid-day sun, and shaded by overhanging trees;
+and I may also add that during the three years my specimens have
+occupied this shady, moist, but well drained position they have grown
+and flowered freely, always best in the deepest shade. As before hinted,
+there is a sort of special treatment required by this plant, but it is,
+after all, very simple. It is a slow surface creeper, should be planted
+freely in frequented parts of the garden, if the needful conditions
+exist, and no more beautiful surfacing can be recommended; grown in such
+quantities it will be available for cutting purposes. As a cut flower it
+is remarkably distinct and fine; it so outshines most other flowers that
+it must either have well selected company or be used with only a few
+ferns or grasses.
+
+It is readily increased by division of the creeping roots, which is best
+done in early spring. If such divisions are made in the autumn,
+according to my experience, the roots rot; they should therefore be
+taken off either in summer, when there is still time for the young stock
+to make roots, or be left in the parent clump until spring, when they
+will start into growth at once.
+
+Flowering period, May to September.
+
+
+
+
+Papaver Orientale.
+
+ORIENTAL POPPY; _Nat. Ord._ PAPAVERACEÆ.
+
+
+The Oriental Poppy is a bold and showy plant, very hardy and perennial.
+There are several colours, but the bright scarlet variety is the most
+effective. Specimens of it which have become well established have a
+brilliant appearance during June; they are 3ft. high and attract the eye
+from a distance. Among other large herbaceous plants, as lupines,
+pæonies, thalictrums, &c., or even mixed with dwarf shrubs, they are
+grandly effective; indeed, almost too much so, as by the size and deep
+colour of the flowers they dazzle the eye and throw into the shade the
+surrounding flowers of greater beauty. The kinds with brick-red and
+other shades are comparatively useless. Their flowers are not only
+smaller, but wind or a few drops of rain spot the petals. A night's dew
+has the same effect; the stems, too, are weak and bending, which makes
+them much wanting in boldness, and when the flowers are damaged and the
+stems down there is little left about the Oriental Poppies that is
+ornamental.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 72. PAPAVER ORIENTALE (_var._ BRACTEATUM).
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+The flowers are 6in. to 8in. across when expanded, produced singly on
+stout round stems covered with stiff hairs flattened down, and also
+distantly furnished with small pinnate leaves. Only in some varieties is
+the leafy bract (Fig. 72) to be found. This variety is sometimes called
+_P. bracteatum_. The calyx is three-parted and very rough; the six
+petals (see engraving) are large, having well defined dark spots,
+about the size of a penny piece. The leaves are a foot or more in
+length, stiff but bending; they are thickly furnished with short hairs,
+pinnate and serrated.
+
+This large poppy can be grown to an enormous size, and otherwise vastly
+improved by generous treatment; in a newly trenched and well manured
+plot a specimen has grown 3ft. high, and produced flowers 9in. across,
+the colour being fine; it will, however, do well in less favoured
+quarters--in fact, it may be used to fill up any odd vacancies in the
+shrubbery or borders. It is readily increased by division of the roots,
+and this may be done any time from autumn to February; it also ripens
+seed freely.
+
+Flowering period, May to June.
+
+
+
+
+Pentstemons.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SCROPHULARIACEÆ.
+
+
+The hybrids, which constitute the numerous and beautiful class commonly
+grown as "florists' flowers," are the kinds now under notice. The plant,
+when a year old, has a half-shrubby appearance, and if I said that it
+was but half hardy I should probably be nearer the mark than if I
+pronounced it quite hardy. It may, therefore, appear odd that I should
+class it with hardy perennials; there are, however, good reasons for
+doing so, and as these extra fine border plants are great favourites and
+deserve all the care that flowers can be worth, I will indicate my mode
+of growing them; but first I will state why the hybrid Pentstemons are
+here classed as hardy. One reason is that some varieties really are so,
+but most are not, and more especially has that proved to be the case
+during recent severe winters--the old plants, which I never trouble to
+take in, are mostly killed. Another reason why I do not object to their
+being classed as hardy is that cuttings or shoots from the roots appear
+to winter outside, if taken in the summer or autumn and dibbled into
+sand or a raised bed (so that it be somewhat drier than beds of the
+ordinary level), where they will readily root. Such a bed of cuttings I
+have found to keep green all the winter, without any protection other
+than a little dry bracken. My plants are so propagated and wintered.
+
+The Pentstemon has of late years been much improved by hybridising, so
+that now the flowers, which resemble foxgloves, are not only larger than
+those of the typical forms, but also brighter, and few subjects in our
+gardens can vie with them for effectiveness; moreover, they are produced
+for several months together on the same plants, and always have a
+remarkably fresh appearance.
+
+The corolla, which can be well seen both inside and out, has the
+pleasing feature of clearly pronounced colour on the outside, and rich
+and harmonious shadings inside; such flowers, loosely arranged on stems
+about 2ft. high, more or less branched, and furnished with lance-shaped
+foliage of a bright glossy green, go to make this border plant one that
+is justly esteemed, and which certainly deserves the little extra care
+needful during winter.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 73. PENTSTEMON.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+It is grandly effective in rows, but if in a fully exposed position it
+flags during hot sunshine; it is, therefore, a suitable plant to put
+among shrubs, the cool shelter of which it seems to enjoy. The remarks I
+have already made respecting its hardiness sufficiently indicate the
+mode of propagation. Old plants should not be depended upon, for though
+they are thoroughly perennial, they are not so hardy as the younger and
+less woody stuff--besides, young plants are far more vigorous bloomers.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Petasites Vulgaris.
+
+_Syns._ TUSSILAGO PETASITES _and_ T. FRAGRANS; WINTER
+HELIOTROPE _and_ COMMON BUTTERBUR; _Nat. Ord._
+COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+I must explain why this native weed, of rampant growth and perennial
+character, is here mentioned as a fit subject for the garden. It blooms
+in the depth of winter--in fact, all winter; the flowers are not showy
+at all, but they are deliciously scented, whence the specific name
+_fragrans_ and the common one "Winter Heliotrope," as resembling the
+scent of heliotrope. In its wild state it does not flower so early as
+when under cultivation; the latter state is also more favourable to its
+holding some green foliage throughout the winter. It has been said that
+there are different forms--male and female, or minor and major.
+
+Parkinson recognises two forms, and as his remarks are interesting and
+clearly point to the variety under notice, I will quote him from "The
+Theater of Plants," page 419: "The Butter burre is of two sorts, the
+one greater and the other lesser, differing also in the flowers, as you
+shall heare; but because they are so like one another, one description
+shall serve for them both. Each of them riseth up very early in the
+yeare, that is, in _February_, with a thicke stalke about a foote high,
+whereon are set a few small leaves, or rather peeces, and at the toppes
+a long spiked head of flowers, in the one which is the lesse and the
+more rare to finde, wholly white and of a better sent than the other
+(yet some say it hath no sent), in the greater, which is more common
+with us, of a blush or deepe red colour, according to the soile wherein
+it groweth, the clay ground bringing a paler colour somewhat weake, and
+before the stalke with the flowers have abidden a moneth above ground
+will be withered and gon, blowen away with the winde, and the leaves
+will beginne to spring, which when they are full growne are very large
+and broad, that they may very well serve to cover the whole body, or at
+the least the head like an umbello from the sunne and raine."
+
+The flowers are produced on bare, fleshy scapes, springing from amongst
+the old foliage; the new leaves not appearing until much later. The
+bloom is small, of a pinky white colour; they are miniature forms,
+resembling the coltsfoot flowers, being arranged, however, in clusters.
+The leaves are large, cordate, downy, and soft to the touch, having long
+stout stems; they vary much in size, from 3in. to more than a foot
+across, according to the nature of the soil.
+
+The usefulness of this plant consists entirely in its flowers as cut
+bloom, the least bit of which fills a large room with its most agreeable
+perfume. The plant, therefore, need not be grown in the more ornamental
+parts of the garden, and it should have a space exclusively allotted to
+it. It runs widely underground, and soon fills a large space. It enjoys
+moisture, but I have proved it to be more productive of bloom with
+leaves of half their usual size when planted in a rather dry situation
+with light but good soil. Usually a root does not produce flowers until
+two years after it has been planted. Poor as the flowers otherwise are,
+they are of great value in winter, when finely-scented kinds are scarce.
+They may be mixed with more beautiful forms and colours so as not to be
+seen, when, like violets in the hedgerow, they will exhale their
+grateful odour from a position of modest concealment.
+
+Flowering period, November to February.
+
+
+
+
+Phlox.
+
+HYBRID TALL VARIETIES; SUB-SECTIONS, SUFFRUTICOSA _and_
+DECUSSATA (EARLY _and_ LATE FLOWERING); _Nat. Ord._
+POLEMONIACEÆ.
+
+
+These noble flowers are not only beautiful as individuals, but the
+cheerful appearance of our gardens during the autumn is much indebted
+to them; the great variety in colour and shade is as remarkable as it is
+effective. The finer sorts are known as "florists' flowers," being
+named. Whence they came (from which species) is not so clear, but in
+other respects than form and habit they are much in the way of _P.
+paniculata_. The Phlox family is a numerous one, and the species are not
+only numerous but extremely dissimilar, consisting of the dwarf woody
+trailers, or _P. procumbens_ section, the oval-leafed section (_P.
+ovata_), the creeping or stolon-rooted (_P. stolonifera_) section, and
+the one now under notice, which differs so widely that many have seemed
+puzzled that these bold tall plants are so closely related to the
+prostrate, Whin-like species. The sub-divisions of the section under
+notice, viz., early and late flowering varieties, in all other respects
+except flowering period are similar, and any remarks of a cultural
+nature are alike applicable. This favourite part of the Phlox family is
+honoured with a specific name, viz., _P. omniflora_ (all varieties of
+flowers), but notwithstanding that it is a most appropriate name it is
+seldom applied.
+
+As the flowers must be familiar to the reader, they need hardly be
+described, and it is only necessary to mention the general features.
+They are produced on tall leafy stems in panicles of different forms, as
+pyramidal, rounded, or flattish; the clusters of bloom are sometimes
+8in. in diameter in rich soil; the corolla of five petals is mostly
+flat, the latter are of a velvety substance, and coloured at their base,
+which in most varieties forms the "eye;" the tube is fine and bent, so
+as to allow the corolla to face upwards; the calyx, too, is tubular, the
+segments being deep and sharply cut; the buds abound in small clusters,
+and although the flowers are of a somewhat fugacious character, their
+place is quickly supplied with new blossoms (the succession being long
+maintained) which, moreover, have always a fresh appearance from the
+absence of the faded parts. The leaves, as indicated by the name
+_suffruticosa_, are arranged on half wood stems, and, as implied by the
+name _decussata_, are arranged in pairs, the alternate pairs being at
+right angles; these names are more in reference to the habit and form of
+the plants than the period of flowering, which, however, they are
+sometimes used to indicate; the leaves of some early kinds are leathery
+and shining, but for the most part they are herb-like and hairy, acutely
+lance-shaped, entire, and 2in. to 5in long.
+
+Under ordinary conditions these hybrid forms of Phlox grow into neat
+bushy specimens of a willow-like appearance, 2ft. to 4ft. high, but in
+well-prepared richly-manured quarters they will not only grow a foot
+taller, but proportionally stouter, and also produce much finer panicles
+of bloom; no flower better repays liberal culture, and few there are
+that more deserve it. In the semi-shade of trees, the more open parts of
+the shrubbery, in borders, or when special plantings are made, it is
+always the same cheerful subject, sweet, fresh, and waving with the
+breeze; its scent is spicy, in the way of cinnamon. The whole genus
+enjoys loam, but these strong-growing hybrids have a mass of long hungry
+roots, and, as already hinted, if they are well fed with manure they pay
+back with interest.
+
+As cut bloom, if taken in entire panicles, they are bouquets in
+themselves. All are effective, and many of the more delicate colours are
+exquisite, vieing with the much more cared-for bouvardias and tender
+primulas.
+
+To grow these flowers well there is nothing special about their
+management, but a method of treatment may be mentioned which, from the
+improved form it imparts to the specimens, as well as the more prolonged
+period in which extra-sized blooms are produced, is well worthy of being
+adopted. When the stems are 12in. or 15in. grown, nip off the tops of
+all the outer ones, they will soon break into two or four shoots. These
+will not only serve to "feather" down the otherwise "leggy" specimens
+and render them more symmetrical, but they will produce a second crop of
+flowers, and, at the same time, allow the first to develope more
+strongly. When the taller stems have done flowering, or become shabby,
+the tops may be cut back to the height of the under part of the
+then-formed buds of the early pinched shoots, and the extra light will
+soon cause them to flower; they should then be tied to the old stems
+left in the middle; this will quite transform the specimen, not only
+making it more neat and dwarf, but otherwise benefiting it--the old worn
+stems will have gone, and a new set of beaming flowers will reward the
+operator. The tops pinched out in the early part of the season make the
+best possible plants for the following season's bloom. They root like
+willows in a shady place in sandy loam, and are ready for planting in
+the open by midsummer, so that they have ample time to become strong
+before winter. Another way to propagate these useful flower roots is to
+divide strong clumps in the autumn after they have ceased to bloom.
+
+The very earliest kinds (some three or four) begin to flower early in
+August, and by the middle of the month many are in bloom; the
+late-flowering (_decussata_) section is a month later; all, however, are
+continued bloomers.
+
+
+
+
+Phlox Frondosa.
+
+FRONDED P.; _Nat. Ord._ POLEMONIACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy creeper; one of the dwarf section, having half-woody, wiry
+stems. For this and many other species of the Creeping Phlox we are
+indebted to North America. Of late years these beautiful flowers have
+received much attention, not only from the trade, but also from
+amateurs, some of whom have taken much pains in crossing the species by
+hybridising, notably the late Rev. J. G. Nelson. Perhaps the most
+distinct and beautiful of all the dwarf Phloxes is the one which bears
+his name--the white-flowered _P. Nelsoni_. I have selected the species
+_P. frondosa_, because the specific name is, perhaps, beyond that of any
+of the others, more generally descriptive of all the following kinds:
+_P. divaricata_, _P. glaberrima_, _P. Nelsoni_ (white flowers), _P.
+reflexa_, _P. oculata_, _P. setacea_, _P. s. atropurpurea_, _P. s.
+violacæa_, _P. subulata_, _P. prostrata_. These differ but slightly from
+one another, so little, indeed, that many discard the distinctions;
+still, they do exist, and may be clearly seen when grown close together
+in collections. The flowers differ in depth of colour; the leaves of
+some are more recurved, crossed, twisted, shining, or pointed, also
+broader and longer; the stems likewise differ; herein the distinctions
+are seen, probably, more than in either flowers or leaves. Sometimes
+they are, in the different species, long or short, leafy, branched,
+dense, arched, and divaricate, but, although at any time when their
+fresh foliage is upon them, and when they are so close together that the
+eye can take them all in at a glance, their distinctions are fairly
+clear, autumn is the time to see them in their most definite and
+beautiful form. Like many other North American plants, they have lovely
+autumnal tints, then their forms have rich glistening colours, and they
+are seen to not only differ considerably, but, perhaps, to more
+advantage than when in flower; but let me add at once that I have only
+proved these plants to take such rich autumnal colours when they have
+been grown so as to rest on stones, which not only keep them from excess
+of moisture, from worm casts, &c., but secure for them a healthy
+circulation of air under their dense foliage. From the above, then, it
+will be seen that a general description of _P. frondosa_ will apply to
+the other species and varieties mentioned.
+
+The flowers are lilac-rose; calyx, tubular; corolla of five petals,
+narrow and notched; leaves, awl-shaped, short, bent, and opposite;
+stems, branched, dense and trailing.
+
+The dwarf Phloxes are pre-eminently rock plants, as which they thrive
+well; when raised from the ground level, so as to be nearly in the line
+of sight, they are very effective. They should be so planted that they
+can fall over the stones, like the one from which the illustration (Fig.
+74) was drawn. For at least a fortnight the plants are literally covered
+with flowers, and at all times they form neat rock plants, though in
+winter they have the appearance of short withered grass; even then the
+stems are full of health, and in early spring they become quickly
+furnished with leaves and flowers. These Phloxes make good edgings.
+Notwithstanding their dead appearance in winter, a capital suggestion
+occurred to me by an accidental mixture of croci with the Phlox. At the
+time when the latter is most unseasonable the crocuses, which should be
+planted in the same line, may be seen coming through the browned
+foliage. When in flower, the blooms will not only be supported by this
+means, but also be preserved from splashes; when the crocuses are past
+their prime, the Phlox will have begun to grow, and, to further its well
+doing, its stems should be lifted and the then lengthened foliage of the
+crocuses should be drawn back to the under side of the Phlox, where it
+might remain to die off. This would allow the Phlox to have the full
+light, and the arrangement would be suitable for the edge of a shrubbery
+or border of herbaceous plants, or even along the walks of a kitchen
+garden.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 74. PHLOX FRONDOSA.
+
+(Plant, one-sixth natural size; 1, natural size of flower.)]
+
+The Phloxes are easily propagated, either from rooted layers or
+cuttings. The latter should be put into a good loam and kept shaded for
+a week or two. Early spring is the best time.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Physalis Alkekengi.
+
+WINTER CHERRY; _Nat. Ord._ SOLANACEÆ.
+
+
+This plant begins to flower in summer; but as a garden subject its
+blossom is of no value; the fine large berries, however, which are
+suspended in orange-yellow husks of large size, are very ornamental
+indeed, and form a very pleasing object amongst other "autumnal tints."
+It is not till October that the fruit begins to show its richness of
+colour. The plant is quite hardy, though a native of southern Europe; it
+is also herbaceous and perennial, and it has been grown in this country
+for 330 years. Still, it is not to be seen in many gardens. An old
+common name for it was "Red Nightshade," and Gerarde gives a capital
+illustration of it in his Herbal, under the name _Solanum Halicacabum_.
+
+_P. Alkekengi_ grows to the height of about two feet. The stems of the
+plant are very curious, being somewhat zigzag in shape, swollen at the
+nodes, with sharp ridges all along the stems; otherwise, they are round
+and smooth. The leaves are produced in twins, their long stalks issuing
+from the same part of the joint; they are of various forms and sizes,
+but mostly heart-shaped, somewhat acute, and 2in. to 4in. long. The
+little soft creamy white flowers spring from the junction of the twin
+leaf-stalks; their anthers are bulky for so small a flower. The calyx
+continues to grow after the flower has faded, and forms the
+Chinese-lantern-like covering of the scarlet berry; the latter will be
+over ½in. in diameter, and the orange-coloured calyx 1½in., when fully
+developed. In autumn the older stems cast their leaves early, when the
+finely-coloured fruit shows to advantage; the younger stems keep green
+longer, and continue to flower until stopped by the frost. To this short
+description I may add that of Gerarde, which is not only clear but
+pleasantly novel: "The red winter Cherrie bringeth foorth stalkes a
+cubite long, rounde, slender, smooth, and somewhat reddish, reeling this
+way and that way by reason of his weakness, not able to stande vpright
+without a support: whereupon do growe leaues not vnlike to those of
+common nightshade, but greater; among which leaues come foorth white
+flowers, consisting of five small leaues; in the middle of which leaues
+standeth out a berrie, greene at the first, and red when it is ripe, in
+colour of our common Cherrie and of the same bignesse, which is enclosed
+in a thinne huske or little bladder of a pale reddish colour, in which
+berrie is conteined many small flat seedes of a pale colour. The rootes
+be long, not vnlike to the rootes of Couch grasse, ramping and creeping
+within the vpper crust of the earth farre abroade, whereby it encreaseth
+greatly."
+
+The stems, furnished with fruit of good colour, but otherwise bare, make
+capital decorations for indoors, when mixed with tall grasses, either
+fresh or dried, and for such purposes this plant is worth growing; any
+kind of soil will do, in an out-of-the-way part, but if in shade, the
+rich colour will be wanting.
+
+Flowering period, June to frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Podophyllum Peltatum.
+
+DUCK'S-FOOT, _sometimes called_ MAY APPLE; _Nat. Ord._
+PODOPHYLLACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 75. PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial from North America, more or less grown in
+English gardens since 1664. As may be seen from the illustration (Fig.
+75), it is an ornamental plant, and though its flowers are interesting,
+they are neither showy nor conspicuous, as, from the peculiar manner in
+which they are produced, they are all but invisible until sought out.
+Its leaves and berries constitute the more ornamental parts of the
+plant.
+
+The flowers are white, not unlike the small white dog-rose in both size
+and form; the calyx is of three leaves, which fall off; the corolla, of
+six to nine petals; peduncle nearly an inch long, which joins the stem
+at the junction of the two leaf stalks, only one flower being produced
+on a stem or plant. The leaves join the rather tall and naked stem by
+stalks, 2in. to 3in. long; they are handsome in both form and habit. As
+the specific name implies, the leaves are peltate or umbrella-shaped,
+deeply lobed, each lobe being deeply cut, and all unevenly toothed and
+hairy at the edges, with a fine down covering the under sides; the upper
+surface is of a lively, shining green colour, and finely veined. The
+flower is succeeded by a large one-celled ovate berry, in size and form
+something like a damson, but the colour is yellow when ripe, at which
+stage the berry becomes more conspicuous than the flower could be, from
+the manner in which the young leaves were held.
+
+We want cheerful-looking plants for the bare parts under trees, and this
+is a suitable one, provided the surface soil has a good proportion of
+vegetable matter amongst it, and is rather moist. The thick horizontal
+roots creep near the surface, so it will be seen how important it is to
+secure them against drought otherwise than by depth of covering; a moist
+and shady position, then, is indispensable. In company with trilliums,
+hellebores, anemones, and ferns, this graceful plant would beautifully
+associate. Another way to grow it is in pots, when exactly the required
+kind of compost can easily be given, viz., peat and chopped sphagnum.
+Thus potted, plunged in wet sand, and placed in a northern aspect, it
+will be found not only to thrive well, as several specimens have done
+with me, but also to be worth all the trouble. To propagate it, the long
+creeping roots should be cut in lengths of several inches, and to a good
+bud or crown. When so cut in the autumn, I have proved them to rot when
+planted, but others buried in sand until February, and then planted,
+have done well.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Polyanthus.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+This, with its numerous varieties, comes under _Primula veris_, or the
+common Cowslip. The improved varieties which have sprung from this
+native beauty of our meadows and hedgerows are innumerable, and include
+the rich "gold-laced" kinds--which are cared for like children and are
+annually placed on the exhibition tables--as well as the homely kinds,
+which grow in the open borders by the hundred. The Polyanthus is
+eminently a flower for English gardens; and this country is noted for
+the fine sorts here raised, our humid climate suiting the plant in every
+way; its flowers offer a variety of colour, an odour of the sweetest
+kind, full and rich, reminding us not only of spring time, but of
+youthful rambles and holidays.
+
+As an "old-fashioned" flower for garden decoration it is effective and
+useful, from the great quantity of bloom it sends forth and the length
+of its flowering season; from its love of partial shade it may be
+planted almost anywhere. Its neat habit, too, fits it for scores of
+positions in which we should scarcely think of introducing less modest
+kinds; such nooks and corners of our gardens should be made to beam with
+these and kindred flowers, of which we never have too many. Plant them
+amongst bulbs, whose leaves die off early, and whose flowers will look
+all the happier for their company in spring; plant them under all sorts
+of trees, amongst the fruit bushes, and where only weeds have appeared,
+perhaps, for years; dig and plant the Polyanthus, and make the
+wilderness like Eden.
+
+Flowering period, February to June.
+
+
+
+
+Polygonum Brunonis.
+
+KNOTWEED; _Nat. Ord._ POLYGONACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a dwarf species from India, but quite hardy. It is pretty,
+interesting, and useful. The flowers are produced on erect stems a foot
+high, and formed in spikes 3in. to 5in. long, which are as soft as down
+and smell like heather. The colour is a soft rose. These flowers spring
+from a dense mass of rich foliage; the leaves in summer and early autumn
+are of a pleasing apple-green colour, smooth, oblong, and nearly
+spoon-shaped from the narrowing of the lower part; the mid-rib is
+prominent and nearly white; the leaf has rolled edges, and is somewhat
+reflexed at the point. Let the reader closely examine the leaves of this
+species while in their green state, holding them up to a strong light,
+and he will then behold the beauty and finish of Nature to a more than
+ordinary degree. This subject is one having the finest and most lasting
+of "autumnal tints," the dense bed of leaves turn to a rich brick-red,
+and, being persistent, they form a winter ornament in the border or on
+rockwork. The habit of the plant is creeping, rooting as it goes. It is
+a rampant grower, and sure to kill any dwarf subject that may be in its
+way.
+
+It may be grown in any kind of soil, and almost in any position, but it
+loves sunshine. If its fine lambtail-shaped flowers are desired, it
+should be grown on the flat, but, for its grand red autumnal leaf tints,
+it should be on the upper parts of rockwork. It is self-propagating, as
+already hinted.
+
+The flowers prove capital for dressing epergnes. I had not seen them so
+used, until the other day a lady visitor fancied a few spikes, and when
+I called at her house a day or two later saw them mixed with white
+flowers and late flowering forget-me-nots--they were charming.
+
+Flowering period, August to the time of frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Polygonum Cuspidatum.
+
+CUSPID KNOTWEED; _Nat. Ord._ POLYGONACEÆ.
+
+
+A recent introduction from China, perfectly hardy, shrub-like but
+herbaceous; a rampant grower, attaining the height of 6ft. or 7ft., and
+spreading fast by means of root suckers. During the early spring it
+pushes its fleshy shoots, and the coloured leaves, which are nearly red,
+are very pleasing; as they unfold they are seen to be richly veined, and
+are as handsome as the beautiful Fittonias, so much admired as hothouse
+plants.
+
+The long slender stems grow apace, and when the growth has been
+completed the flowers issue from the axils of the leaves; they are in
+the form of drooping feathery panicles, 4in. to 5in. long, creamy white,
+and produced in clusters, lasting for three weeks or more in good
+condition. The leaves are 3in. to 4in. long, nearly heart-shaped but
+pointed, entire, and stalked, of good substance, and a pale green
+colour; they are alternately and beautifully arranged along the
+gracefully-arching stems. The specimens are attractive even when not in
+bloom. If the roots are allowed to run in their own way for two or three
+years they form a charming thicket, which must prove a pleasant feature
+in any large garden.
+
+All through the summer its branches are used as dressings for large
+vases, and, either alone or with bold flowers, they prove most useful.
+In the shrubbery, where it can bend over the grass, from its distinct
+colour and graceful habit, it proves not only an effective but a
+convenient subject, as it allows the mowing machine to work without
+hindrance or damage. It is a capital plant for the small town garden.
+After sending to a friend several hampers of plants season after season,
+all without satisfactory results, owing to the exceptionally bad
+atmosphere of the neighbourhood, I sent him some of this, and it has
+proved suitable in every way.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+_P. c. compactum_ is a variety of the above. It is, however, very
+distinct in the way implied by its name, being more compact and rigid,
+and not more than half as tall. The leaves, too, are somewhat crimped,
+and of a much darker colour, the stems are nearly straight and ruddy,
+and the flowers are in more erect racemes, the colour yellowish-white.
+It forms a handsome bush, but is without the graceful habit of the type.
+Like the other knotweeds described, it enjoys a sandy loam, and requires
+nothing in the way of special culture. The roots may be transplanted or
+divided when the tops have withered.
+
+
+
+
+Polygonum Filiformis Variegatum.
+
+KNOTWEED; _Nat. Ord._ POLYGONACEÆ.
+
+
+Very hardy and effective. I simply mention this as a foliage plant. The
+leaves are large, drooping, and finely splashed or marbled with pale
+green and yellow, in shape oval-oblong, being crimped between the veins.
+It is a scarce variety. Fine for the sub-tropical garden. Culture, the
+same as for all the Knotweeds.
+
+Flowering period, late summer.
+
+
+
+
+Polygonum Vaccinifolium.
+
+VACCINIUM-LEAVED KNOTWEED; _Nat. Ord._ POLYGONACEÆ.
+
+
+It may seem odd that we should go into the Dock family for plants and
+flowers for our gardens; still we may, and find some truly beautiful
+species. The above-named is a charming alpine, coming from the
+Himalayas, and proves perfectly hardy in our climate; it is seldom met
+with and cannot be generally known, otherwise it would be more
+patronised; it forms a pretty dwarf shrub, with woody slender stems,
+clothed with small shining foliage.
+
+The flowers are very small, resembling those of the smaller ericas, and
+of a fine rosy colour; the unopened ones are even more pretty, having a
+coral-like effect; they are arranged in neat spikes, about 2in. long,
+and tapering to a fine point; they are numerously produced all along the
+procumbent branches, becoming erect therefrom. As the specific name
+denotes, the leaves are Vaccinium-like--_i.e._, small and oval, like
+box, but not so stout; they are closely set on the stems, are of a pale
+shining green, and somewhat bent or rolled. The habit is exceedingly
+neat, and, when in flower, a good specimen is a pleasing object; it is
+only a few inches high, but spreads quickly.
+
+On rockwork it seems quite at home. My example has shade from the
+mid-day sun, and, without saying that it should have shade, I may safely
+say that it does well with it. The plant will thrive in sandy loam and
+is readily increased by putting small stones on the trailing stems,
+which soon root.
+
+The leafy stems, with their coral-like, miniature spires, are useful in
+a cut state, so pretty, in fact, that it does not require any skill to
+"bring them in."
+
+Flowering period, August to the frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Potentilla Fruticosa.
+
+SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL; _Nat. Ord._ ROSACEÆ.
+
+
+In mountainous woods this native deciduous shrub is found wild, and it
+is much grown in gardens, where it not only proves very attractive, but
+from its dwarf habit and flowering throughout the summer and autumn
+months, it helps to keep the borders or rock garden cheerful.
+
+The flowers, which are lemon yellow, are in form like those of its
+relative, the strawberry, but smaller; they are produced in terminal
+small bunches, but seldom are more than two or three open at the same
+time, and more often only one; but from the numerous branchlets, all of
+which produce bloom, there seems to be no lack of colour. In gardens it
+grows somewhat taller than in its wild state, and if well exposed to the
+sun it is more floriferous, and the individual flowers larger.
+
+It attains the height of 2ft. 6in.; the flowers are 1in. across; the
+petals apart; calyx and bracteæ united; ten parted; each flower has a
+short and slender stalk. The leaves are 2in. or more in length, pinnate,
+five but oftener seven parted, the leaflets being oblong, pointed,
+entire and downy; the leaf stalks are very slender, and hardly an inch
+long; they spring from the woody stems or branches, which are of a ruddy
+colour, and also downy. The habit of the shrub is densely bushy, and the
+foliage has a greyish green colour from its downiness.
+
+This subject may be planted in any part of the garden where a constant
+blooming and cheerful yellow flower is required; it is pretty but not
+showy; its best quality, perhaps, is its neatness. It enjoys a vegetable
+soil well drained, and propagates itself by its creeping roots, which
+push up shoots or suckers at short spaces from the parent stock.
+
+Flowering period, summer to early frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Pratia Repens.
+
+_Syn._ LOBELIA PRATIANA; CREEPING PRATIA; _sometimes called_
+LOBELIA REPENS; _Nat. Ord._ LOBELIACEÆ.
+
+
+In October this small creeper is a very pretty object on rockwork, when
+the earlier bloom has become changed into oval fruit-pods. These
+berry-like capsules are large for so small a plant, and of a bright and
+pleasing colour. These, together with the few flowers that linger,
+backed up, as they are, with a dense bed of foliage, interlaced with its
+numerous filiform stems, present this subject in its most interesting
+and, perhaps, its prettiest form.
+
+The flowers may be called white, but they have a violet tint, and are
+over half-an-inch in length. The calyx is adnate in relation to the
+ovarium, limb very short, but free and five-toothed; the corolla is
+funnel-shaped, but split at the back, causing it to appear one-sided.
+The solitary flowers are produced on rather long stems from the axils of
+the leaves. As they fade the calyces become fleshy and much enlarged,
+and resemble the fruit of the hawthorn when ripe. The leaves are
+distantly arranged on the creeping stems, ½in. long, oval, roundly
+toothed and undulated, fleshy, somewhat glaucous and petiolate. The
+habit of the plant is to root as it creeps, and the thread-like stems
+intersect each other in a pleasing way. They are to be seen distinctly,
+as the leaves are not only small, but distant, and seem to rest on a
+lattice-work of stems. This species comes from the Falkland Islands, and
+is of recent introduction.
+
+It is herbaceous and perennial, and proves hardy in this climate if
+planted on a well-drained soil of a vegetable character. It not only
+enjoys such a position as the slope of rockwork, but, when so placed, it
+may be seen to advantage. It should be free from shade, or the fruit
+will not colour well. It will therefore be seen that this is a rock
+plant, so far as its decorative qualities are concerned. It may,
+however, be grown well on flat beds of peat soil, where its fruit will
+mature finely, but it cannot be so well seen. It is self-propagating.
+Transplantings should be made in spring, or tufts may be placed in pots,
+during the autumn, and put in cold frames, as then they would not suffer
+displacement by frosts.
+
+Flowering period, June to frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Acaulis.
+
+_Syn._ P. VULGARIS, COMMON PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._
+PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+This common native flower needs no description, growing everywhere, yet
+we all seem to enjoy its company in our gardens, though it may, perhaps,
+be seen wild close by. It is a flower of more interest than ordinary,
+and to the florist of some importance. The great variety of double and
+single primroses have all sprung from this, the modest form found in our
+woods and damp hedgerows, and the number is being added to year by year.
+The generic name is in allusion to a quality--that of early or first
+flowering. The specific name, _acaulis_, is in reference to its
+stemlessness, which is its main distinguishing feature from the
+Polyanthus and Oxlip (_P. veris_). I may add, that from the great
+variety of _P. acaulis_ and _P. veris_, and their mutual resemblance in
+many instances, the casual observer may often find in this feature a
+ready means by which to identify a specimen. Of course, there are other
+points by which the different species can be recognised, even when the
+scape is out of sight, but I am now speaking of their general likeness
+to each other in early spring.
+
+Common Cowslips or Paigles (_P. veris_), great Cowslips or Oxlips (_P.
+elatior_), field primrose or large-flowered primrose (_P. acaulis_),
+were all in olden times called by the general name of primrose, the
+literal meaning of which is first-rose. Old authorities give us many
+synonymous names for this plant, as _P. grandiflora_, _P. vulgaris_, _P.
+sylvestris_, and _P. veris_. The last is given by three authorities,
+including Linnæus. As this seems to clash hard with the name as applied
+to the Cowslip species, I may at once state that Linnæus has only that
+one name for the three species, viz: _P. acaulis_, _P. elatior_, _P.
+veris_; the name _P. vulgaris_, by another authority, is explained by
+the same rule; Curtis (_Flora Londinensis_) is the authority for the
+name _P. acaulis_.
+
+I need not here go into any of the varieties, beyond giving a cursory
+glance at them as a whole. The double kinds are all beautiful, some
+superb and rare, as the ruby and crimson; the white, sulphur, mauve,
+magenta, and other less distinct double forms are more easily grown, and
+in some parts are very plentiful. The single kinds have even a more
+extensive range in colour. We have now fine reds and what are called
+blue primrose; the latter variety is not a blue, but certainly a near
+approach to it. It is an interesting occupation to raise the coloured
+primroses from seed, not only because of the pleasing kinds which may be
+so obtained, but under cultivation, as in a wild state, seedlings are
+always seen to be the more vigorous plants; self-sown seed springs up
+freely on short grass, sandy walks, and in half-shaded borders; but when
+it is sought to improve the strain, not only should seedlings be
+regularly raised, but it should be done systematically, when it will be
+necessary, during the blooming season, to look over the flowers daily
+and remove inferior kinds as soon as proved, so that neither their seed
+nor pollen can escape and be disseminated. This part of the operation
+alone will, in a few years, where strictly carried out, cause a garden
+to become famous for its primroses. Seasonable sowing, protection from
+slugs, and liberal treatment are also of the utmost importance.
+
+Briefly stated, the _modus operandi_ should be as follows: Sow the seed
+at the natural season, soon as ripe, on moist vegetable soil; do not
+cover it with more than a mere dash of sand; the aspect should be north,
+but with a little shade any other will do; the seedlings will be pretty
+strong by the time of the early frosts; about that time they should, on
+dry days, have three or four slight dressings of soot and quicklime; it
+should be dusted over them with a "dredge" or sieve; this may be
+expected to clear them of the slug pest, after which a dressing of sand
+and half-rotten leaves may be scattered over them; this will not only
+keep them fresh and plump during winter, but also protect them from the
+effects of wet succeeded by frost, which often lifts such things
+entirely out of the earth. In March, plant out in well enriched loam, in
+shady quarters; many will flower in late spring. Another plan would be
+to leave them in the seed bed if not too rank, where most would flower;
+in either case, the seed bed might be left furnished with undisturbed
+seedlings. The main crop of bloom should not be looked for until the
+second spring after the summer sowing.
+
+The double forms are not only less vigorous, but the means of
+propagation are limited; offsets of only healthy stock should be taken
+in early summer. A rich retentive loam suits them, or moist vegetable
+soil would do: shade, however, is the great desideratum; exposure to
+full sunshine harms them, even if well moistened at the roots; besides,
+in such positions red spider is sure to attack them. This mode of
+propagation is applicable to desirable single varieties, as they cannot
+be relied upon to produce stock true to themselves from seed. In
+planting offsets it is a good practice to put them in rather deeply; not
+only are the new roots emitted from above the old ones, but the heart of
+the offset seems to be sustained during the warm and, perhaps, dry
+weather, by being set a trifle below the surface. This I have ever
+proved to be a sure and quick method in the open garden.
+
+Flowering period, February to June.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Capitata.
+
+ROUND-HEADED PRIMULA; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+Hardy, herbaceous, and perennial. Before referring to this Primula in
+particular, I would say a word or two respecting hardy and alpine
+Primulæ in general. It may appear strange and, on my part, somewhat
+presumptuous, when I state that this section of the Primula family is
+little known. Gardeners, both old and young, who have seen them in
+collections, have asked what they were as they stood over them admiring
+their lovely flowers. They are, however, very distinct on the one hand
+from the primrose (_Primula vulgaris_ or _acaulis_) and polyanthus
+(_Primula elatior_) sections; and also from the _P. sinensis_
+section--the species with so many fine double and single varieties, much
+grown in our greenhouses, and which, of course, are not hardy. The hardy
+and distinct species to which I now allude are mostly from alpine
+habitats, of stunted but neat forms, widely distinct, and very
+beautiful.
+
+The British representatives of this class are _Primula farinosa_ and _P.
+Scotica_, but from nearly all parts of the temperate zone these lovely
+subjects have been imported. It may not be out of place to name some of
+them: _P. Allioni_, France; _P. amoena_, Caucasus; _P. auricula_,
+Switzerland; _P. Carniolica_, Carniola; _P. decora_, South Europe; _P.
+glaucescens_ and _P. grandis_, Switzerland; _P. glutinosa_, South
+Europe; _P. latifolia_, Pyrenees; _P. longifolia_, Levant; _P.
+marginata_, Switzerland; _P. minima_, South Europe; _P. nivalis_,
+Dahuria; _P. villosa_, Switzerland; _P. viscosa_, Piedmont; _P.
+Wulfeniana_, _P. spectabilis_, _P. denticulata_, _P. luteola_, _P.
+Tirolensis_, and others, from the Himalayas and North America, all of
+which I have proved to be of easy culture, either on rockwork, or in
+pots and cold frames, where, though they may be frozen as hard as the
+stones amongst which their roots delight to run, they are perfectly
+safe. The treatment they will not endure is a confined atmosphere.
+
+_P. capitata_, which is a native of Sikkim, is still considered to be
+new in this country, though it was flowered at Kew about thirty years
+ago, but it has only become general in its distribution during the past
+three or four years.
+
+The flowers are borne on stems which are very mealy, and 6in. to 9in.
+high; the head of bloom is round and dense, 1½in. across. The outer pips
+are first developed, and as they fade the succeeding rings or tiers
+extend and hide them. The very smallest in the centre of the head remain
+covered with the farina-like substance, and form a beautiful contrast to
+the deep violet-blue of the opened, and the lavender-blue of the
+unopened pips. One head of bloom will last fully four weeks. The
+denseness and form of the head, combined with the fine colour of the
+bloom, are the chief points which go to make this Primula very distinct.
+The leaves, which are arranged in rosette form, are otherwise very
+pretty, having a mealy covering on the under side, sometimes of a golden
+hue; they are also finely wrinkled and toothed, giving the appearance,
+in small plants, of a rosette of green feathers. Sometimes the leaves
+are as large as a full-grown polyanthus leaf, whilst other plants, which
+have flowered equally well, have not produced foliage larger than that
+of primroses, when having their earliest flowers.
+
+It makes a fine pot subject, but will not endure a heated greenhouse. It
+should be kept in a cold frame, with plenty of air. It may be planted on
+rockwork where it will not get the mid-day sun. I hear that it grows like
+grass with a correspondent whose garden soil is stiff loam; there it
+seeds and increases rapidly. My first experience with it was
+troublesome; when dying down in the winter, the leaves, which are
+persistent, seemed to collect moisture at the collar and cause it to
+rot. I tried planting not quite so deeply, and I imagine that it has
+proved a remedy. So choice a garden subject should not be passed by
+because it cannot be dibbled in and grown as easily as a cabbage. Old
+plants produce offsets which, as soon as the April showers come, may be
+transplanted in loamy soil and a shady situation. Propagation may also
+be carried on by seed when well ripened, but that has not been my
+experience of it hitherto.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Cashmerianum.
+
+CASHMERE PRIMROSE; _Nat Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+This belongs to the large-leaved and herbaceous section, and though it
+comes (as its name specifies) from a much warmer climate than ours, its
+habitat was found at a great altitude, and it has been proved to be
+perfectly hardy in North Britain. This species is comparatively new to
+English gardens, but it has already obtained great favour and is much
+grown (see Fig. 76). No collection of _Primulæ_ can well be without it;
+its boldness, even in its young state, is the first characteristic to
+draw attention, for with the leaf development there goes on that of the
+scape. For a time the foliage has the form of young cos lettuce, but the
+under sides are beautifully covered with a meal resembling gold dust.
+This feature of the plant is best seen at the early stage of its growth,
+as later on the leaves bend or flatten to the ground in rosette form,
+the rosettes being often more than 12in. across. The golden farina
+varies in both quantity and depth of colour on different plants.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 76. PRIMULA CASHMERIANUM.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+The flower scape is from 9in. to 12in. high, nearly as stout as a clay
+pipe stem, and very mealy, thickening near the top. The flowers, which
+are small, of a light purple colour, and having a yellow eye, are
+densely arranged in globular trusses, each lasting more than a fortnight
+in beauty. The leaves when resting on the ground show their finely
+serrated edges and pleasing pale green, which contrasts oddly with the
+under sides of those still erect, the latter being not only of a golden
+colour, as already mentioned, but their edges are turned, almost rolled
+under.
+
+This plant loves moisture; and it will adorn any position where it can
+be well grown; it will also endure any amount of sunshine if it has
+plenty of moisture at the roots, and almost any kind of soil will do
+except clay, but peat and sand are best for it, according to my
+experience. During winter the crown is liable to rot, from the amount of
+moisture which lodges therein somewhat below the ground level; latterly
+I have placed a piece of glass over them, and I do not remember to have
+lost one so treated. Offsets are but sparingly produced by this species;
+propagation is more easily carried out by seed, from which plants will
+sometimes flower the first year.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Denticulata.
+
+TOOTHED PRIMULA; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+This is one of that section of the Primrose family having stout scapes
+and compact heads of bloom. It is a comparatively recent introduction
+from the Himalayas, a true alpine, and perfectly hardy in this climate.
+As a garden flower, it has much merit, blooming early and profusely. It
+cannot be too highly commended for its fine form as a plant and beauty
+as a flower, more especially as seen on rockwork. The flower buds begin
+in very early spring to rise on their straight round stems, new foliage
+being developed at the same time.
+
+The flowers are arranged in dense round clusters, and are often in their
+finest form when nearly a foot high. They are of a light purple colour,
+each flower ½in. across, corolla prettily cupped, segments two-lobed,
+greenish white at bases, tube long and cylindrical, calyx about half
+length of tube, teeth rather long and of a dark brown colour. The scape
+is somewhat dark-coloured, especially near the apex. The leaves are
+arranged in rosette form, are lance-shaped, rolled back at the edges and
+toothed, also wrinkled and downy; they continue to grow long after the
+flowers have faded.
+
+Delicate as the flowers seem, they stand the roughest storms without
+much hurt.
+
+_P. d. major_ is a larger form in all its parts.
+
+_P. d. nana_ is more dwarfed than the type.
+
+_P. d. amabilis_ is a truly lovely form, having darker foliage and rosy
+buds; its habit, too, is even more neat and upright, and the blooming
+period earlier by about two weeks.
+
+A moist position and vegetable mould suit it best, according to my
+experience, and the dips of rockwork are just the places for it, not
+exactly in the bottom, for the following reason: The large crowns are
+liable to rot from wet standing in them, and if the plants are set in a
+slope it greatly helps to clear the crowns of stagnant moisture.
+Propagation is by means of offsets, which should be taken during the
+growing season, so that they may form good roots and become established
+before winter.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Farinosa.
+
+MEALY PRIMROSE, _or_ BIRD'S-EYE; _Nat. Ord._
+PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+The pretty native species, very common in a wild state in some parts,
+near which, of course, it need not be grown in gardens; but as its
+beauty is unquestionable, and as there are many who do not know it, and
+evidently have never seen it, it ought to have a place in the garden. It
+is herbaceous and perennial. All its names are strictly descriptive. The
+little centre has a resemblance to a bird's eye, and the whole plant is
+thickly covered with a meal-like substance. Small as this plant is, when
+properly grown it produces a large quantity of bloom for cutting
+purposes.
+
+It is 3in. to 8in. high, according to the situation in which it is
+grown. The flowers are light purple, only ½in. across, arranged in neat
+umbels; the corolla is flat, having a bright yellow centre; leaves
+small, ovate-oblong, roundly toothed, bald, and powdery beneath; the
+flower scapes are round and quite white, with a meal-like covering.
+
+In stiff soil and a damp situation this little gem does well, or it will
+be equally at home in a vegetable soil, such as leaf mould or peat, but
+there must be no lack of moisture, and it is all the better for being
+screened from the mid-day sun, as it would be behind a hedge or low
+wall. So freely does it bloom, that it is not only worth a place in the
+garden, but repays all the trouble required to establish it in proper
+quarters, after which it will take care of itself, by producing offsets
+and seedlings in abundance.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Marginata.
+
+_Syn._ P. CRENATA; MARGINED PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._
+PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+A native of Switzerland, so rich in alpine flowers; this is but a small
+species, yet very distinct and conspicuous (see Fig. 77). As its
+specific name denotes, its foliage has a bold margin, as if stitched
+with white silken thread, and the whole plant is thickly covered with a
+mealy substance. So distinct in these respects is this lovely species
+that, with, perhaps, one exception, it may easily be identified from all
+others, _P. auricula marginata_ being the one that most resembles it,
+that species also being edged and densely covered with farina, but its
+foliage is larger, not toothed, and its flowers yellow.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 77. PRIMULA MARGINATA.
+
+(Two-thirds natural size.)]
+
+_P. marginata_ has bright but light violet flowers on very short scapes,
+seldom more than 3in. high; these and the calyx also are very mealy. The
+little leaves are of various shapes, and distinctly toothed, being about
+the size of the bowl of a dessert spoon. They are neatly arranged in
+tufts on a short footstalk, which becomes surrounded with young growths,
+all as clear in their markings as the parent plant, so that a well grown
+specimen of three years or even less becomes a beautiful object, whether
+it is on rockwork or in a cold frame.
+
+The flowers are produced and remain in good form for two or three weeks
+on strong plants, and for nearly the whole year the plant is otherwise
+attractive.
+
+I scarcely need mention that such plants with mealy and downy foliage
+are all the better for being sheltered from wind and rain. In a crevice,
+overhung by a big stone, but where the rockwork is so constructed that
+plenty of moisture is naturally received, a specimen has done very well
+indeed, besides keeping its foliage dry and perfect. When such positions
+can either be found or made, they appear to answer even better than
+frames, as alpine species cannot endure a stagnant atmosphere, which is
+the too common lot of frame subjects. It is not very particular as to
+soil or situation. I grow it both in shade and fully exposed to the
+mid-day sun of summer, and, though a healthy specimen is grown in loam, I
+find others to do better in leaf mould mixed with grit and pebbles. It
+enjoys a rare immunity--the slugs let it alone, or at least my slugs do,
+for it is said that different tribes or colonies have different tastes.
+To propagate it, the little offsets about the footstalk should be cut
+off with a sharp knife when the parent plant has finished flowering;
+they will mostly be found to have nice long roots. Plant in leaf soil
+and grit, and keep them shaded for a month.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Purpurea.
+
+PURPLE-FLOWERED PRIMULA; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+A truly grand primrose of the same section as _P. denticulata_, coming
+also from an alpine habitat, viz., the higher elevations of the
+Himalayas. It has not long been in cultivation in this country compared
+with our knowledge of the Himalayan flora. It is perfectly hardy, but
+seems to require rather drier situations than most of the large-leaved
+kinds. I never saw it so fine as when grown on a hillock of rockwork in
+sand and leaf mould; the specimen had there stood two severe winters,
+and in the spring of 1881 we were gladdened by its pushing in all
+directions fifteen scapes, all well topped by its nearly globular heads
+of fine purple flowers. It begins to flower in March, and keeps on for
+quite a month.
+
+The flower stems are 9in. high, stout, and covered with a mealy dust,
+thickest near the top and amongst the small bracts. The umbels of
+blossom are 2in. to 3in. across, each flower nearly ¾in. in diameter,
+the corolla being salver shaped and having its lobed segments pretty
+well apart; the tube is long and somewhat bellied where touched by the
+teeth of the calyx; the latter is more than half the length of tube, of
+a pale green colour, and the teeth, which are long, awl shaped, and
+clasping, impart to the tubes of the younger flowers a fluted
+appearance; later on they become relaxed and leafy. The leaves have a
+strong, broad, pale green, shining mid-rib, are lance-shaped, nearly
+smooth, wavy, and serrulated; the upper surface is of a lively green
+colour, and the under side has a similar mealy covering to that of the
+scape. Flowers and leaves develope at the same time, the latter being
+8in. long and of irregular arrangement.
+
+The exceedingly floriferous character of this otherwise handsome primula
+renders it one of the very best subjects for the spring garden; it
+should have a place in the most select collections, as well as in more
+general assemblages of plants, for not only does it take care of itself
+when once properly planted, but it increases fast, forming noble tufts a
+foot in diameter, than which few things give a finer effect or an equal
+quantity of flowers at a time when they are not too plentiful. As
+already hinted, it should have a somewhat drier position than _P.
+denticulata_, but by no means should it suffer from drought, and a
+little shade will be beneficial. Propagated by division during the
+growing season, immediately after flowering being the best time.
+
+Flowering period, March and April.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Scotica.
+
+SCOTTISH PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+This charming little member of the British flora very much resembles the
+native Bird's-eye Primrose (_P. farinosa_), which is very common in some
+parts. It is not uniformly conceded to be a distinct species, but many
+botanists believe it to be such. As a matter of fact, it is different
+from _P. farinosa_ in several important points, though they are not seen
+at a mere glance. That it has darker flowers and a more dwarf and sturdy
+habit may, indeed, be readily seen when the two are side by side. Size
+and colour, however, would not in this case appear to be the most
+distinctive features. The seed organs differ considerably. "In _P.
+farinosa_ the germen is broadly obovate and the stigma capitate; here
+the germen is globose and the stigma has five points." But there is
+another dissimilarity which may or may not prove much to the botanist,
+but to the lover of flowers who tries to cultivate them it is
+all-important. Whilst _P. farinosa_ can be easily grown in various soils
+and positions, in the same garden _P. Scotica_ refuses to live; so
+fickle, indeed, is it, that were it not a very lovely flower that can be
+grown and its fastidious requirements easily afforded, it would not have
+been classed in this list of garden subjects. Here it begins to blossom
+in the middle of March at the height of 3in. In its habitats in
+Caithness and the north coast of Sutherland it is considerably
+later--April and May.
+
+The flowers are arranged in a crowded umbel on a short stoutish scape;
+they are of a deep-bluish purple, with a yellow eye; the divisions of
+the corolla are flat and lobed; calyx nearly as long as tube, and
+ventricose or unevenly swollen. The whole flower is much less than _P.
+farinosa_. The leaves are also smaller than those of that species;
+obovate, lanceolate, denticulate, and very mealy underneath.
+
+To grow it requires not only a light but somewhat spongy soil, as peat
+and sand, but it should never be allowed to get dry at the roots; a top
+dressing during summer of sand and half decayed leaves is a great help
+to it, for the roots are not only then very active, going deep and
+issuing from the base of the leaves, but they require something they can
+immediately grow into when just forming, and to be protected from
+drought. It will be well to remember that its principal habitats are on
+the sandy shores, as that gives a proper idea of the bottom moisture,
+and, from the looseness of the sand, the drier condition of the
+immediate surface. My specimens have always dwindled during summer and
+failed to appear the following spring, excepting where such treatment as
+the above has been adopted. I am much indebted for these hints to
+several amateurs, who grow it well. That many fail with it is evidenced
+by the facts that it is in great demand every spring and that there are
+few sources of supply other than its wild home. Never was it more sought
+for, perhaps, than at the present time, not only by amateurs at home,
+but by both private and trade growers abroad. The exquisite beauty of
+this primrose when well grown and the technical care required to have it
+in that condition are both things of which any plant lover may be proud.
+
+If once established, its propagation is scarcely an affair of the
+cultivator's; the self-sown seed appears to germinate with far more
+certainty when left alone, and, as the plants are always very small,
+they hardly need to be transplanted. If left alone, though they are
+often much less than an inch across, many will flower the first season.
+Some have taken it as something of a biennial character. The treatment
+is at fault when it gives cause for such impressions; its perennial
+quality is both authorised and proved under cultivation.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Sikkimensis.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 78. PRIMULA SIKKIMENSIS.
+
+(Plant, one-sixth natural size; _a,_ blossom, two-thirds natural size.)]
+
+The specific name of this noble and lovely plant has reference to its
+habitat, Sikkim, in the Himalayas, where it was found not many years
+ago. It is not largely cultivated yet--probably not well known. It may,
+however, be frequently met with in choice collections, where no plant is
+more worthy of a place. Its general character may be said to be very
+distinct, especially when in flower. It is herbaceous, hardy, and
+perennial. Its hardiness has been questioned for several years, but the
+winters of 1880 and 1881 settled that beyond the region of doubt. I had
+then many plants of it fully exposed, without even a top-dressing, which
+is sometimes given to plants of unquestionable hardiness, and they
+stood the winters as well as their kindred species--our common Cowslip.
+It was also said to be not more than biennial, as if it were a plant too
+good to be without some fatal fault for our climate. However, I can say
+emphatically that it is more than biennial, as the specimens from which
+the drawing (Fig. 78) is taken are three years old. Several
+correspondents have written me stating that their plants are dead. That
+has been during their season of dormancy, but in every case they have
+pushed at the proper time. I may as well here explain, though somewhat
+out of order, a peculiarity in reference to the roots of this species:
+it dies down in early autumn, and the crown seems to retire within the
+ball of its roots, which are a matted mass of fibres, and not only does
+it seem to retire, but also to dwindle, so that anyone, with a
+suspicion, who might be seeking for the vital part, might easily be
+misled by such appearances, which are further added to by the fact that
+the species does not start into growth until a late date compared with
+others of the genus. So peculiar are the roots and crown of this plant,
+that if a root were dug up in mid-winter, and the soil partly shaken
+from it, a two-year-old specimen would be found to be the size and shape
+of a cricket ball, and the position of the crown so difficult to find
+that, on planting the root again, considerable discrimination would have
+to be exercised, or the crown might be pointed the wrong way.
+
+_P. Sikkimensis_ is a Cowslip. The flowers are a pale primrose yellow,
+rendered more pale still by a mealiness which covers the whole stem,
+being most abundant near the top, but whether it is produced on the
+petals, or, owing to their bell-shape and pendent form they receive it
+from the scape and pedicels by the action of the wind, I cannot say. The
+flowers are considerably over 1in. long; they are numerously produced on
+long drooping pedicels, of irregular lengths; the tallest scape of the
+specimen illustrated is 18in. high, but under more favourable conditions
+this Cowslip has been said to reach a height of 3ft. The leaves are 6in.
+to 12in. long, wrinkled, unevenly dentate, oblong and blunt; during the
+time of seeding the leaves increase in length, some becoming spathulate,
+or broadly stalked; it ripens seed plentifully, from which seedlings
+come true.
+
+Although I have never grown this noble plant otherwise than in ordinary
+garden loam well enriched and in shady borders, it is said to be more at
+home in peaty soil always in a moist state. However that may be, I have
+proved it to do well under ordinary treatment; it should be well watered
+during hot dry weather; amongst dwarf trees, in the more damp parts of
+rockwork, or at the foot of a north wall covered with any kind of
+foliage, it will be grown and seen to advantage.
+
+Besides by seed, which should be sown as soon as ripened, it may be
+propagated by root divisions at the time the crowns are pushing in
+spring.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Vulgaris Flore-pleno.
+
+DOUBLE-FLOWERED PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+It is not intended to descant upon, or even attempt to name, the many
+forms of Double Primrose; the object is more to direct the attention of
+the reader to one which is a truly valuable flower and ought to be in
+every garden. Let me at once state its chief points. Colour, yellow;
+flowers, large, full, clear, and sweetly scented, produced regularly
+twice a year; foliage, short, rigid, evergreen, handsome, and supporting
+the flowers from earth splashes. Having grown this variety for five
+years, I have proved it to be as stated during both mild and severe
+seasons. It seems as if it wanted to commence its blooming period about
+October, from which time to the severest part of winter it affords a
+goodly amount of flowers; it is then stopped for a while, though its
+buds can be seen during the whole winter, and when the longer days and
+vernal sunshine return, it soon becomes thickly covered with blossoms,
+which are of the most desirable kind for spring gathering.
+
+Its flowers need no further description beyond that already given; but I
+may add that the stalks are somewhat short, which is an advantage, as
+the bloom is kept more amongst the leaves and away from the mud. The
+foliage is truly handsome, short, finely toothed, rolled back,
+pleasingly wrinkled, and of a pale green colour. It is very hardy,
+standing all kinds of weather, and I never saw it rot at the older
+crowns, like so many of the fine varieties, but it goes on growing,
+forming itself into large tufts a foot and more across.
+
+It has been tried in stiff loam and light vegetable soil; in shade, and
+fully exposed; it has proved to do equally well in both kinds of soil,
+but where it received the full force of the summer sun the plants were
+weak, infested with red spider, and had a poorer crop of flowers. It
+would, therefore, appear that soil is of little or no importance, but
+that partial shade is needful. It is not only a variety worth the
+having, but one which deserves to have the best possible treatment, for
+flowers in winter--and such flowers--are worth all care.
+
+Flowering periods, late autumn and early spring to June.
+
+
+
+
+Pulmonarias.
+
+LUNGWORTS; _Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEÆ.
+
+
+In speaking of these hardy herbaceous perennials, I should wish to be
+understood that the section, often and more properly called _Mertensia_,
+is not included because they are so very distinct in habit and colour of
+both flowers and foliage. Most of the Pulmonarias begin to flower early
+in March, and continue to do so for a very long time, quite two months.
+
+For the most part, the flowers (which are borne on stems about 8in.
+high, in straggling clusters) are of changing colours, as from pink to
+blue; they are small but pretty, and also have a quaint appearance. The
+foliage during the blooming period is not nearly developed, the plants
+being then somewhat small in all their parts, but later the leaf growth
+goes on rapidly, and some kinds are truly handsome from their fine
+spreading habit and clear markings of large white spots on the leaves,
+which are often 9in. or 10in. long and 3in. broad, oblong, lanceolate,
+taper-pointed, and rough, with stiff hairs. At this stage they would
+seem to be in their most decorative form, though their flowers, in a cut
+state, formed into "posies," are very beautiful and really charming when
+massed for table decoration; on the plant they have a faded appearance.
+
+Many of the species or varieties have but slight distinctions, though
+all are beautiful. A few may be briefly noticed otherwise than as above:
+
+_P. officinalis_ is British, and typical of several others. Flowers
+pink, turning to blue; leaves blotted.
+
+_P. off. alba_ differs only in the flowers being an unchanging white.
+
+_P. angustifolia_, also British, having, as its specific name implies,
+narrow leaves; flowers bright blue or violet.
+
+_P. mollis_, in several varieties, comes from North America; is distinct
+from its leaves being smaller, the markings or spots less distinct, and
+more thickly covered with _soft_ hairs, whence its name.
+
+_P. azurea_ has not only a well-marked leaf, but also a very bright and
+beautiful azure flower; it comes from Poland.
+
+_P. maculata_ has the most clearly and richly marked leaf, and perhaps
+the largest, that being the chief distinction.
+
+_P. saccharata_ is later; its flowers are pink, and not otherwise very
+distinct from some of the above kinds.
+
+It is not necessary to enumerate others, as the main points of
+difference are to be found in the above-mentioned kinds.
+
+All are very easily cultivated; any kind of soil will do for them, but
+they repay liberal treatment by the extra quality of their foliage.
+Their long and thick fleshy roots allow of their being transplanted at
+any time of the year. Large clumps, however, are better divided in early
+spring, even though they are then in flower.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Puschkinia Scilloides.
+
+SCILLA-LIKE PUSCHKINIA, _or_ STRIPED SQUILL; _Syns._
+P. LIBANOTICA, ADAMSIA SCILLOIDES; _Nat. Ord._
+LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+As all its names, common and botanical, denote, this charming bulbous
+plant is like the scillas; it may, therefore, be useful to point out the
+distinctions which divide them. They are (in the flowers) to be seen at
+a glance; within the spreading perianth there is a tubular crown or
+corona, having six lobes and a membranous fringe. This crown is
+connected at the base of the divisions of the perianth, which divisions
+do not go to the base of the flower, but form what may be called an
+outer tube. In the scilla there is no corona, neither a tube, but the
+petal-like sepals or divisions of the perianth are entire, going to the
+base of the flower. There are other but less visible differences which
+need not be further gone into. Although there are but two or three known
+species of the genus, we have not only a confusion of names, but plants
+of another genus have been mistaken as belonging to this. Mr. Baker, of
+Kew, however, has put both the plants and names to their proper
+belongings, and we are no longer puzzled with a chionodoxa under the
+name of _Puschkinia_. This Lilywort came from Siberia in 1819, and was
+long considered a tender bulb in this climate, and even yet by many it
+is treated as such. With ordinary care--judicious planting--it not only
+proves hardy, but increases fast. Still, it is a rare plant, and very
+seldom seen, notwithstanding its great beauty. It was named by Adams, in
+honour of the Russian botanist, Count Puschkin, whence the two
+synonymous names _Puschkinia_ and _Adamsia_; there is also another name,
+specific, which, though still used, has become discarded by authorities,
+viz., _P. Libanotica_--this was supposed to be in reference to one of
+its habitats being on Mount Lebanon. During mild winters it flowers in
+March, and so delicately marked are its blossoms that one must always
+feel that its beauties are mainly lost from the proverbial harshness of
+the season.
+
+At the height of 4in. to 8in. the flowers are produced on slender
+bending scapes, the spikes of blossom are arranged one-sided; each
+flower is ½in. to nearly 1in. across, white, richly striped with pale
+blue down the centre, and on both sides of the petal-like divisions. The
+latter are of equal length, lance-shaped, and finely reflexed; there is
+a short tube, on the mouth of which is joined the smaller one of the
+corona. The latter is conspicuous from the reflexed condition of the
+limb of the perianth, and also from its lobes and membranous fringe
+being a soft lemon-yellow colour. The pedicels are slender and distant,
+causing the flower spikes, which are composed of four to eight flowers,
+to have a lax appearance. The leaves are few, 4in. to 6in. long,
+lance-shaped, concave, but flatter near the apex, of good substance and
+a dark green colour; bulb small.
+
+As already stated, a little care is needed in planting this choice
+bulbous subject. It enjoys a rich, but light soil. It does not so much
+matter whether it is loamy or of a vegetable nature if it is light and
+well drained; and, provided it is planted under such conditions and in
+full sunshine, it will both bloom well and increase. It may be
+propagated by division of the roots during late summer, when the tops
+have died off; but only tufts having a crowded appearance should be
+disturbed for an increase of stock.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+_P. s. compacta_ is a variety of the above, having a stronger habit and
+bolder flowers. The latter are more numerous, have shorter pedicels, and
+are compactly arranged in the spike--whence the name. Culture,
+propagation, and flowering time, same as last.
+
+
+
+
+Pyrethrum Uliginosum.
+
+MARSH FEVERFEW; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+A very bold and strong growing species, belonging to a numerous genus;
+it comes to us from Hungary, and has been grown more or less in English
+gardens a little over sixty years. It is a distinct species, its large
+flowers, the height to which it grows, and the strength of its
+willow-like stalks being its chief characteristics. Still, to anyone
+with but a slight knowledge of hardy plants, it asserts itself at once
+as a Pyrethrum. It is hardy, herbaceous, and perennial, and worth
+growing in every garden where there is room for large growing subjects.
+There is something about this plant when in flower which a bare
+description fails to explain; to do it justice it should be seen when in
+full bloom.
+
+Its flowers are large and ox-eye-daisy-like, having a white ray, with
+yellow centre, but the florets are larger in proportion to the disk;
+plain and quiet as the individual flowers appear, when seen in numbers
+(as they always may be seen on well-established specimens), they are
+strikingly beautiful, the blooms are more than 2in. across, and the mass
+comes level with the eye, for the stems are over 5ft. high, and though
+very stout, the branched stems which carry the flowers are slender and
+gracefully bending. The leaves are smooth, lance-shaped, and sharply
+toothed, fully 4in. long, and stalkless; they are irregularly but
+numerously disposed on the stout round stems, and of nearly uniform size
+and shape until the corymbose branches are reached, _i.e._, for 4ft. or
+5ft. of their length; when the leaves are fully grown they reflex or
+hang down, and totally hide the stems. This habit, coupled with the
+graceful and nodding appearance of the large white flowers, renders this
+a pleasing subject, especially for situations where tall plants are
+required, such as near and in shrubberies. I grow but one strong
+specimen, and it looks well between two apple trees, but not
+over-shaded. The idea in planting it there was to obtain some protection
+from strong winds, and to avoid the labour and eyesore which staking
+would create.
+
+It likes a stiff loam, but is not particular as to soil if only it is
+somewhat damp. The flowers last three weeks; and in a cut state are also
+very effective; and, whether so appropriated or left on the plant, they
+will be found to be very enduring. When cutting these flowers, the whole
+corymb should be taken, as in this particular case we could not wish for
+a finer arrangement, and being contemporaneous with the Michaelmas
+daisy, the bloom branches of the two subjects form elegant and
+fashionable decorations for table or vase use. To propagate this plant,
+it is only needed to divide the roots in November, and plant in
+deeply-dug but damp soil.
+
+Flowering period, August to September.
+
+
+
+
+Ramondia Pyrenaica.
+
+_Syns._ CHAIXIA MYCONI _and_ VERBASCUM MYCONI; _Nat.
+Ord._ SOLANACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a very dwarf and beautiful alpine plant, from the Pyrenees, the
+one and only species of the genus. Although it is sometimes called a
+Verbascum or Mullien, it is widely distinct from all the plants of that
+family. To lovers of dwarf subjects this must be one of the most
+desirable; small as it is, it is full of character.
+
+The flowers, when held up to a good light, are seen to be downy and of
+ice-like transparency; they are of a delicate, pale, violet colour, and
+a little more than an inch in diameter, produced on stems 3in. to 4in.
+high, which are nearly red, and furnished with numerous hairs; otherwise
+the flower stems are nude, seldom more than two flowers, and oftener
+only one bloom is seen on a stem. The pedicels, which are about
+half-an-inch long, bend downwards, but the flowers, when fully expanded,
+rise a little; the calyx is green, downy, five-parted, the divisions
+being short and reflexed at their points; the corolla is rotate, flat,
+and, in the case of flowers several days old, thrown back; the petals
+are nearly round, slightly uneven, and waved at the edges, having minute
+protuberances at their base tipped with bright orange, shading to white;
+the seed organs are very prominent; stamens arrow-shaped; pistil more
+than twice the length of filaments and anthers combined, white, tipped
+with green. The leaves are arranged in very flat rosettes, the latter
+being from four to eight inches across. The foliage is entirely
+stemless, the nude flower stalks issuing from between the leaves, which
+are roundly toothed, evenly and deeply wrinkled, and elliptical in
+outline. Underneath, the ribs are very prominent, and the covering of
+hairs rather long, as are also those of the edges. On the upper surface
+the hairs are short and stiff.
+
+In the more moist interstices of rockwork, where, against and between
+large stones, its roots will be safe from drought, it will not only be a
+pleasing ornament, but will be likely to thrive and flower well. It is
+perfectly hardy, but there is one condition of our climate which tries
+it very much--the wet, and alternate frosts and thaws of winter. From
+its hairy character and flat form, the plant is scarcely ever dry, and
+rot sets in. This is more especially the case with specimens planted
+flat; it is therefore a great help against such climatic conditions to
+place the plants in rockwork, so that the rosettes are as nearly as
+possible at right angles with the ground level. Another interesting way
+to grow this lovely and valuable species is in pans or large pots, but
+this system requires some shelter in winter, as the plants will be flat.
+The advantages of this mode are that five or six specimens so grown are
+very effective. They can, from higher cultivation (by giving them
+richer soil, liquid manure, and by judicious confinement of their
+roots), be brought into a more floriferous condition, and when the
+flowers appear, they can be removed into some cool light situation,
+under cover, so that their beauties can be more enjoyed, and not be
+liable to damage by splashing, &c. Plants so grown should be potted in
+sandy peat, and a few pieces of sandstone placed over the roots,
+slightly cropping out of the surface; these will not only help to keep
+the roots from being droughted, but also bear up the rosetted leaves,
+and so allow a better circulation of air about the collars, that being
+the place where rot usually sets in. In the case of specimens which do
+not get proper treatment, or which have undergone a transplanting to
+their disadvantage, they will often remain perfectly dormant to all
+appearance for a year or more. Such plants should be moved into a moist
+fissure in rockwork, east aspect, and the soil should be of a peaty
+character. This may seem like coddling, and a slur on hardy plants.
+Here, however, we have a valuable subject, which does not find a home in
+this climate exactly so happy as its native habitat, but which, with a
+little care, can have things so adapted to its requirements as to be
+grown year after year in its finest form; such care is not likely to be
+withheld by the true lover of choice alpines.
+
+This somewhat slow-growing species may be propagated by division, but
+only perfectly healthy specimens should be selected for the purpose,
+early spring being the best time; by seed also it may be increased; the
+process, however, is slow, and the seedlings will be two years at least
+before they flower.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Ranunculus Aconitifolius.
+
+ACONITE-LEAVED CROWFOOT, _or_ BACHELORS' BUTTONS;
+_Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+An herbaceous perennial, of the alpine parts of Europe, and for a long
+time cultivated in this country. It grows 1ft. high, is much branched in
+zigzag form, and produces numerous flowers, resembling those of the
+strawberry, but only about half the size; the leaves are finely cut and
+of a dark green colour; it is not a plant worth growing for its flowers,
+but the reason why I briefly speak of it here is that I may more
+properly introduce that grand old flower of which it is the parent, _R.
+a. fl.-pl._ (see Fig. 79), the true "English double white Crowfoote," or
+Bachelor's Buttons; these are the common names which Gerarde gives as
+borne by this plant nearly 300 years ago, and there can be no mistaking
+the plant, as he figures it in his "Historie of Plantes," p. 812; true,
+he gives it a different Latin name to the one it bears at the present
+time; still, it is the same plant, and his name for it (_R. albus
+multiflorus_) is strictly and correctly specific. Numerous flowers are
+called Bachelor's Buttons, including daisies, globe flowers, pyrethrums,
+and different kinds of ranunculi, but here we have the "original and
+true;" probably it originated in some ancient English garden, as Gerarde
+says, "It groweth in the gardens of herbarists & louers of strange
+plants, whereof we have good plentie, but it groweth not wild anywhere."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 79. RANUNCULUS ACONIT FOLIUS FLORE-PLENO.
+
+(One-fourth natural size; _a_, natural size of flower.)]
+
+Its round smooth stems are stout, zigzag, and much branched, forming the
+plant into a neat compact bush, in size (of plants two or more years
+old) 2ft. high and 2ft. through. The flowers are white, and very double
+or full of petals, evenly and beautifully arranged, salver shape,
+forming a flower sometimes nearly an inch across; the purity of their
+whiteness is not marred by even an eye, and they are abundantly produced
+and for a long time in succession. The leaves are of a dark shining
+green colour, richly cut--as the specific name implies--after the style
+of the Aconites; the roots are fasciculate, long, and fleshy.
+
+This "old-fashioned" plant is now in great favour and much sought
+after; and no wonder, for its flowers are perfection, and the plant one
+of the most decorative and suitable for any position in the garden. In a
+cut state the flowers do excellent service. This subject is easily
+cultivated, but to have large specimens, with plenty of flowers, a deep,
+well enriched soil is indispensable; stagnant moisture should be
+avoided. Autumn is the best time to divide the roots.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Ranunculus Acris Flore-pleno.
+
+DOUBLE ACRID CROWFOOT, YELLOW BACHELOR'S BUTTONS; _Nat. Ord._
+RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+The type of this is a common British plant, most nearly related to the
+field buttercup. I am not going to describe it, but mention it as I wish
+to introduce _R. acris fl.-pl._, sometimes called "yellow Bachelor's
+Buttons"--indeed, that is the correct common name for it, as used fully
+300 years ago. In every way, with the exception of its fine double
+flowers, it resembles very much the tall meadow buttercup, so that it
+needs no further description; but, common as is its parentage, it is
+both a showy and useful border flower, and forms a capital companion to
+the double white Bachelor's Buttons (_R. aconitifolius fl.-pl._).
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Ranunculus Amplexicaulis.
+
+STEM-CLASPING RANUNCULUS; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+A very hardy subject; effective and beautiful. The form of this plant is
+exceedingly neat, and its attractiveness is further added to by its
+smooth and pale glaucous foliage. It was introduced into this country
+more than 200 years ago, from the Pyrenees. Still it is not generally
+grown, though at a first glance it asserts itself a plant of first-class
+merit (see Fig. 80).
+
+The shortest and, perhaps, best description of its flowers will be given
+when I say they are white _Buttercups_, produced on stout stems nearly a
+foot high, which are also furnished by entire stem-clasping leaves,
+whence its name; other leaves are of varying forms, mostly broadly
+lance-shaped, and some once-notched; those of the root are nearly
+spoon-shaped. The whole plant is very smooth and glaucous, also covered
+with a fine meal. As a plant, it is effective; but grown by the side of
+_R. montanus_ and the geums, which have flowers of similar shape, it is
+seen to more advantage.
+
+On rockwork, in leaf soil, it does remarkably well; in loam it seems
+somewhat stunted. Its flowers are very serviceable in a cut state, and
+they are produced in succession for three or four weeks on the same
+plant. It has large, fleshy, semi-tuberous roots, and many of them; so
+that at any time it may be transplanted. I have pulled even flowering
+plants to pieces, and the different parts, which, of course, had plenty
+of roots to them, still continued to bloom.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 80. RANUNCULUS AMPLEXICAULIS.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Ranunculus Speciosum.
+
+SHOWY CROWFOOT; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+
+This is another double yellow form of the Buttercup. It has only
+recently come into my possession. The blooms are very large and
+beautiful, double the size of _R. acris fl.-pl._, and a deeper yellow;
+the habit, too, is much more dwarf, the leaves larger, but similar in
+shape.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+All the foregoing Crowfoots are of the easiest culture, needing no
+particular treatment; but they like rich and deep soil. They may be
+increased by division at almost any time, the exceptions being when
+flowering or at a droughty season.
+
+
+
+
+Rudbeckia Californica.
+
+CALIFORNIAN CONE-FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+This, in all its parts, is a very large and showy subject; the flowers
+are 3in. to 6in. across, in the style of the sunflower. It has not long
+been grown in English gardens, and came, as its name implies, from
+California: it is very suitable for association with old-fashioned
+flowers, being nearly related to the genus _Helianthus_, or sunflower.
+It is not only perfectly hardy in this climate, which is more than can
+be said of very many of the Californian species, but it grows rampantly
+and flowers well. It is all the more valuable as a flower from the fact
+that it comes into bloom several weeks earlier than most of the large
+yellow Composites. Having stated already the size of its flower, I need
+scarcely add that it is one of the showiest subjects in the garden; it
+is, however, as well to keep it in the background, not only on account
+of its tallness, but also because of its coarse abundant foliage.
+
+It grows 4ft. to 6ft. high, the stems being many-branched. The flowers
+have erect stout stalks, and vary in size from 3in. to 6in. across,
+being of a light but glistening yellow colour; the ray is somewhat
+unevenly formed, owing to the florets being of various sizes, sometimes
+slit at the points, lobed, notched, and bent; the disk is very bold,
+being nearly 2in. high, in the form of a cone, whence the name "cone
+flower." The fertile florets of the disk or cone are green, and produce
+an abundance of yellow pollen, but it is gradually developed, and forms
+a yellow ring round the dark green cone, which rises slowly to the top
+when the florets of the ray fall; from this it will be seen that the
+flowers last a long time. The leaves of the root are sometimes a foot in
+length and half as broad, being oval, pointed, and sometimes notched or
+lobed; also rough, from a covering of short stiff hairs, and having
+once-grooved stout stalks 9in. or more long; the leaves of the stems are
+much smaller, generally oval, but of very uneven form, bluntly pointed,
+distinctly toothed, and some of the teeth so large as to be more
+appropriately described as segments; the base abruptly narrows into a
+very short stalk. The flowers of this plant are sure to meet with much
+favour, especially while the present fashion continues; but apart from
+fashion, merely considered as a decorative subject for the garden, it is
+well worth a place. There are larger yellow Composites, but either they
+are much later, or they are not perennial species, and otherwise this
+one differs materially from them.
+
+I need not say anything respecting this form of flower in a cut
+state--its effectiveness is well known. If planted in ordinary garden
+loam it will hold its place and bloom freely year after year without
+further care. Smaller subjects should not be set too near it; it may be
+unadvisable to plant too many clumps in the same garden, but it can be
+allowed to spread into one bold patch. The best time to divide or
+transplant is in early spring, when growth is just pushing, for vigorous
+as this and many other perennials are, I have often found them to rot,
+when the dormant roots, after being cut into pieces, have had to face
+the winter.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Rudbeckia Serotina.
+
+_Late_ CONE-FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+This hardy American species, though not an old plant in English gardens,
+is nevertheless classed with "old-fashioned" plants and flowers; and
+certainly its sombre but pleasing dark golden ray flowers, together with
+its likeness to many of the old sunflowers, favours such classification.
+It is the latest of a late-flowering genus.
+
+It attains the height of 2ft.; the root leaves are of irregular shape,
+some oval and pointed, others, on the same plant, being lance-shaped,
+with two or three large teeth or acute lobes; in size the leaves also
+vary from 3in. to 8in. long, and being covered with short bristly hairs,
+they are very rough, also of a dull green colour; the flower stems have
+but few leaves, so it will be judged that the plant has but a weedy
+appearance, but this is compensated for by the rich and numerous large
+dark orange flowers, 3in. across; the ray is single, and the centre,
+which is large and prominent, is a rich chocolate brown.
+
+This subject, to be effective, should be grown in large specimens; mine
+is about 3ft. in diameter, and the level mass of flowers, as I have
+often noticed them in twilight, were grandly beautiful. I can well
+understand that many have not cared for this cone flower when they have
+judged it from a small plant which has sent up its first, and perhaps
+abnormal, bloom. It is especially a subject that should be seen in bold
+clumps, and in moderately rich soil it will soon become such. Moreover,
+the flowers are very effective in a cut state, when loosely arranged in
+vases, only needing something in the way of tall grasses to blend with
+in order to form an antique "posy."
+
+Autumn is the best time to plant it; its long roots denote that it
+enjoys deep soil, and, when planted, the roots of this, as well as all
+others then being transplanted, should be made firm, otherwise the frost
+will lift them out and the droughts will finish them off. Many plants
+are lost in this manner, and, indeed, many short-rooted kinds are
+scarcely saved by the greatest care. The stem-rooting character of this
+plant affords ready means of propagation by root divisions.
+
+Flowering period, from September till strong frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Salix Reticulata.
+
+WRINKLED _or_ NETTED WILLOW; _Nat. Ord._
+SALICACEÆ.
+
+
+A native deciduous shrub, of creeping or prostrate habit, not growing
+higher than 2in. As the flowers are inconspicuous and only interesting
+to the botanist or when under the microscope, let me at once say I
+mention this subject because of its beautiful habit and distinct quality
+of foliage. When grown on rockwork, no other plant can compare with it,
+and where choice spring bulbs are planted, this handsome creeper may be
+allowed, without injury to such roots, to broadly establish itself; so
+grown, its little stout leaves, thickly produced, flatly on the surface,
+are much admired.
+
+The flowers or catkins stand well above the foliage, but are
+unattractive, being of a dusky brown colour; the leaves are dark green,
+downy, of much substance, 1½in. long, and nearly 1in. broad, but the
+size of foliage varies according to the conditions under which the
+specimens are grown; the sizes now referred to are of plants grown on
+rather dry rockwork and fully exposed; the form of the leaves is
+orbicular, obtuse, not in the least notched, bald, reticulately veined,
+and glaucous beneath; the stems are short and diffuse, and tinged with
+red on the younger parts.
+
+During winter, when bare of foliage, its thick creeping stems, covered
+with fat buds and interlaced in a pleasing manner, render it interesting
+in almost any situation not shaded. It forms a capital carpet plant from
+early spring to the end of summer.
+
+It is in no way particular as regards soil, and though it loves
+moisture, like most other willows, it proves thriving in dry places. It
+is, moreover, a good grower in large towns. Its propagation may be
+carried out before the leaves unfold in spring. Little branches with
+roots to them may be cut from the parent plant, and should be set in
+sandy loam and watered well to settle it about the roots.
+
+Flowering period, September to strong frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Sanguinaria Canadensis.
+
+BLOODROOT; _Nat. Ord._ PAPAVERACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a native of North America, and is, therefore, hardy in this
+climate; tuberous rooted. It is a curious plant, not only from its great
+fulness of sap or juice, which is red (that of the root being darker,
+whence its name Bloodroot), but also because of the shape of its leaves,
+their colour, and method of development (see Fig. 81). Though very
+dwarf, it is handsome and distinct.
+
+The flowers are pure white and nearly 2in. across; the petals have good
+substance, but they fall in five or six sunny days; the stamens are
+numerous and bright yellow. Though belonging to the order of the Poppy,
+it is in many respects unlike it; each flower stem, which is 6in. high,
+springs directly from the root, and only one flower is produced on a
+stem; the leaves are also radical, so that the plant is branchless and
+stemless; the leaf stalks are rather shorter than those of the flowers.
+The foliage is of a slate-grey colour, prominently veined on the under
+side, the upper surface being somewhat wrinkled; the leaves are 3in.
+across when fully developed, vine-leaf shaped, deeply and beautifully
+lobed; their development is slow, not being completed until the bloom is
+past. Both leaves and flowers are produced in a curious fashion; for a
+time the flower-bud is compactly enfolded by a leaf, and so both grow up
+to the height of 2in. or 3in., when the former pushes through, and soon
+swells its olive-shaped buds. At this stage a good specimen clump is
+very attractive, and is only more so when the fine blooms first open.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 81. SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+It should be grown amongst some such carpeting plants as _Sibthorpia
+Europæa_ or _Linaria pilosa_, so as to protect it; moreover, these
+creepers are suited for a similar soil and position. The soil should be
+light, either of sandy or vegetable character, but one that cannot bake;
+shade from the mid-day sun is essential, as also is plenty of moisture.
+When the growths have become crowded, as they do in about three years,
+it is as well to lift, divide, and replant at a distance of 3in.; this
+is best done after the tops have died off in summer; plant 4in. or 5in.
+deep.
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Saponaria Ocymoides.
+
+ROCK SOAPWORT, _or_ BASIL-LEAVED SOAPWORT: _Nat. Ord._
+SILENACEÆ.
+
+
+A very hardy alpine from France, and one of the most floriferous
+subjects that can be placed on rockwork, where should be its position.
+During a single season it is no uncommon thing to see a small plant grow
+into a large cushion 2ft. in diameter, and only 6in. or 9in. high. In
+planting it this fact should not be overlooked, not only for the sake of
+giving it plenty of room, but also in order that less vigorous subjects
+near it may not become overgrown; it blooms all summer, and though the
+flowers are small and not at all bright, their numbers render it
+attractive.
+
+The flowers, which are about ½in. across, are of a pink colour, and
+produced on many-branched prostrate stems; the calyx is five-toothed;
+the corolla is formed of five flat petals; the leaves are small,
+basil-like, oval-lance shaped, entire and smooth; the general appearance
+of the plant when in bloom is that of a compact mass of small leaves and
+flowers, the latter predominating.
+
+It will grow in any kind of soil, but prefers that of a vegetable
+character, with its roots amongst large stones; but, strictly speaking,
+it needs nothing but an open situation and plenty of room to spread. It
+ripens an abundance of seed, and there is not a better mode of
+propagation than its own; hundreds of stout seedlings appear the
+following spring around the parent plant, and these may then be
+transplanted, and they will flower the same season.
+
+_S. o. splendens_ is a variety of the above very much improved indeed;
+and though one cannot discard the good old plant for its very recent
+offspring, the former is certainly very much eclipsed. _Splendens_ has
+foliage slightly different, but its flowers are much larger and
+brighter; and though it may not be quite so vigorous, in this case that
+may be considered an improvement. It is said to come true from seed.
+
+Flowering period, May to August.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Burseriana.
+
+BURSER'S SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy evergreen alpine. A native of Carniola, not long discovered, and
+quite new to English gardens. Though it belongs to a very extensive
+genus, it is a distinct species; many of the Saxifrages are not so,
+neither are they sufficiently decorative to merit a place in any but
+large or scientific gardens. This one, however, is a truly handsome
+kind, and its flowers are produced amid the snow and during the bleak
+and dull weather of mid-winter.
+
+The plant in form is a dense cushion of little spiked rosettes, of a
+dark green colour, slightly silvered. The flowers are produced on bright
+ruddy stems 3in. high, and are creamy white, nearly the size of a
+sixpence. Small as the plant is, a moderate sized specimen is very
+attractive, especially before the flowers open, when they are in their
+prettiest form. They open slowly and endure nearly two months.
+
+It enjoys light soil and a well drained situation, such as the edge of a
+border, where strong growing kinds cannot damage it, or on rockwork,
+where it will be fully exposed to the sun. To be effective, it should be
+grown into strong clumps, which may easily be done by annually giving a
+top-dressing of leaf-mould; the older parts of the plant will remain
+perfectly sound and healthy for years. When it is desirable to propagate
+it, it may best be done in April, when the tufts should be carefully
+divided, and its short roots made firm in the soil by one or two stones
+being placed near.
+
+Flowering period, January to April.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Cæsia.
+
+SILVER MOSS, _or_ GREY SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._
+SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+One of the alpine gems. This has been grown in English gardens since
+1752, yet good specimens are rarely met with, though its culture is
+simple and easy. It is found wild on the Alps of Switzerland, Austria,
+and the Pyrenees. To the lover of the minute forms of genuine alpine
+plants, this will be a treasure; it is very distinct in form, habit, and
+colour. Its tiny rosettes of encrusted leaves can scarcely be said to
+rise from the ground, and the common name, "silver moss," which it is
+often called by, most fittingly applies; but perhaps its colour is the
+main feature of notice. The meaning of its specific name is grey, to
+which it certainly answers; but so peculiar is the greyness that a more
+definite description may be useful, in giving which I will quote that of
+Decandolle and Sprengle: "The _lavender_-blue is a pale blue (cæsius);
+it is mixed with a little grey." This exactly answers to the colour of
+the pretty Saxifrage under notice, and it is far from a common one in
+foliage.
+
+The flowers differ but slightly from those of other encrusted forms of
+the genus, but they are a creamy white, arranged in small panicles on
+short and slender stems. They are sparingly produced in May and June.
+The leaves are ¼in. long, aggregate or in miniature rosettes; in shape,
+linear-oblong, recurved, and keeled. The upper surface is concave,
+having marginal dots, evenly disposed; the dots are bright and
+excavated, and some of the leaves (those of the stems) are scale formed.
+The glaucous or lavender-blue colour is beautifully enlivened with the
+crystal dots. Its habit reminds one of the more distinct forms of
+lichens, and, when it is grown with suitable companions on rockwork, it
+has a happy way of showing and adapting itself in such situation;
+besides, its colour then shows with more effect.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 82. SAXIFRAGA CÆSIA MAJOR.
+
+(1, single rosette, natural size.)]
+
+There is a variety of this species not yet in general cultivation, and
+it cannot be too strongly recommended to lovers of the finest forms of
+rock or alpine plants. It is called _S. c. major_ (see Fig. 82). The
+name at once suggests the main difference from the type, but there are
+other features quite as marked as that of its extra size in all its
+parts; the foliage is more crowded, which seems to cause the largest
+leaves to become more erect, and the habit, too, perhaps from the same
+cause, is ball shaped; the small rosettes of thick encrusted leaves,
+from the manner in which they are packed together, form a rigid mass,
+which differs widely both in detail and effect from any other Saxifrage
+I know.
+
+These dwarf subjects are best suited for rockwork; but another plan, now
+much practised, is to grow them in pots. This in no way implies that
+protection is given or needed--these sturdy subjects are far better
+fully exposed--but the pot system has advantages; when so planted, the
+roots are more likely to be placed in a better selected compost, and the
+specimens can be raised in order to examine their miniature beauties.
+The above kinds enjoy a gritty vegetable soil; perfect drainage is
+indispensable. These are not among the Saxifrages that are readily
+propagated; a few crowns or rosettes with short pieces of stem are not
+sure to root, and if more careful division is not carried out, perhaps
+but two or three growing bits from a large specimen may be the result,
+so lessening instead of increasing the stock. Before cutting let the
+roots be washed clear of soil, trace the long roots, and so cut up the
+plant that each division will have a share of them. Sometimes a rather
+large specimen will have but few of such roots, in which case it will
+prove the better and safer plan to make only a corresponding number of
+divisions, so making sure of each. A further help to such newly planted
+stock is gained by placing small stones about the collars; this keeps
+the plants moist and cool during the dry season, when (after flowering)
+the divisions should be made.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Ceratophylla.
+
+HORN-LEAVED SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+For the most part, this numerous genus flowers in spring and early
+summer, the species now under notice being one of the late bloomers; its
+flowers however, like most of the Saxifrages, are small and
+insignificant; on the other hand, its foliage, as may be seen by the
+illustration (Fig. 83) is highly ornamental. In November, the grand
+half-globular tufts of rigid dark green foliage are delicately furnished
+with a whitish exudation, which, seen through a magnifying glass,
+resembles scales, but seen by the naked eye--and it can be clearly seen
+without stooping--it gives the idea of hoar frost. We have here, then,
+an interesting and ornamental subject, which, when grown in collections
+of considerable variety, proves attractive; and as even after many
+degrees of frost, it retains its beauty, and, I may add, its finest
+form, it may be confidently recommended as a suitable winter garden
+subject. This species proves evergreen in our climate, though a native
+of Spain, from which country it was imported about eighty years ago. It
+is sometimes called _S. cornutum_, a name quite applicable, and it is
+frequently confounded with _S. pentadactylis_ (the Five-fingered-leaved
+Saxifrage), which it much resembles, from which, however, it is distinct
+in several respects.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 83. SAXIFRAGA CERATOPHYLLA.
+
+(Leaf, one-half natural size.)]
+
+Its flowers are small, white, and numerous, produced on slender stalks
+in summer; they are of the general type of the flowers of the mossy
+section, and need not be further described. The foliage forms rigid
+cushions, dense, rounded, and of a dark green colour in the early
+season; later it becomes grey, with an exudation; the leaves are
+arranged in rosette form, having stout stalks, channelled or folded on
+the upper surface; there are three deep divisions, and others less cut;
+the segments are subulate, bent back and tipped with horny mucrones,
+whence its specific name; these horn-like points are bent under, which,
+together with their transparency, renders them all but invisible; they
+can, however, be clearly seen if brought near the eye and looked for on
+the under side of the foliage. The leaves are of good substance, 1in. to
+2in. long, having broad stipules; the stems are exceedingly slender in
+the older parts, and somewhat woody, having the appearance of being
+dried up and dead.
+
+On rockwork it is seen in its best form, as the slope not only shows it
+off better, but is conducive to a finer growth. In flat places, the
+dense cushions, which are 6in. or 8in. high, often rot from too much
+moisture. I have never seen this occur in the drier positions afforded
+by the slopes of a rockery. If planted between large stones it has a
+happy way of adapting itself to them, and few plants are more effective.
+It thrives equally well in soil of a loamy or vegetable character, but
+it seems to enjoy a little limestone, small pieces of which I place
+round the specimens; they also serve to hold up the lower foliage and
+favour the admission of air. Where alpines are grown in pots this should
+form one, as it makes a charming specimen; the drainage should be
+perfect. It also makes a capital edging plant, especially for raised
+beds, as then it is accommodated in the same way as on rockwork.
+
+It may be propagated by taking the slips nearest the earth, which will
+often be found to have a few rootlets, but if not they will still prove
+the more suitable; if taken in summer and dibbled into sand, they will
+make good roots in a week or two, when they may be transplanted to their
+permanent quarters, so as to become established before winter.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Ciliata.
+
+HAIRY-MARGINED SAXIFRAGE; _Syn._ MEGASEA CILIATA;
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a peculiar, distinct, and beautiful form of Saxifrage; there
+seems, however, to be some confusion in reference to its nomenclature.
+That it belongs to the _Megasea_ section there can be little doubt, so
+that its synonym (_M. ciliata_) is fairly descriptive; but when it is
+said to be _identical_ with _S. ligulata_, also of the _Megasea_
+section, the difficulty of recognising the form illustrated as such is
+very great indeed. It is also supposed to be a _variety_ of _S.
+ligulata_, and though it has many important dissimilarities, it has also
+many affinities. So much does it differ from _S. ligulata_ that it seems
+to be fully entitled to the specific honours which some authorities have
+given to it. It differs from _S. ligulata_, described by Don, in being
+rough and hairy on both sides of the leaves; in other respects it
+agrees, more especially in the colour of the flowers, which is uncommon.
+It may be the _Megasea ciliata_ of Haworth, which Don refers to under
+_S. ligulata_, or it may be a distinct form of the latter, as, on the
+authority of Dr. Wallich, of the Botanical Gardens of Calcutta, the
+species has varieties. Wherever its proper place may be in its numerous
+genus, the name at the head hereof is a good descriptive one. It is an
+Indian contribution, hailing from the mountains east of Bengal. In this
+climate it endures our winters, though it is not one of the hardiest of
+its tribe. It has not long been cultivated in this country, and is
+rarely met with. Its distinct habit and fine flowers render it
+desirable, and it will with many be more so on the score of its
+peculiarities. A few of the latter may be mentioned here. Anthers very
+large, and brick-red before becoming pollenized; scapes and
+scape-sheaths nearly smooth, though all other foliar parts are hairy;
+stipules very large and fully developed whilst the leaves are in their
+rudimentary stage. When not in flower the plant has a strong resemblance
+to _S. sarmentosa_, which belongs to another section, but _S. ciliata_
+has features belonging to both sections. The habit, however, is more
+flat, and leaves more oval, and if, as has been hinted, this is a
+hybrid, it may not be without some relationship to that species, which
+is also of Asian origin. Further, on the authority of Murray, _Sax.
+sarmentosa_ is identical with _S. ligulata_; so that, if we may suppose
+_S. ciliata_ to be a distinct variety of _S. ligulata_, and the latter
+to have such affinity to _S. sarmentosa_ that Murray puts it as
+identical, the chief difference between our subject and the form
+generally accepted as _S. ligulata_ is accounted for, viz., the hairy
+and rougher surfaces of the leaves, which are traits of the well-known
+_S. sarmentosa_. If these remarks prove nothing, they may serve to show
+the difficulty of recognising the various forms and species of so
+popular a genus from reading alone, it having been so extensively
+treated of, and the classifications being so varied. Its study, when the
+species are being cultivated, is simply delightful, compared with the
+confusion of book study alone; and yet it is no uncommon thing, when
+forming a collection of Saxifrages, to receive three or four different
+forms from different sources under the same name, and each perhaps more
+or less authorised. The student by growing this genus of plants will
+reap other pleasures than that of identification, and in a few years
+time will find in his own garden (as the outcome of growing allied
+species) new forms springing from seed, and scattered about the beds and
+walks in a pleasing and suggestive manner. (See Fig. 84.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 84. SAXIFRAGA CILIATA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size; (1) two-thirds natural size.)]
+
+The present subject has bell-shaped flowers, arranged in short-branched
+panicles, each flower ¾in. across, and sometimes, when well expanded,
+quite an inch; the colour is a delicate pink-tinted white; petals
+obovate and concave, inserted in the calyx, clawed, sometimes notched
+and even lobed; stamens long as petals, inserted in throat of calyx,
+stout, green changing to pink; anthers large and brick red when young;
+styles massive, joining close together, turgid, nearly long as stamens,
+and pale green; stigmas, simple, beardless, turning to a red colour;
+calyx bell-shaped, five-parted, wrinkled; segments slightly reflexed and
+conniving or joining; scapes 4in. to 6in. high, stout and smooth,
+excepting solitary hairs; bracts, leaf-like; leaves oval or cordate,
+2in. to 4in. long, wrinkled, slightly waved, and toothed, conspicuously
+ciliated or haired on the margin, whence the specific name "_ciliata_."
+Both surfaces are also furnished with short stiff hairs, the whole leaf
+being stout and flatly arranged; leaf stalks short, thick, and furnished
+with numerous long hairs, and ample stipules, which are glabrous, but
+beautifully ciliated. Roots, woody, and slightly creeping on the
+surface. Habit of foliage reflexing, forming flat masses; smaller or
+supplementary scapes are sent up later than the main scape, from the
+midst of the stipules, bearing flowers in ones and twos. The blossom,
+which is effective and very beautiful, is also sweetly scented, like the
+hawthorn.
+
+As already hinted, this is not one of the most hardy Saxifrages, but I
+have twice wintered it out on gritty beds, well raised, also on
+rockwork, under a warm south wall; and, as such positions can be found
+or made in most gardens, it would be advisable to try and establish this
+distinct and lovely spring bloomer. Lime and sandstone grit mixed with
+loam and leaf soil I find to be the best compost I have yet tried for
+it; in fact, until a dry situation and a little lime were given, it
+proved a shy bloomer. It is now quite the reverse, notwithstanding that
+the roots were divided during the previous autumn. Fogs and rain are its
+greatest plagues, owing to its hairy nature; the glass and wire
+shelters should be used for this most deserving subject. Propagated by
+division of the woody semi-creeping roots during early autumn; each
+division should have a crown and some roots, when they may be planted in
+their permanent quarters.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga (Megasea) Cordifolia.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+A first-class herbaceous perennial, grown for over a hundred years in
+English gardens; it comes from Siberia, and consequently, it is very
+hardy in this climate. The _Megasea_ section of the Saxifraga is a very
+distinct genus; there are several forms with but slight distinctions in
+the section, but the species now under notice may be readily
+distinguished from its nearest known relatives, first by its extra size
+in all its parts, next by its wrinkled heart-shaped leaves.
+
+The flowers are produced on stout stems nearly a foot high, a section of
+which will cut the size of a sixpenny piece; the rose-coloured flowers
+are perfectly developed before they push through the many-times
+over-lapped foliage; they are neatly arranged, the branching stems
+sometimes giving the panicle of blossom the form and also the size of a
+moderate bunch of grapes. Just at this stage the flowers, to be most
+enjoyed, should be cut before the weather spoils their delicate colour.
+The fine pale green calyx, which is also conspicuous by its handsome
+form and extra length, is far from the least important feature of this
+flower, especially at the above-mentioned stage. The leaves are 6in. to
+10in. across.
+
+Of the use of its flowers in a cut state, a few words may be said. The
+weather soon destroys their beauty, but when cut they may be preserved
+for fully a fortnight. On one occasion I took a blossom and placed it in
+a flower stand for single specimen blooms; in this instance all the
+other glasses held such fine roses as Baroness Rothschild, Madame
+Lacharme, and Edouard Morren, but so richly did it compare with these
+roses that it was given the place of honour--the top centre glass; this
+flower I should say had never seen the full light in the open. After
+that others pushed out of the leaves and were speedily damaged, and not
+fit to cut.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Coriophylla.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a rather recently discovered alpine species, very dwarf, but
+beautiful. The specific name would appear to be in allusion to its
+flowers as pink-shaped; they are very small, but the reader, by
+referring to the cut (Fig. 85), may form his own opinion of such
+likeness; however well founded or otherwise the name may be, we have in
+this subject a gem for the rock garden. It is a native of Albania, and
+belongs to that section of its extensive genus having triquetrous and
+obtuse leaves, or blunt three-sided foliage, as formed by a well
+developed keel. It is in flower in the middle of March, at the height of
+2in. All its parts are of miniature dimensions, and yet when grown in a
+suitable position it is effective.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 85. SAXIFRAGA CORIOPHYLLA.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+The flowers are pure white, produced on leafy stems an inch or more
+high; they are few, and open in succession; petals round and
+overlapping; calyx large for the size of flower, and covered with down;
+sepals obtuse and tipped with a brown, almost red-tint; stamens short,
+having rather large yellow anthers, which fill the throat of the
+corolla. The leaves are evergreen or silvery grey, arranged in small
+rosettes, and ¼in. long, of good substance, rigid and smooth; their
+shape is obtuse, concave, and keeled; they are furnished with marginal
+excavations, which present themselves as dots; the habit is compact, the
+rosettes being crowded and forming cushioned-shaped specimens; the
+flowers last for a fortnight in average weather.
+
+Between large stones in vegetable mould and grit, it both thrives and
+shows to advantage; it is also a charming subject for the pot culture of
+alpines. In company with the red-stalked and white-flowered _S.
+Burseriana_, the purple _S. oppositifolia_, and the many other forms of
+the mossy section, all, or nearly all in bloom about the same time, it
+offers a pleasing variety, as being distinct in every way from its
+contemporaries, more especially in the foliage. It is rather a slow
+grower, and not so readily increased as most Saxifrages; it is greatly
+benefited by having pebbles or small stones about the collar. These keep
+it moist at the roots during the growing season. If a little dry cow
+manure or guano is dusted amongst the stones during early summer, the
+results will soon be seen; such growth, however, should not be
+stimulated during the latter half of the year, or from its want of
+ripeness it will be liable to damage during winter. This practice of top
+dressing greatly assists the parts touching the earth to root, and so
+either an increased stock or larger specimens may sooner be obtained.
+
+Flowering period, March.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Fortunei.
+
+FORTUNE'S SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+This, as may at once be seen by a glance at Fig. 86, belongs to the
+lobed-leafed section. It is as yet new in English gardens, and is often
+grown in pots in warm glasshouses. It is, however, perfectly hardy,
+having stood out with me in the open for the past three years. It is
+nearly related to _S. japonica_ and its varieties, but is without the
+stolons or runners. In this climate, with outdoor treatment, it flowers
+in October until cut down by frost, which sometimes happens before the
+flowers get well out. It has been stated not only that it is not hardy,
+but that its flowering period is May. With me it has proved otherwise,
+and others have proved it to flower naturally in October. I also
+observed it in bloom in the Hull Botanic Gardens on the open rockwork in
+November, 1882. I have no doubt that autumn is the natural season for
+well-established plants to flower; weaker specimens may fail to push
+forth ere the frost cuts down their leaves, when the dormant buds must
+remain sealed for the winter, but ready to develope with the return of
+longer and warmer days.
+
+The flowers are arranged in panicles on scapes nearly a foot high, the
+panicles being 6in. long and 3in. in diameter. The petals are long and
+narrow, of uneven length, and notched; colour pure white. The calyx is
+well developed; segments oval, notched at the ends; colour, pale apple
+green. Stamens, long and tipped with beautifully orange-coloured
+anthers. The ovary is prominent, and of a pale yellow. Besides the above
+features, the flowers, which mostly look sideways and are quite an inch
+across their broadest parts, have one very long petal at the low side,
+and the two next are at right angles with it, less than half its size,
+the two upper ones being still less; the effect is both unusual and
+pleasing. The leaf stalks are long, stout, and of a succulent nature,
+semi-transparent, and slightly furnished with longish hairs; the
+stipules are ample, and of a bright red, which colour extends for a
+short length up the stalk. The leaves are kidney-shaped, 2in. to 5in.
+across, eight or ten lobed, toothed and reflexed; they are furnished
+with solitary stiff hairs, are of good substance, and a very dark green
+colour, but herbaceous. The habit of this species is neat and very
+floriferous; therefore it is a valuable plant for in or outdoor
+gardening; but owing to its late season of flowering outside, the
+blossom is liable to injury. A bell glass, however, will meet the case;
+it should be placed over the plant, but tilted slightly, when there are
+signs of frost--the flowers will amply reward such care. If the bloom
+can be cut clean, a good cluster will vie with many orchids for delicacy
+and effect.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 86. SAXIFRAGA FORTUNEI.
+
+(One-fifth natural size; 1 and 2, full size.)]
+
+I find it to do well in fat loam, and with the same kind of soil in
+pots, which comes in for placing in cold frames when frost threatens. I
+find it one of the easiest plants possible to manage--in fact, it needs
+no care to grow it; still, many amateurs fail to keep it, I suppose from
+taking it into a warm greenhouse, where it is sure to dwindle. It is
+readily propagated by division of the crowns, which should be done in
+spring.
+
+Flowering period, October until strong frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga (Megasea) Ligulata.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+One of the large-leaved species (see Fig. 87) compared with others of
+the _Megasea_ section, its leaves are strap-like, as implied by the
+specific name. It is sometimes called _Megasea ciliata_, but there is a
+large-leaved species, commonly called _S. ciliata_, which is very
+distinct from this one, and it is all the more important that they
+should not be confounded with each other, as _S. ciliata_ is not very
+hardy, whilst this is perfectly so, being also one of our finest
+herbaceous perennials. It comes to us from Nepaul, and has not long been
+cultivated in this country.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 87. SAXIFRAGA (MEGASEA) LIGULATA.]
+
+Its flowers are produced numerously on bold stout stems 10in. high.
+Sometimes the flower-stem is branched. The pale but clear rosy flowers
+are not only showy, but very enduring, lasting several weeks. The leaves
+are six to ten inches long, of irregular form, but handsomely ribbed and
+wavy; the new growths are bright yellowish-green, and tinted from the
+edges with a reddish bronze, so that, during spring, besides being
+finely in flower, it is otherwise a pleasing plant to look upon.
+Moreover, it is one of the few bold kinds of plants which flower so
+early and therefore a most valuable subject for the spring flower-beds.
+
+It looks well in any position, either near or back from the walks, in
+shrubs, or as a centre specimen for beds; it is also a plant that may be
+moved easily, as it carries plenty of root and earth, consequently it
+may be used in such designs as necessitate frequent transplantings. It
+is not particular as to soil or position, but in light earth, well
+enriched with stable manure, I have found it to thrive, so as to be
+equal to many of the so-called "fine foliage" plants during summer;
+therefore, I should say, give it rich food. To propagate it, a strong
+specimen with branched crowns should be selected. These branches or
+stems are ½in. to 1in. thick. They should be cut off with as much length
+as possible; if they have a bit of root, all the better; if not, it does
+not much matter. Let the cut end dry for a little time, take off half,
+or even the whole, of the largest leaves, or the action of the wind will
+prevent their remaining firm. When so prepared, the cuttings may be
+deeply planted in sandy loam, which has previously been deeply stirred.
+This may be done as soon as the flowers are past, and by the end of the
+year the cuttings should be well rooted and suitable for moving into the
+ornamental part of the garden.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Longifolia.
+
+LONG-LEAVED SAXIFRAGE; QUEEN OF SAXIFRAGES; _Nat.
+Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+Numerous and beautiful as are the species and varieties of this genus,
+this is the most admired of them all, from which fact it derives its
+proud name of "Queen." It is of recent introduction; habitat, the
+Pyrenees; but though of alpine origin, it thrives in lower, I may say
+the lowest, situations even in our wet climate. As will be seen by the
+illustration (Fig. 88), it belongs to the rosette section, and may
+indeed be said, for size and symmetry, to head the list. There are many
+forms of it, differing more or less in shape of leaves, colour, habit,
+and size of rosette. The original or reputed type is but an indifferent
+form compared with the one now generally accepted as the representative
+of the species. So readily do the various Saxifrages become crossed,
+that it is hard to distinguish them; and when a distinct form is evolved
+the question occurs, What constitutes or entitles it to specific
+honours? Surely the form of which we are speaking must be fully entitled
+to a name all its own, as it is not possible to find another Saxifrage
+that can so widely contrast with the whole genus.
+
+It may be as well, in a few words, to refer to one or two varieties; and
+it shall only be from an amateur's point of view, whose estimate of
+their worth or importance is based entirely on their ornamental
+qualities under cultivation. Such varieties, as far as I know, have not
+had any name given them, descriptive or otherwise, and I for one have no
+desire to see any, as the genus is already overloaded with names.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 88. SAXIFRAGA LONGIFOLIA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+There is, first, a form whose main distinction is its dark olive-green
+leaves; the ends are rather inclined to be spathulate, they are long,
+narrow, and arch well, rather nearer the centre of the rosette; this
+causes the end of the outer circle of leaves to come flat on the ground.
+The whole specimen has a sombre appearance compared with the more
+silvery kinds. The second form has broader leaves, is more distinctly
+toothed and spotted; as a consequence of their width, the leaves are
+fewer, and though all the varieties are very formal, this is the most
+so. When by the side of what we may term the true form, which has
+sometimes _vera_ added to its name, this one has a plain and somewhat
+"dumpy" appearance, and frequently the tips of the leaves curl back,
+which further detracts from its ornamental quality. A third form has
+small rosettes, pale green foliage, indistinct silvery dots, and, worse
+than all, the habit of throwing out a progeny of young growths all round
+the collar, furnishing itself as with a ruff, when the parent rosette
+turns to a yellowish-green. Of all the forms this is the most constant
+bloomer. The favourite variety, to which an engraving can do but scant
+justice, is superior to the above kinds in all its parts. Its blooming
+period is in early summer, but specimens often grow in size and beauty
+for three or five years without producing flowers. The foliage is the
+more admired feature, and is at its greatest beauty in December.
+
+The flowers are borne in handsome panicles, in the style of those of _S.
+pyramidalis_, which are about 18in. high. The blossom is of the kind
+common to this section. The leaves are long, narrow, toothed bluntly,
+and spotted with silvery dots; the whole leaf is greyish; the habit is
+rigid and of even arrangement; the rosettes are of all sizes, from 2in.
+to 10in. in diameter. At 3in. to 6in. they are attractive, and as they
+grow larger, they become conspicuous in their beauty. It is not
+desirable to have them flower, inasmuch as the rosettes are then
+destroyed, though the plants do not die. Of course, if a specimen "shows
+bloom" it cannot be helped, but rather than lose a season's produce of
+young stock I would nip out the "lead," and so cause offsets to be
+produced instead of flowers.
+
+In the rock garden this is one of the most telling subjects that can be
+introduced; not only does it love to have its roots amongst the stones,
+but it is a form which harmonises and yet contrasts finely with such
+shapeless material, and, further, relieves the sameness of verdure of
+other plants in a more than ordinary degree. It will grow in borders or
+beds, but looks nowhere so well as on rockwork. True, its uses are
+limited, but then they are exceedingly effective. I have grown this
+subject in almost every kind of soil and compost, and it has done well
+in most; stiff clay-like loam appears too cold or wet for it; on the
+other hand, a sandy loam, mixed with leaf soil, grows it finely; perfect
+drainage is the desideratum, in no matter what position it is planted.
+It may be increased in various ways--1st, By seeds, which may be bought,
+as it is carefully harvested abroad; 2nd, from offsets, as already
+stated; and, 3rd, from offsets produced by cutting out the leaves in two
+or more parts, so as to let the light in at the collar. This method may
+seem heartless, and it certainly spoils the specimen; it is a mode to be
+followed only where there are spare old plants and young stock is
+needed.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Macnabiana.
+
+MACNAB'S SAXIFRAGA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a new and very beautiful variety, called after Mr. MacNab, who
+raised it in 1877. Of the several hundreds of species and varieties of
+this genus, it is doubtless one of the best and most distinct as regards
+its habit and rich flowers. So pronounced are its merit that, although I
+have not grown it for more than four years or so, I can have no
+hesitation in sounding its praise. It is possible that when it has
+become better established in the collections of amateurs and others, and
+when it has regained what may be termed its natural vigour, lost by the
+too rapid propagation common to new plants, it may prove to be even
+better than I have yet proved it. However that may be, there can at
+present be only one opinion respecting it.
+
+The rosette foliage is in the style of _S. longifolia_ and _S.
+pyramidalis_, intermediate; the flowers are quite distinct, but they
+remind one of the charming _S. mutata_, which is also a rosette form,
+having a fine panicle of blossom. It is said to be a seedling from _S.
+Nepalensis_ crossed by _S. cotyledon_ or _S. pyramidalis_, but, as the
+cross was accidental, there must be some uncertainty; both parents are
+evidently incrusted forms.
+
+The flowers are ½in. across, corolla flat, petals richly spotted with
+numerous bright red spots; they are much shorter than the petals of most
+of the other incrusted varieties; they are also slightly reflexed in the
+more matured flowers; the calyx, too, is less hairy and the segments
+shorter than those of its reputed parents. The stem of my tallest
+specimen is not more than 15in. high; the panicle is large, beginning
+about four inches above the rosette. It is well branched, the flowers
+being clustered at the ends of the branchlets. The whole panicle will be
+about 10in. long and 6in. or 8in. through. As regards the foliage, I
+only need add to what has already been stated, that the leaves are
+arranged in somewhat lax rosettes, are strap, or tongue-shaped, evenly
+serrated, and, in the winter bright at the edges, with frosted or
+silvery markings; the flowers are so very attractive that casual
+observers readily recognise their beauties amongst hundreds of other
+Saxifrages, and they have not inaptly been compared with fine old china.
+
+I ought not to omit mention of that rare quality possessed by this
+Saxifrage, viz., a rich perfume.
+
+Though it is perfectly hardy, it may be grown in pots with great
+advantage, as then it can be the more closely examined; but if it is not
+convenient to grow it in that manner, it may be planted either on
+rockwork or in borders amongst choice things, where its flowers will not
+fail to command admiring notice. As to the kind of soil, it seems in no
+way particular. Sandy loam, mixed with peat, however, suits it well. It
+is propagated by offsets, but these are rarely produced in numbers, as
+is common with most of the incrusted Saxifrages. I may say that I have
+only met with one specimen which has thus proved useful in any degree
+worth notice, and it produced nearly a score of offsets during one
+season; it ripens much seed, which may, or may not come true.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Mutata.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+A somewhat rare alpine species, evergreen, hardy, very distinct and
+beautiful. It is one of the rosette forms, after the style of _S.
+pyramidalis_, but there are several important variations about the
+plant, other than in the flowers, which are totally different. There are
+many peculiarities about this species, but they would hardly require to
+be noticed here were not the plant otherwise of great merit. When in
+bloom it is highly decorative, and the flowers in a cut state are
+unique.
+
+The flower stem is 12in. to 18in. high, furnished with supplementary
+ones all its length; the lower ones are 8in. long, and spreading; they
+become shorter as they near the top, the whole forming a fine
+symmetrical panicle. The flowers are over ½in. across, petals
+awl-shaped, and, when first open, are nearly red; they change to dark
+orange and again to pale yellow; the calyx is very large, the sepals
+four times as broad as the petals and bluntly pointed; the stamens and
+anthers are coloured, and change like the petals; the ovary, which is
+very conspicuous, is a fine purple, but later, it, too, changes to a
+pink colour; the outer parts of the calyx and all the shorter
+flower-stalks, which are clustered at the ends of the supplementary
+stems, are greenish-yellow, and this feature of the plant adds much to
+its beauty. Calyx, stems, and stem-leaves are densely furnished with
+stiff gland-tipped hairs, rendering them clammy to the touch. The leaves
+of the rosettes are tongue-shaped, rough at the edges, fleshy, covered
+with glandular hairs, of a shining green colour, and slightly reflexed.
+The changeable nature of the flowers doubtless gives rise to the
+specific name. A well-flowered specimen is very effective on rockwork,
+but the panicles have a fault of heading over, from their weight, and
+also because, unlike _S. longifolia_ and _S. cotyledon_, which have
+large and firm rosettes close to the ground to stay them, this species
+has a somewhat "leggy" rosette or a foot stalk, which is more or less
+furnished with browned and very persistent foliage. The flowers last a
+long time in good form, and, if grown clean, their yellow--nearly
+golden--stalks render them very useful in a cut state.
+
+The propagation of this Saxifraga is more difficult than any other
+according to my experience, and I have heard of many who have found it
+the same. The offsets are not produced close to the ground, consequently
+have no rootlets; neither, from their hairy character, can they resist
+rot from moisture so well when planted as if they were bald, like the
+stolons of other species. I have found the best plan to be as follows:
+Take offsets before the plants flower; if there are none, which will
+often be the case, the bloom must be sacrificed by pinching out the
+stem. As soon as there are nice sized shoots ready, cut them off with
+all possible length of stalk; prepare a sandy patch of soil in a warm
+situation, lay them in a row on the surface, heads to the north, and
+then place a brick on them so as to hold all the cuttings in position;
+gently press on the brick, to cause the cuttings to assume a more
+natural position, and they will need no other attention until they
+become rooted; the brick will act as a screen from the hot sunshine,
+absorbing the heat to the benefit of the cuttings, as it will also
+absorb superfluous moisture. During the summer I have rooted many
+offsets in this way. That contact with the brick is favourable to the
+roots is evidenced by their clinging to it; no water should be given,
+however droughty the season may be--excessive moisture is the main thing
+to guard against.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Oppositifolia (_Lin._)
+
+PURPLE MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE, PURPLE SAXIFRAGE, BLUE
+SAXIFRAGE, OPPOSITE-LEAVED SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._
+SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+During the month of March this is one of the most effective flowers in
+our gardens. The mossy appearance of its foliage, when dotted with its
+large blossoms, is hardly less beautiful than when the whole broad
+spreading tufts are literally packed with them. This must be a dear
+flower to all lovers of our native flora, for it not only comes very
+early, and in its wild homes on the Ingleborough, Welsh, and Scottish
+hills, greets and gladdens the rambler, who is, perhaps, making his
+first excursion of the year, but it is one of our most striking and
+beautiful flowers, even though they are produced on a plant of such
+humble size and habit. The pleasing and descriptive names of this gem of
+our hills would form a chapter in themselves. Even the old Latin names
+by which it was known, before the time when Linnæus arranged and
+re-named most of our native plants, bespeak a desire to do justice to a
+flower of more than ordinary beauty; and, as they were so strictly
+descriptive, at least one, I think, may be given without trying the
+reader's patience: _Saxifraga alpina ericoides flore cæruleo_, or the
+Blue-flowered Erica-like Mountain Saxifrage. Doubtless, shorter names
+are more convenient, but such specific names as the one just given are
+not entirely useless. Its present botanical name is in reference to the
+foliage only, but otherwise so distinct is this plant either in or out
+of bloom that no one could well mistake it.
+
+The flowers are ½in. to ¾in. across, produced terminally and singly on
+short procumbent stems. They are of a bright purple colour; petals
+ovate; the longish stamens carry bold anthers furnished with dark
+orange-coloured pollen, which forms a pretty feature. The leaves are
+small, crowded, opposite, ovate, entire, leathery, fringed or ciliated,
+and retuse. A peculiar feature about this species is the pore at the
+blunt apex of each leaf. The habit is prostrate; the stems being long,
+tufted, or pendulous, according to the situation; the flower shoots are
+upright, on which the leaves are more remote. Under cultivation newly
+planted roots will be found not only to flower sparingly, but the blooms
+will be rather small until the plant grows large and strong.
+
+On rockwork, with its roots near or between large stones, is in every
+way the best place for it; it however, thrives in the borders. The soil
+is not of much importance, but without doubt it does best in a compost
+of the nature of that of its wild homes. The humus and grit may be
+represented by sand and small stones, and peat or leaf soil, all mixed
+with loam. This, let me here state, will be found generally the right
+stuff for alpines and rockery plants. This plant is useful as a spring
+bedder, or for carpeting bare places; and any conspicuous part of the
+garden needing bright objects during March and April should give room
+largely for this cheerful subject. The bloom is very lasting; no storm
+seems to do it any hurt, and in every way it is reliable. It may be
+readily propagated by divisions. The procumbent stems will, in strong
+patches, be found to supply rootlets in abundance. These may be
+transplanted at almost any time of the year.
+
+Flowering period, March and April.
+
+_S. opp. alba_ is a white flowered variety of the above. It is not found
+wild. Other dissimilarities are the smaller parts throughout the whole
+plant, and the less straggling habit. The white petals show up the dark
+orange anthers finely. There are other varieties of the above type, but
+their points of difference are so slight as not to need description for
+garden uses. It may, however, be useful to give their names: _S. opp.
+major_, _S. opp. pyrenaica_, _S. opp. retusa_, _S. opp. pallida_. All
+the above varieties may be grown like the common form; their uses,
+propagation, and blooming period are the same, with the exception of
+_pyrenaica_, which not only flowers a little later, but is less rampant,
+and not nearly so easy to propagate. I have imagined that a little
+limestone has helped it, bits of which are placed over its roots.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Paradoxa.
+
+PARADOXICAL SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 89. SAXIFRAGA PARADOXA.
+
+(Two-thirds natural size.)]
+
+One of the less known and, perhaps, somewhat rare saxifrages; it is a
+curious, distinct, and beautiful form, being of that class which the
+lover of the ornamental kinds most admires, for not only is it
+attractive all the year round, but additionally so when there cannot be
+seen any part of a growing or decaying flower stem upon it, and when its
+silvery, but lax rosettes, with their encrustments and glistening leaf
+dots, are perfectly matured, which is the case during mid-winter. I fear
+the illustration (Fig. 89), can give but a poor idea of the pleasing
+silvery-grey colour, which, when the specimen is dry, overlays foliage
+of a dark and glossy green, to say nothing of the numerous and regular
+spots which so charmingly enliven the specimens. I am unable to learn to
+what species it is most nearly related; its name, which doubtless has
+reference to its peculiar form and habit, would seem to isolate it even
+from its parents, if such are known; it, however, belongs to that
+section having thick leathery leaves, ligulate, encrusted, arranged in
+rosette form, and having excavated dots. _Saxifraga lingulata_, _S.
+crustata_, _S. Australis_, _S. longifolia_, and _S. carinthiaca_ belong
+to the same section; but _S. paradoxa_ differs much in general
+appearance from them all, and remarkably so in one or two respects, as,
+indeed, it does from the whole genus, thus justifying its name. The
+uneven length and arrangement of leaves, the casting off of the
+encrustments as a skin or in flakes, exposing to view a finely-polished
+surface, and the general web-like appearance of the tufts, are all
+peculiar to it. Of all the varieties of its section it most resembles
+_S. carinthiaca_ and _S. Australis_; these forms, however, grow in
+compact rosette form, having leaves of more even size and shape. Our
+subject is irregular in every way, many of the leaves pushing out to
+double the length of others, and becoming attenuated at their junction,
+or club-shaped.
+
+Its flowers are insignificant and similar to those of _S. Aizoon_, but
+more dwarf in the stem. The leaves are ½in. to 3in. long, very narrow
+and tongue-shaped, sometimes obtuse and club-shaped; stout, dark green,
+with a greyish crust-like covering, and deeply dotted with bright spots.
+The leaves are arranged in lax rosettes and are reflexed or pressed flat
+to the earth nearly all their length. The habit is very pretty in
+established and fair-sized specimens, which accommodate themselves to
+the form of surface, and the longer or erratic leaves become so
+interlaced with the other parts as to appear woven; this habit and the
+bright bead-like dots go to make the plant more than ordinarily
+attractive. It should be in every collection of choice Saxifrages; it is
+charming as a pot specimen, plunged and grown out of doors the year
+round.
+
+On rockwork it should have a place, too, among the gems, being a neat
+and slow grower; its position should be near dark-coloured stones, where
+it will prove most telling. In damp weather its silvery parts are
+obliterated, but a breeze of half-an-hour or a beam of sunshine soon
+brings it into full beauty again. Gritty peat and a little loam suits it
+well; I have it doing nicely in ordinary garden soil; but if the more
+carefully prepared composts are employed, the results well repay the
+pains so taken. Its propagation is easily carried out by root divisions;
+early spring is a good time for the operation.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Pectinata.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+This belongs to the encrusted section, being most distinctly toothed;
+from this it takes its name; the teeth are large for such small leaves.
+Specimens of this Saxifrage, though small, are exceedingly pretty.
+Excepting when there is fog or rain, it is nearly white; and the
+rosettes, of various sizes, from ¼in. to 1in. across, are not only neat
+in themselves, but are densely and pleasingly arranged in a hard flat
+mass. It is never more beautiful, not even in May and June, when it
+flowers, than in November, when the growth is both complete and ripened,
+and the scaly substance which is spread over the leaves and the silvery
+teeth combine to render it attractive.
+
+The flowers are of the usual form, and are produced on stems 4in. to
+6in. high; they are white. The leaves seldom exceed ½in. in length and
+1/8in. in width; they are spathulate in form, stout, and rigid. The
+rosettes are somewhat flattened and numerous, and give the idea of
+greenish-white flowers.
+
+_S. p. hybrida_ is a variety of the foregoing species, and without
+pretending to say what the type has been crossed with to produce this
+handsome form, I may, for the purpose of conveying an idea of what it is
+like, say that it approaches _S. aizoon_, which also flowers in May and
+June. In all its parts it is larger than the type; the leaves are
+greener and more strap-shaped, and are more erect, but not so rigid; the
+habit, too, differs--it forms more rounded tufts. In all these respects
+it will be seen to resemble _S. aizoon_. It is a lovely form; the
+sparkling teeth are relieved by the fine dark green ground of the
+foliage.
+
+These comb-leaved Saxifrages belong to the more neat and effective rock
+plants; the type, at least, is of alpine origin, and under cultivation
+it seems most happy amongst the stones. I have grown these kinds as pot
+specimens, on nearly flat beds, and as edging plants; and in every
+position they prove attractive. It is very strange that such pretty
+forms are not more generally seen in gardens; they will grow well on
+walls and the tops of outhouses, and are good subjects for town gardens.
+Any kind of sandy soil will do for them; that of a vegetable character
+is, however, the best; they may be planted with choicer things, for,
+unlike many of the genus, they are not rampant growers. Practically,
+they need no propagating; for as the specimens spread they make new
+roots, and at any time one or half a dozen rosettes may be slipped off
+for planting elsewhere. It is better, though, to avoid this with small
+plants, as their full beauty is not realised until they become of
+considerable size.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Peltata.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+A new species to English gardens, hardy, herbaceous, and perennial,
+imported from North America; it is a truly noble plant. The illustration
+(Fig. 90) will convey some idea of its fine form, but the reader must
+rely on the description for its size when fully developed. When the
+flowers of this Saxifrage are in their best form, the noble foliage is
+scarcely half developed; a drawing, therefore (though it could hardly be
+made at a stage when the plant is more interesting), must necessarily
+fail, in this case, to give any more than an approximate idea of the
+parts undeveloped. Not only is this the largest species of the extensive
+genus at present grown in this country, but its form is both distinct
+and noble.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 90. SAXIFRAGA PELTATA.
+
+(1, Single blossom, natural size.)]
+
+The flowers are produced on stems 18in. high and ¾in. thick at the base,
+being covered with long stiff white hairs, which are very conspicuous on
+the reddish stems. The flowers are similar to those of most of the
+genus, as may be seen by the one given in the drawing; they are arranged
+in massive heads, 3in. to 6in. in diameter, and rose-coloured. The
+leaves at the flowering time are 6in. or 9in. across, having stout,
+round, ruddy stems, 8in. long, covered with stiff hairs; they form a
+junction with the leaves in an unusual way, viz., near the centre,
+whence the specific name _peltata_, or umbrella shape; but the form of
+the leaves at the flowering period, which is funnel-shape, is, a little
+later on, reversed, the edges bending downwards. The younger leaves are
+folded and hooked downward, having the appearance of stout fern fronds
+just out of the ground, and their stalks are much contorted. The more
+advanced leaves are seen to be seven-cut, each lobe divided and
+sub-divided by cuts less deep, the whole leaf being richly toothed and
+veined. The under side is covered with hairs, the upper surface being
+smooth, shining, and of a pleasing bronze-green colour. Later, the
+foliage in every way increases very much in size, reaching a height of
+2ft., and each leaf measuring nearly a foot across. The root or rhizoma
+is horizontal, progressive, jointed, and fibrous at the joints, and
+nearly 2in. in diameter; it may be clearly traced on the surface, but
+the fibrous parts go very deep.
+
+It is said to be a bog subject; fortunately, however, this fine plant
+may be grown otherwise than in a bog, but it should not want for depth
+of rich soil. This I believe to be a more important condition than a
+boggy situation, inasmuch as I have grown my specimen for three years on
+the top of a dry mound; but the soil is good rich loam, and fully 5ft.
+deep; and to show that this strong-growing subject needs a good depth of
+soil, I may mention that I had occasion to dig up a piece, when it was
+found, for the operation, to require both the strength and tools that
+trees demand, the fibrous parts being deep and tough. When fairly
+established it makes rapid growth, and when in full leaf it proves very
+effective. Its propagation is easy with healthy plants; a length of the
+creeping root, with a crown to it, should be cut from the parent stock
+just before growth commences in early March. If planted as indicated in
+the foregoing remarks, and kept shaded with a leafy branch for a month
+or two, there need not be any fear about young plants becoming
+established the first season.
+
+Flowering period, June.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Purpurascens.
+
+LARGE-LEAVED PURPLE SAXIFRAGA, MEGASEA _section_;
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+A rare plant of great beauty. It is figured here without flowers, as I
+consider it in finer form then than when in bloom. Fine as its flowers
+are, much resembling those of _S. cordifolia_ and _S. crassifolia_ (also
+of the _Megasea_ section); the brightness and colouring of its leaves in
+autumn are such as to render it distinct from all the other species. I
+need only ask the reader to note the fine foliage indicated in the cut
+(Fig. 91), and inform him that in the autumn it turns to a glossy
+vermilion colour, and I think he will admit that it will not come far
+short in beauty of any flower. The species is a recent introduction from
+the Himalayas, and in this climate proves all but evergreen (if tinted
+foliage can be so called) and hardy. The latter quality has been doubted
+by some, but by others re-asserted. My present specimen was planted in
+the open garden in the spring of 1880, since which time it has withstood
+22deg. of frost.
+
+The flowers are produced on stout stems, 8in. high, arranged in branched
+heads, of a rose or rosy-purple colour, and bell-shaped. They are,
+however, soon damaged by unfavourable weather, and there is little about
+the plant at that period to render it more attractive than its fellows;
+its finer qualities are developed as more genial weather prevails. When
+the stout foliage grows glossy, waved, and of a deep clear green
+colour, the edges of the leaves become lined with red as if hemmed with
+red silk; the leaves also have the edges irregular in form, the outline
+broadly oval, 4in. to 6in. long, and they are veined and slightly
+wrinkled; during the autumn a yellow tint starts from the edge, and in
+time becomes a vermilion, which is all the more effective from the leaf
+being of leather-like substance.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 91. SAXIFRAGA PURPURASCENS.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+It enjoys a deep rich loam; and, evidently, to place its roots in
+contact with pieces of limestone is beneficial. Rare as the plant is,
+this is all that I do for it, and not only does it remain healthy, but
+it has increased greatly in size during the last year. I have not as yet
+tried to propagate it, but so far as I can judge there will be no
+difficulty in forming young stock by root division. It has hitherto
+enjoyed a happy immunity from all garden pests, not excepting slugs.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Pyramidalis.
+
+PYRAMIDAL SAXIFRAGA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a very handsome form or variety of _S. Cotyledon_, and belongs
+to the alpine regions of Europe. As a decorative subject for our
+gardens, it is highly and deservedly esteemed; its attractiveness
+consists more in the numbers and arrangement of the flowers than in any
+beauty which belongs to them individually, though they are not devoid of
+that quality.
+
+Of the many hundreds of species and varieties of Saxifrages which bloom
+during the month of June, this is one of the most distinct and useful as
+a decorative flower, and where the Saxifrages are grown in large
+collections, as they often are, giving more than an ordinary amount of
+pleasure compared with collections of other genera, the kind now under
+consideration always asserts itself as one of the first order of merit.
+Not only in its blooming state, but all the year round, it is very
+effective and striking; it is a free grower, having handsome, large
+rosetted foliage.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 92. SAXIFRAGA PYRAMIDALIS.
+
+(One-eighth natural size; 1, single blossom, natural size; 2, leaf,
+one-eighth natural size.)]
+
+The flowers, as will be seen by the one given, natural size, in the
+illustration (Fig. 92), are of the common Saxifrage form, but rather
+more highly coloured in the central markings than the general run. They
+are produced on stout stems, 2ft. high, well and evenly branched in the
+form of a pyramid, whence the specific name. Each flower will be ½in. or
+more across; they are very numerous, and, partly from the fact that they
+remain perfect for a very long while, and partly because of the habit of
+the plant being to open all its flowers about or near the same time, the
+large panicle of bloom is very fine. The leaves, as already hinted, are
+formed into lax rosettes, which are 5in. to 7in. across; they are
+strap-shaped, narrowing slightly at the connection, half an inch wide,
+the outer ones being reflexed; the edges are finely serrated, and
+irregularly lined with a silver colouring.
+
+This is a capital plant for rockwork, where it shows itself to much
+advantage; but specimens are much finer grown in beds or borders, where
+the moisture and temperature at the roots are likely to be more equable;
+besides, I find that, owing to its small quantity of roots, all of which
+are very near the surface, when grown on rockwork they may often be seen
+bare on inclined surfaces, and the weight of the flowers drags them
+entirely out of the soil on one side. They may be planted as an edging
+to a shrubbery, in bold groups, or as ordinary border flowers. So useful
+has this variety been found by professional gardeners that it is now
+largely grown in pots in single rosettes, which, after becoming well
+established, send up their rich plumes of blossom, all the finer for
+having been kept clean under glass. So grown, nothing can better repay
+the small amount of trouble which they give in order to place them in
+the conservatory as showy specimens; all they require being a 4in. pot,
+well drained, a compost of half-rotted leaves, and fat loam and sand.
+Put in one rooted offset any time from June to the end of July, the
+earlier the better; plunge the pot to its rim in sand or ashes until
+next spring, when it may be taken under glass if desired. To have fine
+flowers, the offsets should be pinched off as they appear. I may also
+mention that a somewhat shady situation has proved conducive to large
+and better coloured flowers; between irises 4ft. high and shrubs 6ft.
+high, the opening being not more than 3ft., running north and south. The
+specimen from which the drawing is taken was grown along with many
+others. A baking or dry treatment is often not only given to plants of
+this genus, but believed to be of advantage to them; it may be to some,
+but there are exceptions, and this is one without doubt. All the
+sections of Saxifraga to which it belongs are fond of good loam, well
+enriched. It is propagated from offsets taken as soon as they are from
+an inch to two inches across; they may either be put into nursery beds
+or be planted in their blooming quarters.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Rocheliana.
+
+ROCHEL'S SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+Another hardy evergreen species, distinct in form, foliage and flowers,
+and a native of the alpine regions of central Europe; it nevertheless
+thrives well in our climate with ordinary care. Its foliage takes the
+form of miniature rosettes, which are closely packed; the tiny leaves
+are distinctly and regularly dotted; and present a frosted appearance.
+
+The flowers are unimportant, though they form an interesting feature of
+such a choice and somewhat rare plant; they are small, white, and
+produced on stems 3in. to 4in. high, which are thick and curiously
+furnished with leaves. During summer this species has a very bright
+silvery appearance, as if laid on in patches.
+
+Similar treatment is required for this as for _S. Burseriana_, but it
+will be found much more difficult to propagate, as its roots are of the
+tap kind, and are more sparingly produced, while its seed seldom ripens,
+I believe, in this climate. To increase it, the better plan is to
+prepare the old plant by keeping it well earthed up, and so encouraging
+new roots; after a year's patience it may be divided in April. The small
+pieces should be secured by stones or verbena pins, and a supply of
+pebbles placed around them will keep them cool and moist during summer.
+
+Flowering period, March and April.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Umbrosa.
+
+LONDON PRIDE; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+This common flower is well known, and is only mentioned here as the
+typical form, and by way of introducing a beautiful variety called _S.
+u. variegata_, broad cushions of which, from their verdant condition,
+good habit, and pleasing variations of leaf colour, are amongst the more
+attractive objects of the garden in January. It hardly need be said that
+the plant is not valued for its flowers, which are similar to those of
+the parent form and borne at a corresponding date. The leaves, however,
+are much less in size and more flatly arranged in rosette form, they are
+also recurved at the edges. The markings are of two colours,
+creamy-white and pink, and there are many shades of green. The forms of
+the markings are most irregular, as striped, flecked, marbled, dotted,
+and edged; the various shades of green blended with pink and white,
+although figured on one of the commonest plants we know, render such
+plant worthy of a place in every garden, and more especially on
+rockwork.
+
+It has this drawback--it is not constant. In some gardens the markings
+die out. This, however, need not be, for a rather dry situation and rich
+soil will produce rosettes of large size and good figuring. Still, there
+will be fully half of the rosettes entirely green in a large patch; this
+is more desirable than otherwise. The marked ones have a more starry
+effect in such a green setting; it is only when all become green that
+disappointment is felt. Sometimes I have noticed rosettes, about the
+size of a penny-piece, all one colour--creamy-white--which, when cut
+from the plant, very much resembled a carnation. Such abnormal forms are
+of no moment to the botanist, but if nine out of every ten persons who
+see this plant are interested, not to say pleased with it, it ought not
+to be entirely neglected. It is most effective in patches 1ft. to 2ft.
+broad. In propagating it the more finely marked pieces only should be
+taken.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Wallacei.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy perennial hybrid variety, of first-class merit. Its loose and
+spreading panicles of large pure white flowers are something better than
+the ordinary run of bloom belonging to this extensive genus; it is said
+to be the offspring of species of the mossy section; but there is
+certainly a great likeness about its foliage to some of the horny
+section, such as _S. cornutum_ or _S. pentadactylis_, or even the
+handsome _S. geranioides_. It would, however, be hard to say what it is
+from; but in it we have not only a showy but most useful variety (see
+Fig. 93). It has deservedly grown into great favour, though known to
+amateurs but for three years. It begins to flower in April, but in May
+it is in its best form, being covered with a rich mass of bloom from the
+foliage to the height of a foot.
+
+The flowers, as before stated, are of a pure white--an unusual colour
+amongst the genus; they are bell-shaped but erect, the ovate petals
+reverse. Well-grown specimens with me have flowers quite an inch across.
+The individual blooms last more than a week, and the succession is well
+maintained during summer. The panicles are leafy, having small entire
+leaves, and others once and twice-cut. The stems of the present season's
+growth are stout, semi-transparent, and ruddy; the leaves are palmate,
+slender at the bottom, mostly five-fingered, fleshy, and covered with
+long silky hairs which stand well off; the fine apple-green foliage is
+shown to great advantage by the ruddy stems.
+
+This plant may be grown in pots or borders, as edging, or on rockwork,
+and in any kind of soil; but to have fine specimens and large flowers it
+should be planted in calcareous loam, and be top dressed in early
+spring with well rotted manure. I have it as an edging to a small bed of
+roses; the position is bleak, but the soil is good; it furnishes large
+quantities of cut bloom, and otherwise, from its rich hawthorn-like
+scent, it proves a great treat. So freely is its handsome foliage
+produced that it, too, may be cut in quantities for table decoration. If
+the flowers, or some of them, be left on, the tufts will form a pretty
+setting for a few other small flowers of decided colours.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 93. SAXIFRAGA WALLACEI.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+To increase this Saxifrage is a simple matter during the warm season:
+The twiggy tufts should be pulled asunder, no matter whether they have
+roots or no roots; if dibbled into fine soil, deeply dug, and shaded for
+a week or two, they will form strong plants before the winter sets in.
+
+Flowering period, April to August.
+
+
+
+
+Scilla Campanulata.
+
+BELL-FLOWERED SCILLA _or_ BLUEBELL; _Nat. Ord._
+LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy bulbous perennial, introduced from Spain 200 years ago. It very
+much resembles the English hyacinth--_H. nutans_, or _Scilla
+non-scripta_--better known as the wood hyacinth. Handsome as this simple
+flower is, it might have been omitted from these notes as a plant too
+well known, but for the fact that there are several varieties of the
+species which are less known, very beautiful, and deliciously fragrant,
+entitling them to a place amongst other choice flowers, both in books
+and gardens.
+
+Of the typical form little need be said by way of description. The
+flowers are bell-shaped, pendent, blue, and produced in racemes of many
+flowers. The leaves are lance-shaped, prostrate, and of a dark shining
+green colour.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 94. SCILLA CAMPANULATA ALBA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size; single flower, one-half natural size.)]
+
+_S. c. alba_ differs from the type in having its white flowers arranged
+more evenly round the scape, being shorter in the divisions of petals
+and wider at the corolla; the habit of the plant, too, as may be seen by
+the illustration (Fig. 94), is more rigid and neat. In a cut state the
+flowers are not only very lasting, but if gathered clean, they are
+suitable for the most delicate wreath or bouquet.
+
+_S. c. carnea_ has pink flowers.
+
+All the forms of _S. campanulata_ are cheerful and effective spring
+flowers. They should be grown in bold clumps, and if under slight shade,
+where many other things cannot be well grown, all the better; still,
+they are in no way particular--any aspect, position, or soil will answer
+for these robust flowers. Such being the case, few gardens should be
+without at least the finer forms of the large Bluebell. So fast do these
+varieties increase by seed and otherwise, that any remarks on their
+propagation are unnecessary.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Sedum Sieboldi.
+
+SIEBOLD'S STONECROP; _Nat. Ord._ CRASSULACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a capital species. It is perfectly hardy, though not generally
+known to be so. It is more often seen under glass, and is certainly a
+pretty pot plant.
+
+Its stems are 12in. or less in length, slender and procumbent. The
+leaves, which are rather larger than a shilling, fleshy, cupped, and
+glaucous, are curiously arranged on the stems, somewhat reflexed, and
+otherwise twisted at their axils, presenting a flattened but pleasing
+appearance. The small flowers, which are bright rose, are borne in
+clusters, and remain two or three weeks in perfection.
+
+It is a fine subject for rockwork, and, moreover, likes such dry
+situations as only rockwork affords. It should be so planted that its
+graceful stems can fall over the stones. There is a variety of this
+species, with creamy foliage, but it is less vigorous; neither are the
+flowers so fine in colour. Slugs are fond of these, and sometimes they
+will eat off nearly every leaf. A sprinkling of sharp sand once a week
+keeps them off, but trapping them with hollowed turnips is a more
+effective remedy. Propagated by cuttings pricked into sand in summer, or
+division of roots when the tops have died down.
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+
+
+
+Sedum Spectabile.
+
+SHOWY STONECROP; _Nat. Ord._ CRASSULACEÆ.
+
+
+Hardy and herbaceous. This is one of our finest autumn bloomers. During
+September, the broad massive heads of small rosy flowers, which are
+arranged in cymes 6in. across, are very attractive, and will, with
+average weather, keep in good form for a month. This species is somewhat
+mixed up with another called _S. Fabarium_; by many they are said to be
+identical, but such is not the case. I grow them side by side, and I may
+say that they are as "like as two peas" up to midsummer, when they begin
+to diverge. _S. Fabarium_ continues to grow to the height, or rather
+length, of 2ft., and tumbles over; the foliage has a lax appearance,
+and the flowers are very pale. Concurrently _S. spectabile_ has grown
+its stems and glaucous leaves to stouter proportions, and crowned them
+with more massive heads of bright rose-coloured flowers, at the height
+of 15in. It is larger in all its parts, with the exception of length of
+stem, and by September it is nearly twice the size of _S. Fabarium_; it
+also stands erect, so that then the two species suggest a contrast
+rather than a comparison, _S. spectabile_ being by far the more
+desirable.
+
+I find, however, that it is much slower in increasing itself; the best
+way to propagate it is by cuttings dibbled into sand in early summer.
+The commoner one increases rapidly and often bears the wrong name; care
+should therefore be taken to obtain the true species, after which it
+will not give much further trouble, thriving in any kind of soil, but it
+should be planted in the full sunshine, when its habit and flowers will
+be greatly improved. It will bear any amount of drought--indeed, it
+seems to enjoy it. My finest clump is on a very dry part of rockwork,
+where it has always flowered well. These two Stonecrops and a variegated
+variety are some of the very few hardy plants which slugs do not graze;
+at any rate, it is so with me; neither do other pests attack them, but
+the humble bees literally cover their flowers the whole day long at
+times.
+
+Flowering period, August to October.
+
+
+
+
+Sempervivum Laggeri.
+
+LAGGER'S HOUSELEEK; _Nat. Ord._ CRASSULACEÆ.
+
+
+Of the numerous species and varieties of Houseleek, this is at once the
+most curious, interesting, and beautiful. It is by far the finest of the
+webbed forms. It has, however, the reputation of not being quite hardy,
+but that it will endure our severest winters is without doubt, and if we
+recall its habitats, which are in alpine regions, its hardiness in a low
+temperature need not be further questioned. Still, partly from its downy
+nature, and partly from the dampness of our winters, this climate causes
+it to rot. There are, however, simple and most efficient remedies, which
+shall be mentioned shortly.
+
+The illustration (Fig. 95) gives some idea of its form and habit. The
+flowering rosettes send up stems 6in. high; they are well furnished with
+leaves--in fact, they are the rosettes elongated; they terminate with a
+cluster of buds and flowers, which remain several weeks in perfection,
+however unfavourable the weather may be.
+
+The flowers are more than an inch across, of a bright rose colour, and
+very beautiful; the central flower is invariably the largest, and the
+number of petals varies from six to twelve. The leaves are in rosette
+form, the rosettes being sometimes 2in. across, nearly flat, and
+slightly dipped in the centre; a downy web, as fine as a cobweb, covers
+the rosette, it being attached to the tips of the leaves, and in the
+middle it is so dense that it has a matted appearance. The leaves are
+very fleshy, glandular, and of a pale green colour. Slow in growth,
+habit very compact; it has a tender appearance, but I never saw its web
+damaged by rain or hail.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 95. SEMPERVIVUM LAGGERI.
+
+(Two-thirds natural size.)]
+
+Many grow it in pots for indoor use; it finds a happy home on rockwork
+or old walls; it should have a dry and sunny situation, and, with these
+conditions, it will prove attractive all the year round. It thrives well
+in gritty loam; a little peat rubbed in with the grit will be an
+improvement and also more resemble its native soil. To preserve it from
+the bad effects of our damp winters, it need not be taken indoors, but
+sheets of glass should be tilted over the specimens during the short
+days, when they are dormant; the glass should not touch the plant. This
+seems to be the nearest condition we can afford it as a substitute for
+the snows of its mountain home, and I may add, for years it has proved
+effective; in fact, for several years I have left specimens in the open
+without any shelter whatever, and the percentage of loss has been very
+low, though the seasons were trying. It propagates itself freely by
+offsets; if it is intended to remove them from the parent plant, it
+should be done early in summer, so that they may become established
+before winter, otherwise the frosts will lift them out of position.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Senecio Pulcher.
+
+NOBLE GROUNDSEL; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 96. SENECIO PULCHER.
+
+(One-tenth natural size.)]
+
+Autumn is the heyday of Composite flowers. The one now under notice has
+the merit of being of an unusual and beautiful colour, viz., purplish
+crimson. It is, in fact, a new plant in English gardens, and has been
+justly described as one of the finest imports of recent years; it has
+only to be seen in order to commend itself to all lovers of hardy
+flowers (see Fig. 96). It is a robust grower, ranking with the more
+noble subjects suitable for the borders. Its hardiness is doubted by
+many, and a few have suspected its perennial quality; but
+notwithstanding the warm climate of South America (whence it hails), it
+has proved both hardy and perennial in this country. Excessive moisture
+is its greatest enemy.
+
+Its bright purplish-crimson flowers are daisy-shaped and large, the
+centre being a fine golden yellow--on strong young plants the flowers
+will be 3in. across. Moreover, they are numerously produced on stems
+3ft. high, in branching cymes, and last a long time in perfection; with
+favourable weather an individual bloom will stand above a week, and the
+plant provides itself with abundance of buds for succession. I never yet
+saw a specimen that developed half its buds, but this brings me to
+notice one of its faults (for it has more than one), viz., it is too
+late in blooming; at any rate, in Yorkshire we rarely get more than
+three weeks' enjoyment of its flowers, when, but for severe frosts, it
+appears capable of blooming for two months. To some extent this may be
+remedied, as will be shown when I refer to its culture. The radical
+leaves are over a foot long, stem leaves much smaller, very dark holly
+green of leather-like substance, the edges very unevenly shaped, the
+general form of the leaf being something like the cos lettuce.
+
+The cut blooms are indeed fine and cannot well be inappropriately used.
+This brings me to fault No. 2. The flower stems are very hollow and dry,
+nearly as much so as the hemlock or kex, and I have found that when
+flowers have been cut, either from the moisture collecting in the stem,
+or some such cause, rot sets in lower down, and soon the branches of
+bloom head over. I tried cutting to a joint where the cavity was
+stopped, but the pith when so exposed soon gave way, so that latterly I
+have ceased to cut the flowers, unless the occasion was worth the risk.
+A specimen not cut from did not suffer from stem rot. I, therefore,
+blamed the cutting. There may, however, be other causes; at any rate,
+there is the fact of fine flowers in their prime falling over, and it is
+worth one's while to try to find out from what cause it happens, and if
+my theory is not the true one, it may prove useful as a hint.
+
+It likes a deep and rich soil, and well deserves to have it; if left out
+all the winter, a piece of glass should be put over the crown, because
+it has the fault (No. 3) of rotting in the centre, as I believe from
+water being conducted down its spout-like stems; but even under the most
+neglected conditions it stands our winters, and the rootlets send up a
+number of small growths in spring. These may make plants, but will not
+be reliable for bloom the following autumn; the damage should be
+prevented if possible. Another plan, by which two points are gained, is
+to grow young plants in good-sized pots and winter them, plunged in cold
+frames, not failing to give plenty of air. In April these, if compared
+with others in the open garden, will be found to be much more forward,
+and the first gain will be that, if planted out then, they will flower
+much more vigorously, and, secondly, they will start earlier by two
+weeks at least. To propagate this fine border plant, the very long and
+fleshy roots may be cut into pieces 6in. long and dibbled into fine
+soil; they are somewhat slow, but pretty sure to "go"; they should be
+protected from slugs, which are very fond of the young leaves. On young
+stuff, grown apart from the flower beds and borders, quicklime may be
+used, which would otherwise be unsightly.
+
+Flowering period, August to October.
+
+
+
+
+Sisyrinchium Grandiflorum.
+
+SATIN-FLOWER, _or_ RUSH LILY; _Nat. Ord._
+IRIDACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 97. SISYRINCHIUM GRANDIFLORUM.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+The generic name of this flower is in reference to the grubbing of swine
+for its roots, and means "pig-snout." The common names may be seen, by a
+glance at the cut (Fig. 97), to be most appropriate; that of
+Satin-flower is of American origin the plant being a native of Oregon,
+and is in reference to its rich satiny blossom; that of Rush-lily, which
+is, perhaps, an even more suitable name, has been recently applied to
+it, I believe, in this country. It is applicable alike to the rush-like
+form and habit of foliage, and the lily-like purity and style of
+flowers. It was sent to this country in 1826, and yet it is rarely met
+with in English gardens. Some think it scarcely hardy in our climate in
+certain soils. I happen to have grown it for six years, which period
+includes the recent severe winters, and it has not only survived but
+increased in a moderate degree. This took place on rockwork facing
+south; in the autumn of 1881 I divided the specimen, and planted a part
+of it in the coldest part of my garden, which is not without clay,
+though far from all clay; that division is now a strong plant, and has
+made an extra crown; it forms the subject of the present illustration.
+Let me state, in passing, that it is naturally a slow grower. The very
+severe weather of the week previous to my writing this note, in March,
+1883, when 23deg. of frost was registered, which cut down the bloom
+stems of Hellebores and many other well-known hardy things, did not hurt
+this subject very much; I am, therefore, confident of its hardiness from
+six years of such experience.
+
+The flowers are 1in. to 1½in. long, and about as much across when open,
+of a fine purple colour, with a shining satiny appearance; the six
+transparent petal-like divisions are of uneven form, having short
+bluntish points; from the openness of the corolla the stamens and style
+are well exposed, and they are very beautiful. The flowers are produced
+when the plant is about 6in. or 9in. high, the buds being developed on a
+rush-like stem, and enfolded in an almost invisible sheath 2in. or 3in.
+from the apex. Gradually the sheath, from becoming swollen, attracts
+notice, and during sunshine it will suddenly burst and let fall its
+precious contents--a pair of beautiful flowers--which dangle on slender
+arching pedicels, springing from the sheath-socket. They seem to enjoy
+their new-born freedom, and flutter in the March wind like tethered
+butterflies. Their happy day, however, is soon over; their fugacious
+petals shrivel in three or four days. The leaves are rush-like, ribbed,
+and sheathed.
+
+I have found it to thrive in loam, both light and moderately stiff, also
+in vegetable soil and sand; it likes moisture, but not of a stagnant
+character; between large stones, at the base of rockwork, suits it in
+every way; it may also be grown by the side of the larger kinds of
+snowdrops for contrast and effect. Impatient of being disturbed, it is
+not wisdom to lift it for any purpose, provided it is making progress,
+or until it has formed strong tufts; when, if it is desirable to
+increase it, and during early autumn, the long roots should be got well
+under, and taken out of the ground as entire as possible; from their
+wiry nature they are then both easily cleared of earth and divided into
+single crowns; these should be replanted in positions deeply dug, and
+where they are intended to remain, being carefully arranged without any
+doubling up. After such pains have been taken with so well-deserving a
+plant, there will be little to fear for its future, no matter how severe
+the winter may prove.
+
+_S. g. album_ is a white-flowered variety, of which, however, I have had
+no experience. Since these lines appeared in serial form, a lady,
+cultivating a good collection of choice hardy flowers, has informed me
+that this variety is very fine, and in every way commendable.
+
+Flowering period, March to May, according to positions or climatic
+conditions.
+
+
+
+
+Soldanellas.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+Diminutive herbaceous alpine perennials. This genus is small in number
+of known species as in size of specimens. They are found in very high
+altitudes in the Tyrol, Switzerland, and Germany; but they are easily
+managed even in our foggy climate, as is shown by the fact of the
+various species being grown in all collections of alpines; and, indeed,
+no collection can be said to be complete without such gems--they are
+great favourites, as they well deserve to be. They flower in early
+spring, some with one, and others more than one flower on a stem.
+
+The flowers are very small, broadly bell-shaped, and of a feathery
+appearance, from the fact of their petals being finely divided. The
+foliage is also small, nearly round, of good substance, and in all the
+following species very bright green; the leaf stalks are long and wiry,
+and form neat and handsome little tufts, independent of the flowers,
+which, I may add, do not last more than five or six days.
+
+_S. alpina_, smaller in all its parts, but otherwise much resembling _S.
+montana_--has leaves the size of a shilling piece, flowers bright blue,
+mostly two on a stem.
+
+_S. Clusii_, from Germany, is smaller than _S. alpina_; in other
+respects similar, with the exception of flowers, which are purple.
+
+_S. minima_ (smallest). Very tiny in all its parts, many of its little
+thick leaves being only ¼in. across; flowers purple, single on the stem,
+which is only ½in. to 1in. long.
+
+_S. montana_ (Fig. 98) is the largest species of all--leaves the size of
+a half-crown piece, flowers bright blue, four or five on a stem, 5in.
+high. It has other distinctions, of a minute character, from the smaller
+species, but by difference of size alone it may be readily identified.
+
+All the Soldanellas love a vegetable soil, as peat or leaf mould, to
+which, when under cultivation, a liberal quantity of sand should be
+added. If grown in pots, they make lovely specimens, and should be
+plunged in sand and kept moist; but I find my specimens to grow much
+more vigorously when planted out, as they are at the base of a small
+rockery, rather below the level of the neighbouring walk, which forms a
+miniature watershed for the supply of moisture. I also fancy the
+liverwort, which surrounds them, rather helps them than otherwise.
+Certain I am, however, that moisture is the great desideratum in the
+culture of this genus. My difficulty with the planted-out specimens is
+to keep them from being grazed off by the slugs; a dash of silver sand
+every day or two has sometimes proved of use. When the Soldanellas once
+get into proper quarters they make rapid growth; I have divided them
+most successfully in April and May.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 98. SOLDANELLA MONTANA.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Spiræa Palmata.
+
+PALM-LIKE SPIRÆA; _Nat. Ord._ ROSACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 99. SPIRÆA PALMATA.
+
+(One-eighth natural size.)]
+
+A bold and handsome species from China, imported about sixty years ago.
+It is perfectly hardy, though, generally grown in pots and under glass.
+It belongs to the herbaceous section, and I may as well state at once
+that the Spiræas--more especially the herbaceous kinds--are only
+decorative when in flower, by which I wish to convey the idea that after
+they have done flowering, from their abundant foliage, which then begins
+to turn sere and ragged, they become unsightly if planted in conspicuous
+parts. Still, their flowers and general habit are both rich and handsome
+when in their prime, and they are certainly worth growing, especially by
+those who have large gardens, where they can be planted in large patches
+in some of the less frequented parts.
+
+_S. palmata_ (Fig. 99) has remarkably bright rosy-crimson flowers; they
+are of indistinct form unless closely examined. It is, however, a
+well-known form of flower, or arrangement of flowers, and need not be
+further described, beyond saying they are in panicles and have a
+feathery appearance. The leaves, which are 6in. or more across, have
+long smooth stems, are mostly seven-lobed, the lobes being long,
+pointed, and unevenly serrated. The size of foliage and height of plants
+vary very much; if grown in a bog or by the side of a stream, it attains
+the height of 3ft. to 4ft.; in drier situations I have seen it flower
+when only 10in. high. The specimen illustrated is about 15in. high.
+
+A light spongy vegetable soil, with plenty of moisture, is the main
+requirement of most of the Spiræas, and to grow them to perfection
+little less will do; but a creditable display of bloom may be enjoyed
+from plants grown in ordinary garden loam, provided the situation is
+moist. By way of experiment, I planted a dozen roots of this species in
+an exposed border, drained, and in all respects the same as for the
+ordinary run of border flowers. They none of them flowered, and scarcely
+grew; at no time would they be higher than 6in. I wish to make it clear
+that the Spiræas, and especially _S. palmata_, cannot be grown and
+bloomed well without an abundance of moisture at the roots, as I am
+aware that many have tried and failed with this desirable kind. It
+should be treated as a bog plant, then it can scarcely fail to do well.
+In sunk parts of rockwork, by the walk gutters, by the side of a pond or
+stream, or (if there is one) in the hedge dyke, are all suitable places
+for this bright flower, and if only for the fine spikes which it
+produces for cutting purposes, it should be grown largely; and as most
+of the positions indicated are somewhat out of the way, they may perhaps
+be the more readily thus appropriated. Propagated by division of strong
+roots during autumn.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+
+
+
+Spiræa Ulmaria Variegata.
+
+_Syn._ S. ODORATA FOL. VAR.; _Nat. Ord._ ROSACEÆ.
+
+
+The beautiful variegated form of the well-known "Meadowsweet," other old
+names being "Mead-sweet," and "Queen of the Meadows." The typical form,
+at least, needs no description, it being one of the commonest and most
+appreciated plants of the British flora. This variety, however, is less
+known; it differs only as regards the markings of the foliage. When the
+crimped leaves are young, the broad golden patches are very effective,
+and when the plants are fully grown, the markings of the older foliage
+become lighter coloured, but not less rich. Of the value of this as a
+"fine foliage" plant there can be no doubt; it is very telling, and
+always admired. As regards its flowers, they ought not to be allowed to
+develope. I only mention this subject for the sake of its beautifully
+coloured leaves.
+
+Requirements: Ordinary garden loam, in a moist situation; propagated by
+root divisions during autumn.
+
+Flowering period, May to August.
+
+
+
+
+Spiræa Venusta.
+
+QUEEN OF THE PRAIRIE; _Nat. Ord._ ROSACEÆ.
+
+
+A comparatively new species of the herbaceous section, from North
+America. In good deep loam it grows to the height of 3ft. or more.
+
+The flowers are of a soft red, after the manner of those of _S.
+palmata_, but rather differently arranged, viz., in clustered sprays or
+cymes, which bend outwards; they are durable and very effective, even
+when seen at some distance in the garden, whilst for cutting they are
+flowers of first-class merit; the leaves are large, somewhat coarse,
+pinnate, segments sharply lobed and irregularly serrated.
+
+I find this plant to flower indifferently under the shade of trees, but
+in a fully exposed situation, planted in a deep retentive loam, it
+thrives and flowers well. It is perfectly hardy, and easily propagated
+by division during autumn.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Statice Latifolia.
+
+BROAD-LEAVED SEA-LAVENDER; _Nat. Ord._ PLUMBAGINACEÆ.
+
+
+This hardy perennial is all but evergreen in this climate. Probably
+there are two varieties of it, as although the plants in growth and form
+correspond, there is a notable difference in the habit of some
+specimens, as regards the greenness of the foliage in winter; whilst one
+shrivels and blackens the other will remain more or less green. It is
+possible that the native countries from which they come may have
+something to do with this fact. The species was introduced from Portugal
+in 1740, and again from Siberia in 1791. It need not be wondered at if
+the variety from the northern habitat proved the more verdant,
+notwithstanding its becoming acclimatised. Its lofty and diffuse
+panicles are ornamental and lasting; it is a subject which may be grown
+in almost any part of the garden, and hardly seem misplaced,
+notwithstanding its height of 3ft., because only the slender stems,
+furnished with their minute flowers, rise above the ground, and from the
+cloud-like effects more dwarf flowers can be easily seen, even when
+behind them. In many such cases, therefore, this gauzy-flowered
+Sea-lavender proves of advantage.
+
+The bloom is lilac-coloured, each flower being very small. The stout
+scape at a short distance above the ground becomes much branched; the
+branchlets, as already indicated, are slender, and furnished with the
+soft blue bloom. The leaves are radical, and arranged in somewhat
+rosette form, and for the most part prostrate; many of them are quite a
+foot long and 5in. broad, or long egg-shaped; they are wavy, of leathery
+substance, and a dark shining green colour.
+
+Of all the genus, this is, perhaps, the most useful of the hardy
+species. Either in a growing or cut state, the flowers are much admired;
+cut, they need not be placed in water; and for a year, until the plant
+yields fresh supplies, they will remain presentable and even bright. Its
+culture is simple, though there are positions where I have found it to
+simply exist, viz., on rockwork, unless it was given a part where
+moisture would be abundant about the roots, in search of which its long
+woody roots go deeply; if planted in deep loam of a light nature, there
+will be little fear as to its thriving, but if well manured and mulched,
+specimens would grow to nearly double size. Propagated by root division.
+But often the crowns are all on one stout root, and then it is not a
+safe or ready operation; still, with a sharp knife, the woody root may
+be split its whole length--this should be done in spring, when the
+divisions can begin to grow at once. Another and safer plan would be to
+divide the root for an inch or more from the crowns downwards, insert a
+few pebbles to keep the parts open, and put back the specimen in freshly
+dug earth, where, during a season of growth, the cut parts would produce
+vigorous roots.
+
+Flowering period, August to October.
+
+
+
+
+Statice Profusa.
+
+PROFUSE SEA-LAVENDER; _Nat. Ord._ PLUMBAGINACEÆ.
+
+
+A hybrid hardy form, not to be confounded with the hairy-leaved and
+tender kind commonly grown under glass, which has the same name. All the
+Sea-lavenders are profuse blooming, but the one now under notice is more
+especially so, as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 100). The seed
+of this genus is prolific in varieties, and, although the name of this
+variety, or even the plant, may not be generally known, and the
+parentage, perhaps, untraceable, it appeared to such advantage, when
+grown by the side of such species as _S. bellidifolia_, _S. echioides_,
+_S. gmelina_, _S. incana_, _S. latifolia_, _S. sereptana_, _S.
+speciosa_, _S. tatarica_, _S. tormentilla_, _S. virgata_, _and_ _S.
+Wildenovi_, that I considered it worth a short description, more
+especially as the object of this book is to speak of subjects with
+telling flowers or attractive forms. It is well known that the Statices
+have insignificant blossoms, taken individually, though, from their
+great profusion, they have a singular beauty. The variety now under
+notice, at the height of 2ft., developed a well branched panicle about
+the latter end of August; gradually the minute flowers expanded, when,
+in the middle of September, they became extremely fine, the smaller
+stems being as fine as horsehair, evenly disposed, and rigid; the head
+being globular, and supported by a single stem.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 100. STATICE PROFUSA.
+
+(One-tenth natural size.)]
+
+The flowers are of a lively lilac, having a brownish or snuff-coloured
+spiked calyx, the effect being far prettier than the description would
+lead one to imagine. The leaves are radical, 6in. to 8in. long, oval, or
+somewhat spathulate, waved, leathery, shining and dark green, the outer
+ones prostrate, the whole being arranged in lax rosette form.
+
+The flowers are very durable, either cut or in the growing state; they
+may be used to advantage with dried grasses, ferns, and "everlastings;"
+or the whole head, when cut, is a good substitute for gold-paper
+clippings in an unused fire grate; our people have so used one for two
+years, and it has still a fresh appearance. It needs no words of mine
+to explain that such a plant as is represented by the illustration will
+prove highly decorative in any part of the flower garden. There is
+nothing special about the culture of the genus. All the Sea-lavenders do
+well in sandy loam, enriched with stable manure. Some sorts, the present
+one included, are not very readily propagated, as the crowns are not on
+separate pieces of root, but often crowded on a woody caudex. I have,
+however, sometimes split the long root with a sharp knife, and made good
+plants; this should only be done in spring, when growth can start at
+once.
+
+Flowering period, August to frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Stenactis Speciosus.
+
+_Syn._ ERIGERON SPECIOSUS; SHOWY FLEABANE; _Nat. Ord._
+COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+This has not long been cultivated in this country; but though a native
+of the warm climate of California, it proves to be one of the most hardy
+of herbaceous perennials; it begins to flower in early summer, but
+August is the heyday of its showiness, and it continues at least a month
+longer. Its more recent name, _Stenactis_, is, according to Paxton, a
+happy and appropriate derivation, and tends much to explain the form of
+flower, "_Stene_, narrow, and _aktin_, a sunbeam, from the narrow and
+sunlike rays of the expanded flower." It belongs to a genus of
+"old-fashioned" flowers, which, moreover, is that of the most modern
+fashion in flowers. As a garden plant it is not only effective, but one
+of that class which will put up with the most offhand treatment;
+tenacious of life, neither particular as to soil nor position, constant
+in fair and foul weather, and doing duty alike in town or suburban
+garden, these qualities go to make it a worthy subject. Whilst it is
+nearly related to, and much resembles, the starworts or Michaelmas
+daises, it far exceeds in beauty the best of them, with only a third of
+their ungainly length of stem.
+
+The flowers are fully two inches across, of a light purple colour; the
+disk is somewhat large and of a greenish yellow; the florets of the ray
+are numerous, full, narrow, and slightly uneven at their points, giving
+the otherwise dense ray a feathery appearance. These large flowers are
+produced in bunches of six or ten on each branch, at the height of about
+eighteen inches; there are many stems, and each one is well branched,
+the species being very floriferous; the leaves are herb-like,
+lance-shaped, pointed, amplexicaul, and smooth; root-leaves spathulate.
+
+This plant needs no cultural care; its only requirements are a place in
+the garden and some one to appropriate its beaming crop of flowers,
+which cannot fail to be serviceable. As a border plant, among suitable
+companions, bold clumps are fine, especially when seen by twilight; in
+lines, too, it may be profitably used. Propagated by division of the
+roots at any time.
+
+Flowering period, June to September.
+
+
+
+
+Stokesia Cyanea.
+
+JASPER-BLUE STOKESIA, _or_ STOKES' ASTER; _Nat. Ord._
+COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+This handsome, hardy, herbaceous perennial was brought from Carolina in
+the year 1766. It is the only species known of the genus, and was named
+after Jonathan Stokes, M.D., who assisted Withering, the botanist, in
+his arrangement of British plants. The order which includes it is a very
+extensive one, and it may be useful to add that it belongs to the
+sub-order _Carduaceæ_, or the Thistle family. The mention of this
+relationship may not help our subject much in the estimation of the
+reader, but it must be borne in mind that in plant families as well as
+others, there are individual members that often contrast rather than
+compare with their relatives, and so it is in the Thistle family, for it
+embraces the gay Doronicums, silky Gnaphaliums, shining Arnica, and
+noble Stobæa and Echinops. But the relationship will, perhaps, be better
+understood when it is stated that as a sub-order the _Carduaceæ_ stand
+side by side with that of the _Asteraceæ_, which includes so many
+well-known and favourite flowers. Let me now ask the reader to glance at
+the illustration (Fig. 101), and he will, I think, see marks of affinity
+with both the thistle and the aster; the few thorny teeth at the base of
+the larger leaves, and the spines on the smaller divisions of the
+imbricate calyx, are clearly features of the former, whilst the general
+form of the plant and flowers are not unlike the aster.
+
+Of all herbaceous plants, this is one of the latest to bloom; in
+favourable situations it will begin in October, but often not until
+November and December in northern parts of the country; and, I hardly
+need add, unless severe frosts hold off, it will be cut down before its
+buds expand. There is much uncertainty about its flowering, when planted
+in the ordinary way, so that, fine as its flowers are, the plant would
+scarcely be worth a place in our gardens, if there were no means by
+which such uncertainty could be at least minimised; and were it not a
+fact that this plant may be bloomed by a little special treatment, which
+it justly merits, it would not have been introduced in this book, much
+less illustrated. The plant itself is very hardy, enduring keen frosts
+without apparent damage, and the bloom is also durable, either cut or on
+the plant.
+
+I scarcely need further describe the flowers, as the form is a very
+common one. It has, however, a very ample bract, which supports a large
+imbricate calyx, the members of which have stiff bristle-like hairs.
+Each flower will be 2in. to 3in. across, and of a fine blue colour. The
+leaves are arranged on stout round stems, 18in. high, being from 2in. to
+6in. long, somewhat lobed and toothed at the base, the teeth rather
+spiny; their shape varies very much, but generally they are
+lance-shaped, concave, often waved at the edges, and otherwise
+contorted. The foliage is more thickly furnished at the upper part of
+the plant, it has a glaucous hue, is of good substance, smooth and
+shining, like many of the gentians. It will, therefore, be seen that
+this is far from a weedy-looking subject, and throughout the season has
+a tidy and shrub-like appearance, but it grows top-heavy, and, unless
+supported, is liable to be snapped off at the ground line by high winds.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 101. STOKESIA CYANEA.
+
+(One-sixth natural size.)]
+
+In order to get it to bloom before the frosts cut it, the soil and
+situation should be carefully selected; the former cannot be too sandy
+if enriched with manure, whilst cold, stiff soil is quite unsuited to
+it. The position should not only have the sunniest possible aspect, but
+be at the base of a wall that will ward off the more cutting winds. In
+such snug quarters many things may be had in bloom earlier, and others
+kept in flower through the winter, as violets; whilst fuchsias, crinums,
+African and Belladonna lilies, and similar roots, that would perish in
+more exposed parts, will live from year to year in such situations.
+Unless the subject now under consideration can have these conditions, it
+is useless to plant it--not that its hardiness is doubtful, but because
+its blooming period should be hastened. Its propagation may be by
+division of the roots after it has flowered, or in spring.
+
+Flowering period, October to December.
+
+
+
+
+Symphytum Caucasicum.
+
+CAUCASIAN COMFREY; _Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEÆ.
+
+
+A comparatively modern species in English gardens, belonging to a genus
+well represented by native species, from which this differs mainly in
+being less tall and hairy, and otherwise less coarse. The erect habit,
+and abundant azure flowers produced in pendent form, which, moreover,
+last for several weeks, go to make this a capital border plant. If not
+an old species, from its resemblance to some which are so, it is
+rendered a suitable companion to "old-fashioned" subjects. The plant
+grows to a height of nearly 2ft., is of dark greyish-green colour, from
+being thickly covered with short, stiff hairs, on every part, including
+the calyx.
+
+The flowers are more than ½in. long, produced in elongated clusters,
+opening three or four at a time, and just before expansion they are of a
+bright rose colour, but afterwards turn a fine blue; calyx five-parted,
+as also is the corolla, the segments being drawn in at the mouth. The
+entire flower is long and bell-shaped; the pendent clusters of bloom are
+well held out from the main stem by leafy branches, each being
+terminated by two racemes. The leaves of the root are large and stalked,
+oval, lance-shaped, and wrinkled; those of the stems are stalkless, and
+so attached as to give the stems a winged appearance near their
+junction.
+
+The plant will thrive in any kind of soil, but it likes shade and
+moisture, and a specimen grown under such conditions will be found to be
+much superior in every way. A position under fruit trees suits it
+admirably, and for such thoughtful planting it will well repay the lover
+of flowers for vase decoration. It also makes a good subject for large
+or rough rockwork, on which, however, it should be sheltered from the
+mid-day sun. Its propagation may be carried out at any time by dividing
+the roots, but autumn is the preferable period.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Tiarella Cordifolia.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 102. TIARELLA CORDIFOLIA.
+
+(One-fifth natural size; _a_, flower, natural size.)]
+
+The illustration (Fig. 102), together with the order given to which it
+belongs, will convey a fair idea of the style and habit of the plant,
+but its exquisite flowers must be seen to be appreciated, and hardly
+could they appear to more advantage than in a growing state, the rich
+foliage forming their most natural and effective ground. This hardy
+herbaceous perennial has been known to English gardens for 150 years,
+and was introduced from North America, where it grows in glorious
+masses, but common as it is in its native country, and long as it has
+been grown in this, I scarcely know a flower respecting which so many
+have been in error as regards the true species. I have had all sorts of
+things sent to me under the name, and, after all, it is easy to be wrong
+with it unless the amateur has either closely noted its distinctions or
+grown it for a year at least. Heucheras are similar in habit and shape
+of foliage, and are often confounded with it, though otherwise very
+distinct. _Tellima grandiflora_, when in its young state, is very like
+it, but the strong crowns should be noted--they are twice the strength
+of _T. cordifolia_, and develop foliage more than double its size,
+whilst the flowers are on stems 3ft. high, nearly green, and might
+easily be taken for seed pods.
+
+The Mitellas, however, are much more puzzling, the distinctions being
+finer and mostly of a botanical character. Still, in May and June, when
+all are in flower, the identification of our subject is not difficult,
+more especially if the other species of the same order are near for
+comparison.
+
+_T. cordifolia_ grows to the height of 9in. to 12in.; the flowers are
+composed of a calyx (five-parted) and five petals, which are entire,
+evenly set in the calyx. The ten stamens are prominent; each flower has
+a stout pedicel, which holds out the pretty white blossom in a nearly
+horizontal way. There is nothing of a bell-shape character about the
+flower, as in its nearest relative the Mitella. The flower stem is erect
+and round, being evenly furnished with flowers, for a length of 4in. to
+6in.; the flowers are very lasting. The leaves are heart-shaped, acutely
+lobed, denticulate, slightly wrinkled, hairy on both sides, and more or
+less spotted or splashed with brown spots on the main ribs; the leaf
+stalks are long, and carry the foliage gracefully. The whole plant has a
+neat habit, and, when in vigorous health, sends out surface creepers.
+
+It enjoys moist quarters and slight shade, though it is grown as seen in
+the drawing in an exposed part. The soil is good, but otherwise there is
+nothing special about its culture. If this little spring flower can be
+made more known, it will be sure to be more widely cultivated; for
+covering the bare parts of lawn shrubberies it would form a pleasing
+subject, and might be mixed with the scarlet ourisia and the finer sorts
+of myosotis; these would make an excellent blend, all flowering
+together, and lasting for a long time, besides being suitable otherwise
+for such shady positions. When increase is desired strong plants may be
+divided at any time, soon after flowering being the best; if the season
+be dry, the young stock should be shaded by a leafy branch and kept well
+watered.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Trientalis Europæa.
+
+EUROPEAN WINTERGREEN, or STAR-FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._
+PRIMULACEÆ.
+
+
+Some may say, "Why, this is a common British plant;" and so it is in
+some parts, but for all that there are many who have never seen it. In
+no way does the mention here of this lovely little flower need an
+apology: the best possible reasons for growing and recommending it are
+in the facts that it is very beautiful and greatly admired (see Fig.
+103).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 103. TRIENTALIS EUROPÆA.
+
+(Plant, one-third natural size; blossom, full size.)]
+
+The flowers, which are ¾in. across, are salver-shaped, pure white,
+excepting for a day or two when newly opened, then they are stained with
+a soft pink; the calyx has eight handsome light green, shining,
+awl-shaped sepals; the corolla has five to nine petals, equal in size,
+flatly and evenly arranged, their pointed tips forming the star-like
+appearance from which the flower takes one of its common names; the
+flower stalks are exceedingly fine--thready--but firm, from 1in. to 3in.
+long, and each carries but one flower; they issue from the axils of the
+leaves, which are arranged in whorls of five or seven, and nearly as
+many blossoms will be produced from the whorl, but seldom more than one,
+and hardly ever more than two, flowers will be open together, when they
+occupy the central position of the foliage, which gives the plant an
+elegant appearance. The leaves are of a pale green colour, sometimes a
+little bronzed at the tips, veined, entire, bald, lance-shaped, and, as
+before hinted, verticillate; they vary much in size, being from 1in. to
+3in. long and ½in. to 1in. broad. The stems are round, reddish, slender,
+and naked, with the exception of two or three minute round leaves, borne
+distantly apart; the stems, too, like the leaves, vary in length;
+sometimes they grow 8in., while others equally floriferous are not above
+3in. high; the root is creeping, and somewhat tuberous. A colony of this
+plant has the appearance of a miniature group of palms, bedecked with
+glistening stars at the flowering time, and it is one of the most
+durable flowers I know; so persistent, indeed, are they, that botanical
+descriptions make mention of it.
+
+In a cut state they equal either violets or snowdrops, from the
+beautiful combination of flowers and foliage, and it is a pity that it
+is not grown in sufficient quantities for cutting purposes. Its culture
+is very easy, but to do it well it may be said to require special
+treatment; in its wild state it runs freely, and the specimens are not
+nearly so fine as they may be had under cultivation with proper
+treatment. It should have moist quarters, a little shade, light
+vegetable soil, and confinement at the roots. I ought, perhaps, to
+explain the last-mentioned condition. It would appear that if the
+quick-spreading roots are allowed to ramble, the top growths are not
+only straggling, but weak and unfruitful. To confine its roots,
+therefore, not only causes it to grow in compact groups, but in every
+way improves its appearance; it may be done by planting it in a large
+seed pan, 15in. across, and 4in. or 6in. deep. Let it be well drained;
+over the drainage place a layer of lumpy peat, on which arrange another
+of roots, and fill up with leaf soil and peat mixed with sand; this may
+be done any time from September to February; the pan may then be plunged
+in a suitable position, so as to just cover the rim from sight, and so
+do away with artificial appearances; but if it is sunk too deep, the
+roots will go over the rim and all the labour will be lost. So charming
+is this plant when so grown, that it is worth all the care. A well-known
+botanist saw such a pan last spring, and he could hardly believe it to
+be our native species. Pans at two years old are lovely masses, and very
+suitable for taking as grown for table decoration. The outer sides of
+the pans should be banked down to the tray with damp moss, which could
+be pricked in with any soft-coloured flowers, as dog roses, pinks or
+forget-me-nots.
+
+I will only add that, unless the root confinement is effected either in
+the above or some other way, according to my experience, the plant will
+never present a creditable appearance as a cultivated specimen; at the
+same time, this somewhat troublesome mode of planting it is not in
+proportion to the pleasure it will afford and certainly ought not to
+prevent its introduction into every garden.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Trillium Erectum.
+
+ERECT WOOD-LILY; _Nat. Ord._ MELANTHACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 104. TRILLIUM ERECTUM.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+A hardy, tuberous perennial, from North America, whence most, perhaps
+all, the species of this genus are imported. The peculiar form of the
+plants gives rise to the generic name. A flowering specimen has on one
+stem three leaves, three sepals, and three petals; the specific name is
+in reference to the more erect habit of this species compared with
+others. Of _T. erectum_ there are several varieties, having
+different-coloured flowers; the specimens from which the drawing (Fig.
+104) was taken have rich brown or dark maroon flowers. Little groups
+have a rather quaint look, they being very formal, the flowers curiously
+placed, and of unusual colour. The flowers are fully 2in. across, or
+much more, if the petals did not reflex almost their whole length. The
+sepals of the calyx are exactly alternate with the petals, and remain
+erect, giving the flower a characteristic quality; and, let me add,
+they are far more pleasing to the eye than to the sense of smell. The
+leaves are arranged in threes on the main stem, and that number
+constitutes the entire foliage of the plant; they are stalkless, oval,
+but pointed, entire, smooth, and of a shining dark green colour. The
+specimens from which the illustration was made are 5in. to 6in. high,
+but their height differs very much with the positions in which they are
+grown, shade and moisture inducing taller growths. The roots, which are
+tuberous, are of unusual form--soft swollen root-stocks may be more
+descriptive of them. Trilliums are now in much favour, and their quiet
+beauty is likely to create a genuine love for them. Moreover, the
+different species are distinct, and if grown in cool, shady quarters,
+their flowers remain in good form and colour for a long time. They are
+seen to most advantage in a subdued light, as under the shade of rather
+tall but not too thickly grown trees. They require vegetable soil, no
+matter how light it may be, provided it can be maintained in a moist
+state, the latter condition being indispensable. Trilliums are capable
+of taking a good share towards supplying shade-loving subjects. How
+finely they would mix with anemones, violets, _Paris quadrifolia_,
+hellebores, and such like flowers! Colonies of these, planted so as to
+carpet small openings in shrubberies, would be a clear gain in several
+ways to our gardens; to many they would be a new feature; more showy
+flowers would not have to be given up for such an arrangement, but, on
+the other hand, both would be more enjoyed by the contrast. Trilliums
+increase slowly; propagation may be carried out by the division of the
+roots of healthy plants.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Triteleia Uniflora.
+
+_Sometimes called_ MILLA UNIFLORA; ONE-FLOWERED
+TRITELEIA, _or_ SPRING STAR FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._
+LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a favourite flower, and in some soils increases very fast; it is
+the commonest species of the very limited genus to which it belongs; was
+brought from South America only so recently as 1836, and it is already
+extensively grown in this country, and as a trade article is very cheap
+indeed, thanks to its intrinsic worth. Though small, its star-like form
+gives it a lively and effective appearance in the borders. It is much
+used by the Americans as a window and greenhouse plant, notwithstanding
+that it is a wild flower with them, and its pretty shape and lovely hues
+render it eligible for such uses, but on account of the esteem in which
+is held the odour of garlic, I should not like to recommend it for such
+close associations. The flower in shape is, as the generic name
+implies, like the Trillium, formed of three, or rather threes; the
+divisions are arranged in threes, or triangularly; the two triangles,
+being crossed, give the flower a geometrical and star-like effect. The
+flowers, which are 1in. to 2in. across, are borne on slender stems, 4in.
+to 6in. long. They are nearly white, but have various tints, bluish
+reflections, with a line of blue in each petal. The leaves resemble
+those of the snowdrop when overgrown and turning flabby, and have a
+somewhat untidy and sprawling habit; they are abundantly produced from
+the rather small cocoon-shaped bulbs. On the whole, the plant is very
+ornamental when in flower, and the bloom is produced more or less for
+many weeks; at any rate, it is an early flower, and if it cannot be used
+indoors it should be extensively planted amongst border subjects, than
+which there are few more hardy or reliable. Propagated by divisions of
+the crowded bulbs every other year, during late summer.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 105. TRITELEIA UNIFLORA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+_T. u. lilacina_ (the Lilac-coloured Star Flower) is a most handsome
+variety, having, as implied by the name, a richly coloured flower. I am
+indebted to a lady for roots and flowers recently sent me; so far as I
+know, it is not yet generally distributed. It is very distinct from the
+type in having smaller parts throughout, and a more highly coloured
+bloom, with the outer surface of the shining tube of a darker or
+brownish-green colour. I have seen a mauve coloured form, but this is
+much more pronounced and effective. The chief recommendation of this
+otherwise desirable flower, to my thinking, is its rich, new-mown hay
+scent; in this it differs much from the parent form.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Tritoma Uvaria.
+
+GREAT TRITOMA; _Common Names_, FLAME-FLOWER,
+RED-HOT POKER; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ-HEMERO-CALLIDEÆ.
+
+
+This is one of our finest late-flowering plants; it has, moreover, a
+tropical appearance, which renders it very attractive. It is fast
+becoming popular, though as yet it is not very often seen in private
+gardens; it comes from the Cape of Good Hope, its year of introduction
+being 1707. In this climate, when planted in well-exposed situations and
+in sandy loam, it proves hardy but herbaceous; if protected it is
+evergreen; and I ought to add that if it is planted in clay soil, or
+where the drainage is defective, it will be killed by a severe winter;
+but when such simple precautions as are here indicated will conduce to
+the salvation of a somewhat doubtful plant, it may be fairly termed
+hardy. According to my experience during severe winters, plants in wet
+stiff loam were all killed, but others of the same stock, in light sandy
+earth, did not suffer in the least. I have also made similar
+observations outside my own garden.
+
+The stout scapes or stems sometimes reach a height of 4ft., and are
+topped with long or cocoon-shaped spikes of orange and red flowers; the
+flowers are tubular and small, closely arranged, and drooping; each will
+be about an inch long, and the spikes 6in. to 8in. long. The leaves are
+narrow, 2ft. to 3ft. long, keeled, channelled, and rough on the edges,
+of a dark green colour and prostrate habit. Either amongst trees or in
+more conspicuous positions this flower proves very effective, whilst in
+lines it is simply dazzling; when grown in quantity it may be cut for
+indoor decoration, than which few large flowers are more telling.
+
+Cultural hints have already been given in speaking of its hardiness, but
+I may add that where the soil is naturally light and dry a liberal
+dressing of well-rotted manure may be dug in with great benefit to the
+flowers. It is readily propagated by division of the roots every third
+year; the young stock should be put in rows, the earth having been
+deeply stirred and well broken; this may be done in late autumn or
+spring--if the former, a top dressing of leaves will assist root action.
+
+This bold and brilliant flower appears in September, and is produced in
+numbers more or less to the end of the year, provided the season does
+not set in very severe.
+
+
+
+
+Tropæolum Tuberosum.
+
+TUBEROUS TROPÆOLUM; _Nat. Ord._ TROPÆOLACEÆ.
+
+
+All the species of this genus are highly decorative garden subjects,
+including the annual varieties, and otherwise they are interesting. They
+are known by various names, as Trophy-plant, Indian Cress, and
+Nasturtium, though the latter is only applicable strictly to plants of
+another order. The plant under notice is a climber, herbaceous and
+perennial, having tuberous roots, whence its specific name; they much
+resemble small potatoes, and are eaten in Peru, the native country of
+the plant. It has not long been grown in this country, the date of its
+introduction being 1836; it is not often seen, which may be in part
+owing to the fact of its being considered tender in this climate. But
+let me at once state that under favourable conditions, and such as may
+easily be afforded in any garden, it proves hardy. As a matter of fact,
+I wintered it in 1880-1, and also in 1881-2, which latter does not
+signify much, as it proved so mild; but it must be admitted that the
+first-mentioned winter would be a fair test season. The position was
+very dry, viz., on the top of a small bank of earth, against a south
+wall; the soil was sandy loam, and it was overgrown with ivy, the leaves
+of which would doubtless keep out many degrees of cold, as also would
+the dryness of the soil; another point in favour of my specimen proving
+hardy, would be the fact of its exposure to the sun, by which the tubers
+would be well and duly ripened. It is one of the handsomest trailers or
+climbers I know for the herbaceous garden; a free grower, very
+floriferous, bright, distinct, and having a charming habit. The
+illustration (Fig. 106) can give no idea of the fine colours of its
+flowers, or richly glaucous foliage. One specimen in my garden has been
+much admired, thanks to nothing but its own habit and form; under a west
+wall, sheltered from the strong winds, it grows near some _Lilium
+auratum_; after outgrowing the lengths of the stems, and having set off
+to advantage the lily bloom, it caught by its tendril-like shoots an
+apricot tree on the wall, and then reached the top, being furnished with
+bloom its whole length. The flowers are orange and scarlet, inclining to
+crimson; they are produced singly on long red stalks, which spring from
+the axils of the leaves; the orange petals are small and overlapping,
+being compactly enclosed in the scarlet calyx; the spur, which is also
+of the same colour, is thick and long, imparting a pear-like form to the
+whole flower, which, however, is not more than 1½in. long. The leaves
+are nearly round in outline, sub-peltate, five, but sometimes only
+three-lobed; lobes entire, sometimes notched, smooth and glaucous; the
+leaf-stalks are long and bent, and act as tendrils. The plant makes
+rapid growth, the stems going out in all directions, some trailing on
+the ground.
+
+It is a good subject for the drier parts of rockwork, where a twiggy
+branch should be secured, which it will soon cover. It is also fine for
+lattice work, or it may be grown where it can appropriate the dried
+stems of lupine and larkspurs. For all such situations it is not only
+showy, but beautiful. The flowered sprays are effective in a cut state,
+especially by gaslight; they come in for drooping or twining purposes,
+and last a long time in water.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 106. TROPÆOLUM TUBEROSUM.
+
+(One-fifth natural size.)]
+
+If grown as a tender plant its treatment is as simple as can be; the
+tubers may be planted in early spring in any desired situation, and when
+the frosts at the end of the season have cut down the foliage, the
+tubers may be taken up and stored in sand; but if it is intended to
+winter it out the situation should be chosen for its dryness, and the
+soil should be of a sandy nature, in which the tubers ought to be placed
+5in. or 6in. deep. It is self-propagating, the tubers being numerously
+produced; and like "potato sets," the larger ones may be cut in pieces;
+if, however, numbers are not the object they are better left uncut.
+Caterpillars are fond of this plant; at the first sight of an eaten
+leaf, they should be looked for and destroyed.
+
+It begins to flower in the latter part of summer, continuing until
+stopped by frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Umbilicus Chrysanthus.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ CRASSULACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 107. UMBILICUS CHRYSANTHUS.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+This is a very pretty and distinct subject, and never fails to flower
+very late in the year. It is a plant having the appearance of being
+tender, and is not often seen growing fully exposed in the garden; it
+is, however, perfectly hardy, enduring any amount of cold; it suffers
+more from wet. It is also evergreen. Its soft dull or greyish-green
+rosettes are in marked contrast with the rigid and shining sempervivums,
+in the company of which it is frequently placed. It is an alpine
+subject, and comes from the mountains of Asiatic Turkey, being also
+found more west. Not only is it interesting, but its pretty form and
+habit are qualities which render it very useful in a garden, more
+especially for dry parts, such as old walls and rockwork.
+
+It grows 6in. high, the older rosettes elongate and form leafy flower
+stalks, which are topped by drooping panicles of flowers, somewhat bell
+shaped; each flower is ¾in. long, of a yellowish white colour; the
+petals are finely pointed, and well supported by a fleshy calyx; the
+bloom is slowly developed and very enduring, even when the worst weather
+prevails. The leaves are arranged in flat rosette form (the rosettes
+from 1in. to 2in. across), lower leaves spathulate, those near the
+centre more oval.
+
+All are fleshy, covered with short hairs, and somewhat clammy to the
+touch. Its habit is neat, and it adorns such situations as otherwise
+suit it, viz., banks or risen beds, and such other positions as have
+already been named.
+
+Its culture is easy, but it ought to have the compost it most
+enjoys--peat and grit--and it should be sheltered from the strong winds,
+otherwise its top-heavy flower stalks will be laid prostrate. When it
+once finds a happy home it increases fast; the thick stalks are
+procumbent and emit roots. These may either be left to form large
+specimens or be taken off during the growing season for stock. Excessive
+wet is its greatest enemy. For such subjects, the wire and glass
+shelters are not only a remedy, but very handy.
+
+Flowering period, summer, until stopped by frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Vaccinium Vitis-Idæa.
+
+RED WHORTLE-BERRY; _sometimes called_ COW-BERRY; _Nat.
+Ord._ VACCINACEÆ.
+
+
+Although a native evergreen, and in some parts occurring extensively, it
+proves to be both decorative and useful as a garden subject; as a neat
+evergreen it is worthy of a place, especially when it is not to be found
+near in a wild state. It is seldom seen without either its waxy and
+pink-tinted white flowers or its bright clusters of red berries, but in
+October it carries both, which, together with the fine condition of the
+foliage, renders the shrub most attractive. It grows 6in. to 9in. high
+under cultivation.
+
+In form the flowers somewhat resemble the lily of the valley, but they
+are closely set in the stems and partly hidden, owing to the shortness
+and drooping character of the racemes; not only are the flowers
+pleasingly tinted, but they exhale a full and spicy odour; the buds,
+too, are tinted with a lively pink colour on their sunny sides. The
+berries are quickly developed, being nearly the size of the holly berry,
+but a more bright red. The leaves are stout, shining, and leathery, and
+ofttimes pleasingly bronzed. They are over ½in. long and egg-shaped,
+being bent backwards. The stems are furnished with short hairs, are much
+branched, and densely foliaged. This compact-growing shrub would make a
+capital edging, provided it was well grown in vegetable soil. It would
+go well with _Erica carnea_ to form a double line, either to a shrubbery
+or permanent beds of dwarf flowering trees. Now that berries are so much
+used for wearing about the person and for indoor decoration, those of
+this shrub may become useful. A dishful of sprigs in October proves
+pleasant both to the sight and smell, the flowers and fruit being
+charmingly blended.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 108. VACCINIUM VITIS-IDÆA.
+
+(Natural size.)]
+
+_V. v.-i. major_ is a variety which is simply larger in all its parts;
+it is, however, rather more bronzed in the foliage. I daresay by many it
+would be preferred to the typical form, both for its robust and
+decorative qualities. It is nearly twice the size of the type.
+
+As may be inferred, both from the order to which this shrub belongs and
+the localities where it occurs in its wild state, a peaty or vegetable
+soil will be required. I find the species grow most freely in a mixture
+of leaf soil and sand, the position being moist but exposed. It does not
+object to a little shade, but then its useful berries are neither so
+numerously produced nor so well coloured.
+
+It is easily propagated by division at almost any time.
+
+Flowering period, May to October.
+
+
+
+
+Veronica Gentianoides.
+
+_Syn._ V. GENTIANIFOLIA; GENTIAN-LEAVED SPEEDWELL;
+_Nat. Ord._ SCROPHULARIACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a distinct and pleasing species, viewed as a garden plant. It is
+very hardy, and one of the herbaceous kinds; it has been grown in
+English gardens nearly 150 years, and came originally from the Levant.
+It is pretty widely used, but it deserves a place in every garden; not
+only are its tall spikes of flowers effective during their season, but
+the foliage, compared with other Veronicas, is of a bright and plump
+character. The newly-formed tufts, which are somewhat rosette-shaped,
+have a fresh appearance throughout the winter, it being one of the few
+herbaceous subjects in which the signs of life are so visible in this
+climate.
+
+The flowers are small-½in. in diameter--numerously produced on spikes
+18in. high. They are blue, striped with light and dark shades; both
+calyx and corolla, as common to the genus, are four-parted, petals of
+uneven size. The flower spikes are finely developed, the flowers and
+buds occupying 12in. of their length, and tapering off to a point which
+bends gracefully. The buds are not less pretty than the flowers,
+resembling as they do turquoise in a deep setting of the calyx. The
+leaves are smooth, shining, and of much substance, 3in. to 6in. long,
+and 1in. to 2in. broad, lance-shaped, serrated, and sheathing. They are
+of a somewhat clustered arrangement close to the ground. Good pieces of
+this plant, 1ft. to 2ft. across, are very effective, and flower for a
+good while.
+
+The rich and graceful spikes are of great value for vase decoration, one
+or two sufficing in connection with other suitable flowers.
+
+There is a lovely variety of this species called _V. g. variegata_; in
+shape and habit it resembles the type though scarcely as vigorous, but
+not at all "miffy." The leaves are richly coloured pale green, white,
+and pink; and the flowers, as seldom occurs in variegated forms, are
+larger and more handsome than in the parent; in all respects, it is as
+useful, and, for forming an edging, perhaps more suitable than the
+common form.
+
+Both kinds like a good fat loam and a moist situation; they may be grown
+either in borders or on rockwork, but specimens on the latter compare
+poorly with those grown otherwise; either they are too dry, or the soil
+gets washed from them, so that the new roots, which strike down from the
+surface-creeping stems, do not find the needful nourishment. Their
+increase is easily effected by division of the rooted stems any time
+after they have done flowering. If the season is droughty, they should
+be well watered.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Veronica Pinguifolia.
+
+FAT-LEAVED SPEEDWELL; _Nat. Ord._ SCROPHULARIACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a rather uncommon species, being of the shrubby section, but
+unlike many of its relative kinds, it is perfectly hardy, also evergreen
+and very dwarf; a specimen three or four years old is but a diminutive
+bush, 18in. through and 8in. high. The habit is dense, the main or old
+branches are prostrate, the younger wood being erect and full of very
+short side shoots.
+
+The flowers are produced on the new wood; the chubby flower-spikes issue
+from the axils of the leaves near the leading shoot; in some cases there
+are three, in others four, but more often two. Each flower spike has a
+short, stout, round stem, nearly an inch long, and the part furnished
+with buds is nearly as long again. At this stage (just before they begin
+to open) the buds are rice-shaped, snow white, waxy, and arranged cone
+form. They are, moreover, charmingly intersected with the pale green
+sepals in their undeveloped stage. The little bunches of buds are simply
+exquisite. The flowers are small, pure white, waxy, and twisted in the
+petals. The two filaments are longer than the petals, having rather
+large anthers, which are bright purple. This pleasing feature, together
+with the young shoots in the midst of the blossoms, which have small
+stout glaucous leaves tipped with yellow--nearly golden--give the
+clusters a bouquet-like appearance. The leaves are small--little more
+than half an inch long--and ovate, slightly cupped, stem-clasping, and
+opposite. They are a pale glaucous hue, and closely grown on the stems;
+they greatly add to the rich effect of the flowers.
+
+This shrub is a most fitting subject for rockwork, and it would also
+make an edging of rare beauty, which, if well grown, no one could but
+admire. It seems to enjoy loam and leaf soil in a moist but sunny
+situation. It may be propagated by cuttings, taken with a part of the
+previous year's wood.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Veronica Prostrata.
+
+PROSTRATE SPEEDWELL; _Nat. Ord._ SCROPHULARIACEÆ.
+
+
+This is sometimes confounded with _V. repens_, I presume from the slight
+distinction in the specific names, but so different are the two species
+that no one who has seen them can possibly take one for the other. _V.
+repens_ is herb-like; it creeps and roots, and has nearly white flowers
+in April; but _V. prostrata_ is a deciduous trailer, and the more common
+and best form has fine gentian-blue flowers; it is a capital rock plant,
+being most effective when hanging over the face of large stones. The
+flowers are small, and produced in rather long sprays, which are
+numerous, so that little else than flowers can be seen for two or three
+weeks.
+
+It will grow and flower freely in any soil, but the aspect should be
+sunny; it is easily increased by division or rootlets. I may add that
+the very long stems of this prostrate plant (when in bloom) are well
+adapted for indoor decoration. Where pendent, deep blue flowers are
+needed, there are very few good blues so suitable.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Vesicaria Græca.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ CRUCIFERÆ.
+
+
+This beautiful, diminutive, hardy evergreen shrub comes to us from
+Switzerland, being an alpine species (see Fig. 109).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 109. VESICARIA GRÆCA.
+
+(One-third natural size; 1, full size.)]
+
+When in flower it does not exceed the height of 6in. or 8in., at which
+time it is very showy, covered, as it is, with flowers of the brightest
+golden yellow, surpassing the golden alyssum, which in some respects it
+resembles, being half woody, possessing greyish leaves, and dense heads
+of flowers, which, however, are arranged in small corymbs, and being
+also much larger. The leaves of the flower stalks resemble lavender
+leaves in general appearance; those of the unproductive stems are
+larger, and arranged sparingly in rigid rosette form, such unproductive
+stems being few.
+
+The neat and erect habit of the plant renders it most suitable for
+rockwork or edgings, and otherwise, from its long continued flowering,
+which will exceed a month in moderate weather, it is one of the most
+useful spring flowers; whilst, for cutting purposes, it cannot but rank
+with the more choice, as, combined with extra brightness of colour, it
+exhales a rich hawthorn perfume. To all who have a garden, big or
+little, I would say, grow this sweet little shrub. It has never failed
+to do well with me in any situation that was fully exposed; it flowers
+freely in a light dry bed, but on rockwork it is most at home. The
+quickest way to prepare plants of flowering strength is to divide strong
+pieces; but this interferes with the larger specimens, which are by far
+the best forms in which to grow and retain it. Another mode is to cut
+off all the flowers nearly down to the old wood; side shoots will thus
+be induced to grow earlier than otherwise, so that in late summer they
+may be taken off as slips, and there will still be plenty of time to
+strike them like wallflower slips, and get plenty of roots to them
+before the cold weather sets in. The plant also produces seed freely in
+its inflated pods, which affords another, but more tedious, way of
+increasing it.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Viola Pedata.
+
+PEDATE-LEAVED _or_ BIRD'S-FOOT VIOLET; _Nat. Ord._
+VIOLACEÆ.
+
+
+Over a hundred years ago this hardy herbaceous violet was introduced
+from North America; still, it is not largely grown, though it is now
+becoming quite a favourite. As may be seen by the illustration (Fig.
+110), it is distinct in general appearance, more especially in the
+foliage, which in its young state is bird-foot-shaped, whence the
+appropriateness of its specific name; it should perhaps be explained
+that the leaves are very small compared with the flowers when the plant
+first begins to bloom, but later they increase very much in size. There
+are several characteristics about this species which render it
+desirable, and no choice collection should be without either this (the
+typical form) or some of its varieties. Deep cut, shining, dark green
+foliage, very bright blue flowers, and pleasing habit are its most
+prominent features; its blooming period is prolonged, and it has a
+robust constitution, which further commends it to lovers of choice
+flowers, and if once planted in proper quarters it gives no further
+trouble in the way of treatment.
+
+The flowers are nearly an inch across, bright purple-blue, produced on
+stalks of varying lengths, but mostly long; the leaves are many parted,
+segments long, narrow and lance-shaped, some being cut or toothed near
+the tips; the crown of the root is rather bulky; the roots are long and
+fleshy.
+
+The following are varieties; all are handsome and worth growing: _V. p.
+alba_, new; flowers white, not so robust as the type. _V. p. bicolor_,
+new; flowers two colours. _V. p. flabellata_ (syn. _V. digitata_);
+flowers light purple. _V. p. ranunculifolia_ (syn. _V. ranunculifolia_);
+flowers nearly white.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 110. VIOLA PEDATA.
+
+(Two-thirds natural size.)]
+
+As this plant requires a moist and partially shaded situation, it is not
+eligible for doing duty indiscriminately in any part of the garden;
+still, it will thrive under any conditions such as the well-known
+violets are seen to encounter. On the north or west side of rockwork, in
+dips or moist parts, it will be found to do well and prove attractive.
+
+The propagation of all the kinds may be carried out by allowing the seed
+to scatter itself, and, before the winter sets in, a light top-dressing
+of half rotted leaves and sand will not only be a natural way of
+protecting it until germination takes place, but will also be of much
+benefit to the parent plants. Another mode of increase is to divide the
+roots of strong and healthy specimens; in this way only can true kinds
+be obtained; seedlings are almost certain to be crossed.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Viola Tricolor.
+
+THREE-COLOURED VIOLET, PANSY, or HEARTSEASE; _Nat.
+Ord._ VIOLACEÆ.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 111. VIOLA TRICOLOR.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+This well known herbaceous perennial is a British species. It has long
+been grown in gardens, where, by selection and crossing, innumerable and
+beautiful kinds have been produced, so that at the present time it is
+not only a "florist's flower," but a general favourite. Besides the
+above-mentioned common names, it has many others, and it may not be
+uninteresting to repeat them--"Love in Idleness," "Call me to you,"
+"Kiss me ere I rise," "Herb Trinity," and "Three Faces under one Hood."
+Although this plant is herbaceous, the old stems remain green until the
+new growths come into flower, and, in many varieties, by a little
+management in plucking out the buds during summer, flowers may be had in
+the autumn and well into winter. If, also, from other plants early
+cuttings have been taken, and become well rooted, they will produce
+large flowers very early in spring, and so the Pansy may be had in
+flower nearly the year round. Any description of this well-known plant
+would be superfluous to an English reader.
+
+The wild _V. tricolor_ is, however, a very different plant and flower to
+its numerous offspring, such as the illustration (Fig. 111) depicts, and
+in which there is ever a tendency to "go back." It is only by constant
+care and high cultivation that the Pansy is kept at such a high standard
+of excellence, and one may add that such labour is well repaid by the
+results. With no flower more than the Pansy does all depend on the
+propagation and culture. Not the least reliance can be placed on seeds
+for producing flowers like those of the parent. Cuttings or root
+divisions should be made in summer, so as to have them strong, to
+withstand the winter. They enjoy a stiffish loam, well enriched. And in
+spring they may be lifted with a ball and transplanted into beds,
+borders, lines, or irregular masses, where they are equally effective,
+and no flower is more reliable for a profusion of bloom.
+
+
+
+
+Yucca Filamentosa.
+
+THREADY-LEAVED YUCCA; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+This is of a more deciduous nature than _Y. gloriosa_, reclothing itself
+each spring more amply with foliage. In December, however, it is in fine
+form, and though it is a better flowering species than most of its
+genus, and to a fair extent valuable for its flowers, it will be more
+esteemed, perhaps, as a shrub of ornamental foliage. It came from
+Virginia in the year 1675.
+
+The flowers are pretty, greenish-white, bell-shaped, and drooping: they
+are arranged in panicles, which, when sent up from strong plants, are,
+from their size, very attractive; but otherwise they are hardly up to
+the mark as flowers. The leaves in form are lance-shaped, concave,
+reflexed near the ends, and sharp-pointed. The colour is a
+yellowish-green, the edges are brown, and their substance is split up
+into curled filaments, which are sometimes 9in. or more long, and are
+blown about by every breeze. From these thready parts the species takes
+its name. It is seldom that this kind grows more than 4ft. high, but a
+greater number of offsets are produced from this than from any other of
+our cultivated Yuccas.
+
+I know no better use for this kind than planting it on the knolly parts
+of rockwork, positions which in every way suit it, for it enjoys a warm,
+dry soil.
+
+_Y. f. variegata_, as its name implies, is a form with coloured foliage.
+In the north it proves to be far from hardy, and therefore cannot be
+recommended for culture in the open garden. My reasons for mentioning
+it are that it is convenient to do so when the typical form is under
+notice, and that it is frequently spoken of as hardy. Subjects needing
+well selected positions, protection, and a mild winter in order to keep
+them alive from autumn to spring, can in no sense be considered hardy,
+even though they may be planted out of doors.
+
+Flowering period, August to October.
+
+
+
+
+Yucca Gloriosa.
+
+GLORIOUS YUCCA, ADAM'S NEEDLE; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+A hardy evergreen shrub which has long been grown in England, but for
+all that is not often met with in private gardens. It is a native of
+South America, and was brought to our shores in 1596. The genus is
+remarkable for not flowering constantly in our climate, and also for
+slow growth; fortunately, both these drawbacks, if one may term them
+such, are counter-balanced by the handsome foliage of the various
+species, mostly of an evergreen and very durable nature, and also by the
+bold and symmetrical arrangement of the same. This Yucca flowers in the
+autumn, but it may be considered more especially a foliage subject, as
+the bloom is insignificant compared with the leaves and is not produced
+more than once in four years as a rule. The leaves assume their richest
+hues and become thoroughly matured about the end of the year; and when
+the ground is covered with a thick coat of snow, their rigid forms are
+amongst the very few of any note that can be seen. In any garden, no
+matter how large or how small, a Yucca imparts a style or character to
+it which scarcely any other subject can give. It may not be so easy to
+explain this, but the fact is recognised by the most casual observer at
+first sight. If I say the effect is tropical, noble, rich, and sometimes
+graceful, a partial idea of its ornamental qualities may be conveyed;
+but to know its value and enjoy it, it should be grown. The species
+under consideration has many forms, some differing rather widely from
+the type, so much so that these varieties are honoured with specific
+names. First may be given a brief description of the parent form.
+
+It grows from 3ft. to 6ft. high, according to the more or less
+favourable conditions. These dimensions apply to blooming specimens; but
+shrubs, three to six years old, if they have never bloomed, may not
+exceed 1ft. to 2ft. in height, and about the same in diameter. The
+flowers, as may be gathered from the order to which the genus belongs,
+are lily-like, or bell-shaped; they are of a greenish white colour,
+arranged in lax clusters on stoutish stalks. The leaves are 12in. to
+2ft. long, 3in. or more broad in their widest parts, concave or
+boat-shaped, sharp pointed, glaucous, sometimes slightly plicate, rigid,
+and leathery.
+
+The habit, after flowering, is generally to form offsets, when the plant
+loses much of its former boldness and effect. From the lateness of its
+blooming period, and a lack of suitable conditions, it does not ripen
+seed in our climate, and it must of necessity be raised from seed
+ripened in more favourable climes.
+
+The following are said to be some of its varieties, bearing useful
+descriptive names: _Y. g. pendula_, having a pendulous habit or reflexed
+leaves; _Y. g. plicata_, having plaited leaves; _Y. g. minor_, a lesser
+form in its various parts. There are other reputed varieties of more
+doubtful descent.
+
+For cultivation see _Y. recurva_.
+
+
+
+
+Yucca Recurva.
+
+RECURVE-LEAVED YUCCA; _Common Name_, WEEPING YUCCA;
+_Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.
+
+
+This is a charming species, perfectly hardy and evergreen; it was
+brought from Georgia about ninety years ago.
+
+The flowers are a greenish-white, and undesirable where the shrub is
+grown for the sake of its ornamental qualities; fortunately they are far
+from being constant in their appearance. September is its blooming
+period in our climate. The leaves are its main feature; with age it
+becomes rather tall, 6ft. to 9ft. high, having a woody hole or caudex,
+which is largely concealed by the handsome drooping foliage; a few of
+the youngest leaves from the middle of the tuft remain erect. The whole
+specimen is characterised by its deep green and glossy foliage, combined
+with a most graceful habit. Few things can be planted with such
+desirable effect as this shrub; it puts a stamp on the landscape,
+parterre and shrubland, and when well grown forms a landmark in the most
+extensive garden.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 112. YUCCA RECURVA
+
+(one-eighteenth natural size.)]
+
+For all the species and varieties of Yucca the mode of culture is not
+only similar but simple. They have long roots of a wiry texture. These
+denote that they require deep soil, light, and rather dry. Sandy loam,
+light vegetable soil, or marl and peat grow them well. Raised beds or
+borders, the higher parts of rockwork, or any open position, thoroughly
+drained, will not only be conducive to their health, but also prove
+fitting points of vantage. In planting Yuccas it must never be forgotten
+that perfect drainage is the all important requisite, and if it is not
+afforded the stock will never thrive, but ultimately die from rot or
+canker. Another matter, when referred to, will perhaps complete all that
+is special about the culture, or rather planting, of Yuccas. Begin with
+young stuff; I know nothing that transplants worse than this class of
+shrubs after they have become considerably grown. Their spare, wiry
+roots, when taken out of a sandy soil, do not carry a "ball," and from
+the great depth to which they run they are seldom taken up without more
+than ordinary damage. Young specimens, 6in., 9in., or not more than
+12in. high, should be preferred, and of these sizes the least will prove
+the safest. Yuccas are readily propagated at the proper season; and in
+specifying the season it is needful to point out that of offsets, from
+which young stock is soonest obtained, there are two kinds. Some spring
+from immediately below the earth, and may more properly be termed
+suckers; the others grow on the visible part of the stem or caudex,
+often close to the oldest leaves; these should be cut off with a sharp
+knife, in early summer, and if they have a little of the parent bark
+attached to them all the better. If they are planted in a shady place,
+in sweet sandy loam, they will make good roots before winter, and may be
+allowed to make the following summer's growth in the same position. In
+the succeeding autumn it will be a good plan to put them in their
+permanent places. The suckers will be found to have more or less root;
+they should be taken in spring from the parent specimen, the roots
+should be carefully preserved, and the pushing parts planted just level
+with the surface.
+
+
+
+
+FLOWERING PERIODS.
+
+
+As an aid to readers desirous of making a selection of plants which will
+secure a succession of bloom the year through, we here give a list of
+those described in the preceding pages, arranged according to their
+average periods of flowering.
+
+
+January.
+
+Anemone fulgens, Aralia Sieboldi, Bulbocodium vernum, Cheiranthus
+Cheiri, Crocus medius, Eranthis hyemalis, Helleborus abchasicus, H.
+antiquorum, H. Bocconi, H. colchicus, H. cupreus, H. foetidus, H.
+guttatus, H. niger, H. orientalis, H. olympicus, Jasminum nudiflorum,
+Petasites vulgaris, Saxifraga Burseriana.
+
+
+February.
+
+Anemone blanda, A. fulgens, A. stellata, Arabis lucida, A. Sieboldi,
+Bellis perennis, Bulbocodium trigynum, B. vernum, Cheiranthus Cheiri,
+Corydalis solida, Daphne Mezereum, Eranthis hyemalis, Erica carnea,
+Galanthus Elwesii, G. Imperati, G. nivalis, G. plicatus, Helleborus
+abchasicus, H. antiquorum, H, Bocconi, H. colchicus, H. cupreus, H.
+dumetorum, H. foetidus, H. guttatus, H. niger, H. odorus, H.
+orientalis, H. olympicus, H. purpurascens, Hepatica angulosa, H.
+triloba, Jasminum nudiflorum, Petasites vulgaris, Polyanthus, Primula
+acaulis, Saxifraga Burseriana.
+
+
+March.
+
+Anemone blanda, A. fulgens, A. Pulsatilla, A. stellata, Arabis lucida,
+Aralia Sieboldi, Bellis perennis, Bulbocodium trigynum, B. vernum,
+Cheiranthus Cheiri, Chionodoxa Luciliæ, Corydalis solida, Daphne
+Mezereum, Dentaria digitata, Doronicum caucasicum, Epigæa repens, Erica
+carnea, Erythronium dens-canis, Galanthus Elwesii, G. Imperati, G.
+nivalis, G. plicatus, G. Redoutei, Helleborus abchasicus, H. antiquorum,
+H. Bocconi, H. colchicus, H. cupreus, H. dumetorum, H. foetidus, H.
+guttatus, H. niger, H. odorus, H. orientalis, H. olympicus, H.
+purpurascens, Hepatica angulosa, H. triloba, Jasminum nudiflorum,
+Leucojum vernum, Muscari botryoides, M. racemosum, Narcissus minor,
+Omphalodes verna, Orobus vernus, Phlox frondosa, Polyanthus, Primula
+acaulis, P. Cashmeriana, P. denticulata, P. marginata, P. purpurea, P.
+Scotica, Pulmonarias, Puschkinia scilloides, Saxifraga Burseriana, S.
+ciliata, S. cordifolia, S. coriophylla, S. ligulata, S. oppositifolia,
+S. Rocheliana, Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, Soldanellas, Triteleia
+uniflora.
+
+
+April.
+
+Alyssum saxatile, Andromeda tetragona, Anemone Apennina, A. fulgens, A.
+Pulsatilla, A. stellata, Arabis lucida, Bellis perennis, Calthus
+palustris flore-pleno, Cheiranthus Cheiri, Chionodoxa Luciliæ, Corydalis
+nobilis, C. solida, Daphne cneorum, D. Mezereum, Dentaria digitata, D.
+Jeffreyanum, D. Meadia, Dondia Epipactis, Doronicum caucasicum, Epigæa
+repens, Erica carnea, Erysimum pumilum, Erythronium dens-canis,
+Fritillaria armena, Galanthus nivalis, G. plicatus, G. Redoutei,
+Gentiana verna, Helleborus antiquorum, H. colchicus, H. orientalis, H.
+purpurascens, Hepatica angulosa, H. triloba, Houstonia coerulea,
+Jasminum nudiflorum, Leucojum vernum, Muscari botryoides, M. racemosum,
+Narcissus minor, Omphalodes verna, Orobus vernus, Phlox frondosa,
+Polyanthus, Primula acaulis, P. capitata, P. Cashmeriana, P.
+denticulata, P. farinosa, P. marginata, P. purpurea, P. Scotica, P.
+vulgaris flore-pleno, Pulmonarias, Puschkinia scilloides, Ranunculus
+acris flore-pleno, R. amplexicaulis, R. speciosum, Sanguinaria
+canadensis, Saxifraga Burseriana, S. ciliata, S. cordifolia, S.
+ligulata, S. oppositifolia, S. purpurascens, S. Rocheliana, S. Wallacei,
+Scilla campanulata, Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, Soldanellas, Symphytum
+caucasicum, Tritelia uniflora, Vesicaria græca.
+
+
+May.
+
+Alyssum saxatile, Anchusa Italica, A. sempervirens, Andromeda tetragona,
+Anemone Apennina, A. coronaria, A. decapitate, A. fulgens, A. nemorosa
+flore-pleno, A. Pulsatilla, A. stellata, A. sulphurea, A. sylvestris, A.
+vernalis, Arabis lucida, Bellis perennis, Calthus palustris flore-pleno,
+Cheiranthus Cheiri, C. Marshallii, Corydalis lutea, C. nobilis, C.
+solida, Cypripedium calceolus, Daphne cneorum, Dentaria digitata,
+Dianthus hybridus, Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum, D. Meadia, Dondia Epipactis,
+Doronicum caucasicum, Erysimum pumilum, Fritillaria armena, Gentiana
+acaulis, G. verna, Geranium argenteum, Heuchera, H. Americana, H.
+cylindrica, H. Drummondi, H. glabra, H. lucida, H. metallica, H.
+micrantha, H. purpurea, H. ribifolia, H. Richardsoni, Houstonia
+coerulea, Iberis correæfolia, Leucojum æstivum, Lithospermum
+prostratum, Muscari botryoides, M. racemosum, Omphalodes verna, Orchis
+fusca, Orobus vernus, Ourisia coccinea, Papaver orientale, Phlox
+frondosa, Podophyllum peltatum, Polyanthus, Primula acaulis, P.
+capitata, P. Cashmeriana, P. denticulata, P. farinosa, P. marginata, P.
+Scotica, P. vulgaris flore-pleno, Pulmonarias, Puschkinia scilloides,
+Ramondia pyrenaica, Ranunculus aconitifolius, R. acris flore-pleno, R.
+amplexicaulis, R. speciosum, Sanguinaria canadensis, Saponaria
+ocymoides, Saxifraga cæsia, S. ciliata, S. cordifolia, S. ligulata, S.
+paradoxa, S. pectinata, S. purpurascens, S. tuberosa, S. Wallacei,
+Scilla campanulata, Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, Soldanellas, Spiræa
+ulmaria variegata, Symphytum caucascium, Tiarella cordifolia, Trientalis
+europæa, Trillium erectum, Triteleia uniflora, Vaccinium Vitis Idæa,
+Veronica gentianoides, V. pinguifolia, V. prostrata, Vesicaria græca.
+
+
+June.
+
+Acæna Novæ Zealandiæ, Achillea ægyptiaca, A. filipendula, A.
+millefolium, A. Ptarmica, Allium Moly, A. neapolitanum, Anchusa italica,
+A. sempervirens, Anemone alpina, A. coronaria, A. decapitata, A.
+fulgens, A. stellata, A. sulphurea, A. sylvestris, A. vernalis,
+Anthericum Liliago, A. Liliastrum, Anthyllis montana, Arabis lucida,
+Arisæma triphyllum, Arum crinitum, Aster alpinus, Bellis perennis,
+Calthus palustris flore-pleno, Campanula grandis, C. latifolia, C.
+speciosa, Centaurea montana, Centranthus ruber, Cheiranthus Cheiri, C.
+Marshallii, Cornus canadensis, Corydalis lutea, C. nobilis, Cypripedium
+calceolus, Dianthus deltoides, D. hybridus, Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum, D.
+Meadia, Doronicum caucasicum, Erigeron caucasicus, E. glaucum, Erysimum
+pumilum, Festuca glauca, Funkia albo-marginata, Gentiana acaulis, G.
+Burseri, G. cruciata, G. gelida, G. verna, Geranium argenteum, Gillenia
+trifoliata, Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, Heuchera, H. Americana, H.
+cylindrica, H. Drummondi, H. glabra, H. lucida, H. metallica, H.
+micrantha, H. purpurea, H. ribifolia, H. Richardsoni, Houstonia
+coerulea, Iberis correæfolia, Iris foetidissima, Kalmia latifolia,
+Lathyrus grandiflorus, L. latifolius, Leucojum æstivum, Lithospermum
+prostratum, Lychnis chalcedonica, L. Viscaria flore-pleno, Margyricarpus
+setosus, Mazus pumilio, Melittis melissophyllum, Morina longifolia,
+Oenothera speciosa, Oe. taraxacifolia, Ononis rotundifolia, Onosma
+taurica, Orchis foliosa, O. fusca, Ourisia coccinea, Papaver orientale,
+Pentstemons, Physalis Alkekengi, Podophyllum peltatum, Polyanthus,
+Pratia repens, Primula acaulis, P. capitata, P. farinosa, P.
+sikkimensis, P. vulgaris flore-pleno, Ramondia pyrenaica, Ranunculus
+aconitifolius flore-pleno, R. acris flore-pleno, R. speciosum, Saponaria
+ocymoides, Saxifraga cæsia, S. longifolia, S. Macnabiana, S. mutata, S.
+paradoxa, S. pectinata, S. peltata, S. purpurascens, S. pyramidalis, S.
+umbrosa, S. Wallacei, Scilla campanulata, Sempervivum Laggeri, Spiræa
+ulmaria variegata, S. venusta, Stenactis speciosus, Symphytum
+caucasicum, Tiarella cordifolia, Trientalis europæa, Trillium erectum,
+Vaccinum Vitis-Idæa, Veronica gentianoides, V. pinguifolia, V.
+prostrata, Vesicaria græca.
+
+
+July.
+
+Acæna Novæ Zealandiæ, Achillea ægyptiaca, A. filipendula, A.
+millefolium, A. Ptarmica, Allium Moly, A. neapolitanum, Anchusa Italica,
+A. sempervirens, Anthericum Liliago, A. liliastrum, Anthyllis montana,
+Arisæma triphyllum, Arum crinitum, Aster alpinus, Bellis perennis,
+Calystegia pubescens flore-pleno, Campanula grandis, C. latifolia, C.
+persicifolia, C. pyramidalis, C. speciosa, C. Waldsteiniana, Centaurea
+montana, Centranthus ruber, Coreopsis lanceolata, Cornus canadensis,
+Corydalis lutea, Dianthus deltoides, D. hybridus, Doronicum caucasicum,
+Edraianthus dalmaticus, Erigeron caucasicus, E. glaucum, Erysimum
+pumilum, Festuca glauca, Funkia albo-marginata, F. Sieboldi, Galax
+aphylla, Galega officinalis, G. persica lilacina, Gentiana acaulis, G.
+asclepiadea, G. Burseri, G. cruciata, G. gelida, Geranium argenteum,
+Gillenia trifoliata, Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, Heuchera, H.
+americana, H. cylindrica, H. Drummondi, H. glabra, H. lucida, H.
+metallica, H. micrantha, H. purpurea, H. ribifolia, H. Richardsoni,
+Houstonia coerulea, Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, Hypericum
+calycinum, Iris foetidissima, Isopyrum gracilis, Kalmia latifolia,
+Lathyrus grandiflorus, L. latifolius, Leucojum æstivum, Lithospermum
+prostratum, Lychnis chalcedonica, L. Viscaria flore-pleno, Lysimachia
+clethroides, Margyricarpus setosus, Mazus pumilio, Melittis
+melissophyllum, Monarda didyma, M. fistulosa, M. Russelliana, Morina
+longifolia, Muhlenbeckia complexa, Nierembergia rivularis, Oenothera
+speciosa, Oe. taraxacifolia, Ononis rotundifolia, Onosma taurica,
+Orchis foliosa, Ourisia coccinea, Pentstemons, Physalis Alkekengi,
+Polygonum cuspidatum, Potentilla fructicosa, Pratia repens, Primula
+sikkimensis, Ramondia pyrenaica, Ranunculus aconitifolius flore-pleno,
+Rudbeckia californica, Saponaria ocymoides, Saxifraga longifolia, S.
+Macnabiana, S. mutata, S. pyramidalis, S. umbrosa, S. Wallacei,
+Sempervivum Laggeri, Spiræa palmata, S. ulmaria variegata, S. venusta,
+Stenactis speciosus, Umbillicus chrysanthus, Vaccinium Vitis-Idæa,
+Veronica gentianoides, V. pinguifolia, V. prostrata.
+
+
+August.
+
+Acæna Novæ Zealandiæ, Achillea ægyptiaca, A. filipendula, A.
+millefolium, A. Ptarmica, Aconitum autumnale, Allium Moly, A.
+neapolitanum, Anchusa italica, A. sempervirens, Anemone japonica, Apios
+tuberosa, Asters, A. ptarmicoides, Bocconia cordata, Calystegia
+pubescens flore-pleno, Campanula persicifolia, C. pyramidalis, C.
+Waldsteiniana, Centaurea montana, Centranthus ruber, Chrysanthemum,
+Cichorium Intybus, Clethra alnifolia, Coreopsis auriculata, C.
+grandiflora, C. lanceolata, C. tenuifolia, Cornus canadensis, Corydalis
+lutea, Dianthus deltoides D. hybridus, Edraianthus dalmaticus, Erigeron
+caucasicus, E. glaucum, Eryngium giganteum, Erysimum pumilum, Festuca
+glauca, Funkia albo-marginata, F. Sieboldi, Galax aphylla, Galega
+officinalis, G. persica liliacina, Gentiana asclepiadea, G. Burseri, G.
+gelida, Gillenia trifoliata, Gynerium argenteum, Harpalium rigidum,
+Helianthus multiflorus, Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, Heuchera, H.
+americana, H. cylindrica, H. Drummondi, H. glabra, H. lucida, H.
+metallica, H. micrantha, H. purpurea, H. ribifolia, H. Richardsoni,
+Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, Hypericum calycinum, Iris
+foetidissima, Isopyrum gracilis, Kalmia latifolia, Lathyrus
+grandiflorus, L. latifolius, Linum flavum, Lobelia cardinalis, Lychnis
+chalcedonica, L. Viscaria flore-pleno, Lysimachia clethroides,
+Margyricarpus setosus, Mazus pumilio, Melittis melissophyllum, Monarda
+didyma, M. fistulosa, M. Russelliana, Muhlenbeckia complexa,
+Nierembergia rivularis, Oenothera speciosa, Oe. taraxacifolia,
+Ononis rotundifolia, Onosma taurica, Ourisia coccinea, Pentstemons,
+Phlox, Physalis Alkekengi, Polygonum Brunonis, P. cuspidatum, P.
+filiformis variegatum, P. vaccinifolium, Potentilla fruticosa, Pratia
+repens, Pyrethrum uliginosum, Rudbeckia californica, Saponaria
+ocymoides, Saxifraga mutata, S. Wallacei, Sedum Sieboldi, S. spectabile,
+Sempervivum Laggeri, Senecio pulcher, Spiræa palmata, S. ulmaria
+variegata, S. venusta, Statice latifolia, S. profusa, Stenactis
+speciosus, Tropæolum tuberosum, Umbilicus chrysanthus, Vaccinium
+Vitis-Idæa.
+
+
+September.
+
+Acæna Novæ Zealandiæ, Achillea ægyptiaca, A. filipendula, A.
+millefolium, Aconitum autumnale, Anchusa italica, A. sempervirens,
+Anemone japonica, Apios tuberosa, Asters, A. ptarmicoides, Bocconia
+cordata, Calystegia pubescens flore-pleno, Campanula persicifolia, C.
+pyramidalis, Centaurea montana, Centranthus ruber, Chrysanthemum,
+Cichorium Intybus, Clethra alnifolia, Colchicum autumnale, C.
+variegatum, Coreopsis auriculata, C. grandiflora, c. lanceolata, C.
+tenuifolia, Cornus canadensis, Corydalis lutea, Cyananthus lobatus,
+Daphne cneorum, Dianthus deltoides, Dianthus hybridus, Echinacea
+purpurea, Erigeron caucasicus, E. glaucum, Eryngium giganteum, Erysimum
+pumilum, Festuca glauca, Funkia Sieboldii, Galega officinalis, G.
+persica liliacina, Gynerium argenteum, Harpalium rigidum, Helianthus
+multiflorus, H. orygalis, Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, Hypericum
+calycinum, Lactuca sonchifolia, Lilium auratum, Linum flavum, Lobelia
+cardinalis, Lysimachia clethroides, Margyricarpus setosus, Mazus
+pumilio, Monarda didyma, M. fistulosa, M. Russelliana, Ononis
+rotundifolia, Onosma taurica, Origanum pulchellum, Ourisia coccinea,
+Phlox, Physalis Alkekengi, Polygonum Brunonis, P. filiformis variegatum,
+P. vaccinifolium, Potentilla fruticosa, Pratia repens, Pyrethrum
+uliginosum, Rudbeckia californica, R. serotina, Salix reticulata, Sedum
+Sieboldi, S. spectabile, Senecio pulcher, Statice latifolia, S. profusa,
+Stenactis speciosus, Tritoma uvaria, Tropæolum tuberosum, Umbilicus
+chrysanthus, Vaccinium Vitis-Idæa.
+
+
+October.
+
+Achillea millefolium, Aconitum autumnale, Anemone japonica, Apios
+tuberosa, Asters, A. ptarmicoides, Campanula pyramidalis, Chrysanthemum,
+Colchicum autumnale, C. variegatum, Coreopsis lanceolata, Cornus
+canadensis, Corydalis lutea, Cyananthus lobatus, Dianthus deltoides,
+Echinacea purpurea, Erigeron caucasicus, E. glaucum, Erysimum pumilum,
+Gynerium argenteum, Helianthus orygalis, Lactuca sonchifolia, Lilium
+auratum, Lobelia cardinalis, Onosma taurica, Origanum pulchellum, Phlox,
+Physalis Alkekengi, Polygonum Brunonis, P. filiformis variegatum, P.
+vaccinifolium, Potentilla fruticosa, Pratia repens, Primula vulgaris
+flore-pleno, Rudbeckia serotina, Salix reticulata, Saxifraga Fortunei,
+Sedum spectabile, Senecio pulcher, Statice latifolia, S. profusa,
+Stokesia cyanea, Tritoma uvaria, Tropæolum tuberosum, Umbilicus
+chrysanthus, Vaccinium Vitis-Idæa.
+
+
+November.
+
+Achillea millefolium, Anemone japonica, Aralia Sieboldi, Asters,
+Chrysanthemum, Lilium auratum, Origanum pulchellum, Petasites vulgaris,
+Physalis Alkekengi, Primula vulgaris flore-pleno, Saxifraga Fortunei,
+Stokesia cyanea.
+
+
+December.
+
+Aralia Sieboldi, Eranthis hyemalis, Helleborus foetidus, H. niger, H.
+orientalis, H. olympicus, Jasminum nudiflorum, Petasites vulgaris,
+Physalis Alkekengi, Stokesia cyanea.
+
+
+
+
+COLOURS OF FLOWERS.
+
+
+The following list will be found useful to those who wish to select
+flowers of any particular colour:--
+
+  ~Blue~ (including some of the shades inclining to Purple).
+
+  Aconitum autumnale, 5.
+
+  Anemone Apennina, 12;
+    A. blanda, 12;
+    A. coronaria, 13;
+    A. japonica vitifolia, 16.
+
+  Anchusa italica, 8;
+    A. sempervirens, 9.
+
+  Campanula grandis, 49;
+    C. latifolia, 50;
+    C. persicifolia, 50;
+    C. pyramidalis, 51.
+
+  Centaurea montana, 54.
+
+  Chionodoxa Luciliæ, 58.
+
+  Cichorium Intybus, 61.
+
+  Cyananthus lobatus, 74.
+
+  Eryngium giganteum, 96.
+
+  Galega officinalis, 110.
+
+  Gentiana acaulis, 111;
+    G. cruciata, 114;
+    G. verna, 115.
+
+  Hepatica triloba, 140.
+
+  Houstonia coerulea, 146.
+
+  Lactuca sonchifolia, 158.
+
+  Lithospermum prostratum, 165.
+
+  Muscari botryoides, 179;
+    M. racemosum, 180.
+
+  Omphalodes verna, 185.
+
+  Orobus vernus, 192.
+
+  Primula, 212;
+    P. capitata, 213.
+
+  Pulmonarias, 224;
+    P. azurea, 225.
+
+  Scilla campanulata, 267
+
+  Soldanella alpina, 276;
+    S. montana, 276.
+
+  Stokesia cyanea, 284.
+
+  Symphytum caucasicum, 286.
+
+  Veronica gentianoides, 300;
+    V. prostrata, 301.
+
+  Viola pedata,303;
+    V. tricolor, 305.
+
+
+  ~Brown.~
+
+  Cheiranthus Cheiri, 56.
+
+  Corydalis nobilis, 71.
+
+  Chrysanthemum, 59.
+
+  Gillenia trifoliata, 117.
+
+  Orchis fusca, 189.
+
+  Trillium erectum, 291.
+
+
+  ~Green.~
+
+  Helleborus abchasicus, 126;
+    H. Bocconi, 128;
+    H. dumetorum, 131;
+    H. foetidus, 131;
+    H. odorus, 136;
+    H. orientalis elegans, 138.
+
+  Heuchera Richardsoni, 146.
+
+  Margyricarpus setosus, 171.
+
+
+  ~Lilac.~
+
+  Asters or Michaelmas daisies, 37.
+
+  Bulbocodium trigynum, 45;
+    B. vernum, 46.
+
+  Campanula Waldsteiniana. 53.
+
+  Crocus medius, 74.
+
+  Erigeron glaucum, 94.
+
+  Erythronium dens canis, 98.
+
+  Funkia albo-marginata, 102;
+    F. Sieboldii, 103.
+
+  Galega persica liliacina, 110.
+
+  Phlox, 202.
+
+  Statice latifolia, 280;
+    S. profusa, 281.
+
+  Triteleia uniflora liliacina, 293.
+
+  Helleborus cupreus, 130.
+
+
+  ~Pink~ (including shades of Blush and Rose).
+
+  Achillea millefolium, 4.
+
+  Anemone japonica, 16.
+
+  Calystegia pubescens flore-pleno, 48.
+
+  Centaurea montana, 54.
+
+  Centranthus ruber coccinea, 56.
+
+  Chrysanthemum, 69.
+
+  Daphne cneorum, 78.
+
+  Dianthus deltoides, 81, 152;
+    D. hybridus, 82.
+
+  Geranium argenteum, 116.
+
+  Helleborus orientalis, 137.
+
+  Hepatica triloba, 140.
+
+  Heuchera glabra, 144.
+
+  Lathyrus grandiflorus, 159;
+    L. latifolius, 160.
+
+  Lychnis Viscaria flore-pleno, 170.
+
+  Melittis Melissophyllum, 174.
+
+  Morina longifolia, 176.
+
+  Origanum pulchellum, 191.
+
+  Phlox, 202
+
+  Polygonum Brunonis, 207;
+    P. vaccinifolium, 209.
+
+  Primula denticulata amabilis, 217.
+
+  Pulmonarias, 224;
+    P. saccharata, 225.
+
+  Saponaria ocymoides, 237.
+
+  Saxifraga cordifolia, 245;
+    S. ligulata, 249;
+    S. peltata, 259;
+    S. purpurascens, 261.
+
+  Scilla campanulata carnea, 268.
+
+  Sedum Sieboldi, 269;
+    S. spectabile, 269.
+
+  Sempervivum Laggeri, 270.
+
+  Spring Beauty, 152.
+
+
+  ~Purple~ (including shades Lilac Purple, Rosy and Reddish Purple,
+                Purple Blue, &c).
+
+  Anemone coronaria, 13;
+    A. pulsatilla, 18;
+    A. stellata, 20;
+    A. vernalis, 24.
+
+  Anthyllis montana, 27.
+
+  Apios tuberosa, 27.
+
+  Arum crinitum, 35.
+
+  Aster alpinus, 37;
+    A. Amellus, 37;
+    A. Madame Soyance, 37.
+
+  Bulbocodium vernum, 46.
+
+  Campanula speciosa, 53.
+
+  Colchicum autumnale, 63;
+    C. variegatum, 64.
+
+  Corydalis solida, 73.
+
+  Crocus medius, 74.
+
+  Chrysanthemum, 59.
+
+  Cyananthus lobatus, 74.
+
+  Daphne Mezereum, 79.
+
+  Dentaria digitata, 81.
+
+  Dodecatheon Meadia, 84;
+    D. Meadia elegans, 85.
+
+  Echinacea purpurea, 87.
+
+  Edraianthus dalmaticus, 88.
+
+  Erica carnea, 92.
+
+  Erigeron caucasicus, 93.
+
+  Erythronium dens-canis, 98.
+
+  Gentiana gelida, 114.
+
+  Helleborus abchasicus, 126;
+    H. A. purpureus, 126;
+    H. colchicus, 129;
+    H. olympicus, 136;
+    H. purpurascens, 139.
+
+  Hepatica triloba, 140.
+
+  Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, 141.
+
+  Heuchera americana, 143.
+
+  Melittis Melissophyllum, 174.
+
+  Monarda fistulosa, 176.
+
+  Orchis foliosa, 189;
+    O. fusca, 189.
+
+  Primula cashmeriana, 214;
+    P. denticulata, 216;
+    P. farinosa, 217;
+    P. purpurea, 219;
+    P. Scotica, 220.
+
+  Prunella pyrenaica, 152.
+
+  Saxifraga oppositifolia, 255;
+    S. purpurascens, 261.
+
+  Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, 274.
+
+  Soldanella Clusii, 276;
+    S. minima, 276.
+
+  Stenactis speciosus, 283.
+
+  Viola pedata digitata, 304;
+    V. p. flabellata, 304;
+    V. tricolor, 305.
+
+
+  ~Red~ (including Ruby and shades of Crimson).
+
+  Bellis perennis fistulosa, 40.
+
+  Centranthus ruber, 55.
+
+  Daisy, Sweep, 40.
+
+  Daphne Mezereum autumnale, 80.
+
+  Hepatica triloba splendens, 141.
+
+  Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, 141.
+
+  Lobelia cardinalis, 166.
+
+  Lychnis Viscaria flore-pleno, 170.
+
+  Primula acaulis, 211.
+
+  Saxifraga mutata, 254.
+
+  Senecio pulcher, 272.
+
+  Spiræa palmata, 278;
+    S. venusta, 280.
+
+  Tropæolum tuberosum, 295.
+
+
+  ~Scarlet.~
+
+  Anemone coronaria, 13;
+    A. fulgens, 15.
+
+  Dianthus hybridus, 82.
+
+  Lychnis chalcedonica, 168.
+
+  Monarda didyma, 175.
+
+  Ononis rotundifolia, 185.
+
+  Ourisia coccinea, 193.
+
+  Papaver orientale, 195.
+
+
+  ~Striped.~
+
+  Anemone coronaria, 13;
+    A. stellata, 20.
+
+  Arisæma triphyllum, 33.
+
+  Gentiana asclepiadea, 112.
+
+
+  ~Violet~ (including shades of Mauve).
+
+  Colchicum autumnale, 63.
+
+  Chrysanthemum, 59.
+
+  Hepatica angulosa, 139.
+
+  Mazus pumilis, 173.
+
+  Pratia repens, 210.
+
+  Primula, 211;
+    P. capitata, 213;
+    P. marginata, 218.
+
+  Pulmonaria angustifolia, 225.
+
+  Ramondia pyrenaica, 228.
+
+
+  ~White~ (sometimes with delicate edgings of colour, or with pale tints).
+
+  Achillea Ptarmica, 5.
+
+  Allium neapolitanum, 6.
+
+  Anemone coronaria, 13;
+    A. decapetala, 15;
+    A. japonica alba, 16;
+    A. nemorosa flore-pleno, 17;
+    A. stellata, 20;
+    A. sylvestris, 22.
+
+  Anthericum liliago, 25;
+    A. liliastrum, 25;
+    A. l. major, 27.
+
+  Aralia Sieboldi, 30.
+
+  Aster alpinus albus, 39;
+    A. ptarmicoides, 39.
+
+  Bellis perennis hortensis, 44.
+
+  Bocconia cordata, 42.
+
+  Campanula persicifolia, 50;
+    C. pyramidalis alba, 53.
+
+  Centaurea montana, 54.
+
+  Centranthus ruber albus, 56.
+
+  Clethra alnifolia, 62.
+
+  Cornus canadensis, 68.
+
+  Daisy, Bride, 40.
+
+  Daphne Mezereum alba, 80.
+
+  Dianthus hybridus, 82.
+
+  Dodecatheon Meadia albiflorum, 85.
+
+  Epigæa repens, 90.
+
+  Erythronium dens canis, 98.
+
+  Galax aphylla, 108.
+
+  Galega officinalis alba, 110.
+
+  Helleborus antiquorum, 127;
+    H. guttatus, 132;
+    H. niger, 132;
+    H. n. maximus, 134.
+
+  Hepatica triloba, 140.
+
+  Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, 141.
+
+  Houstonia albiflora, 146.
+
+  Hutchinsia alpina, 147.
+
+  Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, 148.
+
+  Iberia correæfolia, 151.
+
+  Kalmia latifolia, 157.
+
+  Lathyrus latifolia albus, 161.
+
+  Leucojum æstivum, 161;
+    L. vernum, 162.
+
+  Lilium auratum, 162.
+
+  Lychnis, 168.
+
+  Lysimachia clethroides, 170.
+
+  Monarda Russelliana, 176.
+
+  Muhlenbeckia complexa, 178.
+
+  Muscari botryoides alba, 180.
+
+  Nierembergia rivularis, 181.
+
+  Oenothera speciosa, 182;
+    Oe. taraxacifolia, 183.
+
+  Petasites vulgaris, 198.
+
+  Phlox divaricata, 202;
+    P. glaberrima, 202;
+    P. Nelsoni, 202.
+
+  Physalis Alkekengi, 203.
+
+  Podophyllum peltatum, 205.
+
+  Polygonum cuspidatum, 208.
+
+  Pratia repens, 210.
+
+  Primula, 211.
+
+  Pulmonaria officinalis alba, 225.
+
+  Puschkinia scilloides, 225.
+
+  Pyrethrum uliginosum, 227.
+
+  Ranunculus aconitifolius, 229;
+    R. amplexicaulis, 231.
+
+  Sanguinaria canadensis, 235.
+
+  Saxifraga Burseriana, 238;
+    S. cæsia, 238;
+    S. ceratophylla, 240;
+    S. ciliata, 242;
+    S. coriophylla, 245;
+    S. Fortunei, 247;
+    S. Macnabiana, 253;
+    S. oppositifolia alba, 256;
+    S. pectinata, 258;
+    S. Rocheliana, 265;
+    S. Wallacei, 266.
+
+  Scilla campanulata alba, 268.
+
+  Sisyrinchium grandiflorum album, 276.
+
+  Tiarella cordifolia, 288.
+
+  Trientalis europæa, 288.
+
+  Tritelia uniflora, 292.
+
+  Umbilicus chrysanthus, 297.
+
+  Vaccinium Vitis-Idæa, 298.
+
+  Veronica pinguifolia, 301;
+    V. repens, 301.
+
+  Viola pedata alba, 304;
+    V. p. ranunculifolia, 304.
+
+  Yucca filamentosa, 306;
+    Y. gloriosa, 307;
+    Y. recurva, 308.
+
+
+  ~Yellow~ (all shades, from Cream to Deep Orange; also shades of
+                 Greenish Yellow).
+
+  Achillea ægyptiaca, 3;
+    A. filipendula, 4.
+
+  Allium Moly, 6.
+
+  Alyssum saxatile, 7.
+
+  Anemone sulphurea, 21.
+
+  Calthus palustris flore-pleno, 47.
+
+  Cheiranthus Marshallii, 58.
+
+  Coreopsis auriculata, 65, 68.
+
+  Corydalis lutea, 70;
+    C. nobilis, 71.
+
+  Chrysanthemum, 59.
+
+  Cypripedium calceolus, 76.
+
+  Dondia Epipactus, 85.
+
+  Doronicum caucasicum, 86.
+
+  Eranthis hyemalis, 91.
+
+  Erysimum pumilum, 97.
+
+  Erythronium dens-canis, 98.
+
+  Fritillaria armena, 101.
+
+  Gentiana Burseri, 113.
+
+  Harpalium rigidum, 121.
+
+  Helianthus multiflorus, 123;
+    H. orygalis, 124.
+
+  Heuchera micrantha, 145.
+
+  Hypericum calycinum, 150.
+
+  Jasminum nudiflorum, 155.
+
+  Linum flavum, 164.
+
+  Narcissus minor, 180.
+
+  Onosma taurica, 187.
+
+  Potentilla fruticosa, 209.
+
+  Primula, 211;
+    P. auricula marginata, 218;
+    P. sikkimensis, 221;
+    P. vulgaris flore-pleno, 223.
+
+  Ranunculus acris flore-pleno, 231;
+    R. speciosum, 232.
+
+  Rudbeckia californica, 233;
+    R. serotina, 234.
+
+  Saxifraga mutata, 254.
+
+  Tropæolum tuberosum, 295.
+
+  Vesicaria græca, 302.
+
+  Viola tricolor, 305.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  A.
+
+  Acæna microphylla, 1.
+    Novæ Zealandiæ, 1.
+
+  Achillea ægyptica, 3.
+    filipendula, 4.
+    millefolium, 4.
+    ptarmica, 4.
+    sylvestris, 4.
+
+  Aconite, winter, 91.
+
+  Aconitum autumnale, 5.
+    japonicum, 6.
+
+  Adamsia scilloides, 225.
+
+  Adam's needle, 307.
+
+  Alkanet, Italian, 8.
+
+  Allium Moly, 6.
+    neapolitanum, 6.
+
+  Alum root, 142.
+
+  Alyssum saxatile, 7.
+
+  Anchusa italica, 8.
+    sempervirens, 9.
+
+  Andromeda tetragona, 10.
+
+  Anemone alpina, 11.
+    apennina, 12.
+    apiifolia, 21.
+    blanda, 12.
+    blue Grecian, 12.
+    coronaria, 13.
+    decapetala, 15.
+    double-wood, 17.
+    fulgens, 15.
+    geranium-leaved, 12.
+    Honorine Jobert, 16.
+    hortensis, 15, 20.
+    japonica, 16.
+    nemorosa flore-pleno, 17.
+    pavonina, 15.
+    pulsatilla, 18.
+    snowdrop, 22.
+    stellata, 20.
+    sulphurea, 21.
+    sylvestris, 22.
+    triloba, 140.
+    vernalis, 23.
+
+  Anthericum liliago, 25.
+    liliastrum, 25.
+    liliastrum major, 27.
+
+  Anthyllis montana, 27.
+
+  Apios Glycine, 27.
+    tuberosa, 27.
+
+  Apple, May, 205.
+
+  Aralia Sieboldi, 30.
+
+  Arabis alpina, 29.
+    lucida, 29.
+    l. variegata, 29.
+
+  Arisæma triphyllum, 33.
+    zebrinum, 33.
+
+  Arum crinitum 35.
+    hairy, 35.
+    three-leaved, 33.
+    triphyllum, 33.
+
+  Asters, 37.
+    alpinus, 37.
+    amellus, 37.
+    diversifolius, 37.
+    dumosus, 37.
+    ericoides, 37.
+    grandiflorus, 37.
+    Mdme. Soyance, 37.
+    pendulus, 37.
+    ptarmicoides, 39.
+    Stokes', 284.
+
+  Astrantia Epipactis, 85.
+
+
+  B.
+
+  Bachelor's buttons, 229.
+
+  Bachelor's buttons, yellow, 231.
+
+  Balm, bee, 175.
+    large-flowered bastard, 174.
+
+  Bay, dwarf, 79.
+
+  Bellflower, broad-leaved, 50.
+    peach-leaved, 50.
+    great, 49.
+
+  Bellis perennis, 40.
+    p. aucubæfolia, 40.
+    p. prolifera, 40.
+
+  Bergamot, wild, 176.
+
+  Bloodroot, 235.
+
+  Blandfordia cordata, 108.
+
+  Bluebell, 267.
+
+  Bluebottle, large, 54.
+
+  Bluets, 146.
+
+  Bocconia cordata, 42.
+
+  Borago sempervirens, 9.
+
+  Bruisewoorte, 42.
+
+  Buglossum sempervirens, 9.
+
+  Bulbocodium, spring, 46.
+    trigynum, 45.
+    vernum, 46.
+
+  Butterbur, common, 198.
+
+
+  C.
+
+  Calthus palustris flore-pleno, 47.
+
+  Calystegia pubescens flore-pleno, 48.
+
+  Campanula, chimney, 51.
+    glomerata dahurica, 53.
+    grandis, 49.
+    latifolia, 50.
+    muralis, 54.
+    persicifolia, 50.
+    pulla, 49.
+    pyramidalis, 51.
+    speciosa, 53.
+    Waldsteiniana, 53.
+    Zoysii, 54.
+
+  Candytuft, everlasting, 151.
+
+  Cardinal flower, 166.
+
+  Cassiope tetragona, 10.
+
+  Catchfly, 168.
+    German, 170.
+
+  Centaurea montana, 54.
+
+  Centranthus ruber, 55.
+
+  Chaixia Myconi, 228.
+
+  Cheiranthus Cheiri, 56.
+
+  Cheiranthus Marshallii, 58.
+
+  Cherry, winter, 203.
+
+  Chicory, 61.
+
+  Chionodoxa Luciliæ, 58.
+
+  Chrysanthemum, 59.
+
+  Cichorium Intybus, 61.
+    perenne, 61.
+    sylvestre, 61.
+
+  Cinquefoil, shrubby, 209.
+
+  Claytonia, 151.
+
+  Clethra, alder-leaved, 62.
+    alnifolia, 62.
+
+  Colchicum autumnale, 63.
+    caucasicum, 45.
+    variegatum, 64.
+
+  Comfrey, Caucasian, 286.
+
+  Cone-flower, Californian, 233.
+    late, 234.
+
+  Convolvulus, double, 48.
+
+  Conyza, chilensis, 94.
+
+  Coreopsis auriculata, 65.
+    ear-leaved, 65.
+    grandiflora, 66.
+    lanceolata, 66.
+    large-flowered, 66.
+    slender-leaved, 67.
+    spear-leaved, 66.
+    tenuifolia, 67.
+
+  Cornell, Canadian, 68.
+
+  Cornflower, perennial, 54.
+
+  Cornus canadensis, 68.
+    suecica, 67.
+
+  Corydalis lutea, 70.
+    noble or great-flowered, 71.
+    nobilis, 71.
+    solida, 73.
+
+  Coventry bells, 18.
+
+  Cow-berry, 298.
+
+  Cowslip, 206, 211.
+    American, 84.
+
+  Crane's-bill, silvery, 116.
+
+  Crocus, 202.
+    autumnal, 63.
+    medius, 74.
+
+  Crowfoot, aconite-leaved, 229.
+    double acrid, 231.
+    English double white, 229.
+
+  Cup, white, 181.
+
+  Cypripedium calceolus, 76.
+
+  Cyananthus lobatus, 74.
+
+  Cynoglossum omphalodes, 185.
+
+
+  D.
+
+  Daffodil, smaller, 180
+
+  Daisy, blue, 37.
+    common perennial, 40.
+    double, 40.
+    Hen and Chickens, 40.
+    little, 42.
+    Michaelmas, 37.
+
+  Daphne Cneorum, 78.
+    mezereum, 79.
+    m. alba, 80.
+    m. autumnale, 80.
+    m. trailing, 78.
+
+  Dentaria digitata, 81.
+
+  Dianthus barbatus, 82.
+    deltoides, 81, 152.
+    hybridus, 82.
+    multiflorus, 82.
+    plumarius, 82.
+
+  Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum, 83.
+    meadia, 74.
+    m. albiflorum, 85.
+    m. elegans, 85.
+    m. giganteum, 85.
+
+  Dogwood, 68.
+
+  Dondia Epipactis, 85.
+
+  Doronicum caucasicum, 86.
+    orientale, 86.
+
+  Dragon's mouth, 35.
+
+  Duck's foot, 205.
+
+
+  E.
+
+  Easter flower, 18.
+
+  Echinacea purpurea, 87.
+
+  Edraianthus dalmaticus, 88.
+
+  Epigæa repens, 90.
+
+  Eranthis hyemalis, 91.
+
+  Erica carnea, 92, 166.
+
+  Erigeron caucasicus, 93.
+    glaucum, 94.
+    speciosus, 283.
+
+  Eryngium giganteum, 96.
+
+  Eryngo, great, 96.
+
+  Erysimum pumilum, 97.
+
+  Erythronium dens-canis, 98.
+
+  Euonymus japonicus radicans variegata, 99.
+
+  Everlasting pea, large-leaved, 160.
+    large-flowered, 159.
+
+  EVERGREENS:--
+    Achillea ægyptica, 3;
+    Alyssum saxatile, 7;
+    Anchusa sempervirens, 9;
+    Andromeda tetragona, 10;
+    Aralia Sieboldi, 30;
+    Campanula grandis, 49;
+    Cheiranthus Cheiri, 56;
+    Daphne Cneorum, 78;
+    Dianthus hybridus, 82;
+    Epigæa repens, 90;
+    Erica carnea, 92;
+    Erigeron glaucum, 94;
+    Euonymus japonicus radicans variegata, 99;
+    Galax aphylla, 108;
+    Gentiana acaulis, 111;
+    Hedera conglomerata, 122;
+    Helleborus abchasicus, 126;
+    H. foetidus, 131;
+    H. niger, 132;
+    Heuchera, 142;
+    Houstonia coerulea, 146;
+    Hutchinsia alpina, 147;
+    Iberis correæfolia, 151;
+    Iris foetidissima, 153;
+    Kalmia latifolia, 157;
+    Lithospermum prostratum, 165;
+    Margyricarpus setosus, 171;
+    Saxifraga Burseriana, 238;
+    S. ceratophylla, 240;
+    S. purpurascens, 261;
+    S. Rocheliana, 265;
+    Umbillicus chrysanthus, 297;
+    Vaccinium vitis-idæa, 298;
+    Veronica gentianoides, 300;
+    V. pinguifolia, 301;
+    Vesicaria græca, 302;
+    Yucca gloriosa, 307;
+    Y. recurva, 308.
+
+
+  F.
+
+  February, Fair Maids of, 106.
+
+  Felworth, spring alpine, 115.
+
+  Festuca glauca, 101.
+
+  Feverfew, marsh, 227.
+
+  Flame-flowers, 294.
+
+  Flaw flower, 18.
+
+  Flax, yellow, 164.
+
+  Fleabane, Caucasian, 93.
+    glaucous, 94.
+    showy, 283.
+
+  Flower, milk, 107.
+
+  Foliage Plants:--Achillea ægyptica, 3;
+    Arabis lucida variegata, 29;
+    Aralia Sieboldi, 30;
+  Arisæma triphyllum, 33;
+    Bocconia cordata, 42;
+    Cornus canadensis, 68;
+    Corydalis lutea, 70;
+    C. nobilis, 71;
+    C. solida, 73;
+    Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum, 83;
+    Erica carnea, 92;
+    Euonymus japonicus radicans variegata, 99;
+    Festuca glauca, 101;
+    Funkia albo-marginata, 102;
+    F. Sieboldii, 103;
+    Galax aphylla, 108;
+    Galega officinalis, 110;
+    Gentiana asclepiadea, 112;
+    G. Burseri, 113;
+    Geranium argenteum, 116;
+    Gynerium argenteum, 119;
+    Hedera conglomerata, 122;
+    Helleborus foetidus, 131;
+    Heuchera, 142;
+    H. glabra, 144;
+    H. metallica, 145;
+    H. purpurea, 145;
+    Iris foetidissima, 153;
+    Isopyrum gracilis, 153;
+    Lactuca sonchifolia, 158;
+    Lysimachia clethroides, 170;
+    Ononis rotundifolia, 185;
+    Ourisia coccinea, 193;
+    Podophyllum peltatum, 205;
+    Polygonum Brunonis, 207;
+    P. cuspidatum, 208;
+    P. filiformis variegatum, 209;
+    Statice latifolia, 280;
+    Saxifraga Burseriana, 238;
+    S. cæsia, 238;
+    S. ceratophylla, 240;
+    S. ciliata, 242;
+    S. ligulata, 249;
+    S. longifolia, 250;
+    S. Macnabiana, 253;
+    S. paradoxa, 257;
+    S. pectinata, 258;
+    S. peltata, 259;
+    S. purpurascens, 261;
+    S. pyramidalis, 262;
+    S. Rocheliana, 265;
+    S. umbrosa variegata, 265;
+    Sempervivum Laggeri, 270;
+    Spiræa ulmaria variegata, 279;
+    Tiarella cordifolia, 287;
+    Yucca gloriosa, 308.
+
+  Forget-me-not, creeping, 185.
+
+  Fritillaria armena, 101.
+
+  Fumitory, 73.
+    "hollowe roote," 71, 73.
+    yellow, 70.
+
+  Funkia albo-marginata, 102.
+    Sieboldii, 103.
+
+
+  G.
+
+  Galanthus Elwesii, 105.
+    folded, 107.
+    imperati, 105.
+    nivalis, 106.
+    plicatus, 107.
+    redoutei, 107.
+
+  Galax aphylla, 108.
+    heart-leaved, 108.
+
+  Galega officinalis, 110.
+    persica liliacina, 110.
+
+  Garland flower, 78.
+
+  Garlic, large yellow, 6.
+
+  Gentian, Burser's, 113.
+    cross-leaved, 114.
+    ice-cold, 114.
+    lithospermum, 165.
+    swallow-wort leaved, 112.
+
+  Gentiana acaulis, 111.
+    asclepiadea, 112.
+    Burseri, 113.
+    cruciata, 114.
+    gelida, 114.
+    verna, 115.
+
+  Gentianella, 111.
+
+  Geranium argenteum, 116.
+
+  Gillenia trifoliata, 117.
+
+  Gilloflower, 107.
+    Queene's, 141.
+    stock, 142.
+    wild, 81.
+
+  Gillyflower, 57.
+
+  Gladdon or Gladwin, 153.
+
+  Glory, Snowy, 58.
+
+  Goats-rue, officinal, 110.
+
+  Golden drop, 187.
+
+  Goose-tongue, 4.
+
+  Grandmother's frilled cap, 51
+
+  Grass, blue, 101.
+    pampas or silvery, 119.
+
+  Gromwell, prostrate, 165.
+
+  Groundsel, noble, 272.
+
+  Gynerium argenteum, 119.
+
+
+  H.
+
+  Hacquetia Epipactis, 85.
+
+  Harebell, showy, 53.
+
+  Harpalium rigidum, 121.
+
+  Heath, winter, 92.
+
+  Hedera conglomerata, 122.
+
+  Helianthus multiflorus, 123.
+    m. flore-pleno, 124.
+    orygalis, 124.
+    rigidus, 121.
+
+  Heliotrope, winter, 198.
+
+  Hellebore, abchasian, 126.
+    ancient, 127.
+    black, 132, 188.
+    Boccon's, 128.
+    bushy, 131.
+    Colchican, 129.
+    coppery, 130.
+    eastern, 137.
+    officinalis, 137.
+    Olympian, 136.
+    purplish, 139.
+    spotted, 132.
+    stinking, 131.
+    sweet-scented, 136.
+
+  Helleborus abchasicus, 126.
+    a. purpureus, 126.
+    antiquorum, 127.
+    Bocconi, 128.
+    B. angustifolia, 129.
+    colchicus, 129.
+    cupreus, 130.
+    dumetorum, 131.
+    foetidus, 131.
+    guttatus, 132.
+    hyemalis, 91.
+    multifidus, 128.
+    niger, 132, 138.
+    n. angustifolius, 134
+    n. maximus, 134.
+    odorus, 136.
+    olympicus, 136.
+    orientalis, 137.
+    o. elegans, 138.
+    purpurascens, 139.
+
+  Hepatica, anemone, 140.
+    angulosa, 139.
+    triloba, 140.
+    t. splendens, 141.
+
+  Herb, Christ's, 132.
+
+  Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, 141.
+
+  Heuchera, 142, 288.
+    americana, 143.
+    currant-leaved, 145.
+
+  Heuchera cylindrica, 143.
+    cylindrical-spiked, 143.
+    Drummondi, 144.
+    glabra, 141.
+    lucida, 144.
+    metallica, 145.
+    micrantha, 145.
+    purpurea, 145.
+    ribifolia, 145.
+    Richardsoni, 146.
+    shining-leaved, 144.
+    small-flowered, 145.
+    smooth, 144.
+
+  Hill tulip, 18.
+
+  Houseleek, Lagger's, 270.
+
+  Houstonia albiflora, 146.
+    coerulea, 146.
+
+  Hutchinsia alpina, 147.
+
+  Hyacinth, 267.
+    grape, 179.
+
+  Hydrangea, large-flowered, 148.
+    paniculata grandiflora, 148.
+
+  Hypericum calycinum, 150.
+
+
+  I.
+
+  Iberis correæfolia, 151.
+
+  Indian cress, 295.
+
+  Iris foetidissima, 153.
+
+  Isopyrum gracilis, 153.
+    slender, 153.
+
+  Ivy, conglomerate, 122.
+
+
+  J.
+
+  Jack in the pulpit, 33.
+
+  Jasminum nudiflorum, 155.
+
+
+  K.
+
+  Kalmia, broad-leaved, 157.
+    latifolia, 157.
+
+  Knapweed, mountain, 54.
+
+  Knotweed, 207, 209.
+    cuspid, 208.
+    vaccinium-leaved, 209.
+
+
+  L.
+
+  Lactuca sonchifolia, 158.
+
+  Lathyrus grandiflorus, 159.
+    latifolius, 160.
+    l. albus, 161.
+
+  Laurel, creeping or ground, 90.
+
+  Leopard's bane, 86.
+
+  Lepidium alpinum, 147.
+
+  Lettuce, sow thistle-leaved, 158.
+
+  Leucojum æstivum, 161.
+    vernum, 162.
+
+  Lilium auratum, 162.
+
+  Lily, erect wood, 291.
+    golden-rayed or Japanese, 162.
+    rush, 274.
+    St. Bernard's, 25.
+    St. Bruno's, 25.
+    Siebold's plantain-leaved, 103.
+    white-edged, plantain-leaved, 102.
+
+  Lilywort, 226.
+
+  Linaria pilosa, 237.
+
+  Linum flavum, 164.
+    narbonnense, 165.
+    perenne, 165.
+
+  Lithospermum fruticosum, 165.
+    prostratum, 165.
+
+  Lobelia cardinalis, 166.
+    pratiana, 210.
+    repens, 210.
+
+  Loosestrife, clethra-like, 170.
+
+  Lungworts, 224.
+
+  Lychnis chalcedonica, 168.
+    scarlet, 168.
+    viscaria flore-pleno, 170.
+
+  Lysimachia clethroides, 170.
+
+
+  M.
+
+  Macleaya cordata, 42.
+
+  Madwort, rock, or golden tuft, 7.
+
+  Margyricarpus setosus, 171.
+
+  Marigold, double marsh, 47.
+
+  Marjoram, beautiful, 191.
+
+  Mazus, dwarf, 173.
+    pumilio, 173.
+
+  "Meadow bootes," 47.
+
+  Meadowsweet, 279.
+
+  Meadows, Queen of the, 279.
+
+  Megasea ciliata, 242, 249.
+    cordifolia, 245.
+    ligulata, 249.
+    purpurascens, 261.
+
+  Melittis grandiflorum, 174.
+    melissophyllum, 174.
+
+  Merendera caucasicum, 45.
+
+  Mertensia, 224.
+
+  Mezereon, 79.
+
+  Milfoil, common, 4.
+
+  Milla uniflora, 292.
+
+  Mitella, 288.
+
+  Monarda affinis, 176.
+    altissima, 176.
+    didyma, 175.
+    fistulosa, 176.
+    kalmiana, 175.
+    media, 176.
+    oblongata, 176.
+    purpurea, 176.
+    rugosa, 176.
+    Russelliana, 176.
+
+  Monk's-hood, autumn, 5.
+
+  Morina elegans, 176.
+    longifolia, 176.
+
+  Moss, silver, 238.
+
+  Muhlenbeckia complexa, 178.
+
+  Mullien, 228.
+
+  Muscari botryoides, 179.
+    b. alba, 180.
+    racemosum, 180.
+
+
+  N.
+
+  Narcissus minor, 180.
+
+  Nasturtium, 295.
+
+  Nierembergia rivularis, 181.
+    water, 181.
+
+  Nightshade, red, 204.
+
+
+  O.
+
+  Oenothera speciosa, 182.
+    taraxacifolia, 183.
+
+  Omphalodes verna, 185.
+
+  Ononis rotundifolia, 185.
+
+  Onosma taurica, 187.
+
+  Orchis, brown, 189.
+    foliosa, 189.
+    fusca, 189.
+
+  Orchis, leafy, 189.
+    militaris, 189.
+    soldier or brown man, 189.
+
+  Origanum pulchellum, 191.
+
+  Orobus vernus, 192.
+
+  Oswego tea, 175.
+
+  Ourisia coccinea, 193.
+
+  Oxlips, 211.
+
+
+  P.
+
+  Paigles, 211.
+
+  Pansy, 306.
+
+  Papaver bracteatum, 195.
+    orientale, 195.
+
+  Pasque-flower, 18.
+
+  Passe-flower, 18.
+
+  Peachbels, 50.
+
+  Pearl-fruit, bristly, 171.
+
+  Peaseling, 192.
+
+  Pellitory, wild, 4.
+
+  Pentstemons, 197.
+
+  Petasites vulgaris, 198.
+
+  Phlox, 199.
+    decussata, 199.
+    early and late flowering, 199.
+    frondosa, 201.
+    omniflora, 200.
+    ovata, 200.
+    paniculata, 200.
+    procumbens, 200.
+    stolonifera, 200.
+    suffruticosa, 199.
+
+  Physalis Alkekengi, 203.
+
+  Pinguicula vulgaris, 173.
+
+  Pink, maiden, 81, 152.
+    mule, 82.
+
+  Pinke, maidenly, 81.
+    virgin-like, 81.
+
+  Podophyllum peltatum, 205.
+
+  Polyanthus, 206.
+
+  Polygonum Brunonis, 207.
+    cuspidatum, 208.
+    c. compactum, 208.
+    filiformis variegatum, 209.
+    vaccinifolium, 209.
+
+  Poppy, oriental, 195.
+
+  Potentilla fruticosa, 209.
+
+  Prairie, Queen of the, 280.
+
+  Pratia, creeping, 210.
+    repens, 210.
+
+  Primrose, Cashmere, 214.
+    dandelion-leaved evening, 183.
+    double-flowered, 223.
+    margined, 217.
+    mealy or bird's-eye, 217.
+    Scottish, 220.
+    showy evening, 182.
+
+  Primula acaulis, 211.
+    Allioni, 213.
+    amoena, 213.
+    auricula, 213.
+    a. marginata, 218.
+    capitata, 213.
+    carniolica, 213.
+    cashmeriana, 124.
+    crenata, 217.
+    decora, 213.
+    denticulata, 213, 216.
+    d. amabilis, 217.
+    d. major, 217.
+    d. nana, 217.
+    elatior, 211.
+    farinosa, 213, 217, 220.
+    glaucescens, 213.
+    glutinosa, 213.
+    grandiflora, 211.
+    grandis, 213.
+    latifolia, 213.
+    longifolia, 213.
+    luteola, 213.
+    marginata, 213, 217.
+    minima, 213.
+    nivalis, 213.
+    purple-flowered, 219.
+    purpurea, 219.
+    round headed, 213.
+    scotica, 213, 220.
+    sikkimensis, 221.
+    sinensis, 213.
+    spectabilis, 213.
+    sylvestris, 211.
+    tyrolensis, 213.
+    toothed, 216.
+    veris, 206, 211.
+    villosa, 213.
+    viscosa, 213.
+    vulgaris, 211.
+    v. flore-pleno, 223.
+    Wulfeniana, 213.
+
+  Prunella pyrenaica, 152.
+
+  Ptarmica vulgaris, 4.
+
+  Pulmonarias, 224.
+    maculata, 225.
+    mollis, 225.
+    officinalis, 225.
+
+  Puschkinia libanotica, 225.
+    scilla-like, 225.
+    scilloides, 225.
+    s. compacta, 226.
+
+  Pyrethrum uliginosum, 227.
+
+
+  R.
+
+  Ramondia pyrenaica, 228.
+
+  Ranunculus aconitifolius, 229.
+    acris flore-pleno, 231.
+    albus multiflorus, 229.
+    amplexicaulis, 231.
+    speciosum, 232.
+    stem-clasping, 231.
+
+  Red-hot poker, 294.
+
+  Rest-arrow, round-leaved, 185.
+
+  Rocket, double sweet, 141.
+
+  ROCKWORK PLANTS:--
+    Acæna Novæ Zealandiæ, 1;
+    Alyssum saxatile, 7;
+    Andromeda tetragona, 10;
+    Anthyllis montana, 27;
+    Arabis lucida, 29;
+    Aralia Sieboldi, 30;
+    Aster alpinus, 37;
+    Campanula Waldsteiniana, 53;
+    Cardamine trifolia, 70;
+    Colchicum variegatum, 64;
+    Cornus canadensis, 68;
+    Corydalis nobilis, 71;
+    C. solida, 73;
+    Cyananthus lobatus, 74;
+    Dentaria digitata, 81;
+    Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum, 83;
+    Dondia Epipactis, 85;
+    Doronicum caucasicum, 86;
+    Edraianthus dalmaticus, 88;
+    Erica carnea, 92;
+    Erigeron glaucum, 94;
+    Erysimum pumilum, 97;
+    Festuca glauca, 101;
+    Funkia Sieboldii, 103;
+    Galax aphylla, 70, 108;
+    Gentiana acaulis, 111;
+    G. Burseri, 113;
+    G. gelida, 114;
+    G. verna, 115;
+    Geranium argenteum, 116;
+    Hedera conglomerata, 122;
+    Houstonia coerulea, 146;
+    Iberis correæfolia, 151;
+    Linum flavum, 164;
+    Lithospermum prostratum, 165;
+    Lychnis Viscaria flore-pleno, 170;
+    Margyricarpus setosus, 171;
+    Muhlenbeckia complexa, 178;
+    Nierembergia rivularis, 181;
+    Onosma taurica, 188;
+    Origanum pulchellum, 191;
+    Orobus vernus, 192;
+    Phlox, 202;
+    Polygonum vaccinifolium, 209;
+    Pratia repens, 210;
+    Primula, 213, 216, 218, 222;
+    Pyrola rotundifolia, 70;
+    Ramondia pyrenaica, 228;
+    Ranunculus amplexicaulis, 231;
+    Salix reticulata, 70, 235;
+    Saponaria ocymoides, 237;
+    Saxifraga Burseriana, 238;
+    S. cæsia, 238;
+    S. ceratophylla, 240;
+    S. ciliata, 242;
+    S. coriophylla, 246;
+    S. Fortunei, 247;
+    S. longifolia, 250;
+    S. mutata, 254;
+    S. oppositifolia, 255;
+    S. paradoxa, 257;
+    S. pectinata, 258;
+    S. pyramidalis, 262;
+    S. umbrosa variegata, 265;
+    S. Wallacei, 266;
+    Sedum spectabile, 269;
+    Sempervivum Laggeri, 270;
+    Symphytum caucasicum, 286;
+    Tropæolum tuberosum, 295;
+    Umbilicus chrysanthus, 297;
+    Veronica pinguifolia, 301;
+    V. prostrata, 301;
+    Vesicaria græca, 302;
+    Viola pedata, 303;
+    Yucca filamentosa, 306.
+
+  Rose, Christmas, 132, 138.
+    lenten, 137.
+    of Sharon, 150.
+
+  Rudbeckia californica, 233.
+    purpurea, 87.
+    serotina, 234.
+
+  Rues, maidenhair-like, 153.
+
+
+  S.
+
+  Saffron, meadow, 63.
+    spring, 46.
+
+  Saint John's Wort, cup, 150.
+    large calyxed, 150.
+
+  Salix reticulata, 235.
+
+  Sanguinaria canadensis, 235.
+
+  Saponaria ocymoides, 237.
+    ocymoides splendens, 237.
+
+  Satin-flower, 274.
+
+  Saxifraga Aizoon, 258, 259.
+    alpina ericoides flore coeruleo, 255.
+    australis, 257, 258.
+    Burseriana, 238, 246.
+    cæsia, 238.
+    carinthiaca, 257, 258.
+    ceratophylla, 240.
+    ciliata, 242, 249.
+    cordifolia, 245, 261.
+    coriophylla, 245.
+    cornutum, 241, 266.
+    cotyledon, 253, 254, 262.
+    crassifolia, 261.
+    crustata, 257.
+    fortunei, 247.
+    geranioides, 266.
+    japonica, 247.
+    ligulata, 242, 249, 257.
+    longifolia, 250, 254, 257.
+    macnabiana, 253.
+    mutata, 254.
+    nepalensis, 253.
+    oppositifolia, 246, 255.
+    o. alba, 256.
+    paradoxa, 257.
+    pectinata, 258.
+    peltata, 259.
+    pentadactylis, 240, 266.
+    pryamidalis, 262.
+    purpurascens, 261.
+    rocheliana, 265.
+    umbrosa, 265.
+    variegata, 265.
+    sarmentosa, 243.
+    Wallacei, 266.
+
+  Saxifrage, blue, 255.
+    Burser's, 238, 246.
+    Fortune's, 247.
+    grey, 238.
+    hairy margined, 242.
+    horn-leaved, 240.
+    large-leaved purple, 261.
+    long-leaved, 250.
+    Mac Nab's, 253.
+    opposite-leaved, 255.
+    paradoxical, 257.
+    purple mountain, 255.
+    Queen of, 250.
+    Rochel's, 265.
+
+  Scilla, bell-flowered, 267.
+    campanulata, 267.
+
+  Sea lavender, broad-leaved, 280.
+    profuse, 281.
+
+  Sedum Fabarium, 269.
+    spectabile, 269.
+    Sieboldi, 269.
+
+  Self heal, 152.
+
+  Sempervivum Laggeri, 270.
+
+  Senecio pulcher, 272.
+
+  Sibthorpia europæa, 237.
+
+  Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, 274.
+    Grandiflorum album, 276.
+
+  Slipper, English lady's, 76.
+
+  Sneezewort, 4.
+
+  Snowdrop, common, 106.
+    Elwes's, 105.
+    imperial, 105.
+
+  Snowflake, spring, 162.
+    summer, 161.
+
+  Soapwort, basil-leaved, 237.
+    rock, 237.
+
+  Solanum Halicacabum, 204.
+
+  Soldanella alpina, 276.
+    Clusii, 276.
+    minima, 276.
+    montana, 276.
+
+  Speedwell, fat-leaved, 301.
+    gentian-leaved, 300.
+    prostrate, 301.
+
+  Spikenard, 94.
+
+  Spindle tree, variegated, rooting, 99.
+
+  Spiræa odorata, 279.
+    palmata, 278.
+    palm-like, 278.
+    trifoliata, 117.
+    triloba, 117.
+    ulmaria variegata, 279.
+    venusta, 280.
+
+  Spring beauty, 152.
+
+  Spurge-flax, 79.
+    German olive, 79.
+    wort, 153.
+
+  Squill, striped, 225.
+
+  Star-flower, 288.
+    lilac, 293.
+
+  Star-flower, spring, 292.
+
+  Star, shooting, 84.
+
+  Starwort, 37, 283.
+
+  Starwort, alpine, 37.
+    bouquet, 39.
+
+  Statice latifolia, 280.
+    profusa, 281.
+    varieties of, 281.
+
+  Steeple-bells, 50.
+
+  Stenactis speciosus, 283.
+
+  Stokesia, jasper blue, 284.
+    cyanea, 284.
+
+  Stonecrop, showy, 269.
+    Siebold's, 269.
+
+  Succory, wild, 61.
+
+  Sunflower, graceful, 124.
+    many-flowered, 123.
+    rigid, 121.
+
+  Symphytum caucasicum, 286.
+
+
+  T.
+
+  Teazel, 176.
+
+  Thistle, 284.
+
+  Tiarella cordifolia, 287.
+
+  Tirentalis europæa, 288.
+
+  Toothwort, 81.
+
+  Treacle-mustard, dwarf, 97.
+
+  Trillium erectum, 291.
+
+  Triteleia, one-flowered, 292.
+    uniflora, 292.
+    u. liliacina, 292.
+
+  Tritoma, great, 294.
+    uvaria, 294.
+
+  Tropæolum tuberosum, 295.
+    tuberous, 295.
+
+  Trophy plant, 295.
+
+  Tussilago fragrans, 198.
+    petasites, 198.
+
+
+  U.
+
+  Umbillicus chrysanthus, 297.
+
+
+  V.
+
+  Vaccinium Vitis-Idæa, 298.
+
+  Valerian red, 55.
+
+  Valeriana ruber, 55.
+
+  Verbascum Myconi, 228.
+
+  Veronica gentianoides, 300.
+
+  Veronica pinguifolia, 301.
+    prostrata, 165, 301.
+    repens, 301.
+
+  Vesicaria græca, 302.
+
+  Vetch, mountain kidney, 27.
+    spring bitter, 192.
+
+  Viola pedata, 303.
+    pedata bicolor, 304.
+    tricolor, 305.
+
+  Violet, Dame's, 141.
+    dog's tooth, 98.
+    early bulbous, 106.
+    pedate-leaved, or bird's-foot, 303.
+
+
+  W.
+
+  Wallflower, common, 56.
+    fairy, 97.
+    Marshall's, 58.
+
+  Whorl flower, 176.
+
+  Whortle-berry, red, 298.
+
+  Willow, wrinkled or netted, 235.
+
+  Windflower, 141.
+    alpine, 11.
+    double, 17.
+    fair, 12.
+    Japan, 16.
+    mountain, 12.
+    poppy-like, 13.
+    shaggy, 23.
+    shining, 15.
+    star, 20.
+    stork's-bill, 12.
+    sulphur-coloured, 21.
+
+  Wintergreen, English, 288.
+
+
+  Y.
+
+  Yarrow, Egyptian, 3.
+    wild, 4.
+
+  Yucca filamentosa, 306.
+    filamentosa variegata, 306.
+    gloriosa, 307.
+    recurva, 308.
+    thready-leaved, 306.
+    weeping, 308.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hardy Perennials and Old Fashioned
+Flowers, by John Wood
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARDY PERENNIALS ***
+
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+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hardy Perennials, by John Wood.
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Hardy Perennials and Old Fashioned Flowers, by John Wood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Hardy Perennials and Old Fashioned Flowers
+       Describing the Most Desirable Plants, for Borders,
+              Rockeries, and Shrubberies.
+
+Author: John Wood
+
+Release Date: July 26, 2006 [EBook #18913]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARDY PERENNIALS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Paul Murray, Janet Blenkinship and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="trans-note">
+        Transcribers note:As far as possible the illustrations reflect the
+ratio referred to in the original.
+    </div>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img001.jpg"
+             alt="THE AUTHOR'S GARDEN." /><br />
+         <b>A CORNER OF THE AUTHOR'S GARDEN AT KIRKSTALL.</b>
+    </div>
+
+<h1>HARDY PERENNIALS<br /><br /></h1>
+
+<h4>AND<br /><br /></h4>
+
+<h2>Old-Fashioned Garden Flowers:<br /><br /></h2>
+
+<h4>DESCRIBING<br /><br /></h4>
+
+<h3>THE MOST DESIRABLE PLANTS FOR BORDERS,<br />ROCKERIES, AND SHRUBBERIES,<br /><br /></h3>
+
+<h4>INCLUDING<br /><br /></h4>
+
+<h3>FOLIAGE AS WELL AS FLOWERING PLANTS.<br /><br /></h3>
+
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">By JOHN WOOD.<br /><br /></span></h3>
+
+
+
+<h3>ILLUSTRATED.</h3>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p class='center'>LONDON: L. UPCOTT GILL, 170, STRAND, W. C.<br />
+1884.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>LONDON: PRINTED BY A. BRADLEY, 170, STRAND, W. C.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>At the present time there is a growing desire to patronise perennial
+plants, more especially the many and beautiful varieties known as
+"old-fashioned flowers." Not only do they deserve to be cultivated on
+their individual merits, but for other very important reasons; they
+afford great variety of form, foliage, and flower, and compared with
+annual and tender plants, they are found to give much less trouble. If a
+right selection is made and properly planted, the plants may be relied
+upon to appear with perennial vigour and produce flowers more or less
+throughout the year. I would not say bouquets may be gathered in the
+depth of winter, but what will be equally cheering may be had in blow,
+such as the Bluet, Violet, Primrose, Christmas Rose, Crocus, Hepatica,
+Squills, Snowdrops, and other less known winter bloomers. It does not
+seem to be generally understood that warm nooks and corners, under trees
+or walls, serve to produce in winter flowers which usually appear in
+spring when otherwise placed.</p>
+
+<p>There are many subjects which, from fine habit and foliage, even when
+flowerless, claim notice, and they, too, are described.</p>
+
+<p>Many gardens are very small, but these, if properly managed, have their
+advantages. The smaller the garden the more choice should be the
+collection, and the more highly should it be cultivated. I shall be glad
+if anything I say tends in this direction. From my notes of plants
+useful memoranda may be made, with the object of adding a few of the
+freest bloomers in each month, thus avoiding the error often committed
+of growing such subjects as mostly flower at one time, after which the
+garden has a forlorn appearance. The plants should not be blamed for
+this; the selection is at fault. No amount of time and care can make a
+garden what it should be if untidy and weedy plants prevail. On the
+other hand, the most beautiful species, both as regards foliage and
+flowers, can be just as easily cultivated.</p>
+
+<p>The object of this small work is to furnish the names and descriptions
+of really useful and reliable Hardy and Perennial Plants, suitable for
+all kinds of flower gardens, together with definite cultural hints on
+each plant.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps flowers were never cultivated of more diversified kinds than at
+the present time; and it is a legitimate and not uncommon question to
+ask, "What do you grow?" Not only have we now the lovers of the distinct
+and showy, but numerous admirers of such species as need to be closely
+examined, that their beautiful and interesting features may gladden and
+stir the mind. The latter class of plants, without doubt, is capable of
+giving most pleasure; and to meet the growing taste for these, books on
+flowers must necessarily treat upon the species or varieties in a more
+detailed manner, in order to get at their peculiarities and
+requirements. The more we learn about our flowers the more we enjoy
+them; to simply see bright colours and pretty forms is far from all the
+pleasure we may reap in our gardens.</p>
+
+<p>If I have not been able to give scientific information, possibly that of
+a practical kind may be of some use, as for many years, and never more
+than now, I have enjoyed the cultivation of flowers with my own hands.
+To be able to grow a plant well is of the highest importance, and the
+first step towards a full enjoyment of it.</p>
+
+<p>I have had more especially in view the wants of the less experienced
+Amateur; and as all descriptions and modes of culture are given from
+specimens successfully grown in my own garden, I hope I may have at
+least a claim to being practical.</p>
+
+<p>I have largely to thank several correspondents of many years' standing
+for hints and information incorporated in these pages.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 24em;">J. WOOD.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;" class="smcap">Woodville, Kirkstall,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><i>November, 1883.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>ERRATA.</h2>
+
+
+<p>For the placing of capital letters uniformly throughout this Volume to
+the specific names at the cross-headings, and for the omission of many
+capitals in the body of the type, the printer is alone responsible.</p>
+
+<p>Numerous oversights fall to my lot, but in many of the descriptions
+other than strictly proper botanical terms have been employed, where it
+seemed desirable to use more intelligible ones; as, for instance, the
+flowers of the Composites have not always been termed "heads," perianths
+have sometimes been called corollas, and their divisions at times
+petals, and so on; this is hardly worthy of the times, perhaps, but it
+was thought that the terms would be more generally understood.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_7'>Page 7</a>, line 8. For "lupin" read "Lupine."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_39'>Page 39</a>, line 31. For "calyx" read "involucre."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_40'>Page 40</a>, line 27. For "calyx" read "involucre."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_46'>Page 46</a>, line 1. For "corolla" read "perianth."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_47'>Page 47</a>, lines 3 and 6. For "corolla" read "perianth."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_48'>Page 48</a>, last line. For "lupin" read "Lupine."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_60'>Page 60</a>, line 16. For "pompon" read "pompone."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_64'>Page 64</a>, line 36. For "corolla" read "perianth."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_102'>Page 102</a>, line 27. For "Fritillaries" read "Fritillarias."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_114'>Page 114</a>, cross-heading. For "Ice-cold Gentian" read "Ice-cold Loving Gentian."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_213'>Page 213</a>, For "<i>Tirolensis</i>" read "<i>Tyrolensis</i>."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_214'>Page 214</a>, cross-heading. For "<i>Cashmerianum</i>" read "<i>Cashmeriana</i>."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_215'>Page 215</a>, cross-heading. For "<i>Cashmerianum</i>" read "<i>Cashmeriana</i>."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_275'>Page 275</a>, line 26. For "corolla" read "perianth."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_284'>Page 284</a>, line 25. For "calyx" read "involucre."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href='#Page_285'>Page 285</a>, line 1. For "calyx" read "involucre."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">JOHN WOOD.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>November 14th, 1883.</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1>HARDY PERENNIALS<br /><br /></h1>
+
+<h4>AND<br /><br /></h4>
+
+<h2>OLD-FASHIONED GARDEN FLOWERS.<br /><br /><br /></h2>
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents">
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Acaena_Novae_Zealandiae">Ac&aelig;na Nov&aelig; Zealandi&aelig;.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Achillea_AEgyptica">Achillea &AElig;gyptica.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Achillea_Filipendula">Achillea Filipendula.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Achillea_Millefolium">Achillea Millefolium.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Achillea_Ptarmica">Achillea Ptarmica.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Aconitum_Autumnale">Aconitum Autumnale.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Allium_Moly">Allium Moly.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Allium_Neapolitanum">Allium Neapolitanum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Alyssum_Saxatile">Alyssum Saxatile.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anchusa_Italica">Anchusa Italica.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anchusa_Sempervirens">Anchusa Sempervirens.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Andromeda_Tetragona">Andromeda Tetragona.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anemone_Alpina">Anemone Alpina.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anemone_Apennina">Anemone Apennina.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anemone_Blanda">Anemone Blanda.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anemone_Coronaria">Anemone Coronaria.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anemone_Decapetala">Anemone Decapetala.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anemone_Fulgens">Anemone Fulgens.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anemone_Japonica">Anemone Japonica.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anemone_Nemorosa_Flore-pleno">Anemone Nemorosa Flore-pleno.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anemone_Pulsatilla">Anemone Pulsatilla.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anemone_Stellata">Anemone Stellata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anemone_Sulphurea">Anemone Sulphurea.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anemone_Sylvestris">Anemone Sylvestris.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anemone_Vernalis">Anemone Vernalis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anthericum_Liliago">Anthericum Liliago.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anthericum_Liliastrum">Anthericum Liliastrum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Anthyllis_Montana">Anthyllis Montana.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Apios_Tuberosa">Apios Tuberosa.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Arabis_Lucida">Arabis Lucida.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Aralia_Sieboldi">Aralia Sieboldi.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Arisaema_Triphyllum">Aris&aelig;ma Triphyllum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Arum_Crinitum">Arum Crinitum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Asters">Asters.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Aster_Alpinus">Aster Alpinus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Aster_Ptarmicoides">Aster Ptarmicoides.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Bellis_Perennis">Bellis Perennis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Bocconia_Cordata">Bocconia Cordata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Bulbocodium_Trigynum">Bulbocodium Trigynum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Bulbocodium_Vernum">Bulbocodium Vernum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Calthus_Palustris_Flore-pleno">Calthus Palustris Flore-pleno.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Calystegia_Pubescens_Flore-pleno">Calystegia Pubescens Flore-pleno.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Campanula_Grandis">Campanula Grandis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Campanula_Latifolia">Campanula Latifolia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Campanula_Persicifolia">Campanula Persicifolia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Campanula_Pyramidalis">Campanula Pyramidalis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Campanula_Speciosa">Campanula Speciosa.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Campanula_Waldsteiniana">Campanula Waldsteiniana.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Centaurea_Montana">Centaurea Montana.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Centranthus_Ruber">Centranthus Ruber.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Cheiranthus_Cheiri">Cheiranthus Cheiri.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Cheiranthus_Marshallii">Cheiranthus Marshallii.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Chionodoxa_Luciliae">Chionodoxa Lucili&aelig;.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Chrysanthemum">Chrysanthemum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Cichorium_Intybus">Cichorium Intybus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Clethra_Alnifolia">Clethra Alnifolia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Colchicum_Autumnale">Colchicum Autumnale.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Colchicum_Variegatum">Colchicum Variegatum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Coreopsis_Auriculata">Coreopsis Auriculata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Coreopsis_Grandiflora">Coreopsis Grandiflora.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Coreopsis_Lanceolata">Coreopsis Lanceolata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Coreopsis_Tenuifolia">Coreopsis Tenuifolia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Cornus_Canadensis">Cornus Canadensis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Corydalis_Lutea">Corydalis Lutea.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Corydalis_Nobilis">Corydalis Nobilis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Corydalis_Solida">Corydalis Solida.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Crocus_Medius">Crocus Medius.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Cyananthus_Lobatus">Cyananthus Lobatus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Cypripedium_Calceolus">Cypripedium Calceolus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Daphne_Cneorum">Daphne Cneorum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Daphne_Mezereum">Daphne Mezereum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Dentaria_Digitata">Dentaria Digitata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Dianthus_Deltoides">Dianthus Deltoides.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Dianthus_Hybridus">Dianthus Hybridus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Dodecatheon_Jeffreyanum">Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Dodecatheon_Meadia">Dodecatheon Meadia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Dondia_Epipactis">Dondia Epipactis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Doronicum_Caucasicum">Doronicum Caucasicum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Echinacea_Purpurea">Echinacea Purpurea.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Edraianthus_Dalmaticus">Edraianthus Dalmaticus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Epigaea_Repens">Epig&aelig;a Repens.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Eranthis_Hyemalis">Eranthis Hyemalis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Erica_Carnea">Erica Carnea.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Erigeron_Caucasicus">Erigeron Caucasicus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Erigeron_Glaucum">Erigeron Glaucum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Eryngium_Giganteum">Eryngium Giganteum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Erysimum_Pumilum">Erysimum Pumilum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Erythronium_Dens-canis">Erythronium Dens-canis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Euonymus_Japonicus_Radicans_Variegata">Euonymus Japonicus Radicans Variegata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Festuca_Glauca">Festuca Glauca.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Fritillaria_Armena">Fritillaria Armena.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Funkia_Albo-marginata">Funkia Albo-marginata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Funkia_Sieboldii">Funkia Sieboldii.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Galanthus_Elwesii">Galanthus Elwesii.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Galanthus_Imperati">Galanthus Imperati.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Galanthus_Nivalis">Galanthus Nivalis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Galanthus_Plicatus">Galanthus Plicatus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Galanthus_Redoutei">Galanthus Redoutei.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Galax_Aphylla">Galax Aphylla.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Galega_Officinalis">Galega Officinalis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Galega_Persica_Lilacina">Galega Persica Lilacina.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Gentiana_Acaulis">Gentiana Acaulis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Gentiana_Asclepiadea">Gentiana Asclepiadea.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Gentiana_Burseri">Gentiana Burseri.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Gentiana_Cruciata">Gentiana Cruciata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Gentiana_Gelida">Gentiana Gelida.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Gentiana_Verna">Gentiana Verna.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Geranium_Argenteum">Geranium Argenteum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Gillenia_Trifoliata">Gillenia Trifoliata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Gynerium_Argenteum">Gynerium Argenteum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Harpalium_Rigidum">Harpalium Rigidum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Hedera_Conglomerata">Hedera Conglomerata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Helianthus_Multiflorus">Helianthus Multiflorus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Helianthus_Orygalis">Helianthus Orygalis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Helleborus_Abchasicus">Helleborus Abchasicus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Helleborus_Antiquorum">Helleborus Antiquorum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Helleborus_Bocconi">Helleborus Bocconi.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Helleborus_Colchicus">Helleborus Colchicus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Helleborus_Cupreus">Helleborus Cupreus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Helleborus_Dumetorum">Helleborus Dumetorum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Helleborus_Foetidus">Helleborus F&oelig;tidus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Helleborus_Guttatus">Helleborus Guttatus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Helleborus_Niger">Helleborus Niger.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Helleborus_Odorus">Helleborus Odorus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Helleborus_Olympicus">Helleborus Olympicus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Helleborus_Orientalis">Helleborus Orientalis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Helleborus_Purpurascens">Helleborus Purpurascens.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Hepatica_Angulosa">Hepatica Angulosa.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Hepatica_Triloba">Hepatica Triloba.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Hesperis_Matronalis_Flore-pleno">Hesperis Matronalis Flore-pleno.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Heuchera">Heuchera.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Heuchera_Americana">Heuchera Americana.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Heuchera_Cylindrica">Heuchera Cylindrica.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Heuchera_Drummondi">Heuchera Drummondi.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Heuchera_Glabra">Heuchera Glabra.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Heuchera_Lucida">Heuchera Lucida.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Heuchera_Metallica">Heuchera Metallica.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Heuchera_Micrantha">Heuchera Micrantha.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Heuchera_Purpurea">Heuchera Purpurea.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Heuchera_Ribifolia">Heuchera Ribifolia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Heuchera_Richardsoni">Heuchera Richardsoni.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Houstonia_Coerulea">Houstonia C&oelig;rulea.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Hutchinsia_Alpina">Hutchinsia Alpina.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Hydrangea_Paniculata_Grandiflora">Hydrangea Paniculata Grandiflora.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Hypericum_Calycinum">Hypericum Calycinum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Iberis_Correaefolia">Iberis Corre&aelig;folia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Iris_Foetidissima">Iris F&oelig;tidissima.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Isopyrum_Gracilis">Isopyrum Gracilis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Jasminum_Nudiflorum">Jasminum Nudiflorum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Kalmia_Latifolia">Kalmia Latifolia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Lactuca_Sonchifolia">Lactuca Sonchifolia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Lathyrus_Grandiflorus">Lathyrus Grandiflorus</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Lathyrus_Latifolius">Lathyrus Latifolius.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Leucojum_AEstivum">Leucojum &AElig;stivum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Leucojum_Vernum">Leucojum Vernum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Lilium_Auratum">Lilium Auratum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Linum_Flavum">Linum Flavum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Lithospermum_Prostratum">Lithospermum Prostratum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Lobelia_Cardinalis">Lobelia Cardinalis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Lychnis_Chalcedonica">Lychnis Chalcedonica.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Lychnis_Viscaria_Flore-pleno">Lychnis Viscaria Flore-pleno.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Lysimachia_Clethroides">Lysimachia Clethroides.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Margyricarpus_Setosus">Margyricarpus Setosus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Mazus_Pumilio">Mazus Pumilio.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Melittis_Melissophyllum">Melittis Melissophyllum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Monarda_Didyma">Monarda Didyma.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Monarda_Fistulosa">Monarda Fistulosa.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Monarda_Russelliana">Monarda Russelliana.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Morina_Longifolia">Morina Longifolia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Muhlenbeckia_Complexa">Muhlenbeckia Complexa.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Muscari_Botryoides">Muscari Botryoides.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Muscari_Racemosum">Muscari Racemosum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Narcissus_Minor">Narcissus Minor.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Nierembergia_Rivularis">Nierembergia Rivularis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#OEnothera_Speciosa">&OElig;nothera Speciosa.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#OEnothera_Taraxacifolia">&OElig;nothera Taraxacifolia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Omphalodes_Verna">Omphalodes Verna.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Ononis_Rotundifolia">Ononis Rotundifolia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Onosma_Taurica">Onosma Taurica.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Orchis_Foliosa">Orchis Foliosa.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Orchis_Fusca">Orchis Fusca.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Origanum_Pulchellum">Origanum Pulchellum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Orobus_Vernus">Orobus Vernus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Ourisia_Coccinea">Ourisia Coccinea.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Papaver_Orientale">Papaver Orientale.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Pentstemons">Pentstemons.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Petasites_Vulgaris">Petasites Vulgaris.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Phlox">Phlox.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Phlox_Frondosa">Phlox Frondosa.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Physalis_Alkekengi">Physalis Alkekengi.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Podophyllum_Peltatum">Podophyllum Peltatum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Polyanthus">Polyanthus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Polygonum_Brunonis">Polygonum Brunonis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Polygonum_Cuspidatum">Polygonum Cuspidatum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Polygonum_Filiformis_Variegatum">Polygonum Filiformis Variegatum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Polygonum_Vaccinifolium">Polygonum Vaccinifolium.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Potentilla_Fruticosa">Potentilla Fruticosa.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Pratia_Repens">Pratia Repens.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Primula_Acaulis">Primula Acaulis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Primula_Capitata">Primula Capitata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Primula_Cashmerianum">Primula Cashmerianum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Primula_Denticulata">Primula Denticulata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Primula_Farinosa">Primula Farinosa.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Primula_Marginata">Primula Marginata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Primula_Purpurea">Primula Purpurea.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Primula_Scotica">Primula Scotica.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Primula_Sikkimensis">Primula Sikkimensis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Primula_Vulgaris_Flore-pleno">Primula Vulgaris Flore-pleno.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Pulmonarias">Pulmonarias.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Puschkinia_Scilloides">Puschkinia Scilloides.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Pyrethrum_Uliginosum">Pyrethrum Uliginosum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Ramondia_Pyrenaica">Ramondia Pyrenaica.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Ranunculus_Aconitifolius">Ranunculus Aconitifolius.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Ranunculus_Acris_Flore-pleno">Ranunculus Acris Flore-pleno.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Ranunculus_Amplexicaulis">Ranunculus Amplexicaulis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Ranunculus_Speciosum">Ranunculus Speciosum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Rudbeckia_Californica">Rudbeckia Californica.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Rudbeckia_Serotina">Rudbeckia Serotina.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Salix_Reticulata">Salix Reticulata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Sanguinaria_Canadensis">Sanguinaria Canadensis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saponaria_Ocymoides">Saponaria Ocymoides.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Burseriana">Saxifraga Burseriana.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Caesia">Saxifraga C&aelig;sia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Ceratophylla">Saxifraga Ceratophylla.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Ciliata">Saxifraga Ciliata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Megasea_Cordifolia">Saxifraga (Megasea) Cordifolia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Coriophylla">Saxifraga Coriophylla.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Fortunei">Saxifraga Fortunei.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Megasea_Ligulata">Saxifraga (Megasea) Ligulata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Longifolia">Saxifraga Longifolia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Macnabiana">Saxifraga Macnabiana.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Mutata">Saxifraga Mutata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Oppositifolia_Lin">Saxifraga Oppositifolia (Lin.)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Paradoxa">Saxifraga Paradoxa.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Pectinata">Saxifraga Pectinata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Peltata">Saxifraga Peltata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Purpurascens">Saxifraga Purpurascens.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Pyramidalis">Saxifraga Pyramidalis.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Rocheliana">Saxifraga Rocheliana.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Umbrosa">Saxifraga Umbrosa.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Saxifraga_Wallacei">Saxifraga Wallacei.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Scilla_Campanulata">Scilla Campanulata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Sedum_Sieboldi">Sedum Sieboldi.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Sedum_Spectabile">Sedum Spectabile.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Sempervivum_Laggeri">Sempervivum Laggeri.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Senecio_Pulcher">Senecio Pulcher.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Sisyrinchium_Grandiflorum">Sisyrinchium Grandiflorum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Soldanellas">Soldanellas.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Spiraea_Palmata">Spir&aelig;a Palmata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Spiraea_Ulmaria_Variegata">Spir&aelig;a Ulmaria Variegata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Spiraea_Venusta">Spir&aelig;a Venusta.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Statice_Latifolia">Statice Latifolia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Statice_Profusa">Statice Profusa.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Stenactis_Speciosus">Stenactis Speciosus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Stokesia_Cyanea">Stokesia Cyanea.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Symphytum_Caucasicum">Symphytum Caucasicum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Tiarella_Cordifolia">Tiarella Cordifolia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Trientalis_Europaea">Trientalis Europ&aelig;a.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Trillium_Erectum">Trillium Erectum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Triteleia_Uniflora">Triteleia Uniflora.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Tritoma_Uvaria">Tritoma Uvaria.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Tropaeolum_Tuberosum">Trop&aelig;olum Tuberosum.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Umbilicus_Chrysanthus">Umbilicus Chrysanthus.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Vaccinium_Vitis-Idaea">Vaccinium Vitis-Id&aelig;a.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Veronica_Gentianoides">Veronica Gentianoides.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Veronica_Pinguifolia">Veronica Pinguifolia.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Veronica_Prostrata">Veronica Prostrata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Vesicaria_Graeca">Vesicaria Gr&aelig;ca.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Viola_Pedata">Viola Pedata.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Viola_Tricolor">Viola Tricolor.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Yucca_Filamentosa">Yucca Filamentosa.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Yucca_Gloriosa">Yucca Gloriosa.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#Yucca_Recurva">Yucca Recurva.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#FLOWERING_PERIODS">FLOWERING PERIODS.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#COLOURS_OF_FLOWERS">COLOURS OF FLOWERS.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#INDEX">INDEX.</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="Acaena_Novae_Zealandiae" id="Acaena_Novae_Zealandiae"></a>Ac&aelig;na Nov&aelig; Zealandi&aelig;.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Otherwise</i> <span class="smcap">A. Microphylla</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Sanguisorbe&aelig;</span>,
+<i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Rose Family</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>The plant, as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 1), is small, and
+its flowers are microscopic, hardly having the appearance of flowers,
+even when minutely examined, but when the bloom has faded there is a
+rapid growth, the calyces forming a stout set of long spines; these,
+springing from the globular head in considerable numbers, soon become
+pleasingly conspicuous, and this is by far the more ornamental stage of
+the plant. It is hardy, evergreen, and creeping. It seldom rises more
+than one or two inches from the ground, and only when it approaches a
+wall, stones, or some such fixed body, does it show an inclination to
+climb; it is, therefore, a capital rock plant. As implied by its
+specific name, it comes from New Zealand, and has not long been
+acclimatised in this country.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are produced on fine wiry stems an inch or more long, being
+nearly erect; they are arranged in round heads, at first about the size
+of a small pea; these, when bruised, have an ammoniacal smell. Each
+minute flower has four green petals and brownish seed organs, which
+cause the knob of flowers to have a rather grimy look, and a calyx which
+is very hard and stout, having two scales and four sepals. These sepals
+are the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> parts which, after the seed organs have performed their
+functions, become elongated and of a fine rosy-crimson colour; they form
+stiff and rather stout spines, often &frac34;in. long; they bristle evenly from
+every part of the little globe of seed vessels, and are very pretty. The
+spines are produced in great abundance, and they may be cut freely;
+their effect is unique when used for table decoration, stuck in tufts of
+dark green selaginella. On the plant they keep in good form for two
+months. The leaves are 1in. to 2in. long, pinnate; the leaflets are of a
+dark bronzy colour on the upper side and a pale green underneath, like
+maidenhair, which they also resemble in form, being nearly round and
+toothed. They are in pairs, with a terminal odd one; they are largest at
+the extremity, and gradually lessen to rudimentary leaflets; the foliage
+is but sparingly produced on the creeping stems, which root as they
+creep on the surface.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img009.jpg"
+             alt="ACAENA NOVAE ZEALANDIAE." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 1. Ac&aelig;na Nov&aelig; Zealandi&aelig;.</span><br />(One half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The habit of the plant is compact and cushion-like, and the brilliant
+spiny balls are well set off on the bed of fern-like but sombre foliage.
+During August it is one of the most effective plants in the rock garden,
+where I find it to do well in either moist or dry situations; it grows
+fast, and, being evergreen, it is one of the more useful creepers for
+all-the-year-round effect; for covering dormant bulbs or bare places it
+is at once efficient and beautiful. It requires light soil, and seems to
+enjoy grit;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> nowhere does it appear in better health or more at home
+than when carpeting the walk or track of the rock garden.</p>
+
+<p>It is self-propagating, but when it is desirable to move a tuft of it,
+it should be done during the growing season, so that it may begin to
+root at once and get established, otherwise the wind and frosts will
+displace it.</p>
+
+<p>It blooms from June to September, more or less, but only the earliest
+flowers produce well-coloured spines.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Achillea_AEgyptica" id="Achillea_AEgyptica"></a>Achillea &AElig;gyptica.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Egyptian Yarrow</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is an evergreen (though herb-like) species. It has been grown for
+more than 200 years in English gardens, and originally came, as its name
+implies, from Egypt. Notwithstanding the much warmer climate of its
+native country, it proves to be one of the hardiest plants in our
+gardens. I dare say many will think the Yarrows are not worthy of a
+place in the garden; but it should not be forgotten that not only are
+fine and useful flowers included in this work, but also the good
+"old-fashioned" kinds, and that a few such are to be found amongst the
+Yarrows is without doubt. Could the reader see the collection now before
+me, cut with a good piece of stem and some foliage, and pushed into a
+deep vase, he would not only own that they were a pleasing contrast, but
+quaintly grand for indoor decoration.</p>
+
+<p><i>A. &AElig;gyptica</i> not only produces a rich yellow flower, but the whole
+plant is ornamental, having an abundance of finely-cut foliage, which,
+from a downy or nappy covering, has a pleasing grey or silvery
+appearance. The flowers are produced on long stems nearly 2ft. high,
+furnished at the nodes with clean grey tufts of smaller-sized leaves;
+near the top the stems are all but naked, and are terminated by the flat
+heads or corymbs of closely-packed flowers. They are individually small,
+but the corymbs will be from 2in. to 3in. across. Their form is that of
+the common Yarrow, but the colour is a bright light yellow. The leaves
+are 6in. to 8in. long, narrow and pinnate, the leaflets of irregular
+form, variously toothed and lobed; the whole foliage is soft to the
+touch, from the nappy covering, as already mentioned. Its flowers, from
+their extra fine colour, are very telling in a cut state. The plant is
+suitable for the borders, more especially amongst other old kinds.
+Ordinary garden loam suits it, and its propagation may be carried out at
+any time by root division.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to September.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Achillea_Filipendula" id="Achillea_Filipendula"></a>Achillea Filipendula.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This grows 4ft. high, and the foliage, though fern-like, has an untidy
+appearance, from the irregular way in which it is disposed. It is
+herbaceous, and comes from the Caucasus. The flowers are somewhat
+singular, arranged in corymbs of a multiplex character; they are very
+large, often 5in. across. The smaller corymbs are arched or convex,
+causing the cluster or compound corymb to present an uneven surface; the
+small flowers are of rich old gold colour, and have the appearance of
+knotted gold cord; they are very rigid, almost hard. The leaves are
+linear, pinnate, lobed and serrated, hairy, rough, and numerously
+produced. From the untidy and tall habit of this subject, it should be
+planted in the background; its flowers, however, will claim a prominent
+position in a cut state; they are truly rich, the undulating corymbs
+have the appearance of embossed gold plate, and their antique colour and
+form are compared to gold braid by a lady who admires "old-fashioned"
+flowers. It will last for several weeks after being cut, and even out of
+water for many days. A few heads placed in an old vase, without any
+other flowers, are rich and characteristic, whilst on bronze figures and
+ewers in a dry state, and more especially on ebony or other black
+decorations, it may be placed with a more than floral effect. In short,
+rough as the plant is, it is worth growing for its quaint and rich
+flowers alone; it is seldom met with. Soil and propagation, the same as
+for <i>A. &AElig;gyptica</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Achillea_Millefolium" id="Achillea_Millefolium"></a>Achillea Millefolium.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Common Milfoil</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is the well-known wild Yarrow; it is, however, the typical form of
+a fine variety, called <i>A. m. roseum</i>, having very bright rose-coloured
+flowers, which in all other respects resembles the wild form. Both as a
+border subject and for cutting purposes, I have found it useful; it
+flowers for several months, but the individual blooms fade in four or
+six days; these should be regularly removed. The freshly-opened corymbs
+are much admired. Soil and mode of propagation, the same as for previous
+kinds.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to November.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Achillea_Ptarmica" id="Achillea_Ptarmica"></a>Achillea Ptarmica.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syns.</i> <span class="smcap">A. Sylvestris</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Ptarmica Vulgaris</span>; <i>Common
+Names</i>, <span class="smcap">Wild Yarrow, Sneezewort, Goose-tongue</span>, <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Wild
+Pellitory</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A very common British plant, or, I may say, weed, which can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> live in the
+most reeky towns, only mentioned here to introduce <i>A. P. fl.-pl.</i>,
+which is one of the most useful of border flowers. I am bound to add,
+however, that only when in flower is it more presentable than the weedy
+and typical form; but the grand masses of pure white
+bachelors'-button-like flowers, which are produced for many weeks in
+succession, render this plant deserving of a place in every garden. It
+is a very old flower in English gardens. Some 250 years ago Parkinson
+referred to the double flowering kind, in his "Paradise of Pleasant
+Flowers," as a then common plant; and I may as well produce Gerarde's
+description of the typical form, which answers, in all respects, for the
+double one, with the exception of the flowers themselves: "The small
+Sneesewoort hath many rounde and brittle braunches, beset with long and
+narrowe leaues, hackt about the edges like a sawe; at the top of the
+stalkes do grow smal single flowers like the fielde Daisie. The roote is
+tender and full of strings, creeping farre abroade in the earth, and in
+short time occupieth very much grounde." The flowers of this plant are
+often, but wrongly, called "bachelors' buttons," which they much
+resemble.</p>
+
+<p>For cutting purposes, this plant is one of the most useful; not only are
+the blooms a good white, but they have the quality of keeping clean, and
+are produced in greater numbers than ever I saw them on the single form.
+Those requiring large quantities of white flowers could not do better
+than give the plant a few square yards in some unfrequented part of the
+garden; any kind of soil will suit it, but if enriched the bloom will be
+all the better for it. The roots run freely just under the surface, so
+that a large stock may soon be had; yet, fine as are its flowers, hardy
+and spreading as the plant proves, it is but seldom met with. Even in
+small gardens this fine old flower should be allowed a little space.
+Transplant any time.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Aconitum_Autumnale" id="Aconitum_Autumnale"></a>Aconitum Autumnale.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Autumn Monk's-hood</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+             <img   src="images/img013.jpg"
+             alt="ACONITUM AUTUMNALE." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 2. Aconitum Autumnale.</span><br />(About one-tenth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+
+<p>Hardy, perennial, and herbaceous. This is one of the finest subjects for
+autumn flowering. The whole plant, which stands nearly 3ft. high, is
+stately and distinct (Fig. 2); the leaves are dark green, large, deeply
+cut and veined, of good substance, and slightly drooping. The flowers
+are a fine blue (a colour somewhat scarce in our gardens at that
+season), irregularly arranged on very stout stems; in form they exactly
+resemble a monk's hood, and the manner in which they are held from the
+stems further accords with that likeness. These rich flowers are
+numerously produced; a three-year-old plant will have as many as six
+stout stems all well furnished, rendering the specimen very
+conspicuous.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This is one form of the Monk's-hood long grown in English gardens, and
+is called "old-fashioned." <i>A. japonicum</i>, according to some, is
+identical with it, but whether that is so or not, there is but a slight
+difference, and both, of course, are good.</p>
+
+<p>I find it likes a rich deep soil. It is propagated by division of the
+roots after the tops have turned yellow in autumn or winter.</p>
+
+<p>It flowers from August until cut down by frosts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Allium_Moly" id="Allium_Moly"></a>Allium Moly.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Large Yellow Garlic</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy bulbous perennial, of neat habit, with bright golden flowers,
+produced in large heads; they endure a long time and are very effective;
+it is by far the best yellow species. Where bold clumps of yellow are
+desirable, especially if somewhat in the background, there can be few
+subjects more suitable for the purpose than this plant; both leaves and
+flowers, however, have a disagreeable odour, if in the least bruised. It
+is a very old plant in English gardens, and is a native of the South of
+Europe. Its chief merits are fine colour, large head, neat habit, and
+easy culture. The flowers are 1in. across, borne in close heads, having
+stalks over an inch long springing from stout scapes; the six long oval
+petals are of a shining yellow colour; the seed organs also are all
+yellow and half the length of petals; the scape is about a foot high,
+naked, round, and very stout; the leaves are nearly as broad as tulip
+leaves, and otherwise much resemble them.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Allium_Neapolitanum" id="Allium_Neapolitanum"></a>Allium Neapolitanum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Neapolitan Allium</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This has pure white flowers arranged in neat and effective umbels, and
+though not so useful in colour as the flowers of <i>A. Moly</i>, they are
+much superior to those of many of the genus.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Both of the above Alliums may be grown in any odd parts which need
+decorating with subjects requiring little care; any kind of soil will do
+for them, but if planted too near the walks the flowers are liable to be
+cut by persons who may not be aware of their evil odour. The bulbs may
+be divided every three years with advantage, and may be usefully planted
+in lines in front of shrubs, or mixed with other strong-growing flowers,
+such as alkanets, lupins, and foxgloves.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Alyssum_Saxatile" id="Alyssum_Saxatile"></a>Alyssum Saxatile.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Rock Madwort</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Golden Tuft</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Crucifer&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img014.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 3." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 3. <span class="smcap">Alyssum Saxatile</span>.<br />(One-third
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>This pleasing and well-known hardy, evergreen, half-woody shrub is
+always a welcome flower. From its quantity of bloom all its other parts
+are literally smothered (see Fig. 3). When passing large pieces of it in
+full blow, its fragrant honey smell reminds one of summer clover
+fields.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Its golden yellow flowers are densely produced in panicles on procumbent
+stems, 12in. to 18in. long. The little flowers, from distinct notches in
+the petals, have a different appearance from many of the order
+<i>Crucifer&aelig;</i>, as, unless they are well expanded, there seem to be eight
+instead of four petals. The leaves are inversely ovate, lanceolate,
+villose, and slightly toothed. A specimen will continue in good form
+during average weather for about three weeks. It is not only seen to
+most advantage on rockwork, where its prostrate stems can fall over the
+stones, but the dry situation is in accordance with its requirements;
+still, it is not at all particular, but does well in any sunny
+situation, in any soil that is not over moist or ill drained. It is
+easily and quickly propagated by cuttings in early summer.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April and May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anchusa_Italica" id="Anchusa_Italica"></a>Anchusa Italica.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Italian Alkanet</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Boraginace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="figleft">
+             <img   src="images/img015.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 4." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 4. <span class="smcap">Anchusa Italica</span> (Flower Spray).<br />
+(One-third natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>A hardy herbaceous perennial of first-class merit for gardens where
+there is plenty of room; amongst shrubs it will not only prove worthy of
+the situation, but, being a ceaseless bloomer, its tall and leafy stems
+decked with brilliant flowers may always be relied upon for cutting
+purposes; and let me add, as, perhaps, many have never tried this fine
+but common flower in a large vase, the stems, if cut to the length of
+18in., and loosely placed in an old-fashioned vase, without any other
+flowers, are more than ornamental&mdash;they are fine.</p>
+
+<p>Its main features are seen in its bold leafy stems, furnished with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+large, dark blue, forget-me-not-like flowers, nearly all their length.
+The little white eyes of the blossoms are very telling (see Fig. 4). The
+flowers are held well out from the large leaves of the main stem by
+smaller ones (from 1in. to 8in. long), at the ends of which the buds and
+flowers are clustered, backed by a pair of small leaflets, like wings.
+Just before the buds open they are of a bright rose colour, and when the
+flowers fade the leafy calyx completely hides the withered parts, and
+other blooms take their places between the wing-like pair of leaflets;
+so the succession of bloom is kept up through the whole summer. The
+leaves of the root are very large when fully grown during summer&mdash;over a
+foot long&mdash;those of the stems are much less; all are lance-shaped and
+pointed, plain at the edges, very hairy, and of a dark green colour. The
+stems are numerous, upright, and, as before hinted, branched; also, like
+the leaves, they are covered with stiff hairs, a characteristic common
+to the order. Well-established plants will grow to the height of 3ft. to
+5ft.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anchusa_Sempervirens" id="Anchusa_Sempervirens"></a>Anchusa Sempervirens.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Boraginace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a British species, and, as its name denotes, is evergreen; not,
+let me add, as a tall plant, for the stems wither or at least become
+very sere, only the large leaves of the root remaining fresh; and though
+it has many points of difference from <i>A. Italica</i>, such as shorter
+growth, darker flowers and foliage, and more oval leaves&mdash;these form the
+distinctions most observable. By its evergreen quality it is easily
+identified in winter. There is also an important difference from the
+axillary character of the flower stems. With these exceptions the
+description of <i>A. Italica</i> will fairly hold good for this native
+species.</p>
+
+<p>This Alkanet has various other names, as <i>Borago sempervirens</i>,
+<i>Buglossum s.</i>, and with old writers it, together with allied species,
+was much esteemed, not only for the flowers, but for its reputed
+medicinal properties. To those who care to grow these good old plants I
+would say, well enrich the soil; when so treated, the results are very
+different from those where the plants have been put in hungry and
+otherwise neglected situations; this favourable condition may be easily
+afforded, and will be more than repaid. Strong roots may be transplanted
+at any time, and propagation is more quickly carried out by division of
+the woody roots, which should be cut or split so that each piece has a
+share of bark and a crown. Just before new growth has begun, as in
+January, is the best time for this operation, so that there is no chance
+of rot from dormancy.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to September.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Andromeda_Tetragona" id="Andromeda_Tetragona"></a>Andromeda Tetragona.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">Cassiope Tetragona</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ericace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A dwarf hardy evergreen shrub, which comes to us from Lapland and North
+America; though a very beautiful subject for either rockwork or border,
+it is rarely seen. It is not one of the easiest plants to grow, which
+may, to some extent, account for its rarity. Still, when it can have its
+requirements, it not only thrives well, but its handsome form and
+flowers repay any extra trouble it may have given. In the culture of
+this, as of most plants of the order <i>Ericace&aelig;</i>, there is decidedly a
+right way and a wrong one, and if the species now under consideration
+has one or two special requirements it deserves them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img017.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 5." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 5. <span class="smcap">Andromeda Tetragona</span>.<br /> (One-half
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+
+<p>With me it never exceeds a height of 6in. or 7in., is much branched, and
+of a fine apple green colour; the flowers are small but very beautiful,
+bell-shaped, pendent, and springing from the leafy stems of the previous
+year's growth. The leaves are small as well as curious, both in form and
+arrangement, completely hiding their stems; their roundish grain-shaped
+forms are evenly arranged in four rows extending throughout the whole
+length of the branches (whence the name <i>tetragona</i>), giving them a
+square appearance resembling an ear of wheat,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> but much less stout (see
+Fig. 5); the little leaves, too, are frosted somewhat in the way of many
+of the saxifrages. It is next to impossible to describe this pretty
+shrub; fortunately, the cut will convey a proper idea at a glance. All
+who possess more select collections of hardy plants and shrubs should
+not fail to include this; it is fit for any collection of fifty choice
+species.</p>
+
+<p>I struggled long before finding out the right treatment, as presumably I
+now have, yet it is very simple, in fact, only such as many other plants
+should have; but, unlike them, <i>A. tetragona</i> will take no alternative;
+it must have partial shade, sandy peat or leaf soil, and be planted in a
+moist or semi-bog situation. On the raised parts of rockwork it became
+burnt up; planted in loam, though light, it was dormant as a stone; in
+pots, it withered at the tips; but, with the above treatment, I have
+flowers and numerous branchlets. Many little schemes may be improvised
+for the accommodation of this and similar subjects. Something of the bog
+character would appear to be the difficulty here; a miniature one may be
+made in less than half an hour. Next the walk dig a hole 18in. all ways,
+fill in with sandy peat, make it firm; so form the surface of the walk
+that the water from it will eddy or turn in. In a week it will have
+settled; do not fill it up, but leave it dished and put in the plant.
+Gentians, <i>pyrolas</i>, calthas, and even the bog pimpernel I have long
+grown so.</p>
+
+<p><i>A. tetragona</i> can be propagated by division of the roots, but such
+division should not be attempted with other than a perfectly healthy
+plant. It should be done in spring, just as it begins to push, which may
+be readily seen by the bright green tips of the branchlets; and it is
+desirable, when replanting, to put the parts a little deeper, so as to
+cover the dead but persistent leaves about the bottoms of the stems
+which occur on the parts four or more years old. After a year, when so
+planted, I have found good roots emitted from these parts, and,
+doubtless, such deeper planting will, in some way, meet its
+requirements, as in this respect they are provided for in its habitats
+by the annual and heavy fall of leaves from other trees which shade it.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April and May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anemone_Alpina" id="Anemone_Alpina"></a>Anemone Alpina.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Alpine Windflower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>From Austria, the foliage closely resembling that of <i>A. sulphurea</i>, but
+the flowers are larger and of various colours. It is said to be the
+parent of <i>A. sulphurea</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It flowers in June. See <i>A. sulphurea</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anemone_Apennina" id="Anemone_Apennina"></a>Anemone Apennina.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Mountain Windflower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is one of the "old-fashioned" flowers of our gardens&mdash;in fact, a
+native species, having a black tuberous root, which forms a distinct,
+though invisible characteristic of the species. As the old names are
+somewhat descriptive, I give them&mdash;viz., Geranium-leaved Anemone, and
+Stork's-bill Windflower.</p>
+
+<p>The appearance of a bold piece of this plant when in flower is
+exceedingly cheerful; the soft-looking feathery foliage forms a rich
+groundwork for the lavish number of flowers, which vary much in colour,
+from sky-blue to nearly white, according to the number of days they may
+have been in blow, blue being the opening colour. The flowers are
+produced singly on stems, 6in. high, and ornamented with a whorl of
+finely-cut leaflets, stalked, lobed, and toothed; above this whorl the
+ruddy flower stem is much more slender. During sunshine the flowers are
+1&frac12;in. across the tips of sepals, becoming reflexed. The foliage, as
+before hinted, is in the form of a whorl, there being no root leaf, and
+the soft appearance of the whole plant is due to its downiness, which
+extends to and includes the calyx. The lobes of the leaves are cupped,
+but the leaves themselves reflex until their tips touch the ground,
+whence their distinct and pleasing form.</p>
+
+<p>This plant is most at home in the half shade of trees, where its flowers
+retain their blue colour longer. It should be grown in bold patches, and
+in free or sandy soil. The tubers may be transplanted soon after the
+tops have died off in late summer.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April and May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anemone_Blanda" id="Anemone_Blanda"></a>Anemone Blanda.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Fair Windflower</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Blue Grecian Anemone</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a lovely winter flower, of great value in our gardens, from its
+showiness. It is a recent introduction from the warmer climes of the
+South of Europe and Asia Minor; and though it is not so vigorous under
+cultivation in our climate as most Windflowers, it proves perfectly
+hardy. A little extra care should be taken in planting it as regards
+soil and position, in order to grow it well. It belongs to that section
+of its numerous genus having an involucrum of stalked leaflets.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are produced on stalks, 4in. to 6in. high; they are nearly
+2in. across, of a fine deep blue colour; the sepals are numerous and
+narrow, in the way of <i>A. stellata</i>, or star anemone. The leaves are
+triternate, divisions deeply cut and acute; the leaves of the involucrum
+are stalked, trifid, and deeply cut. The whole plant much resembles <i>A.
+Apennina</i>. Where it can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> be established, it must prove one of the most
+useful flowers, and to possess such charming winter blossom is worth
+much effort in affording it suitable conditions. The soil should be
+rich, light, and well drained, as sandy loam, and if mixed with plenty
+of leaf soil all the better. The position should be sheltered, otherwise
+this native of warm countries will have its early leaves and flowers
+damaged by the wintry blast, and the evil does not stop there, for the
+check at such a period interferes with the root development, and
+repetitions of such damage drive the plants into a state of "dwindling,"
+and I may add, this is the condition in which this plant may frequently
+be seen. Many of the Anemones may be planted without much care, other
+than that of giving them a little shade from sunshine. The present
+subject, however, being so early, is not likely to obtain too much
+bright weather, but rather the reverse. If, then, it is planted in warm
+quarters, it may be expected to yield its desirable flowers in average
+quantity compared with other Windflowers, and in such proportion will
+its roots increase. The latter may be divided (providing they are of
+good size and healthy) when the leaves have died off.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February and March.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anemone_Coronaria" id="Anemone_Coronaria"></a>Anemone Coronaria.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Poppy-like Windflower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Hardy and tuberous. The illustration (Fig. 6) is of the double form, in
+which it may frequently be seen; also in many colours, as blue, purple,
+white, scarlet, and striped; the same colours may be found in the single
+and semi-double forms. There are many shades or half colours, which are
+anything but pleasing, and where such have established themselves,
+either as seedlings or otherwise, they should be weeded out, as there
+are numerous distinct hues, which may just as easily be cultivated. The
+great variety in colour and form of this Anemone is perhaps its most
+peculiar characteristic; for nearly 300 years it has had a place in
+English gardens, and came originally from the Levant. Its habit is neat;
+seldom does it reach a foot in height, the flowers being produced
+terminally; they are poppy-like, and 2in. to 3in. across, having six
+sepals. The leaves are ternate, segments numerous; each leaf springs
+from the tuber, with the exception of those of the involucre.</p>
+
+<p>In planting this species, it should be kept in mind that it neither
+likes too much sunshine nor a light soil; under such conditions it may
+exist, but it will not thrive and scarcely ever flower. When the
+tuberous roots have become devoid of foliage they may be lifted, and if
+they have grown to a size exceeding 3in. long and 1in. in diameter, they
+may be broken in halves with advantage; the sooner they are put back
+into the ground the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> better; slight shade from the mid-day sun and good
+loam will be found to suit them best. When the various colours are kept
+separate, bold clumps of a score or so of each are very effective; mixed
+beds are gay, almost gaudy; but the grouping plan is so much better,
+that, during the blooming period, it is worth the trouble to mark the
+different colours, with a view to sorting them at the proper time.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img021.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 6." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 6. <span class="smcap">Anemone Coronaria Flore-pleno</span>.<br />
+(One-third natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The nutty roots are often eaten by earth vermin, especially wireworm.
+Whenever there is occasion to lift the roots it is a good plan to dress
+them, by repeated dips in a mixture of clay and soot, until they are
+well coated; they should be allowed to dry for a short time between each
+dip; this will not only be found useful in keeping off wireworm and
+similar pests, but will otherwise benefit the plants as a manure.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May and June.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anemone_Decapetala" id="Anemone_Decapetala"></a>Anemone Decapetala.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>New, from North America; has a deteriorated resemblance to <i>A. alpina</i>
+and <i>A. sulphurea</i> (which see). The foliage is much less; the flower
+stems are numerous, close together, stout, and 9in. to 12in. high; they
+are also branched, but not spreading. The flowers have seven to ten
+sepals, are an inch across, and of a creamy white colour. The heads of
+seed are more interesting than their flowers; they form cotton-like
+globes, 1&frac12;in. diameter, and endure in that state for a fortnight. I was
+inclined to discard this species when I first saw its dumpy and
+badly-coloured flowers, but the specimen was left in the ground, and
+time, which has allowed the plant to become more naturally established,
+has also caused it to produce finer bloom, and it is now a pleasing and
+distinct species of an interesting character.</p>
+
+<p>The same treatment will answer for this species as for <i>A. sulphurea</i>.
+All the Anemones may be propagated by seeds or division of the roots.
+The latter method should only be adopted in the case of strong roots,
+and their division will be more safely effected in early spring, when
+they can start into growth at once.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anemone_Fulgens" id="Anemone_Fulgens"></a>Anemone Fulgens.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Shining Windflower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright">
+             <img   src="images/img022.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 7." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 7. <span class="smcap">Anemone Fulgens</span>.<br /> (Plant,
+one-eighth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+
+<p>This is a variety of <i>A. hortensis</i> or <i>A. pavonina</i>, all of which much
+resemble each other. This very showy flower is much and deservedly
+admired. In sheltered quarters or during mild seasons it will flower at
+Christmas and continue to bloom for several months. It will be seen by
+the illustration (Fig. 7) to be a plant of neat habit, and for effect
+and usefulness it is one of the very best flowers that can be introduced
+into the garden, especially the spring garden, as there is scarcely
+another of its colour, and certainly not one so floriferous and durable.
+Though it has been in English gardens over fifty years, it seems as if
+only recently its real worth has been discovered. It is now fast
+becoming a universal favourite. The flowers are 2in. across, and of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+most brilliant scarlet colour, produced singly on tall naked stems,
+nearly a foot high. They vary in number of sepals, some being
+semi-double. The foliage is bright and compact, more freely produced
+than that of most Windflowers; it is also richly cut.</p>
+
+<p>It may be grown in pots for conservatory or indoor decoration. It needs
+no forcing for such purposes; a cold frame will prove sufficient to
+bring out the flowers in winter. Borders or the moist parts of rockwork
+are suitable for it; but perhaps it is seen to greatest advantage in
+irregular masses in the half shade of trees in front of a shrubbery,
+and, after all, it is impossible to plant this flower wrong, as regards
+effect. To grow it well, however, it must have a moist situation, and
+good loam to grow in. It is easily propagated by division of strong
+healthy roots in autumn.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, January to June, according to position and time of
+planting.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anemone_Japonica" id="Anemone_Japonica"></a>Anemone Japonica.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Japan Windflower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This and its varieties are hardy perennials of the most reliable kinds;
+the typical form has flowers of a clear rose colour. <i>A. j. vitifolia</i>
+has larger flowers of a fine bluish tint, and seems to be the hybrid
+between the type and the most popular variety, viz., <i>A. j.
+alba</i>&mdash;Honorine Jobert&mdash;(see Fig. 8). So much has this grown in favour
+that it has nearly monopolised the name of the species, of which it is
+but a variety; hence the necessity of pointing out the distinctions.
+Frequently the beautiful white kind is sought for by the typical name
+only, so that if a plant were supplied accordingly there would be
+disappointment at seeing a somewhat coarse specimen, with small rosy
+flowers, instead of a bold and beautiful plant with a base of large
+vine-shaped foliage and strong stems, numerously furnished with large
+white flowers, quite 2in. across, and centered by a dense arrangement of
+lemon-coloured stamens, somewhat like a large single white rose. This
+more desirable white variety sometimes grows 3ft. high, and is eminently
+a plant for the border in front of shrubs, though it is very effective
+in any position. I grow it in the border, on rockwork, and in a half
+shady place, and it seems at home in all. It will continue in bloom
+until stopped by frosts. The flowers are among the most useful in a cut
+state, especially when mingled with the now fashionable and handsome
+leaves of heucheras and tiarellas; they form a chaste embellishment for
+the table or fruit dishes.</p>
+
+<p>The plant is sometimes much eaten by caterpillars; for this the remedy
+is soapy water syringed on the under side of the leaves. Earwigs also
+attack the flowers; they should be trapped by a similar plan to that
+usually adopted for dahlias.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img024.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 8." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 8. <span class="smcap">Anemone Japonica Alba</span> (<span class="smcap">A.
+Honorine Jobert</span>).<br /> (About one-twelfth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>To those wishing to grow this choice Anemone, let me say, begin with the
+young underground runners; plant them in the autumn anywhere you like,
+but see that the soil is deep, and if it is not rich, make it so with
+well-decayed leaves or manure, and you will have your reward.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August to November.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anemone_Nemorosa_Flore-pleno" id="Anemone_Nemorosa_Flore-pleno"></a>Anemone Nemorosa Flore-pleno.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Double Wood Anemone</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Windflower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is the double form of the common British species; in every part but
+the flower it resembles the type. The flower, from being double, and
+perhaps from being grown in more exposed situations than the common form
+in the shaded woods, is much more durable; an established clump has kept
+in good form for three weeks.</p>
+
+<p>The petals (if they may be so called), which render this flower<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> so
+pleasingly distinct, are arranged in an even tuft, being much shorter
+than the outer or normal sepals, the size and form of which remain true
+to the type. The pure white flower&mdash;more than an inch across&mdash;is
+somewhat distant from the handsome three-leaved involucrum, and is
+supported by a wiry flower stalk, 3in. to 5in. long; it is about the
+same length from the root, otherwise the plant is stemless. The flowers
+are produced singly, and have six to eight petal-like sepals; the leaves
+are ternately cut; leaflets or segments three-cut, lanceolate, and
+deeply toothed; petioles channelled; the roots are long and round, of
+about the thickness of a pen-holder. This plant grown in bold clumps is
+indispensable for the choice spring garden; its quiet beauty is much
+admired.</p>
+
+<p>It enjoys a strongish loam, and a slightly shaded situation will conduce
+to its lengthened flowering, and also tend to luxuriance. Soon after the
+flowers fade the foliage begins to dry up; care should, therefore, be
+taken to have some other suitable flower growing near it, so as to avoid
+dead or blank spaces. Pentstemons, rooted cuttings of which are very
+handy at this season for transplanting, are well adapted for such use
+and situations, and as their flowers cannot endure hot sunshine without
+suffering more or less, such half-shady quarters will be just the places
+for them.</p>
+
+<p>The double white Wood Anemone may be propagated by divisions of the
+tubers, after the foliage has completely withered.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anemone_Pulsatilla" id="Anemone_Pulsatilla"></a>Anemone Pulsatilla.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Pasque Flower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A British species. This beautiful flower has long been cultivated in our
+gardens, and is deservedly a great favourite. It may not be
+uninteresting to give the other common and ancient names of the Easter
+Flower, as in every way this is not only an old plant, but an
+old-fashioned flower. "Passe Flower" and "Flaw Flower" come from the
+above common names, being only derivations, but in Cambridgeshire, where
+it grows wild, it is called "Coventry Bells" and "Hill Tulip." Three
+hundred years ago Gerarde gave the following description of it, which,
+together with the illustration (Fig. 9), will, I trust, be found ample:
+"These Passe flowers hath many small leaues, finely cut or iagged, like
+those of carrots, among which rise up naked stalks, rough and hairie;
+whereupon do growe beautiful flowers bell fashion, of a bright delaied
+purple colour; in the bottome whereof groweth a tuft of yellow thrums,
+and in the middle of the thrums thrusteth foorth a small purple
+pointell; when the whole flower is past, there succeedeth an head or
+knoppe, compact of many graie hairie lockes, and in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> the solide parts of
+the knops lieth the seede flat and hoarie, euery seed having his own
+small haire hanging at it. The roote is thick and knobbie of a finger
+long, and like vnto those of the anemones (as it doth in all other parts
+verie notablie resemble) whereof no doubt this is a kinde."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img026.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 9." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 9. Anemone Pulsatilla.</span><br />
+(One-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+
+<p>This flower in olden times was used for making garlands, and even now
+there are few flowers more suitable for such purpose; it varies much in
+colour, being also sometimes double. It may be grown in pots for window
+decoration or in the open garden; it likes a dry situation and
+well-drained soil of a calcareous nature. In these respects it differs
+widely from many of the other species of Windflower, yet I find it to do
+well in a collection bed where nearly twenty other species are grown,
+and where there are both shade and more moisture than in the open parts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+of the garden. It may be propagated by division of the strong
+root-limbs, each of which should have a portion of the smaller roots on
+them. Soon after flowering is a good time to divide it.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anemone_Stellata" id="Anemone_Stellata"></a>Anemone Stellata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Star Windflower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img027.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 9." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 10. <span class="smcap">Anemone Stellata.</span><br />
+(One-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+
+<p>This gay spring flower (Fig. 10) comes to us from Italy, but that it
+loves our dull climate is beyond doubt, as it not only flowers early,
+but continues for a long time in beauty. <i>A. hortensis</i> is another name
+for it, and there are several varieties of the species, which mostly
+vary only in the colours of the flowers, as striped, white and purple.
+The typical form, as illustrated, is seen to be a quaint little plant;
+its flowers are large, of a shining light purple colour, and
+star-shaped; the dwarf foliage is of the well-known crowfoot kind. When
+grown in bold clumps it is richly effective, and, like most other
+Anemones, is sure to be admired.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It thrives well in a light loam and in slight shade; I have tried it in
+pots kept in cold frames, where it flowers in mid-winter. It would
+doubtless make a showy appearance in a cool greenhouse. To propagate it,
+the roots should be divided after the tops have died down in summer.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February to June, according to position and time of
+planting.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anemone_Sulphurea" id="Anemone_Sulphurea"></a>Anemone Sulphurea.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Sulphur-coloured Windflower</span>; <i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">A. Apiifolia</span>;
+<i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img028.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 9." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 11. <span class="smcap">Anemone Sulphurea.</span><br />
+(One-fourth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+
+<p>This is a grandly beautiful Windflower from Central Europe. The names,
+combined with the illustration (Fig. 11), must fail to give the reader a
+proper idea of its beauty; the specific name in reference to the colour
+falls far short, and cannot give a hint of its handsome form and
+numerous finely-coloured stamens; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> the drawing can in no way
+illustrate the hues and shell-like substance of the sepals; there is
+also a softness and graceful habit about the foliage, that the name,
+<i>apiifolia</i> (parsley-leaved), does not much help the reader to realise.
+It may be parsley-like foliage in the comparative sense and in relation
+to that of other Anemones, but otherwise it can hardly be said to be
+like parsley. It is said by some to be only a variety of <i>A. alpina</i>; if
+so, it is not only a distinct but an unvarying form, so much so that by
+others it is held to be a species; the line of difference in many
+respects seems so far removed, even granting it to be a variety (as in
+hundreds of similar cases), as to warrant a specific title. It may be
+more interesting to state that it is a lovely and showy flower, and that
+the shortest cut to an enjoyment of its beauties is to grow it.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are 2in. to 2&frac12;in. across when expanded, but usually they are
+cup-shaped. The six sepals are egg-shaped but pointed, of much
+substance, and covered with a silky down on the outside, causing them to
+have changeable hues according to the play of wind and light. The
+stamens are very numerous, the anthers being closely arranged and of a
+rich golden colour; the flower stems grow from 9in. to 18in. high, being
+terminated by one flower; it carries a large and handsome involucre of
+three leaves, a little higher than the middle of the stem, and just
+overtopping the radical leaves, umbrella fashion; the leaves of the
+involucre are like those of the root, but stalkless. The radical leaves
+are stalked, well thrown out, drooping, and over 1ft. long, ternate and
+villous; the leaflets are pinnatifid and deeply toothed.</p>
+
+<p>This desirable plant is of the easiest culture, thriving in common
+garden soil, but it prefers that of a rich vegetable character and a
+situation not over dry. The flowers are persistent under any conditions,
+and they are further preserved when grown under a little shade, but it
+should only be a little.</p>
+
+<p>For propagation see <i>A. decapetala</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May and June.</p>
+
+<p>There are two other allied kinds which not only much resemble this, but
+which flower at or near the same time&mdash;viz., <i>A. alpina</i> and <i>A.
+decapetala</i>, which see.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anemone_Sylvestris" id="Anemone_Sylvestris"></a>Anemone Sylvestris.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Snowdrop A</span>.; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This hardy herbaceous species comes from Germany, but it has been grown
+nearly 300 years in this country, It is distinct, showy, and beautiful;
+it ranks with "old-fashioned" flowers. Of late this Windflower has come
+into great favour, as if for a time it had been forgotten; still, it is
+hard to make out how such a fine border plant could be overlooked.
+However, it is well<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> and deservedly esteemed at the present time; and,
+although many have proved the plant and flowers to be contrary to their
+expectations in reference to its common name, "Snowdrop Anemone," the
+disappointment has been, otherwise, an agreeable one. It only resembles
+the snowdrop as regards the purity and drooping habit of its flowers.</p>
+
+<p>Well-grown specimens have an exceedingly neat habit&mdash;the foliage spreads
+and touches the ground, rounding up to the flower stems (which are about
+a foot high) in a pleasing manner. The earliest flowers are very
+large&mdash;when fully open quite 1&frac12;in. across&mdash;but they are more often seen
+in the unopen state, when they resemble a nutmeg in shape. Whether open
+or shut, they are a pure white, and their pendent habit adds not a
+little to their beauty, as also does the leafy involucre. The leaves are
+three-parted, the two lower lobes being deeply divided, so that at a
+first glance the leaves appear to be five-parted; each of the five lobes
+are three-cleft, and also dentate, downy, and veined; the leaf stalks
+are radical, red, long, slightly channelled, and wiry; in all respects
+the leaves of the involucre resemble those of the root, excepting the
+size, which is smaller, and the stalks are green, like the flower stems.</p>
+
+<p>In a cut state, the pure satin-white blossoms are fit for the most
+delicate wreath or bouquet; they have, morever, a delicious
+clover-scent. It enjoys a light vegetable soil in a slightly shaded and
+moist situation; if it could be allowed to ramble in the small openings
+of a front shrubbery, such positions would answer admirably.</p>
+
+<p>The roots are underground-creeping, which renders this species somewhat
+awkward to manage when grown with others in a collection of less rampant
+habit. On the other hand, the disposition it has to spread might very
+well be taken advantage of by providing it with a good broad space, than
+which nothing could be more lovely for two months of the year.</p>
+
+<p>It is needless to give directions for its propagation, as the runners
+spring up all round the parent plant. Slugs are very fond of it, and in
+early spring, especially when the new growths are appearing, they should
+be kept in check, otherwise they will eat down into the heart of the
+strongest plant; a dose of clear lime water will be found effective and
+will not hurt the new leaves; if this is followed up with a few
+sprinklings of sand, the slugs will not care to occupy such unpleasant
+quarters.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May and June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anemone_Vernalis" id="Anemone_Vernalis"></a>Anemone Vernalis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Shaggy Windflower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A curious but pretty alpine species, from the Swiss Alps, consequently
+very hardy. It is not a showy subject, but its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> distinctions are really
+beautiful, and commend it to those who love to grow plants of a
+<i>recherch&eacute;</i> character.</p>
+
+<p>The illustration (Fig. 12) will give some idea of it, but no description
+can convey even an approximate notion of its flowers, which are produced
+singly, on short, stout, hairy stems, about 5in. high. For so small a
+plant the flower is large, more than an inch across when expanded, but
+usually it keeps of a roundish, bell-shaped form. Its colour is a
+bluish-white inside, the outside being much darker. It would be violet,
+were not the hairs so long and numerous that they form a brownish coat
+which is, perhaps, the most remarkable trait of this species. The
+leaves, too, are very hairy&mdash;twice, and sometimes thrice, divided,
+rather small, and also few.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img031.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 12." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 12. <span class="smcap">Anemone Vernalis</span> (<span class="smcap">Shaggy
+Anemone</span>).<br />(One-half
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+
+<p>This little plant is most enjoyed when grown in pots. It may be plunged
+in sand or ashes in an open space, but it should never be allowed to
+suffer for moisture. When so grown, and just before the flowers open, it
+should be removed to a cool, airy frame, where it should also be plunged
+to keep its roots cool and moist; it will require to be very near the
+glass, so as to get perfect flowers. Such a method of growing this
+flower affords the best opportunity for its close examination; besides,
+it is so preserved in finer and more enduring form. It thrives well in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+lumpy peat and loam, but I have found charcoal, in very small lumps, to
+improve it, as it does most plants grown in pots, especially such as
+require frequent supplies of water. The slugs are very fond of it; a
+look-out for them should be kept when the plants are growing, and
+frequent sprinklings of sharp ashes will be found useful.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April and May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anthericum_Liliago" id="Anthericum_Liliago"></a>Anthericum Liliago.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">St. Bernard's Lily</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This may be grown as a companion to St. Bruno's Lily, though not so neat
+in habit or rich in bloom. In all respects it is very different. It is
+taller, the flowers not half the size, and more star-shaped, foliage
+more grassy, and the roots creeping and jointed.</p>
+
+<p>All the Anthericums named by me will do in ordinary soil, but prefer a
+fat loam of considerable depth. If, therefore, such conditions do not
+exist, there should be a good dressing of well-rotted stable manure
+turned in, and a mulching given in early spring.</p>
+
+<p>Anthericums are propagated by division of the roots, which should be
+carefully performed during the autumn. After such mutilation they should
+not be disturbed again for three years, or they will deteriorate in
+vigour and beauty.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anthericum_Liliastrum" id="Anthericum_Liliastrum"></a>Anthericum Liliastrum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">St. Bruno's Lily</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This charming plant is a native of Alpine meadows, and is known by other
+names, as <i>Paradisia</i> and <i>Cyackia</i>, but is more commonly called St.
+Bruno's Lily. It is emphatically one of the most useful and handsome
+flowers that can be grown in English gardens, where, as yet, it is
+anything but as plentiful as it ought to be. Not only is it perfectly
+hardy in our climate, but it seems to thrive and flower abundantly. It
+is fast becoming a favourite, and it is probable that before long it
+will be very common, from the facts, firstly, of its own value and
+beauty, and, secondly, because the Dutch bulb-growers have taken it in
+hand. Not long ago they were said to be buying stock wherever they could
+find it. The illustration (Fig. 13) shows it in a small-sized clump.
+Three or four such specimens are very effective when grown near
+together; the satin-like or shining pure white flowers show to greater
+advantage when there is plenty of foliage. A number planted in strong
+single roots, but near together, forming a clump several feet in
+diameter, represent also a good style; but a single massive specimen,
+with at least fifty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> crowns, and nearly as many spikes of bloom just
+beginning to unfold, is one of the most lovely objects in my own garden.</p>
+
+<p>The chaste flowers are 2in. long, six sepalled, lily-shaped, of a
+transparent whiteness, and sweetly perfumed; filaments white, and long
+as the sepals; anthers large, and thickly furnished with bright
+orange-yellow pollen; the stems are round, stout, 18in. high, and
+produce from six to twelve flowers, two or three of which are open at
+one and the same time. The leaves are long, thick, with membranous
+sheaths, alternate and stem-clasping, or semi-cylindrical; the upper
+parts are lanceolate, dilated, subulate, and of a pale green colour. The
+roots are long, fleshy, brittle, and fasciculate.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img033.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 13." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 13. <span class="smcap">Anthericum Liliastrum</span>.<br />(One-sixth
+natural size); blossom, one-fourth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>This plant for three or four weeks is one of the most decorative; no
+matter whether in partial shade or full sunshine, it not only flowers
+well, but adorns its situation most richly; the flowers, in a cut state,
+are amongst the most useful and effective of hardy kinds&mdash;indeed, they
+vie with the tender exotics.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>A. l. major</i> is a new variety in all its parts like the type, with the
+exception of size, the flowers being larger by nearly an inch. The
+variety is said to grow to the height of 8ft.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Anthyllis_Montana" id="Anthyllis_Montana"></a>Anthyllis Montana.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Mountain Kidney Vetch</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Leguminos&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>For rockwork this is one of the most lovely subjects. It is seldom seen,
+though easy to grow, perfectly hardy, and perennial. It is classed as an
+herbaceous plant, but it is shrubby, and on old specimens there is more
+wood than on many dwarf shrubs. It is of a procumbent habit, and only
+4in. to 6in. high in this climate. It comes from the South of Europe,
+where it probably grows larger.</p>
+
+<p>In early spring the woody tips begin to send out the hoary leaves; they
+are 3in. to 6in. long, and from their dense habit, and the way in which
+they intersect each other, they present a pleasing and distinct mass of
+woolly foliage.</p>
+
+<p>The leaves are pinnatifid, leaflets numerous, oval, oblong, and very
+grey, nearly white, with long silky hairs.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are of a purple-pink colour, very small, and in close
+drumstick-like heads. The long and numerous hairs of the involucre and
+calyx almost cover over the flowers and render them inconspicuous;
+still, they are a pretty feature of the plant; the bloom stands well
+above the foliage on very downy, but otherwise naked stalks.</p>
+
+<p>When planted in such a position that it can rest on the edge of or droop
+over a stone, strong specimens are very effective. It seems to enjoy
+soil of a vegetable character, with its roots near large stones. I have
+heard that it has been found difficult to grow, but that I cannot
+understand. I fear the fault has been in having badly-rooted plants to
+start with, as cuttings are very slow in making an ample set of roots
+for safe transplanting. Its increase by division is no easy matter, as
+the woody stems are all joined in one, and the roots are of a tap
+character. Seed seldom ripens; by cuttings appears to be the readier
+mode of propagation; if these are taken off in early spring, put in a
+shady position, and in leaf soil, they will probably root as the seasons
+get warmer.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Apios_Tuberosa" id="Apios_Tuberosa"></a>Apios Tuberosa.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">Glycine Apios</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Leguminos&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a pretty climber, or, more strictly speaking, a twiner; it is
+hardy, tuberous, and perennial. The tubers resemble potatoes, but
+incline to pear-shape, as implied by the generic name. 240 years ago it
+was introduced from North America; still, it is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> seldom met with,
+notwithstanding its good habit and colour. It is one of those happy
+subjects which most conduce to the freshness and wild beauty of our
+gardens; the dark and glossy verdure is charmingly disposed in
+embowerments by means of the delicate twining stems; and though it grows
+apace, there is never an unsightly dense or dark mass, so commonly seen
+in many climbers, but, instead, it elegantly adorns its station, and the
+outlines of its pretty pinnate leaves may easily be traced against the
+light.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img035.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 14." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 14. <span class="smcap">Apios Tuberosa</span>.<br />(One-twelfth natural size; <i>a</i>, flower, natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>As may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 14), it is in the way of a
+climbing bean. The flowers are purple and borne in small clusters from
+the axils of the leaves, and, of course, as indicated by the order to
+which it belongs, they are like pea flowers; they are produced a long
+time in succession, providing the frosts do not occur; they have the
+scent of violets. The leaves are distantly produced on fine wiry stems,
+which grow to the length of 12ft.; they are pinnate, the leaflets being
+of various sizes, oval, smooth, and of a dark shining green colour.</p>
+
+<p>The roots are not only peculiar in the way already mentioned,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> but the
+tubers have the appearance of being strung together by their ends. They
+are edible, and where they grow wild they are called "ground nuts." From
+the description given it will be easy to decide how and where it should
+be planted.</p>
+
+<p>There should be provision made for its twining habit, and it may have
+the liberty of mixing its foliage with that of less beautiful things
+during autumn, such, for instance, as the bare <i>Jasmine nudiflora</i>; its
+spare but effective leaves and flowers will do little or no harm to such
+trees, and after the frosts come the jasmine will be clear again. It may
+also be grown with happy results as shown in the illustration, needing
+only a well-secured twiggy bush. Cut as sprays it is very serviceable
+for hanging or twining purposes.</p>
+
+<p>It most enjoys a light soil, also a sunny situation. Sometimes it has
+been found slow at starting into growth when newly planted; this,
+however, can hardly be the case with newly lifted tubers. I may add that
+it is no uncommon thing for these to be out of the ground for weeks and
+months together, when they not only become hard and woody, but when
+suddenly brought in contact with the damp earth rot overtakes them.
+There is no difficulty whatever with fresh tubers, which may be lifted
+after the tops have died off. Beyond securing fresh roots, there is
+nothing special about the culture of this desirable climber.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August to October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Arabis_Lucida" id="Arabis_Lucida"></a>Arabis Lucida.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Shining Rock Cress</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Crucifer&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This member of a well-known family of early spring flowers is desirable,
+for its neat habit and verdancy. There is not a particle of sere foliage
+to be seen, and it has, moreover, a glossy appearance, whence the
+specific name. The flowers are not of much effect, though, from their
+earliness, not without value; they are in the way of the flowers of the
+more common species, <i>A. alpina</i>, but less in size; they are also more
+straggling in the raceme; these two features render it inferior as a
+flower; the stalks are 3in. to 6in. high. The leaves are arranged in lax
+flattened rosettes, are 1in. to 3in. long, somewhat spathulate, notched,
+fleshy, of a very dark green colour, and shining. The habit is dense and
+spreading, established tufts having a fresh effect. Though an Hungarian
+species, it can hardly have a more happy home in its habitat than in our
+climate. Where verdant dwarf subjects are in request, either for
+edgings, borders, or rockwork, this is to be commended as one of the
+most reliable, both for effect and vigour. In the last-named situation
+it proves useful all the year round, but care should be taken that it
+does not overgrow less rampant rock plants.</p>
+
+<p><i>A. l. variegata</i> is a variety with finely-marked leaves. The bloom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+resembles that of the type, but is rather weaker. It is better to remove
+the flowers of this kind, as then the rather slow habit of growth is
+much improved, as also is the colour of the foliage. The leaves being
+more serviceable and effective than the bloom, the uses should be made
+of it accordingly. They are broadly edged with yellow, the green being
+lighter than that of the type, but equally bright; the ends of the
+leaves are curled backwards, but, with the exception of being a little
+smaller, they are similar in shape to the parent form. This is a gem for
+rockwork, and, if it did not belong to a rather ordinary race of plants,
+it would, perhaps, be more often seen in choice collections. This,
+however, does not alter its worth. Seen in crevices of dark stone on
+rockwork, or in bold tufts near the walks, or planted with judgment near
+other dwarf foliaged subjects, it ever proves attractive. It is much
+less rampant, and, perhaps, less hardy than the type. It has only been
+during the recent very severe winters, however, that it has been killed.
+The Arabis is easily propagated by slips or rootlets, which should be
+taken after flowering. The variegated form is better for being so
+propagated every year. If bold patches are desired, they should be
+formed by planting a number together, 3in. or 4in. apart.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Aralia_Sieboldi" id="Aralia_Sieboldi"></a>Aralia Sieboldi.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Siebold's Aralia</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Araliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>The present subject (see Fig. 15)&mdash;beautiful, hardy, and evergreen&mdash;is a
+species of recent introduction; still, it has already become well known
+and distributed, so much so that it scarcely needs description; but
+there are facts in reference to it which would seem to be less known. It
+is seldom seen in the open garden, and many amateurs, who otherwise are
+well acquainted with it, when they see it fresh and glossy in the open
+garden in the earliest months of the year, ask, "Is it really hardy?"
+Not only is such the case, but the foliage, and especially the deep
+green colour, are rarely so fine when the specimens have indoor
+treatment, and, on this account, the shrub is eminently suitable for
+notice here.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img038.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 15." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 15. <span class="smcap">Aralia Sieboldi</span>.<br />(One-tenth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+
+<p>The order <i>Araliace&aelig;</i> is nearly related to <i>Umbellifer&aelig;</i>, from which
+fact an idea may be had of the kind and arrangement of the flowers. Many
+of the genera of the order <i>Araliace&aelig;</i> are little known; perhaps the
+genus <i>Hedera</i> (ivy) is the only one that is popular, and it so happens
+to immediately follow the genus <i>Aralia</i>. To remember this will further
+assist in gleaning an idea of the form of blossom, as that of ivy is
+well known. <i>Aralia Sieboldi</i>, however, seldom flowers in this climate,
+either in or out of doors. When it does, the white flowers are not of
+much value; they are small, like ivy blossom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> in form, but more spread
+in the arrangement. There are five sepals, five petals, five styles, and
+five cells in the berries. The flowers are produced on specimens 2ft. to
+5ft. high during winter, when favourable. The leaves, when well grown,
+are the main feature of the shrub, and are 12in. or more across. This
+size is not usual, but a leaf now before me, and taken from an outside
+specimen, measures over a foot, with a stout round stalk, 13in.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> long;
+the form of leaf is fan-shaped, having generally seven lobes, each
+supported by a strong mid-rib; the lobes are formed by divisions rather
+more than half the diameter of the leaf; they are slightly distant,
+broadly lance-shaped, waved at the edges, toothed near the ends, the
+teeth being somewhat spiny; the substance is very stout and leather-like
+to the touch; the upper surface is a dark shining bronzy-green,
+beautifully netted or veined; the under surface is a pale green, and
+richly ornamented by the risen mid-ribs and nerves of the whole leaf;
+the leaf-stalks are thick, round, bending downwards, and 6in. to 18in.
+long, springing from the half woody stem.</p>
+
+<p>The habit of the shrub is bushy, somewhat spreading, causing the
+specimens to have a fine effect from their roundness, the leaf
+arrangement also being perfect. Without doubt this is one of the most
+distinct and charming evergreens for the ornamental garden, sub-tropical
+in appearance, and only inferior to palms as regards size; it is
+effective anywhere. It need not be stated that as a vase or table
+decoration it ranks with the best for effect and service, as it is
+already well-known as such. In planting this subject outside, young but
+well-rooted examples should be selected and gradually hardened off. At
+the latter end of May they should be turned out of the pots into a rich
+but sandy loam. The position should be sunny, and sheltered from the
+north. Some have advised that it should be grown under trees, but I have
+proved that when so treated the less ripened foliage has suffered with
+frost, whilst the specimens fully exposed to the sun have not suffered
+in the least; they would droop and shrivel as long as the frost
+remained, but as soon as the temperature rose they became normal,
+without a trace of injury. When planted as above, young specimens will
+soon become so established and inured to open-air conditions, that
+little concern need be felt as regards winter; even such as were under
+trees, where they continued to grow too long, and whose tender tops were
+cut away by frost, have, the following summer, made a number of fresh
+growths lower down the stems. I should like to say that on rockwork this
+shrub has a superb effect, and I imagine the better drained condition of
+such a structure is greatly in favour of its health and hardiness. The
+propagation is by means of cuttings; slips of half-ripened wood, taken
+during the warmest months, if put in sandy loam in a cucumber frame,
+will root like willow. As soon as roots have formed, pot them separately
+and plunge the pots in the same frame for a week or two, then harden
+off. For the first winter the young stock ought to be kept either in a
+greenhouse or a cold frame, and by the end of the following May they
+will be ready to plant out. A well-drained position is important.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, November to March, in favourable or mild seasons.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Arisaema_Triphyllum" id="Arisaema_Triphyllum"></a>Aris&aelig;ma Triphyllum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syns.</i> <span class="smcap">A. Zebrinum</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Arum Triphyllum</span>; <i>Common
+Names</i>, <span class="smcap">Three-leaved Arum</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Jack-in-the-Pulpit</span>;
+<i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Arace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy tuberous-rooted perennial from North America. I will at once
+explain that the above leading name is not the one generally used here,
+but in America, where the species is common, botanists have adopted it;
+besides, it is, as will be seen from the following description, very
+distinct from other Arums. The Syn. <i>Aris&aelig;ma zebrinum</i>, as given,
+belongs really to a variety of <i>A. triphyllum</i>, but the type is marked
+in its flowers zebra-like, and there are many shades and colours of it,
+therefore both or either of the names may be used for the different
+forms, with a fair degree of propriety, as in fact they are.</p>
+
+<p>There is a doubt with some as to the hardiness of this plant; in my mind
+there is none whatever. It is no stranger to frosts in its habitats, but
+I do not found my conviction on anything but my experience of it. It has
+been grown fully exposed for two winters, and sometimes the frosts must
+have gone as far down as the roots.</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing showy about this plant, but there is something which
+stamps it as a fitting subject for a garden of choice plants; its bold,
+dark green foliage and quaint-looking flowers render it desirable on the
+score of distinctness. It has, moreover, a freshness upon which the eye
+can always linger. The flowers are in general form like the calla-lily;
+the upper part of the spathe, or sheathing leaf, which is really the
+calyx, is, however, more elongated, pointed, and hooked; otherwise the
+spathe is erect, slightly reflexed just above the folded part, giving
+the appearance of a pair of small lobes; this&mdash;the calyx&mdash;is really the
+most conspicuous part of the flower; in the belly it is beautifully
+striped with broad lines of a purplish-brown colour, which shade off to
+an inch of green in the middle, when they form again, and continue to
+the tip of the spathe, which will be 4in. to 6in. long, and nearly 2in.
+broad at the widest part; these lines run between the ribs, and, as
+before hinted, they are of various colours, such as brown, purple, pink,
+and green. The ribs are nearly white, and the green parts are very pale.
+The spadix is over 3in. long, club-shaped, spotted with brown, very much
+so near the end. The anthers at the base of the spadix are curious, and
+should be examined. They are invisible until the folded part of the
+spathe is opened; they are numerous, arranged in a dense broad ring,
+sessile, and nearly black. This curious flower is produced on a stout,
+round scape, a foot or more in height. The leaves are radical, having a
+stalk a foot long. They are, as the specific name implies, divided into
+three parts, each being of equal length, entire, wavy, and pointed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> The
+whole plant has a somewhat top-heavy appearance (see Fig. 16), but I
+never saw it broken down by the weather. It makes quick growth in
+spring, the scape appearing with the leaves; in late summer it dies
+down. It looks well in quiet nooks, but it also forms a good companion
+to showy flowers in more open situations; in a cut state, for dressing
+"old-fashioned" vases, nothing could be in better character, a few
+leaves of yarrow, day lily, flag, or similar foliage being all it will
+require.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img041.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 16." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 16. <span class="smcap">Aris&aelig;ma Triphyllum</span>.<br />(One-fourth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>It may be transplanted, any time from September to the end of January,
+into good light loam or leaf soil, 4in. or 6in. deep; if there should be
+a dry season during the period of growth, the plant should be well
+watered. To increase it, the tubers may be divided every third year,
+providing the growth has been of a vigorous tone. I may add, that, from
+its tall and not over-dense habit, there may with advantage, both to it
+and the plants used, be a carpet grown underneath&mdash;ivy, vincas, or sweet
+woodruff for some situations, and brighter subjects for more conspicuous
+parts of the garden, such as the finer kinds of mimulus, ourisia, alpine
+aster, and dwarf iris.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Arum_Crinitum" id="Arum_Crinitum"></a>Arum Crinitum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Hairy Arum</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Dragon's Mouth</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Arace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>As may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 17), this is a most singular
+plant. It proves hardy in this climate if its position is selected; in
+other words, it is not hardy in all kinds of soils and situations, but
+if planted four or five inches deep, in sandy or half decayed vegetable
+mould, facing the south, there is little to fear either as regards
+hardiness or its thriving. I think, therefore, it may be called hardy.
+It is far more interesting than handsome, but there is at the present
+time an evident desire amongst amateurs to grow the various Arums, and
+more especially has this one been sought after; I have, therefore,
+introduced it amongst more beautiful flowers, and given an enlarged
+drawing of the entire plant, together with the spathe in its unopened
+state.</p>
+
+<p>The plant is a native of Minorca, and was imported in 1777. In this
+climate it grows to the height of 18in., developing the flower with the
+foliage. It is produced on a stout scape nearly 1ft. high, of a pale
+green colour, marked with dark short lines and spotted with delicate
+pink dots. The folded spathe is of leather-like substance, rough, almost
+corky in texture; also variously marked and tinted. At the base there
+are a number of green lines arranged evenly and longitudinally on a
+nearly white ground. A little higher&mdash;the belly part&mdash;the lines are less
+frequent, irregular, and mixed with pink dots. Still higher, the ground
+colour becomes pale green, the lines dark green, and the pink spots are
+changed to clouded tints; the remainder of the folded spathe&mdash;to the
+tip&mdash;is a mixture of brown and green dots, the total length being fully
+9in. When the spathe opens, it does so quickly, bending more than half
+its length outwards, the division looking upwards. To those who have not
+before seen the plant at this stage, it will prove an interesting
+surprise; the odour, however, is repulsive. The spathe at its widest
+part is 6in. broad, and tapers off to a blunt point. It is of a dark
+purple colour and covered with long bent dark hairs, whence the specific
+name. They are curiously disposed, and remind one of some hairy animal
+that has been lifted out of the water the wrong way as regards the
+direction of the hair. The spadix is comparatively small, black, and
+also covered with hairs. The flower should be closely watched if its
+peculiarities are to be fully noted, as it not only opens quickly but
+soon begins to wither. During the short period that the flower is open
+the lower part of the spathe or belly becomes filled with all kinds of
+flies, being held by the spear-like hairs.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img043.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 17." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 17. <span class="smcap">Arum Crinitum</span>.<br />(One-fourth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The leaves have long stalks, marked and tinted in a similar manner to
+that of the scape. They are curiously formed and twisted, pedate or
+bird-foot shaped, the outer segments twice<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> cut, lance-shaped, and
+turned inwards or over the main part of the leaf; the leaves are of a
+deep green colour, and of good substance; they seldom exceed four in
+number to each plant or tuber.</p>
+
+<p>This curious species should, as above indicated, have a warm situation,
+where it will also be comparatively dry in winter. Its propagation may
+be effected by division of the roots of strong specimens.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Asters" id="Asters"></a>Asters.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Michaelmas Daisies</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Starworts</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Hardy, perennial, and herbaceous. These are a numerous family, and many
+of them have an ungainly habit and insignificant flowers&mdash;in fact, are
+not worth growing, save as wild flowers in unfrequented places. I will
+mention a few of the finer sorts, which are mostly species: <i>A.
+diversifolius</i>, <i>A. ericoides</i>, <i>A. grandiflorus</i>, <i>A. pendulus</i>, and
+<i>A. Dumosus</i>, these are all good, both in habit and flowers; <i>ericoides</i>
+and <i>pendulus</i> make really handsome bushes, but the very beautiful <i>A.
+amellus</i>, and its more dwarf variety (<i>A. Mdme. Soyance</i>), have tempted
+me to write of these old-fashioned plants, which may be said to be
+wholly distinct, as their flowers are so very much brighter (dark
+purple, with a clear yellow centre), and the rays so much more evenly
+and compactly furnished. Their stems are 2ft. to 3ft. high, and flowered
+half their length with clusters of bloom about the size and form of
+full-grown field daisies. These wand-like spikes in a cut state are
+bright and appropriate decorations. In vases they are very effective,
+even when used alone. The flowers are very lasting, either cut or
+otherwise; the plants will bloom six or eight weeks.</p>
+
+<p>These subjects will thrive in almost any kind of soil or position,
+opening their flowers during the dullest weather, and though they like
+sunshine, they will not wait for it. It is scarcely needful to further
+describe these well-known flowers, but, as well as the species, there
+are some bright and beautiful varieties which merit further notice. All
+the Starworts are easily increased by root division any time.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August to November.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Aster_Alpinus" id="Aster_Alpinus"></a>Aster Alpinus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Alpine Starwort</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Blue Daisy</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>An exceedingly beautiful and very much admired alpine plant, which does
+not die down like most of the Starworts, but has woody stems; it is
+seldom seen more than a foot high,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> and its large bright purple flowers
+seem disproportionate. This is one of the plants which should have a
+place in every garden, and more especially in rock gardens. There cannot
+well be a more neat and telling subject; the form and size of its
+flowers are not often seen on such dwarf plants, and it also has the
+merit of being a "tidy" subject when not in bloom. The illustration
+(Fig. 18) will give a fair idea of its main features. Its purple
+flowers, which are fully 2in. across, have for many days an even and
+well-expanded ray, when the florets curl or reflex; the disk is large,
+and numerously set with lemon-yellow florets; the flowers are well
+lifted up on stout round stems, covered with short stiff hairs, and
+furnished with five or six small leaves; the main foliage is of compact
+growth, lance-shaped, entire, spathulate and covered with short hairs.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img045.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 18." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span> 18 <span class="smcap">Aster Alpinus</span>.<br />(One-third natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Considering that this plant has been in English gardens for 220 years,
+and that its merits must be seen by anyone at a glance, it is hard to
+say why it is not better known; even in choice and large collections it
+always proves attractive when in flower. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> blooms in a cut state are
+very durable; they not only hold together, but also keep a good colour.
+Under cultivation it is in no way particular; it will endure anything
+but being deprived of light; from its dwarf, stout, and shrubby
+character, it would form a useful and a handsome edging to the larger
+walks; and by growing it so extensively an enviable supply of flowers
+for cutting would be at hand.</p>
+
+<p>A stock of young plants may soon be got up by division of strong roots
+after the flowering season; such pieces as have roots may be planted at
+once in their permanent quarters; the rootless parts should be dibbled
+into light sandy loam and shaded with branches for a week or two.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.</p>
+
+<p><i>A. a. albus</i> is a white-flowered variety, blooming about the same time.
+There does not appear to be that vigour about it which characterises the
+type; this, however, is not the only shortcoming; when compared with the
+rich purple flower, the white one, with its large yellow disk, appears,
+to say the least, a questionable improvement.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Aster_Ptarmicoides" id="Aster_Ptarmicoides"></a>Aster Ptarmicoides.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Bouquet Starwort</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This Starwort is a very recently-imported species from North America.
+Like many other things which have proved worthless as decorative
+flowers, this was highly praised, but for a while its weedy-looking
+foliage caused suspicion; after becoming well established, it flowered,
+and, I am glad to say, proves a most distinct and useful Starwort. Its
+small white flowers much resemble the field daisy, but they are borne on
+densely-branched stems in hundreds; in fact, the plant, which grows
+nearly 2ft. high, seems to be nearly all flowers. Each one has a single
+ray of shining white florets, narrow and separate. Those of the disk are
+of a canary-yellow colour; the imbricated calyx is pear-shaped; pedicels
+slender, bent, wiry, and furnished with very small leaves; main stems
+hispid, woody, and brittle. The leaves of the root are 2in. to 4in.
+long, smooth, entire, linear, almost grass-like; those of the stems much
+less, becoming smaller as they near the flowers; they are somewhat
+rough, partaking of the quality of the stems. The habit of the plant is
+much branched, the spreading clusters of flowers being six or ten times
+the size of the plant, so that it becomes top-heavy; it blooms for many
+weeks, and is not damaged by coarse weather. Amongst other Asters it
+shows to advantage, flowering earlier than most of them, but lasting
+well into their period of bloom. It is sure to prove a useful white
+autumnal flower; small sprays when cut look better than on the plant, as
+they are then seen to be well spread and rigidly held by means of their
+wiry stalks;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> they have the scent of Southernwood. It grows well with me
+in ordinary garden loam, the situation being well exposed to the sun. It
+may be readily propagated by root division.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August to October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Bellis_Perennis" id="Bellis_Perennis"></a>Bellis Perennis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Common Perennial Daisy</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This native plant, the commonest flower of the field and wayside, and
+the weed of our grass-plots, is the parent form of the handsome and
+popular double kinds seen in almost every garden. Well known as these
+flowers are, it may prove interesting to learn a little more about the
+fine large double crimson and white kinds&mdash;their treatment, for
+instance&mdash;in order to have abundance of flowers during the earliest
+months of the year; and the uses to which they may be most
+advantageously put; for, common as are the Daisies, they are, without
+doubt, amongst the most useful flowers we possess. First, I will briefly
+give the names and descriptions of the more distinct varieties.</p>
+
+<p><i>B. p. aucubifolia</i> is the Double Daisy, having a beautifully variegated
+foliage, mottled with golden-yellow in the way of the aucuba.</p>
+
+<p><i>B. p. fistulosa.</i>&mdash;This is the double crimson or pink Daisy, having its
+florets piped or quilled (see Fig. 19).</p>
+
+<p><i>B. p. hortensis</i> embraces all the double forms raised and cultivated in
+gardens, no matter what colour, and so distinguished from the typical
+form of the fields.</p>
+
+<p><i>B. p. prolifera</i> is that curious and favourite kind called "Hen and
+Chickens." The flowers are double, and from the imbricate calyx of the
+normal flower there issue a number of smaller Daisies having straggling
+florets; the whole on one main stalk presenting a bouquet-like effect.</p>
+
+<p>These kinds, the specific names of which are not only descriptive, but
+amply embrace the group, are much added to by flowers having other names
+and minor distinctions, the latter, for the most part, being only shades
+or mixtures of colour&mdash;as crimson, pink, white, and bicolours. The
+florets in many kinds are exceedingly pretty, from the way in which they
+are tipped and shaded; notably, a new variety that was sent me under the
+name of Dresden China. These sorts having different tints are usefully
+named with "florists'" names&mdash;as Pearl, Snowball, Rob Roy, Sweep, Bride,
+&amp;c. I may say that I have long grown the Daisy largely, Bride and Sweep
+being the favourite kinds; both are robust growers, very hardy and
+early. Bride is the purest white, with florets full, shining, and well
+reflexed; rather larger than a florin, and when fully developed has a
+half globular appearance; another good point is its flower stalks being
+4in.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> to 5in. long, which renders it serviceable as cut bloom. Sweep is
+not quite so large, though a good-sized Daisy, it also opens more flat;
+its colour, however, is first rate, it is the darkest crimson Daisy I
+ever saw, is of a quilled form and very full. Its chief point is its
+constant colour; if the florets are examined, they are the same deep
+crimson underneath as on the face of the flower; this, together with its
+long stalks, renders it useful, too, in a cut state.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img048.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 19." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 19. <span class="smcap">Bellis Perennis Fistulosa</span>.<br />(One-third natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>To grow this useful flower well and render it doubly valuable by having
+it in bloom in mid-winter, requires three things: First, timely
+transplanting; secondly, rich soil; thirdly, partial shade; these
+conditions will be more briefly and, perhaps, clearly explained, if I
+state my method. At the end of May or fore part of June, plenty of good
+rotten stable manure is wheeled into the bush-fruit quarters; it is
+worked in with a fork, so as to do as little damage as possible to the
+bush roots. A line is drawn, and the old Daisy roots which have just
+been taken up are trimmed by shortening both tops and roots. They are
+severely divided, and the pieces planted 6in. apart in rows 8in.
+asunder. In such a cool, moist situation they soon form good tufts, and
+I need scarcely say that the dressing of manure has also a marked effect
+on the fruit crop. A planting so made is not only a cheerful carpet of
+greenery during winter, but is well dotted over with bloom. The plants
+being well established in rich soil, and having the shelter of the
+bushes during summer and winter, are the conditions which have conduced
+to such early flowers. This is the method I have adopted for years, and
+both Daisies and fruit have been invariably good<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> crops. I ought,
+however, to say that beds more exposed, together with the fact that the
+Daisy roots have to be transplanted in October or November, never flower
+so early, from which it will be seen that the treatment explained hardly
+applies to such bedding; but where a breadth of bloom is required, say,
+for cutting purposes, I know no better plan. As cut bloom the daisy is
+charming in glass trays on a bed of moss, or even in small bouquets,
+mixed with the foliage of pinks, carnations, and rosemary. Such an
+arrangement has at least the merit of sweet simplicity, and somehow has
+also the effect of carrying our thoughts with a bound to spring-time.</p>
+
+<p>The ancient names for this "old-fashioned" flower were "Little Daisies"
+and "Bruisewoorte." The latter name, according to Gerarde, was applied
+for the following reasons: "The leaues stamped, taketh away bruses and
+swellings proceeding of some stroke, if they be stamped and laide
+thereon, whereupon it was called in olde time Bruisewoorte. The iuice
+put into the eies cleereth them, and taketh away the watering;" and here
+is a dog note: "The same given to little dogs with milke, keepeth them
+from growing great."</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February to July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Bocconia_Cordata" id="Bocconia_Cordata"></a>Bocconia Cordata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">Macleaya Cordata</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Papaverace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy herbaceous perennial from China. It is a tall and handsome
+plant; its fine features are its stately habit, finely-cut foliage, and
+noble panicles of buds and flowers; during the whole progress of its
+growth it is a pleasing object, but in the autumn, when at the height of
+7ft. it has become topped with lax clusters of flowers, over 2ft. long,
+it is simply grand. There are other names in trade lists, as <i>B.
+japonica</i> and <i>B. alba</i>, but they are identical with <i>B. cordata</i>;
+possibly there may be a little difference in the shades of the flowers,
+but nothing to warrant another name. Having grown the so-called species
+or varieties, I have hitherto found no difference whatever; and of the
+hardy species of this genus, I believe <i>B. cordata</i> is the only one at
+present grown in English gardens. During spring and early summer this
+subject makes rapid growth, pushing forth its thick leafy stems, which
+are attractive, not only by reason of their somewhat unusual form, but
+also because of their tender and unseasonable appearance, especially
+during spring; it is rare, however, that the late frosts do any damage
+to its foliage. It continues to grow with remarkable vigour until, at
+the height of 5ft. or more, the flower panicles begin to develop; these
+usually add 2ft. or more to its tallness.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are very small but numerous, of an ivory-white colour; they
+are more beautiful in the unopened state, when the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> two-sepalled calyx
+for many days compresses the tassel-like cluster of stamens. Each half
+of the calyx is boat-shaped, and before they burst they have the form
+and colour of clean plump groats; as already hinted, the stamens are
+numerous, and the anthers large for so small a flower, being spathulate.
+As soon as the stamens become exposed, the calyx falls, and in a short
+time&mdash;a few hours&mdash;the fugacious anthers disappear, to be followed only
+a little later by the fall of the filaments; there is then left a naked
+but headed capsule, half the size of the buds, and of the same colour;
+they may be traced on the panicle in the illustration (Fig. 20). From
+the fading quality <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>of the above-named parts, the buds and capsules
+chiefly form the ornamental portion of the compound racemes.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img050.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 20." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 20. <span class="smcap">Bocconia Cordata</span>.<br />(About one-twentieth natural size; blossom, one-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+
+<p>The leaves are from 8in. to 10in. in diameter, the largest being at the
+base of the tall stems; their outline, as the specific name implies, is
+heart-shaped, but they are deeply lobed and dentate, in the way of the
+fig leaf, but more profusely so; they are stalked, of good substance,
+glaucous, nearly white underneath, which part is also furnished with
+short stiff hairs. The glaucous hue or farina which covers the
+leaf-stalks and main stems has a metallic appearance, and is one of its
+pleasing features as a decorative plant. For many weeks the flowers
+continue to be developed, and from the deciduous quality of the fading
+parts, the panicles have a neat appearance to the last. In a cut state
+the long side branches of flowers, more than a foot long, are very
+effective, either alone or when mixed with other kinds, the little
+clusters of white drop-like buds being suitable for combination with the
+choicest flowers.</p>
+
+<p>As a decorative specimen for the more ornamental parts of the garden,
+and where bold subjects are desired, there are few herbaceous things
+that can be named as more suitable; from the day it appears above the
+ground, to and throughout its fading days in the autumn, when it has
+pleasing tints, it is not only a handsome but distinct form of plant; as
+an isolated specimen on the lawn, or by frequented walks, it may be
+grown with marked effect; if too nearly surrounded with other tall
+things, its beauty is somewhat marred; but wherever it is planted it
+should have a good fat loam of considerable depth. I ought not to omit
+saying that it forms a capital subject for pot culture; plants so
+treated, when 12in. or 18in. high, no matter if not then in flower, are
+very useful as window or table plants; but of course, being herbaceous,
+they are serviceable only during their growing season; they need not,
+however, be a source of care during winter, for they may with safety be
+plunged outside in a bed of ashes or sand, where they will take care of
+themselves during the severest weather.</p>
+
+<p>It may be propagated by cuttings taken from the axils of the larger
+leaves during early summer; if this method is followed, the cuttings
+should be pushed on, so that there are plenty of roots before the winter
+sets in. I have found it by far the better plan to take young suckers
+from established plants; in good rich soil these are freely produced
+from the slightly running roots; they may be separated and transplanted
+any time, but if it is done during summer they will flower the following
+season. Tall as this subject grows, it needs no supports; neither have I
+noticed it to be troubled by any of the garden pests.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, September to August.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Bulbocodium_Trigynum" id="Bulbocodium_Trigynum"></a>Bulbocodium Trigynum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syns.</i> <span class="smcap">Colchicum Caucasicum</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Merendera
+Caucasicum</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Melanthace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This pretty miniature bulbous plant is very hardy, flowering in winter.
+It is a scarce flower, and has recently been represented as a new plant.
+As a matter of fact, it is not new, but has been known under the above
+synonymous names since 1823, when it was brought from the Caucasus. In
+general appearance it is very different from the <i>Colchicum</i> (Sprengle),
+as may be seen by the drawing (Fig. 21), and <i>Merendera</i> (Bieberstein)
+is only another Spanish name for <i>Colchicum</i>. The new name, authorised
+by Adams, may have been the cause, all or in part, of its being taken
+for a new species. The specific name may be presumed to be in reference
+to either its deeply-channelled, almost keeled leaves, which have the
+appearance of three corners, or in allusion to the triangular way in
+which they are disposed. It is a desirable flower for several
+reasons&mdash;its earliness, durability, rich perfume, and intrinsic beauty.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img052.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 21." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 21. <span class="smcap">Bulbocodium Trigynum</span>.<br />(Full size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The little plant, at the height of 2in., produces its rather large
+flowers in ones and twos in February, and they last for many days in
+perfect form. The scent reminds one of the sweet honey smell of a white
+clover field during summer. The colour is very pale lilac, nearly white;
+the tube takes on a little greenness; it is also divided, though the
+slits are invisible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> until the bloom begins to fade. The corolla, of
+irregular segments, is 1&frac12;in. across when expanded; the stamens are half
+the length of the petal-like segments, and carry anthers of exquisite
+beauty, especially when young, then they are orange colour, divided like
+a pair of half-opened shells, and edged with chocolate; the styles are a
+delicate pale green, and rather longer than the stamens. The leaves, as
+already stated, are channelled, broadest at the base, tapering to a
+point, which is rather twisted; they are 2in. long during the blooming
+period, of a deep green colour, stiff, but spreading, forming a pretty
+accurate triangle. This description, together with the cut, will suggest
+both the uses and positions in which it should be planted; if a single
+blossom, when brought indoors, proves strongly fragrant, it is easy to
+imagine what a clump must be in the garden. Like those of the colchicum,
+its flowers are quickly developed; the leaves grow longer afterwards,
+and die off in summer.</p>
+
+<p>It thrives in a sandy loam or leaf soil, in a sunny part, and increases
+itself at the roots like the saffrons.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February and March.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Bulbocodium_Vernum" id="Bulbocodium_Vernum"></a>Bulbocodium Vernum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Spring Bulbocodium</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Spring Saffron</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Melanthace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>In mild winters, sheltered positions, and light vegetable soil, this
+bulbous plant may be seen in blossom from January to March. The flowers
+appear before the leaves, and may, at the first glance, be taken for
+lilac-coloured croci. Up to a certain stage, however, the colour
+gradually improves in the direction of purple, and where there are
+established patches it is no inconsiderable part of the effect caused by
+this desirable winter flower to see it a mass of bloom in many shades,
+ranging from white (as in the bud state) to a lively purple. It is an
+old plant in English gardens, and is largely found wild in mid-Europe.
+It came from Spain as early as 1629. Still, it is not generally known or
+grown; but within the last few years it has come to the fore, with a
+host of other hardy and early-flowering subjects. The natural order in
+which it is classed includes many beautiful genera, both as regards
+their floral effect and anatomical structures. <i>Veratrum</i>, <i>Uvularia</i>,
+and <i>Colchicum</i> are, perhaps, the more familiar, and the last-mentioned
+genus is a very nearly allied one. A feature of the genus <i>Bulbocodium</i>
+is implied by the name itself, which means "a wool-covered bulb." This
+quality, however, will be more observable when the bulb is in a dormant
+state; it exists under the envelope. The crocus or saffron-like flowers
+are aptly named "Spring Saffron," though there is a great botanical
+difference to be seen between this genus and that of <i>Colchicum</i> when
+the flower is dissected. The bloom is produced<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> from the midst of an
+ample sheath, and overlapping leaves, which are only just visible in the
+early season of this year; the corolla of six petal-like divisions is
+2in. to 3in. across when expanded, and of various shades and colours, as
+already stated; the segments are completely divided, being continued
+from the throat of the corolla to the ovary by long tapering bases,
+called nails, claws, or ungues. The leaves are stout, broadly
+strap-shaped, channelled, and of a deep green colour. The bulb is rather
+small; its form resembles that of the autumn crocus, as also does its
+mode of growth and reproduction.</p>
+
+<p>The early blossoms of this bulb soon disappear, and though the roots are
+all the better for being well ripened, a thin patch of some of the finer
+annuals sown in spring amongst their withering leaves will not do much
+harm, and will prove useful as gap-stoppers. Another good way is to grow
+these dwarf bulbous flowers with a carpet of creepers, of which there
+are scores in every way suitable; and where nothing else is available or
+to be grown with success, the small-leaved ivy will answer well. The
+dwarf phloxes, however, are more useful; their browned spreading
+branches form a neutral but warm-looking ground to the purple blossoms;
+besides, by the time all trace of the Bulbocodium has shrivelled up,
+they begin to produce their sheets of bloom. All such prostrate forms
+not only preserve dwarf winter flowers from the mud, but otherwise give
+effect to the borders. This bulb thrives best in light soil, well
+drained; in sheltered nooks it may be had in flower a month earlier than
+in exposed parts. Under such conditions it increases very fast, and the
+bulbs may be transplanted with advantage every other year after the tops
+have died off. In stiff or clay-like soil it dwindles and dies.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, January to March.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Calthus_Palustris_Flore-pleno" id="Calthus_Palustris_Flore-pleno"></a>Calthus Palustris Flore-pleno.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Double Marsh Marigold</span>; <i>Old Common Name</i>, "<span class="smcap">Meadow
+Bootes</span>"; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>The typical, or single-flowering variety of this plant is a British
+species, and a rather common one; but the pleasing habit and bright,
+finely-formed, orange-yellow flower of this double kind renders it a
+suitable plant for any garden. It is herbaceous and perennial, and loves
+boggy situations. It is, however, very accommodating, and will be found
+to do well in ordinary garden soil, especially if it be a stiffish loam;
+clayey land is well adapted for it. No matter what kind of weather
+prevails, it has always a neat and fresh appearance. By the illustration
+(Fig. 22) the reader will doubtless recognise its familiar form. As
+already stated, its flowers are orange-yellow, very full, with petals
+evenly arranged; they are 1in. across, and produced on round, short,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+hollow stems, seldom more than 9in. high. The forked flower stalks are
+furnished with embracing leaves, differing very much from the others,
+which are stalked, heart-shaped, nearly round, and evenly-toothed. All
+the foliage is of a rich dark shining green colour. Strong specimens
+produce flowers for a long time, fully two months, and frequently they
+burst into blossom again in the autumn. Individual flowers are very
+lasting, and, moreover, are very effective in a cut state. It is a
+robust grower, providing it is not in light dry soil; it seems with me
+to do equally well fully exposed to sunshine and in partial shade, but
+both positions are of a moist character.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img055.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 22." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 22. <span class="smcap">Calthus Palustris Flore-Pleno</span>.<br />(One-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>It has long fleshy roots, which allows of its being transplanted at any
+time, early spring being the best, to increase it. The crowns should be
+divided every three years, when there will be found to be ample roots to
+each one.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Calystegia_Pubescens_Flore-pleno" id="Calystegia_Pubescens_Flore-pleno"></a>Calystegia Pubescens Flore-pleno.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Convolvulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This double Convolvulus is a somewhat recent introduction from China; it
+is hardy and perennial. So distinct are its large flesh-coloured flowers
+that they are often taken at the first glance, when cut, for double
+pyrethrums or chrysanthemums, but, seen in connection with the plant,
+the form of foliage and climbing or twining habit of the bindweed soon
+enable the most casual observer of flowers to recognise its genus.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are 2in. to 3in. across, petals long, narrow, wavy, and
+reflexed; these are well held together by the five-parted calyx, further
+supported by a bract of two small but stout leaves. The flower stalks
+are round and wiry, 3in. or 4in. long; they are produced all along the
+twining stems, which are only of the moderate length of 5ft. or 6ft. The
+leaves are of the well-known Convolvulus form.</p>
+
+<p>I find it a good plan to grow this subject amongst tall and early
+flowering plants, such as lupins, foxgloves, and lilies, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> old stems
+of which form ample supports for the climber; moreover, they are
+rendered less unsightly from being thus furnished anew with leaf and
+flower, even though not their own. Another method is in early summer to
+place a short twiggy branch over the pushing growths; it will soon
+become covered, and if not too large, the ends of the shoots will
+slightly outgrow the twigs and hang down in a pleasing manner. The plant
+should be started in light sandy loam and have a warm situation,
+otherwise flowers will be scarce and the whole specimen have a weedy
+appearance. When once it becomes established, it will be found to spread
+rapidly by means of its running roots, which, unless checked, will soon
+become a pest. I simply pull out all growths except such as shoot up in
+the desired position, and so continue to treat them as weeds throughout
+the growing season. Stems furnished with flowers a yard or more long, in
+a cut state, make rich festoons; single blooms (the smaller ones) look
+well as "buttonholes," being neat and effective, without gaudiness. I
+ought to state that a succession of flowers is kept up for fully three
+months; this fact adds not a little to the value of this handsome
+flesh-coloured bloomer. Roots may be transplanted at any time; the
+smallest piece will produce a blooming plant the first season, if put
+into a proper soil and situation.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Campanula_Grandis" id="Campanula_Grandis"></a>Campanula Grandis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Great Bellflower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Campanulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy herbaceous perennial from Siberia, growing to a height of 3ft.
+Its flowers are large, bright, and numerous; well-established clumps
+will present masses of bloom for more than a month with average weather.
+As a large showy subject there are few plants more reliable, or that can
+in any way excel it, more especially for town gardens. It is a rampant
+grower, quickly covering large spaces by means of its progressive roots;
+in gardens or collections where it can only be allowed a limited space,
+the running habit of the roots will doubtless prove troublesome, and
+often such free growers, however handsome they may be otherwise, are
+esteemed common, which should not be. The proper thing to do would be to
+give these vigorous and fine flowering subjects such quarters as will
+allow them their natural and unrestrained development.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers of <i>C. grandis</i> are more than 1in. across the corolla, the
+five segments being large and bluntly pointed, of a transparent
+purple-blue colour, and very enduring; they are arranged on short
+stalks, which issue from the strong upright stems. They form little
+tufts of bloom at every joint for a length of nearly 2ft.; the
+succession, too, is well kept up. Buds continue to form long after the
+earliest have opened. The leaves are 4in.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> to 8in. long and &frac34;in. wide,
+lance-shaped, stalkless, and finely toothed. They are arranged in round
+tufts on the unproductive crowns, and they remain green throughout the
+winter.</p>
+
+<p>As regards soil, any kind will do; neither is the question of position
+of any moment beyond the precaution which should be taken against its
+encroachments on smaller subjects. In the partial shade of shrubs it not
+only flowers well but proves very effective. Useful as this plant is in
+the garden, it becomes far more so in a cut state. When it is needful to
+make up a bold vase or basket of flowers for room decoration, it can be
+quickly and effectively done by a liberal use of its long, leafy, but
+well-bloomed spikes; five or six of them, 2ft. to 3ft. long, based with
+a few large roses, p&aelig;onies, or sprays of thalictrum, make a noble
+ornament for the table, hall, or sideboard, and it is not one of the
+least useful flowers for trays or dishes when cut short. Propagated by
+division at any time, the parts may be planted at once in their blooming
+quarters.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Campanula_Latifolia" id="Campanula_Latifolia"></a>Campanula Latifolia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Broad-leaved Bellflower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Campanulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A British species, very much resembling <i>C. grandis</i>, but somewhat
+taller, and flowering a little earlier; the latter quality has induced
+me to mention it, as it offers a fine spike for cutting purposes before
+the above is ready.</p>
+
+<p>Culture, uses, and propagation, the same as for <i>C. grandis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Campanula_Persicifolia" id="Campanula_Persicifolia"></a>Campanula Persicifolia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Peach-leaved Bellflower</span>; <i>Old Common Names</i>,
+"<span class="smcap">Peach-bels</span>" <i>and</i> "<span class="smcap">Steeple-bels</span>"; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Campanulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This good "old-fashioned" perennial has had a place in English gardens
+for several hundred years; it is still justly and highly esteemed. It is
+a well-known plant, and as the specific name is descriptive of the
+leaves, I will only add a few words of Gerarde's respecting the flowers:
+"Alongst the stalke growe many flowers like bels, sometime white, and
+for the most part, of a faire blewe colour; but the bels are nothing so
+deepe as they of the other kindes, and these also are more delated and
+spred abroade then any of the reste." The varieties include single blue
+(type) and white, double blue, and different forms of double white.</p>
+
+<p>In all cases the corolla is cup or broad bell shaped, and the flowers
+are sparingly produced on slightly foliaged stems, 18in. to 3ft. high;
+there are, however, such marked distinctions belonging to <i>C. p. alba
+fl.-pl.</i> in two forms that they deserve<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> special notice; they are very
+desirable flowers, on the score of both quaintness and beauty. I will
+first notice the kind with two corollas, the inner bell of which will be
+more than an inch deep, and about the same in diameter. The outer
+corolla is much shorter, crumpled, rolled back, and somewhat marked with
+green, as if intermediate in its nature between the larger corolla and
+the calyx. The whole flower has a droll but pleasing form, and I have
+heard it not inaptly called "Grandmother's Frilled Cap." The other kind
+has five or more corollas, which are neatly arranged, each growing less
+as they approach the centre. In all, the segments are but slightly
+divided, though neatly formed; this flower is of the purest white and
+very beautiful, resembling a small double rose. It is one of the best
+flowers to be found at its season in the borders, and for cutting
+purposes I know none to surpass it; it is clean and durable. So much are
+the flowers esteemed, that the plant is often grown in pots for forcing
+and conservatory decoration, to which treatment it takes kindly.</p>
+
+<p>In the open all the above varieties grow freely in any kind of garden
+soil, but if transplanted in the autumn into newly-dug quarters they
+will in every way prove more satisfactory; this is not necessary, but if
+cultivation means anything, it means we should adopt the best-known
+methods of treatment towards all the plants we grow, and certainly some
+of the above Bellflowers are deserving of all the care that flowers are
+worth.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Campanula_Pyramidalis" id="Campanula_Pyramidalis"></a>Campanula Pyramidalis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Pyramidal</span> <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Chimney Campanula</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Campanulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+<p>This herbaceous perennial is a very old flower in this country; it came
+from Carniola in the year 1594. It is very hardy, and for several months
+together it continues to produce its large lively blue flowers,
+beginning in July and lasting until stopped by frosts. At no time is it
+in finer form than in September; at the height of from 5ft. to 7ft. it
+proves richly effective amongst the blooming hollyhocks, where, as
+regards colour, it supplies the "missing link" (see Fig. 23).</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are a light bright blue colour, and 1in. to 1&frac12;in. across.
+The corolla is bell-shaped, the five divisions being deeply cut, which
+allows the flower to expand well; the calyx is neat and smooth, the
+segments long and awl-shaped; the flower stalks are short, causing the
+numerous erect branches to be closely furnished with bloom during
+favourable weather. The leaves of the root are very large and stalked,
+of irregular shape, but for the most part broadly oval or lance-shaped.
+The edges are slightly toothed, having minute glands; those of the stems
+are much smaller, sessile, and long egg-shaped; all the foliage is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+smooth, and of a dark green colour; the main stems are very stout, and
+sometimes grow to the height of 7ft. Vigorous plants will send up
+several of these, from which a great number of small ones issue, all
+assuming an erect habit; blooming specimens are hardly anything else
+than a wand-like set of flowered stems, and though it is advisable to
+stake them, I have seen them bend and wave during high winds without
+damage.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img059.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 23." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 23. <span class="smcap">Campanula Pyramidalis</span>.<br />(One-twentieth natural size; <i>a</i>, one-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>In the borders and shrubbery this is a very effective subject; it is
+amongst herbaceous plants what the Lombardy poplar is amongst forest
+trees&mdash;tall, elegant, and distinct. Its use, however, is somewhat
+limited, owing to the stiffness of the stems and the shortness of the
+flower stalks; but when grown in pots&mdash;as it often is&mdash;for indoor
+decoration, it proves useful for standing amongst orange and camellia
+trees. It has very strong tap roots, and enjoys a deep rich loam. Not
+only does it look well among trees, but otherwise the partial shade of
+such quarters seems conducive to finer bloom.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July to October.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>C. p. alba</i> is a white flowering variety of the above species; its
+other points of distinction are its smaller-sized leaves and much paler
+green colour, by which alone the plants may be easily recognised from
+the type. This variety may be grown with good effect in pots or the
+border; it scarcely gets so tall as the blue form, but looks well by the
+side of it.</p>
+
+<p>The readiest way to increase these plants is to take the young and dwarf
+growths from the woody crown of the roots, paring off a little of the
+bark with each. If these are put in sandy loam during the warm growing
+season and kept shaded for a few days, they will very soon make plenty
+of roots; this method in no way damages the flowers. Another way is by
+seed, but seedlings are two years before they bloom.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Campanula_Speciosa" id="Campanula_Speciosa"></a>Campanula Speciosa.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Showy Harebell</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Campanulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A comparatively new species, brought from Siberia in 1825, and sometimes
+called <i>C. glomerata dahurica</i>. It is a good hardy plant, perennial and
+herbaceous, and one of the earliest to flower. It has a distinct
+appearance; it nearly resembles <i>C. aggregata</i>, but the latter does not
+flower until several weeks later. Apart from its likeness to other
+species of the genus, it is a first-class border flower, having large
+bells of a fine deep purple colour, and, unlike many of the Harebells,
+is not over tall, but usually about a foot high, having a neat habit.
+The flowers are arranged in dense heads, whorl fashion, having very
+short stalks; they are nearly 2in. long and bell shaped. The leaves
+(radical) are oval heart-shaped and stalked; those of the stems are
+sessile; the whole plant is hairy and robust. This is one of the flowers
+which can hardly be planted out of place in any garden, excepting
+amongst the rare and very dwarf alpines; it is not only true to its
+name, "showy," but handsome. It will grow and flower well in the worst
+soil and needs no sort of care; it would be fine in lines by a
+shrubbery, and is effective in bold clumps; and though a new kind, it
+belongs to a race of "old-fashioned" flowers, amongst which it would mix
+appropriately. Increased by division in autumn.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Campanula_Waldsteiniana" id="Campanula_Waldsteiniana"></a>Campanula Waldsteiniana.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Campanulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A rare and distinct alpine species from Carinthia. It proves perfectly
+hardy in this climate. For the rock garden it is a gem of the first
+water, its habit being dwarf, dense, and rigid; floriferous as many of
+the Bellflowers are, I know none to excel this one. As may be observed
+in the following description, there are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> not a few distinctive traits
+about it, which, more or less, go to make it a desirable subject for
+rare and choice collections.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are a glistening bluish-lilac, erect, and &frac34;in. across when
+fully expanded. The corolla can hardly be said to be bell-shaped, as the
+five divisions are two-thirds of its depth, which allows it, when full
+blown, to become nearly flat, and as the segments are equal, sharply
+cut, and pointed, the flower has a star-like appearance. The little
+calyx is cup-shaped, angular, and has small, stout, horn-like segments,
+which are bent downwards. Each flower has a pedicel about 1in. long,
+which springs from the axils of the main stem leaves; the stems seldom
+exceed the height of 4in. or 5in., and they are exceedingly fine,
+thready, as also are the pedicels; they are, moreover, of zigzag form,
+from node to node. The leaves are &frac34;in. long, and less than &frac12;in. wide,
+ovate or nearly cordate, partially folded, and sometimes reflexed at the
+ends, nearly stalkless, slightly toothed, smooth, of good substance and
+a peculiar grey-green colour. The foliage for two or three weeks is
+completely hidden by the large number of flowers, during which time it
+is a most attractive subject.</p>
+
+<p>I grow it with other dwarf Campanulas in a collection bed, where it
+compares well with the finest, such as <i>C. pulla</i>, <i>C. muralis</i>, and <i>C.
+Zoysii</i>, for effectiveness. Having proved it to thrive well in light
+sandy soil of a vegetable character, I have not tried it otherwise; it
+enjoys a sunny situation. The site should be well drained; it will
+endure nothing like stagnant moisture&mdash;its peculiar roots would indicate
+this fact, they are not only tender and fleshy, but thick and of a
+pith-like nature, and, as I have never been able to gather any seed, and
+the propagation has to be carried out by root division, there requires
+to be a careful manipulation of these parts, for not only do they split
+and break with the least strain, but when so mutilated they are very
+liable to rot. I have found it by far the better plan to divide this
+plant after it has begun to grow in March or April, when its fine
+shining black shoots, which resemble horse hairs in appearance, are
+about &frac12;in. high. Slugs are fond of this plant; a dressing once a week of
+sand and soot, when it begins to grow, will keep them off.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July and August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Centaurea_Montana" id="Centaurea_Montana"></a>Centaurea Montana.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Mountain Knapweed</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is an "old-fashioned" and favourite flower. Every one must be
+familiar with its thistle-like formed flowers; it is sometimes called
+the large or perennial Cornflower and also the Large Bluebottle. The
+blue variety has been grown in English gardens since 1596. There are now
+white and pink coloured<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> varieties, all rampant growers, very hardy and
+perennial. They are in every way superior to the annual kind, which is
+so largely grown, the flowers being more than twice the size, and
+produced two months earlier; the blooming period is maintained until
+late autumn.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers, as before hinted, are thistle-shaped; the pericline or knob
+just under the florets is cone-shaped, covered with evenly set and
+pointed scales, green, edged with a brown margin, set round with short
+bristle-like teeth. The florets of the outer ring are 1&frac12;in. long,
+tubular half their length, the wider portion being five to seven cut;
+the centre florets are short and irregular, richly tinted with pink at
+their bases; the whole flower or ray, when expanded, is 3in. across.
+They are produced on stems over 2ft. long and of a somewhat procumbent
+habit, angular and branched near the tops; the leaves are 3in. to 6in.
+long, lance-shaped, entire and decurrent, giving the stems a winged
+appearance. They are of a greyish colour&mdash;nappy&mdash;whence the name
+Knapweed.</p>
+
+<p>This vigorous species, with its white and pink varieties, may be grown
+in any kind of soil. It requires plenty of room; a two-year-old plant
+will form a specimen a yard in diameter under favourable conditions. The
+effect is good when all the three colours are grown near each other in
+bold pieces. They yield an unfailing supply of flowers, which are of a
+very useful type; in fact, the more they are cut the more they seem to
+bloom, and it is a good plan to cut short half the stems about June.
+They will (in a week or two) produce new shoots and large flowers in
+abundance, the gain being flowers of extra size during autumn.</p>
+
+<p>Propagated by division of the roots any time.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Centranthus_Ruber" id="Centranthus_Ruber"></a>Centranthus Ruber.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">Valeriana Ruber</span>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Red Valerian</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Valerianace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a strong and vigorous garden plant, with a somewhat shrubby
+appearance; it is herbaceous, perennial, and sometimes classed as a
+British species, therefore hardy; but though its classification among
+British plants is justifiable, it is only so on the ground of its being
+a naturalised subject, its original habitats being in the South of
+Europe. It is a favourite and "old-fashioned" flower, and it fully
+justifies the estimation in which it is held, the flowers being produced
+in large bunches of a fine rich colour, which are very durable. Its
+shrubby habit is not one of its least recommendations; seen at a
+distance&mdash;which it easily can be&mdash;it might be taken for a ruby-coloured
+rhododendron, to which, of course, it has no resemblance when closely
+inspected. It grows 2ft. high or more.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The flowers are a bright ruby colour, very small, but closely massed in
+great numbers, borne in corymbs, terminal and much branched; "the
+calyx-limb, at first revolute, afterwards expanded into a feather-like
+pappus;" the corolla is tubular, long, slender, and spurred; the
+segments or petals are small and uneven, both in form and arrangement;
+the germen is long; anther prominent and large for so small a flower,
+viz., &frac34;in. long and hardly &frac14;in. in diameter. The stems are stout, round,
+hollow, and glaucous; they are furnished with leaves of various shapes
+at the nodes, as lance-shaped, long oval, heart-shaped and plain,
+elliptical and pointed, wavy and notched, and arrow-shaped, lobed, and
+toothed. The root leaves are mostly ovate, lanceolate, and entire. The
+whole plant is smooth and glaucous. From the description given, it may
+readily be seen that when in flower it will be effective&mdash;massive heads
+of ruby flowers topping a shrub-like plant of shining foliage and
+glaucous hue. It is eminently fitted for lines or borders where other
+strong growers are admitted. In a cut state the flowers are very useful;
+they are strongly scented, something like the lilac, with just a
+suspicion of Valerian in it. I ought not to omit mention of its extra
+brightness as seen by gaslight&mdash;this fact adds much to its value for
+indoor decoration.</p>
+
+<p>It may be grown in any kind of garden soil, needing nothing at any time
+in the way of special treatment; but if it is supplied with a little
+manure it will pay back with interest, in the form of extra-sized
+bunches and brighter flowers.</p>
+
+<p><i>C. r. albus</i> is a white-flowering kind of the above; its main points of
+difference are its paler green foliage, smaller sized corymbs, shorter
+growth, and rather later season of bloom.</p>
+
+<p><i>C. r. coccinea</i> is another kind; the specific name is misleading. It is
+not scarlet, but nearer a rose colour, and when compared with the
+typical colour it appears much inferior; still, it is a good variety.
+All the three colours, when grown side by side, are very showy when in
+bloom.</p>
+
+<p>This species, with its varieties, may be easily propagated by root
+divisions at any time from late summer to spring; the long fleshy roots
+should not be broken more than can be helped; every piece with a crown
+on it will make a flowering plant the first season.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Cheiranthus_Cheiri" id="Cheiranthus_Cheiri"></a>Cheiranthus Cheiri.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Common Wallflower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Crucifer&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+             <img   src="images/img064.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 24." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 24. <span class="smcap">Chieranthus Cheiri</span><br />(One-fourth
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+<p>This well-known evergreen shrub (see Fig. 24) is more or less hardy in
+our climate, according to the conditions under which it is grown.
+Although a native of the South of Europe, it rarely happens, however
+severe the winter may be in this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> country, that we are totally deprived
+of the favourite bouquet of Wallflowers in winter or early spring, while
+it is equally true that, during the hard weather of one or two recent
+winters, in numerous gardens every plant was killed. In favourable
+seasons its blooms are produced throughout winter, but the full blow
+comes in April. Three hundred years ago it was known by its present
+name; in this respect it is a rare exception, as most flowers have many
+and widely different names, especially the "old-fashioned" sorts, so
+that often the varied nomenclature hinders the identification of the
+species. At one time the Wallflower was called the "Gillyflower," but
+the name is now only applied to a biennial and single-flowered variety
+of the stock&mdash;a near relation of the Wallflower. More than 200 years ago
+Parkinson wrote, "Those Wallflowers that, carrying beautiful flowers,
+are the delights and ornaments of a garden of pleasure."</p>
+
+<p>Of its well-known beauties, as regards its form, colour, varieties, and
+delicious perfume, description is needless, though I may say, in
+passing, that its fragrance renders it of value to those whose olfactory
+nerve is dead to the scent of most other flowers.</p>
+
+<p>Two errors are frequently committed in planting the Wallflower; first,
+at the wrong time, when it is nearly a full-grown specimen and showing
+its flowers; next, in the wrong way, as in rows or dotted about. It
+should be transplanted from the seed beds when small, in summer or early
+autumn, and not in ones and twos, but in bold and irregular groups of
+scores together; anything like lines or designs seems out of harmony
+with this semi-wildling. There is another and very easy method which I
+should like to mention, as a suggestion&mdash;that of naturalisation; let
+those near ruins, quarries, and railway embankments and cuttings,
+generously scatter some seed thereon during the spring showers, when the
+air is still; in such dry situations this flower proves more hardy than
+in many gardens. Moreover, they serve to show it to advantage, either
+alone or in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> connection with other shrubs, as the whin, which flowers at
+the same time; here, too, it would be comparatively safe from being
+"grubbed up."</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, January to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Cheiranthus_Marshallii" id="Cheiranthus_Marshallii"></a>Cheiranthus Marshallii.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Marshall's Wallflower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Crucifer&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A distinct and very hardy hybrid, being shrubby and tree-like in shape,
+but withal very dwarf. From the compact habit, abundance and long
+duration of its flowers, it is well suited for showy borders or lines.
+It is not yet well known, but its qualities are such that there can be
+no wonder at its quickly coming to the front where known.</p>
+
+<p>It differs from the common Wallflower in being more dwarf and
+horizontally branched, while the leaves are more bent back, hairy, and
+toothed; immediately below the floriferous part of the stem the leaves
+are more crowded, the stems more angular, the flowers much less, not so
+straggling, and of a dark orange colour. Other hybrids in the same way
+are being produced, differing mostly in the colour of the flowers, as
+lemon, greenish-yellow, copper, and so on.</p>
+
+<p>Plants a year old are so easily raised from cuttings, and form such neat
+specimens, that a stock cannot be otherwise than very useful in any
+garden; besides, they lift so well that transplanting may be done at any
+time. My finest specimens have been grown from their cutting state, on a
+bed of sifted ashes liberally mixed with well-rotted stable manure; in
+such light material they have not only done well, but, when a few roots
+were required, they lifted large balls without leaving any fibre in the
+ground. To have good stout stock before winter sets in, slips should be
+taken from the old plants as soon as they have done flowering; dibble
+them into light but well enriched soil, and give water in droughty
+weather only.</p>
+
+<p>I ought to mention that this dwarf Wallflower, and also its allied
+kinds, are capital subjects for very dry situations; on old walls and
+the tops of outhouses they not only do well, but prove decorative
+throughout the year. In such places plants will live to a great age, and
+sow their own seed freely besides.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May and June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Chionodoxa_Luciliae" id="Chionodoxa_Luciliae"></a>Chionodoxa Lucili&aelig;.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Snow Glory</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy bulbous perennial, from Asia Minor. It has only been cultivated
+about four years in English gardens; still it has been proved to be as
+hardy as the squills, which it very much resembles. Mr. Maw, who
+discovered and introduced it, found<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> it "near the summit of the
+mountain," which (though it is a native of a much warmer climate than
+ours) may account for its hardy character. That it is a most beautiful
+flower is beyond doubt, but there are those who think it has been
+overpraised. It should not, however, be forgotten that Mr. Maw's
+description of it was from a sight of it in masses, a state in which it
+can hardly have been judged yet in this country, as until very recently
+the bulbs were very expensive. It has, however, taken kindly to our
+climate, and is likely to increase fast, when it may be seen to greater
+advantage.</p>
+
+<p>It grows to the height of 6in. or 8in.; the flower scapes, which are
+rather slender, are somewhat shorter than the foliage, the flowers being
+longer in the petals than the squills, almost star-shaped, and nearly
+1in. across; later on they reflex. Their colour is an intense blue,
+shading to white in the centre of the flower. The flowers are produced
+in numbers, from three to six on a stem, having slender pedicels, which
+cause the flowers to hang slightly bell fashion. The leaves, from their
+flaccidness and narrowness, compared with the squills, may be described
+as grassy. The bulbs are a little larger than the kernel of a cob nut,
+nearly round, having satiny skins or coats.</p>
+
+<p>It may be grown in pots, and forces well if allowed first to make good
+roots, by being treated like the hyacinth. It should be kept very near
+the glass. It has also flowered fairly well in the open border fully
+exposed, but in a cold frame, plunged in sand and near the glass, it has
+been perfection. Single bulbs so grown in "sixties" pots have done the
+best by far.</p>
+
+<p>All the bulbs hitherto experimented with have been newly imported; very
+different results may possibly be realised from "home-grown" bulbs. It
+is also probable that there may be varieties of this species, as not
+only have I noticed a great difference in the bulbs, but also in the
+flowers and the habit of plant. This I have mentioned to a keen
+observer, and he is of the same opinion; be that as it may, we have in
+this new plant a lovely companion to the later snowdrops, and though it
+much resembles the squills, it is not only sufficiently distinct from
+them, but an early bloomer, which we gladly welcome to our gardens. It
+seems to do well in equal parts of peat, loam, and sand, also in leaf
+soil and sand.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March and April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Chrysanthemum" id="Chrysanthemum"></a>Chrysanthemum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>The flowers to which I would now refer the reader are of no particular
+species, but, like several other genera, this genus has been
+considerably drawn upon or utilised by the hybridiser, and the species,
+looked upon from a florist's point of view, have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> much improved
+upon by their offspring. Not only are Japan and China the homes of the
+finer flowering species, but in these countries the Chrysanthemum has
+been esteemed and highly cultivated for centuries; in fact, such a
+favourite is this flower with the Chinese, that they have treated it
+with many forms of their well-known art in matters horticultural, and
+when the flower was brought to this country it would doubtless be in a
+form improved by them. It reached this country nearly 100 years ago, and
+was known by the names <i>C. indicum</i> and <i>C. sinense</i>; about the same
+time a species from the East Indies was called <i>C. indicum</i>. This
+flower, from the time of its introduction, has been justly appreciated;
+and by the skill of several cultivators we have a largely increased
+number of forms and colours. Still, there are certain distinctions kept
+up amongst the varieties, and they are commonly known by such names as
+"large-flowering," "pompon, or small-flowered," "early flowering,"
+"anemone-flowered," and "Japanese." These names, besides being somewhat
+descriptive, are otherwise useful to the amateur who may wish to grow a
+representative collection, and where there is convenience it is
+desirable to do so in order to observe their widely different forms and
+colours, as well as to enjoy a long succession of bloom.</p>
+
+<p>So well is the Chrysanthemum known that little could be usefully said of
+it by way of description; but well as it is known and easy as its
+culture is, there are few things in our gardens that show to greater
+disadvantage. This should not be with a subject which offers such range
+of habit, colour, and period of blooming; and when such is the case,
+there must be some radical mistake made. The mistake I believe to be in
+the selection, and that alone. If so, the remedy is an easy matter. Let
+me ask the reader to remember three facts: (1) Many sorts grown in pots
+and flowered under glass are unfitted for the borders or open garden.
+(2) The later flowering varieties are of no use whatever for outside
+bloom. (3) Of the early blooming section, not only may the finest
+varieties be grown with marked effect, but they, as a rule, are of more
+dwarf habit, and will afford abundance of bloom for cutting purposes for
+nearly two months. Selections are too often made from seeing the fine
+sorts in pots; let it be understood that all are perfectly hardy, but
+owing to their lateness, their utility can only be realised under
+artificial conditions. I am not now considering pot, but garden kinds,
+and no matter what other rules may be observed, if this is overlooked it
+will be found that though the plant may grow finely and set buds in
+plenty, they will be so late as to perish in their greenness by the
+early frosts; on the other hand, of the early section, some will begin
+to bloom in August, and others later, each kind, after being covered
+with flowers for several weeks, seeming to finish naturally with our
+season of flowers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There is nothing special about the culture of this very hardy and
+rampant-growing plant, but I may add that, though it will stand for many
+years in one place, and flower well too, it is vastly improved by
+division of the roots in autumn or early spring every second year. The
+earth of its new site should be deeply dug and well enriched with stable
+manure; it will not then matter much what sort of soil it is&mdash;the more
+open the situation the better. How grandly these decorate the borders
+when in masses! and as a cut flower I need hardly say that there are few
+to excel the Chrysanthemum, either as an individual bloom or for bouquet
+and other work.</p>
+
+<p>I do not frequently make mention of many florists' flowers by name, but
+in this case I think I may usefully name a few varieties: Andromeda,
+cream coloured, Sept.; Captain Nemo, rosy purple, Aug.; Cassy, pink and
+white, Oct.; Cromatella, orange and brown, Sept.; Delphine Caboche,
+reddish mauve, Aug.; Golden Button, small canary yellow, Aug.;
+Illustration, soft pink to white, Aug.; Jardin des Plantes, white,
+Sept.; La Petite Marie, white, good, Aug.; Madame Pecoul, large, light
+rose, Aug.; Mexico, white, Oct.; Nanum, large, creamy blush, Aug.;
+Pr&eacute;cocit&eacute;, large, orange, Sept.; S&oelig;ur Melaine, French white, Oct.;
+St. Mary, very beautiful, white, Sept. These, it will be seen, are
+likely to afford a variety and succession of bloom.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August to November.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Cichorium_Intybus" id="Cichorium_Intybus"></a>Cichorium Intybus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syns.</i> <span class="smcap">C. Perenne</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">C. Sylvestre</span>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Wild
+Succory</span> <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Chicory</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This herbaceous perennial is a native plant, in many parts being very
+common. Not only, however, do many not know it as a wild flower, but we
+have the facts that under cultivation it is a distinct and showy plant,
+and that of late it has come into great request. Its flowers are a
+pleasing blue, and produced on ample branches, and for mixing with other
+"old-fashioned" kinds, either in the borders or as cut blooms, they are
+decidedly telling; for blending with other Composites it has its value
+mainly from the fact that blues are rare in September; the China asters
+are too short in the stalk for cutting purposes, and many of the tall
+perennial starworts are neither bright nor well disposed. I may also
+mention another proof of its decorative quality&mdash;it is not common
+(<i>i.e.</i>, wild) in my district, and a plant being cultivated in my garden
+for its flowers has been so much admired that it is likely to have other
+patrons, and in many instances it is being introduced into gardens where
+the choicest flowers are cultivated. I am bound, however, to say that
+when not in flower it has the appearance of the commonest weed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Its flowers are produced when 2ft. to 6ft. high. They are of a fine
+glistening blue colour, 1in. to 1&frac12;in. across, and in the way of a
+dandelion flower, but stalkless individually, being disposed in ones,
+twos, and threes, somewhat distantly in the axils of the leaves, and all
+over the numerous and straggling branches. The leaves are rough, of a
+dingy green colour, and variously shaped, Gerarde's description being as
+follows: "Wilde Succori hath long leaues, somewhat snipt about the edges
+like the leaues of sow thistle, with a stalke growing to the height of
+two cubits, which is deuided towarde the top into many braunches. The
+flowers grow at the top blewe of colour; the roote is tough and woodie,
+with many strings fastened thereto."</p>
+
+<p>I find this plant not only enjoys a half shady place, but if it is so
+placed that its quick growing branches can mix with those of other
+subjects in a trellis or other supports, its coarser parts will not only
+be partially hidden, but the rich coloured flowers will show to
+advantage. I may mention that mine is mixed with Virginian creeper on
+wires, and the effect may easily be imagined. It will do in any kind of
+garden soil, but if deeply dug and well manured the flowers are vastly
+improved. Propagated by seed or division of the stout tap roots.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Clethra_Alnifolia" id="Clethra_Alnifolia"></a>Clethra Alnifolia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Alder-leaved Clethra</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ericace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy deciduous shrub, and mentioned in connection with herbaceous
+perennials because of its rich flowers and dwarf habit. It is a native
+of North America, having been grown in this country for 150 years; it is
+not so often met with as it ought to be, though much esteemed. It
+becomes very productive of flowers when only 2ft. high, but grows
+somewhat taller when well established; it is more valuable than common
+from its floriferousness, during late summer to the end of the season.</p>
+
+<p>Let me at once state that its winning point is the delicious scent of
+its pure white flowers; it is very powerful, and like that of the lilac
+and alder combined; the racemes are 2in. or 3in. long, and compactly
+formed of short-stalked flowers less than &frac12;in. across; they are of good
+substance, and in form resemble the lilac flower minus the tube; the
+flower stems are somewhat woody, and foliaged to the base of the spike
+or raceme. The leaves are of varying sizes, oval, lance-shaped, and
+short-stalked, distinctly veined and slightly wrinkled, sharp but finely
+toothed, of a dark shining green colour on the upper and a greyish-green
+on the under side. The whole shrub is somewhat rough to the touch; the
+habit is bushy and branching, increasing in size from suckers; the
+numerous twiggy side shoots of the previous year's growth produce the
+flowers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It enjoys a light soil and sunny situation, and it may be planted
+anywhere in the shrubbery or borders as a first-class flowering subject.
+Its scent loads the air for some distance around, and pleasantly reminds
+one of spring flowers. Such sweet-smelling flowers are not too plentiful
+in September, and I know not a better one than this amongst hardy
+flowers for the late season. Its odour is fine and full; a single sprig
+now by me proves almost too much for the confinement of a room. This
+quality is invaluable in small flowers that can be freely cut, which,
+moreover, as in this case, are otherwise suitable for bouquet work.
+Propagated by cuttings and division of the suckers, taken when growth
+has ceased; if put in sandy loam and a warm situation, they will become
+rooted during the following spring.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August and September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Colchicum_Autumnale" id="Colchicum_Autumnale"></a>Colchicum Autumnale.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Meadow Saffron</span>; <i>Common Name</i>, <span class="smcap">Autumnal Crocus</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Melanthace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A native bulbous perennial (see Fig. 25). The Colchicums are often
+confounded with the autumn-flowering species of croci, which they much
+resemble when in bloom; the similarity is the more marked by the
+absence, from both, of their leaves in that season, otherwise the leaves
+would prove to be the clearest mark of difference. Botanically they are
+far removed from each other, being of different orders, but there is no
+need to go into such distinctions, not, at any rate, in this case.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright">
+             <img   src="images/img070.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 25." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 25. <span class="smcap">Colchicum Autumnale</span><br />(about one-sixth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+<p>The flowers are well known and they need not be described further than
+by saying they are in form crocus-like, but much longer in the tubes and
+of a bright mauve-purple colour. The bulbs have no resemblance to the
+crocus whatever, being often four times the size of the crocus corms.
+Moreover, they are pear-shaped and covered with flaky wrappers of a
+chestnut brown colour; if examined, these coverings will be found, near
+the neck of the bulb, to be very numerous and slack fitting, extending
+above the ground, where they have the form of decayed or blackened
+foliage; a singular fact in connection with the roots is, they are not
+emitted from the base of the bulb, but from the side of the thickened or
+ovate part, and are short and tufty. In early spring the leaves, which
+are somewhat like the daffodil, but much broader and sheathed, are
+quickly grown; at the same time the fruit appears. In summer the foliage
+suddenly turns brown, and in the autumn nothing is seen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> but blackened
+foliage, which is very persistent, and which, a little later, acts as
+sheaths for the long-tubed flowers. Unless the weather be very
+unfavourable, these flowers last a long time&mdash;fully two weeks. The
+double variety, which is somewhat scarce, is even more lasting, and I
+may add, it is a form and colour so softly and richly shaded that it is
+nothing short of exquisite; but the single variety, now more especially
+under notice, is also capable of agreeably surprising its friends when
+used in certain ways, for instance, as follows: A tray of the bright
+green and nearly transparent selaginella, so common in all greenhouses,
+should form the ground for twos or threes of these simple but elegant
+Saffron flowers; no other should be placed near&mdash;their simplicity forms
+their charm. It will be seen that the robust but soft-coloured flower of
+the meadows harmonises finely with the more delicately grown moss. In
+other ways this fine autumnal flower may be used with pleasing effect in
+a cut state, and it blends well with the more choice exotics. This is
+more than can be said of many hardy flowers, and it is fortunate that
+during dull weather, when we are driven from our gardens, there are
+still some flowers which may be hastily gathered and so arranged indoors
+as to give us all the pleasure which only such flowers can yield at such
+a season.</p>
+
+<p>I find this subject to do well in any situation, but I think the blooms
+are a richer colour if grown under partial shade. The bulbs should not
+be disturbed if abundance of flowers are wanted; but if it is found
+desirable to propagate them, the bulbs may be lifted every two or three
+years, when the tops have withered, and when there will probably be
+found a goodly crop of young tubers.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, September and October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Colchicum_Variegatum" id="Colchicum_Variegatum"></a>Colchicum Variegatum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Melanthace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This comes from Greece, nevertheless it is perfectly hardy; it is not
+only peculiarly pretty when closely examined, but a truly handsome
+flower, either as cut bloom or seen in groups in a growing state.
+Compared with <i>C. autumnale</i>, it is shorter in the tube, or more dwarf;
+still, it is a larger flower, and its rosy purple petals, or divisions
+of the corolla, are more spear-shaped, and each from 2in. to 3in. long;
+they have a stout and almost white mid-rib, the other parts of the
+segments being distinctly and beautifully chequered with white and rosy
+purple; the tube is stout, and of transparent whiteness; the foliage
+less than that of the British species, and more wavy. The habit of the
+flowers is erect, and during sunshine they become flatly expanded, when
+they will be 4in. to 5in. across, being 3in. to 4in. high. It is a very
+durable flower, lasting at least a fortnight,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> and many are produced
+from one bulb, appearing in succession, so that the blooming period is
+well extended; it braves the worst weather with little or no damage.
+Unlike the longer-tubed varieties, it is never seen in a broken state,
+and it is this which mainly renders it superior. Either as a cut flower,
+or a decorative subject for the borders or rockwork, it is a first-rate
+plant, being neat and showy.</p>
+
+<p>It enjoys a sandy loam in a moist but warm situation; at the base of a
+small rockwork having a southern aspect it flourishes to perfection; it
+can hardly be planted wrongly provided there is no stagnant moisture.
+Propagated like <i>C. autumnale</i>, than which it is of slower increase.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, September and October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Coreopsis_Auriculata" id="Coreopsis_Auriculata"></a>Coreopsis Auriculata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Ear-leaved Coreopsis</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img072.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 26." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 26. <span class="smcap">Coreopsis Auriculata</span>.<br />(one-fourth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The oldest species of the genus grown in English gardens; its flowers
+are yellow, but dotted at the base of the ray florets. The leaves, as
+implied by the name, are dissimilar to other species, being lobed and
+having ear-like appendages; but this feature is far from constant, and
+otherwise the leaves differ, being sub-sessile and oval-lance-shaped
+(see Fig. 26). It came from North America as long ago as 1699. Slugs are
+very fond of these plants, and in winter more especially, when the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
+dormant eyes are not only in a green, but exposed state; they should be
+watched after, or during one mild night the whole may be grazed off, to
+the great injury of the plant.</p>
+
+<p>Its habit, uses, culture, and propagation are the same as for <i>C.
+tenuifolia</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Coreopsis_Grandiflora" id="Coreopsis_Grandiflora"></a>Coreopsis Grandiflora.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Large-flowered Coreopsis</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>In many parts this resembles <i>C. lanceolata</i>, its main distinction being
+implied by its name. The flowers are larger and the ray florets more
+deeply cut; it is also bolder in the foliage, and the stems grow nearly
+as strong as willows. It is an abundant bloomer, and a good specimen is
+a glorious object during the autumn. It comes from North America, but my
+experience of it is that it is not so hardy as <i>C. lanceolata</i> and <i>C.
+auriculata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Habit, uses, culture, and propagation, as for <i>C. lanceolata</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Coreopsis_Lanceolata" id="Coreopsis_Lanceolata"></a>Coreopsis Lanceolata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Spear-leaved Coreopsis</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This form of bright yellow flower is in great favour during August, but
+that is not all. The various kinds of this genus are plants of the
+easiest culture, and their rich flowers are produced in great quantities
+from midsummer to the time the frosts begin. This species has been said
+to be only of a biennial character; it is, however, understood generally
+to be perennial, though not quite so hardy as others which come from the
+colder climates of America. It was imported from Carolina in 1724, and
+in this country proves hardy in selected situations, where its roots are
+comparatively dry in winter, and I may add that it proves a true
+perennial.</p>
+
+<p>When the plant has attained the height of a foot it begins to flower;
+each bloom has a long pedicel, nearly naked, also round and smooth. The
+flowers are a shining yellow colour, and nearly 3in. across; the florets
+of the ray are flatly arranged, shield-shaped, pleated, and
+four-toothed, the teeth being sometimes jagged; the disk is small for so
+large a flower; the florets brown and yellow. The double involucrum,
+common to the genus, has its upper set of bracteoles rolled outward;
+they are of a brownish colour; the lower set are green and wheel-shaped
+during the period of a perfect ray, and they alternate with the upper
+ones. The leaves, as may be inferred from the specific name, are
+lance-shaped, 2in. to 6in. long, smooth and entire; they are attenuated
+to the stems, which they more or less clasp. The habit of the plant is
+much branched, but only slightly at base; it becomes top-heavy from the
+numerous shoots near the top, which cause it to be procumbent; otherwise
+this subject would rank with tall growers. It is one of the most useful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+flowers, both, in the garden and when cut, the long stalks in both cases
+adding much to its effectiveness; its form and brightness are sure to
+commend it, no matter whether it happens to be a fashionable flower or
+otherwise. It is at once a bold and delicate form, and one that
+harmonises with any other kinds and colours.</p>
+
+<p>It should be grown in deeply-dug and well-enriched earth, and, as
+already hinted, the drier the situation the more safely will it winter.
+Not only that, but on raised beds or banks sloping to the full sunshine
+it will also flower to perfection. All its family, so far as I have
+proved them, hate excessive moisture. Its propagation may be by
+division, as in this damp climate it does not seem to ripen seed, but I
+have found sometimes not a little difficulty in dividing the woody
+roots, as frequently there is only one stem below the surface with
+roots. When there are more the difficulty is lessened, but I have
+noticed that the stronger branches which are weighted to the ground form
+rudimentary roots where in contact with the earth. These may either be
+pegged and covered with soil, or cut off and made into cuttings,
+removing most of the tops. If the latter is done during August they will
+become well rooted before the frosts appear.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July to October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Coreopsis_Tenuifolia" id="Coreopsis_Tenuifolia"></a>Coreopsis Tenuifolia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Slender-leaved Coreopsis</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Hardy, herbaceous, and perennial; a native of North America, and a
+distinct species, from its finely-cut foliage and small, dark,
+orange-yellow flowers. For several weeks it has a few flowers, but
+during September it literally covers itself with bloom, so that it is
+one of the most pleasing objects in the garden.</p>
+
+<p>It grows 2 ft. high; each flower has a long nearly nude stalk, slender
+but wiry; the flowers are 1&frac12;in. across, and of a deep yellow colour; the
+florets of the ray are more distant from each other than is the case
+with many of the genus; the disk is small, dark brown, but changing from
+the appearance and disappearance of the yellow seed organs. The foliage,
+as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 27), is deeply and finely cut,
+of a dark green colour, and so arranged that each node has a nearly
+uniform dressing; the main stems are slender, and bend gracefully with
+the least breeze, and otherwise this plant proves a lively subject. Its
+habit is bushy and very floriferous, and it is well worth a place in
+every garden. It cannot fail to win admiration; even when growing, and
+before the flowers appear, it is a refreshing plant to look upon. In a
+cut state, the bloom, if taken with long stems, is well adapted for
+relieving large and more formal kinds. Tastes differ, and in, perhaps,
+nothing more than floral decorations; all tastes have a right to a share
+of indulgence, and in claiming my privilege in the use of this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> flower,
+I should place two or three sprays (stems) alone in a glass or bright
+vase, but there might be added a spike of the cardinal flower or a pair
+of single dahlias and a falling spray of the Flame nasturtium
+(<i>Trop&aelig;olum speciosum</i>).</p>
+
+<p>This plant should have a rich soil, sunny aspect, and a raised or
+well-drained site, and this is all it needs; it is not a subject to
+increase fast; not only, however, may it be easily divided, but if
+properly done after the tops have died down, the smallest pieces will
+make good blooming stock the first season.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img075.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 27." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 27. <span class="smcap">Coreopsis Tenuifolia</span>.<br />(One-sixth natural size; <i>a</i>, half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August and September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Cornus_Canadensis" id="Cornus_Canadensis"></a>Cornus Canadensis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Canadian Cornell</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Dogwood</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Cornace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This pretty herbaceous plant is sometimes said to be a British species;
+its specific name, however, somewhat forbids that opinion. <i>C. suecica</i>,
+which is British, is very similar in all its parts, and the two may have
+been confounded. They flower,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> however, at very different dates, <i>C.
+Canadensis</i> beginning in June and continuing until well into autumn;
+during the month of August the flowers are in their finest form and
+greatest numbers. It grows 6in. to 8in. high, and notwithstanding its
+dwarfness, it proves a most attractive object, being not only
+conspicuous for so small a plant, but chastely beautiful.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img076.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 28." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 28. <span class="smcap">Cornus Canadensis.</span><br />(One-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The flowers are exceedingly small, strictly speaking, and are arranged
+in a minute umbel in the midst of a bract of four white pink-tinted
+leaves; these latter are commonly taken for the petals, and, as may be
+seen in the illustration (Fig 28), the real flowers will only appear as
+so many stamens; but at their earlier stage these are of a yellowish
+colour; later the purplish style becomes prominent and imparts that
+colour to the umbel, and, in due time, small fruit are formed. All the
+while the bract of pleasing white leaves remain in unimpaired condition;
+they are arranged in two pairs, one of larger size than the other,
+somewhat heart-shaped and bluntly-pointed, richly tinted at their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> edges
+and tips with a bright pink colour, and forming a flower-like bract
+1&frac12;in. across the broadest part. The bract and pedicels of the umbel all
+spring from the extremity of a peduncle 1&frac12;in. long, square, but of wiry
+character; this grows from the midst of a whorl of six leaves, and
+sometimes only four. They are in pairs, one pair being larger than their
+fellows, and are from 1&frac12;in. to 2in. long, elliptical-oblong, entire,
+smooth, waved, distinctly veined, tinted with pink at the tips and
+edges, and of a pale apple-green colour. On the stem, below the whorl of
+leaves, there is one pair more, varying only in size, being rather less.
+The habit of the species is neatness itself. From the slightly creeping
+roots, the perennial stems are produced separately, forming compact
+colonies of bright foliage, topped with its lively bracts.</p>
+
+<p>It is a suitable plant for the moist parts of rockwork, where it may be
+grown with such things as <i>Cardamine trifolia</i>, <i>Galax aphylla</i>, <i>Pyrola
+rotundifolia</i>, and <i>Salix reticulata</i>, and it would form a rich edging
+to choice dwarf plants, more especially if the position were
+gutter-formed, as it loves moisture in abundance. In such positions as
+those just mentioned, together with a light vegetable soil, this plant
+will grow to perfection, and that it is worth a proper place is
+evidenced by its long-continued blooming. Many flowers come and go
+during its period of attractiveness, and, after the summer flush, it is
+one to remain, braving alike the hot sunshine and heavy rain. Its
+propagation is by division of the roots in autumn or very early spring.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Corydalis_Lutea" id="Corydalis_Lutea"></a>Corydalis Lutea.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Yellow Fumitory</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Fumariace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A native herbaceous perennial, though somewhat rare in a wild state. As
+grown in gardens, where it seems to appreciate cultural attentions, it
+proves both useful and effective, especially when placed in partial
+shade (when its foliage has an almost maiden-hair-like appearance), or
+as an edging it proves both neat and beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>It seldom exceeds a foot in height. The flowers are small, a yellow,
+white and green mixture, the yellow predominating; they are produced in
+loose spare racemes, on well-foliaged diffuse stems, which are also
+angular; the calyx is composed of two leaves; the petals are four,
+forming a snapdragon-like flower. The leaves are bipinnate, leaflets
+wedge-shape, trifoliate, and glaucous; the foliage very dense, having a
+pretty drooping habit. It flowers all summer, and is one of the most
+useful plants in a garden to cut from, the foliage being more valuable
+than the flowers.</p>
+
+<p>Its native habitats are said to be old walls and ruins, but I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> have
+proved it for years to do grandly in ordinary garden soil, both exposed
+and in the shade of fruit trees. When once established it propagates
+itself freely by seed. I ought to add that it answers admirably grown in
+pots for window decoration, the rich foliage nearly hiding the pot.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Corydalis_Nobilis" id="Corydalis_Nobilis"></a>Corydalis Nobilis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Noble</span> <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Great-flowered Corydalis</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Fumariace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img078.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 29." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 29. <span class="smcap">Corydalis Nobilis</span>.<br />(One-half
+natural size; blossom, natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>A hardy tuberose perennial, imported from Siberia in 1783. It is one of
+that section of the Fumitories called "Hollowe Roote," the
+appropriateness of which name is most amply illustrated in the species
+now under consideration. If, in the first or second month of the year, a
+strong specimen is examined, the long and otherwise stout tuberous root
+will be found, immediately under the healthy and plump crown, to be not
+only hollow, but so decayed that the lower and heavy fleshy parts of the
+root, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> are attached to the crown by a narrow and very thin portion
+of the root bark, in such a way as to suggest that the lower parts might
+as well be cut off as useless&mdash;but, let me say, do not cut it. If it is
+intended to replant the specimen, let it go back to "Mother Earth" with
+all its parts, deformed as some may seem to us; otherwise <i>Corydalis
+nobilis</i> will be anything but a noble plant at the flowering season; it
+may not die, but it will probably make for itself another "hollowe
+roote" before it produces any flowers, The habit and form of this plant
+are perfect (see Fig. 29), and there are other points of excellence
+about it which cannot be shown by an engraving, in the way of the
+arrangements of colours and shades. Seldom does the little plant, so
+full of character, exceed a height of 8in. The specimen from which the
+drawing was made was 7in., and grown fully exposed in a pot plunged in
+sand. Another plant, grown on rockwork, "high and dry," is about the
+same size, but it looks better fed. Probably the long roots are short of
+depth in pots, and the amount of decay may soon poison the handful of
+mould contained therein. Be that as it may, the specimens grown in pots
+have a hungry appearance compared with those less confined at the roots.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are a pleasing mixture of white, yellow, brown, and green.
+The four petals are of such a shape and so arranged as to form a small
+snapdragon-like flower. These are densely produced in a terminal cluster
+in pyramid form on the stout and richly-foliaged stem; dense as is the
+head of flowers, every floret is alternated with a richly-cut leaf, both
+diminishing in size as they near the top. The older flowers become
+yellow, with two petals tipped with brown, the younger ones have more
+white and green, and the youngest are a rich blend of white and green;
+the head or truss is therefore very beautiful in both form and colour,
+and withal exquisitely scented, like peach blossom and lilac. The leaves
+are stalked bipinnate; leaflets three-parted, cut, and glaucous; there
+are few plants with more handsome foliage, and its beauty is further
+enhanced by the gracefully bending habit of the whole compound leaf. The
+flowers are too stiff for cutting, and otherwise their fine forms,
+colours, and perfume cannot well be enjoyed unless the plants are grown
+either in pots or at suitable elevations on rockwork, the latter being
+the more preferable way. The long blooming period of this plant adds not
+a little to its value, lasting, as it does, quite a month, the weather
+having little or no effect on the flowers.</p>
+
+<p>Any kind of sweet garden soil seems to do for it, and its propagation is
+carried out by careful root division.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to June.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Corydalis_Solida" id="Corydalis_Solida"></a>Corydalis Solida.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Common Name</i>, <span class="smcap">Fumitory</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Fumariace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is said to be a British species, but it is a doubtful, as well as
+somewhat scarce one. Though but a small plant of the height of 6in. or
+8in., it is very effective, being compact with finely-cut foliage of a
+pale glaucous green, and the stems pleasingly tinted. For some weeks in
+early spring it forms a graceful object on rockwork, where it seems to
+thrive well.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers, which are purple, are not showy; still, they are effective
+from the way in which they are borne, as the illustration (Fig. 30) will
+show. Its specific name is in reference to its root, which is bulbous
+and solid. Many of the Fumitories have remarkably hollow roots, and one
+of the old names of this genus is written "Hollowe roote." When the
+flowers fade the whole plant withers, nothing being left but the bulbous
+roots to complete their ripening; still, this should not hinder its
+extensive cultivation, because it not only appears in its best form when
+flowers are rare, but also because it is so pleasingly distinct.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img080.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 30." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 30. <span class="smcap">Corydalis Solida</span>.<br />(One-half
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>I find it to do well on rockwork, also in well-drained borders of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> light
+loam. It should be allowed to increase until it forms good-sized tufts,
+which it soon does. To propagate it, it is only necessary to divide the
+tubers any time from July to October.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Crocus_Medius" id="Crocus_Medius"></a>Crocus Medius.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Iridace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+<p>This is a charming kind, seldom seen and, perhaps, little known; the
+name would imply that it is a variety having equal traits of two other
+forms. It blooms in January and the flowers appear without any foliage.
+So well is the Crocus known, it will only be needful to state the more
+striking features of the one under notice.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are produced on tubes 3in. to 5in. long, and stoutly formed;
+the colour is a shaded lilac-purple, striped with darker lines; the
+petals or divisions of the perianth are 1&frac12;in. long and &frac12;in. broad,
+shining or satiny, and become well expanded during the short moments of
+winter sunshine; the stamens are half the length of perianth, of a fine
+deep orange colour, and covered with a thick coat of pollen all their
+visible length. In rich contrast with these is the style, with its tuft
+of filaments of a bright orange scarlet colour. From this description it
+will be seen that the flower is a rather small Crocus, but from the soft
+tints of the perianth, and more pronounced and bright colours of the
+seed organs, it is one of much beauty. These features, added to the
+facts of the bloom appearing in winter and having the scent of wild
+roses, are sure to render it a favourite kind wherever grown. The leaves
+are short and narrow, almost grassy.</p>
+
+<p>It enjoys a light but rich loam and sunny aspect, and increases itself
+freely by offsets of the matured corms, clumps of which may be divided
+after the foliage has withered.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, January.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Cyananthus_Lobatus" id="Cyananthus_Lobatus"></a>Cyananthus Lobatus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Polemonace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A small plant with a large flower, a veritable gem; no collection of
+choice alpines can be complete without this species. A native of Chinese
+Tartary, brought to this country in 1844, where it proves perfectly
+hardy in the most exposed parts of the open garden; it is herbaceous and
+perennial; its large and brilliant flowers are very beautiful, but all
+its other parts are small, as may be seen in the illustration (Fig. 31).
+It is seldom met with except in collections of rare plants, but there is
+no reason why it should not be more commonly grown, as its requirements
+are now well understood. It is not a showy subject, but, when examined,
+it proves of exquisite beauty.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The flowers are of a bright purple-blue colour, over an inch across, the
+petals being of good substance, tongue-shaped, and falling backwards,
+when the china-like whiteness about the top of the tube becomes more
+exposed; the calyx is very large, nearly egg-shaped, having five
+finely-pointed and deeply-cut segments; the bulky-looking part, which
+has an inflated appearance, is neatly set on a slender stem, and densely
+furnished with short black hairs of even length; this dusky coat has a
+changeable effect, and adds not only to the character, but also to the
+beauty of the flower. The small attenuated leaves are alternate and
+laxly arranged on the flower stems, which are 6in. to 12in. long, round,
+and nearly red. Each leaf is less than 1in. long, distinctly lobed with
+five or more lobes, and all the edges are turned back, causing the
+foliage to appear thick and well finished; the foliage of the stems not
+bearing flowers is more closely set. The habit of the plant is
+procumbent; stems contorted, and producing solitary flowers.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img082.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 31." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 31. <span class="smcap">Cyananthus Lobatus</span>.<br />(Natural
+size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>It should be grown on rockwork, where its stems can nestle between the
+stones and its roots find plenty of moisture, as in a dip or hollowed
+part; the long and fleshy roots love to run in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> damp leaf mould and
+sand. The position should be open and sunny, in order to have flowers.
+Cuttings may be taken during summer, and struck in sandy peat kept
+moist, or strong roots may be divided. The latter method is the less
+desirable, not only because of jeopardising the parent stock but also
+because strong roots show to greater advantage when not separated.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, September and October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Cypripedium_Calceolus" id="Cypripedium_Calceolus"></a>Cypripedium Calceolus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">English Lady's Slipper</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Orchidace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This well-known terrestrial orchid is a rare British plant, very
+beautiful, and much admired, so much so, indeed, that many desire to
+grow it. It happens, however, that it seldom thrives under cultural
+treatment, and seems to prefer a home of its own selection, but its
+habitats are said now to be very few in Great Britain, it having been
+hunted out and grubbed up everywhere. Fortunately, it can be grown in
+gardens, and in good form, though rarely seen thus. To see well-grown
+flowers of this orchid either makes us feel more contented with our own
+climate or strongly reminds us of others where the most gorgeous
+varieties of flowers and fruit grow wild. It is large and striking,
+fragrant, and very beautiful; no one can see it, especially in a growing
+state, without being charmed by its freshness and simplicity; it also
+forms one of the finest specimens for the student in botany, and in
+every way it is a plant and flower of the highest merit (see Fig. 32).
+It should be in all collections of choice plants, and every amateur
+should persevere until he succeeds in establishing it.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+             <img   src="images/img083.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 32." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 32. <span class="smcap">Cypripedium Calceolus</span>.<br />(One-third natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Under cultivation it flowers in early May, at a height of 9in. to 12in.;
+the flowers are composed of a calyx of three brownish-purple sepals,
+which have only the appearance of two, from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> fact of the lower two
+being joined or grown together, and even so combined they are somewhat
+less than the upper sepal. The division may be observed at the tips,
+though in some specimens it is microscopic&mdash;in the one now by me it is
+hardly the eighth of an inch. Two petals; these are cross-form in
+relation to the sepals, of the same colour, and a little longer&mdash;about
+2in.&mdash;narrow, drooping, pointed, and slightly twisted when a few days
+old; lip, "blown out like a slipper," shorter than the sepals,
+compressed, richly veined, and lemon yellow. The seed organs are
+curious, the stigma being foot-stalked, peltate, and placed between and
+above the anthers. The leaves are pale green, very hairy, many-ribbed,
+stem-clasping, alternate, ovate, and slightly wavy; the lower ones are
+5in. or 6in. long and 2in. to 3in. wide, and pointed. The root is
+creeping, the fibres stout, long, wiry, and bent. During spring the
+plant makes rapid growth, and seldom bears more than one flower; for the
+first time a plant produced two with me in 1882. They are sweetly
+scented, like the primrose.</p>
+
+<p>Many amateurs, who have otherwise proved their knowledge of the
+requirements of plants by growing large and choice collections, have
+failed to establish this after many trials; and were it not for the fact
+that with me it is growing in various positions and under different
+modes of treatment, and that it has so grown for several years, I think
+I should not have ventured to give hints to experienced horticulturists.
+In my opinion, four conditions are strictly necessary in order to
+establish this native orchid in our garden: (1) A strong specimen with a
+goodly portion of the rhizoma attached; (2) Firm or solid planting
+during autumn; (3) Moist situation; (4) Shade from the mid-day sun.
+Further information may be best given by stating the <i>modus operandi</i>:
+Several years ago a number of good roots were planted in sandy loam of a
+calcareous nature. They were put in somewhat deeply, the roots carefully
+spread out, and the soil made solid by repeated waterings, the position
+being shaded by an apple tree. They are now well established, and only
+receive a top dressing of leaves and manure to keep them cool and moist
+in summer. At the same time a number were potted deeply in loam, peat,
+and broken oyster shells; when filling in the compost, it, too, was
+washed to the roots, so as to make all solid by frequent applications;
+the pots have always been kept in cool and shady quarters, and plunged;
+they bloom well every season. I have likewise found another plan to
+answer well. In a moist corner make up a low-lying bed of sand and peat,
+mostly sand, plant 9in. deep, and make all solid, as before, by water.
+When the growths appear on the surface, water with weak liquid manure,
+and if shade does not exist from the mid-day sun, some should be
+provided; in this way I am now growing my finest specimens; but if once
+the roots become dry, the plants will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> suffer a serious check. I feel
+equally confident that the roots enjoy a firm bed, but it should be of
+such material that they can freely run in it.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May and June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Daphne_Cneorum" id="Daphne_Cneorum"></a>Daphne Cneorum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Trailing Daphne</span>; <i>Common and Poetical Name</i>, <span class="smcap">Garland
+Flower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Thymelace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>An alpine shrub from Austria; dwarf, evergreen, and having a tendency to
+creep. It is deservedly a great favourite; it wins admiration by its
+neat and compact form and its dense and numerous half-globular heads of
+rosy pink flowers, which are exceedingly fragrant, in the way of the old
+clove carnation, but more full.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img085.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 33." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 33. <span class="smcap">Daphne Cneorum</span>.<br />(One-fourth
+natural size; (1) flower, full size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The flower buds are formed during the previous season of growth, like
+those of the rhododendron; for many days before the flowers open the
+buds have a very pleasing appearance, being closely packed and
+coral-like; when all the florets are expanded they form a half-globular
+head 1in. to 1&frac12;in. across, being of a lively pink colour. The flowers
+are composed of a tubular calyx, four-parted; leaves inversely ovate,
+lanceolate, pointed, and entire; about an inch long, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> narrow; of a
+dark green colour and much substance, being arranged in circular form on
+the round and somewhat wiry, tough stems, which in time become very long
+and bare.</p>
+
+<p>In order to grow this shrub well, three conditions are needful, viz., a
+moderately pure atmosphere, exposure to full sunshine, and plenty of
+moisture; it also prefers peat or vegetable soil, but this is not
+strictly needful if the other conditions are present. I have grown the
+specimen, from part of which the illustration (Fig. 33) was drawn, for
+four years in rich loam, without a particle of peat, but the roots have
+been protected against drought by large stones at the base of small
+rockwork. Doubtless, peat, where it is plentiful, used in addition to
+the above compost, would prove beneficial. After a few years' growth in
+one position, bushes which have become long and bare in the stems may be
+transplanted with advantage, laying in the stems to a moderate depth,
+from which new roots will issue the first season; this is also the
+readiest way of propagation. February or September would be suitable
+months for such operation, but the latter would probably interfere with
+its flowering at that time, when frequently a second but spare crop is
+produced.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering periods, April and May, and again in September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Daphne_Mezereum" id="Daphne_Mezereum"></a>Daphne Mezereum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Mezereon</span>; <i>Old Names</i>, <span class="smcap">Spurge-flax, German
+Olive-spurge</span>, <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Dwarf Bay</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Thymelace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a dwarf deciduous shrub, which produces its welcome flowers in
+great abundance whilst bare of leaves; it is a British species, though
+not occurring generally, yet it is pretty well known from its extensive
+cultivation as a garden shrub. The flowers are very desirable, from the
+way in which they are produced in knotted clusters on the long stems;
+they appear in winter; moreover, they are of a hardy and durable nature
+and very sweetly scented. As a shrub it is very suitable for any sized
+garden, being dwarf&mdash;2ft. to 4ft. In some parts it is a general
+favourite, and may be seen in almost every garden; such patronage is
+well merited, as it not only enlivens the garden at a dead season, but
+it heralds spring time and furnishes long sprigs of wallflower-scented
+blossom as cut bloom, which shows to advantage by gaslight.</p>
+
+<p>There are interesting facts in connection with this shrub that add to
+its charm. It was esteemed of old of great virtue; all its parts are hot
+and biting, more especially the berries, of which it was said that "if a
+drunkard do eate&mdash;he cannot be allured to drinke any drinke at that
+time: such will be the heate of his mouth and choking in the throte."
+Its wood is very soft and tough, and cannot easily be broken; this,
+however is a quality common to the genus. The berries are poisonous to
+man, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> birds are so fond of them that they are rarely allowed to
+become ripe, at least, such is the case near towns. The seeds of this
+and allied species are used in the South of Europe as a yellow dye for
+wool. From its importance, the shrub has been long and widely known, and
+both its botanical and common names are numerous; for these, however,
+the reader may not care. It is seldom called by any other than its
+specific name, Mezereon, which Gerarde describes as English-Dutch.</p>
+
+<p>Its flowers, which are purple, come on the otherwise naked stems of last
+season's growth, lateral fashion, in threes mostly, and sometimes the
+blossomed stems will be over a foot in length; the flowers are &frac12;in.
+long, sessile and funnel-shaped; the limb four-cut; sweet smelling and
+very durable. The berries are the size of a small pea, bright green at
+first, then turning to red, and ultimately to a nearly black colour. The
+leaves&mdash;lance-shaped, smooth, and deciduous&mdash;appear after the flowers.
+The habit is branched and erect, forming neat bushes. In a wild state it
+flowers in March and April, but under cultivation it is much earlier.</p>
+
+<p>In the garden it may be planted under other trees, where it proves one
+of a scarce class of shade-loving flowering shrubs; it also does well in
+open quarters. In gardens, where its fruit is unmolested, it is,
+perhaps, more attractive than when in blossom, as then the foliage adds
+to its beauty. The flowers in a cut state are serviceable, pretty, and
+desirable from their sweetness; long sprigs mixed with lavender or
+rosemary form a winter bouquet not to be despised; or, it may be placed
+in a vase, with a few small-leaved ivy trails and a spray of evergreen
+bamboo (Metake). Gerarde's description of this shrub will, doubtless, be
+read with interest: "The braunches be tough, limber, and easie to bend,
+very soft to be cut; whereon do grow long leaves like those of priuet,
+but thicker and fatter. The flowers come foorth before the leaves,
+oftentimes in the moneth of Januarie, clustering togither about the
+stalks at certain distances, of a whitish colour tending to purple, and
+of a most fragrant and pleasant sweet smell. After come the smal
+berries&mdash;of an exceeding hot and burning taste, inflaming the mouth and
+throte of those that do taste thereof, with danger of choking."</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February to April.</p>
+
+<p>There is a variety called <i>D. M. album</i>; the only difference from the
+typical form is implied by the name, the flowers being white. It also is
+in bloom at the same time as the species.</p>
+
+<p><i>D. M. autumnale</i> is another variety, which, however, blooms in the
+autumn; the flowers are red; it is a native of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>These shrubs enjoy a light but moist soil of a vegetable nature, but
+they also thrive in a sandy loam. They may be increased by seed, or,
+more quickly, by grafting on stocks of spurge laurel; cuttings may be
+rooted, but are uncertain.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Dentaria_Digitata" id="Dentaria_Digitata"></a>Dentaria Digitata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Toothwort</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Crucifer&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy, tuberous perennial, native of Switzerland, but long cultivated
+in British gardens, and decidedly "old-fashioned."</p>
+
+<p>Imagine a spray of pale purple wallflower, and that will give some idea
+of the form and colour of its flowers, which are produced on round wiry
+stems, nearly a foot high, in terminal racemes. The leaves, which are
+produced mostly in threes on a stem, have a channelled petiole, and, as
+the specific name denotes, are spread out like fingers, mostly of five
+parts; a five-cut leaf of a Christmas rose will give a fair notion of
+the form, but the Toothwort leaves are less, not so thick, and more
+herb-like than the hellebore; they are also finely, deeply, but
+irregularly toothed. The roots are of singular form, almost like human
+teeth, arranged as scales, whence the name Toothwort. Its first
+appearance above ground is in February, when the young growths are bent
+or folded like those of the anemone, and in genial seasons it will
+flower early in March.</p>
+
+<p>It loves both a little shade and moisture. I grow it at the base of a
+bit of rockwork, in black or leaf mould; the aspect is south-east, but
+an old sun-dial screens it from the midday sun. The whole plant has a
+somewhat quaint appearance, but it has proved a great favourite. When
+the tops have died down the roots can safely be lifted, cut in lengths
+of one or two inches, and then replanted. It also produces seed freely,
+but from the easy method of increase by root division, I have not had
+occasion to experiment with seed.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Dianthus_Deltoides" id="Dianthus_Deltoides"></a>Dianthus Deltoides.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Maiden Pink</span>; <i>Old Names</i>, "<span class="smcap">Wild Gilloflower</span>,"
+"<span class="smcap">Virgin-like Pinke</span>," "<span class="smcap">Maidenly Pinke</span>"; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Caryophyllace&aelig;&mdash;Silenace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A British species of perennial character, never failing to bloom for a
+long period when it meets with a suitable home in our gardens&mdash;as in
+positions similar to those described for <i>Erysimum pumilum</i>. Seen either
+wild or in gardens it is much admired; it bears but simple flowers, but
+therein consists its beauty.</p>
+
+<p>As Gerarde says, "Virgin-like Pinke is like unto the rest of the garden
+pinkes in stalkes, leaves, and rootes. The flowers are of a blush
+colour, whereof it tooke his name, which sheweth the difference from the
+other." It is about the most simple form of the Pink tribe. The flowers
+are a little over &frac12;in. across, of a rose colour or pleasing blush. It
+grows nearly a foot high in some soils, but in a poor compost it is more
+dwarf and floriferous. The flower stems are much divided near the tops,
+and capable of producing a good effect from their numbers of bright
+flowers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> The leaves are small, scarcely 1in. long, linear,
+lance-shaped, and of a dark green colour; they are closely arranged on
+decumbent stems, which sometimes are more than 1ft. long. The habit is
+compact, both as regards leaves, stems, and flowers.</p>
+
+<p>For all such places as afford dryness at the roots this is a suitable
+plant as a constant bloomer of effective colour. When once it has become
+established it seeds freely, and the young plants may be seen in the
+walks for yards around the parent stock. It is one of those happy
+subjects that can take care of themselves, either braving its enemies or
+having none.</p>
+
+<p>In its wild state it blooms from the sixth to the tenth month, both
+inclusive; but with cultural attention and during favourable winters, it
+has been seen in flower to the end of the year.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Dianthus_Hybridus" id="Dianthus_Hybridus"></a>Dianthus Hybridus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">D. Multiflorus</span>; <span class="smcap">Mule Pink</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Caryophyllace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Hardy and evergreen. The specific name of this variety is not at all
+descriptive, and it may be better to at once give its common name of
+Mule Pink, of which there are various colours, as bright scarlet, rose
+and pure white, all very double and neat flowers.</p>
+
+<p>It is the double rose kind which has induced me to speak of this section
+of the Pink and Sweetwilliam family. I dare say many will be surprised
+when I state that my strongest plant of this has been in flower more
+than two years. Severe as the 1881 winter was, when the plant was clear
+of snow it was seen to have both flowers and buds&mdash;in fact, for two
+years it has flowered unceasingly; the other varieties are not such
+persistent bloomers. The genus to which these hybrids belong is very
+numerous, and includes Carnations, Picotees, garden and alpine Pinks and
+Sweetwilliams. They are all remarkable for their fresh green and
+glaucous foliage and handsome flowers. Some species or varieties are
+amongst the "old-fashioned" garden plants of Parkinson's time, and all
+are characterised by an exquisite perfume. The Latin name of this genus
+is a very happy one, meaning "divine flower," in reference to its
+fragrance. Nearly every form and colour of Dianthus are popular
+favourites, and hardly any garden is without some of them.</p>
+
+<p>The Mule Pink is supposed to have been produced from <i>D. barbatus</i> and
+<i>D. plumarius</i>; be that as it may, the features of both are distinctly
+seen in it: the colour and partial form of the foliage, the form of
+stems, and clustered arrangement of the buds much resemble <i>D. barbatus</i>
+or Sweetwilliam; whilst the stout reflexed and pointed features of the
+leaves, and the general form of the small but double flowers resemble
+<i>D. plumarius</i>, or the garden Pink. To this description of <i>D. hybridus</i>
+I will only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> add that in both foliage and flowers there is more
+substance than in either of its reputed parents, and the habit of the
+plant is semi-trailing or procumbent, as seen in specimens three years
+old. It is rather more difficult to grow than the common Pink. Any
+position or soil will not answer; it does well on rockwork, where it can
+hardly suffer from damp, so much disliked by all the genus; but if thus
+planted, it should be where its thickly-foliaged stems cannot be turned
+over and wrenched by strong winds. It may be grown in borders in sandy
+loam; and if such borders are well drained, as they always should be for
+choice flowers, there will be little to fear as to its thriving. Such an
+excellent flower, which, moreover, is perpetually produced, deserves
+some extra care, though, beyond the requirements already mentioned, it
+will give very little trouble.</p>
+
+<p>To increase it, the readiest way is to layer the shoots about midsummer,
+half cutting through the stems, as for Carnations; thus treated, nice
+plants will be formed by October, when they may be lifted and
+transplanted to their blooming quarters; and I may here state that a
+line of it, when in flower, is richly effective. A good style also is to
+make a bold clump by setting ten or twelve plants 9in. apart. Another
+mode of propagation is to take cuttings at midsummer and dibble them
+into boxes of leaf soil and sand. Keep them shaded and rather close for
+a week or more. If the boxes could be placed in a cucumber frame, the
+bottom heat and moisture would be a great help to them. The object to
+aim at should be not only to root the cuttings, but to grow them on to
+fair-sized plants for putting out in the autumn. To do this, when the
+cuttings are rooted they should be planted 6in. apart in a bed made up
+of well decayed manure and sand, in which it will be seen that they will
+make plenty of roots and become sturdy plants. The wireworm and slugs
+are both very fond of Pinks and Carnations. Slugs should be trapped, but
+the wireworm, unfortunately, has often done the mischief before we
+become aware of its presence, and even then it is a troublesome pest to
+get rid of. I find nothing more useful than stirring and digging the
+soil as soon as there is room to work with a spade or fork; the worm
+cannot endure frequent disturbance, and such operations are otherwise
+beneficial to the plants.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Dodecatheon_Jeffreyanum" id="Dodecatheon_Jeffreyanum"></a>Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a distinct and noble species. The older leaves are more
+spoon-shaped, at least a foot long, rather narrow, not toothed, of a
+reddish colour at the base, and the mid-rib pale green, almost
+straw-colour; the flower scape is also reddish, but the flowers are
+fewer. As a foliage plant this species is very effective.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>All the Dodecatheons make a rapid growth in spring, their scapes being
+developed with the leaves; the genus will continue in flower for two
+months, after which time, however, their foliage begins to dry up. They
+should, therefore, be planted with other subjects of later growth and
+blooming, so as to avoid blank spaces. The overshading foliage of other
+things will do them no harm, as it will be only for a season. The
+position should be moist and somewhat sheltered from high winds, or the
+stout and tender flower stems will be snapped off. The soil should be of
+a vegetable character and retentive of moisture. My specimens are grown
+in leaf soil and loam, in a dip of small rockwork. All the kinds were
+planted that a large flat stone, which we had ready, would so fit to, or
+over, them as to secure their roots against drought. This I find a good
+plan with moisture-loving subjects, where suitable positions are not
+otherwise readily offered. Besides, the varieties so grown have a
+pleasing appearance, and for purposes of comparison are very handy.
+Their propagation is easy. The crowns may be divided either in spring or
+autumn, the latter being the best time, as then probably each piece will
+flower the following spring.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Dodecatheon_Meadia" id="Dodecatheon_Meadia"></a>Dodecatheon Meadia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Shooting Star</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">American Cowslip</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+             <img   src="images/img091.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 34." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 34. <span class="smcap">Dodecatheon Meadia</span>.<br />(One-sixth
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+<p>A distinct and pretty herbaceous perennial, very hardy and floriferous.
+Those who do not readily recognise it by any of the above names, may do
+so by the illustration (Fig. 34). It has long been grown in English
+gardens&mdash;nearly 150 years&mdash;its habitat being North America. Not only
+does it do well in this climate, but since its introduction several
+improved varieties of this species have been produced, which are both
+good and distinct. A brief notice of them will not be out of place here,
+but first the general description may as well be given.</p>
+
+
+<p>The flowers much resemble the Cyclamen, but they are only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> about
+one-fourth the size; the calyx is five-parted; the corolla has five
+stout petals inserted in the tube of calyx; they are well reflexed and
+rather twisted; their colour is purplish-lilac, but at the base of the
+petals there is a rich blending of maroon and yellow. The seed organs
+are very long, compact, and pointed, giving the appearance of shooting
+stars. The flowers are arranged in fine clusters on a scape more than a
+foot high, each flower having a rather long, wiry, and gracefully
+bending pedicel; all of them spring from one centre. The leaves are
+radical, oblong, smooth, dented, and wavy, about 8in. long and nearly
+3in. broad.</p>
+
+<p><i>D. M. albiflorum</i> I do not grow, but from what I remember of it, it
+differs from the above only in being less vigorous and in having white
+flowers.</p>
+
+<p><i>D. M. elegans</i>.&mdash;Shorter and broader in leaf, and roundly toothed;
+flower stems shorter, umbels more numerously flowered, bloom deeper in
+colour.</p>
+
+<p><i>D. M. giganteum</i> has a very large leaf, much larger than the typical
+form of the species, and of a pale green colour, and in all other
+respects it is larger, being also more than a week earlier in flower.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Dondia_Epipactis" id="Dondia_Epipactis"></a>Dondia Epipactis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syns.</i> <span class="smcap">Astrantia Epipactis</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Hacquetia Epipactis</span>;
+<i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Umbellifer&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a little gem, perhaps rather overdone with too many big names;
+still, this choice, hardy, herbaceous perennial is worth knowing by all
+its titles. Never more than 6in. high, its singular flowers are very
+attractive; they spring from the ground almost abruptly, are
+greenish-yellow and leafy in appearance&mdash;in fact, what at first sight
+might seem to be the petals are really but whorled bracts, which embrace
+the tiny umbels of flowers. Soon after the flowers the leaves begin to
+appear, unfolding like many of the anemones, each one springing from the
+root only; they also are of a peculiar colour and shape, being
+three-lobed and finely notched.</p>
+
+<p>It will stand any amount of rough weather, always having a fresh
+appearance when above ground. It forms a choice specimen for pot culture
+in cold frames or amongst select rock plants; it should be grown in
+mostly vegetable mould, as peat or leaf mould, and have a moist
+position. Not only is it a slow-growing subject, but it is impatient of
+being disturbed; its propagation should therefore only be undertaken in
+the case of strong and healthy clumps, which are best divided before
+growth commences in February.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April and May.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Doronicum_Caucasicum" id="Doronicum_Caucasicum"></a>Doronicum Caucasicum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Leopard's-bane</span>; <i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">D. Orientale</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>The specific name denotes sufficiently whence this comes. It is hardy,
+herbaceous, and perennial, and one of those plants which deserves to be
+in every garden; its general appearance is that of a tender plant, from
+the pale but fine delicate green of its foliage, a somewhat uncommon
+shade for so early a season. It begins to flower in March in a warm
+situation in the garden, when only a few inches high, and it goes on
+growing and flowering until summer, when it is nearly 2ft. high. A
+glance at Fig. 35 will give a fair idea of its habit.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img093.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 35." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 35. <span class="smcap">Doronicum Caucasicum</span><br />(One-third
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The flowers, which are bright yellow, are 2&frac12;in. across, produced one at
+a time, though the leafy stems are well supplied with buds in various
+stages of development. The leaves, besides being so rich in colour, are
+of handsome forms, being variously shaped,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> some having long stalks,
+others none; all are finely toothed and heart-shaped; the radical ones
+come well out and form a good base, from which the flower stems rise,
+and they in their turn serve to display the richly veined and ample
+foliage which clasps them to near their tops. Although this species is
+not a very old plant in English gardens, it belongs to a genus, several
+species of which are very "old-fashioned," and, consequently, it shares
+the esteem in which such subjects are held at the present time.</p>
+
+<p>If left alone, after being planted in fairly good soil, it will soon
+grow to a bold specimen. Plants three years old are 2ft. across;
+rockwork or ordinary borders are alike suitable for it, but if planted
+on the former, it should be of a bold character, so as to harmonise. I
+have observed that neither grubs nor slugs seem to meddle with this
+plant, which is certainly a rare recommendation. Its propagation may be
+carried out at almost any time.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Echinacea_Purpurea" id="Echinacea_Purpurea"></a>Echinacea Purpurea.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">Rudbeckia Purpurea</span>; <span class="smcap">Purple Cone-flower</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>In the autumn season one is almost confined to Composites, but in this
+subject there is, at any rate, a change, as regards colour. Yellows are
+indispensable, but then predominate too strongly. The flower under
+notice is a peculiar purple with greenish-white shadings. This will
+doubtless sound undesirable, but when the flower is seen it can hardly
+fail to be appreciated. It is much admired; in fact it is stately,
+sombre, and richly beautiful&mdash;not only an "old-fashioned" flower, but an
+old inhabitant of English gardens, coming, as it did, from North America
+in the year 1699. In every way the plant is distinct; it does not
+produce many flowers, but they individually last for several weeks, and
+their metallic appearance is a fitting symbol of their durability. They
+begin to expand in the early part of September, and well-established
+plants will have bloom until cut off by frost.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are borne at the height of 2ft. to 3ft., and are produced
+singly on very thick, rigid stalks, long, nearly nude, grooved,
+furnished with numerous short, bristle-like hairs, and gradually
+thickening up to the involucrum of the flower. Said involucrum is
+composed of numerous small leaves, a distinguishing trait from its
+nearest relative genus <i>Rudbeckia</i>. The receptacle or main body of the
+flower is very bulky; the ray is fully 4in. across, the florets being
+short for so large a ray; they are set somewhat apart, slightly
+reflexed, plaited, and rolled at the edges, colour reddish-purple,
+paling off at the tips to a greyish-green; the disk is very large,
+rather flat, and furnished with spine-like scales, whence the name
+<i>Echinacea</i>, derived from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> <i>echinus</i> (a hedgehog). In smelling this
+flower contact should therefore be avoided; it is rather forbidding; the
+disk has changeable hues of red, chocolate, and green. The leaves of the
+root are oval, some nearly heart-shaped, unevenly toothed, having long
+channelled stalks; those of the stems are lance-shaped, distinctly
+toothed, of stouter substance, short stalked, and, like those of the
+root, distinctly nerved, very rough on both sides, and during September
+quickly changes to a dark, dull, purple colour. The habit of the plant
+is rather "dumpy;" being spare of foliage, thick and straight in the
+stems, which are drum-stick like; it is for all that a pleasing subject
+when in flower; I consider the blooms too stiff for cutting, more
+especially as they face upwards.</p>
+
+<p>Unlike many species of its order, it is somewhat fickle. I have lost
+many plants of it; it likes neither shade nor too much moisture;
+latterly I have found it to do well in a sunny situation, in deep rich
+loam and vegetable soil mixed. If planted with other ray flowers it
+forms a fine contrast, and when once it has found suitable quarters the
+more seldom it is disturbed the better. It may be propagated by
+division, which may be more safely done after growth has fairly started
+in spring, or it may be done at the sacrifice of the flowers in late
+summer or early autumn, before growth or root action has ceased.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, September to end of October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Edraianthus_Dalmaticus" id="Edraianthus_Dalmaticus"></a>Edraianthus Dalmaticus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Campanulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A rare and beautiful alpine species, from Dalmatia and Switzerland. At
+the end of July it is one of the most distinct and charming flowers in
+the rock garden, where it not only finds a happy home, but, by its neat
+and peculiar habit, proves a decorative subject of much merit. This
+desirable plant (see Fig. 36) is quite hardy in this climate, being
+herbaceous and perennial; it has, however, the reputation of being
+difficult to manage, but, like numerous other things, when once its
+requirements and enemies are found out, the former supplied and
+protection from the latter afforded, it proves of easy management. In
+some instances these conditions may, though stated in such few words,
+prove comprehensive; but in this case it is not so. The position and
+soil it most seems to enjoy may be readily afforded in any garden, as we
+shall shortly see; but, so far as my experience goes, the slugs are its
+most persistent enemies. Especially when in flower do they make long
+journeys to reach it; they go over sand and ashes with impunity, and
+often the beautiful tufts of bloom are all grazed off in one night. I
+had occasion to fetch in from the garden the specimen now before me,
+and, when brought into the gaslight, a large slug<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> was found in the
+midst of the grassy foliage, and a smaller one inside one of the bell
+flowers. The "catch and kill 'em" process is doubtless the surest
+remedy, and three hours after sunset seems to be the time of their
+strongest muster. Not only does this plant suffer from slugs when in
+flower, but perhaps equally as much when in its dormant state,
+especially if the winter is mild; then I have noticed the somewhat
+prominent crowns eaten entirely off, and it is not unlikely that this
+plant has come to have the name of a fickle grower, from being the
+favourite prey of slugs.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img096.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 36." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 36. <span class="smcap">Edraianthus Dalmaticus</span>.<br />(One-half
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>It is not more than 4in. high under any conditions in this climate, and
+more often only 3in. in height. From the thrift-like tufts of foliage
+there radiates a set of stout round flower stalks, which are 3in. to
+4in. long, and rest on the ground; the large heads of flowers are erect;
+the stalks are red, and furnished with short stout hairs and short
+foliage, the latter becoming sere long before the bloom fades. The
+crowded heads of "bells" are of pale purple colour, in the style of the
+bell-flower; they are an inch in length, the corolla being somewhat
+deeply divided; eight to twelve form the terminal cluster, and they have
+a fleshy calyx, with very long and persistent segments; the lower part
+can scarcely be seen for the ample and somewhat peculiar bract<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> which
+closely embraces the whole cluster; said bract springs from the much
+thickened stalk and is composed of half leaf and half scale-like forms,
+arranged in two or more circles; the scales feather off with the
+leaf-like appendage, the latter being reflexed, but the whole is
+furnished with spines. The foliage of a well-grown specimen is arranged
+in tufts, the whole having a grass-like appearance. The leaves are 2in.
+to 4in. long, rough and hairy on the upper side, smooth and shining
+underneath, the edges having rather long hairs their whole length; the
+main root is long, thick, and somewhat woody.</p>
+
+<p>To grow this plant well, it requires a good deep loam for its long
+roots, and a surfacing of grit will be of benefit, as the crowns should
+be clear of the damp loam. This elevation of the crowns is natural to
+the plant, and should be provided for. The position cannot well be too
+exposed, provided the deep searching roots can find plenty of moisture.
+On rockwork this subject may be planted with considerable effect. If put
+between large stones in upright positions, the plant will show its
+pretty form to advantage. The spoke-like flower stalks, radiating from
+the rich dark green tufts of foliage, are very pleasing. It may be
+propagated by offsets from strong and healthy plants. Care should be
+taken not only to have all the roots possible with each crown, but the
+young stock should be carefully established in pots before planting in
+the open. Shade and careful watering will be needful; too much of the
+latter will render rot inevitable. Soon as the flowering period is past
+is the best time to divide the roots, which should not be done too
+severely.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July and August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Epigaea_Repens" id="Epigaea_Repens"></a>Epig&aelig;a Repens.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Creeping</span> <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Ground Laurel</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Ericace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy evergreen creeper, long since imported into this country from
+North America (1736), but only within the last few years has it won much
+favour. At the present time it is much sought after. It has the
+reputation of being a ticklish subject to grow. Many have had it and
+lost it, and those who still retain a specimen are loth to mutilate it
+for increase. This may to some extent account for the present demand for
+and difficulty experienced in obtaining it. For the last three years,
+hard as the seasons have been within that time, its flowers have been
+produced in great abundance on my specimen.</p>
+
+<p>Usually it flowers in this climate in April, but when winter has
+continued open and genial, its blooms are produced as early as the
+middle of March, and they are in their full beauty in early April. They
+are white, delicately tinged with pink, of much substance and wax-like
+appearance. They are small, not unlike in form the lilac flower, but
+rather more open at the corolla<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> and shorter in the tube. They are
+arranged in one-sided, elongated bunches, which rest on the ground, the
+blossoms peeping through the foliage. I must not omit to mention perhaps
+the most desirable property of this species&mdash;viz., the perfume of its
+flowers, which is strong, aromatic, and refreshing. The leaves are
+cordate, ovate, and entire, nearly 2in. long, slightly drawn or
+wrinkled, and covered with stiffish hairs. They are arranged on
+procumbent branches, all, like the flowers, facing upwards. To see the
+clusters of waxy flowers these branches must be raised, when it will be
+seen that the flower stalks issue from the axils of the leaves all along
+the branches. In a cut state the flowers are more than useful; they are,
+from their delicious, scent, a great treat. The plant is a suitable
+companion to the ledums, kalmias, gaultherias, and other genera of its
+own order.</p>
+
+<p>Its culture, in this climate at least, has, from all accounts, proved
+rather difficult, so that it may be said to require special treatment;
+such, at any rate, has been my experience of it. Suitable soil, aspect,
+shelter, moisture, and position, all seem necessary for the well-doing
+of this plant. It deserves them all, and, let me add, they may all be
+easily afforded. The list of requirements may seem formidable on paper,
+but to put them into practice is but a trifling affair. My specimen is
+grown in leaf mould, a little loam mixed in with it, and fine charcoal
+instead of sand, but sand will answer nearly as well; the aspect is
+east, it is sheltered from the west by a wall, the north by
+rhododendrons, and the south by a tall andromeda. Moreover, its position
+is one that is sunken between small mounds, where moisture collects, and
+is never wanting; and when the specimen was first planted a large
+sandstone was placed over its roots to further secure them against
+drought; under these conditions it has thriven and flowered well, and
+afforded many offshoots. I attribute its well-doing mainly to the
+sheltered aspect and even state of moisture, but doubtless all the
+conditions have helped its growth. Its propagation is best carried out
+by earthing up about the collar, so as to induce the branches to become
+rooted, or they may be pegged near the extremities like carnation
+layers, but they will be two years, probably, before they can be safely
+lifted.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, middle of March to end of April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Eranthis_Hyemalis" id="Eranthis_Hyemalis"></a>Eranthis Hyemalis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">Helleborus Hyemalis</span>; <span class="smcap">Winter Aconite</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This, though well known and a general favourite, is not seen in the
+broad masses which ought to characterise its culture.</p>
+
+<p>It is nearly related to the Christmas roses, and, like them,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> flowers in
+winter, the bright golden blossoms suddenly appearing during sunshine
+close to the earth. A little later the involucrum becomes developed, and
+is no unimportant feature. It forms a dark green setting for the sessile
+flower, and is beautifully cut, like the Aconite. There are other and
+very interesting traits about this little flower that will engage the
+study of botanists.</p>
+
+<p>It enjoys a moist soil, somewhat light; also a little shade. In such
+quarters not only do the tubers increase quickly, but the seed
+germinates, and if such positions are allowed it, and garden tools kept
+off, there will soon be a dense carpet of golden flowers to brighten the
+wintry aspect of the open garden. Many things in the way of deciduous
+flowering shrubs may be grown with them, their bareness in winter and
+shade during summer favouring their enjoyment and growth. Early in the
+summer they die down. From that time the tubers may be lifted and
+transplanted. Such work should be finished in early autumn, or the roots
+will not have time to establish themselves for the first winter's bloom.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, December to February.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Erica_Carnea" id="Erica_Carnea"></a>Erica Carnea.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Winter Heath</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ericace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+<p>A well-known, hardy, evergreen shrub, belonging to a genus comprising
+many hundreds of species and varieties, which, for the most part,
+however, are not hardy in this country, being natives of the Cape. The
+genus is most numerously and beautifully illustrated in <i>Loddige's
+Botanical Cabinet</i>. This might be thought to have no claim to
+consideration in this book, but I introduce it because of its great
+value in the spring garden, and because in all respects it may be
+cultivated like an ordinary border plant, which is saying a deal for one
+of the Heath family.</p>
+
+<p><i>Erica carnea</i> comes to us from Germany, but it has so long been grown
+in this country that it would appear to have become naturalised in some
+parts. In the latter part of March it is to be seen in its full beauty;
+the flowers are reddish-purple, abundantly produced on short leafy
+stems, and arranged in racemes, drooping; the foliage is of the
+well-known Heath type; the whole shrub has a procumbent habit, rarely
+growing more than a foot high; its fine deep green foliage, compact
+habit, and bright enduring flowers are its chief recommendations; the
+latter often last six weeks in good form and colour, so that little more
+needs to be said in its praise.</p>
+
+<p>It can hardly be planted in a wrong position&mdash;on rockwork, in borders,
+or shrubberies, fully exposed, or otherwise, it proves a cheerful
+object, whilst as an edging shrub it is second to none, excelling box by
+the additional charm of its flowers. Not long since I was struck by the
+way in which the common vinca had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> interlaced itself with a few bushes
+of this Heath, both being in full bloom at the same time; the effect was
+truly fine, the red of the Heath and pale blue flowers of the periwinkle
+being so numerous and set on such a fine bright green carpet, of two
+distinct types of foliage, that to my mind they suggested a most
+pleasing form of spring bedding, and also one of semi-wildness, which,
+for quiet beauty, more laboured planting could certainly not excel. Most
+Ericas require peaty soil; in the case of this, however, it is not
+necessary. Doubtless it would do well in peat, but I have ever found it
+to thrive in ordinary loam or garden soil, so that I have never planted
+it otherwise, except where peat has been the most handy. It is also
+easily propagated, carrying, as it does, plenty of root as well as earth
+with each rooted stem; these only need to be carefully divided and
+transplanted in showery weather, just before the new growths commence
+being the best time. An annual top dressing of leaf mould is very
+beneficial.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February to April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Erigeron_Caucasicus" id="Erigeron_Caucasicus"></a>Erigeron Caucasicus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Caucasion Fleabane</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Herbaceous and perennial. This species is a somewhat recent introduction
+compared with some of the same genus which may be called old varieties,
+from having been introduced as early as 1633, as in the case of <i>E.
+graveolens</i>. Moreover, the genus is represented by such British species
+as <i>E. acris</i>, <i>E. alpinus</i>, and <i>E. uniflorus</i>. The variety now under
+notice is, as its specific name implies, a native of the Caucasus, first
+brought into this country about sixty years ago. It is a pleasing
+subject when in flower, and is certainly worth growing.</p>
+
+<p>Its daisy-shaped flowers are less than an inch across, and when fully
+matured of a rosy purple colour; but, perhaps, the most interesting and
+attractive features about this plant are the various forms and colours
+of its flowers at their different stages of development; just before
+opening, the buds are like miniature birds' nests formed of white
+horsehairs, all arranged in the same way, <i>i.e.</i>, round the bud, but the
+points are turned into the centre&mdash;these are the unexpanded florets; the
+next stage of development may be seen in buds, say, two days older, when
+a few of the florets have sprung from the nest form, and have the
+appearance of mauve-coloured spiders' legs laid over the bud; gradually
+they (being dense and numerous) expand in a similar manner, outgrowing
+their angularity, and at the same time deepening in colour, until at
+length we see the rosy-purple, daisy-shaped, and feathery flower with a
+yellowish centre. These pleasing flowers are borne in loose masses on
+stems nearly 2ft. high, and remain in bloom all the summer through.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>About the middle of August a large plant was divided, and the flowers
+were then cut away. The young stock so propagated were in flower in the
+following June. I may here appropriately name an experiment I tried on
+this species two years ago. It was sent to me as the dwarf <i>Aster
+dumosus</i>, which it much resembles in the leaves, these being
+spoon-shaped from the roots, the others tongue-shaped and stem-clasping,
+but rougher and lighter green. I also saw it was not woody enough in the
+stem for the Michaelmas daisy. It was then near flowering, and the
+winter was just upon us, so, in order to get the flowers out, I covered
+it with a bell glass, slightly tilted. It flowered, and continued to
+flower throughout the winter with such shelter, and doubtless many of
+our fine late-blooming perennials, by such simple contrivances, might
+have their flowers protected or produced at a much later date than
+otherwise.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Erigeron_Glaucum" id="Erigeron_Glaucum"></a>Erigeron Glaucum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">Conyza Chilensis</span>; <span class="smcap">Glaucous Fleabane</span>, <i>or</i>
+<span class="smcap">Spikenard</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This very beautiful species is far from common. There are many facts in
+connection with it which render it of more than ordinary value and
+interest. It is sometimes classed as an alpine; probably that is only an
+inference, or it may be so considered by some, from its dwarf habit and
+suitable association with alpines. It is not an alpine; it comes from
+South America, and though that climate differs so widely from ours, the
+plant grows and winters to perfection in this country.</p>
+
+<p>One of its main distinctions is its somewhat shrubby and evergreen
+character; of the whole genus, so far as it is at present comprehended,
+it is the only species with such traits; its foliage, too, is of
+leathery substance, and compares oddly with the herb-like leaves of its
+relatives; it is, moreover, as indicated by its specific name, of a
+glaucous hue; and otherwise, as may be seen in the following
+description, there exist well marked dissimilarities. But, what is of
+more importance, when viewed as a garden subject or an ornamental
+flower, it is one of the most useful as well as distinctly beautiful, as
+much from the fact that it produces its flowers in two crops, which
+extend over six or seven months of the year, as from their numbers and
+showiness.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are nearly 2in. across the ray, the florets being of a
+pleasing lilac-purple, and rather short, owing to the large size of the
+disk, which is often nearly an inch in diameter; this part of the flower
+is more than usually effective, as the disk florets become well
+developed in succession, when they have the appearance of being dusted
+with gold; the scales, which are set on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> swollen stem, are of a
+substantial character; the numerous imbricate parts, which are covered
+with long downy hairs pointing downwards, give the body of the flower a
+somewhat bulky appearance. It will be observed that I have made no
+mention of the Conyza traits of divided ray florets and reflexed scales,
+simply because they do not exist in this species, and though there are
+other Conyza traits about the plant, notwithstanding its almost
+isolating distinctions from other Erigerons, it would seem to have more
+properly the latter name, and which is most often applied to it. The
+flower stems, which produce the flowers singly, seldom exceed a height
+of 12in.; they are stout, round, and covered with soft hairs, somewhat
+bent downwards. They spring from the parts having new foliage, and for a
+portion&mdash;about half&mdash;of their length are furnished with small leaves,
+which differ from those on the non-floriferous parts of the shrub,
+inasmuch as they have no stalks. The leaves are produced in compact
+tufts on the extremities of the old or woody parts of the shrub, which
+become procumbent in aged specimens; the leaves vary in length from 2in.
+to 4in. long, and are roundly spoon-shaped, also slightly and distantly
+toothed, but only on the upper half; they are stout, ribbed, clammy, and
+glaucous. The habit of the shrub is much branching, dense, and
+prostrate; its foliage has a pleasant, mentha-like odour, and the
+flowers have a honey smell.</p>
+
+<p>This subject may occupy such positions as rockwork, borders of the
+shrubbery, or beds of "old-fashioned" flowers. Its flowers, being, as
+taste goes at the present time, of a desirable form, will prove very
+serviceable as cut bloom. A good loam suits it to perfection, and no
+flower will better repay a good mulching of rotten manure. Its
+propagation, though easy, is somewhat special, inasmuch as its woody
+parts are stick-like and bare of roots, until followed down to a
+considerable depth, therefore the better plan is either to take
+advantage of its prostrate habit by pegging and embedding its branches,
+or, as I have mostly done, take cuttings with a part of the previous
+season's wood to them, put them well down in deeply-dug light soil, and
+make them firm. If this plan is followed, it should be done during the
+summer, so that the cuttings will have time to root before winter sets
+in. The layering may be done any time, but if in spring or summer,
+rooted plants will be ready for the following season.</p>
+
+<p>This subject begins to flower in June, and, as already hinted, it
+produces two crops of flowers; the first are from the parts which have
+been green and leafy through the winter, the second from the more
+numerous growths of the new season, and which are grandly in bloom in
+August; not only are the latter more effective as regards numbers and
+colour, but the fuller habit or more luxuriant condition of the shrub
+render the specimens more effective in late summer.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Eryngium_Giganteum" id="Eryngium_Giganteum"></a>Eryngium Giganteum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Great Eryngo</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Umbellifer&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This hardy species was brought from the Caucasus in 1820. The genus,
+though not commonly patronised as garden subjects, are, nevertheless,
+highly ornamental, and when well grown much admired. Specimens are of
+various heights, according to position and nature of the soil; under
+ordinary conditions they will be 2ft. to 3ft. high at the blooming
+period.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img103.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 37." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 37. <span class="smcap">Eryngium Giganteum</span>.<br />(One-tenth
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>As will be inferred from the order to which the Eryngium belongs, the
+flowers are aggregate, of a changeable blue, and arranged in cone-shaped
+heads 1&frac12;in. long; the heads are neatly embraced by an ample bract of
+prickly leaves; the main flower stem is well and evenly branched (see
+Fig. 37), each node being furnished with leaves which clasp the stems;
+they are, like those of the flower bract, deeply cut and prickly; the
+radical leaves are very different, long stalked, large heart-shaped and
+toothed, of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> good substance and a glossy green colour. The whole plant
+has a rather stiff appearance, the flower stems, together with the stem
+leaves, are of a pleasing hue, nearly the colour of blue note paper;
+this is characteristic of several of the genus, and adds greatly to
+their effect. Specimens look well with a grassy foreground or in
+borders.</p>
+
+<p>Their culture is easy, provided the soil is of a light nature; a sunny
+position is needful, in order to have the tops well coloured. Propagate
+by division of strong and healthy clumps when dormant. Wireworm and grub
+are fond of the roots; when the plants appear sickly, these pests should
+be looked for.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August and September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Erysimum_Pumilum" id="Erysimum_Pumilum"></a>Erysimum Pumilum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Fairy Wallflower</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Dwarf Treacle-mustard</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Crucifer&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>One of the alpine gems of our rock gardens, not in the sense of its
+rarity, because it grows and increases fast. It came from Switzerland
+about sixty years ago, and for a long time was esteemed as a biennial,
+but it is more&mdash;it is perennial and evergreen; at any rate its new
+branches take root, and so its perennial quality is established. Let the
+reader imagine a shrub, 3in. high, much branched, and densely furnished
+with pale green foliage, which hides all its woody parts, forming itself
+into cushions, more or less dotted over with minute canary-yellow
+flowers, and he will then only have a poor idea of the beauty of this
+pretty alpine. It flowers in summer, autumn, and winter, and in certain
+positions both its habit and flowers show to most advantage at the
+latter season. At no other time during the year have my specimens looked
+so fresh and beautiful as in January. This I have proved repeatedly to
+be the result of position, shortly to be explained.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are produced in terminal racemes, are scarcely &frac12;in. across,
+cruciform in the way of the Wallflower, greenish-yellow, and delicately
+scented. The leaves vary in shape on the various parts of the branches,
+some being lance-shaped and others nearly spoon-shaped; the lower ones
+being all but entire, and the upper ones, which are arranged in
+rosettes, distinctly toothed. They seldom exceed an inch in length, more
+often they are only half that size, but much depends on the position and
+soil. In summer the foliage is greyish-green; later it is almost a
+bright or clear green, the latter being its present colour. The habit is
+branching and compact, by which it adapts itself to crevices and uneven
+parts in a pleasing manner; and not only does it best adorn such places,
+but from the fact of their dryness, they are better suited to the
+requirements of this little shrub.</p>
+
+<p>A sandy loam, such as will not bake, suits, and if mixed with a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> few
+stones all the better&mdash;this will be found ample food for it; poor soil
+and a dry situation grow this subject in its finest form. I may perhaps
+usefully give the method by which my specimen is grown, after
+experimenting with it in various parts of the garden, and also the
+substance of a few notes I made of it. In pots the fine roots soon
+formed a matted coat next the sides, when the foliage would turn sickly
+and yellow, so that, useful as the practice is of growing alpines in
+pots, it does not answer in this case. On rockwork, in vegetable soil,
+this low shrub grew taller, being less woody, and was killed by severe
+weather. On the flat, in borders, in rich soil, it did well for a
+season, then damped off, a branch or two together. On the flat, in sand
+alone, it does well, also on the top of a wall, such being a position
+especially provided for hardy sempervivums and a few cacti. A bit of the
+Fairy Wallflower was tried there in a thin layer of sandy loam, and for
+two years my finest specimen has occupied that position, flowering more
+or less throughout the winter. Where there are old walls or rockwork it
+should be introduced. A ready and effective way of planting it is to get
+a sod of grass 3in. thick; measure with the eye the size of the
+interstice in the side of a wall, partly cut through the sod on the
+earthy side, open it by bending, and insert the roots of a small
+specimen; close up, and cram the planted sod tightly into the selected
+opening. In one season the shrub so planted will have a snug and pretty
+appearance. It is self-propagating, from the fact of its lower branches
+rooting where they touch the soil. These may be taken any time and
+planted separately.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to winter.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Erythronium_Dens-canis" id="Erythronium_Dens-canis"></a>Erythronium Dens-canis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Dog's-tooth Violet</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy bulbous perennial. There are several varieties of this species,
+and all are very handsome.</p>
+
+<p>The variety shown at Fig. 38 is the large white-flowering kind; others
+have yellow, pale purple, and lilac-coloured blooms. All are produced
+singly on stems 4in. or 5in. long, and gracefully bending. During bright
+weather the divisions of the lily-like flowers become reflexed and
+otherwise show themselves to advantage. Their foliage forms a rich
+setting for the flowers, being variously coloured with red, brown, and
+different shades of green, all charmingly blended or marbled. The leaves
+are broad and oval, and open out flatly, so that their beauties can be
+well seen; if they are grown amongst the very dwarf sedums or mosses,
+they look all the better and are preserved from splashes. Two leaves,
+one stem, one flower, and one bulb constitute a whole plant; both
+flowers and foliage remain in beauty for a long time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I have them growing in various positions and soils, and I think they
+most enjoy a vegetable mould, with full exposure to the sun, but they
+should not lack moisture; they seem to increase more rapidly in peat
+than in any other compost. They should not be disturbed more than
+necessary, and when they are, autumn is the best time to transplant.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img106.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 38." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 38. <span class="smcap">Erythronium Dens-canis</span>.<br />(Large white variety. One-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March and April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Euonymus_Japonicus_Radicans_Variegata" id="Euonymus_Japonicus_Radicans_Variegata"></a>Euonymus Japonicus Radicans Variegata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Variegated Rooting Spindle Tree</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Celastrace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>It is probable that the genus <i>Euonymus</i> is more generally known than
+that of <i>Celastrus</i>, from which the order takes its name;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> besides, the
+latter is composed of unfamiliar genera, so it is more likely that the
+reader will not care about any reference to them; it may concern him
+more to know that the above somewhat long name belongs to a very dwarf
+hardy evergreen shrub, having a neat habit and very beautiful foliage.
+This variety is one of many forms which come under the name <i>E.
+japonicus</i>, none of which, however, have long been cultivated in this
+country, the date of the introduction of the type being 1804. The genus
+is remarkable for the number of its species having ornamental foliage,
+and not less so, perhaps, for the insignificance of their flowers. The
+species under notice (<i>E. japonicus</i>) in cultivation has proved
+sportive, which habit has been taken advantage of, whence the numerous
+forms, including the one I have selected for these remarks. Some of the
+Spindle Trees do not flower in this climate, and others, which do,
+produce no seed; these facts are in connection with the more finely
+leaf-marked sorts, and it may be inferred that such unfruitfulness
+arises from their hybrid nature or abnormal tendency, as seen in
+"sports."</p>
+
+<p>The typical form is a tree growing 20ft. high, producing small white
+flowers, but of the variegated kind under notice established specimens
+have ever failed to show the least sign of flowering, though otherwise
+well developed and of good habit. The leaves are nearly oval, &frac12;in. to
+1&frac12;in. long, sometimes oblong, sharply serrulated, of stout leathery
+substance, smooth, and much variegated in colour. The markings are
+mostly on and near the edges, and take the form of lines and marblings.
+The tints are a mixture of white, yellow, and pink, inclining to purple;
+these are variously disposed on a dark green ground. The arrangement of
+the leaves is crowded and panicled on the recent shoots, which are twice
+and thrice branched; from the shortness and twisted shape of the leaf
+stalks, the branchlets have a compressed appearance. The old stems are
+round, wiry, 9in. to 18in. long, prostrate, and emit roots like the ivy
+when they come in contact with suitable surfaces, whence the name
+"<i>radicans</i>." The habit of the shrub, from its dense and flattened
+foliage, fine colour, and persistent nature, together with its dwarfness
+and rooting faculty, all go to render it one of the finest rock shrubs
+for winter effect. The wetness of our climate only seems to make it all
+the brighter, and it is also without that undesirable habit of rooting
+and spreading immoderately.</p>
+
+<p>It enjoys a sunny situation and enriched sandy loam. Where such
+conditions exist it may be planted with good effect as a permanent
+edging to walks or beds; as such it may be clipped once or twice a year,
+but I may add that it is worth the extra time required for pruning with
+a knife, as then the leaves are not cut in two and the outline is left
+less formal. By such treatment the foliage is kept thick to the base of
+the shrub. The summer prunings may be pricked into sandy loam in a
+shady<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> part, where they will root and become useful stock for the
+following spring, or strong examples may be pulled to pieces of the
+desired size.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Festuca_Glauca" id="Festuca_Glauca"></a>Festuca Glauca.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Blue Grass</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Gramine&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This comes from the warm climate of Southern Europe, but is a perfectly
+hardy grass in this country; it is highly ornamental, irrespective of
+its flowers, and is useful in several ways. With me it is grown somewhat
+largely, and both professional and amateur gardeners have quickly
+appreciated its effectiveness, but it has been amusing to see their want
+of faith when told that "it stands out all winter." It belongs to a
+section of grasses of fine quality as fodder for cattle, all enjoying
+good soil of a light and rich nature. Its main features as a garden
+subject are its distinct blue colour and dense graceful habit; these
+qualities, however, are greatly dependent on the quality of soil, which
+must be positively rich. Its bloom is of no value ornamentally, being
+much like that of some of our common meadow grasses, and it will be as
+well to remove it in order that the grass may be all the brighter and
+more luxuriant. The blades, if they can be so called, are reed-like, but
+very fine, 6in. to 12in. long, densely produced, and gracefully bending.
+The glaucous quality is most pronounced, and quite justifies the common
+name Blue Grass. More need not be said to show that this must be
+effective in a garden, especially where bedding and the formation of
+bold lines are carried out; as single tufts, on rockwork, or in the
+borders, it looks well; whilst as an edging to taller grasses and
+bamboos it shows all to advantage. It is also often grown in pots in
+greenhouses, where it proves useful for drooping over the edges of the
+stage; but if it once obtains a place in the garden and is well grown,
+the amateur will see in it a suitable subject for many and varied uses.</p>
+
+<p>Wherever it is planted the soil should be made sandy and fat with
+manure; in this the long roots are not only warmer, but they amply
+support a rapid growth and metallic lustre. As the roots can easily be
+lifted from the light soil without damage, this grass may be divided any
+time when increase is needful.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, summer.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Fritillaria_Armena" id="Fritillaria_Armena"></a>Fritillaria Armena.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A charming little hardy bulbous perennial, which, although as yet a
+comparative stranger in this country, bids fair to find a place not only
+in our gardens, but in the list of the choicest spring favourites, such
+as lily of the valley, snowdrops, snowflake,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> and squills, being of the
+same or nearly allied order, as well as of corresponding stature. Its
+yellow flowers, too, highly commend it, as, with the exception of the
+yellow crocus, we have not a very dwarf spring flower of the kind, and,
+as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 39), it differs widely from the
+crocus in every way.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+             <img   src="images/img109.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 39." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 39. <span class="smcap">Fritillaria Armena</span>.<br />(One-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+<p>This is a really charming species; its dark yellow flowers are large for
+so small a plant, being more than an inch across when expanded by
+sunshine, but its more common form is bell-shape; one, and sometimes
+more flowers are produced on the upright, smooth, leafy stem, which is
+less than 6in. high. The leaves are alternate linear, sharply pointed,
+smooth, and glaucous: Such dwarf flowers always show to most advantage,
+as well as keep cleaner, where carpeted with suitable vegetation; the
+dark green <i>Herniaria glabra</i> would be perfection for this glaucous
+plant.</p>
+
+<p>It seems happy where growing fully exposed in ordinary garden soil, but
+it is not unlikely that it may require more shade, in common with other
+Fritillaries, for, as before hinted, it is yet in its trial stage. I am,
+however, pretty certain of its hardiness, but not about the best mode of
+culture and propagation.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April and May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Funkia_Albo-marginata" id="Funkia_Albo-marginata"></a>Funkia Albo-marginata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Common Name</i>, <span class="smcap">White-edged Plantain-leaved Lily</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+<p>A hardy herbaceous perennial from Japan, of but recent introduction,
+than which there are few more useful subjects to be found in our
+gardens. It combines with its wealth of foliage a bold spike of pleasing
+lilac flowers, the former, as implied by the specific name, being edged
+with a white line, which is broad and constant, this quality being all
+the more commendable from the fact that many variegations are anything
+but reliable. Speaking of this as a decorative plant for the garden, it
+may be said to be one of the best; however placed, it has a neatness and
+beauty which are characteristic, especially when used in lines, and has
+become well established; from early spring, when the fresh young leaves
+appear, until the autumn is well advanced, this plant upholds a fine
+appearance independent of its flowers; they are,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> however, not wanting
+in beauty, produced as they are on stems nearly 2ft. high, and nude with
+the exception of one or two very small leaves. The floral part of the
+stem will be 8in. or more in length; the flowers are numerous, 2in.
+long, trumpet-shaped, drooping, and so arranged that all fall in one
+direction; the colour is lilac, with stripes of purple and white; each
+flower is supported by a bract, which, like the foliage, is margined
+with white. The leaves are 6in. to 8in. long, oval-lanceolate, waved and
+ribbed, of a dark green colour, margined with white; the leaf stalks are
+stout, 6in. long, and broadly channelled.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Funkia_Sieboldii" id="Funkia_Sieboldii"></a>Funkia Sieboldii.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Siebold's Plantain-leaved Lily</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a grand plant; the lily-like flowers alone are sufficient to
+commend it, but when we have them springing from such a glorious mass of
+luxuriant and beautiful foliage, disposed with a charming neatness
+rarely equalled, they are additionally effective. The illustration (Fig.
+40) gives a fair idea of the form and dimensions of a specimen three
+years ago cut from the parent plant, when it would not have more than
+two or three crowns, so it may be described as very vigorous; and, as if
+its beauties were not sufficiently amplified by flowers and form of
+foliage, the whole plant is of a rich glaucous hue, rendering it still
+more conspicuous and distinct. It is herbaceous and perfectly hardy,
+though it comes from the much warmer climate of Japan, whence are all
+the species of <i>Funkia</i>. It is a comparatively new plant in English
+gardens, having been introduced into this country only about fifty
+years; still, it is pretty widely distributed, thanks, doubtless, to its
+exceptionally fine qualities. I know no plant more capable of
+improvement as regards size than this; if set in rich deep soil, it will
+in a few years grow to an enormous specimen. One so treated in my garden
+is 4ft. to 5ft. in diameter, and about the same height when the
+flower-stems are fully developed. I should, however, add that this is an
+unusual size, but it, nevertheless, indicates what may be done by high
+culture.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are produced on nude stems, 2ft. or 4ft. high, being
+arranged in somewhat short and irregular one-sided spikes; they spring
+singly from the axils of rather long bracts (see Fig. 40) and have long
+bending pedicels, which cause the flowers to hang bell fashion; their
+colour is a soft pale lilac, nearly white. Size, 1in. to 2in. long, and
+bell or trumpet shaped. They are of good substance, and last a long time
+in fine form. The leaves have radical stalks, nearly 2ft. long in
+well-grown specimens, gracefully bending and deeply channelled; they are
+from 8in. to 12in. long, and about half as wide, long heart-shaped,
+somewhat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> hooded, waved, distinctly ribbed, and evenly wrinkled;
+glaucous and leathery. The outer foliage is so disposed that the tips
+touch the ground; it is abundantly produced, forming massive tufts. The
+long fleshy roots denote its love of a deep soil; a moist but
+well-drained situation suits it, and manure may be used&mdash;both <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>dug in
+and as a top dressing&mdash;with marked advantage. The natural beauty of this
+subject fits it for any position&mdash;the lawn, shrubbery, borders, beds, or
+rockwork can all be additionally beautified by its noble form; grown in
+pots, it becomes an effective plant for the table or conservatory. The
+flowers in a cut state are quaint and graceful, and the leaves are even
+more useful; these may be cut with long stalks and stood in vases in
+twos and threes without any other dressing, or, when desired, a few
+large flowers may be added for a change, such as a panicle of <i>Spir&aelig;a
+aruncus</i>, a large sunflower, or a spike or two of gladioli. Leaves so
+cut may be used for weeks; after they have become dusty they may be
+sponged, when they will appear fresh, like new-cut ones.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img111.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 40." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 40. <span class="smcap">Funkia Sieboldii</span>.<br />(One-eighth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>In the propagation of this plant certain rules should be observed,
+otherwise the stock of young plants will prove stunted and bad in
+colour. Do not divide any but strong and healthy clumps, taking care not
+to damage more roots than can be helped; do not divide too severely, but
+let each part be a strong piece of several crowns, and after this they
+should be allowed to make three years' growth in a good, rich, deep soil
+before they are again disturbed, and thereby the stock will not only be
+of a vigorous character, but always fit for use in the most decorative
+parts of the garden.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Galanthus_Elwesii" id="Galanthus_Elwesii"></a>Galanthus Elwesii.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Elwes's Galanthus</span> <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Snowdrop</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Amaryllidace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a splendid species or variety, whichever it may be, said to be
+the finest of all the Snowdrops; it is a new kind and not yet much
+known. My impressions of it last spring were not in accordance with such
+reports, but I ought to add that, though the bulbs were fresh when sent
+me, they had only been planted less than a year, when they flowered
+somewhat feebly.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February and March.</p>
+
+<p>All the Snowdrops may be propagated by seed or division of crowded
+clumps&mdash;after all the tops have died off is the proper time; the longer
+the delay, the worse for next season's bloom, as new root action sets in
+about that period.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Galanthus_Imperati" id="Galanthus_Imperati"></a>Galanthus Imperati.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Imperial Snowdrop</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Amaryllidace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>I have only recently flowered this kind. It is said by Mr. W. Robinson
+to be double the size of <i>G. nivalis</i>, which estimate is probably
+correct, judging from the blooms which I have obtained. With me the
+bulbs seem either not to have a happy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> home, or they may have suffered
+from the vicissitudes of transport from the genial climate of Italy. The
+publisher of this book informs me that he flowered <i>G. imperati</i> the
+first year in the open borders, from some bulbs procured from Messrs.
+Collins Bros., and that the blossoms were highly scented, as of elder
+flowers.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February and March.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Galanthus_Nivalis" id="Galanthus_Nivalis"></a>Galanthus Nivalis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Common Snowdrop</span>, <span class="smcap">Early Bulbous Violet</span>, <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Fair
+Maids of February</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Amaryllidace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>One of the most charming members of the British flora; a native of our
+fields and orchards, so beautiful as to be beyond description, and,
+fortunately, so common as to need none (see Fig. 41). It belongs to a
+noble order of bulbous plants, the genera of which are numerous, as are
+the species too, in perhaps an increased proportion. Comparatively few
+are hardy in our climate, and very few indeed are natives of this
+country, so that in this respect the Snowdrop, if not a rare flower, is
+a rare representative in our flora of the order <i>Amaryllidace&aelig;</i>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img113.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 41." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 41. <span class="smcap">Galanthus Nivalis</span>.<br />(One-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It may be useful to give a few of the better-known genera to which
+<i>Galanthus</i> is so nearly related: <i>Amaryllis</i>, <i>Nerine</i>, <i>Crinum</i>,
+<i>Vallota</i>, <i>Pancratium</i>, <i>Alstr&oelig;meria</i>, and <i>Narcissus</i>. The
+last-named genus is more nearly allied than any of the other genera
+mentioned; not only does it resemble the Galanthus in style, early
+period of bloom, and habit of becoming double, but also for the general
+hardiness of its species, a feature not usual in their order.</p>
+
+<p>The literal meaning of the generic name is "Milk Flower." The title with
+such a pleasing reference was given by Linn&aelig;us. The specific
+name&mdash;meaning white&mdash;may, for two reasons, seem unnecessary; first,
+because milk is white, and again, because no other than white-flowered
+species are known. All the three common names are happy ones: "Snowdrop"
+and "Fair Maids of February" are appropriate both to the season and a
+pretty flower; "Bulbous Violet" pleasantly alludes to its sweetness; all
+are poetical, as if this lovely flower had the same effect on the
+different minds of those (including Linn&aelig;us) who first gave them. A
+dropped name for the Snowdrop was that of "Gilloflower"; Theophrastus,
+the father of natural history, gave it the name of "Violet" (<i>Viola
+alba</i> or <i>V. bulbosa</i>)&mdash;that would be 2100 years ago! The bulbs should
+be planted by thousands; they will grow anywhere and in any kind of
+soil; the demand for their blossom is ever increasing, and Snowdrops, as
+everybody knows, are always in place, on the grass, border, or window
+sill, or for table; they may be used as emblems of either grief or joy;
+they are sweetly pure and attractive, without showiness.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February to April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Galanthus_Plicatus" id="Galanthus_Plicatus"></a>Galanthus Plicatus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Folded Galanthus</span>; <i>Nat. Ord</i>. <span class="smcap">Amaryllidaca&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A species from the Crimea; compared with our native kind, it is larger
+in the grass, having also other, but very slight, points of difference.
+The main one is implied by its name, "plicatus," or folded; its leaves
+are furrowed, which causes it to have a folded appearance.</p>
+
+<p>Culture and flowering period, the same as for the other species.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Galanthus_Redoutei" id="Galanthus_Redoutei"></a>Galanthus Redoutei.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Redoute's Galanthus</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Amaryllidace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is by far the most distinct form, having broad grass-green foliage.
+It is somewhat late in flowering (during March and April), and not so
+free as others.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Galax_Aphylla" id="Galax_Aphylla"></a>Galax Aphylla.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">Blandfordia Cordata</span>; <span class="smcap">Heart-leaved Galax</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Pyrolace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img115.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 42." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 42. <span class="smcap">Galax Aphylla</span>.<br />(One-sixth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Nearly 100 years ago this charming little plant was imported from North
+America; still, it is rarely seen, notwithstanding that rock-gardens
+have long been popular. On rockwork it not only thrives well, but
+appears to great advantage. No rock-garden should be without it. It is a
+rare and beautiful subject, remarkably distinct and pleasing; it is
+perfectly hardy, also perennial and herbaceous; but its last-named
+characteristic should be qualified, inasmuch as the old leaves remain in
+good form and colour until long after the new ones are fully grown, so
+that there are always two sets of foliage. Viewed in this light, it may
+be called an evergreen plant; moreover, it is one of those plants which
+the artist can scarcely do justice to, for though the illustration (Fig.
+42) depicts faithfully its neat habit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> and handsome foliage, the living
+plant makes a better impression. I said it was rare, but this is less in
+the sense of scarcity than because it is little known and seldom seen;
+it is also quite distinct from any other plant, and the only species of
+the genus.</p>
+
+<p>Its milk-white flowers, which, though very simple, are richly effective,
+are produced on tall, nude stems, 18in. high, round, wiry, and nearly
+amber-coloured. They are arranged in a dense spike, 6in. to 8in. long;
+the corolla is &frac14;in. across, and composed of five petals; the calyx has a
+short tube and five sepals; the leaves are heart-shaped, nearly round,
+evenly toothed, and sometimes glandular; of leathery substance, and
+somewhat stiff, smooth, shining, and richly veined or nerved. The leaves
+of various ages differ in colour; the old ones are dark green,
+conspicuously reticulated; the new, but perfectly-developed ones, are
+pale green, with a ray of yellowish-green next the edges; the growing
+ones are nearly red, and all the serrated edges are hemmed with a nearly
+scarlet line, always brightest at the points of the teeth. This
+finely-tinted foliage is elegantly disposed by means of the stalks,
+which bend in various ways; they vary in length from 4in. to 8in., and
+are all radical; they are round, wiry, and once grooved. The bloom lasts
+for several weeks in good form, and the foliage is always beautiful,
+more especially in the autumn, when it glows like polished mahogany.
+Such a plant can hardly fail to please when well grown, but it must be
+so developed.</p>
+
+<p>This lovely plant certainly requires a little special treatment, but
+that is easy and simple; in fact, it scarcely can be called special. It
+may be put in a few words&mdash;damp, but not sour vegetable soil, and very
+slight shade. My specimen, from which the drawing was taken, is growing
+in a little dip at the base of a small rockery, below the level of the
+walk, which acts as a watershed; the soil is nearly all leaf mould&mdash;a
+small portion of loam, and I ought to add that there is a moderate
+quantity of small charcoal incorporated with it, which will doubtless
+assist in keeping the soil sweet. There cannot, therefore, be much
+difficulty in setting up these conditions; the charcoal may not be
+necessary, but an annual top-dressing with it will meet the case of such
+plants as grow in low damp situations. The propagation of this species
+is very easy in the case of well-grown clumps, which, when dug up in the
+autumn and thoroughly shaken, will come asunder into many small and
+well-rooted crowns; these only require to be replanted separately, under
+similar conditions to those by which they were produced. No attempt
+should be made to divide other than perfectly healthy clumps.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July and August.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Galega_Officinalis" id="Galega_Officinalis"></a>Galega Officinalis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Officinal Goat's-rue</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Leguminos&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A grand "old-fashioned" flower. It is 314 years since this plant was
+brought from Spain; it is perfectly hardy and herbaceous. Both it and
+its varieties are among the most useful subjects of the flower garden;
+they grow to shrub-like bushes, have elegant foliage, and an abundance
+of bloom, which continues until late autumn. Specimens have a clean and
+healthy appearance, and though they grow to the height of 4ft., they
+give no trouble, requiring neither tying nor supports. From their large
+quantities of flowers they are exceedingly gay; but it is for the
+handsome stems in a cut state that they should be most prized. These,
+cut 18in. long, and placed singly in pots or vases, are truly noble,
+more especially by gaslight.</p>
+
+<p>As will be inferred from the order to which <i>Galega</i> belongs, the
+flowers are pea-flower-shaped, about &frac12;in. or more long, and the same
+broad. They are of a pleasing, but undecided blue colour, arranged in
+long conical racemes, on stout, round stalks, as long as the leaves,
+which are pinnate, having a terminal odd one. The leaflets are evenly
+arranged in pairs, mostly in six pairs; they are each about 2in. long,
+lance-shaped, mucronate, entire, smooth, and glaucous. The floriferous
+character of the plant may be inferred from the fact that, after the
+raceme fades, there pushes from the axil a peduncle, which, in a short
+time, produces many other racemes.</p>
+
+<p><i>G. o. alba</i>, a variety of the above, grows 4ft. high, and is an
+abundant bloomer; flowers superb for cutting purposes. For culture, see
+<i>G. Persica lilacina</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Galega_Persica_Lilacina" id="Galega_Persica_Lilacina"></a>Galega Persica Lilacina.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Leguminos&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a lovely species of <i>Galega</i> imported little more than fifty
+years ago from Persia. Perfectly hardy; in general form it corresponds
+with <i>G. officinalis</i>. The following are its distinctions: More dense
+racemes of lilac flowers, a foot less tall, leaflets shorter and
+broader&mdash;in fact, oval, oblong, somewhat twisted or edged up in the
+arrangement, and often without the terminal leaflet.</p>
+
+<p>The above Goat's-rues are of the simplest culture; they will do in any
+soil, but if they are liberally treated they will repay it. A fat loam
+and sunny situation are what they delight in. They may remain year after
+year in one position, but I find them to do better in every way if they
+are divided the second year; it should be done in summer, so that they
+can make a little growth in their new quarters before winter sets in. In
+order to carry out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> this, the older plants (I divide half my stock one
+year, the other half the year following) should be cut over near the
+ground, though they may be in full bloom. Divide the roots into several
+strong pieces, and replant them in soil deeply dug and where they are
+intended to flower; they will bloom finely the following season.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Gentiana_Acaulis" id="Gentiana_Acaulis"></a>Gentiana Acaulis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Gentianella</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Gentianace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy, evergreen creeper, its creeping stems running immediately under
+the surface. This is a remarkably beautiful plant, and the wonder is
+that it is not grown in every garden. The most attractive features, when
+in flower, of this dwarf Gentian are its immensely large blooms and neat
+shining green foliage (see Fig. 43). It is easily identified, there
+being not another species like it, and certainly very few to equal it
+for beauty and service; it forms one of the best edgings for beds and
+borders. Many report that it is difficult to grow, which may be the case
+in some gardens from one cause or other, whilst in many places it runs
+like quick-grass.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img118.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 43." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 43. <span class="smcap">Gentiana Acaulis</span>.<br />(One-fourth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Flowers, dark bright blue, large, long bell-shaped, but not drooping;
+tube, five-angular, nearly 3in. long; corolla, five-limbed, and an inch
+or more wide; the stems are seldom more than 3in. long, square,
+furnished with small opposite leaves, and terminated with one flower on
+each. That part of the foliage which sends up the flower is arranged in
+rosette form, the leaves being stout, flat, and acutely lance-shaped.
+Anywhere or everywhere may this subject be planted; it is always bright,
+even in winter,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> and when there are no flowers upon it it forms a rich
+covering for the otherwise bare ground; its blooms will each keep good a
+week. They are rarely produced in great numbers at one time, but the
+plants will continue for a long while to yield them sparingly.</p>
+
+<p>I find <i>G. acaulis</i> to thrive well at the base of rockwork, as an edging
+to a flat bed, and in the gutters of the garden walks&mdash;it likes
+moisture. To me this is clearly proved by other plants, which, in all
+respects but one, are treated the same, the exceptional condition being
+that they are planted on the sloping face of rockwork, where they
+scarcely grow and never bloom. With reference to soil, rich or silky
+loam is best for it, but any kind, if sweet and retentive, will do. Its
+propagation may be effected by division of the rooted creeping stems
+after they have made four leaves. Very early in spring is a good time to
+do this, but neither these nor the old plant, if it has been much
+disturbed, will flower the same season after being so mutilated.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Gentiana_Asclepiadea" id="Gentiana_Asclepiadea"></a>Gentiana Asclepiadea.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Swallow-wort-leaved Gentian</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Gentianace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A tall and beautiful alpine species from Austria, very hardy and
+herbaceous. It has long had a place in English gardens&mdash;fully 250
+years&mdash;and is described by Parkinson in his "Paradise of Flowers." The
+tall stems are very showy, having an abundance of shining dark green
+foliage, amongst which nestle the large and bright purple-blue flowers;
+it is a subject that looks well at a distance, and, as a rule, flowers
+with that quality are of the greatest value for borders and cutting
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p>It grows nearly 2ft. high; the stems are round, erect, short-jointed,
+and very leafy; the flowers are produced on a third of their length,
+they are stalkless, and spring from the axils of the leaves in pairs;
+the calyx is &frac12;in. long, tubular, angled, and having fang-shaped
+segments; the corolla is also tubular and angled, somewhat bellied, the
+divisions being deeply cut and reflexed; the whole flower will be fully
+1&frac12;in. long. The inside of the corolla is striped with white and various
+shades of blue and purple. The leaves are 2in. long, oval, lance-shaped,
+distinctly ribbed, somewhat lobed at the base, and stem-clasping, which
+gives the pair of leaves a joined or perfoliate appearance; the nodes
+are short, or near together, the lower ones being the more distant,
+where also the leaves are much smaller; the foliage is a glossy dark
+green colour, the whole plant having a sombre but rich effect.</p>
+
+<p>From the fact that the long stems are top-heavy and of a brittle
+character, a sheltered position should be given to this plant, or the
+wind will snap them off. It ought not to have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> stakes, as they would mar
+its good form. A fat loam and a moist situation will suit this Gentian
+to perfection, and it may be planted with other strong herbaceous things
+in the borders, where it should be allowed to grow to large specimens.
+It is one of the quickest growers of its genus, few species of which can
+be grown in too large quantities. When it is needful to increase this
+subject, it maybe done more readily than the propagation of some
+Gentians&mdash;the roots are more easily separated. It should, however, be
+carefully done, and early spring is the best time; or if the autumn
+should be a dry season and the tops die off early, it may be done then.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July and August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Gentiana_Burseri" id="Gentiana_Burseri"></a>Gentiana Burseri.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Burser's Gentian</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Gentianace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy perennial species, of a bold but neat habit, while the flowers
+and foliage combine in rendering it a first-class decorative subject. It
+is a recent introduction, having been brought from the Pyrenees in 1820;
+it is seldom seen in flower gardens, where it certainly deserves to be.</p>
+
+<p>Its flowers are not brilliant, but they are effective from their size,
+number, and persistency; they are produced in whorls on stout round
+stems 18in. high, but only on the three or four upper joints. Each
+flower is 1&frac12;in. long, lemon-yellow, tubular, angular, having four to six
+segments, widely separated, and furnished with a membrane at each
+separation. The segments, and also the tube, are dotted with dark brown
+spots; each flower is tightly folded in a somewhat one-sided membranous
+calyx and borne erect. They occur in pairs mostly, but with several
+pairs in a whorl. They have very short pedicels, and the whorl is
+supported by a bract of stem-clasping leaves, cupped, and variously
+shaped, as ovate and beaked; there are also supplementary bracteoles.
+The leaves of the root very much resemble the plantain leaf, also that
+of <i>G. lutea</i>, having longish ribbed and grooved petioles or stalks;
+they are 5in. to 6in. long, and over 3in. broad, egg-shaped, entire,
+veined longitudinally, and slightly wrinkled; they are of a dark green
+colour, shining, and of good substance. The leaves of the stems, as
+already stated, are stem-clasping, and differ in shape. The flowers keep
+in good form for two or three weeks, and otherwise this rigid
+bright-foliaged Gentian proves very ornamental.</p>
+
+<p>I find it to do well in vegetable soil in a moist quarter. Most of the
+members of this genus enjoy plenty of moisture at their roots, and this
+specimen is no exception. A flat stone will form a good substitute for a
+damp situation if placed over the roots; besides, such a method of
+growing this and others of the tall Gentians will allow of their being
+planted on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> rockwork, or otherwise, near the more frequented walks,
+where they must always prove pleasing from their bold and shining
+foliage, to say nothing of their striking flowers. The propagation of
+this species should be effected by division of the roots, which are very
+strong. Each crown should have as much of the more fibrous roots
+retained as possible, and the parts to be severed should be cut with a
+very sharp knife; it also ripens seed plentifully.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Gentiana_Cruciata" id="Gentiana_Cruciata"></a>Gentiana Cruciata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Cross-leaved Gentian</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Gentianace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>An interesting species from Austria, and one of the "old-fashioned"
+plants of English gardens, having been cultivated in this country for
+nearly 300 years. Gerarde gives a faithful and full description of it,
+which I will quote: "Crossewoort Gentian hath many ribbed leaues spred
+upon the ground, like unto the leaues of sopewroot, but of a blacker
+green colour; among which rise vp weak iointed stalks, trailing or
+leaning towarde the grounde. The flowers growe at the top in bundels,
+thicke thrust togither, like those of sweete Williams, of a light blew
+colour. The roote is thicke, and creepeth in the grounde farre abroade,
+whereby it greatly increaseth." Its height seldom exceeds 10in., and it
+is to be commended because it is one of the Gentians that are easily
+grown, and is handsome withal. It may be planted in either vegetable or
+loamy soil&mdash;the common border seems to suit it; it spreads much faster
+than any of the other Gentians I know, with the exception of <i>G.
+acaulis</i>, and it is in broad masses one sees it to greatest advantage.
+Propagated by division any time.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Gentiana_Gelida" id="Gentiana_Gelida"></a>Gentiana Gelida.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Ice-cold Gentian</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Gentianace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This species comes from Siberia, and has been grown in this country for
+nearly eighty years. It is a very beautiful species, the whole plant
+being handsome; it grows nearly a foot high.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are produced in terminal clusters, one large flower being
+surrounded by a whorl of smaller ones; they are of a rich purplish-blue
+inside the corolla, which is rotate; the segments (mitre-shaped) and the
+spaces between are prettily furnished with a feathery fringe; the wide
+tube is also finely striped inside; the calyx is tubular, having long
+awl-shaped segments; the stems are procumbent, firm (almost woody),
+short jointed, and thickest near the top. The leaves are of a dark
+shining green colour, from 1&frac12;in. to 2in. long, smallest at the root end,
+and finishing next the flowers with the largest, which are
+lance-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>shaped, the lower ones being heart-shaped; they are closely
+arranged in pairs, are sessile, and at right angles with the stem.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to enjoy a shady damp corner in rockwork, where its distinct
+forms and neat habit appear to advantage. It should be planted in
+vegetable soil, such as peat or well-decayed leaves mixed with sand. It
+cannot endure drought at the roots. It is a slow-growing plant, but very
+floriferous; the flowers last fully a fortnight in good form, the
+weather, however rough or wet, seeming to have no effect on them. In a
+cut state it is exquisite, but those who properly value the Gentians,
+especially the slow growers, will hardly care to cut away the stems, as,
+by doing so, not only will the plant be checked, but next year's growth
+will prove reduced in both number and vigour. It is propagated by root
+division when in a dormant state. I have also successfully transplanted
+this kind after it has made considerable growth, but the roots have been
+carefully guarded against dryness.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Gentiana_Verna" id="Gentiana_Verna"></a>Gentiana Verna.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Spring Alpine Felwort</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Gentianace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A native evergreen creeper. This plant has many synonymous names in old
+books. It is now, however, well known by the above Latin name. Let me at
+once say that it is a matchless gem. Its flowers are such as to attract
+the notice of any but a blind person. It is said to be rare now in this
+country, still, I think it is far from being extinct in its wild state.
+Be that as it may, it is fortunate that it can be easily cultivated, and
+nothing in a garden can give more pleasure. Its flowers are blue&mdash;but
+such a blue! the most intense, with a large and sharply defined white
+eye, and though only &frac12;in. across, one on each stem, and 3in. high, they
+are grandly effective. It has a tubular, angled calyx; corolla five-cut.
+The leaves are oval, nearly 1in. long, and half as broad; dark shining
+green and of leathery substance. The radical leaves are crowded into a
+nearly rosette form.</p>
+
+<p>By many this Gentian is considered difficult to grow, but if a proper
+beginning is made it proves to be of the easiest management. Very
+suitable places may be found for it in, not <i>on</i>, rockwork, where good
+fat loam forms the staple soil; little corners, not <i>above</i> the ground
+level, but on, or better still, <i>below</i> the ground level, are sure to
+meet its requirements; on the edge of a border, too, where moisture
+collects in the small gutter, has proved a suitable position for it.
+But, perhaps, the most successful way of growing it is in pots, for, as
+with <i>Trientalis Europa</i> and other root creepers, when so treated more
+compact specimens are obtained. It is important to begin with
+properly-rooted plants, the crowns of which are often 2in. to 3in. below
+the surface; from these spring the numerous, bare, yellow, wiry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> stems,
+too often taken for roots, whereas the main roots are still deeper, very
+long for so small a plant, and furnished with silky feeders. Good crowns
+potted in rich fibrous loam and plunged in sand, fully exposed, with an
+unstinted supply of water, is the substance of the simple treatment my
+plants receive the year round; they are still in the 3in. and 4in. pots
+in which they were placed three years ago, and during spring they are
+covered with flowers. When a pot is lifted out of the sand in which it
+is plunged, the fine long silky roots are seen to have made their way
+through the hole. Spring is the best time to plant.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Geranium_Argenteum" id="Geranium_Argenteum"></a>Geranium Argenteum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Silvery Crane's-bill</span>: <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Geraniace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img123.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 44." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 44. Geranium Argenteum.</span><br />(One-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>A hardy perennial alpine from the South of Europe, introduced in 1699.
+It is, therefore, an old plant in this country, and is one of the gems
+of the rock garden; very dwarf, but effective, as may be seen by the
+illustration (Fig. 44). The foliage is of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> distinct and somewhat
+conglomerate character, besides being of a silvery-grey colour.
+Well-grown specimens of this charming Crane's-bill look remarkably well
+against dark stones. Its flowers are large for so small a plant, and
+wherever it finds a suitable home it cannot fail to win admiration. In
+borders of rich soil it is grown to the height of about six inches, but
+in drier situations, as on the upper parts of rockwork, it is more
+dwarf.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are fully an inch in diameter when open, cup-shaped, and
+striped in two shades of rose colour; the unopened flowers are
+bell-shaped and drooping; they are borne on long naked pedicels, bent
+and wiry, oftentimes two on a stem; calyx five-cleft, segments concave;
+petals five, equal and evenly arranged. The leaves are produced on long,
+bent, wiry stalks, the outline is circular, but they are divided into
+five or seven lobes, which are sub-divided and irregular, both in size
+and arrangement; they have a silky appearance, from being furnished with
+numerous fine hairs or down. The plant continues to flower for many
+weeks, but, as may be judged, it is, otherwise than when in flower,
+highly attractive. To lovers of ornamental bedding this must prove a
+first-rate plant. As an edging to beds or borders of choice things it
+would be pleasingly appropriate, and, indeed, anywhere amongst other
+dwarf flowers it could not be other than decorative.</p>
+
+<p>It thrives well in a good depth of loam, its long tap-roots going a long
+way down. If, therefore, it is planted on rockwork, suitable provision
+should be made for this propensity. The propagation of the plant is not
+so easy, from the fact that it makes large crowns without a
+corresponding set of roots, and its seed is scarce and often taken by
+birds before ripened. Moreover, the seedlings do not always come true;
+still, it seems the only mode of propagation, unless the old plants have
+plenty of time allowed them to spread and make extra roots. Latterly I
+have gathered the seeds before the capsules burst&mdash;in fact, whilst
+green&mdash;and, after carrying them in the waistcoat pocket for a few days,
+they have been sown in leaf soil and sand, and germinated freely. When
+the seedlings have made a few leaves the deteriorated forms may be
+picked out readily.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Gillenia_Trifoliata" id="Gillenia_Trifoliata"></a>Gillenia Trifoliata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">Spir&aelig;a Trifoliata</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">S.
+Triloba</span>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Three-leaved Gillenia</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Rosace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy herbaceous perennial from North America, imported in 1713. The
+main features about this plant are its elegant form and rich tints. The
+illustration (Fig. 45) may give some idea of the former quality, but to
+realise the latter the reader should see<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> a living specimen in the form
+of a bold clump. There is a wild beauty about this subject which it is
+not easy to describe; as a flower it is insignificant, but the way in
+which the flowers are disposed on the slender stems, blending with a
+quaintly pretty foliage, neither too large nor dense, renders them
+effective in their way. It is, however, only as a whole that it can be
+considered decorative, and it should be well grown.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img125.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 45." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 45. Gillenia Trifoliata.</span><br />(One-sixth natural
+size; blossom, full size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Although most nearly related to the spir&aelig;as the distinctions from that
+genus are very marked, notably the very slender stems and large flowers,
+which are produced singly on rather long-bending pedicels, almost as
+fine as thread, and, like the stems, of a bright brown (nearly ruddy)
+colour. The flowers form a lax panicle, interspersed with a little
+foliage. The calyx is a bright brown colour, rather large and
+bell-shaped. It contrasts finely with the five long, narrow petals,
+which are white, tinted with red; they are also irregular in form and
+arrangement, somewhat contorted. The leaves, as implied by the specific
+name, are composed of three leaflets; they have very short stalks, and
+the leaflets are all but sessile, lance-shaped, finely toothed or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>
+fringed, ribbed, and somewhat bronzed. Perhaps it is most useful in a
+cut state; the sprays, even if they have but one or two flowers on them,
+are charming for vase work. I may say the calyx is persistent, and after
+the petals have fallen they not only increase in size, but turn a fine
+red colour, and so render the sprays additionally effective.</p>
+
+<p>To grow this plant well it should have a deep soil; it also loves
+moisture, and, as already hinted, partial shade; it is a steady grower,
+far from rampant, like the spir&aelig;as. This is a capital subject to grow
+near or under "leggy" shrubs and trees, where, in semi-shade, it is not
+only at home, but proves very attractive. It may be propagated by
+division, the best time being early in the year, just before growth
+commences.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Gynerium_Argenteum" id="Gynerium_Argenteum"></a>Gynerium Argenteum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Pampas</span> <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Silvery Grass</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Gramine&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This handsome grass is well known, at least, its feathery plumes are,
+from the fact of their being imported largely in a dry state for
+decorative purposes. It has not been grown long in this country, and,
+perhaps, it is not generally known that it endures our climate as an
+outdoor plant; in most parts of Great Britain, however, it proves hardy.
+As far north as Yorkshire I have seen it in the form of specimens 8ft.
+high; my own examples are yet young&mdash;two and three years old&mdash;and are
+only just beginning to flower, at the height of 3ft. to 4ft., diameter
+about the same. It is a native of South America, occurring mostly on the
+prairies; it is also found in other parts where there are swamps and
+high temperatures. This would lead us to have doubts as to its
+suitableness for English gardens, but facts prove it to have elastic
+qualities in this respect. It proves at all times to be a noble ornament
+in gardens of moderate size.</p>
+
+<p>In its growing or green state it is a distinct and pleasing object, but
+it is at its greatest beauty when it has ripened its tall and silky
+plumes, which glisten in the sunshine and are of a silvery-grey colour,
+and when also the very long and narrow grass has become browned and
+falls gracefully, more or less curling under the tufts. All its parts
+are persistent, and, as a specimen of ripe grass, it is not only
+ornamental in itself, but it gives a warm effect to its surroundings
+during winter. Under favourable conditions it will grow 10ft. or 12ft.
+high, but it is seldom that it attains a height of more than 8ft. or
+9ft. As an illustration (Fig. 46) is given, further description is not
+needed. I may add that if it is not "laid" by heavy snows, it keeps in
+good form until the new grass begins to grow in the following spring.</p>
+
+<p>I find it to do well in light earth, well enriched with stable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> manure,
+the soil having a more than ordinary quantity of sand in it; the
+position is such as can have a good supply of moisture, being near walks
+that drain to it. In stiffish loam a strong clump was planted three
+years ago, but it has never looked healthy. The best positions for it
+are well-prepared shrubbery borders; there it contrasts finely with the
+greenery, and receives some protection from the high winds. It may be
+increased by division of healthy roots, when the grass is ripe, but it
+ought not to be cut off.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img127.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 46." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 46. <span class="smcap">Gynerium Argenteum</span>.<br />(One-twentieth natural
+size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The plumes appear in August, and will keep in good condition till the
+weather changes to a wintry character.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Harpalium_Rigidum" id="Harpalium_Rigidum"></a>Harpalium Rigidum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">Helianthus Rigidus</span>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Rigid Sunflower</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>One of the most effective and beautiful flowers to be seen in autumn; it
+would be hard to mention another at any period of the year that gives
+more satisfaction and pleasure than this does, either as a decorative
+plant or a cut flower. A bold specimen, 4ft. through, is truly fine, and
+not only those who seldom visit a garden, but amateurs well versed in
+flowers, are alike charmed with its rich and stately blossoms. Most
+people know what a Sunflower is; many of them are coarse and almost
+ugly; but though the present subject is of the family, it is supremely
+distinct; it is without the formal character in its ray, and also the
+herby leafiness of many of its genus, its large, clean, shining, golden
+flowers, mounted on slender, ruddy, long, and nearly nude stalks, not
+only render it distinct, but impart an elegance to this species, which
+is all its own. It grows 4ft. high, is a comparatively new kind in
+English gardens, and comes from North America; still, it has become
+widely known and appreciated, in fact a universal favourite, so much so
+that, although it increases fast, the demand for it is not yet
+satisfied; it is, doubtless, a flower for every garden.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are 4in. across, glistening golden yellow, and formed of a
+deep ray and small disk; the florets of the ray are 1&frac12;in. long and more
+than &frac12;in. broad, they are incurved at their points, but reflexed at
+their edges, and are handsomely ribbed or pleated; they are arranged in
+two or three rays in each flower, and irregularly disposed; the florets,
+being well apart, not only seem to give the bloom body, but also an
+artistic informality and lightness. The florets of the disk are
+chocolate colour, whence issue twirled filamentary forms, which impart
+to the centre of flower the appearance of being netted with a golden
+thread. The scaly involucre is formed of numerous small members of a
+dark olive-green colour, neatly arranged and firmly clasping the whole
+flower. The pedicels are long, round, covered with short stiff hairs,
+and thickened at the involucre; the stems are very rough, rigid, hard,
+and brown or ruddy on the sunny side, sometimes twisted and nude, with
+the exception of a solitary rudimentary leaf. The main stems have many
+axillary branches. The leaves of the root are few, 5in. or 6in. long,
+and oval. Those of the stems more lance-shaped, sessile, and slightly
+dentate, or toothed, lessening in size as they get higher; all the
+leaves are very thick, three-veined, and remarkably hispid, being almost
+as coarse as sandpaper to the touch. I have also observed another
+peculiarity about the leaves, when they have been taken from the plant
+for an hour or more, <i>i.e.</i>, they have a most elastic property. Very
+often the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> leaves may be seen in trios, whence spring three side
+branches, surrounding the upright and central one. The habit of the
+whole specimen is very rigid, with the exception of the flowers, which
+are slightly nodding; the tallest growths need no stakes, and the
+species enjoys a happy immunity from insect pests, probably by reason of
+its hispid character. As already stated, as a garden subject this is one
+of the most useful; it shows grandly in front of evergreens, and
+associates well with lilies. In borders of tall perennials, or in
+conspicuous but distant situations, such as are visible from the doors
+or windows of the house, or as isolated clumps, on or near the lawn,
+this fine Sunflower may be planted with satisfactory results; in fact,
+it cannot be planted wrong, provided it is kept away from small
+subjects. In a cut state it is of such value that it cannot be
+overpraised&mdash;a branch with four fully blown flowers and others nearly
+out, requires no assistance as a table decoration. Its blooms have the
+quality of keeping clean, doubtless from the smoothness of the florets.</p>
+
+<p>The cultural requirements are few. Any garden soil will do for it, but
+if deeply dug and well enriched with stable manure, so much the better;
+it should have a fairly open situation; it is not only a Sunflower in
+name and form, but it enjoys sunshine. It is self-propagating, and runs
+freely at the roots, immediately under the surface; the thick stolons
+form knobby crowns at their extremities, out of and from under which the
+roots issue, going straight and deep down, and so forming an independent
+plant.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August and September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Hedera_Conglomerata" id="Hedera_Conglomerata"></a>Hedera Conglomerata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Conglomerate Ivy</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Araliac&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>I do not introduce this as a flowering subject, but as a dwarf
+ornamental shrub; it differs so much from all other species and
+varieties of Ivy, and is so beautiful withal, that I trust no further
+apology is needed for giving it a place amongst decorative plants and
+shrubs. I have not been able to learn its habitat or origin; its stunted
+tree-like shape, together with other peculiarities, would indicate that
+it is a species; be that as it may, it has long had a place in English
+gardens, and yet it is seldom met with&mdash;it would be hard to explain why.
+On a bit of rockwork I have grown a specimen for nearly five years, and
+it was an old shrub when planted, yet it is not more than 2ft. in
+diameter and 1ft. high. It is much admired, and many notes have been
+taken of it. For rockwork, it is one of the best dwarf evergreen shrubs
+I know.</p>
+
+<p>It has very small leaves, densely arranged in flat or one-sided wreaths.
+They seldom exceed 1in. in diameter, and are of various forms, as
+heart-shaped, sagittate, oval, tri-lobed, and so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> on. Some are notched,
+others slightly toothed, but many are entire. All are waved or
+contorted, wrinkled and thickened at the edges, where the younger leaves
+show a brown line; the under sides are pale green, and furnished with
+short stiff brown hairs, as also are the stout leaf stalks. The upper
+side of the foliage is a dark glossy green, with shadings of brown. In
+substance the leaves are leathery, inclining to stiffness. The stunted
+branches have a cork-like appearance as regards the bark, are diffuse,
+curiously bent, and sometimes twisted loosely together. It is of slow
+growth, more especially in the upward direction, and though provision
+may be made for it to cling and climb, and it has also well-formed roots
+on the branchlets, still, it assumes more the tree-shape. I never saw or
+heard of its flowering, much less that it ever produced seed; if it does
+not seed we are not only deprived of an ornamental feature belonging to
+the genus from the absence of berries, but it proves that it is only a
+variety of some species.</p>
+
+<p>It may be grown in any kind of sandy soil, and nothing special whatever
+is needed. An open sunny situation will favour its form and colour of
+foliage; under trees I have found it to produce larger leaves of plainer
+shape and more even colour. During the winter it becomes a conspicuous
+object on rockwork, where it seems most at home. It may be propagated by
+cuttings, and spring is a suitable season to lay them in; in well dug
+light soil they soon make plenty of roots.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Helianthus_Multiflorus" id="Helianthus_Multiflorus"></a>Helianthus Multiflorus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Many-flowered Sunflower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This fashionable flower is glaringly showy. Still, it is not wanting in
+beauty; moreover, it belongs to an "old-fashioned" class, and is itself
+a species which has been grown for nearly 300 years in English gardens.
+It was brought from North America in the year 1597, and during the whole
+of its history in this country, it can hardly ever have been more
+esteemed than it is to-day; it is very hardy, and in every way a
+reliable subject. Everybody knows the Sunflower, therefore no one will
+care to read a description of it; still, one or two remarks may,
+perhaps, be usefully made in the comparative sense, as this is a
+numerous genus. Many of the Sunflowers are annuals, to which this and
+others of a perennial character are much superior, not only in being
+less trouble and not liable to be out of season from mismanagement in
+sowing and planting, as with the annual sorts, but from the fact that
+their flowers are of better substance and far more durable; they are
+also less in size and more in number&mdash;two points of great gain as
+regards their usefulness as cut bloom. They are, besides, better
+coloured, and the flowering season more prolonged. Well-established
+specimens, two or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> three years old, will, in average weather, last in
+good form for fully six weeks. The colour (yellow) is common to the
+Sunflowers. This species has flowers which vary much in size, from 2in.
+to 6in. across, and they are produced on stems 3ft. to 6ft. high, well
+furnished with large heart-shaped leaves of a herb-like character,
+distinctly nerved, toothed, and rough.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August and September.</p>
+
+<p><i>H. m. fl.-pl.</i> is, of course, the double form of the above, the disk
+being represented by a mass of florets considerably shorter than those
+of the ray proper. The flowers are not produced in such large numbers as
+with the typical form, neither does the plant grow so tall, but the
+foliage is a little larger; these constitute all the points of
+difference which I have noticed. These forms of Sunflower are very
+effective&mdash;nowhere, perhaps, so much as amongst shrubs. The plants lift
+well, carrying a good ball that facilitates their being placed in pots
+even when in bloom, when, as I have lately seen, they may be used in a
+most telling manner with potted shrubs in large halls, corridors, and
+public buildings. In such places they get no sun to make them droop, and
+a good watering keeps them as fresh as if they had not been disturbed.
+Of the usefulness of this flower in a cut state nothing whatever need be
+said&mdash;who has not tried it? Doubtless, when it becomes unfashionable it
+will have fewer patrons, but it will be the same flower, richly
+beautiful&mdash;&aelig;sthetic. No special culture is needed, any kind of garden
+soil will suit it; if well enriched, all the better. Any situation will
+do but one too densely shaded. Propagated by splitting the roots after
+the plants have done flowering, or in spring.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August and September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Helianthus_Orygalis" id="Helianthus_Orygalis"></a>Helianthus Orygalis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Graceful Sunflower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Yet another Sunflower, and one, too, of the common yellow colour, and
+not otherwise attractive, as may be seen by the illustration (Fig.
+47)&mdash;of course, I am now referring to the flower only. There are,
+however, features about this species which all must admire; stems 7ft.
+high, furnished with bright foliage, in the manner indicated, are not
+mean objects, even if topped with but a common yellow composite. This is
+a native of North America, and of recent introduction; it is a distinct
+species, and for foliage a prince among its fellows. I know not another
+to nearly approach it, <i>H. angustifolius</i> being perhaps the nearest, but
+that species has never with me proved of more than a biennial character,
+and its leaves, though long and narrow, are irregular and herby.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers need not be further described beyond saying that they are
+borne on short side shoots, near the top of the main<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> stems, but they
+harmonise with the general arrangement of foliage, and, indeed, from
+their bract-like leafiness, somewhat enrich it. This is one of the
+latest-blooming Sunflowers. The leaves are 5in. to 8in. long, and &frac12;in.
+to 1in. wide, the lower half on the stems droop, though they are of good
+substance; the upper half bend gracefully, and, from their close
+arrangement, all but hide the stem. At the axils of the larger leaves,
+tufts of smaller (much smaller) leaves appear, causing the long stems to
+be top-heavy. Still, they wave and bend during the strongest winds
+without supports or damage. It will be seen that the usefulness of this
+plant consists in its distinct form and tallness, and that it is
+effective is without doubt. Among low shrubs, or with other tall things,
+will prove suitable quarters for it.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img132.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 47." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 47. <span class="smcap">Helianthus Orygalis</span>.<br />(One-eighth natural size; flower, one-fourth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Any kind of soil will do, shelter from the wind being the most
+important, and perhaps the only point to study when planting. It is
+propagated by root divisions when the tops have withered.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, September and October.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Helleborus_Abchasicus" id="Helleborus_Abchasicus"></a>Helleborus Abchasicus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Abchasian Hellebore</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a native of the Caucasus, and in this climate, where it has been
+cultivated about fifteen years, it retains its foliage through the
+winter in a green state. It is a free grower, and flowers well, having a
+somewhat slender habit. It is sometimes described as having green
+flowers, but more often as having purple ones. It may be useful to
+remember that there are varieties, and it is likely that, even in the
+so-called green flowers, traces of purple will be seen. Not only is it a
+fact that this species, like <i>H. purpurascens</i> and <i>H. niger</i>, is far
+from fixed as regards depth of colour, but it is said to be one of the
+parent forms of some of the fine hybrids. These considerations may help
+to reconcile the apparently conflicting descriptions as regards bloom
+colour.</p>
+
+<p>The flower stems are 12in. to 18in. high, distantly forked twice, and of
+a purplish colour. The flowers are produced in threes and fours on each
+of the branchlets, are inclined to purple, over 2in. across, and
+nodding; sepals oval, waved, and set well apart at the outer ends;
+petals scale-like, green, and numerous; anthers a beautiful delicate
+yellow; leaves of the flower stems few, small, and of irregular form,
+notched, finely serrate, and of a purplish-green shade; in their young
+state more especially does the purple prevail on the under surface&mdash;they
+are, in fact, nearly the colour of the flowers. The radical leaves are
+many, nearly a foot in diameter, of a dark green colour, and leathery
+substance; the leaflets are rather distant from each other, forming a
+noble pedate leaf; they are somewhat one-sided, slightly waved, sharply
+and regularly toothed nearly all their length. From this description it
+will be inferred that this is one of the most distinct species, and such
+is truly the case. Moreover, it has a bold and rich effect. The older
+radical foliage, with its long stalks, is for the most part spread on
+the ground, when the new erect flower stems, furnished with small leaves
+and nodding buds and blossoms, all of a shining purplish colour, form a
+peculiar but pleasing contrast, not nearly so marked in any other
+species with which I am acquainted. There is a variety called <i>H. A.
+purpureus</i>, in allusion to the colour of the flowers being a little more
+purple.</p>
+
+<p>This Abchasian species and its varieties are not widely distributed;
+they are to be obtained, and need no longer be found only in rare
+collections. It is desirable in every way for the garden, where it forms
+a most ornamental object during winter. Its flowers last for four or
+five weeks, and in a cut state they form rich companion bloom to the
+white Christmas Rose.</p>
+
+<p>A good fat loam suits them; the position should be rather<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> shady and
+moist, but by all means well drained. A top dressing of good rotten
+manure, after all have done blooming, about the end of March, is a great
+help to them. All the Hellebores may be easily increased by root
+divisions, but the stock should be strong and healthy. Roots affected
+with the least rot or canker should be discarded, as from their slowness
+of growth they will not be worth garden space. Seed may also be raised,
+but unless sown as soon as it is ripe germination is less certain, and
+always slower in proportion to the length of time it has been kept dry.
+I may add that, in February (1883), I noticed a pot, sown with Hellebore
+seed in February of 1880; a few were just pushing through the mould. The
+seed was sold to me as the produce of 1879. Since 1880 I have sown seed
+ripened on plants that were bloomed for indoor decoration, it being
+ready about February. From this I had nice little plants in less than
+twelve months. But by seed the process of propagation is slow, and not
+advisable unless the object is to obtain new varieties&mdash;a very easy
+matter, by the way, with this family, if the simple rules of
+cross-hybridising are applied.</p>
+
+<p>All the Christmas Roses should be so planted that they may be
+conveniently shaded during their blooming time. They mostly flower
+during the dullest part of the year, and the blossom, more especially
+the white kinds and those with metallic hues, unless protected, become
+damaged with mud splashes. Hand-lights or bell-glasses should be freely
+used.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, January to March.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Helleborus_Antiquorum" id="Helleborus_Antiquorum"></a>Helleborus Antiquorum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Ancient Hellebore</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>In what sense this specific name is applied, or which meaning of the
+word is supposed to be exemplified in this plant, I have no means of
+being certain. It is very probable that the name is in reference to its
+"old-fashioned," but beautiful, flowers; that they are "worthy,"
+"dearer, more acceptable," and of "more esteem and account," is likely
+to be the verdict of every amateur who grows this kind successfully, for
+a more lovely flower could hardly be desired&mdash;large, white, softly toned
+with pink and grey. Sepals very large, incurved, overlapping each other,
+having the appearance of being semi-double, and being of good substance.
+The petals are small, short, of a lively green, and numerous. It is a
+bold and effective flower, but to see it in its full beauty it should be
+gathered spotlessly clean, as grey and pink tints are ugly when soiled.
+The leaves accompanying the flowers are of the previous season's growth,
+and are produced on slender round stalks, 1ft. to 1&frac12;ft. long, and much
+thickened at their junction with the leaves. The latter are nearly a
+foot across, pedate, or palm-shaped; the segments or leaflets are
+sub-divided and of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> irregular form, but mostly ovate, lance-shaped,
+finely and sharply toothed, and of a dull green colour. In a rich and
+free loam this kind proves a good grower, and when, in January, it is
+putting up its flower stalks, the buds being well developed and coloured
+from the time they appear above the earth, furnished with "floral leaf,"
+in which respect it differs from the common Christmas Rose, it causes a
+pleased surprise that such a pure and delicate looking blossom can
+develop and mature in the depth of winter. As a cut flower by many it
+would be preferred to the better-known <i>H. niger</i>, not only for its
+antique tints, but for the fine cup form, which is constant, and the
+overlapping, incurved edges of the sepals. Altogether, its form is
+distinct, and when used in small glasses as single specimens, or, at
+most, accompanied only by a fern frond or a few blades of grass, it is a
+charming object.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation, as for <i>H. Abchasicus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, January to April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Helleborus_Bocconi" id="Helleborus_Bocconi"></a>Helleborus Bocconi.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Boccon's Hellebore</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This, by many, is believed to be a species, but as such is
+unauthenticated. It is classed as a variety of <i>H. purpurascens</i>,
+compared with which, however, there are some well-marked distinctions.
+It is sometimes called <i>H. multifidus</i>, a name that suits it well, as
+being descriptive of its irregularly slashed foliage. It has but
+recently been brought under cultivation, and was found a native of the
+Apennines of Etruria. It proves perfectly hardy in this climate, and
+flowers in midwinter unless the season is very severe. As will be
+inferred from its near relationship to <i>H. purpurascens</i>, like that
+species it has non-persistent foliage, and the flower stems with their
+floral leaves appear before the leaves of the root. As a species or
+variety, whichever it may be, its more marked features are to be seen in
+the form or cut of the leaves.</p>
+
+<p>As a garden flower it is not showy, yet it stands out well in a group;
+the nodding cup-shaped bloom is a bright green colour, and, for a time,
+the outer sides of the sepals only are seen; but when the flowers are
+more fully expanded, the numerous and somewhat long stamens (which are a
+creamy-white) seem to nearly fill the cup; to my mind, its greatest
+charm is in the fragrant odour which it yields, resembling that of elder
+flowers. A single blossom, if plucked dry and when in its prime, scents
+a small room; at such a stage, the anthers are loaded with pollen, and
+the tubular petals are richly charged with nectar. True, these
+last-named qualities are common to the genus, but when they are coupled
+with that of a sweet perfume, and produced by an open-air plant in
+winter, such a plant, be its blossoms<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> green or red, is too valuable to
+be neglected. The flowers are borne on stems 6in. to 12in. high, which
+are twice and thrice branched or forked, having six to twelve blossoms
+on a stem. The flowers are bright green, nearly 2in. across, cup-shaped,
+and drooping. The sepals are somewhat oval, concave, and overlapping;
+petals very short, pale green, and evenly arranged; stamens
+creamy-white; styles green. The flowers are supported by floral leaves,
+which are much divided, in the way of those of <i>H. purpurascens</i>, but
+the segments are more irregular in shape. The radical leaves have long
+stems, and are palmate; divisions lobed. It dies down entirely during
+the autumn. Being a vigorous grower and free bloomer, and the flowers
+very durable withal, it should be largely grown for the sake of its
+sweet-scented blossoms for cutting purposes. There is an allied variety
+cultivated under the name of <i>H. B. angustifolia</i> (narrow-leaved).
+Assuming that <i>H. Bocconi</i> is a species, this is a variety but slightly
+removed from the typical form, inasmuch as the latter is not only much
+cut in the floral and radical leaves, but the shape is uncertain. This
+form, then, which, at least by its name, claims a specific feature in
+the cut of leaf, may be somewhat difficult to identify, more especially
+as there are no other dissimilarities of note. Seen, however, as a
+well-grown specimen, the feature of narrow foliage is not only manifest,
+but the plant is very effective.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation and flowering period, the same as with <i>H. Abchasicus</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Helleborus_Colchicus" id="Helleborus_Colchicus"></a>Helleborus Colchicus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Colchican Hellebore</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A new species from Asia Minor. This is a strong grower and blooms well.
+The flowers vary in size and shade, but it may be said to be distinct in
+form and pronounced in colour, the latter being an uncommon feature with
+the Hellebores; either growing or cut it is indispensable to a group.
+Moreover, it is one of the best flowers of the genus, and would stand
+high even in a selection of the best six; it is one that should have a
+place in every collection.</p>
+
+<p>It flowers amongst the previous season's foliage on branched stems; the
+sepals are somewhat round and flat, which gives the flower a stiff
+appearance. Still, from their unusual deep purple colour and the yellow
+stamens, together with the manner in which the sepals overlap each
+other, the flower is a most effective one; the petals are a bright
+green, and blend harmoniously with the yellow and purple parts. The
+leaves are very large, pedate, dentate, and distinctly veined. In a
+young state the foliage is richly coloured or tinted with "bloom." It
+enjoys a rich sandy loam and summer shade.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation, the same as for <i>H. Abchasicus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, January to March.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Helleborus_Cupreus" id="Helleborus_Cupreus"></a>Helleborus Cupreus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Coppery Hellebore</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Notwithstanding its peculiar colour, as implied by the name, this is a
+pleasing border flower; moreover, the somewhat large flowers are also
+numerous; blossoms 3in. across, arranged in clusters of four and six,
+and handsomely furnished with new foliage, are no mean things in the
+depth of winter. The specific name of this Hellebore, though applicable,
+is not so definite as some, inasmuch as the colour to which it refers is
+that of several other species and varieties; there may be rather more of
+the metallic hue in our subject, but it is so slight as to be outside
+the pale of notice to the florist. The Coppery Hellebore is a native of
+mid-Europe, and is one of recent introduction into this country, where
+it proves hardy but annually dies down. It grows and flowers freely in
+January, the flower stalks appearing before the radical foliage, and
+attaining a height of nearly a foot.</p>
+
+<p>The flower stems are a palish green, with purplish markings, are twice
+branched and furnished with floral leaves; the latter have ample
+stipules and seven longish divisions, which are well spread out,
+distinctly veined underneath, and coarsely toothed. The flowers are 2in.
+to 3in. across, sepals pointed, overlapping for about half their length,
+and well expanded; their outsides are of a purplish colour, which
+extends along the stalk; the inner surface of the sepals is a yellowish
+green, the whole being suffused with a metallic hue or "bloom"; the
+stamens and anthers are a creamy white, the petals short and
+apple-green. The flowers droop gracefully, and are rendered all the more
+pleasing by the floral leaves which immediately support them. The leaves
+of the root are large and pedate, the divisions wide apart and unevenly
+toothed; the under sides are distinctly veined with purplish-brown when
+in a young state. The habit is robust, and the bloom is produced well
+above the radical foliage. There is a peculiar beauty about a strong
+flowering specimen which would hardly be expected from the above
+description, and it is even more difficult for me to do it justice.</p>
+
+<p>In a cut state a whole stem, with its flowers in different stages of
+development, is fine. The youngest rosy-purple buds, about the size of a
+cob nut; the more opened bell-shaped forms, just showing both the inner
+and outer colours of the sepals; these surmounted by the longer-stalked,
+fully expanded, but drooping flower, with its tassel-like bunch of
+stamens, and all finely interspersed with young leaves of two distinct
+colours, according to the side which meets the eye&mdash;all go to make it a
+charming decoration for indoors, and if cut clean it deserves a place
+for the whole week or more during which it remains in good form.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation, as for <i>H. Abchasicus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, January to March.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Helleborus_Dumetorum" id="Helleborus_Dumetorum"></a>Helleborus Dumetorum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Bushy Hellebore</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>One of the less showy species. It comes from Hungary, and has been grown
+in this country about seventy years. It entirely renews its foliage
+yearly, the flower stems appearing before the radical leaves. The
+flowers are small, green, and drooping; the sepals are roundish. The
+flower stems are twice branched, full-flowered, and furnished with the
+"cut floral leaf," which is nearly stalkless and palmate. The root
+leaves are very smooth and pedate. The bright green flowers mix well
+with others, but where Hellebores are grown in limited varieties this
+may be omitted without loss as regards floral beauty.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation, as for <i>H. Abchasicus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February and March.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Helleborus_Foetidus" id="Helleborus_Foetidus"></a>Helleborus F&oelig;tidus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Stinking Hellebore</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a native species, distinct, ornamental, and evergreen. Its name
+may, with some, prevent its being planted in the pleasure garden, but
+its f&oelig;tid odour is not perceptible unless sought for. It is mostly
+found wild in this country in chalky districts, and it occurs largely in
+the southern parts of Europe. Though poisonous, it is a valuable herb.
+Its value as a garden subject consists in its dark evergreen foliage,
+good habit, and handsome panicles of bloom. The latter is produced under
+cultivation in midwinter. It never fails to flower then if the position
+is a sheltered one. In its wild state the flowers appear in March. It
+belongs to that section of the Hellebores which have leafy stems and
+many flowers; its grows 2ft. high, and never seems to rest, but goes on
+making new leaves throughout winter.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are produced in clusters larger than a man's hand, and are
+of a green colour, the sepals edged with brown, which turns to a
+purplish tint; they are nearly an inch across, well cupped, and mostly
+hang bell-fashion; the leaves are much smaller than those of most
+Hellebores, pedate, smooth, of stout substance and dark green colour;
+the divisions of the leaves are narrow and numerous. The foliage is
+persistent, and keeps green until after the new has appeared; it bends
+downwards in a pleasing manner, and the leafy stems have a palm-like
+appearance. These, when topped with panicles of flowers, though they be
+green ones, are worthy objects for any garden. It is a suitable plant
+for mixing with deciduous shrubs; bold specimens of it enliven such
+borders by their shining greenery, and they are of greatest service when
+most needed, for in such sheltered quarters they are pretty sure to
+flower during winter; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> the summer shade, if not too dense, will
+prove more beneficial to them than otherwise.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation, ordinary garden soil.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, December to April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Helleborus_Guttatus" id="Helleborus_Guttatus"></a>Helleborus Guttatus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Spotted Hellebore</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is one of the newer species or varieties; its main distinction is
+well implied by the specific name. The flowers are fully 2in. across,
+and white; the sepals are spotted with purple; the petals are more
+constant than in some species, and of a rich green colour; flowers are
+produced on stems having the floral leaf; the buds are a greenish white,
+but very beautiful. The foliage is smaller than that of most kinds; the
+leaves are radical, rather short-stalked, pedate, and divisions narrow;
+they are of a leathery substance and a dark green colour. This is a free
+bloomer, a fact which, together with those of its winter-blooming habit
+and distinct flowers, renders it a valuable acquisition to the open
+garden. Either cut or growing, it is very lasting.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation, as for <i>H. Abchasicus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, January to March.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Helleborus_Niger" id="Helleborus_Niger"></a>Helleborus Niger.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Black Hellebore</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Christmas Rose</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy, herbaceous perennial. It came from Austria in 1597. In favoured
+situations it proves evergreen; there is nothing black to be seen about
+a growing plant, and it has often puzzled its admirers as to the cause
+of its specific name, which is in reference to the black roots of a year
+or more old. It would appear, moreover, that this is not the true "Black
+Hellebore" of the ancients (see remarks under <i>H. Orientalis</i>). This
+"old-fashioned" flower is becoming more and more valued. That it is a
+flower of the first quality is not saying much, compared with what might
+be said for it; and, perhaps, no plant under cultivation is capable of
+more improvement by proper treatment (see Fig. 48). Soil, position, and
+tillage may all be made to bear with marked effect on this plant, as
+regards size and colour of flowers and season of bloom. We took its most
+used common name&mdash;Christmas Rose&mdash;from the Dutch, who called it
+Christmas Herb, or Christ's Herb, "because it flowereth about the birth
+of our Lord Iesus Christ," and we can easily imagine that its beautiful
+form would suggest the other part of its compound name, "rose." In
+sheltered parts, where the soil is deep and rich, specimens will grow a
+foot high and begin to bloom in December, continuing until March.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The individual flowers last a long time in perfection, either on the
+plant or in a cut state; they vary somewhat in their colour, some being
+more brown on the outer side of the sepals, and others much suffused
+with pink; but under glass, whether in the shape of a bell glass in the
+open garden, or a greenhouse, they mature to a pure white; their form is
+somewhat like that of a single rose, but may be more properly compared
+to a flower of its own order&mdash;the single p&aelig;onia. It is composed of five
+sepals, and is 2in. to 3in. across, being white or rose-coloured; these
+sepals form a corolla-like calyx; the petals are very short and tubular,
+nestling down amongst the tassel-like bunch of stamens; the flowers are
+produced on stout leafless scapes, having one or two bracte&aelig;; for the
+most part the flowers are in ones or pairs, but sometimes there may be
+seen three, and even four, on a scape. The leaves are radical, having
+stout, round stalks; they are large and pedate in shape, stout, and of
+leathery substance. The habit of the plant is neat, growing into rounded
+tufts.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img140.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 48." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 48. <span class="smcap">Helleborus Niger</span>.<br />(One-quarter natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>In suitable quarters it proves a quick grower, whilst in ungenial
+situations it will hardly increase, though it is seldom killed. As it
+happens that its flowers are produced at a most unfavourable time for
+keeping them clean, they should be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> covered with some kind of glass
+shelters, or, where the soil is retentive, the roots may be lifted with
+large balls of earth to them, and be placed in a cool greenhouse well up
+to the light. It would, however, be a mistake to adopt this plan where
+the soil is loose, and during the lifting operation will fall from the
+roots; and it is also a mistake to expect flowers from newly-planted
+roots. Where its fine bloom is required at Christmas, good roots should
+have been planted fully a year previously. Doubtless many an amateur
+will herein recognise his failing point when expecting Christmas Roses
+from roots planted only a month before, and sometimes less. True, the
+buds are there, and fine ones, too, perhaps, but the plants, unless
+transferred with a good ball, suffer a check which it will take at least
+a year to outgrow. It is a good plan to grow this flower in good-sized
+pots, which should be plunged in a shady part of the garden all the
+year, with the exception of the blooming period; but even with pots well
+grown and showing plenty of buds, the mistake is often made of suddenly
+placing them in heat, immediately over hot pipes or flues, the heat from
+which shrivels the buds and foliage too. Though the Hellebores are
+amongst our best flowers for forcing, it should be done gently in an
+atmosphere constantly kept humid.</p>
+
+<p>As a cut bloom, the Christmas Rose vies with the eucharis and
+pancratium. For vase work, or used about the person, it is a flower that
+wins the greatest admiration, and it is no unusual thing for cut flowers
+to last indoors quite a fortnight.</p>
+
+<p><i>H. n. angustifolius</i> (narrow-leaved Hellebore) has smaller flowers than
+the type. The divisions of the leaves or leaflets are narrower, whence
+its name. The foliage is of a pale or apple green, whereas that of the
+type is very dark. It was introduced in the same year as its reputed
+parent. As a foliage plant it is very handsome, the leaves bending
+gracefully, and the whole specimen having a neat appearance.</p>
+
+<p><i>H. n. maximus</i> is the largest Christmas Rose, and is a truly grand
+variety; the flowers are 4in. and 5in. across. The illustration (Fig.
+49) is one-fourth natural size. The scapes are very stout, and produce
+several flowers, which are held well above the foliage; like those of
+the type, they, too, are tinted with a pink colour, which passes away
+when the flowers are a week or so old. The foliage is remarkably bold,
+having thick, round, and beautifully marked stalks. Well-established
+specimens have a shrub-like effect, being nearly 2ft. high, and richly
+furnished to the ground. The half-blown buds of this variety are
+exquisitely beautiful, and vary somewhat in form according to their age;
+some resemble a nearly blown tulip, and others a rosebud. As
+buttonholes, backed with a frond of maidenhair, they are charming. A
+whole scape, having one fully-blown flower and several buds, is the most
+perfect<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> and beautiful decoration imaginable for a lady's hair. This
+variety is at its best in the month of December, being a little earlier
+than the typical form.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img142.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 49." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 49. <span class="smcap">Helleborus Niger Maximus</span>.<br />(One-quarter natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>All these kinds should be grown in moist and rather shady quarters;
+under trees not too densely foliaged will suit them; the soil should be
+a deep rich loam. I may mention that all my Hellebores are grown under
+"nurses," <i>i.e.</i>, suitable small trees. I use walnut. About eighteen
+species and varieties are planted under six small trees, 4ft. high. The
+reasons why I use walnut are, that they leaf late in spring and lose
+their leaves early in autumn, so affording the greater amount of light
+during the flowering time of the Hellebores, and screening them in
+summer from the sun with their ample but not over thick foliage; a cut
+under the trees once a year with a sharp spade keeps them dwarf and
+prevents their making too many strong roots. Without saying that
+Hellebores should be grown in this way, it will serve to show how they
+may be conveniently shaded. Nothing could well look more happy under
+such treatment, and, once properly planted, they give no further trouble
+than a mulching of rotten manure in spring, when all the kinds have
+finished flowering. Christmas Roses are easily raised from seed,
+provided<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> it is sown as soon as ripe, but plants so raised are two or
+three years before they flower. The quicker method of increase is by
+division of the roots. This can only be done successfully when the old
+stock is in robust health. Pieces of roots taken from old and unhealthy
+specimens will remain in the ground for twelve months as immovable as
+stones, whereas the least bits of clean young growths will form nice
+blooming plants the first year.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, December to March.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Helleborus_Odorus" id="Helleborus_Odorus"></a>Helleborus Odorus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Sweet-scented Hellebore</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Like all the Hellebores, excepting the white-flowered <i>H. niger</i> and its
+varieties, this has, until very recently, been much neglected,
+notwithstanding that its name implies the rare and desirable quality of
+a sweet odour; moreover, it is of easy culture, very hardy, and a free
+bloomer. It is a native of Hungary, and was introduced to English
+gardens in 1817. It is like <i>H. purpurascens</i>, only its flowers are
+green; it even more strongly resembles our native <i>H. viridis</i>. All its
+foliage is renewed annually. It belongs to the section having stems
+few-flowered, forked, and bearing floral leaves. It grows 9in. to 12in.
+high.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are green, small, nodding, and scented. The sepals are
+nearly round, and overlap each other. The flowers are produced at long
+intervals on the twice-branched, stout, pale green stems; they are
+supported by prettily-cut leaves, having lance-shaped segments, finely
+serrated, also having large stipules. The radical leaves are palmate,
+covered with a fine down on the under surface. The segments are oblong,
+undivided, and at the base quite entire, but finely toothed near the
+top. The bloom lasts a long time, either cut or in the growing state.
+There is nothing very distinct to the eye about this species, but it is
+to be commended for the sweetness of its flowers.</p>
+
+<p>Like other Hellebores, it should be grown in a shady place, where there
+is a good depth of rich sandy loam. Propagated by division of healthy
+stock at almost any period.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February to March.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Helleborus_Olympicus" id="Helleborus_Olympicus"></a>Helleborus Olympicus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Olympian Hellebore</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This comes from a Grecian habitat, as the specific name denotes; still
+it is perfectly hardy in this climate, and it deserves a place in every
+garden. It is not so old in English gardens as some kinds, and may not
+be much known; at any rate, it is seldom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> met with; but, from the fact
+of its coming into bloom in the first month of the year, and having
+finely-formed purple flowers, it is a desirable companion to the white
+Christmas Rose; it is variously stated to have white and purple flowers,
+both statements being authorised; they are produced in spare clusters on
+stems a foot high; the buds are charming objects, of a ruddy-brown
+colour, and the size of a big filbert; they are rather close together,
+and supported by a "cut floral leaf." The leaves are well divided and
+almost palm-shaped, the leaflets being ovate and toothed. It is a free
+grower, and never fails to bloom well too.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation and flowering period, the same as with <i>H. niger</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Helleborus_Orientalis" id="Helleborus_Orientalis"></a>Helleborus Orientalis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Eastern Hellebore</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Sometimes also called the Lenten Rose, as it may often be seen in flower
+during Lent, though it is no uncommon thing for it to bloom in January
+in favoured situations and mild winters. This is a very old species
+which has long been known to botanists, but it has only recently been
+introduced into this country. It is a native of the Levant, is plentiful
+on mountains and near Thessalonica and Constantinople. It has gone under
+the name of <i>H. officinalis</i>, and as such was, as it still is, the shop
+Hellebore of the East. As a garden flower it is to be recommended as one
+of the best of the genus; the colour is often a fine rose variously
+tinted, and the blooms are of good size. It is, however, a species
+respecting which there is still considerable misconception. One
+authority says the leaves die off and again appear with the flowers;
+another classes it with the group "leaves not annually dying"; then one
+says, "the greenish-white blossoms are tinted at the margin with
+purple"; another, that the flowers are "rose-coloured"; whilst botanical
+descriptions, usually so taunting to the florist as regards
+blossom-colour, are no exceptions in this case. "Sepals oval, coloured,"
+does not point out very clearly the information desired. Many of the
+species of Hellebore are known to produce flowers varying more or less
+in colour; and we also know that an individual blossom, during the long
+period in which the sepals keep good, often changes its tints and
+colours, but we are scarcely prepared to hear that a species has
+greenish-white flowers, whilst we have always seen a rosy or rosy-purple
+one produced. Still, the information from another source, that <i>H.
+orientalis</i> is a species intermediate between <i>H. niger</i> and <i>H.
+viridis</i>, would seem to favour the greenish-white as the typical colour;
+be that as it may, it is most likely that the more desirable
+rosy-flowered variety will prevail in flower gardens, that being the
+general recognised colour of the type, and moreover,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> one which renders
+it pleasingly distinct in the whole genus. There are hybrid kinds which
+have been raised from this species crossed with <i>H. viridis</i> and,
+perhaps, others, and some of them have greenish-white flowers; but they
+should not be confounded with the species under notice. These varieties
+have received such names as <i>H. orientalis elegans</i>, <i>H. o.
+viridescens</i>, and <i>H. o. punctatus</i>. If hybrids are to be honoured with
+specific names, it will require much care to avoid confusion, and it is
+just possible that some such causes have led to the various descriptions
+above referred to. The type under notice is fairly distinct, and the
+amateur having a slight acquaintance with the Hellebore family will have
+little difficulty in making it out.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are produced on forked stems, and are accompanied by
+finely-cut floral leaves, nearly sessile and palmate; the radical leaves
+are large, pedate, downy underneath, having long stalks, and remaining
+green throughout winter. The habit is to push the stout flower stems
+well up above the foliage, sometimes as high as 18in.; the flowers are
+very durable, at least the major parts&mdash;as the sepals&mdash;are, the stamens
+and petals falling somewhat sooner than those of most species; if
+different positions are given to a few specimens, flowers may be had
+from Christmas to Lent, according to amount of shelter or exposure
+therein obtained for the plants.</p>
+
+<p>There are facts connected with this plant, as other than a garden
+subject, which can hardly fail to be generally interesting. "This is the
+Black Hellebore of the ancients," so that, though <i>H. niger</i> bears the
+name and is known to be largely possessed of properties similar to those
+of the oriental species, it is proved to be wrongly applied. So much was
+claimed by ancient doctors for the Black Hellebore as a medicine in
+mania, epilepsy, dropsy, and other ills to which mortals are heirs, that
+naturally the true plant was sought with much zeal. Dr. Woodville
+laments the want of proper descriptions of plants and the consequences,
+and in his "Botany," p. 51, points out some ridiculous errors made in
+reference to the Black Hellebore previous to 1790; he gives the names of
+many plants which had been mistaken for it and actually employed, and he
+assumes that at the time of his writing all such errors had not only
+been discovered, but corrected, by what he then described as, and we now
+call by the name of, <i>H. niger</i>, being the true Black Hellebore; and
+after all, the potent herb of the ancients has been identified in a
+plant (a near relation, it is true) other than the white Christmas
+Rose&mdash;it may be some time before we come to think of our present subject
+as the true Black Hellebore, especially when an otherwise popular
+species bears the name.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation, as for <i>H. niger</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, December to April.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Helleborus_Purpurascens" id="Helleborus_Purpurascens"></a>Helleborus Purpurascens.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Purplish Hellebore</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A native of Podolia and Hungary, introduced sixty to seventy years ago.
+It belongs to the section whose flowers appear before the root leaves,
+having branched flower stalks and the cut floral leaf. It is a dwarf
+kind, and varies very much; I have now an established specimen in bloom
+at the height of 3in., and others at 8in. or 9in. It also differs in the
+depth of bloom-colour; some of its flowers may be described as
+purplish-green and others as greenish-purple, slaty and dove-coloured;
+others have a tinge of red more visible. The flowers are few, on
+twice-forked stems, are 2in. or more across, and commonly, as the name
+implies, of a purplish colour; the inner surface of the sepals is a
+slaty shade, the purple prevailing on the outer surface; the form of the
+flower is nearly round and slightly cupped, from the nearly round or
+kidney shaped sepals, which neatly overlap each other, and are also
+incurved at the edges; the petals are very short and green; the stamens
+and anthers of a creamy white; the floral leaf is nearly stalkless;
+segments unevenly toothed. The radical leaves are "pubescent on the
+under surface, palmate, with the segments cuneated at the base, and from
+three to five lobed at the apex." The habit is robust and free blooming;
+the flowers slightly droop, and, though the colours are not showy, they
+are attractive from the way in which they are borne on the straight
+stems and the absence of the larger leaves. It is a desirable species
+for the garden; a few specimens grown amongst a mass of the "winter
+aconite" are enough to make one forget that it is winter.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation, as for <i>H. niger</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February to April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Hepatica_Angulosa" id="Hepatica_Angulosa"></a>Hepatica Angulosa.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a very distinct species. It comes from North America, and is
+twice the size of <i>H. triloba</i> in all its parts; the leaves are more
+cut, and very woolly; the flowers are bright mauve, and 1&frac12;in. across.
+All the Hepaticas are slow growers, but <i>H. angulosa</i> is the more
+vigorous. Some say they should be grown in peat, but I never saw them so
+fine in peat as in strong loam, well drained and manured; they are the
+better with slight shade. I do not object to peat, as possibly it may be
+more suitable than the natural soil of some gardens. Still, if I had to
+make up a compost for Hepaticas, I should freely use strong loam on a
+well-drained site. With me they have been in flower nearly three months,
+commencing in February.</p>
+
+<p>It seems desirable to increase these fine spring flowers, but they are
+most impatient of being disturbed, and, after all, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> increase can
+exist in no finer form than in big clumps, though when they are to be
+propagated the roots should be divided before the new leaves are
+produced, which is during the blooming period. A deeply-dug and
+well-manured plot should be prepared for them, and their long roots
+should not be doubled up in the least; they both need and deserve great
+care.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February to April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Hepatica_Triloba" id="Hepatica_Triloba"></a>Hepatica Triloba.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syns.</i> <span class="smcap">Anemone Triloba</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Anemone Hepatica</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img147.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 50." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 50. <span class="smcap">Hepatica Triloba</span>.<br />(One-third natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The well-known common Hepatica, of which there are so many beautiful
+varieties. It is a hardy perennial, one of the "old-fashioned" flowers
+of English gardens, and is said by some to be a British species; anyhow,
+it was well known and admired in this country 300 years ago.
+Well-established specimens form neat tufts of three-lobed leaves on long
+stems, which are not evergreen in this climate, though the Hepaticas are
+known to be so in North America, one of their most extensive habitats.
+Here, under cultivation, they produce much finer flowers, and more of
+them. The cut (Fig. 50), however, shows the foliage in more perfect form
+than it is commonly seen to be in this climate during the period of
+bloom, when the old is usually<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> sered, and the new scarcely visible. The
+varieties of <i>H. triloba</i> differ only in the colour and form of their
+flowers, there being blue, purple, white, and pink. Of the first and
+last named there are double varieties as well.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation, the same as for <i>H. angulosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February to April.</p>
+
+<p><i>H. t. splendens</i> is a charming Windflower, and one which, from its
+extra brilliancy, is sure to become a favourite, as, indeed, the whole
+genus <i>Anemone</i> is. It is a new variety of <i>H. triloba</i>, and is yet
+somewhat scarce, differing from the more generally known kinds of the
+same species in only two points, so that, beyond the mention of them, no
+other description is needful: (1) Its flowers are single red, but so
+much deeper in colour, brighter, and of better substance, as to be quite
+distinct, and merit the name "<i>splendens</i>." (2) It flowers earlier than
+the commoner red kind. This handsome seedling of the common Hepatica is
+very suggestive of what can be done by raising seed from
+carefully-selected sorts, and within the last few years something has
+been done in that direction, so that in a little time we may expect to
+see other good varieties. I may add that seedlings are three years
+before they bloom, and even longer before a proper idea can be formed of
+their qualities.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation, the same as for <i>H. angulosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February to March.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Hesperis_Matronalis_Flore-pleno" id="Hesperis_Matronalis_Flore-pleno"></a>Hesperis Matronalis Flore-pleno.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Double Sweet Rocket</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Dames' Violet</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Crucifer&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>There are several double forms of this very popular old flower, such as
+purple, ruby, and pure white, the last named being by far the greatest
+favourite. A few years ago it was said to be very scarce, and in some
+parts of the country it certainly was so, but when the present taste for
+the good old flowers became general, it was not only found, but quickly
+propagated, so that now the double white Sweet Rocket may be had
+everywhere, and certainly no more beautiful flower can occupy the garden
+borders, its perfume being strong and deliciously fragrant. The parent
+plant of these double kinds is widely distributed over Europe; all are
+perfectly hardy.</p>
+
+<p>They vary in height from 12in. to 18in., branching candelabra-like, the
+flowers being produced in terminal spikes, arranged in the way of, and
+very much resembling, the double stocks&mdash;in fact, the Hesperis used to
+be called "Queene's Gilloflower." The leaves may be briefly described as
+oval, lance-shaped, toothed, and veined; dark green, and often spotted
+or blotched. Gerarde's description, too, may be given, as it is always
+pleasant to recognise the old plants of 300 years ago: "Dames' Violets<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>
+hath great large leaues of a darke greene colour, somewhat snipt about
+the edges; among which spring up stalks of the height of two cubites,
+set with such like leaves; the flowers come foorth at the toppe of the
+branches&mdash;like those of the Stock Gilloflower, of a verie sweete smell."</p>
+
+<p>These desirable flowers have a long blooming period, and their
+cultivation is simple; there is, however, one special point to be
+observed, otherwise these double kinds will die off. It should be
+remembered that they produce no seed, and propagation must be carried
+out by divisions of the roots and cuttings; old plants, too, have a
+habit of forming their perennial crowns nearly out of the soil, so that
+the roots going down from them are often bare and unestablished; the
+older parts, too, are frequently attacked by ground vermin. No doubt
+these causes would tend greatly to the former scarcity of the finer
+kinds, but all the difficulties, if they can be called such, may be
+overcome by the very simple process of either putting in cuttings like
+wallflower slips during summer, or, as soon as the old plants are past
+their best bloom, dividing and replanting the various parts deeper,
+whereby all of them, however small, will make good plants the following
+season.</p>
+
+<p>This mode of keeping up the stock will be found to make the plants
+vigorous and free blooming, and also will prove a remedy for the
+complaint so often given expression to in such words as "I lost all my
+double Sweet Rockets; I cannot keep them above two years."</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Heuchera" id="Heuchera"></a>Heuchera.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Alum-root</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a small genus of hardy perennials suitable for the decoration of
+the English garden from their bold and finely-shaped leaves, which are
+well marked with various pleasing tints, also because of their perpetual
+verdure and neat habit. It takes its name from J. H. de Heucher, a
+botanist. The species, as many of them as are known, are from American
+habitats; nearly all have been introduced within the last sixty years;
+the well-known <i>H. Americana</i>, however, is an old plant in English
+gardens, having been cultivated for 223 years. The order, as given
+above, together with the illustration figuring one of the species (see
+Fig. 51), will give some idea of the usefulness of the genus, especially
+when it is remembered that in the depth of winter the foliage is fresh,
+and even in a growing state.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are of little value for ornamental purposes; they are very
+small and numerous, and are arranged in panicles or racemes, on rather
+tall and mostly leafless stems, round, and somewhat wiry; calyx, petals,
+and stamens have a mixed appearance, the whole flower being of a dingy
+colour, often resembling<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> some of the panicled bloom of meadow grass,
+when seen at a short distance; the calyces, however, are persistent,
+they crown the capsules; these and the naked stems, from their durable
+nature, mar the beauty of the foliage for several weeks, unless cut off.
+The plants are more ornamental without the flowers, as they impart a
+seedy appearance; at no time does the foliage show to more advantage
+than in January, when most herbaceous plants are dormant, and when their
+handsome tufts are alike beautiful, either bedewed with fogs,
+crystallised with hoar-frost, or glittering in the sunshine. As a genus,
+<i>Heuchera</i> is sometimes placed after <i>Saxifraga</i> and before that of
+<i>Tiarella</i>; the latter it much resembles, as well as the genera
+<i>Mitella</i> and <i>Tellima</i>. Anyone knowing these will at once admit the
+usefulness of the plants under notice.</p>
+
+<p>Not only do they make good edgings or lines to borders, but the leaves
+in a cut state are of great service for table decoration, doing duty
+repeatedly around dishes, &amp;c., either with or without flowers; after
+being so used, if placed in water, they may be kept a fortnight in good
+form. I am told that the leaves are sold in Covent Garden Market for
+similar purposes. I have seen them used in the autumn with the large
+white anemone, and in winter with the Christmas rose, one flower
+arranged and tied on the face of a single leaf. These placed round
+dishes, &amp;c., have a pretty effect.</p>
+
+<p>They grow freely in any kind of soil, excepting stiff clay, and are
+readily increased by division of the crowns. This may be done any time,
+but, perhaps, spring is the best.</p>
+
+<p>The Heucheras bloom from May to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Heuchera_Americana" id="Heuchera_Americana"></a>Heuchera Americana.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">American Heuchera</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>The flowers of this species are a dull or reddish purple. The foliage is
+rough and clammy; the form of leaf resembles that of <i>H. glabra</i> (see
+Fig. 51), but the colour is a lighter green. All the genus are of an
+astringent nature, but this species is remarkably so, and in its native
+country has earned for the family the name of "Alum-root."</p>
+
+<p>For cultivation and flowering period see <i>Heuchera</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Heuchera_Cylindrica" id="Heuchera_Cylindrica"></a>Heuchera Cylindrica.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Cylindrical-spiked Heuchera</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is much in the way of <i>H. Richardsoni</i>, with the distinction
+indicated by the name, the flowers being arranged evenly round the spike
+like a cylinder.</p>
+
+<p>For cultivation and flowering period see <i>Heuchera</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Heuchera_Drummondi" id="Heuchera_Drummondi"></a>Heuchera Drummondi.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Drummond's Heuchera</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A tall kind, with leaves of handsome shape (heart-shaped and lobed) and
+greener than most varieties.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation and flowering period are described under <i>Heuchera</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Heuchera_Glabra" id="Heuchera_Glabra"></a>Heuchera Glabra.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Smooth Heuchera</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img151.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 51." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 51. <span class="smcap">Heuchera Glabra</span>.<br />(One-sixth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>This was introduced in 1824 from North America. The foliage is bold and
+abundant; the illustration (Fig. 51) not only gives a good idea of the
+form and habit of foliage, but fairly represents the whole genus, as
+seen during the late (1882) season. This species has dull pinkish
+flowers; the scapes have a few leaves; root leaves are 2in. to 5in. in
+diameter, heart-shaped, lobed, toothed, smooth, and of a dark
+bronzy-green colour. The leaf stalks are long and slender; the habit
+very neat.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation and flowering period are described under <i>Heuchera</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Heuchera_Lucida" id="Heuchera_Lucida"></a>Heuchera Lucida.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Shining-leaved Heuchera</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A very dwarf species, not more than 3in. or 4in. high; the foliage a
+clear bright green, nearly kidney-shaped, lobed, and roundly toothed.
+The fresh appearance of its prostrate leaves, which are 2in. across,
+forms a pleasing object in mid-winter.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation and flowering period, as given under <i>Heuchera</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Heuchera_Metallica" id="Heuchera_Metallica"></a>Heuchera Metallica.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This was presented to me in 1881 by a lady, who informed me that it was
+introduced by the late Miss Hope. It is a beautiful plant; the hues
+somewhat justify the name, but to the touch the leaves are more like a
+soft fabric, as cloth or velvet. The flowers are of no value, but the
+foliage is bloom of no mean order, so much so, that everyone stops to
+admire this handsome plant.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation and flowering period, as given under <i>Heuchera</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Heuchera_Micrantha" id="Heuchera_Micrantha"></a>Heuchera Micrantha.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Small-flowered Heuchera</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>From Columbia. Flowers a yellowish-green; leaves nearly round, bluntly
+lobed, crenate or round toothed, the teeth horned or pointed; the colour
+is inclined to auburn during autumn, but it varies, and for a botanical
+description it would be hard to state a particular colour. The gardener,
+however, will find in this a most useful plant, where different forms
+and tints of foliage are desirable. Into the sub-tropical garden it may
+be introduced with good effect. I may add that the leaf stalks are 9in.
+to 12in. long, also of a rich brown colour, and the leaves are 3in. to
+5in. across.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation and flowering period, as described under <i>Heuchera</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Heuchera_Purpurea" id="Heuchera_Purpurea"></a>Heuchera Purpurea.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This seems to be a less known or newer variety. If the name has
+reference to the colour of the foliage, it is not inappropriate. The
+bold leaves are a dark green, shading to a bronze, then a purple, the
+whole having a soft downy effect. It is a charming kind.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation and flowering period, the same as for the <i>Heuchera</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Heuchera_Ribifolia" id="Heuchera_Ribifolia"></a>Heuchera Ribifolia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Currant-leaved Heuchera</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is another dwarf kind, producing such leaves as the name denotes.
+Of this species the only useful feature for a garden seems to be its
+habit of neatly carpeting the ground under deciduous trees. It has also
+a remarkably fresh appearance during winter.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation and flowering period, as for other <i>Heucheras</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Heuchera_Richardsoni" id="Heuchera_Richardsoni"></a>Heuchera Richardsoni.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Richardson's Heuchera</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A taller variety than <i>H. Drummondi</i>. The most striking distinctions are
+the pale green colour of the young leaves contrasting with the bronzed
+appearance of the older ones, and the larger size of its flowers, which,
+however, are green.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation and flowering period, as for other species.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Houstonia_Coerulea" id="Houstonia_Coerulea"></a>Houstonia C&oelig;rulea.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Bluets</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Gentianace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img153.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 52." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 52. <span class="smcap">Houstonia C&oelig;rulea</span>.<br />(Natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+
+<p>Hardy and evergreen. This pretty little shining plant never exceeds a
+height of 3in. Like most species of this order, both flowers and foliage
+have much substance and endure for a long time in perfection, but its
+neat form and bright parts most commend it&mdash;it almost sparkles in both
+leaf and flower. This species, as implied by the specific name, bears a
+blue flower, but there is a variety (<i>H. c. alba</i> or <i>H. albiflora</i>)
+which bears white flowers, from a specimen of which the illustration
+(Fig. 52) is drawn, and, as the colour of the flower is the only
+dissimilarity, a description of the typical form will in all other
+respects apply to both.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The flowers, which are produced singly on slender stems 2in. high, are
+composed of a four-toothed calyx; corolla, four petals, or four-toothed
+and funnel-shaped; when fully expanded each flower is &frac12;in. across, and
+shows a distinct yellow eye. The leaves of the root are spathulate,
+those of the stems opposite and lanceolate; all the parts are shown of
+the natural size in the illustration.</p>
+
+<p>All the known Houstonias are natives of North America; still, our
+winters seem to kill strong plants. From an impression that the plants
+were destroyed by insects amongst their roots and foliage, I had several
+tufts lifted, well shaken out, and divided in the autumn; they were
+replanted in leaf soil and sand and kept rather moist. When planting
+them, all amongst the roots was thickly strewn with dry silver sand, so
+as to leave no space for the lodgment of vermin; the results were fine,
+fresh, green tufts throughout the following winter, which, however, was
+not severe; still, the plants not so treated dwindled and were
+unhealthy, whereas the others were finely in bloom, the subject of the
+drawing being one of them. These minute plants do well and look well
+wedged between large stones on rockwork, where they flower nearly all
+the year round; they also form pretty pot specimens under cold frame
+treatment; and they may be used with good effect for surfacing the pots
+in which other hardy but tall and bare stemmed things&mdash;such as
+lilies&mdash;are grown.</p>
+
+<p>The mode of propagation has been indicated by the above autumnal
+treatment.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Hutchinsia_Alpina" id="Hutchinsia_Alpina"></a>Hutchinsia Alpina.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">Lepidium Alpinum</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Crucifer&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>An alpine species, from South Europe, which may be said to be evergreen
+in this climate, and, according to my experience of it, flowering
+throughout the year. Though found in some gardens to be difficult to
+establish, when it finds a suitable home it becomes a pretty addition.</p>
+
+<p>This alpine seldom exceeds 2in. in height. The flowers are a glistening
+white and very small, produced in numerous heads, and they are very
+enduring; the calyx is concave and falls off; the four petals are
+inversely ovate; the little leaves are deeply lobed, of a pale shining
+green colour, with plenty of substance; its habit is spreading or
+creeping. Neither slugs nor any other pests seem to meddle with it. It
+may be transplanted at any time, and the mode of propagation may be
+gathered from the following remarks.</p>
+
+<p>Probably because its name implies its alpine character, some may be
+misled to plant it on rockwork; whether that be so or not, I so tried
+it, and found it would not grow in such a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> situation. A bed of dwarf and
+moisture-loving subjects was being planted, in which a bit of this
+Hutchinsia was dibbled, and it found a home in the moist vegetable soil.
+For two or three years I do not remember to have seen it, or the
+seedlings, without flowers; its pretty, dwarf, rue-like foliage grew so
+thickly that it threatened to kill the edging of gentianella and such
+things as <i>Polemonium variegatum</i>, the double cuckoo-flower, and the
+little <i>Armeria setacea</i>; it also filled the walks, and its long wiry
+roots have been eradicated with difficulty. From this it will be seen
+how much depends, with some plants, on the position in which they are
+placed.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Hydrangea_Paniculata_Grandiflora" id="Hydrangea_Paniculata_Grandiflora"></a>Hydrangea Paniculata Grandiflora.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Large-panicled Hydrangea</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This dwarf shrub is perfectly hardy and deciduous; it comes from Japan,
+and is one of the best hardy things I have come across for some time. It
+is quite a new introduction, and has many fine qualities; the fact of
+its producing immense clusters of white flowers, 12in. long and 12in. in
+circumference, as well-established plants, is enough to induce its
+extended cultivation; but when it is stated that its clusters are
+numerous and durable, that the shrub begins to flower in summer and
+continues in great beauty until damaged by frosts, it will doubtless be
+recorded on the lists of desiderata of those who do not possess it. The
+usefulness of such a subject is notable not only to the gardener who has
+a keen eye to artistic effect, but to the lover of showy flowers (see
+Fig. 53).</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are male and female kinds, and, as is usual with the genus,
+the fruitful ones are interspersed with unfruitful, being shorter in the
+stalks and nearly covered over by the latter, which are much larger; in
+fact, they are not the true flowers from a botanist's point of view, but
+with the florist it is exactly the opposite; their colour is white, more
+or less tinted with pink, which, if the autumn season proves fine and
+dry, becomes purple. As the name denotes, the bloom is arranged in
+massive panicles, pyramidal form, 6in. to 12in. long, and 4in. to 8in.
+in diameter. They slightly bend with the great weight, but are otherwise
+well supported by the woody stems. The latter are somewhat short, seeing
+they carry such large clusters. The leaves are oval, subcordate
+(varying), distinctly ribbed, and finely toothed, also varying much in
+size. The habit of the shrub is much branched, of strong growth, and
+very floriferous. The flowering shoots issue from the hard wood of the
+previous season's growth. In the shrubbery it is very attractive, its
+flowers out-numbering, out-measuring, and out-lasting most of its
+neighbours. Kept dwarf, what a grand bedder it would make! Grown in pots
+it is a first-class indoor subject. It has that rare<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> quality, even when
+in small pots, of being adapted for the company of large ferns, palms,
+&amp;c., from the great size of its panicles, and I need scarcely say that
+for cutting purposes it is valuable, more especially in decorations
+which are not closely viewed.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img156.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 53." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 53. <span class="smcap">Hydrangea Paniculata
+Grandiflora</span>.<br />(One-tenth natural size; blossom, natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The culture of this shrub is very simple; it does best in rich loam. The
+situation should be sunny, that it may well ripen its wood. In order to
+have clusters of large size, it should be closely pruned, like roses, by
+which treatment the bush may also be kept in the desired form. Its
+propagation is by cuttings; they should be of fairly well-ripened wood
+of the last season's growth. The degree of ripeness, like that of such
+things as roses and fuchsias, may vary according to the method by which
+the cuttings are to be treated. Half-ripened shoots will root well in a
+little heat; the harder wood will root equally well, but more slowly, in
+the open in sandy loam.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July to end of September.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Hypericum_Calycinum" id="Hypericum_Calycinum"></a>Hypericum Calycinum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Large-calyxed St. John's Wort</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Rose of Sharon</span>;
+<i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Hypericace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A very ornamental deciduous shrub, but often green throughout the
+winter. This I claim the privilege of introducing amongst herbaceous
+perennials; it is a well-known and favourite "old-fashioned" flower, in
+fact, a native of Ireland. The old name for it was "Cup St. John's
+Wort." In July it is in splendid form, and, familiar as we are with it,
+it never fails to win admiration. How charming are its large, shining,
+golden blossoms, nestling amongst the bright but glaucous foliage! the
+bundled tassels composed of numerous filamentary stamens glistening like
+threads of gold; and though often seen one can never tire of it. As a
+flower, it is distinct in form, showy, and richly effective.</p>
+
+<p>It grows to the height of 1ft. or 18in.; the flowers are 4in. across, of
+a rich golden-yellow colour, and produced singly on the very leafy stems
+which, at the base or at their more woody parts, are square, the upper
+parts being nearly round. Short flower-stalks issue from the side and
+near the top, a small new growth being produced in juxtaposition with
+the blossom, the said growth being composed of half-a-dozen or so
+smaller-sized leaves of a pale apple-green, charmingly suffused with a
+glaucous hue. The calyx of five sepals is very large, whence the
+specific name, and each sepal is nearly round and cupped, whence the old
+common name, "Cup St. John's Wort"; the five petals are 2in. long and
+widely apart; stamens very numerous, long, thready, and arranged in
+tufts. These are very beautiful, and form the most conspicuous part of
+the flower; like the other seed organs, and also the petals, they are of
+a rich, glistening, yellow colour. The leaves are closely arranged in
+pairs, opposite, and nearly sessile; they are 2in. to 3in. long, and
+about 1in. broad, oval-oblong, blunt, smooth, and leathery. When young,
+they are as above described, but when older, they are of a dark, shining
+green colour, and somewhat reflexed. The under sides are finely
+reticulated or veined, and sometimes the foliage is spotted with brown.
+The habit of the shrub is neat, the short stems being numerous and
+semi-prostrate, forming dense, even masses of verdant foliage.</p>
+
+<p>Such a subject as this cannot be too highly esteemed on the score of the
+merits already set forth; but there are other good qualities which I
+will briefly refer to presently. There can be little doubt that the fine
+parts and many uses, decorative and otherwise, of most of the
+"old-fashioned" flowers have much to do with the high and continued
+esteem in which they are held. Not one of the least recommendations of
+this St. John's Wort is that it can be grown with great success under
+the shade of trees. It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> is one of the very few subjects that will bloom
+freely in such situations. It is, therefore, very valuable; besides, as
+regards its period of flowering, it comes in nicely after the vincas are
+over. These two genera are, perhaps, the best hardy flowering shrubs we
+possess for planting in the shade of trees. I scarcely need add that for
+more open situations, as rockwork and borders, it is in every way
+suitable.</p>
+
+<p>To the lover of cut flowers this must prove one of the most
+satisfactory, not only because of its beauty, but also because they are
+produced for fully three months&mdash;into September&mdash;and they are sweetly
+scented, like wallflowers. A flower-topped stem forms a perfect and
+unique decoration for a lady's hair; sprays in small vases are
+exquisite, whilst a bowlful for the table (without any other flower) is
+very fine indeed&mdash;let the reader try these simple styles of decoration.
+Also, mixed with other flowers, it is one of the most telling; none of
+the yellow exotics can excel it. It is now before me, with a few sprays
+of the pink sweet pea and a bold spike of the white variety of
+goat's-rue; the blend is both delicate and effective. As a cut flower it
+can hardly be misused, provided it is not crowded.</p>
+
+<p>Its culture is simple. Any sort of garden soil suits it, but it prefers
+a sandy loam. A winter top dressing of stable litter will help to
+produce greater luxuriance and a longer succession of flowers. It
+quickly and broadly propagates itself by means of its creeping roots;
+these may be at any time chopped off, with a sharp spade, in strong
+pieces, which, if planted in deeply-dug loam, will make blooming
+specimens for the following season.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Iberis_Correaefolia" id="Iberis_Correaefolia"></a>Iberis Corre&aelig;folia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Crucifer&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a hybrid and much improved variety of the well-known evergreen
+and shrubby Candytuft, often called "Everlasting Candytuft." A more
+pronounced remove from its parents could hardly be found in any plant or
+shrub than is this. There are evident improvements in colour, size, and
+habit, both in foliage and flowers. It is also a robust grower and
+perfectly hardy, in these respects being very different from <i>I.
+Gibraltarica</i>. None of the shrubby Candytufts can compare with this for
+usefulness and beauty; it comes into flower in May, and is in its
+greatest beauty in early June. It remains in fine form for fully four
+weeks. At first the flowers seem small, but later they form broad masses
+of dazzling whiteness, the corymbs being the size of a crown piece. Not
+only is this wholly distinct from its relatives, but it is one of the
+most useful flowers and evergreen shrubs which can be introduced to a
+garden. It cannot be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> planted wrong as regards either soil or situation.
+It forms a rich surfacing subject, all the year round, to other tall
+plants, as lilies, &amp;c. It looks well as a front specimen in the
+shrubbery, makes an effective and neat appearance at the angles of
+walks, or as an edging it may be cut and trimmed as a substitute for a
+grass verge; it thrives on sunny or almost sunless outhouse tops, and on
+rockwork it is superb; moreover, it grows fairly well in reeky towns,
+and though its white flowers may be soiled the day they open, its bright
+green leaves and dense habit render it a pleasing object.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are arranged in flat heads at first, but as the stems become
+elongated and the succession of buds open, a long round cluster is
+formed by the old flowers remaining (as they do for weeks), such heads
+or spikes sometimes being 3in. long. There is much substance in the
+petals, which causes them to glisten in strong light; the flower stems
+are produced 5in. or 6in. above the foliage, their total height rarely
+exceeding a foot. The leaves are numerous, of a dark shining green
+colour; in length 1&frac12;in., and over &frac14;in. broad near the ends; their shape
+is spathulate, obtuse, entire, and smooth; the new set of foliage
+contrasts pleasingly with the old, and its growth is completed during
+the flowering period; the woody and slender branches are numerous and
+procumbent.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the positions already mentioned, in which this shrub may
+usefully be planted, there is none more so, perhaps, than that of rough
+or unsightly corners, where, if it is provided with a little loam, it
+will soon adapt its form to the surroundings. The flowers in a cut state
+are not only sweet-smelling, but very useful where white bloom is needed
+in quantity, as for church decorations. <i>I. corre&aelig;folia</i> can scarcely be
+said to need cultural treatment, but it is useful to bear in mind that
+it may be much more finely bloomed if generously treated, which simply
+consists in nothing more than giving it a sunny place and sandy loam,
+well enriched with old manure. Specimens so treated, which were cuttings
+only two years ago, are now 2ft. in diameter, and covered densely with
+large flowers; and how lovely some of the pretty weeds which have sprung
+up amongst the bushes, and mingle their flowers among the masses of
+white, appear&mdash;such as Spring Beauty (Claytonia), pink flowers; the
+Maiden Pink (<i>Dianthus deltoides</i>), rose; Self-heal (<i>Prunella
+pyrenaica</i>), purple; and the forget-me-nots! This comparatively new
+Candytuft is as easily increased as grown, by either layers or cuttings;
+the latter may be put in almost any time, early spring being the best;
+if put in in June, no better quarters can be given than under the shade
+of shrubs, where the soil is sandy loam.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, middle of May to middle of June.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Iris_Foetidissima" id="Iris_Foetidissima"></a>Iris F&oelig;tidissima.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Gladdon, Gladwin</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Spurge-wort</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Iridace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A British species, occurring largely in some parts, in shady woods and
+swampy places near the sea. It is evergreen and of a pleasing form
+throughout the year. Its flowers are of a dull colour, and not likely to
+be much esteemed, more especially when in midsummer there are so many
+beautiful kinds around; still, it merits a place in our gardens. Its
+handsome berry-like seeds, which are so attractively conspicuous in
+December, are much more desirable than its flowers, ready as they are
+for our use at Christmas time.</p>
+
+<p>It grows 2 ft. high, and is a water-loving plant, but may be easily
+grown in the more moist parts of the garden. The large pod is
+three-cornered; the husks having turned brown, become divided, and
+expose to view the large, orange-coloured seeds, which, later, turn to a
+reddish-brown. They are held in the husks for many weeks and strong
+winds do not displace them; they are very effective amongst the dark
+green foliage, and may be cut if desired, as they often are, for indoor
+decoration. They may be used in a hundred different ways, but never do
+they show to more advantage than when cut with long stems and placed in
+a vase with some of their own dark green sword-shaped leaves; these
+last-named, by the way, may be appropriated throughout the winter as a
+dressing for other flowers. There need be no difficulty in growing this
+species, for if the soil is not naturally moist in summer, a thick
+dressing of rotten stable manure will meet the case. As a matter of
+fact, my specimen is grown in a bed fully exposed to the sun; the soil
+is well drained, and stone-crops are grown in the next bed to it; no
+water is ever given to established plants, and still the Gladwin is well
+fruited; the soil is deeply tilled, and there is a thick covering of
+manure. It is easily propagated by division of the roots in autumn or
+early spring.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Isopyrum_Gracilis" id="Isopyrum_Gracilis"></a>Isopyrum Gracilis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Slender Isopyrum</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a hardy herbaceous plant, of great beauty. The flowers are not
+showy, but their great numbers and arrangement render them of importance
+in what may be termed a fine-foliaged subject. The Isopyrums are very
+nearly related to the thalictrums or rues, and this one greatly
+resembles the maidenhair-like section, one of which it is often taken
+for. There is, however, an important botanical difference between the
+two genera: the thalictrums have no calyx, and the Isopyrums have.
+Still, as the flowers of both are very small, that feature is not very
+observable. As a decorative plant it may be classed with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
+maidenhair-like rues, and the illustration may be said to give a fair
+idea of three or four species.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img161.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 54." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 54. Isopyrum Gracilis</span>.<br />(One-eighth natural
+size; 1, leaflet, full size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The Isopyrum under notice grows 12in. or 15in. high, and produces its
+dark brown flowers on slender, well-branched stems, forming feathery
+panicles, which have a graceful appearance. The flowers are very small,
+and composed of a five-cleft calyx, five equal petals, and numerous
+long, pendent seed-organs; the stems are elegantly furnished with the
+fine-cut foliage. The leaves are large, but the leaflets small, as may
+be seen by the one given, full size, in the drawing (Fig. 54), being
+somewhat cordate, lobed, and dentate; they have hair-like stalks, which
+add to their elegance of arrangement, and their glaucous colour further
+enhances their effectiveness.</p>
+
+<p>This light and diffuse subject may be usefully planted to relieve other
+kinds; in beds or lines it looks well, having a lace-like effect; as a
+cut flower or spray it nearly equals maidenhair, and for mixing with
+large flowers, it perhaps excels. Either cut or in the growing state it
+is very durable. It may be grown in average garden soil, but to have it
+fine, it should be given vegetable soil and a moist situation, not
+shaded. It is propagated by seeds or division of the roots in autumn.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July and August.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Jasminum_Nudiflorum" id="Jasminum_Nudiflorum"></a>Jasminum Nudiflorum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Nude-flowered Jasmine</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Jasminace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img162.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 55." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 55, Jasminum Nudiflorum</span>.<br />(One-third natural
+size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>This was brought to this country from China a little less than forty
+years ago, and, as proof of its sterling worth, it is already in
+extensive use. The whole genus is a favourite one; but there is a
+special and most attractive feature about this species that is sure to
+render it desirable to all&mdash;it flowers freely in midwinter, and it does
+so in the open garden. Like many of the genus, this species comes from a
+very warm climate, and for a time it was grown in glasshouses as a
+tender shrub, where it flowered during the winter months. It is now
+found to be a perfectly hardy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> subject, not only withstanding our most
+trying seasons without the least injury, but also proving true to the
+month of December as the period when it begins to produce its numerous
+golden flowers. It is a climbing deciduous shrub, though it has neither
+the habit of clinging nor twining.</p>
+
+<p>The shrub produces bloom when only 18in. high, but it often grows to as
+many feet, and even taller. The flowers are borne singly at the joints
+from which the leaves have fallen, and as the latter were opposite, the
+blossom appears in pairs on the new twigs. In the bud state they are
+drooping, and are marked with a bright chestnut tint on the sunny side.
+The calyx is ample, almost leafy, but these parts are hidden when the
+flower opens and becomes erect. The form of the Jasmine blossom is well
+known; in size this one is rather larger than a full-blown violet, and
+quite as sweetly scented, which is saying very much, but the colour is
+yellow; the petals are of good substance and shining; the flowers last a
+long time, even during the roughest weather, they open most during
+sunshine, but do not wait for it, and they remain open until they fade.
+The leaves, which are produced in early spring, are very small and
+ternate; leaflets of unequal size, ovate, downy, and of dark green
+colour. The wood is very pithy, square, with sharp corners, and having
+the appearance almost as if winged; the younger branchlets are dark
+bronze green. The habit of the shrub is rampant, climbing, much
+branched, and very floriferous. The green leafless sprigs of bloom are
+very serviceable in a cut state for vase decoration, especially if mixed
+with dry grasses or well-foliaged flowers; the sweet odour, too, reminds
+one of spring time. Specimens growing against the house or other walls,
+either nailed or in a trellis, have a happy effect in winter, from the
+slender whip-like growths hanging down and being well bloomed. From the
+dark green colour and great number of branchlets, although leafless, a
+well-grown example has quite the effect of an evergreen.</p>
+
+<p>It enjoys a sunny position, but I have it doing well in a northwest
+aspect; it may be used in bush form in almost any situation. Neither is
+it particular as to soil, but I should not think of planting a
+winter-blooming subject in stiff or retentive loam&mdash;that of a sandy
+nature is more likely to be productive of flowers. It is easily
+propagated from cuttings of the young wood; if they are taken in late
+summer, when the leaves are falling, they will root quickly. Before the
+strong west winds of autumn occur, it should be pruned, in order to
+prevent its being torn from the wall; if the prunings are laid in sandy
+loam, between shrubs, they will be sufficiently rooted for planting out
+by the following spring.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, December to April.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Kalmia_Latifolia" id="Kalmia_Latifolia"></a>Kalmia Latifolia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Broad-leaved Kalmia</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ericace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img164.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 56." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 56. Kalmia Latifolia</span>.<br />(One-third natural
+size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>An evergreen shrub, very hardy in our climate. It comes from North
+America, and from its dwarf character and free-blooming habit, it is not
+only one of the most useful shrubs, but may be freely planted in
+connection with herbaceous subjects, where it will help to redeem the
+deadness of beds and borders during winter (see Fig. 56). Like the
+rhododendron, it grows to various heights, according to the soil or
+situation in which it may be planted, but 18in. to 2ft. is the size at
+which it may often&mdash;perhaps most often&mdash;be seen producing its wealth of
+flowers. There are many fine flowering shrubs, but they do not gain the
+esteem in which this is held. Its large clusters of delicate flowers,
+surmounting dark shining foliage, and which seem almost too pure and
+beautiful to withstand the vicissitudes of the open garden, are its
+winning points; moreover, the flowers last several weeks in perfection.
+The flowers are arranged in broad panicles; the pedicels and five-cleft
+calyx are a bright brown colour, and furnished with short stiff hairs.
+The salver-shaped corolla, which is white, pleasingly tinted with red,
+has a short<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> tube and five divisions, curiously cornered; the flower is
+fully &frac34;in. across, and in its unopened state is hardly less pretty than
+when blown. The leaves are borne on stout woody branches, have short
+stalks, and a bent or contorted habit; they are thick, leathery,
+shining, smooth, and of a dark green colour on the upper side;
+underneath they are a yellowish-green. In form they are elliptical and
+entire, being 3in. to 4in. long. Healthy specimens are well furnished
+with foliage; otherwise it is spare, and when that is the case the
+flowering is rarely satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>As this subject requires to be grown in moist vegetable soil, such as
+leaf mould or peat, it is useless to plant it where these conditions do
+not exist; moreover, the rule with species of the order <i>Ericace&aelig;</i> is to
+require a pure, or approximately pure, atmosphere. Doubtless these
+conditions will debar many from growing this shrub successfully; but I
+may add, where its requirements can be afforded, not only should it be
+freely planted, but it will probably thrive without any further care.</p>
+
+<p>As a cut flower it is exquisite, if taken with a good stem and a few
+leaves; to many it may appear odd when I say it is too good to cut, but
+there are others who will comprehend me. The flowers can nowhere show to
+more advantage than on the bush, and it seems a pity to take its
+strongest branches for the sake of transferring the blossom.</p>
+
+<p>It is a slow-growing subject, but easily propagated by layering the
+lower branches; no matter how old or hard the wood has grown, if pegged
+well down they will soon become rooted.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Lactuca_Sonchifolia" id="Lactuca_Sonchifolia"></a>Lactuca Sonchifolia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Sow Thistle-leafed Lettuce</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is one of the few ornamental species of a somewhat numerous genus;
+it is, moreover, perennial and hardy in this climate&mdash;characteristics
+not common to the family. It came from Candia, in 1822, since which time
+it has been grown in English gardens, more or less, as a decorative
+plant; it is of unusual form, especially in the foliage. I think it
+would scarcely be called handsome; but the flowers, which are a fine
+pale blue, and of the form usual to the order, are too good to be
+overlooked, and their value is enhanced by the fact of their being
+produced so late in the year.</p>
+
+<p>In speaking of the flower as a subject of the pleasure garden, it is
+unnecessary to describe it beyond saying that it is of a rich but pale
+blue colour, and over 1in. across, produced on stalks nearly 2ft. high,
+in lax panicles. The leaves are large&mdash;about 1ft. long and 9in.
+wide&mdash;have a stout midrib, are pinnate, and most curiously lobed. The
+leaflets, moreover, are fantastically shaped, being again lobed, also
+toothed and bent in various<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> ways. The teeth have spine-like points, and
+the only uniform trait about their form seems to be that the edges are
+turned backwards. The upper surface is a pale green colour, the under
+side grey, almost white. It is of rather neat habit, and though I have
+not grown it in lines, it is only needful to see one good specimen in
+order to be certain of its effectiveness when so planted; it would be
+singularly distinct.</p>
+
+<p>It enjoys sunny quarters and deep but light or sandy loam. With me it
+does well on a raised bed of light earth; its long tap roots will save
+it from drought during the driest summer, when its fleshy and
+fast-growing foliage would lead one to think that it could not endure a
+dry time. It is readily increased by division of the roots or seed.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, September to strong frosts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Lathyrus_Grandiflorus" id="Lathyrus_Grandiflorus"></a>Lathyrus Grandiflorus</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Large-flowered Everlasting Pea</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Leguminos&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy, herbaceous climber, coming from the South of Europe. It was
+introduced to this country nearly seventy years ago; it is an attractive
+object when in bloom, growing 6ft. high and being very floriferous. The
+flowers are nearly 2in. across. Not only in good soil do specimens grow
+densely and become furnished from the ground to the extremities of the
+stalks with bloom, but the roots run under the surface so rapidly that a
+veritable thicket is formed in three or four years. It is as well to
+allow this fine pea a good broad space, in the midst of which several
+iron standards, 6ft. high, should be firmly fixed; to these, fresh
+twiggy branches might be secured every spring; if the old ones are left
+in, their rottenness will allow them to snap off during strong winds
+when the tendrils have laid hold of them; but fresh branches, used as
+suggested, will bend but not break, and will withstand the strongest
+winds. This is very important, as, if the mass of foliage heads over, it
+is spoilt for the season.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are dark rose colour, produced in twos and threes on longish
+stalks, which spring from the axils. The tendrils are three-cut, having
+a pair of oval leaflets; the stems are square, or four-angled, and
+slightly twisted and winged. This plant may be grown in any soil or
+situation. A specimen does well with me planted in rubble, where it
+covers a short rain-water pipe, the said pipe being feathered with twigs
+every spring; but to have flowers of extra size and luxuriant growth,
+plant in good loam, in a sunny site, and top dress with stable manure
+every spring. This large Pea-flower is most useful for cutting purposes,
+being not only handsome but very durable. The running roots may be
+transplanted in early spring, just before they make any stem.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Lathyrus_Latifolius" id="Lathyrus_Latifolius"></a>Lathyrus Latifolius.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Large-leaved Lathyrus</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Everlasting Pea</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Leguminos&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This deciduous climber is one of the handsomest plants of the British
+flora (see Fig. 57); in its wild state it is a charming object, and
+under cultivation, in full exposure to sunshine, with proper provision
+for its tendrils, and kept clear of weeds, it becomes in every way one
+of the finest objects in the garden, whether considered as a decorative
+climber, a floral specimen, or a source of cut flowers.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img167.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 57." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 57. Lathyrus Latifolius</span>.<br />(One-sixth natural
+size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>It grows fully 8ft. high, in deep and rich soil, and is furnished with
+large, many-flowered bunches of blossom from the leaf axils nearly all
+its length, each flower stalk being 6in. to 9in. long. The flowers are
+of a lively rose colour, about twelve in a cluster; tendrils five-cut,
+long, and two-leaved. The leaves are in pairs, elliptical, many ribbed,
+glaucous, and very large, whence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> the specific name; the internodes of
+the whole plant are winged, wings membranaceous; stipules large, broader
+than the stems. The habit is rampant; it enjoys sunshine, but will do in
+partial shade.</p>
+
+<p><i>L. l. albus</i> is a variety similar to the above in all its parts, but
+scarcely as large in the foliage, and the flowers are pure white, and
+produced a week or a fortnight later; for cutting purposes these are
+justly and highly esteemed.</p>
+
+<p>Tall vases may be pleasingly dressed by the flowered stems, if cut about
+3ft. long; these twined round or hanging down are very graceful, but
+they should not be used too freely&mdash;one, or two at most, on each large
+vase will be ample.</p>
+
+<p>Both the above may be grown with good effect amongst other climbers, on
+a specially prepared trellis-work, ordinary pea-rods, or over defunct
+trees.</p>
+
+<p>Propagated by seeds, or by division of very strong roots only. February
+is a good time for both methods.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Leucojum_AEstivum" id="Leucojum_AEstivum"></a>Leucojum &AElig;stivum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Summer Snowflake</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Amaryllidace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+             <img   src="images/img168.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 58." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 58. Leucojum &AElig;stivum</span>.<br />(One-third
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+<p>As may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 58), this native bulbous plant
+is somewhat ungainly; blooming specimens are sometimes 2ft. high, and
+each one rarely produces more than three of its small flowers, but they
+are worth growing, because of their lasting properties, either cut or
+otherwise; the pretty snowdrop-shaped flowers are very effective when
+used in vases, their long stems rendering them more serviceable than
+they otherwise would be.</p>
+
+<p>The white flower is without calyx, and has a corolla of six<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> petals,
+each one being delicately tipped with pale green; they are produced on
+long thick stems, each flower having a somewhat lengthened pedicel, by
+which they are suspended bell-fashion. The foliage is of the common
+daffodil form, but longer; bulb small.</p>
+
+<p>There are, it is said, two varieties of this species, which have
+generally become mixed; the other variety is said to be more dwarf and
+later in flowering; if this is correct, possibly these mixed varieties
+may have something to do with the long time which they are known to
+continue flowering.</p>
+
+<p>Not only for the sake of preventing the tall growths from heading over
+should it be grown in broad masses, but when so planted this flower is
+more effective. It will grow in any kind of soil, but it seems most at
+home amongst dwarf shrubs, where its flowers are always of a more
+delicate colour than when exposed. Propagated by division of the roots
+during autumn every third year.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Leucojum_Vernum" id="Leucojum_Vernum"></a>Leucojum Vernum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Spring Snowflake</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Amaryllidace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy bulbous species from Germany. It is not necessary either to
+describe or praise this beautiful flower, beyond stating that in every
+way it closely resembles the snowdrop; it is larger, however, whence the
+appropriateness of its name, Snowflake, in relation to that of the
+snowdrop. It will thrive anywhere but in wet, sour situations; it most
+enjoys fine light soil and the partial shade of trees, where it rapidly
+increases by offsets of the bulbs; these may, with advantage, be divided
+every three or four years.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March and April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Lilium_Auratum" id="Lilium_Auratum"></a>Lilium Auratum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Golden-rayed</span> <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Japanese Lily</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a hardy Lily, and though this particular species is
+comparatively new to our English gardens, it belongs to a noble genus
+which has had a place in our ancestors' gardens for ages. It was long
+thought that this bulb from Japan could not endure our winters, and
+though it is proved to be perfectly hardy, there are yet many who only
+cultivate it indoors, and seem surprised when they see it in beds and
+borders, where it is allowed to remain year after year.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers vary very much in size, from 5in. to 8in. across; the
+divisions are richly tinted (golden-rayed), beautifully spotted and
+reflexed; the stems, at the height of 3ft. to 6ft., are furnished with
+flowers, mostly about five to eight in number.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> Though the flowers
+appear delicate, it is surprising how well they stand out in the open
+garden. For beauty and effect this Lily is incomparable (see Fig. 59).</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img170.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 59." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 59. Lilium Auratum</span>.<br />(One-half
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Much has been said about its culture, far more than need be put into
+practice. I have found the observance of three simple rules sufficient
+in order to have it in fine bloom year after year: First, begin with
+good sound bulbs, not over large. Second, plant them 9in. deep in sandy
+soil, and a moist situation, surrounding each bulb with half-a-spadeful
+of fine charcoal, which protects them from rot, canker, and (what I
+believe to be the chief cause of failure) the wireworm. Third, grow them
+where they will be sheltered from high winds; otherwise their long and
+top-heavy stems become wrenched, and the upper roots, above the bulbs,
+so torn that the current season's bloom is more or less damaged and root
+development checked.</p>
+
+<p>To put my simple method of growing this Lily in a plainer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> way, I may
+state that my garden is naturally well drained, has light soil, and a
+south aspect. Under a west wall I planted small bulbs in the manner
+already stated, and though I have often seen this Lily nearly twice as
+tall as ever I grew it, I have not any cause to complain about the
+quantity of bloom. I never either water or put down stakes as supports.
+If the situation is moist no water is needed, and it is next to
+impossible to send down stakes without coming in contact with the large
+bulbs. Doubtless a few good waterings with liquid manure would be an
+advantage, but where <i>L. auratum</i> is esteemed as satisfactory with short
+stems, this need not be given.</p>
+
+<p>When once a clump or batch of this Lily has become established, it
+should not be disturbed for several years, when, if the stems are
+becoming too rank to allow them to wave without damaging each other's
+flowers, or if there are many young unflowered stems, they may
+profitably be dug out in a careful manner when the bulbs have ripened,
+which will be the case when the tops have become thoroughly dry; there
+will then be found to be numbers of nice clean young bulbs, which, with
+a year's extra patience, will probably form a more vigorous batch than
+the parent one. Such bulbs are properly called "home grown."</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, September to November.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Linum_Flavum" id="Linum_Flavum"></a>Linum Flavum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Yellow Flax</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Linace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This handsome shrub-like Flax comes from Austria, and is a comparatively
+new species in English gardens. It is not only a distinct form, but from
+the large quantities and more durable quality of its flowers, it proves
+itself a very useful subject for flower-beds and borders, where it
+should have the most select companions. It is classed as a hardy,
+herbaceous perennial; its woody character, and a few green leaves which
+it carries throughout the winter would, however, show that it is not
+strictly herbaceous. Its hardiness, too, will be questioned by many who
+have tried to winter it outside, more especially in the northern parts
+of Great Britain. It is only hardy under certain conditions, which, in
+effect, is saying that it is not perfectly hardy. It requires a light
+warm soil and a dry situation, besides which, if the winter is severe,
+it should be protected with a thick covering of ashes or cocoa fibre.
+This special treatment has been found needful in Yorkshire, but more
+south it has been proved hardy without such precautions. The neat habit
+and clusters of rich yellow flowers of this plant render it deserving of
+the little extra care above indicated; this, together with the fact that
+it is hardy in many parts, is a sufficient reason for naming it amongst
+hardy plants.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Its flowers are produced in branched heads, dense and numerous, on stems
+a foot or more high; each flower is 1in. or 1&frac12;in. across, the five
+petals being of a transparent golden yellow, distinctly veined with
+orange; they are broad, and overlap each other; calyx small, and of a
+dark olive-green colour; segments finely pointed. The leaves are 2in. or
+more in length, lanced, but inclining to spoon shape; sessile, stout,
+smooth, entire, and glaucous. Through the summer new stems are quickly
+grown, which, in their turn, become topped with clusters of bloom, and
+so a succession of flowers is kept up until autumn. On rockwork it is
+effective, the situation, to some extent, meeting the requirements of
+its somewhat tender constitution; it may also be grown well in beds or
+borders, but they should be of a sandy character, and raised, unless it
+is intended to take up the plants for the winter; in such positions four
+or five specimens form a charming group, and nothing can be finer than
+the effect of other Flaxes, of a tall and spray-like character, grown
+near and amongst this golden yellow, such, for instance, as <i>L.
+Narbonnense</i> and <i>L. perenne</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is easily propagated by seeds, which should be sown in the autumn as
+soon as ripe; it may also be divided, but I have found the quickest and
+best results from cuttings taken in a half-ripened state. They should be
+put round the side of a rather large pot in sandy peat; the warmth,
+shade, and moisture of a cucumber-frame will cause them to root quickly,
+when they should be potted off singly, so as to make sturdy plants
+before the winter sets in, and such young stock ought to be wintered in
+a cold frame.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August and September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Lithospermum_Prostratum" id="Lithospermum_Prostratum"></a>Lithospermum Prostratum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Prostrate Gromwell</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Boraginace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Sometimes called the Gentian L., from its bright blue gentian-like
+flowers. By many this species is considered synonymous with <i>L.
+fruticosum</i>. They are, however, very dissimilar. Our subject is an
+evergreen and stunted trailer; <i>L. fruticosum</i> is a deciduous trailer
+and very vigorous; both, however, are perfectly hardy. The most striking
+characteristics of the Prostrate Gromwell are its fine dark blue flowers
+and procumbent habit. It is a native of France, and only within the last
+sixty years has it been introduced into this country. Its habit is most
+distinct as compared with the various long-stemmed species. It much
+resembles the well-known <i>Veronica prostrata</i> in its general appearance.</p>
+
+<p>Its flowers are sparingly produced from the axils of the leaves, but,
+being large compared with the size of the foliage, they are very
+effective when they first open. The dark but bright<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> blue corolla is
+tinged with red, but later on the colour becomes an unmixed blue, and
+the blooms increase in size until more than &frac12;in. across. The complexion
+of the foliage is very dark (holly green), the leaves are about 1in.
+long, and are narrow and stalkless; they have much substance and are
+rather hard. The whole plant is thickly coated with hairs&mdash;a common
+feature of this order; but in this species the hairs are remarkably
+stiff, those of the edges of the leaves being almost thorny.</p>
+
+<p>The form of growth assumed by this plant eminently fits it for rockwork.
+It should be so planted that its densely-branched stems can fall over
+the face of a light-coloured stone; in this respect it forms a good
+companion to the dwarf phloxes, but it is otherwise a superior rock
+plant, being more characteristic and prolonged in its flowering. It
+should be allowed to grow to a large size, which will require several
+years, or the object may be sooner gained by planting half-a-dozen
+specimens in a group; this should be done when the plants are young, as
+it is very impatient of being disturbed when once established. It would
+make a capital edging plant for small shrubs, to come next the grass,
+backed by a row of <i>Erica carnea</i>, which is also dwarf, a continued
+bloomer and contemporaneous. Its propagation can only be readily
+effected in this climate by cuttings, as it does not ripen seed well; it
+cannot be divided, because generally the little shrub has a short bole,
+therefore, cuttings must be struck from the previous year's growth; they
+should be dibbled into fine sand and peat, kept shaded and cool for
+several weeks; they root quicker during the warm season, when they are
+also less liable to be over-watered, which is a very common cause of
+failure in striking cuttings; they should be well rooted before the
+winter sets in.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Lobelia_Cardinalis" id="Lobelia_Cardinalis"></a>Lobelia Cardinalis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Cardinal Flower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Lobeliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is one of the finest herbaceous perennials that bloom in October;
+stately, brilliant and lasting. There are many varieties of it, and of
+late years some extra fine sorts have been raised and named, all of
+which are good. The varieties differ much in the foliage as well as the
+flowers, some being much larger, and of a dark brown or reddish colour.
+The illustration (Fig. 60) is drawn from the typical form, which has
+smooth foliage; it is not so large as some of the varieties, but it
+seemed desirable to figure the type, otherwise the varieties might have
+proved misleading. To a more than ordinary extent this plant is called
+by its common name, "the Cardinal Flower," and I have very frequently
+found that it has not been recognised by its proper<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> name, even by
+amateurs who had long grown it. "Is that tall plant a Lobelia?" has
+often been asked; therefore, common as the plant is, I thought it might
+prove useful to give an illustration. One of its valuable qualities is
+that it flowers for a very long time, beginning about the latter end of
+August and continuing until stopped by frosts. In the early part of
+October it is simply grand, as then not only the main stems, but the
+lower ones, are all furnished with their brilliant colouring.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img174.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 60." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 60. Lobelia Cardinalis</span>.<br />(One-twelfth
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>This "old-fashioned" plant grows 2ft. or 3ft. high; the flowers are
+produced in terminal spikes on stout, round, and well-foliaged stems;
+each flower has a slender stalk, starting from the axil of a rudimentary
+leaf. The calyx is very finely formed, broadly cup-shaped and cornered;
+the five divisions are narrow, finely pointed, &frac34;in. long, and spreading;
+the corolla has a divided tube 1in. long, broadly set in the ample
+calyx, gradually narrowing to the divisions of the corolla. As may be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>
+seen by the engraving, the flowers much resemble some of our native
+orchids in form, the lip being most characteristic. The leaves are
+broadly lance-shaped, serrated, and sessile. The habit of the plant is
+erect, and almost rigid. The flowers are of the most attractive kind for
+borders, and, as cut bloom, can hardly be excelled.</p>
+
+<p>The only drawback which attaches to it in this climate is that it is
+<i>not</i> perfectly hardy; in other words, it dies in winter when planted in
+certain soils and positions. But I can, from an experience extending
+over three trying winters, confidently state that, if it is planted in
+spring, in deep rich loam, fully exposed to the sun, it will both flower
+well and live through the winter. Only let the reader remember that it
+is a native of North America, and he may then judge that it can be no
+stranger to a cold climate. The advantages of the above method are, that
+the plant becomes well established during summer, its long cord-like
+roots get deep down to the moisture it loves so well, and from full
+exposure it withers seasonably and the crowns become fully ripened by
+the time the strongest frosts occur, so that they do it no harm. The
+reader may take it for what it is worth, that by leaving the dried
+stalks on, the plants are benefited; at any rate, I leave them on, for
+the following reasons: In a dry state they are very hollow, and when cut
+I have found them conductors of rain into the midst of the younger roots
+and dormant crowns, causing them to rot, and when the remaining part of
+the stalk has come away from rottenness too, it has been seen that a
+cavity of corruption had formed where it joined. When I have left the
+withered stalks untrimmed until the following growing season, no such
+decay has been seen. So that, after all, it is perhaps not less hardy
+than many other plants about which little doubt exists, but which may
+have been a little more fortunate as regards other conditions than cold.</p>
+
+<p>To those who prefer to dig up their stock of <i>L. cardinalis</i> and winter
+it away from frost, I may say that it is only needful to pack the roots
+in sand, which should be kept moist, not wet. Propagation may be
+effected by division of the crowns in spring.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August to first frosts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Lychnis_Chalcedonica" id="Lychnis_Chalcedonica"></a>Lychnis Chalcedonica.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Chalcedonian Lychnis</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Scarlet Lychnis</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Silenace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+             <img   src="images/img176.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 61." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 61. Lychnis Chalcedonica.</span>.<br />(One-third
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+<p>This hardy herbaceous perennial (see Fig. 61) came from Russia so long
+ago as 1596. It is a well-known and favourite flower, and, of course, a
+very "old-fashioned" one; it is commonly called the Scarlet Lychnis, but
+there are other forms of it with white flowers, both double and single,
+and there is also a double<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> scarlet variety. The typical form comes into
+flower a fortnight earlier than the others, but all may be seen in bloom
+during July. The very brilliant flowers, which are produced for several
+weeks in large showy heads, must commend this plant, and its tall habit
+renders it all the more conspicuous. It ought to be grown in every
+collection of hardy perennial flowers, amongst which bright scarlets are
+not too plentiful. In sandy loam, enriched with well-rotted manure, it
+attains a height of 2ft. to 3ft. The flowers are &frac34;in. across, the five
+petals open flat, and each petal is divided into two rounded segments;
+the calyx is hairy, long, bellied, ribbed, five-cleft, and much narrowed
+at the divisions; the numerous flowers are arranged in flat clusters,
+interspersed with many small leaves or bracteoles; the stems are stout,
+round, and having hairs pointing downwards; the nodes or joints are
+distant and furnished with a pair of stem-clasping, lance-shaped leaves,
+whence issue short stems that flower later on. The leaves are 2in. to
+4in. long, lance-shaped, hairy, waved at the edges, and somewhat
+recurved. The whole plant is of a clammy character, after the manner of
+other Catchflies.</p>
+
+<p>As already hinted, this species, with its varieties, enjoys a sandy
+soil; a mulching of manure proves of great benefit; not only are the
+heads of bloom larger for it, but the side shoots are induced to flower
+freely. In borders of tall plants the scarlets are very showy; they
+cannot, however, endure shade; the position should be sunny and open.
+The propagation of the single forms may be carried out by seed, which
+ripens in large quantities; in fact, they sow themselves freely. The
+double kinds should be divided in early spring. In a cut state the
+flowers are both useful and effective, and if kept in a sunny window
+will continue in good form and open the buds.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Lychnis_Viscaria_Flore-pleno" id="Lychnis_Viscaria_Flore-pleno"></a>Lychnis Viscaria Flore-pleno.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">German Catchfly</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Silenace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>The double form of the red German Catchfly. The old Latin name for the
+type was <i>L. Angustifolia</i>, which is still used sometimes, being a good
+descriptive name. So much cannot be said of the common name; at any
+rate, it sounds odd that one of our native plants should be called the
+"German Catchfly," as name is evidently used in the geographical sense.
+There are several forms of this species having double flowers, which may
+be termed florists' or garden varieties; all are handsome and effective
+flowering plants, and last a long time in good form. A very short
+description will suffice for these, the flowers of which in many
+respects resemble pinks; they are, however, borne on stout stems in long
+heads, the petals being full, divided, and bent, each flower an inch
+across. The rose-coloured varieties are bright and attractive; the
+leaves are in tufts 3in. or 4in. long, narrow and reflexed. These double
+Catchflies are very showy in either borders or rockwork; they rank with
+our neatest subjects and brightest flowers, and certainly ought to be
+widely grown.</p>
+
+<p>They enjoy a stiff soil, but are in no way particular; they should,
+however, have a sunny situation. They may be increased by root divisions
+in summer or early spring.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Lysimachia_Clethroides" id="Lysimachia_Clethroides"></a>Lysimachia Clethroides.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Clethra-like Loosestrife</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a tall-growing and distinct species, newly imported from Japan;
+it is perfectly hardy and herbaceous, and differs very much indeed from
+its creeping and evergreen relation, the moneywort, or "creeping jenny,"
+being more like a tall speedwell, having large leaves; it is so
+dissimilar, there can be no likelihood of confounding it with other
+species. As a decorative garden plant it is both attractive and
+interesting.</p>
+
+<p>It attains a height of 3ft. in favourable quarters, and has both a
+wealth of rich foliage and showy one-sided spikes of white flowers; the
+latter are neatly formed and continue to develop along the spike for the
+length of a foot; the flowers are &frac12;in. across, somewhat star-shaped,
+having five, and sometimes six, divisions of the corolla, which are oval
+and cupped; the short flower stalk is supported by a very narrow
+bracteole of equal length&mdash;this helps not a little to enrich the yet
+unblossomed part of the spike, the buds of which are of the purest
+whiteness and pearl-shape, mounted in the claw-like setting of the pale
+green calyx; these pleasing spikes of flowers and buds have a peculiar
+habit of bending; the unbloomed part is at right angles with the erect<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>
+stem, with the exception of the tip, which slightly erects itself; the
+angle is ever changing, being ruled by the change of flower to seed, the
+development causing the sharp bend to rise day by day. The leaves of the
+root are spoon-shaped, and those of the stems broadly lance-shaped,
+varying in length from 3in. to 5in., entire, veined, of good substance,
+and having attenuated stalks; the younger leaves have a changeable
+satiny hue; all the leaves at their junction with the stems are marked
+with a bright redness; the main stems are furnished with many side
+branches, which assist in maintaining floriferousness until late autumn.
+The habit of the plant is dense, and from the numerous spikes of flowers
+and bright green foliage strong specimens have a commendable appearance;
+with me, the growth has been remarkably vigorous, exceeding by nearly a
+foot the usual height; this I attribute to the enrichment of the soil.
+The bent spikes are scarcely suitable for cutting purposes, but that the
+plant is deserving of a place in the borders may fairly be inferred from
+the manner in which it wins admiration when in flower. It enjoys deep
+loam, which, as before hinted, should be rich; the situation should be
+such as will afford it protection from the winds&mdash;then, if its leaves
+remain untorn, they will afford a treat from their "autumnal tints."
+Propagated by root division during late autumn or early spring.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Margyricarpus_Setosus" id="Margyricarpus_Setosus"></a>Margyricarpus Setosus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Bristly Pearl-fruit</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Rosace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A charming little evergreen shrub, and most aptly named, for not only
+does the name convey some idea of its beauty, but it is specific to the
+utmost degree; a glance at the illustration (Fig. 62) and the English
+name, which is a translation of the Latin one, will show this. It is the
+only species of the genus. It was introduced in the year 1829 from Peru,
+and for a time was considered too tender a subject for other than stove
+treatment, and even now it is treated as a shrub needing protection; but
+warm as is its native climate, it proves hardy in ours; it is not merely
+a safe subject to winter out under special conditions, but quite hardy
+in fully exposed parts. It stood out with me in the winters of 1879-80
+and 1880-1, and in 1881-2, which, however, was specially mild, it held
+its berries until spring. Its evergreen character renders it all the
+more desirable, for though the foliage is small and somewhat spare, it
+is of a bright and pleasing colour. Quite young specimens are prolific,
+and only during the severe months are they without berries.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img179.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 62." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 62. <span class="smcap">Margyricarpus Setosus</span>.<br />(One-third natural size; fruit, natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>A full-grown example does not exceed the height of 6in. or 8in. in this
+climate. The flowers are green and insignificant&mdash;in fact, hardly
+visible, and must be closely looked for; they are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> produced singly on
+the riper parts of the soft wooded branches; they are chubby forms, all
+but stalkless, and supported by a brown stem-clasping sheath, which is
+long-pointed and bent backwards, resembling a spine; these sheaths are
+numerous, and probably suggested the specific name, <i>setosus</i>&mdash;rough or
+bristly. The flowers appear for many months, and there is a
+corresponding succession of berries; the latter form the main feature of
+this singular shrub, measuring 1/8in. to 1/6in. in diameter, they are of
+a clear, shining white colour, and are well named "pearl fruit." Sooner
+or later in the season every joint of the main branches seems to be
+furnished with fruit, which lasts a long time in perfection. The leaves
+are &frac12;in. to 1in. long, pinnate, leaflets awl-shaped, reflexed, and of a
+deep glistening green colour; they are arranged in minute tufts on
+stoutish branchlets, and, for the most part, have a single berry at the
+parent node. All these young shoots grow in the upward direction,
+leaving the procumbent branches to form an even line on the lower side.
+The habit of this shrub is spreading and prostrate, and, from the bright
+berries and foliage (the latter all turned upwards), it becomes a most
+pleasing object to look down upon, reminding one of a dwarf erica
+immediately after a hailstorm. For rockwork,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> this is a gem. Many
+amateurs will be glad to learn, if they do not already know the shrub,
+that it is one of those pretty, uncommon, and distinct forms ever
+desirable for choice collections.</p>
+
+<p>It should be so planted that its branches can rest on a dark-coloured
+stone; this will show up its fruit to advantage. It enjoys a rich, light
+soil, thriving in a mixture of sand, loam, and rotten leaves. Beyond
+this there is nothing special about its culture; moreover, it is easily
+increased, either by cuttings taken in summer and pricked into moist
+peat under a bell glass, or by layering the branches. These only need to
+be pegged down and covered with soil, or to have a small boulder placed
+on the part where roots are desired.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, all summer.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Mazus_Pumilio" id="Mazus_Pumilio"></a>Mazus Pumilio.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Dwarf Mazus</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Scrophulariace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This diminutive and pretty plant is a native of Australia, and was
+introduced into this country in 1823. It is hardy, herbaceous, and
+perennial; it is, however, sometimes said to be only annual, which may
+have been inferred from the fact of its perishing in winter in this
+climate when grown in cold, stiff soil, but that it is perennial is
+beyond doubt. Not only have I experienced that it dies every winter in
+clay soil, but also that the roots remain fresh and healthy year after
+year when in more suitable quarters, such as an open situation in light
+vegetable soil mixed with sand, where it quickly spreads by underground
+runners and asserts its perennial character.</p>
+
+<p>Its flowers much resemble the small wild violet of the hedgerows, in
+size and colour more especially; the flower-stalks are, however,
+sometimes branched, carrying four or five flowers; and if I may be
+allowed to make another comparison in order to convey an idea of its
+form, I would mention <i>Pinguicula vulgaris</i>, the common butterwort. The
+flowers spring from the midst of flattened tufts of pale green foliage;
+the leaves are 1in. to 3in. long, spoon-shaped, slightly waved at the
+edges and occasionally notched, distinctly veined, of a light green
+colour, and flesh-tinted in the stalks; they are arranged in nearly
+rosette form up to the period of flowering, when they are not only
+longer, but become almost erect; but the younger tufts which do not
+produce flowers remain perfectly flat.</p>
+
+<p>It is useful for rockwork or as a carpet plant where the soil is of a
+sandy nature. There should be few bare places in our gardens whilst we
+have such lovely creepers as this to fall back upon. The rooted stems,
+which run immediately under the surface, may be transplanted any time
+except during winter. If the roots are mutilated then, they will
+probably rot.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to September.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Melittis_Melissophyllum" id="Melittis_Melissophyllum"></a>Melittis Melissophyllum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> M. <span class="smcap">Grandiflorum; Large-flowered Bastard Balm</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Labiat&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img181.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 63." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 63. <span class="smcap">Melittis Melissophyllum</span>.<br />(One-sixth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>This is a somewhat uncommon but handsome native plant. The above names,
+together with the illustration (Fig. 63), will doubtless give the reader
+a fair idea of its appearance. It forms one of the best possible
+subjects for a border of "old-fashioned" plants, being of a distinct
+type and colour.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are a mixture of white, pink, and purple; and are nearly
+2in. long, in general shape resembling the foxglove, but wider at the
+corolla and a little shorter in the broad tube. They are arranged in
+whorls springing from the axils of the leaves. The whorls are said to be
+of as many as eight flowers, but specimens are more commonly seen to
+have only two to four, being repeated the whole length of the stems,
+which are 18in. high. The leaves are two to three inches long, and half
+as broad, ovate, serrate, hairy, and short stalked. No one can be
+otherwise than pleased with the ancient style and soft colour of the
+large flowers, which last a long time in perfection. There is a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>
+trimness, too, about the plant which distinguishes it from the more
+weedy species to which it is related.</p>
+
+<p>In a cut state the long stems are not only pretty of themselves when
+placed in old vases or crackle ware, but they have a remarkably good
+effect. They, however, should not be crowded or swamped by more showy
+foliage or flowers&mdash;in fact, they should be used alone.</p>
+
+<p>It will grow anywhere and in any quality of soil, but slight shade and
+well-enriched loam will be found to make a vast difference in the size
+of the flowers, and their colour will be also improved. It may be
+divided or transplanted any time after it has done flowering.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Monarda_Didyma" id="Monarda_Didyma"></a>Monarda Didyma.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">M. Kalmiana; Bee Balm</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Oswego Tea</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Labiat&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>All the Monardas are natives of North America, and, consequently, quite
+hardy in this country; they are also herbaceous and perennial. This
+species has been grown for 130 years in English gardens, and at the
+present time it is not only accounted an old flower but it is highly
+esteemed. The blooms are large and brilliant in colour, and their shaggy
+forms give them an effect which is decorative both in the garden and
+vase.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are not only numerous, but, for the most part, bright;
+moreover, they begin to flower at midsummer and continue until the
+frosts set in.</p>
+
+<p>The species under notice has bright scarlet flowers, produced when the
+plant is about 18in. high; it, however, grows to nearly twice that size,
+flowering all the while. The whorls of bloom issue from half-globular
+arrangements of buds and persistent calyces; each flower is an inch
+long; corolla ringent, or gaping; helmet, or upper division, linear; the
+seed organs are longer; the calyx tubular, having five minute teeth,
+being striped and grooved; the whole head, or whorl, is supported by a
+leafy bract, the leaflets being of a pale green colour, tinted with red.
+The leaves are ovate-cordate, or broadly lance-shaped, taper-pointed,
+toothed, rough, and slightly wrinkled, and they have short stalks. The
+stems are square, grooved, and hard. The whole plant exhales a powerful
+but pleasant odour. The habit is branching, that of the root
+progressive, not only increasing rapidly, but such parts on the surface
+may be termed creeping or prostrate branches, forming a veritable mat of
+fibre.</p>
+
+<p>The whole genus is made up of such species as may be used freely in most
+gardens, more especially in those having plenty of space.</p>
+
+<p>For culture and flowering period, see <i>M. Russelliana</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Monarda_Fistulosa" id="Monarda_Fistulosa"></a>Monarda Fistulosa.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Wild Bergamot</span>; <i>Syns.</i> <span class="smcap">M. Affinis, M. Altissima, M. Media,
+M. Oblongata, M. Purpurea</span>, <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">M. Rugosa</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Labiat&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>The Wild Bergamot has a pleasant smell; it has, however, the
+objectionable property of attracting great numbers of bees and wasps.</p>
+
+<p>Compared with the scarlet <i>M. didyma</i>, the more striking differences are
+the purple flowers, which are less, and mostly produced in single heads.
+The bracts are tinted with purple, and they are more bent down the
+stems; the latter, too, are only half as thick and of a dark brown
+colour.</p>
+
+<p>For culture and flowering period, see <i>M. Russelliana</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Monarda_Russelliana" id="Monarda_Russelliana"></a>Monarda Russelliana.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Russell's Monarda</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Labiat&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Another, distinct species. Its flowers are white, with pistil tinted
+purple, and less in size than either of the above. The bract is
+remarkably large, and further amplified by numerous small leaves amongst
+the flowers; all are deeply tinted or veined with purple; the leaves are
+larger than those of <i>M. didyma</i>, and those near the tops of the stems
+are also tinted with purple on their stalks, mid-ribs, and edges; the
+stems are green, rounded at the corners, channelled, and smooth.</p>
+
+<p>There are other species than those I have named, but the above-mentioned
+are not only the more distinct, and well represent the genus, but as
+flowers they form a richly beautiful trio of colour, so that, when grown
+side by side, their effectiveness is much enhanced; as cut bloom they
+answer well for furnishing old vases. Either growing or cut, their
+flowers and leaves are pleasant, but if bruised the odour is too
+powerful; they, however, when used in moderation, form a valuable
+ingredient of <i>pot pourri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>They may be grown in ordinary soil, and in any position but a too shady
+one. The propagation of these plants may be carried out any time, by
+cutting small squares of the matted roots from old specimens, but it
+will be found that if allowed to grow to bold examples their effect will
+be all the more telling.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Morina_Longifolia" id="Morina_Longifolia"></a>Morina Longifolia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">M. Elegans; Whorl Flower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Dipsace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Until this plant comes into flower there is little about it for us, who
+are trained to dislike and almost despise thistles, to admire.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> It is
+not a thistle certainly, but the resemblance is very close when not in
+flower, and the three or four specimens which I grow have often caused a
+laugh from visitors at my expense, but I pocket the laugh and ask them
+to come and see my thistles in June. When, too, weeding is being done,
+it is always needful, for the safety of the plants, to give some such
+hint as "Do not pull up those thistles;" but if this plant is no
+relation to that despised weed, it belongs to another race, the species
+of which are also formidably armed&mdash;viz., the Teasel. It comes from the
+Himalayas, and is comparatively new in English gardens.</p>
+
+<p>It is hardy, herbaceous, and perennial, grows to a height of 2ft., and
+the flowers are produced in whorls or tiers interspersed with the thorny
+foliage near the top of the stems. At this stage of development the
+plant has a noble appearance, and the rings of flowers are very
+beautiful&mdash;though when I say flowers I here mean the combination of buds
+and blossoms in their different stages and colours. The buds are pure
+white and waxy, and when open, are of a delicate pink; as they get
+advanced, they turn to a lovely crimson; these are all the more
+pleasing, because the flowers last a long time. In form they are tubular
+and horn-shaped, having a spreading, uneven corolla, five-parted. Each
+flower is 1in. long and &frac34;in. across, six to fifteen in a whorl, the
+whorls being five to ten in number. The whorl-bracts are formed of three
+arrow-shaped leaves, deeply cupped, and overlapping at their junction
+with the stem or scape; they are spiny and downy underneath. Calyx,
+tubular and brown. Segments (two), pale green, notched, alternated with
+long spines, and surrounded with shorter ones. The leaves of the root
+are 9in. to 12in. long, and 2in. wide in the broadest parts; pinnate,
+waved, and spined, like the holly or thistle. The leaves of the stem are
+similar in shape, but very much smaller. The whole plant, and especially
+if there are several together, has a stately appearance, and attracts
+much attention; it is a good border plant, but it will be more at home,
+and show to equal advantage in openings in the front parts of the
+shrubbery, because it enjoys a little shade, and the shelter from high
+winds is a necessity, it being top heavy; if tied, it is robbed of its
+natural and beautiful form.</p>
+
+<p>It thrives well in sandy loam. Slugs are fond of it, and eat into the
+collar or crown, and therefore they should be looked for, especially in
+winter, during open weather. To propagate it, the roots should be
+divided as soon as the plants have done flowering, they then become
+established before winter sets in. Plant in the permanent quarters, and
+shade with leafy branches for a fortnight.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Muhlenbeckia_Complexa" id="Muhlenbeckia_Complexa"></a>Muhlenbeckia Complexa.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Polygonace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img185.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 64." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 64. <span class="smcap">Muhlenbeckia Complexa</span>.<br />(One-fourth natural size; fruit, natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>A hardy climber, of great beauty; during November its nearly black stems
+are well furnished with its peculiar small dark green leaves, which,
+even when without flowers or fruit, render it an object of first-class
+merit as a decorative subject. The illustration (Fig. 64) is fairly
+representative of all its parts; still, it can give no idea of the
+effect of a specimen climbing 4ft. to 6ft. high, diffuse and spreading
+withal. Although I have grown this handsome climber several years, my
+experience and information respecting it are very limited indeed; its
+hardiness and beauty are the inducements which have led me to recommend
+it for the pleasure garden. As a matter of fact, I have never bloomed
+it, and I am indebted to a lady for the wax-like and flower-shaped
+fruits illustrated; they were produced in a warm vinery, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> I have
+otherwise learned that in this climate the plant only flowers outside
+during very warm summers. I have also information from one of H. M.
+Botanic Gardens that this species "was introduced from South America,
+but when and by whom I am unable to say. It requires a warm, sheltered
+position. Before the severe winters came it used to be covered with
+star-like whitish flowers, which were succeeded by fruits."</p>
+
+<p>The fruits given in the illustration (natural size) are a fine feature,
+but, considering the uncertainty of their production, they can hardly be
+claimed for outside decoration. They are of a transparent, wax-like
+substance, and the tooth-like divisions glisten like miniature icicles;
+they hang in small clusters on lateral shoots from the more ripened
+stems, and have a charming effect, contrasting finely with the black
+stems and dark green foliage. The leaves are small (&frac14;in. to &frac34;in. across)
+somewhat fiddle-shaped, of good substance, and having slender stalks;
+they are alternate and distantly arranged on the long trailing and
+climbing stems. The habit is dense and diffuse, and though it loses many
+leaves in winter, I have never seen it entirely bare; it is therefore
+entitled to be called evergreen with outdoor treatment. The distinct
+form and colour of its foliage, together with the graceful shape of the
+spray-like branches, render this subject of great value for cutting
+purposes. Seen in company, and used sparingly with white flowers for
+epergne work, the effect is unique; and I ask those who possess it to
+try it in that or a similar way.</p>
+
+<p>It enjoys a sunny position and well drained or sandy soil. With me it
+grows entangled with a rose tree, the latter being nailed to the wall. I
+have also seen it very effective on the upper and drier parts of
+rockwork, where it can have nothing to cling to; there it forms a dense
+prostrate bush. It may be propagated by cuttings of the hardier shoots,
+which should be taken in early summer; by this method they become nicely
+rooted before winter.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering periods, warm summers.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Muscari_Botryoides" id="Muscari_Botryoides"></a>Muscari Botryoides.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Grape Hyacinth</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+             <img   src="images/img187.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 65." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 65. <span class="smcap">Muscari Botryoides</span>.<br />(One-eighth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+<p>This is a hardy species, somewhat finer than the more common <i>M.
+racemosum</i>, from the fact of its richer, bright sky blue flowers. The
+form of the Grape Hyacinth is well known (see Fig. 65), being a very old
+garden flower and a great favourite; when it is once planted, it keeps
+its place, despite all drawbacks common to a crowded border, with the
+exception of that wholesale destroyer, a careless digger; if left
+undisturbed for a year or two, it increases to very showy clumps.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers, which are densely arranged on stout spikes 8in.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> high, are
+very small, globular, and narrowed at the opening, where the tiny
+divisions are tipped with white. The foliage resembles that of the wood
+hyacinth, but it is more rigid, not so broad, and slightly glaucous.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to do best in light earth, and the flowers are finer in colour
+when grown in shade, but not too much. Where quantities are available,
+they may be used as an edging, nothing looking better in a spring
+garden.</p>
+
+<p><i>M. b. alba</i> varies only in the colour of its flowers; the white is
+somewhat creamy for a time; it becomes much clearer after a few days,
+and remains in perfection for two weeks in ordinary weather. This is a
+charming variety; grown by the side of the different blues its beauty is
+enhanced. It is very effective as a cut flower, though rather stiff, but
+if sparingly used it is attractive for bouquets, whilst for a buttonhole
+one or two spikes answer admirably.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Muscari_Racemosum" id="Muscari_Racemosum"></a>Muscari Racemosum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is the commonest species, and although very pleasing, suffers by a
+comparison with the above blue kind, being more dwarf and the flowers
+less bright. The best time to transplant the bulbs is when the tops have
+died off, and the choicer sorts of these, as well as all other bulbs
+whose foliage dies off early in summer, should have something to mark
+their situation when in their dormant state.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation and flowering period, as for <i>M. botryoides</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Narcissus_Minor" id="Narcissus_Minor"></a>Narcissus Minor.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Smaller Daffodil</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Amaryllidace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A very beautiful and effective spring flower. Though a native of Spain,
+it proves one of the hardiest denizens of our gardens; it is not often
+met with, but it has been cultivated in this country since 1629. It was
+well known in Parkinson's time. Not merely is it a species due to bloom
+early, but it does so, no matter how severe the weather may be, in
+March, and the flowers are freely produced. We could hardly have more
+severe weather than we had in March, 1883, when the snow was sometimes
+several inches deep and the frost as much as 17deg. to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> 23deg. Still
+this little Daffodil continued to push up its golden blossoms, so that
+in the latter half of the month, it formed one of the most pleasing of
+the hardy flowers of the spring garden. Its blue-green leaves are
+densely grown, and being only 4in. high and somewhat rigid, they not
+only form a rich setting for the bright blossom which scarcely tops
+them, but they support the flowers, which have a drooping habit. Later
+on, however, they lift their fair faces and look out sideways, but
+whether seen in profile or otherwise, they are alike charming.</p>
+
+<p>I do not remember ever to have seen or heard this flower described as
+finely scented; as a matter of fact, it is deliciously so. The odour is
+aromatic and mace-like. If the bloom is cut when in its prime and quite
+dry, a few heads will scent a fair-sized room. Of course, all the
+species of the genus (as implied by the generic name) exhale an odour,
+and some kinds a very fragrant one, whilst others are said to be
+injurious; but the spicy smell of this can scarcely be otherwise than
+acceptable, and it must always be a desirable feature in a flower
+suitable for cutting, and more especially in a winter and spring flower.
+From its dwarfness this Daffodil is very liable to be soiled; either of
+three plans may be adopted to prevent this: Plant on grass; top-dress in
+January with longish litter, which by the blooming time will have a
+washed and not very objectionable appearance; or, lastly, let the
+patches grow broad and thick, when their own foliage will keep down the
+mud, excepting at the sides. I find the litter method to answer well for
+scores of things for a similar purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Flowers are produced on slender scapes, 3in. to 4in. long, singly, from
+the long membranous spatha; they are 1&frac14;in. across the expanded perianth,
+and about the same length; the six divisions are rather longer than the
+tube, and of a pale yellow or lemon colour; the crown or nectary is
+campanulate, longer than the petal-like divisions, lobed, fringed, and
+of a deep yellow colour. The leaves are strap-shaped, stout and
+glaucous, and about the same length as the scapes.</p>
+
+<p>This plant is in no way particular as to soil, provided it is well
+drained. It enjoys, however, partial shade and liberal top-dressings of
+manure. It increases fast by offsets, and, if desirable, the bulbs may
+be lifted the third year for division, after the tops have died off in
+late summer.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March and April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nierembergia_Rivularis" id="Nierembergia_Rivularis"></a>Nierembergia Rivularis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Water Nierembergia</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">White Cup</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Solanace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This alpine plant comes from La Plata; when well grown (and it easily
+may be) it is a gem&mdash;hardy, herbaceous, and perennial.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> It has a most
+pleasing habit; from its mass of root-like stems which run very near the
+surface, it sends up a dense carpet of short-stalked leaves, which in
+July become studded over with large and chaste white flowers; though it
+rarely exceeds 4in. in height, it is very attractive.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are 1&frac12;in. across, of a variously tinted white, sometimes
+with pink and sometimes with purplish-grey inside the corolla. The
+outside is yellowish-green; the five lobes of the corolla are arranged
+cup-fashion, having four distinct ribs or nerves and wavy margins, the
+inner bases being richly tinted with lemon-yellow; what appears at first
+sight to be the flower-stalk, 2in. to 3in. long, is really a long round
+tube, very narrow for so large a flower; it is of even thickness all its
+length. The calyx nearly touches the earth; it is also tubular and
+five-cleft. The leaves are from less than an inch to 3in. long, somewhat
+spoon-shaped or sub-spathulate and entire, smooth, and very soft to the
+touch.</p>
+
+<p>It thrives in a light soil, but it should not be dry. Moisture and a
+little shade are the chief conditions required by this lovely creeper,
+and where bare places exist, which are otherwise suitable, nothing more
+pleasing could well be planted; in dips or the more moist parts of
+rockwork, it may be grown with capital effect, but the patches should be
+broad. It also forms a good surfacing subject for leggy plants or
+shrubs. Lilies not only appear to more advantage when carpeted with the
+short dense foliage of this creeper, but their roots are kept more cool
+and moist by it, and there are many similar cases in which it will prove
+equally useful. It is easily propagated by division of the roots after
+the leaves have died off, but I have found spring much the better time,
+just as the new growth is pushing.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July and August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="OEnothera_Speciosa" id="OEnothera_Speciosa"></a>&OElig;nothera Speciosa.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Showy Evening Primrose</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Onagrace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy and beautiful perennial species from North America; it is aptly
+named, as the flowers are not only large but numerous (see Fig. 66). The
+plant has a gay appearance for many weeks. As a garden flower, it is one
+of those happy subjects which may be allowed to grow in any odd corner,
+no matter what quality the soil may be, and full exposure or a little
+shade is equally suitable. No matter where it grows in the garden, it is
+a showy and pleasing flower, which, if plucked, is found to have the
+delicate smell of the sweet pea. It grows 18in. high, is herb-like in
+the foliage, and very distinct from other species, more especially as
+regards its slender stems and somewhat large and irregular foliage.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are a satiny white, delicately nerved, and nearly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> 3in.
+across; the four petals are a pleasing yellowish-green at the bases;
+when fully expanded they form a cross, being clear of each other; they
+become tinted with rose when they begin to fade. The leaves are of
+various sizes, sometimes spotted, lance-shaped, toothed, and attenuated
+at the base. The general habit of the plant is erect, but it is often
+procumbent; it has, from its slender stems, a light appearance, and for
+one evening's use the sprays are very useful in a cut state.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img190.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 66." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 66. &OElig;nothera Speciosa.</span><br />(One-sixth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>It propagates itself freely by its root runners near the surface. These
+roots may be transplanted in early spring, and they will flower the same
+year.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="OEnothera_Taraxacifolia" id="OEnothera_Taraxacifolia"></a>&OElig;nothera Taraxacifolia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Dandelion-leaved Evening Primrose</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Onagrace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>From the great beauty of the flowers of this plant, it has not only
+become widely distributed, but a great favourite, considering<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> that it
+was so recently introduced into this country as 1825; it came from Peru.
+Fortunately this charming exotic proves perfectly hardy in our climate;
+it is also herbaceous and perennial. No garden ought to be without so
+easily grown a flower, and though its foliage much resembles that of the
+common dandelion, a fine mass of it proves no mean setting for the large
+white flowers which spring from the midst of it. Another pleasing
+feature in connection with the flowers is that for a day they are pure
+white, after which they partly close and turn to a scarcely less
+beautiful delicate flesh tint. This colour and the half closed form are
+retained for several days; it exhales a sweet odour, about which there
+is a peculiarity. When newly opened&mdash;the first night&mdash;while the flowers
+are white, they will be found to have a grateful scent like tea roses;
+but if the older and coloured blooms are tried, they will be found to
+have the refreshing smell of almonds.</p>
+
+<p>There is yet another curious trait about this lovely flower&mdash;it has a
+long stalk-like tube, which may be called the flower stalk, as, so to
+speak, it has no other, and the lower part&mdash;it being 4in. to 6in.
+long&mdash;is inclined to squareness, but near the top it becomes round and
+widens into the divisions of the calyx, being, in fact, the tube or
+undivided part of the calyx. Let the reader carefully examine this
+interesting flower. First pluck it with all its length of stem or tube
+(it may be 6in. long); with a small knife or needle split it upwards,
+and there will be exposed the style of a corresponding length. The tube
+and segments of the calyx are of a pale green colour, segments an inch
+or more long, finely pointed; the four petals are large, nearly round,
+and overlapping each other, forming a corolla more than 3in. across;
+they are satiny in appearance, and transparent, beautifully veined or
+nerved, the nerves having delicate green basements, from which spring
+stamens of a like colour, but with anthers &frac12;in. long, evenly balanced,
+and furnished with lemon-yellow pollen. The leaves are herb-like, and,
+as the common name implies, like the leaves of the dandelion, similar in
+size, but more cut or lobed. The plant, however, varies materially from
+the dandelion, in having stems which push out all round the crown,
+growing to a considerable length, and resting on the ground.</p>
+
+<p>This plant cannot well be grown in too large quantities, where there is
+plenty of room; it produces flowers for a long time, and they are highly
+serviceable for cutting purposes, though lasting only a short time. It
+cannot well be planted wrong as regards position, as it will thrive
+anywhere, providing the soil is enriched, it being a gross feeder; it
+should not, however, be planted where it will be likely to overgrow
+smaller and less rampant subjects. On the whole, it is one of those
+plants which afford a maximum of pleasure for a minimum of care, and
+needs no special culture&mdash;in fact, takes care of itself. Its
+propagation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> is simple, and may be carried out either by division of the
+old roots or by transplanting the self-sown seedlings into their
+blooming quarters, during March or April.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Omphalodes_Verna" id="Omphalodes_Verna"></a>Omphalodes Verna.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Creeping Forget-me-not</span>; <i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">Cynoglossum Omphalodes</span>;
+<i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Boraginace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>The common name of this pretty, hardy, herbaceous creeper at once gives
+the keynote to its description; it is a very old plant in English
+gardens, and a native of South Europe. Parkinson gives a very neat
+description of it: "This small borage shooteth forth many leaves from
+the roote, every one upon a long stalke, of a darke greene colour; the
+stalkes are small and slender, not above halfe a foote high, with very
+few leaves thereon, and at the toppes come forth the flowers, made of
+five blew round pointed leaves, every one upon a long foote stalke."
+This, together with the well-known form and habit of the plant, leaves
+little more to be said by way of description; and it maybe added that
+though the flowers are akin to forget-me-nots, but more brilliant, the
+foliage is very different indeed, being nearly heart-shaped, and over
+2in. long. Its habit is such that though its flowers are small, they are
+somewhat conspicuous, from their brightness, abundance, and manner in
+which they are produced, <i>i.e.</i>, well above a bright green mass of
+leaves; only bold clumps, however, show to such advantage. When the
+plant is fairly established, it makes rapid growth, increasing itself
+somewhat strawberry fashion, by runners.</p>
+
+<p>It is worthy of note here that this semi-woody creeper does well under
+trees not too densely grown. Many inquiries are made for such subjects,
+and this is one of the number (which is far from ample) that can be
+relied upon for not only covering the bare earth, but also for
+bespangling such position with its bright blossoms for two months in
+spring. I have also tried it in pots, grown and bloomed under the shade
+of a trellised peach tree, in a small house, without artificial heat,
+where it not only did well, but vied with the violets for effectiveness.</p>
+
+<p>This otherwise robust plant I have found to die when divided in the
+autumn (a period when many&mdash;indeed, I may say most&mdash;perennials are best
+transplanted), but when its propagation is carried out in spring, it
+grows like a weed.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Ononis_Rotundifolia" id="Ononis_Rotundifolia"></a>Ononis Rotundifolia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Round-leaved Restharrow</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Leguminos&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>One of the most charming of the "old-fashioned" border flowers, having
+been grown in this country since 1570. It came from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> the Pyrenees, is
+hardy, evergreen, and shrubby. The common name of the genus, Restharrow,
+is in reference to the long, tough, and woody roots and branches.
+According to Gerarde, these properties "maketh the oxen, whilst they be
+in plowing, to rest or stand still." Although this species has tough
+roots and branches, it seems more likely that the name would be from the
+trouble caused by the weedy species of the genus of his time.</p>
+
+<p>In its growing state there is seen an exquisiteness of form and colour
+rarely approached by any other subject; from the manner in which the
+unopened scarlet buds blend with the thick and handsome-shaped foliage,
+the illustration (Fig. 67) can scarcely do justice to it. It should not
+be judged by other and better known species of the genus, some of which
+are of a weedy character, and from which this is as distinct as it well
+can be. Besides having the valuable property of flowering all summer, it
+is otherwise a suitable subject for the most select collections of hardy
+flowers.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img193.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 67." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 67. Ononis Rotundifolia.</span><br />(Plant, one-sixth natural size; blossom, natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p>
+<p>It grows 18in. high, and is erect and branched in habit; the flowers are
+produced on short side shoots; in form they are pea-flower-shaped, as
+the reader will infer from the order to which the shrub belongs. The
+raceme seldom has more than two or three flowers fully open at one time,
+when they are of a shaded pink colour, and nearly an inch in length; the
+leaves are 1in. to 2in., ternate, sometimes in fives, ovate, toothed,
+and covered with glandular hairs.</p>
+
+<p>The plant should be grown in bold specimens for the best effect.
+Ordinary garden soil suits it; if deeply dug and enriched, all the
+better. It is not so readily increased by division of the roots as many
+border plants, though root slips may, with care, be formed into nice
+plants the first season; the better plan is to sow the seed as soon as
+well ripened, from which more vigorous plants may be had, and they will
+sometimes flower the following summer, though far short of their natural
+size.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Onosma_Taurica" id="Onosma_Taurica"></a>Onosma Taurica.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Golden Drop</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Boraginace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy perennial, somewhat woody, and retaining much of its foliage in
+a fresh state throughout the winter, though by some described as
+herbaceous. The leaves which wither remain persistent, and sometimes
+this proves a source of danger to the specimen, from holding moisture
+during our wet winters, causing rot to set in. It is a comparatively new
+plant in English gardens, having been introduced from the Caucasus in
+1801, and as yet is seldom met with. Not only is it distinct in the form
+of its flowers&mdash;as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 68)&mdash;from other
+species of its order, but it has bloom of exceptional beauty, and the
+plant as a garden subject is further enhanced in value from the fact of
+its delicious perfume and perpetual blooming habit&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, it flowers
+until stopped by frosts; in short, it is one of the very finest hardy
+flowers, and if I could only grow a small collection of fifty, this
+should be one of such collection.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are bright yellow, 1&frac12;in. long, somewhat pear-shaped, and
+tubular. The calyx is long and deeply divided; the corolla is narrowed
+at the mouth; segments short, broad, and rolled back, forming a sort of
+rim. The flowers are arranged in branched heads, which are one-sided.
+The flower stalks are short, and the flowers and buds closely grown. The
+stems are about a foot long, having short alternate shoots, which flower
+later on; they are weighed to the ground with the numerous flowers and
+buds; the leaves are 3in. to 6in. long, narrow, lance-shaped, reflexed,
+and covered with short stiff hairs, which impart a grey appearance to
+the foliage.</p>
+
+<p>It should be grown fully exposed, as it loves sunshine; if<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> planted in
+the frequented parts of the garden, its delicious perfume is the more
+likely to be enjoyed; on rockwork, somewhat elevated, will perhaps prove
+the best position for it, as then the pendent flowers can be better seen
+and studied. The whole habit of the plant renders it a suitable subject
+for the rock garden; it may be grown in either loam or vegetable soil if
+well drained, and when it once becomes established in genial quarters it
+makes rapid growth and is very floriferous. What a rich bed could be
+formed of this, judiciously mixed with hardy fuchsias and the various
+linums, having deep blue flowers and graceful slender stems! These all
+love a breezy situation and sunshine, they also all flower at the same
+time, and continuously. To increase this choice plant, cuttings should
+be taken during summer; they may be rooted quickly if placed in a
+cucumber frame and kept shaded for ten or twelve days; water should be
+given carefully, or the hairy leaves will begin to rot. Aim at having
+the young stock well rooted and hardened off before the cold weather
+sets in.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img195.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 68." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 68. Onosma Taurica.</span><br />(Plant, one-quarter natural size; blossom, one-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to the frosts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Orchis_Foliosa" id="Orchis_Foliosa"></a>Orchis Foliosa.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Leafy Orchis</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Orchidace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This terrestrial Orchid is not generally known to be hardy, but that
+such is the fact is beyond doubt. It is not only hardy, though it comes
+from Madeira, but it thrives better in this climate when exposed to all
+the drawbacks belonging to the open garden, or hardy treatment, than
+when kept under glass. It only seems to require two things&mdash;a deep rich
+soil and leaving alone&mdash;being very impatient of disturbance at its
+roots. Many of the hardy Orchids, though interesting, are not showy
+enough as flowers for beds or borders. This, however, is an exception,
+and is not only, in common with other Orchids, an interesting species,
+but a handsome and durable flower.</p>
+
+<p>It blooms at different heights, from 9in. to 2ft.; the spike, as implied
+by the name, is leafy up to and among the flowered portion, which is
+from 3in. to 9in. long; the flowers are a cheerful purple colour, each
+&frac34;in. in diameter; the sepals are erect, cupped, and paler in colour than
+the other parts of the flower; petals small; lip large, three lobed, the
+middle one somewhat pointed; leaves oblong and smooth, lessening and
+becoming more subulate near the top of the stem. When well grown, this
+plant has a noble appearance, and when closely viewed is seen to be a
+flower of a high order, as, in fact, all the Orchids are.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately, it is not so particular either as regards soil or
+atmosphere as most of its relations, and it may frequently be met with
+in cottage gardens in splendid form. Good sandy loam, in a moist
+situation, suits it well, and I have seen it with fine spikes of bloom
+both in partial shade and fully exposed. Its position should be
+correctly noted, otherwise, when the tops have died down, the roots may
+suffer damage; they should be well guarded against disturbance. When
+increase is desirable the roots may be divided, but if they can be left
+alone it will be much to the advantage of the specimens.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Orchis_Fusca" id="Orchis_Fusca"></a>Orchis Fusca.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Brown Orchis</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Orchidace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A rare and noble British species, terrestrial, and having a tuberous
+root of moderate size; the specific name does not always apply, as this
+species varies considerably in the colour of its flowers&mdash;certainly all
+are not brown. According to Gray, the flowers are "large,
+greenish-brown, brownish-purple, or pale ash grey;" the specimen from
+which our illustration (Fig. 69) was drawn may be said to be
+"brownish-purple," from its great number of brown spots; it is also
+slightly tinged with green. According to Linn&aelig;us, it is synonymous with
+<i>O. Militaris</i>, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> Soldier, or Brown Man Orchis. Of the native kinds
+of Orchis, many of which are now getting very scarce, it is desirable to
+know what's what. But, as a garden flower, the one now under
+consideration has many points of merit. The plant is bold and portly,
+and the foliage ample compared with many of the genus. The head of
+flowers is large, numerous, and well lifted up, while, far from their
+least good quality, is that of their fine aromatic perfume.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img197.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 69." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 69. <span class="smcap">Orchis Fusca</span>.<br />(One-fourth natural size; 1 and 2, natural size of flower.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The full size of a flower is shown in the drawing. The sepals are seen
+to be broad, converging, and pointed; the lip, which is rough, is
+three-parted; lobes, unequal and ragged; the side ones are long and
+narrow, the middle lobe is twice notched in an irregular manner; the
+spur is straight with the stem; bracts, short; the flowers are densely
+produced, forming a compact bunch 3in. to 4in. long, on a spike rather
+over a foot tall; they continue in perfection three weeks or a month.
+The leaves are 9in. or more in length, lance-shaped, and fully an inch
+broad in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> the middle; they are of a pale, shining, green colour, the
+root leaves resting on the ground.</p>
+
+<p>I find this Orchid capable of withstanding very rough treatment, but it
+requires some time (two years) to get fairly established. Silky loam and
+leaf soil are suitable for it; a moist situation, but in no way of a
+stagnant character, should be given, and the position should also be
+carefully selected, so as to secure the brittle and top-heavy flower
+spikes from strong winds, otherwise it will suffer the fate of hundreds
+of tulips after a gale. It is propagated by root division after the
+foliage has died off.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, end of May to end of June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Origanum_Pulchellum" id="Origanum_Pulchellum"></a>Origanum Pulchellum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Beautiful Marjoram</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Labiat&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is indeed a well-named species or variety, whichever it may be;
+little seems to be known of its origin, but that it is distinct and
+beautiful is beyond doubt. It shines most as a rock plant; its long and
+bending stems, which are somewhat procumbent, have as much rigidity
+about them as to prevent their having a weak appearance; the tips,
+moreover, are erect, showing off to advantage the handsome imbricate
+bracts, bespangled as they are with numerous rosy-purple blossoms. The
+long and elegant panicles of bracte&aelig;, together with the pleasing
+arrangement thereof, are the main features of this subject.</p>
+
+<p>The rosy flowers are very small, and have the appearance of being packed
+between the bracteoles; still, their gaping forms are distinctly
+traceable, but the pretty lipped calyxes are quite hidden; the bract
+leaves are roundly-oval, acute, cupped, and touched with a nutty-brown
+tint on the outer sides; the spikes have many minor ones, being as fine
+as a thread, covered with short soft hairs, and of a brown colour; the
+leaves are &frac34;in. long, oval, entire, and downy. The plant or shrub grows
+18in. high. As already hinted, the habit is procumbent, the older flower
+stems being woody; not only is it a bright object for rockwork, but it
+is in its finest form when most other flowers are past. The branches are
+useful in a cut state; the slender spikelets, with their pale green and
+brown tinted bracts, are very pretty by gas light, and they keep well
+for a long time in water.</p>
+
+<p>The Marjorams are fond of a dry situation, and this is no exception to
+that rule. Rockwork or raised beds of sandy loam suits it to perfection,
+provided the aspect is sunny. It will, therefore, be seen that there is
+nothing special about its culture, neither is there in its propagation;
+cuttings may be taken in summer, or the rooted shoots may be divided at
+almost any time.</p>
+
+<p>It flowers from September to the time of severe frosts, and is in its
+greatest beauty in October.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Orobus_Vernus" id="Orobus_Vernus"></a>Orobus Vernus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Peaseling, or Spring Bitter Vetch</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Leguminos&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy herbaceous perennial; it flowers in very early spring, and
+sometimes sooner, but it is in full beauty in April, its blooming period
+being very prolonged. Not only is this bright and handsome pea flower
+worth attention being a very old subject of English gardens, but also
+because of its intrinsic merit as a decorative plant. I say plant
+designedly, as its form is both sprightly and elegant, which, I fear,
+the illustration (Fig. 70) can hardly do justice to&mdash;more especially its
+spring tints and colours.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img199.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 70." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 70. <span class="smcap">Orobus Vernus</span>.<br />(One-fourth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Pretty nearly as soon as the growths are out of the earth the flowers
+begin to appear. The greatest height the plants attain rarely exceeds a
+foot; this commends it as a suitable border plant. Individually the
+flowers are not showy, but collectively they are pleasing and effective.
+When they first open they are a mixture of green, red, blue, and purple,
+the latter predominating. As they become older they merge into blue, so
+that a plant shows many flowers in various shades, none of which are
+quite an inch<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> long, and being borne on slender drooping stalks, which
+issue from the leafy stems, somewhat below the leading growths, the
+bloom is set off to great advantage. The foliage in form resembles the
+common vetch, but is rather larger in the leaflets, and instead of being
+downy like the vetch, the leaves are smooth and bright. In a cut state,
+sprays are very useful, giving lightness to the stiffer spring flowers,
+such as tulips, narcissi, and hyacinths. Rockwork suits it admirably; it
+also does well in borders; but in any position it pays for liberal
+treatment in the form of heavy manuring. It seeds freely, and may be
+propagated by the seed or division of strong roots in the autumn.
+Whether rabbits can scent it a considerable distance off, I cannot say,
+but, certain it is, they find mine every year, and in one part of the
+garden eat it off bare.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Ourisia_Coccinea" id="Ourisia_Coccinea"></a>Ourisia Coccinea.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Scrophulariace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy herbaceous perennial from South America, as yet rarely seen in
+English gardens, and more seldom in good form. As may be judged by the
+illustration (Fig. 71), it is a charming plant, but it has beauties
+which cannot be there depicted; its deep green and shining leaves
+constitute wavy masses of foliage, most pleasing to see, and the
+short-stemmed, lax clusters of dazzling scarlet flowers are thereby set
+off to great advantage. I have no fear of overpraising this plant, as
+one cannot well do that. I will, however, add that it is a decorative
+subject of the highest order, without a single coarse feature about it;
+seldom is it seen without a few solitary sprays of flowers, and it is
+never met with in a seedy or flabby state of foliage, but it remains
+plump throughout the autumn, when it sometimes shows a disposition to
+indulge in "autumnal tints." Though seldom encountered, this lovely
+plant is well known, as it is pretty sure to be, from notes made of it
+and published with other garden news; but it has the reputation of being
+a fickle plant, difficult to grow, and a shy bloomer. I trust this
+statement will not deter a single reader from introducing it into his
+garden; if I had found it manageable only with an unreasonable amount of
+care, I would not have introduced it here. It certainly requires special
+treatment, but all the conditions are so simple and practicable, in even
+the smallest garden, that it cannot be fairly termed difficult, as we
+shall shortly see.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are 1&frac12;in. long, in form intermediate between the pentstemon
+and snapdragon, but in size smaller, and the colour an unmixed deep
+scarlet: they are produced on stems 9in. high, round, hairy, and
+furnished with a pair of very small stem-clasping leaves, and where the
+panicle of flowers begins there is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> a small bract, and less perfectly
+developed ones are at every joint, whence spring the wiry flower stalks
+in fours, threes, and twos, of various lengths and a ruddy colour. The
+panicles are lax and bending; the flowers, too, are pendent; calyx,
+five-parted and sharply toothed; stamens, four, and long as petals;
+anthers, large and cream coloured, style long and protruding. The leaves
+are radical, and have long, hairy, bending stalks; the main ribs are
+also hairy; beneath, they are of a deep green colour, bald, shining,
+veined and wrinkled; their form is somewhat heart-shaped, sometimes
+oval, lobed, but not deeply, and unevenly notched; they grow in dense
+masses to the height of 6in.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img201.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 71." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 71. <span class="smcap">Ourisia Coccinea</span>.<br />(Plant, one-fourth natural size; 1, blossom, one-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>It is said to like a peaty soil, in which I have never tried it. In the
+management of this plant I have found position to be the main
+desideratum; the soil may be almost anything if it is kept moist and
+sweet by good drainage, but <i>Ourisia coccinea</i> will not endure exposure
+to hot sunshine; even if the soil is moist it will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> suffer. I have large
+patches of it, 3ft. in diameter, growing in a mixture of clay and ashes,
+formed into a bank 18in. high, sloping north and screened by a hedge
+nearly 6ft. high from the midday sun, and shaded by overhanging trees;
+and I may also add that during the three years my specimens have
+occupied this shady, moist, but well drained position they have grown
+and flowered freely, always best in the deepest shade. As before hinted,
+there is a sort of special treatment required by this plant, but it is,
+after all, very simple. It is a slow surface creeper, should be planted
+freely in frequented parts of the garden, if the needful conditions
+exist, and no more beautiful surfacing can be recommended; grown in such
+quantities it will be available for cutting purposes. As a cut flower it
+is remarkably distinct and fine; it so outshines most other flowers that
+it must either have well selected company or be used with only a few
+ferns or grasses.</p>
+
+<p>It is readily increased by division of the creeping roots, which is best
+done in early spring. If such divisions are made in the autumn,
+according to my experience, the roots rot; they should therefore be
+taken off either in summer, when there is still time for the young stock
+to make roots, or be left in the parent clump until spring, when they
+will start into growth at once.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Papaver_Orientale" id="Papaver_Orientale"></a>Papaver Orientale.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Oriental Poppy</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Papaverace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>The Oriental Poppy is a bold and showy plant, very hardy and perennial.
+There are several colours, but the bright scarlet variety is the most
+effective. Specimens of it which have become well established have a
+brilliant appearance during June; they are 3ft. high and attract the eye
+from a distance. Among other large herbaceous plants, as lupines,
+p&aelig;onies, thalictrums, &amp;c., or even mixed with dwarf shrubs, they are
+grandly effective; indeed, almost too much so, as by the size and deep
+colour of the flowers they dazzle the eye and throw into the shade the
+surrounding flowers of greater beauty. The kinds with brick-red and
+other shades are comparatively useless. Their flowers are not only
+smaller, but wind or a few drops of rain spot the petals. A night's dew
+has the same effect; the stems, too, are weak and bending, which makes
+them much wanting in boldness, and when the flowers are damaged and the
+stems down there is little left about the Oriental Poppies that is
+ornamental.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img203.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 72." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 72. Papaver Orientale</span> (<i>var.</i> <span class="smcap">Bracteatum</span>).<br />(Plant, one-fourth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The flowers are 6in. to 8in. across when expanded, produced singly on
+stout round stems covered with stiff hairs flattened down, and also
+distantly furnished with small pinnate leaves. Only in some varieties is
+the leafy bract (Fig. 72) to be found. This variety is sometimes called
+<i>P. bracteatum</i>. The calyx is three-parted and very rough; the six
+petals (see engraving) are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> large, having well defined dark spots,
+about the size of a penny piece. The leaves are a foot or more in
+length, stiff but bending; they are thickly furnished with short hairs,
+pinnate and serrated.</p>
+
+<p>This large poppy can be grown to an enormous size, and otherwise vastly
+improved by generous treatment; in a newly trenched and well manured
+plot a specimen has grown 3ft. high, and produced flowers 9in. across,
+the colour being fine; it will, however, do well in less favoured
+quarters&mdash;in fact, it may be used to fill up any odd vacancies in the
+shrubbery or borders. It is readily increased by division of the roots,
+and this may be done any time from autumn to February; it also ripens
+seed freely.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Pentstemons" id="Pentstemons"></a>Pentstemons.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Scrophulariace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+             <img   src="images/img205.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 73." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 73. Pentstemon</span>.<br />(Plant, one-fourth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+<p>The hybrids, which constitute the numerous and beautiful class commonly
+grown as "florists' flowers," are the kinds now under notice. The plant,
+when a year old, has a half-shrubby appearance, and if I said that it
+was but half hardy I should probably be nearer the mark than if I
+pronounced it quite hardy. It may, therefore, appear odd that I should
+class it with hardy perennials; there are, however, good reasons for
+doing so, and as these extra fine border plants are great favourites and
+deserve all the care that flowers can be worth, I will indicate my mode
+of growing them; but first I will state why the hybrid Pentstemons are
+here classed as hardy. One reason is that some varieties really are so,
+but most are not, and more especially has that proved to be the case
+during recent severe winters&mdash;the old plants, which I never trouble to
+take in, are mostly killed. Another reason why I do not object to their
+being classed as hardy is that cuttings or shoots from the roots appear
+to winter outside, if taken in the summer or autumn and dibbled into
+sand or a raised bed (so that it be somewhat drier than beds of the
+ordinary level), where they will readily root. Such a bed of cuttings I
+have found to keep green all the winter, without any protection other
+than a little dry bracken. My plants are so propagated and wintered.</p>
+
+<p>The Pentstemon has of late years been much improved by hybridising, so
+that now the flowers, which resemble foxgloves, are not only larger than
+those of the typical forms, but also brighter, and few subjects in our
+gardens can vie with them for effectiveness; moreover, they are produced
+for several months together on the same plants, and always have a
+remarkably fresh appearance.</p>
+
+<p>The corolla, which can be well seen both inside and out, has the
+pleasing feature of clearly pronounced colour on the outside,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> and rich
+and harmonious shadings inside; such flowers, loosely arranged on stems
+about 2ft. high, more or less branched, and furnished with lance-shaped
+foliage of a bright glossy green, go to make this border plant one that
+is justly esteemed, and which certainly deserves the little extra care
+needful during winter.</p>
+
+<p>It is grandly effective in rows, but if in a fully exposed position it
+flags during hot sunshine; it is, therefore, a suitable plant to put
+among shrubs, the cool shelter of which it seems to enjoy. The remarks I
+have already made respecting its hardiness sufficiently indicate the
+mode of propagation. Old plants should not be depended upon, for though
+they are thoroughly perennial, they are not so hardy as the younger and
+less woody stuff&mdash;besides, young plants are far more vigorous bloomers.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Petasites_Vulgaris" id="Petasites_Vulgaris"></a>Petasites Vulgaris.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syns.</i> <span class="smcap">Tussilago Petasites</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">T. Fragrans; Winter
+Heliotrope</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Common Butterbur</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>I must explain why this native weed, of rampant growth and perennial
+character, is here mentioned as a fit subject for the garden. It blooms
+in the depth of winter&mdash;in fact, all winter; the flowers are not showy
+at all, but they are deliciously scented, whence the specific name
+<i>fragrans</i> and the common one "Winter Heliotrope," as resembling the
+scent of heliotrope. In its wild state it does not flower so early as
+when under cultivation; the latter state is also more favourable to its
+holding some green foliage throughout the winter. It has been said that
+there are different forms&mdash;male and female, or minor and major.</p>
+
+<p>Parkinson recognises two forms, and as his remarks are interesting and
+clearly point to the variety under notice, I will quote him from "The
+Theater of Plants," page 419: "The Butter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> burre is of two sorts, the
+one greater and the other lesser, differing also in the flowers, as you
+shall heare; but because they are so like one another, one description
+shall serve for them both. Each of them riseth up very early in the
+yeare, that is, in <i>February</i>, with a thicke stalke about a foote high,
+whereon are set a few small leaves, or rather peeces, and at the toppes
+a long spiked head of flowers, in the one which is the lesse and the
+more rare to finde, wholly white and of a better sent than the other
+(yet some say it hath no sent), in the greater, which is more common
+with us, of a blush or deepe red colour, according to the soile wherein
+it groweth, the clay ground bringing a paler colour somewhat weake, and
+before the stalke with the flowers have abidden a moneth above ground
+will be withered and gon, blowen away with the winde, and the leaves
+will beginne to spring, which when they are full growne are very large
+and broad, that they may very well serve to cover the whole body, or at
+the least the head like an umbello from the sunne and raine."</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are produced on bare, fleshy scapes, springing from amongst
+the old foliage; the new leaves not appearing until much later. The
+bloom is small, of a pinky white colour; they are miniature forms,
+resembling the coltsfoot flowers, being arranged, however, in clusters.
+The leaves are large, cordate, downy, and soft to the touch, having long
+stout stems; they vary much in size, from 3in. to more than a foot
+across, according to the nature of the soil.</p>
+
+<p>The usefulness of this plant consists entirely in its flowers as cut
+bloom, the least bit of which fills a large room with its most agreeable
+perfume. The plant, therefore, need not be grown in the more ornamental
+parts of the garden, and it should have a space exclusively allotted to
+it. It runs widely underground, and soon fills a large space. It enjoys
+moisture, but I have proved it to be more productive of bloom with
+leaves of half their usual size when planted in a rather dry situation
+with light but good soil. Usually a root does not produce flowers until
+two years after it has been planted. Poor as the flowers otherwise are,
+they are of great value in winter, when finely-scented kinds are scarce.
+They may be mixed with more beautiful forms and colours so as not to be
+seen, when, like violets in the hedgerow, they will exhale their
+grateful odour from a position of modest concealment.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, November to February.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Phlox" id="Phlox"></a>Phlox.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Hybrid Tall Varieties; Sub-Sections, Suffruticosa</span> <i>and</i>
+<span class="smcap">Decussata (Early</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Late Flowering</span>); <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Polemoniace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>These noble flowers are not only beautiful as individuals, but the
+cheerful appearance of our gardens during the autumn is much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> indebted
+to them; the great variety in colour and shade is as remarkable as it is
+effective. The finer sorts are known as "florists' flowers," being
+named. Whence they came (from which species) is not so clear, but in
+other respects than form and habit they are much in the way of <i>P.
+paniculata</i>. The Phlox family is a numerous one, and the species are not
+only numerous but extremely dissimilar, consisting of the dwarf woody
+trailers, or <i>P. procumbens</i> section, the oval-leafed section (<i>P.
+ovata</i>), the creeping or stolon-rooted (<i>P. stolonifera</i>) section, and
+the one now under notice, which differs so widely that many have seemed
+puzzled that these bold tall plants are so closely related to the
+prostrate, Whin-like species. The sub-divisions of the section under
+notice, viz., early and late flowering varieties, in all other respects
+except flowering period are similar, and any remarks of a cultural
+nature are alike applicable. This favourite part of the Phlox family is
+honoured with a specific name, viz., <i>P. omniflora</i> (all varieties of
+flowers), but notwithstanding that it is a most appropriate name it is
+seldom applied.</p>
+
+<p>As the flowers must be familiar to the reader, they need hardly be
+described, and it is only necessary to mention the general features.
+They are produced on tall leafy stems in panicles of different forms, as
+pyramidal, rounded, or flattish; the clusters of bloom are sometimes
+8in. in diameter in rich soil; the corolla of five petals is mostly
+flat, the latter are of a velvety substance, and coloured at their base,
+which in most varieties forms the "eye;" the tube is fine and bent, so
+as to allow the corolla to face upwards; the calyx, too, is tubular, the
+segments being deep and sharply cut; the buds abound in small clusters,
+and although the flowers are of a somewhat fugacious character, their
+place is quickly supplied with new blossoms (the succession being long
+maintained) which, moreover, have always a fresh appearance from the
+absence of the faded parts. The leaves, as indicated by the name
+<i>suffruticosa</i>, are arranged on half wood stems, and, as implied by the
+name <i>decussata</i>, are arranged in pairs, the alternate pairs being at
+right angles; these names are more in reference to the habit and form of
+the plants than the period of flowering, which, however, they are
+sometimes used to indicate; the leaves of some early kinds are leathery
+and shining, but for the most part they are herb-like and hairy, acutely
+lance-shaped, entire, and 2in. to 5in long.</p>
+
+<p>Under ordinary conditions these hybrid forms of Phlox grow into neat
+bushy specimens of a willow-like appearance, 2ft. to 4ft. high, but in
+well-prepared richly-manured quarters they will not only grow a foot
+taller, but proportionally stouter, and also produce much finer panicles
+of bloom; no flower better repays liberal culture, and few there are
+that more deserve it. In the semi-shade of trees, the more open parts of
+the shrubbery, in borders, or when special plantings are made, it is
+always the same cheerful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> subject, sweet, fresh, and waving with the
+breeze; its scent is spicy, in the way of cinnamon. The whole genus
+enjoys loam, but these strong-growing hybrids have a mass of long hungry
+roots, and, as already hinted, if they are well fed with manure they pay
+back with interest.</p>
+
+<p>As cut bloom, if taken in entire panicles, they are bouquets in
+themselves. All are effective, and many of the more delicate colours are
+exquisite, vieing with the much more cared-for bouvardias and tender
+primulas.</p>
+
+<p>To grow these flowers well there is nothing special about their
+management, but a method of treatment may be mentioned which, from the
+improved form it imparts to the specimens, as well as the more prolonged
+period in which extra-sized blooms are produced, is well worthy of being
+adopted. When the stems are 12in. or 15in. grown, nip off the tops of
+all the outer ones, they will soon break into two or four shoots. These
+will not only serve to "feather" down the otherwise "leggy" specimens
+and render them more symmetrical, but they will produce a second crop of
+flowers, and, at the same time, allow the first to develope more
+strongly. When the taller stems have done flowering, or become shabby,
+the tops may be cut back to the height of the under part of the
+then-formed buds of the early pinched shoots, and the extra light will
+soon cause them to flower; they should then be tied to the old stems
+left in the middle; this will quite transform the specimen, not only
+making it more neat and dwarf, but otherwise benefiting it&mdash;the old worn
+stems will have gone, and a new set of beaming flowers will reward the
+operator. The tops pinched out in the early part of the season make the
+best possible plants for the following season's bloom. They root like
+willows in a shady place in sandy loam, and are ready for planting in
+the open by midsummer, so that they have ample time to become strong
+before winter. Another way to propagate these useful flower roots is to
+divide strong clumps in the autumn after they have ceased to bloom.</p>
+
+<p>The very earliest kinds (some three or four) begin to flower early in
+August, and by the middle of the month many are in bloom; the
+late-flowering (<i>decussata</i>) section is a month later; all, however, are
+continued bloomers.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Phlox_Frondosa" id="Phlox_Frondosa"></a>Phlox Frondosa.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Fronded P.</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Polemoniace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy creeper; one of the dwarf section, having half-woody, wiry
+stems. For this and many other species of the Creeping Phlox we are
+indebted to North America. Of late years these beautiful flowers have
+received much attention, not only from the trade, but also from
+amateurs, some of whom have taken much pains in crossing the species by
+hybridising, notably<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> the late Rev. J. G. Nelson. Perhaps the most
+distinct and beautiful of all the dwarf Phloxes is the one which bears
+his name&mdash;the white-flowered <i>P. Nelsoni</i>. I have selected the species
+<i>P. frondosa</i>, because the specific name is, perhaps, beyond that of any
+of the others, more generally descriptive of all the following kinds:
+<i>P. divaricata</i>, <i>P. glaberrima</i>, <i>P. Nelsoni</i> (white flowers), <i>P.
+reflexa</i>, <i>P. oculata</i>, <i>P. setacea</i>, <i>P. s. atropurpurea</i>, <i>P. s.
+violac&aelig;a</i>, <i>P. subulata</i>, <i>P. prostrata</i>. These differ but slightly from
+one another, so little, indeed, that many discard the distinctions;
+still, they do exist, and may be clearly seen when grown close together
+in collections. The flowers differ in depth of colour; the leaves of
+some are more recurved, crossed, twisted, shining, or pointed, also
+broader and longer; the stems likewise differ; herein the distinctions
+are seen, probably, more than in either flowers or leaves. Sometimes
+they are, in the different species, long or short, leafy, branched,
+dense, arched, and divaricate, but, although at any time when their
+fresh foliage is upon them, and when they are so close together that the
+eye can take them all in at a glance, their distinctions are fairly
+clear, autumn is the time to see them in their most definite and
+beautiful form. Like many other North American plants, they have lovely
+autumnal tints, then their forms have rich glistening colours, and they
+are seen to not only differ considerably, but, perhaps, to more
+advantage than when in flower; but let me add at once that I have only
+proved these plants to take such rich autumnal colours when they have
+been grown so as to rest on stones, which not only keep them from excess
+of moisture, from worm casts, &amp;c., but secure for them a healthy
+circulation of air under their dense foliage. From the above, then, it
+will be seen that a general description of <i>P. frondosa</i> will apply to
+the other species and varieties mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are lilac-rose; calyx, tubular; corolla of five petals,
+narrow and notched; leaves, awl-shaped, short, bent, and opposite;
+stems, branched, dense and trailing.</p>
+
+<p>The dwarf Phloxes are pre-eminently rock plants, as which they thrive
+well; when raised from the ground level, so as to be nearly in the line
+of sight, they are very effective. They should be so planted that they
+can fall over the stones, like the one from which the illustration (Fig.
+74) was drawn. For at least a fortnight the plants are literally covered
+with flowers, and at all times they form neat rock plants, though in
+winter they have the appearance of short withered grass; even then the
+stems are full of health, and in early spring they become quickly
+furnished with leaves and flowers. These Phloxes make good edgings.
+Notwithstanding their dead appearance in winter, a capital suggestion
+occurred to me by an accidental mixture of croci with the Phlox. At the
+time when the latter is most unseasonable the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> crocuses, which should be
+planted in the same line, may be seen coming through the browned
+foliage. When in flower, the blooms will not only be supported by this
+means, but also be preserved from splashes; when the crocuses are past
+their prime, the Phlox will have begun to grow, and, to further its well
+doing, its stems should be lifted and the then lengthened foliage of the
+crocuses should be drawn back to the under side of the Phlox, where it
+might remain to die off. This would allow the Phlox to have the full
+light, and the arrangement would be suitable for the edge of a shrubbery
+or border of herbaceous plants, or even along the walks of a kitchen
+garden.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img210.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 74." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 74. <span class="smcap">Phlox Frondosa</span>.<br />(Plant, one-sixth natural size; 1, natural size of flower.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The Phloxes are easily propagated, either from rooted layers or
+cuttings. The latter should be put into a good loam and kept shaded for
+a week or two. Early spring is the best time.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Physalis_Alkekengi" id="Physalis_Alkekengi"></a>Physalis Alkekengi.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Winter Cherry</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Solanace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This plant begins to flower in summer; but as a garden subject its
+blossom is of no value; the fine large berries, however, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> are
+suspended in orange-yellow husks of large size, are very ornamental
+indeed, and form a very pleasing object amongst other "autumnal tints."
+It is not till October that the fruit begins to show its richness of
+colour. The plant is quite hardy, though a native of southern Europe; it
+is also herbaceous and perennial, and it has been grown in this country
+for 330 years. Still, it is not to be seen in many gardens. An old
+common name for it was "Red Nightshade," and Gerarde gives a capital
+illustration of it in his Herbal, under the name <i>Solanum Halicacabum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. Alkekengi</i> grows to the height of about two feet. The stems of the
+plant are very curious, being somewhat zigzag in shape, swollen at the
+nodes, with sharp ridges all along the stems; otherwise, they are round
+and smooth. The leaves are produced in twins, their long stalks issuing
+from the same part of the joint; they are of various forms and sizes,
+but mostly heart-shaped, somewhat acute, and 2in. to 4in. long. The
+little soft creamy white flowers spring from the junction of the twin
+leaf-stalks; their anthers are bulky for so small a flower. The calyx
+continues to grow after the flower has faded, and forms the
+Chinese-lantern-like covering of the scarlet berry; the latter will be
+over &frac12;in. in diameter, and the orange-coloured calyx 1&frac12;in., when fully
+developed. In autumn the older stems cast their leaves early, when the
+finely-coloured fruit shows to advantage; the younger stems keep green
+longer, and continue to flower until stopped by the frost. To this short
+description I may add that of Gerarde, which is not only clear but
+pleasantly novel: "The red winter Cherrie bringeth foorth stalkes a
+cubite long, rounde, slender, smooth, and somewhat reddish, reeling this
+way and that way by reason of his weakness, not able to stande vpright
+without a support: whereupon do growe leaues not vnlike to those of
+common nightshade, but greater; among which leaues come foorth white
+flowers, consisting of five small leaues; in the middle of which leaues
+standeth out a berrie, greene at the first, and red when it is ripe, in
+colour of our common Cherrie and of the same bignesse, which is enclosed
+in a thinne huske or little bladder of a pale reddish colour, in which
+berrie is conteined many small flat seedes of a pale colour. The rootes
+be long, not vnlike to the rootes of Couch grasse, ramping and creeping
+within the vpper crust of the earth farre abroade, whereby it encreaseth
+greatly."</p>
+
+<p>The stems, furnished with fruit of good colour, but otherwise bare, make
+capital decorations for indoors, when mixed with tall grasses, either
+fresh or dried, and for such purposes this plant is worth growing; any
+kind of soil will do, in an out-of-the-way part, but if in shade, the
+rich colour will be wanting.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to frosts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Podophyllum_Peltatum" id="Podophyllum_Peltatum"></a>Podophyllum Peltatum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Duck's-foot</span>, <i>sometimes called</i> <span class="smcap">May Apple</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Podophyllace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img212.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 75." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 75. <span class="smcap">Podophyllum Peltatum</span>.<br />(One-third natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>A hardy herbaceous perennial from North America, more or less grown in
+English gardens since 1664. As may be seen from the illustration (Fig.
+75), it is an ornamental plant, and though its flowers are interesting,
+they are neither showy nor conspicuous, as, from the peculiar manner in
+which they are produced, they are all but invisible until sought out.
+Its leaves and berries constitute the more ornamental parts of the
+plant.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The flowers are white, not unlike the small white dog-rose in both size
+and form; the calyx is of three leaves, which fall off; the corolla, of
+six to nine petals; peduncle nearly an inch long, which joins the stem
+at the junction of the two leaf stalks, only one flower being produced
+on a stem or plant. The leaves join the rather tall and naked stem by
+stalks, 2in. to 3in. long; they are handsome in both form and habit. As
+the specific name implies, the leaves are peltate or umbrella-shaped,
+deeply lobed, each lobe being deeply cut, and all unevenly toothed and
+hairy at the edges, with a fine down covering the under sides; the upper
+surface is of a lively, shining green colour, and finely veined. The
+flower is succeeded by a large one-celled ovate berry, in size and form
+something like a damson, but the colour is yellow when ripe, at which
+stage the berry becomes more conspicuous than the flower could be, from
+the manner in which the young leaves were held.</p>
+
+<p>We want cheerful-looking plants for the bare parts under trees, and this
+is a suitable one, provided the surface soil has a good proportion of
+vegetable matter amongst it, and is rather moist. The thick horizontal
+roots creep near the surface, so it will be seen how important it is to
+secure them against drought otherwise than by depth of covering; a moist
+and shady position, then, is indispensable. In company with trilliums,
+hellebores, anemones, and ferns, this graceful plant would beautifully
+associate. Another way to grow it is in pots, when exactly the required
+kind of compost can easily be given, viz., peat and chopped sphagnum.
+Thus potted, plunged in wet sand, and placed in a northern aspect, it
+will be found not only to thrive well, as several specimens have done
+with me, but also to be worth all the trouble. To propagate it, the long
+creeping roots should be cut in lengths of several inches, and to a good
+bud or crown. When so cut in the autumn, I have proved them to rot when
+planted, but others buried in sand until February, and then planted,
+have done well.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May and June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Polyanthus" id="Polyanthus"></a>Polyanthus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This, with its numerous varieties, comes under <i>Primula veris</i>, or the
+common Cowslip. The improved varieties which have sprung from this
+native beauty of our meadows and hedgerows are innumerable, and include
+the rich "gold-laced" kinds&mdash;which are cared for like children and are
+annually placed on the exhibition tables&mdash;as well as the homely kinds,
+which grow in the open borders by the hundred. The Polyanthus is
+eminently a flower for English gardens; and this country is noted for
+the fine sorts here raised, our humid climate suiting the plant in every
+way;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> its flowers offer a variety of colour, an odour of the sweetest
+kind, full and rich, reminding us not only of spring time, but of
+youthful rambles and holidays.</p>
+
+<p>As an "old-fashioned" flower for garden decoration it is effective and
+useful, from the great quantity of bloom it sends forth and the length
+of its flowering season; from its love of partial shade it may be
+planted almost anywhere. Its neat habit, too, fits it for scores of
+positions in which we should scarcely think of introducing less modest
+kinds; such nooks and corners of our gardens should be made to beam with
+these and kindred flowers, of which we never have too many. Plant them
+amongst bulbs, whose leaves die off early, and whose flowers will look
+all the happier for their company in spring; plant them under all sorts
+of trees, amongst the fruit bushes, and where only weeds have appeared,
+perhaps, for years; dig and plant the Polyanthus, and make the
+wilderness like Eden.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Polygonum_Brunonis" id="Polygonum_Brunonis"></a>Polygonum Brunonis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Knotweed</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Polygonace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a dwarf species from India, but quite hardy. It is pretty,
+interesting, and useful. The flowers are produced on erect stems a foot
+high, and formed in spikes 3in. to 5in. long, which are as soft as down
+and smell like heather. The colour is a soft rose. These flowers spring
+from a dense mass of rich foliage; the leaves in summer and early autumn
+are of a pleasing apple-green colour, smooth, oblong, and nearly
+spoon-shaped from the narrowing of the lower part; the midrib is
+prominent and nearly white; the leaf has rolled edges, and is somewhat
+reflexed at the point. Let the reader closely examine the leaves of this
+species while in their green state, holding them up to a strong light,
+and he will then behold the beauty and finish of Nature to a more than
+ordinary degree. This subject is one having the finest and most lasting
+of "autumnal tints," the dense bed of leaves turn to a rich brick-red,
+and, being persistent, they form a winter ornament in the border or on
+rockwork. The habit of the plant is creeping, rooting as it goes. It is
+a rampant grower, and sure to kill any dwarf subject that may be in its
+way.</p>
+
+<p>It may be grown in any kind of soil, and almost in any position, but it
+loves sunshine. If its fine lambtail-shaped flowers are desired, it
+should be grown on the flat, but, for its grand red autumnal leaf tints,
+it should be on the upper parts of rockwork. It is self-propagating, as
+already hinted.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers prove capital for dressing epergnes. I had not seen them so
+used, until the other day a lady visitor fancied a few spikes, and when
+I called at her house a day or two later<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> saw them mixed with white
+flowers and late flowering forget-me-nots&mdash;they were charming.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August to the time of frosts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Polygonum_Cuspidatum" id="Polygonum_Cuspidatum"></a>Polygonum Cuspidatum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Cuspid Knotweed</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Polygonace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A recent introduction from China, perfectly hardy, shrub-like but
+herbaceous; a rampant grower, attaining the height of 6ft. or 7ft., and
+spreading fast by means of root suckers. During the early spring it
+pushes its fleshy shoots, and the coloured leaves, which are nearly red,
+are very pleasing; as they unfold they are seen to be richly veined, and
+are as handsome as the beautiful Fittonias, so much admired as hothouse
+plants.</p>
+
+<p>The long slender stems grow apace, and when the growth has been
+completed the flowers issue from the axils of the leaves; they are in
+the form of drooping feathery panicles, 4in. to 5in. long, creamy white,
+and produced in clusters, lasting for three weeks or more in good
+condition. The leaves are 3in. to 4in. long, nearly heart-shaped but
+pointed, entire, and stalked, of good substance, and a pale green
+colour; they are alternately and beautifully arranged along the
+gracefully-arching stems. The specimens are attractive even when not in
+bloom. If the roots are allowed to run in their own way for two or three
+years they form a charming thicket, which must prove a pleasant feature
+in any large garden.</p>
+
+<p>All through the summer its branches are used as dressings for large
+vases, and, either alone or with bold flowers, they prove most useful.
+In the shrubbery, where it can bend over the grass, from its distinct
+colour and graceful habit, it proves not only an effective but a
+convenient subject, as it allows the mowing machine to work without
+hindrance or damage. It is a capital plant for the small town garden.
+After sending to a friend several hampers of plants season after season,
+all without satisfactory results, owing to the exceptionally bad
+atmosphere of the neighbourhood, I sent him some of this, and it has
+proved suitable in every way.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July and August.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. c. compactum</i> is a variety of the above. It is, however, very
+distinct in the way implied by its name, being more compact and rigid,
+and not more than half as tall. The leaves, too, are somewhat crimped,
+and of a much darker colour, the stems are nearly straight and ruddy,
+and the flowers are in more erect racemes, the colour yellowish-white.
+It forms a handsome bush, but is without the graceful habit of the type.
+Like the other knotweeds described, it enjoys a sandy loam, and requires
+nothing in the way of special culture. The roots may be transplanted or
+divided when the tops have withered.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Polygonum_Filiformis_Variegatum" id="Polygonum_Filiformis_Variegatum"></a>Polygonum Filiformis Variegatum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Knotweed</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Polygonace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Very hardy and effective. I simply mention this as a foliage plant. The
+leaves are large, drooping, and finely splashed or marbled with pale
+green and yellow, in shape oval-oblong, being crimped between the veins.
+It is a scarce variety. Fine for the sub-tropical garden. Culture, the
+same as for all the Knotweeds.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, late summer.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Polygonum_Vaccinifolium" id="Polygonum_Vaccinifolium"></a>Polygonum Vaccinifolium.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Vaccinium-leaved Knotweed</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Polygonace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>It may seem odd that we should go into the Dock family for plants and
+flowers for our gardens; still we may, and find some truly beautiful
+species. The above-named is a charming alpine, coming from the
+Himalayas, and proves perfectly hardy in our climate; it is seldom met
+with and cannot be generally known, otherwise it would be more
+patronised; it forms a pretty dwarf shrub, with woody slender stems,
+clothed with small shining foliage.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are very small, resembling those of the smaller ericas, and
+of a fine rosy colour; the unopened ones are even more pretty, having a
+coral-like effect; they are arranged in neat spikes, about 2in. long,
+and tapering to a fine point; they are numerously produced all along the
+procumbent branches, becoming erect therefrom. As the specific name
+denotes, the leaves are Vaccinium-like&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, small and oval, like
+box, but not so stout; they are closely set on the stems, are of a pale
+shining green, and somewhat bent or rolled. The habit is exceedingly
+neat, and, when in flower, a good specimen is a pleasing object; it is
+only a few inches high, but spreads quickly.</p>
+
+<p>On rockwork it seems quite at home. My example has shade from the
+mid-day sun, and, without saying that it should have shade, I may safely
+say that it does well with it. The plant will thrive in sandy loam and
+is readily increased by putting small stones on the trailing stems,
+which soon root.</p>
+
+<p>The leafy stems, with their coral-like, miniature spires, are useful in
+a cut state, so pretty, in fact, that it does not require any skill to
+"bring them in."</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August to the frosts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Potentilla_Fruticosa" id="Potentilla_Fruticosa"></a>Potentilla Fruticosa.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Shrubby Cinquefoil</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Rosace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>In mountainous woods this native deciduous shrub is found wild, and it
+is much grown in gardens, where it not only proves very attractive, but
+from its dwarf habit and flowering throughout the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> summer and autumn
+months, it helps to keep the borders or rock garden cheerful.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers, which are lemon yellow, are in form like those of its
+relative, the strawberry, but smaller; they are produced in terminal
+small bunches, but seldom are more than two or three open at the same
+time, and more often only one; but from the numerous branchlets, all of
+which produce bloom, there seems to be no lack of colour. In gardens it
+grows somewhat taller than in its wild state, and if well exposed to the
+sun it is more floriferous, and the individual flowers larger.</p>
+
+<p>It attains the height of 2ft. 6in.; the flowers are 1in. across; the
+petals apart; calyx and bracte&aelig; united; ten parted; each flower has a
+short and slender stalk. The leaves are 2in. or more in length, pinnate,
+five but oftener seven parted, the leaflets being oblong, pointed,
+entire and downy; the leaf stalks are very slender, and hardly an inch
+long; they spring from the woody stems or branches, which are of a ruddy
+colour, and also downy. The habit of the shrub is densely bushy, and the
+foliage has a greyish green colour from its downiness.</p>
+
+<p>This subject may be planted in any part of the garden where a constant
+blooming and cheerful yellow flower is required; it is pretty but not
+showy; its best quality, perhaps, is its neatness. It enjoys a vegetable
+soil well drained, and propagates itself by its creeping roots, which
+push up shoots or suckers at short spaces from the parent stock.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, summer to early frosts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Pratia_Repens" id="Pratia_Repens"></a>Pratia Repens.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">Lobelia Pratiana; Creeping Pratia</span>; <i>sometimes called</i>
+<span class="smcap">Lobelia Repens</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Lobeliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>In October this small creeper is a very pretty object on rockwork, when
+the earlier bloom has become changed into oval fruit-pods. These
+berry-like capsules are large for so small a plant, and of a bright and
+pleasing colour. These, together with the few flowers that linger,
+backed up, as they are, with a dense bed of foliage, interlaced with its
+numerous filiform stems, present this subject in its most interesting
+and, perhaps, its prettiest form.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers may be called white, but they have a violet tint, and are
+over half-an-inch in length. The calyx is adnate in relation to the
+ovarium, limb very short, but free and five-toothed; the corolla is
+funnel-shaped, but split at the back, causing it to appear one-sided.
+The solitary flowers are produced on rather long stems from the axils of
+the leaves. As they fade the calyces become fleshy and much enlarged,
+and resemble the fruit of the hawthorn when ripe. The leaves are
+distantly arranged on the creeping stems, &frac12;in. long, oval, roundly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>
+toothed and undulated, fleshy, somewhat glaucous and petiolate. The
+habit of the plant is to root as it creeps, and the thread-like stems
+intersect each other in a pleasing way. They are to be seen distinctly,
+as the leaves are not only small, but distant, and seem to rest on a
+lattice-work of stems. This species comes from the Falkland Islands, and
+is of recent introduction.</p>
+
+<p>It is herbaceous and perennial, and proves hardy in this climate if
+planted on a well-drained soil of a vegetable character. It not only
+enjoys such a position as the slope of rockwork, but, when so placed, it
+may be seen to advantage. It should be free from shade, or the fruit
+will not colour well. It will therefore be seen that this is a rock
+plant, so far as its decorative qualities are concerned. It may,
+however, be grown well on flat beds of peat soil, where its fruit will
+mature finely, but it cannot be so well seen. It is self-propagating.
+Transplantings should be made in spring, or tufts may be placed in pots,
+during the autumn, and put in cold frames, as then they would not suffer
+displacement by frosts.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to frosts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Primula_Acaulis" id="Primula_Acaulis"></a>Primula Acaulis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">P. Vulgaris, Common Primrose</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This common native flower needs no description, growing everywhere, yet
+we all seem to enjoy its company in our gardens, though it may, perhaps,
+be seen wild close by. It is a flower of more interest than ordinary,
+and to the florist of some importance. The great variety of double and
+single primroses have all sprung from this, the modest form found in our
+woods and damp hedgerows, and the number is being added to year by year.
+The generic name is in allusion to a quality&mdash;that of early or first
+flowering. The specific name, <i>acaulis</i>, is in reference to its
+stemlessness, which is its main distinguishing feature from the
+Polyanthus and Oxlip (<i>P. veris</i>). I may add, that from the great
+variety of <i>P. acaulis</i> and <i>P. veris</i>, and their mutual resemblance in
+many instances, the casual observer may often find in this feature a
+ready means by which to identify a specimen. Of course, there are other
+points by which the different species can be recognised, even when the
+scape is out of sight, but I am now speaking of their general likeness
+to each other in early spring.</p>
+
+<p>Common Cowslips or Paigles (<i>P. veris</i>), great Cowslips or Oxlips (<i>P.
+elatior</i>), field primrose or large-flowered primrose (<i>P. acaulis</i>),
+were all in olden times called by the general name of primrose, the
+literal meaning of which is first-rose. Old authorities give us many
+synonymous names for this plant, as <i>P. grandiflora</i>, <i>P. vulgaris</i>, <i>P.
+sylvestris</i>, and <i>P. veris</i>. The last is given by three authorities,
+including Linn&aelig;us. As this seems to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> clash hard with the name as applied
+to the Cowslip species, I may at once state that Linn&aelig;us has only that
+one name for the three species, viz: <i>P. acaulis</i>, <i>P. elatior</i>, <i>P.
+veris</i>; the name <i>P. vulgaris</i>, by another authority, is explained by
+the same rule; Curtis (<i>Flora Londinensis</i>) is the authority for the
+name <i>P. acaulis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I need not here go into any of the varieties, beyond giving a cursory
+glance at them as a whole. The double kinds are all beautiful, some
+superb and rare, as the ruby and crimson; the white, sulphur, mauve,
+magenta, and other less distinct double forms are more easily grown, and
+in some parts are very plentiful. The single kinds have even a more
+extensive range in colour. We have now fine reds and what are called
+blue primrose; the latter variety is not a blue, but certainly a near
+approach to it. It is an interesting occupation to raise the coloured
+primroses from seed, not only because of the pleasing kinds which may be
+so obtained, but under cultivation, as in a wild state, seedlings are
+always seen to be the more vigorous plants; self-sown seed springs up
+freely on short grass, sandy walks, and in half-shaded borders; but when
+it is sought to improve the strain, not only should seedlings be
+regularly raised, but it should be done systematically, when it will be
+necessary, during the blooming season, to look over the flowers daily
+and remove inferior kinds as soon as proved, so that neither their seed
+nor pollen can escape and be disseminated. This part of the operation
+alone will, in a few years, where strictly carried out, cause a garden
+to become famous for its primroses. Seasonable sowing, protection from
+slugs, and liberal treatment are also of the utmost importance.</p>
+
+<p>Briefly stated, the <i>modus operandi</i> should be as follows: Sow the seed
+at the natural season, soon as ripe, on moist vegetable soil; do not
+cover it with more than a mere dash of sand; the aspect should be north,
+but with a little shade any other will do; the seedlings will be pretty
+strong by the time of the early frosts; about that time they should, on
+dry days, have three or four slight dressings of soot and quicklime; it
+should be dusted over them with a "dredge" or sieve; this may be
+expected to clear them of the slug pest, after which a dressing of sand
+and half-rotten leaves may be scattered over them; this will not only
+keep them fresh and plump during winter, but also protect them from the
+effects of wet succeeded by frost, which often lifts such things
+entirely out of the earth. In March, plant out in well enriched loam, in
+shady quarters; many will flower in late spring. Another plan would be
+to leave them in the seed bed if not too rank, where most would flower;
+in either case, the seed bed might be left furnished with undisturbed
+seedlings. The main crop of bloom should not be looked for until the
+second spring after the summer sowing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The double forms are not only less vigorous, but the means of
+propagation are limited; offsets of only healthy stock should be taken
+in early summer. A rich retentive loam suits them, or moist vegetable
+soil would do: shade, however, is the great desideratum; exposure to
+full sunshine harms them, even if well moistened at the roots; besides,
+in such positions red spider is sure to attack them. This mode of
+propagation is applicable to desirable single varieties, as they cannot
+be relied upon to produce stock true to themselves from seed. In
+planting offsets it is a good practice to put them in rather deeply; not
+only are the new roots emitted from above the old ones, but the heart of
+the offset seems to be sustained during the warm and, perhaps, dry
+weather, by being set a trifle below the surface. This I have ever
+proved to be a sure and quick method in the open garden.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, February to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Primula_Capitata" id="Primula_Capitata"></a>Primula Capitata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Round-headed Primula</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Hardy, herbaceous, and perennial. Before referring to this Primula in
+particular, I would say a word or two respecting hardy and alpine
+Primul&aelig; in general. It may appear strange and, on my part, somewhat
+presumptuous, when I state that this section of the Primula family is
+little known. Gardeners, both old and young, who have seen them in
+collections, have asked what they were as they stood over them admiring
+their lovely flowers. They are, however, very distinct on the one hand
+from the primrose (<i>Primula vulgaris</i> or <i>acaulis</i>) and polyanthus
+(<i>Primula elatior</i>) sections; and also from the <i>P. sinensis</i>
+section&mdash;the species with so many fine double and single varieties, much
+grown in our greenhouses, and which, of course, are not hardy. The hardy
+and distinct species to which I now allude are mostly from alpine
+habitats, of stunted but neat forms, widely distinct, and very
+beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>The British representatives of this class are <i>Primula farinosa</i> and <i>P.
+Scotica</i>, but from nearly all parts of the temperate zone these lovely
+subjects have been imported. It may not be out of place to name some of
+them: <i>P. Allioni</i>, France; <i>P. am&oelig;na</i>, Caucasus; <i>P. auricula</i>,
+Switzerland; <i>P. Carniolica</i>, Carniola; <i>P. decora</i>, South Europe; <i>P.
+glaucescens</i> and <i>P. grandis</i>, Switzerland; <i>P. glutinosa</i>, South
+Europe; <i>P. latifolia</i>, Pyrenees; <i>P. longifolia</i>, Levant; <i>P.
+marginata</i>, Switzerland; <i>P. minima</i>, South Europe; <i>P. nivalis</i>,
+Dahuria; <i>P. villosa</i>, Switzerland; <i>P. viscosa</i>, Piedmont; <i>P.
+Wulfeniana</i>, <i>P. spectabilis</i>, <i>P. denticulata</i>, <i>P. luteola</i>, <i>P.
+Tirolensis</i>, and others, from the Himalayas and North America, all of
+which I have proved to be of easy culture, either on rockwork, or in
+pots and cold frames, where, though they may be frozen as hard as the
+stones amongst which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> their roots delight to run, they are perfectly
+safe. The treatment they will not endure is a confined atmosphere.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. capitata</i>, which is a native of Sikkim, is still considered to be
+new in this country, though it was flowered at Kew about thirty years
+ago, but it has only become general in its distribution during the past
+three or four years.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are borne on stems which are very mealy, and 6in. to 9in.
+high; the head of bloom is round and dense, 1&frac12;in. across. The outer pips
+are first developed, and as they fade the succeeding rings or tiers
+extend and hide them. The very smallest in the centre of the head remain
+covered with the farina-like substance, and form a beautiful contrast to
+the deep violet-blue of the opened, and the lavender-blue of the
+unopened pips. One head of bloom will last fully four weeks. The
+denseness and form of the head, combined with the fine colour of the
+bloom, are the chief points which go to make this Primula very distinct.
+The leaves, which are arranged in rosette form, are otherwise very
+pretty, having a mealy covering on the under side, sometimes of a golden
+hue; they are also finely wrinkled and toothed, giving the appearance,
+in small plants, of a rosette of green feathers. Sometimes the leaves
+are as large as a full-grown polyanthus leaf, whilst other plants, which
+have flowered equally well, have not produced foliage larger than that
+of primroses, when having their earliest flowers.</p>
+
+<p>It makes a fine pot subject, but will not endure a heated greenhouse. It
+should be kept in a cold frame, with plenty of air. It may be planted on
+rockwork where it will not get the midday sun. I hear that it grows like
+grass with a correspondent whose garden soil is stiff loam; there it
+seeds and increases rapidly. My first experience with it was
+troublesome; when dying down in the winter, the leaves, which are
+persistent, seemed to collect moisture at the collar and cause it to
+rot. I tried planting not quite so deeply, and I imagine that it has
+proved a remedy. So choice a garden subject should not be passed by
+because it cannot be dibbled in and grown as easily as a cabbage. Old
+plants produce offsets which, as soon as the April showers come, may be
+transplanted in loamy soil and a shady situation. Propagation may also
+be carried on by seed when well ripened, but that has not been my
+experience of it hitherto.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Primula_Cashmerianum" id="Primula_Cashmerianum"></a>Primula Cashmerianum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Cashmere Primrose</span>; <i>Nat Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This belongs to the large-leaved and herbaceous section, and though it
+comes (as its name specifies) from a much warmer climate than ours, its
+habitat was found at a great altitude, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> it has been proved to be
+perfectly hardy in North Britain. This species is comparatively new to
+English gardens, but it has already obtained great favour and is much
+grown (see Fig. 76). No collection of <i>Primul&aelig;</i> can well be without it;
+its boldness, even in its young state, is the first characteristic to
+draw attention, for with the leaf development there goes on that of the
+scape. For a time the foliage has the form of young cos lettuce, but the
+under sides are beautifully covered with a meal resembling gold dust.
+This feature of the plant is best seen at the early stage of its growth,
+as later on the leaves bend or flatten to the ground in rosette form,
+the rosettes being often<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> more than 12in. across. The golden farina
+varies in both quantity and depth of colour on different plants.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img222.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 76." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 76. <span class="smcap">Primula Cashmerianum</span>.<br />(One-fourth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+
+<p>The flower scape is from 9in. to 12in. high, nearly as stout as a clay
+pipe stem, and very mealy, thickening near the top. The flowers, which
+are small, of a light purple colour, and having a yellow eye, are
+densely arranged in globular trusses, each lasting more than a fortnight
+in beauty. The leaves when resting on the ground show their finely
+serrated edges and pleasing pale green, which contrasts oddly with the
+under sides of those still erect, the latter being not only of a golden
+colour, as already mentioned, but their edges are turned, almost rolled
+under.</p>
+
+<p>This plant loves moisture; and it will adorn any position where it can
+be well grown; it will also endure any amount of sunshine if it has
+plenty of moisture at the roots, and almost any kind of soil will do
+except clay, but peat and sand are best for it, according to my
+experience. During winter the crown is liable to rot, from the amount of
+moisture which lodges therein somewhat below the ground level; latterly
+I have placed a piece of glass over them, and I do not remember to have
+lost one so treated. Offsets are but sparingly produced by this species;
+propagation is more easily carried out by seed, from which plants will
+sometimes flower the first year.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Primula_Denticulata" id="Primula_Denticulata"></a>Primula Denticulata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Toothed Primula</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is one of that section of the Primrose family having stout scapes
+and compact heads of bloom. It is a comparatively recent introduction
+from the Himalayas, a true alpine, and perfectly hardy in this climate.
+As a garden flower, it has much merit, blooming early and profusely. It
+cannot be too highly commended for its fine form as a plant and beauty
+as a flower, more especially as seen on rockwork. The flower buds begin
+in very early spring to rise on their straight round stems, new foliage
+being developed at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are arranged in dense round clusters, and are often in their
+finest form when nearly a foot high. They are of a light purple colour,
+each flower &frac12;in. across, corolla prettily cupped, segments two-lobed,
+greenish white at bases, tube long and cylindrical, calyx about half
+length of tube, teeth rather long and of a dark brown colour. The scape
+is somewhat dark-coloured, especially near the apex. The leaves are
+arranged in rosette form, are lance-shaped, rolled back at the edges and
+toothed, also wrinkled and downy; they continue to grow long after the
+flowers have faded.</p>
+
+<p>Delicate as the flowers seem, they stand the roughest storms without
+much hurt.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>P. d. major</i> is a larger form in all its parts.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. d. nana</i> is more dwarfed than the type.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. d. amabilis</i> is a truly lovely form, having darker foliage and rosy
+buds; its habit, too, is even more neat and upright, and the blooming
+period earlier by about two weeks.</p>
+
+<p>A moist position and vegetable mould suit it best, according to my
+experience, and the dips of rockwork are just the places for it, not
+exactly in the bottom, for the following reason: The large crowns are
+liable to rot from wet standing in them, and if the plants are set in a
+slope it greatly helps to clear the crowns of stagnant moisture.
+Propagation is by means of offsets, which should be taken during the
+growing season, so that they may form good roots and become established
+before winter.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Primula_Farinosa" id="Primula_Farinosa"></a>Primula Farinosa.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Mealy Primrose</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Bird's-eye</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>The pretty native species, very common in a wild state in some parts,
+near which, of course, it need not be grown in gardens; but as its
+beauty is unquestionable, and as there are many who do not know it, and
+evidently have never seen it, it ought to have a place in the garden. It
+is herbaceous and perennial. All its names are strictly descriptive. The
+little centre has a resemblance to a bird's eye, and the whole plant is
+thickly covered with a meal-like substance. Small as this plant is, when
+properly grown it produces a large quantity of bloom for cutting
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p>It is 3in. to 8in. high, according to the situation in which it is
+grown. The flowers are light purple, only &frac12;in. across, arranged in neat
+umbels; the corolla is flat, having a bright yellow centre; leaves
+small, ovate-oblong, roundly toothed, bald, and powdery beneath; the
+flower scapes are round and quite white, with a meal-like covering.</p>
+
+<p>In stiff soil and a damp situation this little gem does well, or it will
+be equally at home in a vegetable soil, such as leaf mould or peat, but
+there must be no lack of moisture, and it is all the better for being
+screened from the mid-day sun, as it would be behind a hedge or low
+wall. So freely does it bloom, that it is not only worth a place in the
+garden, but repays all the trouble required to establish it in proper
+quarters, after which it will take care of itself, by producing offsets
+and seedlings in abundance.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Primula_Marginata" id="Primula_Marginata"></a>Primula Marginata.</h2>
+
+<p><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">P. Crenata</span>; <span class="smcap">Margined Primrose</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A native of Switzerland, so rich in alpine flowers; this is but a small
+species, yet very distinct and conspicuous (see Fig. 77).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> As its
+specific name denotes, its foliage has a bold margin, as if stitched
+with white silken thread, and the whole plant is thickly covered with a
+mealy substance. So distinct in these respects is this lovely species
+that, with, perhaps, one exception, it may easily be identified from all
+others, <i>P. auricula marginata</i> being the one that most resembles it,
+that species also being edged and densely covered with farina, but its
+foliage is larger, not toothed, and its flowers yellow.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img225.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 77." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 77. <span class="smcap">Primula Marginata</span>.<br />(Two-thirds natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p><i>P. marginata</i> has bright but light violet flowers on very short scapes,
+seldom more than 3in. high; these and the calyx also are very mealy. The
+little leaves are of various shapes, and distinctly toothed, being about
+the size of the bowl of a dessert spoon. They are neatly arranged in
+tufts on a short footstalk, which becomes surrounded with young growths,
+all as clear in their markings as the parent plant, so that a well grown
+specimen of three years or even less becomes a beautiful object, whether
+it is on rockwork or in a cold frame.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are produced and remain in good form for two or three weeks
+on strong plants, and for nearly the whole year the plant is otherwise
+attractive.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I scarcely need mention that such plants with mealy and downy foliage
+are all the better for being sheltered from wind and rain. In a crevice,
+overhung by a big stone, but where the rockwork is so constructed that
+plenty of moisture is naturally received, a specimen has done very well
+indeed, besides keeping its foliage dry and perfect. When such positions
+can either be found or made, they appear to answer even better than
+frames, as alpine species cannot endure a stagnant atmosphere, which is
+the too common lot of frame subjects. It is not very particular as to
+soil or situation. I grow it both in shade and fully exposed to the
+midday sun of summer, and, though a healthy specimen is grown in loam, I
+find others to do better in leaf mould mixed with grit and pebbles. It
+enjoys a rare immunity&mdash;the slugs let it alone, or at least my slugs do,
+for it is said that different tribes or colonies have different tastes.
+To propagate it, the little offsets about the footstalk should be cut
+off with a sharp knife when the parent plant has finished flowering;
+they will mostly be found to have nice long roots. Plant in leaf soil
+and grit, and keep them shaded for a month.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Primula_Purpurea" id="Primula_Purpurea"></a>Primula Purpurea.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Purple-flowered Primula</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A truly grand primrose of the same section as <i>P. denticulata</i>, coming
+also from an alpine habitat, viz., the higher elevations of the
+Himalayas. It has not long been in cultivation in this country compared
+with our knowledge of the Himalayan flora. It is perfectly hardy, but
+seems to require rather drier situations than most of the large-leaved
+kinds. I never saw it so fine as when grown on a hillock of rockwork in
+sand and leaf mould; the specimen had there stood two severe winters,
+and in the spring of 1881 we were gladdened by its pushing in all
+directions fifteen scapes, all well topped by its nearly globular heads
+of fine purple flowers. It begins to flower in March, and keeps on for
+quite a month.</p>
+
+<p>The flower stems are 9in. high, stout, and covered with a mealy dust,
+thickest near the top and amongst the small bracts. The umbels of
+blossom are 2in. to 3in. across, each flower nearly &frac34;in. in diameter,
+the corolla being salver shaped and having its lobed segments pretty
+well apart; the tube is long and somewhat bellied where touched by the
+teeth of the calyx; the latter is more than half the length of tube, of
+a pale green colour, and the teeth, which are long, awl shaped, and
+clasping, impart to the tubes of the younger flowers a fluted
+appearance; later on they become relaxed and leafy. The leaves have a
+strong, broad, pale green, shining midrib, are lance-shaped, nearly
+smooth, wavy, and serrulated; the upper surface is of a lively green
+colour, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> the under side has a similar mealy covering to that of the
+scape. Flowers and leaves develope at the same time, the latter being
+8in. long and of irregular arrangement.</p>
+
+<p>The exceedingly floriferous character of this otherwise handsome primula
+renders it one of the very best subjects for the spring garden; it
+should have a place in the most select collections, as well as in more
+general assemblages of plants, for not only does it take care of itself
+when once properly planted, but it increases fast, forming noble tufts a
+foot in diameter, than which few things give a finer effect or an equal
+quantity of flowers at a time when they are not too plentiful. As
+already hinted, it should have a somewhat drier position than <i>P.
+denticulata</i>, but by no means should it suffer from drought, and a
+little shade will be beneficial. Propagated by division during the
+growing season, immediately after flowering being the best time.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March and April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Primula_Scotica" id="Primula_Scotica"></a>Primula Scotica.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Scottish Primrose</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This charming little member of the British flora very much resembles the
+native Bird's-eye Primrose (<i>P. farinosa</i>), which is very common in some
+parts. It is not uniformly conceded to be a distinct species, but many
+botanists believe it to be such. As a matter of fact, it is different
+from <i>P. farinosa</i> in several important points, though they are not seen
+at a mere glance. That it has darker flowers and a more dwarf and sturdy
+habit may, indeed, be readily seen when the two are side by side. Size
+and colour, however, would not in this case appear to be the most
+distinctive features. The seed organs differ considerably. "In <i>P.
+farinosa</i> the germen is broadly obovate and the stigma capitate; here
+the germen is globose and the stigma has five points." But there is
+another dissimilarity which may or may not prove much to the botanist,
+but to the lover of flowers who tries to cultivate them it is
+all-important. Whilst <i>P. farinosa</i> can be easily grown in various soils
+and positions, in the same garden <i>P. Scotica</i> refuses to live; so
+fickle, indeed, is it, that were it not a very lovely flower that can be
+grown and its fastidious requirements easily afforded, it would not have
+been classed in this list of garden subjects. Here it begins to blossom
+in the middle of March at the height of 3in. In its habitats in
+Caithness and the north coast of Sutherland it is considerably
+later&mdash;April and May.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are arranged in a crowded umbel on a short stoutish scape;
+they are of a deep-bluish purple, with a yellow eye; the divisions of
+the corolla are flat and lobed; calyx nearly as long as tube, and
+ventricose or unevenly swollen. The whole flower is much less than <i>P.
+farinosa</i>. The leaves are also smaller<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> than those of that species;
+obovate, lanceolate, denticulate, and very mealy underneath.</p>
+
+<p>To grow it requires not only a light but somewhat spongy soil, as peat
+and sand, but it should never be allowed to get dry at the roots; a top
+dressing during summer of sand and half decayed leaves is a great help
+to it, for the roots are not only then very active, going deep and
+issuing from the base of the leaves, but they require something they can
+immediately grow into when just forming, and to be protected from
+drought. It will be well to remember that its principal habitats are on
+the sandy shores, as that gives a proper idea of the bottom moisture,
+and, from the looseness of the sand, the drier condition of the
+immediate surface. My specimens have always dwindled during summer and
+failed to appear the following spring, excepting where such treatment as
+the above has been adopted. I am much indebted for these hints to
+several amateurs, who grow it well. That many fail with it is evidenced
+by the facts that it is in great demand every spring and that there are
+few sources of supply other than its wild home. Never was it more sought
+for, perhaps, than at the present time, not only by amateurs at home,
+but by both private and trade growers abroad. The exquisite beauty of
+this primrose when well grown and the technical care required to have it
+in that condition are both things of which any plant lover may be proud.</p>
+
+<p>If once established, its propagation is scarcely an affair of the
+cultivator's; the self-sown seed appears to germinate with far more
+certainty when left alone, and, as the plants are always very small,
+they hardly need to be transplanted. If left alone, though they are
+often much less than an inch across, many will flower the first season.
+Some have taken it as something of a biennial character. The treatment
+is at fault when it gives cause for such impressions; its perennial
+quality is both authorised and proved under cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Primula_Sikkimensis" id="Primula_Sikkimensis"></a>Primula Sikkimensis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>The specific name of this noble and lovely plant has reference to its
+habitat, Sikkim, in the Himalayas, where it was found not many years
+ago. It is not largely cultivated yet&mdash;probably not well known. It may,
+however, be frequently met with in choice collections, where no plant is
+more worthy of a place. Its general character may be said to be very
+distinct, especially when in flower. It is herbaceous, hardy, and
+perennial. Its hardiness has been questioned for several years, but the
+winters of 1880 and 1881 settled that beyond the region of doubt. I had
+then many plants of it fully exposed, without even a top-dressing, which
+is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img229.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 78." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 78. Primula Sikkimensis</span>.<br />(Plant, one-sixth
+natural size; <i>a,</i> blossom, two-thirds natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>sometimes given to plants of unquestionable hardiness, and they stood
+the winters as well as their kindred species&mdash;our common Cowslip. It was
+also said to be not more than biennial, as if it were a plant too good
+to be without some fatal fault for our climate. However, I can say
+emphatically that it is more than biennial, as the specimens from which
+the drawing (Fig. 78) is taken are three years old. Several
+correspondents have written me stating that their plants are dead. That
+has been during their season of dormancy, but in every case they have
+pushed at the proper time. I may as well here explain, though somewhat
+out of order, a peculiarity in reference to the roots of this species:
+it dies down in early autumn, and the crown seems to retire within the
+ball of its roots, which are a matted mass of fibres, and not only does
+it seem to retire, but also to dwindle, so that anyone, with a
+suspicion, who might be seeking for the vital part, might easily be
+misled by such appearances, which are further added to by the fact that
+the species does not start into growth until a late date compared with
+others of the genus. So peculiar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> are the roots and crown of this plant,
+that if a root were dug up in mid-winter, and the soil partly shaken
+from it, a two-year-old specimen would be found to be the size and shape
+of a cricket ball, and the position of the crown so difficult to find
+that, on planting the root again, considerable discrimination would have
+to be exercised, or the crown might be pointed the wrong way.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. Sikkimensis</i> is a Cowslip. The flowers are a pale primrose yellow,
+rendered more pale still by a mealiness which covers the whole stem,
+being most abundant near the top, but whether it is produced on the
+petals, or, owing to their bell-shape and pendent form they receive it
+from the scape and pedicels by the action of the wind, I cannot say. The
+flowers are considerably over 1in. long; they are numerously produced on
+long drooping pedicels, of irregular lengths; the tallest scape of the
+specimen illustrated is 18in. high, but under more favourable conditions
+this Cowslip has been said to reach a height of 3ft. The leaves are 6in.
+to 12in. long, wrinkled, unevenly dentate, oblong and blunt; during the
+time of seeding the leaves increase in length, some becoming spathulate,
+or broadly stalked; it ripens seed plentifully, from which seedlings
+come true.</p>
+
+<p>Although I have never grown this noble plant otherwise than in ordinary
+garden loam well enriched and in shady borders, it is said to be more at
+home in peaty soil always in a moist state. However that may be, I have
+proved it to do well under ordinary treatment; it should be well watered
+during hot dry weather; amongst dwarf trees, in the more damp parts of
+rockwork, or at the foot of a north wall covered with any kind of
+foliage, it will be grown and seen to advantage.</p>
+
+<p>Besides by seed, which should be sown as soon as ripened, it may be
+propagated by root divisions at the time the crowns are pushing in
+spring.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Primula_Vulgaris_Flore-pleno" id="Primula_Vulgaris_Flore-pleno"></a>Primula Vulgaris Flore-pleno.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Double-flowered Primrose</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>It is not intended to descant upon, or even attempt to name, the many
+forms of Double Primrose; the object is more to direct the attention of
+the reader to one which is a truly valuable flower and ought to be in
+every garden. Let me at once state its chief points. Colour, yellow;
+flowers, large, full, clear, and sweetly scented, produced regularly
+twice a year; foliage, short, rigid, evergreen, handsome, and supporting
+the flowers from earth splashes. Having grown this variety for five
+years, I have proved it to be as stated during both mild and severe
+seasons. It seems as if it wanted to commence its blooming period about
+October, from which time to the severest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> part of winter it affords a
+goodly amount of flowers; it is then stopped for a while, though its
+buds can be seen during the whole winter, and when the longer days and
+vernal sunshine return, it soon becomes thickly covered with blossoms,
+which are of the most desirable kind for spring gathering.</p>
+
+<p>Its flowers need no further description beyond that already given; but I
+may add that the stalks are somewhat short, which is an advantage, as
+the bloom is kept more amongst the leaves and away from the mud. The
+foliage is truly handsome, short, finely toothed, rolled back,
+pleasingly wrinkled, and of a pale green colour. It is very hardy,
+standing all kinds of weather, and I never saw it rot at the older
+crowns, like so many of the fine varieties, but it goes on growing,
+forming itself into large tufts a foot and more across.</p>
+
+<p>It has been tried in stiff loam and light vegetable soil; in shade, and
+fully exposed; it has proved to do equally well in both kinds of soil,
+but where it received the full force of the summer sun the plants were
+weak, infested with red spider, and had a poorer crop of flowers. It
+would, therefore, appear that soil is of little or no importance, but
+that partial shade is needful. It is not only a variety worth the
+having, but one which deserves to have the best possible treatment, for
+flowers in winter&mdash;and such flowers&mdash;are worth all care.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering periods, late autumn and early spring to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Pulmonarias" id="Pulmonarias"></a>Pulmonarias.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Lungworts</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Boraginace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>In speaking of these hardy herbaceous perennials, I should wish to be
+understood that the section, often and more properly called <i>Mertensia</i>,
+is not included because they are so very distinct in habit and colour of
+both flowers and foliage. Most of the Pulmonarias begin to flower early
+in March, and continue to do so for a very long time, quite two months.</p>
+
+<p>For the most part, the flowers (which are borne on stems about 8in.
+high, in straggling clusters) are of changing colours, as from pink to
+blue; they are small but pretty, and also have a quaint appearance. The
+foliage during the blooming period is not nearly developed, the plants
+being then somewhat small in all their parts, but later the leaf growth
+goes on rapidly, and some kinds are truly handsome from their fine
+spreading habit and clear markings of large white spots on the leaves,
+which are often 9in. or 10in. long and 3in. broad, oblong, lanceolate,
+taper-pointed, and rough, with stiff hairs. At this stage they would
+seem to be in their most decorative form, though their flowers, in a cut
+state, formed into "posies," are very beautiful and really charming when
+massed for table decoration; on the plant they have a faded appearance.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Many of the species or varieties have but slight distinctions, though
+all are beautiful. A few may be briefly noticed otherwise than as above:</p>
+
+<p><i>P. officinalis</i> is British, and typical of several others. Flowers
+pink, turning to blue; leaves blotted.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. off. alba</i> differs only in the flowers being an unchanging white.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. angustifolia</i>, also British, having, as its specific name implies,
+narrow leaves; flowers bright blue or violet.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. mollis</i>, in several varieties, comes from North America; is distinct
+from its leaves being smaller, the markings or spots less distinct, and
+more thickly covered with <i>soft</i> hairs, whence its name.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. azurea</i> has not only a well-marked leaf, but also a very bright and
+beautiful azure flower; it comes from Poland.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. maculata</i> has the most clearly and richly marked leaf, and perhaps
+the largest, that being the chief distinction.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. saccharata</i> is later; its flowers are pink, and not otherwise very
+distinct from some of the above kinds.</p>
+
+<p>It is not necessary to enumerate others, as the main points of
+difference are to be found in the above-mentioned kinds.</p>
+
+<p>All are very easily cultivated; any kind of soil will do for them, but
+they repay liberal treatment by the extra quality of their foliage.
+Their long and thick fleshy roots allow of their being transplanted at
+any time of the year. Large clumps, however, are better divided in early
+spring, even though they are then in flower.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Puschkinia_Scilloides" id="Puschkinia_Scilloides"></a>Puschkinia Scilloides.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Scilla-like Puschkinia</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Striped Squill</span>; <i>Syns.</i>
+<span class="smcap">P. Libanotica, Adamsia Scilloides</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>As all its names, common and botanical, denote, this charming bulbous
+plant is like the scillas; it may, therefore, be useful to point out the
+distinctions which divide them. They are (in the flowers) to be seen at
+a glance; within the spreading perianth there is a tubular crown or
+corona, having six lobes and a membranous fringe. This crown is
+connected at the base of the divisions of the perianth, which divisions
+do not go to the base of the flower, but form what may be called an
+outer tube. In the scilla there is no corona, neither a tube, but the
+petal-like sepals or divisions of the perianth are entire, going to the
+base of the flower. There are other but less visible differences which
+need not be further gone into. Although there are but two or three known
+species of the genus, we have not only a confusion of names, but plants
+of another genus have been mistaken as belonging to this. Mr. Baker, of
+Kew, however, has put both<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> the plants and names to their proper
+belongings, and we are no longer puzzled with a chionodoxa under the
+name of <i>Puschkinia</i>. This Lilywort came from Siberia in 1819, and was
+long considered a tender bulb in this climate, and even yet by many it
+is treated as such. With ordinary care&mdash;judicious planting&mdash;it not only
+proves hardy, but increases fast. Still, it is a rare plant, and very
+seldom seen, notwithstanding its great beauty. It was named by Adams, in
+honour of the Russian botanist, Count Puschkin, whence the two
+synonymous names <i>Puschkinia</i> and <i>Adamsia</i>; there is also another name,
+specific, which, though still used, has become discarded by authorities,
+viz., <i>P. Libanotica</i>&mdash;this was supposed to be in reference to one of
+its habitats being on Mount Lebanon. During mild winters it flowers in
+March, and so delicately marked are its blossoms that one must always
+feel that its beauties are mainly lost from the proverbial harshness of
+the season.</p>
+
+<p>At the height of 4in. to 8in. the flowers are produced on slender
+bending scapes, the spikes of blossom are arranged one-sided; each
+flower is &frac12;in. to nearly 1in. across, white, richly striped with pale
+blue down the centre, and on both sides of the petal-like divisions. The
+latter are of equal length, lance-shaped, and finely reflexed; there is
+a short tube, on the mouth of which is joined the smaller one of the
+corona. The latter is conspicuous from the reflexed condition of the
+limb of the perianth, and also from its lobes and membranous fringe
+being a soft lemon-yellow colour. The pedicels are slender and distant,
+causing the flower spikes, which are composed of four to eight flowers,
+to have a lax appearance. The leaves are few, 4in. to 6in. long,
+lance-shaped, concave, but flatter near the apex, of good substance and
+a dark green colour; bulb small.</p>
+
+<p>As already stated, a little care is needed in planting this choice
+bulbous subject. It enjoys a rich, but light soil. It does not so much
+matter whether it is loamy or of a vegetable nature if it is light and
+well drained; and, provided it is planted under such conditions and in
+full sunshine, it will both bloom well and increase. It may be
+propagated by division of the roots during late summer, when the tops
+have died off; but only tufts having a crowded appearance should be
+disturbed for an increase of stock.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. s. compacta</i> is a variety of the above, having a stronger habit and
+bolder flowers. The latter are more numerous, have shorter pedicels, and
+are compactly arranged in the spike&mdash;whence the name. Culture,
+propagation, and flowering time, same as last.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Pyrethrum_Uliginosum" id="Pyrethrum_Uliginosum"></a>Pyrethrum Uliginosum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Marsh Feverfew</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A very bold and strong growing species, belonging to a numerous genus;
+it comes to us from Hungary, and has been grown more or less in English
+gardens a little over sixty years. It is a distinct species, its large
+flowers, the height to which it grows, and the strength of its
+willow-like stalks being its chief characteristics. Still, to anyone
+with but a slight knowledge of hardy plants, it asserts itself at once
+as a Pyrethrum. It is hardy, herbaceous, and perennial, and worth
+growing in every garden where there is room for large growing subjects.
+There is something about this plant when in flower which a bare
+description fails to explain; to do it justice it should be seen when in
+full bloom.</p>
+
+<p>Its flowers are large and ox-eye-daisy-like, having a white ray, with
+yellow centre, but the florets are larger in proportion to the disk;
+plain and quiet as the individual flowers appear, when seen in numbers
+(as they always may be seen on well-established specimens), they are
+strikingly beautiful, the blooms are more than 2in. across, and the mass
+comes level with the eye, for the stems are over 5ft. high, and though
+very stout, the branched stems which carry the flowers are slender and
+gracefully bending. The leaves are smooth, lance-shaped, and sharply
+toothed, fully 4in. long, and stalkless; they are irregularly but
+numerously disposed on the stout round stems, and of nearly uniform size
+and shape until the corymbose branches are reached, <i>i.e.</i>, for 4ft. or
+5ft. of their length; when the leaves are fully grown they reflex or
+hang down, and totally hide the stems. This habit, coupled with the
+graceful and nodding appearance of the large white flowers, renders this
+a pleasing subject, especially for situations where tall plants are
+required, such as near and in shrubberies. I grow but one strong
+specimen, and it looks well between two apple trees, but not
+over-shaded. The idea in planting it there was to obtain some protection
+from strong winds, and to avoid the labour and eyesore which staking
+would create.</p>
+
+<p>It likes a stiff loam, but is not particular as to soil if only it is
+somewhat damp. The flowers last three weeks; and in a cut state are also
+very effective; and, whether so appropriated or left on the plant, they
+will be found to be very enduring. When cutting these flowers, the whole
+corymb should be taken, as in this particular case we could not wish for
+a finer arrangement, and being contemporaneous with the Michaelmas
+daisy, the bloom branches of the two subjects form elegant and
+fashionable decorations for table or vase use. To propagate this plant,
+it is only needed to divide the roots in November, and plant in
+deeply-dug but damp soil.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August to September.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Ramondia_Pyrenaica" id="Ramondia_Pyrenaica"></a>Ramondia Pyrenaica.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syns.</i> <span class="smcap">Chaixia Myconi</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Verbascum Myconi</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Solanace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+<p>This is a very dwarf and beautiful alpine plant, from the Pyrenees, the
+one and only species of the genus. Although it is sometimes called a
+Verbascum or Mullien, it is widely distinct from all the plants of that
+family. To lovers of dwarf subjects this must be one of the most
+desirable; small as it is, it is full of character.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers, when held up to a good light, are seen to be downy and of
+ice-like transparency; they are of a delicate, pale, violet colour, and
+a little more than an inch in diameter, produced on stems 3in. to 4in.
+high, which are nearly red, and furnished with numerous hairs; otherwise
+the flower stems are nude, seldom more than two flowers, and oftener
+only one bloom is seen on a stem. The pedicels, which are about
+half-an-inch long, bend downwards, but the flowers, when fully expanded,
+rise a little; the calyx is green, downy, five-parted, the divisions
+being short and reflexed at their points; the corolla is rotate, flat,
+and, in the case of flowers several days old, thrown back; the petals
+are nearly round, slightly uneven, and waved at the edges, having minute
+protuberances at their base tipped with bright orange, shading to white;
+the seed organs are very prominent; stamens arrow-shaped; pistil more
+than twice the length of filaments and anthers combined, white, tipped
+with green. The leaves are arranged in very flat rosettes, the latter
+being from four to eight inches across. The foliage is entirely
+stemless, the nude flower stalks issuing from between the leaves, which
+are roundly toothed, evenly and deeply wrinkled, and elliptical in
+outline. Underneath, the ribs are very prominent, and the covering of
+hairs rather long, as are also those of the edges. On the upper surface
+the hairs are short and stiff.</p>
+
+<p>In the more moist interstices of rockwork, where, against and between
+large stones, its roots will be safe from drought, it will not only be a
+pleasing ornament, but will be likely to thrive and flower well. It is
+perfectly hardy, but there is one condition of our climate which tries
+it very much&mdash;the wet, and alternate frosts and thaws of winter. From
+its hairy character and flat form, the plant is scarcely ever dry, and
+rot sets in. This is more especially the case with specimens planted
+flat; it is therefore a great help against such climatic conditions to
+place the plants in rockwork, so that the rosettes are as nearly as
+possible at right angles with the ground level. Another interesting way
+to grow this lovely and valuable species is in pans or large pots, but
+this system requires some shelter in winter, as the plants will be flat.
+The advantages of this mode are that five or six specimens so grown are
+very effective. They can,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> from higher cultivation (by giving them
+richer soil, liquid manure, and by judicious confinement of their
+roots), be brought into a more floriferous condition, and when the
+flowers appear, they can be removed into some cool light situation,
+under cover, so that their beauties can be more enjoyed, and not be
+liable to damage by splashing, &amp;c. Plants so grown should be potted in
+sandy peat, and a few pieces of sandstone placed over the roots,
+slightly cropping out of the surface; these will not only help to keep
+the roots from being droughted, but also bear up the rosetted leaves,
+and so allow a better circulation of air about the collars, that being
+the place where rot usually sets in. In the case of specimens which do
+not get proper treatment, or which have undergone a transplanting to
+their disadvantage, they will often remain perfectly dormant to all
+appearance for a year or more. Such plants should be moved into a moist
+fissure in rockwork, east aspect, and the soil should be of a peaty
+character. This may seem like coddling, and a slur on hardy plants.
+Here, however, we have a valuable subject, which does not find a home in
+this climate exactly so happy as its native habitat, but which, with a
+little care, can have things so adapted to its requirements as to be
+grown year after year in its finest form; such care is not likely to be
+withheld by the true lover of choice alpines.</p>
+
+<p>This somewhat slow-growing species may be propagated by division, but
+only perfectly healthy specimens should be selected for the purpose,
+early spring being the best time; by seed also it may be increased; the
+process, however, is slow, and the seedlings will be two years at least
+before they flower.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Ranunculus_Aconitifolius" id="Ranunculus_Aconitifolius"></a>Ranunculus Aconitifolius.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Aconite-leaved Crowfoot</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Bachelors' Buttons</span>;
+<i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>An herbaceous perennial, of the alpine parts of Europe, and for a long
+time cultivated in this country. It grows 1ft. high, is much branched in
+zigzag form, and produces numerous flowers, resembling those of the
+strawberry, but only about half the size; the leaves are finely cut and
+of a dark green colour; it is not a plant worth growing for its flowers,
+but the reason why I briefly speak of it here is that I may more
+properly introduce that grand old flower of which it is the parent, <i>R.
+a. fl.-pl.</i> (see Fig. 79), the true "English double white Crowfoote," or
+Bachelor's Buttons; these are the common names which Gerarde gives as
+borne by this plant nearly 300 years ago, and there can be no mistaking
+the plant, as he figures it in his "Historie of Plantes," p. 812; true,
+he gives it a different Latin name to the one it bears at the present
+time; still, it is the same plant, and his name for it (<i>R. albus
+multiflorus</i>) is strictly and correctly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> specific. Numerous flowers are
+called Bachelor's Buttons, including daisies, globe flowers, pyrethrums,
+and different kinds of ranunculi, but here we have the "original and
+true;" probably it originated in some ancient English garden, as Gerarde
+says, "It groweth in the gardens of herbarists &amp; louers of strange
+plants, whereof we have good plentie, but it groweth not wild anywhere."</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img237.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 79." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 79. Ranunculus Aconit Folius Flore-pleno</span>.<br />(One-fourth natural size; <i>a</i>, natural size of flower.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Its round smooth stems are stout, zigzag, and much branched, forming the
+plant into a neat compact bush, in size (of plants two or more years
+old) 2ft. high and 2ft. through. The flowers are white, and very double
+or full of petals, evenly and beautifully arranged, salver shape,
+forming a flower sometimes nearly an inch across; the purity of their
+whiteness is not marred by even an eye, and they are abundantly produced
+and for a long time in succession. The leaves are of a dark shining
+green colour, richly cut&mdash;as the specific name implies&mdash;after the style
+of the Aconites; the roots are fasciculate, long, and fleshy.</p>
+
+<p>This "old-fashioned" plant is now in great favour and much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> sought
+after; and no wonder, for its flowers are perfection, and the plant one
+of the most decorative and suitable for any position in the garden. In a
+cut state the flowers do excellent service. This subject is easily
+cultivated, but to have large specimens, with plenty of flowers, a deep,
+well enriched soil is indispensable; stagnant moisture should be
+avoided. Autumn is the best time to divide the roots.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Ranunculus_Acris_Flore-pleno" id="Ranunculus_Acris_Flore-pleno"></a>Ranunculus Acris Flore-pleno.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Double Acrid Crowfoot, Yellow Bachelor's Buttons</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>The type of this is a common British plant, most nearly related to the
+field buttercup. I am not going to describe it, but mention it as I wish
+to introduce <i>R. acris fl.-pl.</i>, sometimes called "yellow Bachelor's
+Buttons"&mdash;indeed, that is the correct common name for it, as used fully
+300 years ago. In every way, with the exception of its fine double
+flowers, it resembles very much the tall meadow buttercup, so that it
+needs no further description; but, common as is its parentage, it is
+both a showy and useful border flower, and forms a capital companion to
+the double white Bachelor's Buttons (<i>R. aconitifolius fl.-pl.</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Ranunculus_Amplexicaulis" id="Ranunculus_Amplexicaulis"></a>Ranunculus Amplexicaulis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Stem-clasping Ranunculus</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A very hardy subject; effective and beautiful. The form of this plant is
+exceedingly neat, and its attractiveness is further added to by its
+smooth and pale glaucous foliage. It was introduced into this country
+more than 200 years ago, from the Pyrenees. Still it is not generally
+grown, though at a first glance it asserts itself a plant of first-class
+merit (see Fig. 80).</p>
+
+<p>The shortest and, perhaps, best description of its flowers will be given
+when I say they are white <i>Buttercups</i>, produced on stout stems nearly a
+foot high, which are also furnished by entire stem-clasping leaves,
+whence its name; other leaves are of varying forms, mostly broadly
+lance-shaped, and some once-notched; those of the root are nearly
+spoon-shaped. The whole plant is very smooth and glaucous, also covered
+with a fine meal. As a plant, it is effective; but grown by the side of
+<i>R. montanus</i> and the geums, which have flowers of similar shape, it is
+seen to more advantage.</p>
+
+<p>On rockwork, in leaf soil, it does remarkably well; in loam it seems
+somewhat stunted. Its flowers are very serviceable in a cut state, and
+they are produced in succession for three or four<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> weeks on the same
+plant. It has large, fleshy, semi-tuberous roots, and many of them; so
+that at any time it may be transplanted. I have pulled even flowering
+plants to pieces, and the different parts, which, of course, had plenty
+of roots to them, still continued to bloom.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img239.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 80." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 80. Ranunculus Amplexicaulis</span>.<br />(One-fourth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April and May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Ranunculus_Speciosum" id="Ranunculus_Speciosum"></a>Ranunculus Speciosum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Showy Crowfoot</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Ranunculace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is another double yellow form of the Buttercup. It has only
+recently come into my possession. The blooms are very large and
+beautiful, double the size of <i>R. acris fl.-pl.</i>, and a deeper yellow;
+the habit, too, is much more dwarf, the leaves larger, but similar in
+shape.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to June.</p>
+
+<p>All the foregoing Crowfoots are of the easiest culture, needing no
+particular treatment; but they like rich and deep soil. They may be
+increased by division at almost any time, the exceptions being when
+flowering or at a droughty season.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Rudbeckia_Californica" id="Rudbeckia_Californica"></a>Rudbeckia Californica.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Californian Cone-flower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This, in all its parts, is a very large and showy subject; the flowers
+are 3in. to 6in. across, in the style of the sunflower. It has not long
+been grown in English gardens, and came, as its name implies, from
+California: it is very suitable for association with old-fashioned
+flowers, being nearly related to the genus <i>Helianthus</i>, or sunflower.
+It is not only perfectly hardy in this climate, which is more than can
+be said of very many of the Californian species, but it grows rampantly
+and flowers well. It is all the more valuable as a flower from the fact
+that it comes into bloom several weeks earlier than most of the large
+yellow Composites. Having stated already the size of its flower, I need
+scarcely add that it is one of the showiest subjects in the garden; it
+is, however, as well to keep it in the background, not only on account
+of its tallness, but also because of its coarse abundant foliage.</p>
+
+<p>It grows 4ft. to 6ft. high, the stems being many-branched. The flowers
+have erect stout stalks, and vary in size from 3in. to 6in. across,
+being of a light but glistening yellow colour; the ray is somewhat
+unevenly formed, owing to the florets being of various sizes, sometimes
+slit at the points, lobed, notched, and bent; the disk is very bold,
+being nearly 2in. high, in the form of a cone, whence the name "cone
+flower." The fertile florets of the disk or cone are green, and produce
+an abundance of yellow pollen, but it is gradually developed, and forms
+a yellow ring round the dark green cone, which rises slowly to the top
+when the florets of the ray fall; from this it will be seen that the
+flowers last a long time. The leaves of the root are sometimes a foot in
+length and half as broad, being oval, pointed, and sometimes notched or
+lobed; also rough, from a covering of short stiff hairs, and having
+once-grooved stout stalks 9in. or more long; the leaves of the stems are
+much smaller, generally oval, but of very uneven form, bluntly pointed,
+distinctly toothed, and some of the teeth so large as to be more
+appropriately described as segments; the base abruptly narrows into a
+very short stalk. The flowers of this plant are sure to meet with much
+favour, especially while the present fashion continues; but apart from
+fashion, merely considered as a decorative subject for the garden, it is
+well worth a place. There are larger yellow Composites, but either they
+are much later, or they are not perennial species, and otherwise this
+one differs materially from them.</p>
+
+<p>I need not say anything respecting this form of flower in a cut
+state&mdash;its effectiveness is well known. If planted in ordinary garden
+loam it will hold its place and bloom freely year after year without
+further care. Smaller subjects should not be set too near it; it may be
+unadvisable to plant too many clumps in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> the same garden, but it can be
+allowed to spread into one bold patch. The best time to divide or
+transplant is in early spring, when growth is just pushing, for vigorous
+as this and many other perennials are, I have often found them to rot,
+when the dormant roots, after being cut into pieces, have had to face
+the winter.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Rudbeckia_Serotina" id="Rudbeckia_Serotina"></a>Rudbeckia Serotina.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Late</i> <span class="smcap">Cone-flower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This hardy American species, though not an old plant in English gardens,
+is nevertheless classed with "old-fashioned" plants and flowers; and
+certainly its sombre but pleasing dark golden ray flowers, together with
+its likeness to many of the old sunflowers, favours such classification.
+It is the latest of a late-flowering genus.</p>
+
+<p>It attains the height of 2ft.; the root leaves are of irregular shape,
+some oval and pointed, others, on the same plant, being lance-shaped,
+with two or three large teeth or acute lobes; in size the leaves also
+vary from 3in. to 8in. long, and being covered with short bristly hairs,
+they are very rough, also of a dull green colour; the flower stems have
+but few leaves, so it will be judged that the plant has but a weedy
+appearance, but this is compensated for by the rich and numerous large
+dark orange flowers, 3in. across; the ray is single, and the centre,
+which is large and prominent, is a rich chocolate brown.</p>
+
+<p>This subject, to be effective, should be grown in large specimens; mine
+is about 3ft. in diameter, and the level mass of flowers, as I have
+often noticed them in twilight, were grandly beautiful. I can well
+understand that many have not cared for this cone flower when they have
+judged it from a small plant which has sent up its first, and perhaps
+abnormal, bloom. It is especially a subject that should be seen in bold
+clumps, and in moderately rich soil it will soon become such. Moreover,
+the flowers are very effective in a cut state, when loosely arranged in
+vases, only needing something in the way of tall grasses to blend with
+in order to form an antique "posy."</p>
+
+<p>Autumn is the best time to plant it; its long roots denote that it
+enjoys deep soil, and, when planted, the roots of this, as well as all
+others then being transplanted, should be made firm, otherwise the frost
+will lift them out and the droughts will finish them off. Many plants
+are lost in this manner, and, indeed, many short-rooted kinds are
+scarcely saved by the greatest care. The stem-rooting character of this
+plant affords ready means of propagation by root divisions.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, from September till strong frosts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Salix_Reticulata" id="Salix_Reticulata"></a>Salix Reticulata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Wrinkled</span> <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Netted Willow</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Salicace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A native deciduous shrub, of creeping or prostrate habit, not growing
+higher than 2in. As the flowers are inconspicuous and only interesting
+to the botanist or when under the microscope, let me at once say I
+mention this subject because of its beautiful habit and distinct quality
+of foliage. When grown on rockwork, no other plant can compare with it,
+and where choice spring bulbs are planted, this handsome creeper may be
+allowed, without injury to such roots, to broadly establish itself; so
+grown, its little stout leaves, thickly produced, flatly on the surface,
+are much admired.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers or catkins stand well above the foliage, but are
+unattractive, being of a dusky brown colour; the leaves are dark green,
+downy, of much substance, 1&frac12;in. long, and nearly 1in. broad, but the
+size of foliage varies according to the conditions under which the
+specimens are grown; the sizes now referred to are of plants grown on
+rather dry rockwork and fully exposed; the form of the leaves is
+orbicular, obtuse, not in the least notched, bald, reticulately veined,
+and glaucous beneath; the stems are short and diffuse, and tinged with
+red on the younger parts.</p>
+
+<p>During winter, when bare of foliage, its thick creeping stems, covered
+with fat buds and interlaced in a pleasing manner, render it interesting
+in almost any situation not shaded. It forms a capital carpet plant from
+early spring to the end of summer.</p>
+
+<p>It is in no way particular as regards soil, and though it loves
+moisture, like most other willows, it proves thriving in dry places. It
+is, moreover, a good grower in large towns. Its propagation may be
+carried out before the leaves unfold in spring. Little branches with
+roots to them may be cut from the parent plant, and should be set in
+sandy loam and watered well to settle it about the roots.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, September to strong frosts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Sanguinaria_Canadensis" id="Sanguinaria_Canadensis"></a>Sanguinaria Canadensis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Bloodroot</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Papaverace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a native of North America, and is, therefore, hardy in this
+climate; tuberous rooted. It is a curious plant, not only from its great
+fulness of sap or juice, which is red (that of the root being darker,
+whence its name Bloodroot), but also because of the shape of its leaves,
+their colour, and method of development (see Fig. 81). Though very
+dwarf, it is handsome and distinct.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are pure white and nearly 2in. across; the petals have good
+substance, but they fall in five or six sunny days; the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> stamens are
+numerous and bright yellow. Though belonging to the order of the Poppy,
+it is in many respects unlike it; each flower stem, which is 6in. high,
+springs directly from the root, and only one flower is produced on a
+stem; the leaves are also radical, so that the plant is branchless and
+stemless; the leaf stalks are rather shorter than those of the flowers.
+The foliage is of a slate-grey colour, prominently veined on the under
+side, the upper surface being somewhat wrinkled; the leaves are 3in.
+across when fully developed, vine-leaf shaped, deeply and beautifully
+lobed; their development is slow, not being completed until the bloom is
+past. Both leaves and flowers are produced in a curious fashion; for a
+time the flower-bud is compactly enfolded by a leaf, and so both grow up
+to the height of 2in. or 3in., when the former pushes through, and soon
+swells its olive-shaped buds. At this stage a good specimen clump is
+very attractive, and is only more so when the fine blooms first open.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img243.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 81." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 81. Sanguinaria Canadensis</span>.<br />(One-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It should be grown amongst some such carpeting plants as <i>Sibthorpia
+Europ&aelig;a</i> or <i>Linaria pilosa</i>, so as to protect it; moreover, these
+creepers are suited for a similar soil and position. The soil should be
+light, either of sandy or vegetable character, but one that cannot bake;
+shade from the midday sun is essential, as also is plenty of moisture.
+When the growths have become crowded, as they do in about three years,
+it is as well to lift, divide, and replant at a distance of 3in.; this
+is best done after the tops have died off in summer; plant 4in. or 5in.
+deep.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April and May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saponaria_Ocymoides" id="Saponaria_Ocymoides"></a>Saponaria Ocymoides.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Rock Soapwort</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Basil-leaved Soapwort</span>: <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Silenace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A very hardy alpine from France, and one of the most floriferous
+subjects that can be placed on rockwork, where should be its position.
+During a single season it is no uncommon thing to see a small plant grow
+into a large cushion 2ft. in diameter, and only 6in. or 9in. high. In
+planting it this fact should not be overlooked, not only for the sake of
+giving it plenty of room, but also in order that less vigorous subjects
+near it may not become overgrown; it blooms all summer, and though the
+flowers are small and not at all bright, their numbers render it
+attractive.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers, which are about &frac12;in. across, are of a pink colour, and
+produced on many-branched prostrate stems; the calyx is five-toothed;
+the corolla is formed of five flat petals; the leaves are small,
+basil-like, oval-lance shaped, entire and smooth; the general appearance
+of the plant when in bloom is that of a compact mass of small leaves and
+flowers, the latter predominating.</p>
+
+<p>It will grow in any kind of soil, but prefers that of a vegetable
+character, with its roots amongst large stones; but, strictly speaking,
+it needs nothing but an open situation and plenty of room to spread. It
+ripens an abundance of seed, and there is not a better mode of
+propagation than its own; hundreds of stout seedlings appear the
+following spring around the parent plant, and these may then be
+transplanted, and they will flower the same season.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. o. splendens</i> is a variety of the above very much improved indeed;
+and though one cannot discard the good old plant for its very recent
+offspring, the former is certainly very much eclipsed. <i>Splendens</i> has
+foliage slightly different, but its flowers are much larger and
+brighter; and though it may not be quite so vigorous, in this case that
+may be considered an improvement. It is said to come true from seed.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to August.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Burseriana" id="Saxifraga_Burseriana"></a>Saxifraga Burseriana.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Burser's Saxifrage</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy evergreen alpine. A native of Carniola, not long discovered, and
+quite new to English gardens. Though it belongs to a very extensive
+genus, it is a distinct species; many of the Saxifrages are not so,
+neither are they sufficiently decorative to merit a place in any but
+large or scientific gardens. This one, however, is a truly handsome
+kind, and its flowers are produced amid the snow and during the bleak
+and dull weather of mid-winter.</p>
+
+<p>The plant in form is a dense cushion of little spiked rosettes, of a
+dark green colour, slightly silvered. The flowers are produced on bright
+ruddy stems 3in. high, and are creamy white, nearly the size of a
+sixpence. Small as the plant is, a moderate sized specimen is very
+attractive, especially before the flowers open, when they are in their
+prettiest form. They open slowly and endure nearly two months.</p>
+
+<p>It enjoys light soil and a well drained situation, such as the edge of a
+border, where strong growing kinds cannot damage it, or on rockwork,
+where it will be fully exposed to the sun. To be effective, it should be
+grown into strong clumps, which may easily be done by annually giving a
+top-dressing of leaf-mould; the older parts of the plant will remain
+perfectly sound and healthy for years. When it is desirable to propagate
+it, it may best be done in April, when the tufts should be carefully
+divided, and its short roots made firm in the soil by one or two stones
+being placed near.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, January to April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Caesia" id="Saxifraga_Caesia"></a>Saxifraga C&aelig;sia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Silver Moss</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Grey Saxifrage</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>One of the alpine gems. This has been grown in English gardens since
+1752, yet good specimens are rarely met with, though its culture is
+simple and easy. It is found wild on the Alps of Switzerland, Austria,
+and the Pyrenees. To the lover of the minute forms of genuine alpine
+plants, this will be a treasure; it is very distinct in form, habit, and
+colour. Its tiny rosettes of encrusted leaves can scarcely be said to
+rise from the ground, and the common name, "silver moss," which it is
+often called by, most fittingly applies; but perhaps its colour is the
+main feature of notice. The meaning of its specific name is grey, to
+which it certainly answers; but so peculiar is the greyness that a more
+definite description may be useful, in giving which I will quote that of
+Decandolle and Sprengle: "The <i>lavender</i>-blue is a pale blue (c&aelig;sius);
+it is mixed with a little grey." This exactly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> answers to the colour of
+the pretty Saxifrage under notice, and it is far from a common one in
+foliage.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers differ but slightly from those of other encrusted forms of
+the genus, but they are a creamy white, arranged in small panicles on
+short and slender stems. They are sparingly produced in May and June.
+The leaves are &frac14;in. long, aggregate or in miniature rosettes; in shape,
+linear-oblong, recurved, and keeled. The upper surface is concave,
+having marginal dots, evenly disposed; the dots are bright and
+excavated, and some of the leaves (those of the stems) are scale formed.
+The glaucous or lavender-blue colour is beautifully enlivened with the
+crystal dots. Its habit reminds one of the more distinct forms of
+lichens, and, when it is grown with suitable companions on rockwork, it
+has a happy way of showing and adapting itself in such situation;
+besides, its colour then shows with more effect.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img246.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 82." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 82. Saxifraga C&aelig;sia Major</span>.<br />(1, single
+rosette, natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>There is a variety of this species not yet in general cultivation, and
+it cannot be too strongly recommended to lovers of the finest forms of
+rock or alpine plants. It is called <i>S. c. major</i> (see Fig. 82). The
+name at once suggests the main difference<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> from the type, but there are
+other features quite as marked as that of its extra size in all its
+parts; the foliage is more crowded, which seems to cause the largest
+leaves to become more erect, and the habit, too, perhaps from the same
+cause, is ball shaped; the small rosettes of thick encrusted leaves,
+from the manner in which they are packed together, form a rigid mass,
+which differs widely both in detail and effect from any other Saxifrage
+I know.</p>
+
+<p>These dwarf subjects are best suited for rockwork; but another plan, now
+much practised, is to grow them in pots. This in no way implies that
+protection is given or needed&mdash;these sturdy subjects are far better
+fully exposed&mdash;but the pot system has advantages; when so planted, the
+roots are more likely to be placed in a better selected compost, and the
+specimens can be raised in order to examine their miniature beauties.
+The above kinds enjoy a gritty vegetable soil; perfect drainage is
+indispensable. These are not among the Saxifrages that are readily
+propagated; a few crowns or rosettes with short pieces of stem are not
+sure to root, and if more careful division is not carried out, perhaps
+but two or three growing bits from a large specimen may be the result,
+so lessening instead of increasing the stock. Before cutting let the
+roots be washed clear of soil, trace the long roots, and so cut up the
+plant that each division will have a share of them. Sometimes a rather
+large specimen will have but few of such roots, in which case it will
+prove the better and safer plan to make only a corresponding number of
+divisions, so making sure of each. A further help to such newly planted
+stock is gained by placing small stones about the collars; this keeps
+the plants moist and cool during the dry season, when (after flowering)
+the divisions should be made.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May and June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Ceratophylla" id="Saxifraga_Ceratophylla"></a>Saxifraga Ceratophylla.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Horn-leaved Saxifrage</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>For the most part, this numerous genus flowers in spring and early
+summer, the species now under notice being one of the late bloomers; its
+flowers however, like most of the Saxifrages, are small and
+insignificant; on the other hand, its foliage, as may be seen by the
+illustration (Fig. 83) is highly ornamental. In November, the grand
+half-globular tufts of rigid dark green foliage are delicately furnished
+with a whitish exudation, which, seen through a magnifying glass,
+resembles scales, but seen by the naked eye&mdash;and it can be clearly seen
+without stooping&mdash;it gives the idea of hoar frost. We have here, then,
+an interesting and ornamental subject, which, when grown in collections
+of considerable variety, proves attractive; and as even after many
+degrees of frost, it retains its beauty, and, I may add, its finest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>
+form, it may be confidently recommended as a suitable winter garden
+subject. This species proves evergreen in our climate, though a native
+of Spain, from which country it was imported about eighty years ago. It
+is sometimes called <i>S. cornutum</i>, a name quite applicable, and it is
+frequently confounded with <i>S. pentadactylis</i> (the Five-fingered-leaved
+Saxifrage), which it much resembles, from which, however, it is distinct
+in several respects.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img248.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 83." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 83. Saxifraga Ceratophylla</span>.<br />(Leaf, one-half
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Its flowers are small, white, and numerous, produced on slender stalks
+in summer; they are of the general type of the flowers of the mossy
+section, and need not be further described. The foliage forms rigid
+cushions, dense, rounded, and of a dark green colour in the early
+season; later it becomes grey, with an exudation; the leaves are
+arranged in rosette form, having stout stalks, channelled or folded on
+the upper surface; there are three deep divisions, and others less cut;
+the segments are subulate, bent back and tipped with horny mucrones,
+whence its specific name; these horn-like points are bent under, which,
+together with their transparency, renders them all but invisible; they
+can, however, be clearly seen if brought near the eye and looked for on
+the under side of the foliage. The leaves are of good substance, 1in. to
+2in. long, having broad stipules; the stems are exceedingly slender in
+the older parts, and somewhat woody, having the appearance of being
+dried up and dead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On rockwork it is seen in its best form, as the slope not only shows it
+off better, but is conducive to a finer growth. In flat places, the
+dense cushions, which are 6in. or 8in. high, often rot from too much
+moisture. I have never seen this occur in the drier positions afforded
+by the slopes of a rockery. If planted between large stones it has a
+happy way of adapting itself to them, and few plants are more effective.
+It thrives equally well in soil of a loamy or vegetable character, but
+it seems to enjoy a little limestone, small pieces of which I place
+round the specimens; they also serve to hold up the lower foliage and
+favour the admission of air. Where alpines are grown in pots this should
+form one, as it makes a charming specimen; the drainage should be
+perfect. It also makes a capital edging plant, especially for raised
+beds, as then it is accommodated in the same way as on rockwork.</p>
+
+<p>It may be propagated by taking the slips nearest the earth, which will
+often be found to have a few rootlets, but if not they will still prove
+the more suitable; if taken in summer and dibbled into sand, they will
+make good roots in a week or two, when they may be transplanted to their
+permanent quarters, so as to become established before winter.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Ciliata" id="Saxifraga_Ciliata"></a>Saxifraga Ciliata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Hairy-margined Saxifrage</span>; <i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">Megasea Ciliata</span>;
+<i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a peculiar, distinct, and beautiful form of Saxifrage; there
+seems, however, to be some confusion in reference to its nomenclature.
+That it belongs to the <i>Megasea</i> section there can be little doubt, so
+that its synonym (<i>M. ciliata</i>) is fairly descriptive; but when it is
+said to be <i>identical</i> with <i>S. ligulata</i>, also of the <i>Megasea</i>
+section, the difficulty of recognising the form illustrated as such is
+very great indeed. It is also supposed to be a <i>variety</i> of <i>S.
+ligulata</i>, and though it has many important dissimilarities, it has also
+many affinities. So much does it differ from <i>S. ligulata</i> that it seems
+to be fully entitled to the specific honours which some authorities have
+given to it. It differs from <i>S. ligulata</i>, described by Don, in being
+rough and hairy on both sides of the leaves; in other respects it
+agrees, more especially in the colour of the flowers, which is uncommon.
+It may be the <i>Megasea ciliata</i> of Haworth, which Don refers to under
+<i>S. ligulata</i>, or it may be a distinct form of the latter, as, on the
+authority of Dr. Wallich, of the Botanical Gardens of Calcutta, the
+species has varieties. Wherever its proper place may be in its numerous
+genus, the name at the head hereof is a good descriptive one. It is an
+Indian contribution, hailing from the mountains east of Bengal. In this
+climate it endures our winters, though it is not one of the hardiest of
+its tribe. It has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> not long been cultivated in this country, and is
+rarely met with. Its distinct habit and fine flowers render it
+desirable, and it will with many be more so on the score of its
+peculiarities. A few of the latter may be mentioned here. Anthers very
+large, and brick-red before becoming pollenized; scapes and
+scape-sheaths nearly smooth, though all other foliar parts are hairy;
+stipules very large and fully developed whilst the leaves are in their
+rudimentary stage. When not in flower the plant has a strong resemblance
+to <i>S. sarmentosa</i>, which belongs to another section, but <i>S. ciliata</i>
+has features belonging to both sections. The habit, however, is more
+flat, and leaves more oval, and if, as has been hinted, this is a
+hybrid, it may not be without some relationship to that species, which
+is also of Asian origin. Further, on the authority of Murray, <i>Sax.
+sarmentosa</i> is identical with <i>S. ligulata</i>; so that, if we may suppose
+<i>S. ciliata</i> to be a distinct variety of <i>S. ligulata</i>, and the latter
+to have such affinity to <i>S. sarmentosa</i> that Murray puts it as
+identical, the chief difference between our subject and the form
+generally accepted as <i>S. ligulata</i> is accounted for, viz., the hairy
+and rougher surfaces of the leaves, which are traits of the well-known
+<i>S. sarmentosa</i>. If these remarks prove nothing, they may serve to show
+the difficulty of recognising the various forms and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> species of so
+popular a genus from reading alone, it having been so extensively
+treated of, and the classifications being so varied. Its study, when the
+species are being cultivated, is simply delightful, compared with the
+confusion of book study alone; and yet it is no uncommon thing, when
+forming a collection of Saxifrages, to receive three or four different
+forms from different sources under the same name, and each perhaps more
+or less authorised. The student by growing this genus of plants will
+reap other pleasures than that of identification, and in a few years
+time will find in his own garden (as the outcome of growing allied
+species) new forms springing from seed, and scattered about the beds and
+walks in a pleasing and suggestive manner. (See Fig. 84.)</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img250.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 84." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 84. <span class="smcap">Saxifraga Ciliata</span>.<br />(One-fourth natural size; (1) two-thirds natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The present subject has bell-shaped flowers, arranged in short-branched
+panicles, each flower &frac34;in. across, and sometimes, when well expanded,
+quite an inch; the colour is a delicate pink-tinted white; petals
+obovate and concave, inserted in the calyx, clawed, sometimes notched
+and even lobed; stamens long as petals, inserted in throat of calyx,
+stout, green changing to pink; anthers large and brick red when young;
+styles massive, joining close together, turgid, nearly long as stamens,
+and pale green; stigmas, simple, beardless, turning to a red colour;
+calyx bell-shaped, five-parted, wrinkled; segments slightly reflexed and
+conniving or joining; scapes 4in. to 6in. high, stout and smooth,
+excepting solitary hairs; bracts, leaf-like; leaves oval or cordate,
+2in. to 4in. long, wrinkled, slightly waved, and toothed, conspicuously
+ciliated or haired on the margin, whence the specific name "<i>ciliata</i>."
+Both surfaces are also furnished with short stiff hairs, the whole leaf
+being stout and flatly arranged; leaf stalks short, thick, and furnished
+with numerous long hairs, and ample stipules, which are glabrous, but
+beautifully ciliated. Roots, woody, and slightly creeping on the
+surface. Habit of foliage reflexing, forming flat masses; smaller or
+supplementary scapes are sent up later than the main scape, from the
+midst of the stipules, bearing flowers in ones and twos. The blossom,
+which is effective and very beautiful, is also sweetly scented, like the
+hawthorn.</p>
+
+<p>As already hinted, this is not one of the most hardy Saxifrages, but I
+have twice wintered it out on gritty beds, well raised, also on
+rockwork, under a warm south wall; and, as such positions can be found
+or made in most gardens, it would be advisable to try and establish this
+distinct and lovely spring bloomer. Lime and sandstone grit mixed with
+loam and leaf soil I find to be the best compost I have yet tried for
+it; in fact, until a dry situation and a little lime were given, it
+proved a shy bloomer. It is now quite the reverse, notwithstanding that
+the roots were divided during the previous autumn. Fogs and rain are its
+greatest plagues, owing to its hairy nature; the glass and wire<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>
+shelters should be used for this most deserving subject. Propagated by
+division of the woody semi-creeping roots during early autumn; each
+division should have a crown and some roots, when they may be planted in
+their permanent quarters.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Megasea_Cordifolia" id="Saxifraga_Megasea_Cordifolia"></a>Saxifraga (Megasea) Cordifolia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A first-class herbaceous perennial, grown for over a hundred years in
+English gardens; it comes from Siberia, and consequently, it is very
+hardy in this climate. The <i>Megasea</i> section of the Saxifraga is a very
+distinct genus; there are several forms with but slight distinctions in
+the section, but the species now under notice may be readily
+distinguished from its nearest known relatives, first by its extra size
+in all its parts, next by its wrinkled heart-shaped leaves.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are produced on stout stems nearly a foot high, a section of
+which will cut the size of a sixpenny piece; the rose-coloured flowers
+are perfectly developed before they push through the many-times
+over-lapped foliage; they are neatly arranged, the branching stems
+sometimes giving the panicle of blossom the form and also the size of a
+moderate bunch of grapes. Just at this stage the flowers, to be most
+enjoyed, should be cut before the weather spoils their delicate colour.
+The fine pale green calyx, which is also conspicuous by its handsome
+form and extra length, is far from the least important feature of this
+flower, especially at the above-mentioned stage. The leaves are 6in. to
+10in. across.</p>
+
+<p>Of the use of its flowers in a cut state, a few words may be said. The
+weather soon destroys their beauty, but when cut they may be preserved
+for fully a fortnight. On one occasion I took a blossom and placed it in
+a flower stand for single specimen blooms; in this instance all the
+other glasses held such fine roses as Baroness Rothschild, Madame
+Lacharme, and Edouard Morren, but so richly did it compare with these
+roses that it was given the place of honour&mdash;the top centre glass; this
+flower I should say had never seen the full light in the open. After
+that others pushed out of the leaves and were speedily damaged, and not
+fit to cut.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Coriophylla" id="Saxifraga_Coriophylla"></a>Saxifraga Coriophylla.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a rather recently discovered alpine species, very dwarf, but
+beautiful. The specific name would appear to be in allusion to its
+flowers as pink-shaped; they are very small, but the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> reader, by
+referring to the cut (Fig. 85), may form his own opinion of such
+likeness; however well founded or otherwise the name may be, we have in
+this subject a gem for the rock garden. It is a native of Albania, and
+belongs to that section of its extensive genus having triquetrous and
+obtuse leaves, or blunt three-sided foliage, as formed by a well
+developed keel. It is in flower in the middle of March, at the height of
+2in. All its parts are of miniature dimensions, and yet when grown in a
+suitable position it is effective.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img253.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 85." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 85. <span class="smcap">Saxifraga Coriophylla</span>.<br />(One-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The flowers are pure white, produced on leafy stems an inch or more
+high; they are few, and open in succession; petals round and
+overlapping; calyx large for the size of flower, and covered with down;
+sepals obtuse and tipped with a brown, almost red-tint; stamens short,
+having rather large yellow anthers, which fill the throat of the
+corolla. The leaves are evergreen or silvery grey, arranged in small
+rosettes, and &frac14;in. long, of good substance, rigid and smooth; their
+shape is obtuse, concave, and keeled; they are furnished with marginal
+excavations, which present themselves as dots; the habit is compact, the
+rosettes being crowded and forming cushioned-shaped specimens; the
+flowers last for a fortnight in average weather.</p>
+
+<p>Between large stones in vegetable mould and grit, it both thrives and
+shows to advantage; it is also a charming subject for the pot culture of
+alpines. In company with the red-stalked and white-flowered <i>S.
+Burseriana</i>, the purple <i>S. oppositifolia</i>, and the many other forms of
+the mossy section, all, or nearly all in bloom about the same time, it
+offers a pleasing variety, as being distinct in every way from its
+contemporaries, more especially in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> the foliage. It is rather a slow
+grower, and not so readily increased as most Saxifrages; it is greatly
+benefited by having pebbles or small stones about the collar. These keep
+it moist at the roots during the growing season. If a little dry cow
+manure or guano is dusted amongst the stones during early summer, the
+results will soon be seen; such growth, however, should not be
+stimulated during the latter half of the year, or from its want of
+ripeness it will be liable to damage during winter. This practice of top
+dressing greatly assists the parts touching the earth to root, and so
+either an increased stock or larger specimens may sooner be obtained.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Fortunei" id="Saxifraga_Fortunei"></a>Saxifraga Fortunei.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Fortune's Saxifrage</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This, as may at once be seen by a glance at Fig. 86, belongs to the
+lobed-leafed section. It is as yet new in English gardens, and is often
+grown in pots in warm glasshouses. It is, however, perfectly hardy,
+having stood out with me in the open for the past three years. It is
+nearly related to <i>S. japonica</i> and its varieties, but is without the
+stolons or runners. In this climate, with outdoor treatment, it flowers
+in October until cut down by frost, which sometimes happens before the
+flowers get well out. It has been stated not only that it is not hardy,
+but that its flowering period is May. With me it has proved otherwise,
+and others have proved it to flower naturally in October. I also
+observed it in bloom in the Hull Botanic Gardens on the open rockwork in
+November, 1882. I have no doubt that autumn is the natural season for
+well-established plants to flower; weaker specimens may fail to push
+forth ere the frost cuts down their leaves, when the dormant buds must
+remain sealed for the winter, but ready to develope with the return of
+longer and warmer days.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are arranged in panicles on scapes nearly a foot high, the
+panicles being 6in. long and 3in. in diameter. The petals are long and
+narrow, of uneven length, and notched; colour pure white. The calyx is
+well developed; segments oval, notched at the ends; colour, pale apple
+green. Stamens, long and tipped with beautifully orange-coloured
+anthers. The ovary is prominent, and of a pale yellow. Besides the above
+features, the flowers, which mostly look sideways and are quite an inch
+across their broadest parts, have one very long petal at the low side,
+and the two next are at right angles with it, less than half its size,
+the two upper ones being still less; the effect is both unusual and
+pleasing. The leaf stalks are long, stout, and of a succulent nature,
+semi-transparent, and slightly furnished with longish hairs; the
+stipules are ample, and of a bright red, which colour extends for a
+short length up the stalk. The leaves are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> kidney-shaped, 2in. to 5in.
+across, eight or ten lobed, toothed and reflexed; they are furnished
+with solitary stiff hairs, are of good substance, and a very dark green
+colour, but herbaceous. The habit of this species is neat and very
+floriferous; therefore it is a valuable plant for in or outdoor
+gardening; but owing to its late season of flowering outside, the
+blossom is liable to injury. A bell glass, however, will meet the case;
+it should be placed over the plant, but tilted slightly, when there are
+signs of frost&mdash;the flowers will amply reward such care. If the bloom
+can be cut clean, a good cluster will vie with many orchids for delicacy
+and effect.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img255.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 86." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 86. <span class="smcap">Saxifraga Fortunei</span>.<br />(One-fifth natural size; 1 and 2, full size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>I find it to do well in fat loam, and with the same kind of soil in
+pots, which comes in for placing in cold frames when frost threatens. I
+find it one of the easiest plants possible to manage&mdash;in fact, it needs
+no care to grow it; still, many amateurs fail to keep it, I suppose from
+taking it into a warm greenhouse, where it is sure to dwindle. It is
+readily propagated by division of the crowns, which should be done in
+spring.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, October until strong frosts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Megasea_Ligulata" id="Saxifraga_Megasea_Ligulata"></a>Saxifraga (Megasea) Ligulata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>One of the large-leaved species (see Fig. 87) compared with others of
+the <i>Megasea</i> section, its leaves are strap-like, as implied by the
+specific name. It is sometimes called <i>Megasea ciliata</i>, but there is a
+large-leaved species, commonly called <i>S. ciliata</i>, which is very
+distinct from this one, and it is all the more important that they
+should not be confounded with each other, as <i>S. ciliata</i> is not very
+hardy, whilst this is perfectly so, being also one of our finest
+herbaceous perennials. It comes to us from Nepaul, and has not long been
+cultivated in this country.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img256.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 87." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 87. <span class="smcap">Saxifraga (Megasea) Ligulata</span>.<br /><small>Transcibers note: no size ratio given in the original.</small></b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Its flowers are produced numerously on bold stout stems 10in. high.
+Sometimes the flower-stem is branched. The pale but clear rosy flowers
+are not only showy, but very enduring, lasting several weeks. The leaves
+are six to ten inches long, of irregular form, but handsomely ribbed and
+wavy; the new growths are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> bright yellowish-green, and tinted from the
+edges with a reddish bronze, so that, during spring, besides being
+finely in flower, it is otherwise a pleasing plant to look upon.
+Moreover, it is one of the few bold kinds of plants which flower so
+early and therefore a most valuable subject for the spring flower-beds.</p>
+
+<p>It looks well in any position, either near or back from the walks, in
+shrubs, or as a centre specimen for beds; it is also a plant that may be
+moved easily, as it carries plenty of root and earth, consequently it
+may be used in such designs as necessitate frequent transplantings. It
+is not particular as to soil or position, but in light earth, well
+enriched with stable manure, I have found it to thrive, so as to be
+equal to many of the so-called "fine foliage" plants during summer;
+therefore, I should say, give it rich food. To propagate it, a strong
+specimen with branched crowns should be selected. These branches or
+stems are &frac12;in. to 1in. thick. They should be cut off with as much length
+as possible; if they have a bit of root, all the better; if not, it does
+not much matter. Let the cut end dry for a little time, take off half,
+or even the whole, of the largest leaves, or the action of the wind will
+prevent their remaining firm. When so prepared, the cuttings may be
+deeply planted in sandy loam, which has previously been deeply stirred.
+This may be done as soon as the flowers are past, and by the end of the
+year the cuttings should be well rooted and suitable for moving into the
+ornamental part of the garden.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Longifolia" id="Saxifraga_Longifolia"></a>Saxifraga Longifolia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Long-leaved Saxifrage</span>; <span class="smcap">Queen of Saxifrages</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Numerous and beautiful as are the species and varieties of this genus,
+this is the most admired of them all, from which fact it derives its
+proud name of "Queen." It is of recent introduction; habitat, the
+Pyrenees; but though of alpine origin, it thrives in lower, I may say
+the lowest, situations even in our wet climate. As will be seen by the
+illustration (Fig. 88), it belongs to the rosette section, and may
+indeed be said, for size and symmetry, to head the list. There are many
+forms of it, differing more or less in shape of leaves, colour, habit,
+and size of rosette. The original or reputed type is but an indifferent
+form compared with the one now generally accepted as the representative
+of the species. So readily do the various Saxifrages become crossed,
+that it is hard to distinguish them; and when a distinct form is evolved
+the question occurs, What constitutes or entitles it to specific
+honours? Surely the form of which we are speaking must be fully entitled
+to a name all its own, as it is not possible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> to find another Saxifrage
+that can so widely contrast with the whole genus.</p>
+
+<p>It may be as well, in a few words, to refer to one or two varieties; and
+it shall only be from an amateur's point of view, whose estimate of
+their worth or importance is based entirely on their ornamental
+qualities under cultivation. Such varieties, as far as I know, have not
+had any name given them, descriptive or otherwise, and I for one have no
+desire to see any, as the genus is already overloaded with names.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img258.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 88." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 88. <span class="smcap">Saxifraga Longifolia</span>.<br />(One-fourth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>There is, first, a form whose main distinction is its dark olive-green
+leaves; the ends are rather inclined to be spathulate, they are long,
+narrow, and arch well, rather nearer the centre of the rosette; this
+causes the end of the outer circle of leaves to come flat on the ground.
+The whole specimen has a sombre appearance compared with the more
+silvery kinds. The second form has broader leaves, is more distinctly
+toothed and spotted; as a consequence of their width, the leaves are
+fewer, and though all the varieties are very formal, this is the most
+so. When by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> the side of what we may term the true form, which has
+sometimes <i>vera</i> added to its name, this one has a plain and somewhat
+"dumpy" appearance, and frequently the tips of the leaves curl back,
+which further detracts from its ornamental quality. A third form has
+small rosettes, pale green foliage, indistinct silvery dots, and, worse
+than all, the habit of throwing out a progeny of young growths all round
+the collar, furnishing itself as with a ruff, when the parent rosette
+turns to a yellowish-green. Of all the forms this is the most constant
+bloomer. The favourite variety, to which an engraving can do but scant
+justice, is superior to the above kinds in all its parts. Its blooming
+period is in early summer, but specimens often grow in size and beauty
+for three or five years without producing flowers. The foliage is the
+more admired feature, and is at its greatest beauty in December.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are borne in handsome panicles, in the style of those of <i>S.
+pyramidalis</i>, which are about 18in. high. The blossom is of the kind
+common to this section. The leaves are long, narrow, toothed bluntly,
+and spotted with silvery dots; the whole leaf is greyish; the habit is
+rigid and of even arrangement; the rosettes are of all sizes, from 2in.
+to 10in. in diameter. At 3in. to 6in. they are attractive, and as they
+grow larger, they become conspicuous in their beauty. It is not
+desirable to have them flower, inasmuch as the rosettes are then
+destroyed, though the plants do not die. Of course, if a specimen "shows
+bloom" it cannot be helped, but rather than lose a season's produce of
+young stock I would nip out the "lead," and so cause offsets to be
+produced instead of flowers.</p>
+
+<p>In the rock garden this is one of the most telling subjects that can be
+introduced; not only does it love to have its roots amongst the stones,
+but it is a form which harmonises and yet contrasts finely with such
+shapeless material, and, further, relieves the sameness of verdure of
+other plants in a more than ordinary degree. It will grow in borders or
+beds, but looks nowhere so well as on rockwork. True, its uses are
+limited, but then they are exceedingly effective. I have grown this
+subject in almost every kind of soil and compost, and it has done well
+in most; stiff clay-like loam appears too cold or wet for it; on the
+other hand, a sandy loam, mixed with leaf soil, grows it finely; perfect
+drainage is the desideratum, in no matter what position it is planted.
+It may be increased in various ways&mdash;1st, By seeds, which may be bought,
+as it is carefully harvested abroad; 2nd, from offsets, as already
+stated; and, 3rd, from offsets produced by cutting out the leaves in two
+or more parts, so as to let the light in at the collar. This method may
+seem heartless, and it certainly spoils the specimen; it is a mode to be
+followed only where there are spare old plants and young stock is
+needed.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Macnabiana" id="Saxifraga_Macnabiana"></a>Saxifraga Macnabiana.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">MacNab's Saxifraga</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a new and very beautiful variety, called after Mr. MacNab, who
+raised it in 1877. Of the several hundreds of species and varieties of
+this genus, it is doubtless one of the best and most distinct as regards
+its habit and rich flowers. So pronounced are its merit that, although I
+have not grown it for more than four years or so, I can have no
+hesitation in sounding its praise. It is possible that when it has
+become better established in the collections of amateurs and others, and
+when it has regained what may be termed its natural vigour, lost by the
+too rapid propagation common to new plants, it may prove to be even
+better than I have yet proved it. However that may be, there can at
+present be only one opinion respecting it.</p>
+
+<p>The rosette foliage is in the style of <i>S. longifolia</i> and <i>S.
+pyramidalis</i>, intermediate; the flowers are quite distinct, but they
+remind one of the charming <i>S. mutata</i>, which is also a rosette form,
+having a fine panicle of blossom. It is said to be a seedling from <i>S.
+Nepalensis</i> crossed by <i>S. cotyledon</i> or <i>S. pyramidalis</i>, but, as the
+cross was accidental, there must be some uncertainty; both parents are
+evidently incrusted forms.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are &frac12;in. across, corolla flat, petals richly spotted with
+numerous bright red spots; they are much shorter than the petals of most
+of the other incrusted varieties; they are also slightly reflexed in the
+more matured flowers; the calyx, too, is less hairy and the segments
+shorter than those of its reputed parents. The stem of my tallest
+specimen is not more than 15in. high; the panicle is large, beginning
+about four inches above the rosette. It is well branched, the flowers
+being clustered at the ends of the branchlets. The whole panicle will be
+about 10in. long and 6in. or 8in. through. As regards the foliage, I
+only need add to what has already been stated, that the leaves are
+arranged in somewhat lax rosettes, are strap, or tongue-shaped, evenly
+serrated, and, in the winter bright at the edges, with frosted or
+silvery markings; the flowers are so very attractive that casual
+observers readily recognise their beauties amongst hundreds of other
+Saxifrages, and they have not inaptly been compared with fine old china.</p>
+
+<p>I ought not to omit mention of that rare quality possessed by this
+Saxifrage, viz., a rich perfume.</p>
+
+<p>Though it is perfectly hardy, it may be grown in pots with great
+advantage, as then it can be the more closely examined; but if it is not
+convenient to grow it in that manner, it may be planted either on
+rockwork or in borders amongst choice things, where its flowers will not
+fail to command admiring notice. As to the kind of soil, it seems in no
+way particular. Sandy loam, mixed with peat, however, suits it well. It
+is propagated by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> offsets, but these are rarely produced in numbers, as
+is common with most of the incrusted Saxifrages. I may say that I have
+only met with one specimen which has thus proved useful in any degree
+worth notice, and it produced nearly a score of offsets during one
+season; it ripens much seed, which may, or may not come true.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Mutata" id="Saxifraga_Mutata"></a>Saxifraga Mutata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A somewhat rare alpine species, evergreen, hardy, very distinct and
+beautiful. It is one of the rosette forms, after the style of <i>S.
+pyramidalis</i>, but there are several important variations about the
+plant, other than in the flowers, which are totally different. There are
+many peculiarities about this species, but they would hardly require to
+be noticed here were not the plant otherwise of great merit. When in
+bloom it is highly decorative, and the flowers in a cut state are
+unique.</p>
+
+<p>The flower stem is 12in. to 18in. high, furnished with supplementary
+ones all its length; the lower ones are 8in. long, and spreading; they
+become shorter as they near the top, the whole forming a fine
+symmetrical panicle. The flowers are over &frac12;in. across, petals
+awl-shaped, and, when first open, are nearly red; they change to dark
+orange and again to pale yellow; the calyx is very large, the sepals
+four times as broad as the petals and bluntly pointed; the stamens and
+anthers are coloured, and change like the petals; the ovary, which is
+very conspicuous, is a fine purple, but later, it, too, changes to a
+pink colour; the outer parts of the calyx and all the shorter
+flower-stalks, which are clustered at the ends of the supplementary
+stems, are greenish-yellow, and this feature of the plant adds much to
+its beauty. Calyx, stems, and stem-leaves are densely furnished with
+stiff gland-tipped hairs, rendering them clammy to the touch. The leaves
+of the rosettes are tongue-shaped, rough at the edges, fleshy, covered
+with glandular hairs, of a shining green colour, and slightly reflexed.
+The changeable nature of the flowers doubtless gives rise to the
+specific name. A well-flowered specimen is very effective on rockwork,
+but the panicles have a fault of heading over, from their weight, and
+also because, unlike <i>S. longifolia</i> and <i>S. cotyledon</i>, which have
+large and firm rosettes close to the ground to stay them, this species
+has a somewhat "leggy" rosette or a foot stalk, which is more or less
+furnished with browned and very persistent foliage. The flowers last a
+long time in good form, and, if grown clean, their yellow&mdash;nearly
+golden&mdash;stalks render them very useful in a cut state.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The propagation of this Saxifraga is more difficult than any other
+according to my experience, and I have heard of many who have found it
+the same. The offsets are not produced close to the ground, consequently
+have no rootlets; neither, from their hairy character, can they resist
+rot from moisture so well when planted as if they were bald, like the
+stolons of other species. I have found the best plan to be as follows:
+Take offsets before the plants flower; if there are none, which will
+often be the case, the bloom must be sacrificed by pinching out the
+stem. As soon as there are nice sized shoots ready, cut them off with
+all possible length of stalk; prepare a sandy patch of soil in a warm
+situation, lay them in a row on the surface, heads to the north, and
+then place a brick on them so as to hold all the cuttings in position;
+gently press on the brick, to cause the cuttings to assume a more
+natural position, and they will need no other attention until they
+become rooted; the brick will act as a screen from the hot sunshine,
+absorbing the heat to the benefit of the cuttings, as it will also
+absorb superfluous moisture. During the summer I have rooted many
+offsets in this way. That contact with the brick is favourable to the
+roots is evidenced by their clinging to it; no water should be given,
+however droughty the season may be&mdash;excessive moisture is the main thing
+to guard against.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Oppositifolia_Lin" id="Saxifraga_Oppositifolia_Lin"></a>Saxifraga Oppositifolia (<i>Lin.</i>)</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Purple Mountain Saxifrage</span>, <span class="smcap">Purple Saxifrage</span>, <span class="smcap">Blue
+Saxifrage</span>, <span class="smcap">Opposite-leaved Saxifrage</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>During the month of March this is one of the most effective flowers in
+our gardens. The mossy appearance of its foliage, when dotted with its
+large blossoms, is hardly less beautiful than when the whole broad
+spreading tufts are literally packed with them. This must be a dear
+flower to all lovers of our native flora, for it not only comes very
+early, and in its wild homes on the Ingleborough, Welsh, and Scottish
+hills, greets and gladdens the rambler, who is, perhaps, making his
+first excursion of the year, but it is one of our most striking and
+beautiful flowers, even though they are produced on a plant of such
+humble size and habit. The pleasing and descriptive names of this gem of
+our hills would form a chapter in themselves. Even the old Latin names
+by which it was known, before the time when Linn&aelig;us arranged and
+re-named most of our native plants, bespeak a desire to do justice to a
+flower of more than ordinary beauty; and, as they were so strictly
+descriptive, at least one, I think, may be given without trying the
+reader's patience: <i>Saxifraga alpina ericoides flore c&aelig;ruleo</i>, or the
+Blue-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>flowered Erica-like Mountain Saxifrage. Doubtless, shorter names
+are more convenient, but such specific names as the one just given are
+not entirely useless. Its present botanical name is in reference to the
+foliage only, but otherwise so distinct is this plant either in or out
+of bloom that no one could well mistake it.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are &frac12;in. to &frac34;in. across, produced terminally and singly on
+short procumbent stems. They are of a bright purple colour; petals
+ovate; the longish stamens carry bold anthers furnished with dark
+orange-coloured pollen, which forms a pretty feature. The leaves are
+small, crowded, opposite, ovate, entire, leathery, fringed or ciliated,
+and retuse. A peculiar feature about this species is the pore at the
+blunt apex of each leaf. The habit is prostrate; the stems being long,
+tufted, or pendulous, according to the situation; the flower shoots are
+upright, on which the leaves are more remote. Under cultivation newly
+planted roots will be found not only to flower sparingly, but the blooms
+will be rather small until the plant grows large and strong.</p>
+
+<p>On rockwork, with its roots near or between large stones, is in every
+way the best place for it; it however, thrives in the borders. The soil
+is not of much importance, but without doubt it does best in a compost
+of the nature of that of its wild homes. The humus and grit may be
+represented by sand and small stones, and peat or leaf soil, all mixed
+with loam. This, let me here state, will be found generally the right
+stuff for alpines and rockery plants. This plant is useful as a spring
+bedder, or for carpeting bare places; and any conspicuous part of the
+garden needing bright objects during March and April should give room
+largely for this cheerful subject. The bloom is very lasting; no storm
+seems to do it any hurt, and in every way it is reliable. It may be
+readily propagated by divisions. The procumbent stems will, in strong
+patches, be found to supply rootlets in abundance. These may be
+transplanted at almost any time of the year.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March and April.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. opp. alba</i> is a white flowered variety of the above. It is not found
+wild. Other dissimilarities are the smaller parts throughout the whole
+plant, and the less straggling habit. The white petals show up the dark
+orange anthers finely. There are other varieties of the above type, but
+their points of difference are so slight as not to need description for
+garden uses. It may, however, be useful to give their names: <i>S. opp.
+major</i>, <i>S. opp. pyrenaica</i>, <i>S. opp. retusa</i>, <i>S. opp. pallida</i>. All
+the above varieties may be grown like the common form; their uses,
+propagation, and blooming period are the same, with the exception of
+<i>pyrenaica</i>, which not only flowers a little later, but is less rampant,
+and not nearly so easy to propagate. I have imagined that a little
+limestone has helped it, bits of which are placed over its roots.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Paradoxa" id="Saxifraga_Paradoxa"></a>Saxifraga Paradoxa.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Paradoxical Saxifrage</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img264.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 89." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 89. <span class="smcap">Saxifraga Paradoxa</span>.<br />(Two-thirds natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>One of the less known and, perhaps, somewhat rare saxifrages; it is a
+curious, distinct, and beautiful form, being of that class which the
+lover of the ornamental kinds most admires, for not only is it
+attractive all the year round, but additionally so when there cannot be
+seen any part of a growing or decaying flower stem upon it, and when its
+silvery, but lax rosettes, with their encrustments and glistening leaf
+dots, are perfectly matured, which is the case during mid-winter. I fear
+the illustration (Fig. 89), can give but a poor idea of the pleasing
+silvery-grey colour, which, when the specimen is dry, overlays foliage
+of a dark and glossy green, to say nothing of the numerous and regular
+spots which so charmingly enliven the specimens. I am unable to learn to
+what species it is most nearly related; its name, which doubtless has
+reference to its peculiar form and habit, would seem to isolate it even
+from its parents, if such are known; it, however, belongs to that
+section having thick leathery leaves, ligulate, encrusted, arranged in
+rosette form, and having excavated dots. <i>Saxifraga lingulata</i>, <i>S.
+crustata</i>, <i>S. Australis</i>, <i>S. longifolia</i>, and <i>S. carinthiaca</i> belong
+to the same section; but <i>S. paradoxa</i> differs much in general
+appearance from them all, and remarkably so in one or two respects, as,
+indeed, it does from the whole genus, thus justifying its name. The
+uneven length and arrangement of leaves, the casting off of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> the
+encrustments as a skin or in flakes, exposing to view a finely-polished
+surface, and the general web-like appearance of the tufts, are all
+peculiar to it. Of all the varieties of its section it most resembles
+<i>S. carinthiaca</i> and <i>S. Australis</i>; these forms, however, grow in
+compact rosette form, having leaves of more even size and shape. Our
+subject is irregular in every way, many of the leaves pushing out to
+double the length of others, and becoming attenuated at their junction,
+or club-shaped.</p>
+
+<p>Its flowers are insignificant and similar to those of <i>S. Aizoon</i>, but
+more dwarf in the stem. The leaves are &frac12;in. to 3in. long, very narrow
+and tongue-shaped, sometimes obtuse and club-shaped; stout, dark green,
+with a greyish crust-like covering, and deeply dotted with bright spots.
+The leaves are arranged in lax rosettes and are reflexed or pressed flat
+to the earth nearly all their length. The habit is very pretty in
+established and fair-sized specimens, which accommodate themselves to
+the form of surface, and the longer or erratic leaves become so
+interlaced with the other parts as to appear woven; this habit and the
+bright bead-like dots go to make the plant more than ordinarily
+attractive. It should be in every collection of choice Saxifrages; it is
+charming as a pot specimen, plunged and grown out of doors the year
+round.</p>
+
+<p>On rockwork it should have a place, too, among the gems, being a neat
+and slow grower; its position should be near dark-coloured stones, where
+it will prove most telling. In damp weather its silvery parts are
+obliterated, but a breeze of half-an-hour or a beam of sunshine soon
+brings it into full beauty again. Gritty peat and a little loam suits it
+well; I have it doing nicely in ordinary garden soil; but if the more
+carefully prepared composts are employed, the results well repay the
+pains so taken. Its propagation is easily carried out by root divisions;
+early spring is a good time for the operation.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May and June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Pectinata" id="Saxifraga_Pectinata"></a>Saxifraga Pectinata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This belongs to the encrusted section, being most distinctly toothed;
+from this it takes its name; the teeth are large for such small leaves.
+Specimens of this Saxifrage, though small, are exceedingly pretty.
+Excepting when there is fog or rain, it is nearly white; and the
+rosettes, of various sizes, from &frac14;in. to 1in. across, are not only neat
+in themselves, but are densely and pleasingly arranged in a hard flat
+mass. It is never more beautiful, not even in May and June, when it
+flowers, than in November, when the growth is both complete and ripened,
+and the scaly substance which is spread over the leaves and the silvery
+teeth combine to render it attractive.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The flowers are of the usual form, and are produced on stems 4in. to
+6in. high; they are white. The leaves seldom exceed &frac12;in. in length and
+1/8in. in width; they are spathulate in form, stout, and rigid. The
+rosettes are somewhat flattened and numerous, and give the idea of
+greenish-white flowers.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. p. hybrida</i> is a variety of the foregoing species, and without
+pretending to say what the type has been crossed with to produce this
+handsome form, I may, for the purpose of conveying an idea of what it is
+like, say that it approaches <i>S. aizoon</i>, which also flowers in May and
+June. In all its parts it is larger than the type; the leaves are
+greener and more strap-shaped, and are more erect, but not so rigid; the
+habit, too, differs&mdash;it forms more rounded tufts. In all these respects
+it will be seen to resemble <i>S. aizoon</i>. It is a lovely form; the
+sparkling teeth are relieved by the fine dark green ground of the
+foliage.</p>
+
+<p>These comb-leaved Saxifrages belong to the more neat and effective rock
+plants; the type, at least, is of alpine origin, and under cultivation
+it seems most happy amongst the stones. I have grown these kinds as pot
+specimens, on nearly flat beds, and as edging plants; and in every
+position they prove attractive. It is very strange that such pretty
+forms are not more generally seen in gardens; they will grow well on
+walls and the tops of outhouses, and are good subjects for town gardens.
+Any kind of sandy soil will do for them; that of a vegetable character
+is, however, the best; they may be planted with choicer things, for,
+unlike many of the genus, they are not rampant growers. Practically,
+they need no propagating; for as the specimens spread they make new
+roots, and at any time one or half a dozen rosettes may be slipped off
+for planting elsewhere. It is better, though, to avoid this with small
+plants, as their full beauty is not realised until they become of
+considerable size.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May and June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Peltata" id="Saxifraga_Peltata"></a>Saxifraga Peltata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A new species to English gardens, hardy, herbaceous, and perennial,
+imported from North America; it is a truly noble plant. The illustration
+(Fig. 90) will convey some idea of its fine form, but the reader must
+rely on the description for its size when fully developed. When the
+flowers of this Saxifrage are in their best form, the noble foliage is
+scarcely half developed; a drawing, therefore (though it could hardly be
+made at a stage when the plant is more interesting), must necessarily
+fail, in this case, to give any more than an approximate idea of the
+parts undeveloped. Not only is this the largest species of the extensive
+genus at present grown in this country, but its form is both distinct
+and noble.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img267.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 90." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 90. <span class="smcap">Saxifraga Peltata</span>.<br />(1, Single blossom, natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The flowers are produced on stems 18in. high and &frac34;in. thick at the base,
+being covered with long stiff white hairs, which are very conspicuous on
+the reddish stems. The flowers are similar to those of most of the
+genus, as may be seen by the one given in the drawing; they are arranged
+in massive heads, 3in. to 6in. in diameter, and rose-coloured. The
+leaves at the flowering time are 6in. or 9in. across, having stout,
+round, ruddy stems, 8in. long, covered with stiff hairs; they form a
+junction with the leaves in an unusual way, viz., near the centre,
+whence the specific name <i>peltata</i>, or umbrella shape; but the form of
+the leaves at the flowering period, which is funnel-shape, is, a little
+later on, reversed, the edges bending downwards. The younger leaves are
+folded and hooked downward, having the appearance of stout fern fronds
+just out of the ground, and their stalks are much contorted. The more
+advanced leaves are seen to be seven-cut, each lobe divided and
+sub-divided by cuts less deep, the whole leaf being richly toothed and
+veined. The under side is covered with hairs, the upper surface being
+smooth, shining, and of a pleasing bronze-green colour. Later, the
+foliage in every way increases very much in size, reaching a height of
+2ft., and each leaf measuring nearly a foot across. The root or rhizoma
+is horizontal, progressive, jointed, and fibrous at the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> joints, and
+nearly 2in. in diameter; it may be clearly traced on the surface, but
+the fibrous parts go very deep.</p>
+
+<p>It is said to be a bog subject; fortunately, however, this fine plant
+may be grown otherwise than in a bog, but it should not want for depth
+of rich soil. This I believe to be a more important condition than a
+boggy situation, inasmuch as I have grown my specimen for three years on
+the top of a dry mound; but the soil is good rich loam, and fully 5ft.
+deep; and to show that this strong-growing subject needs a good depth of
+soil, I may mention that I had occasion to dig up a piece, when it was
+found, for the operation, to require both the strength and tools that
+trees demand, the fibrous parts being deep and tough. When fairly
+established it makes rapid growth, and when in full leaf it proves very
+effective. Its propagation is easy with healthy plants; a length of the
+creeping root, with a crown to it, should be cut from the parent stock
+just before growth commences in early March. If planted as indicated in
+the foregoing remarks, and kept shaded with a leafy branch for a month
+or two, there need not be any fear about young plants becoming
+established the first season.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Purpurascens" id="Saxifraga_Purpurascens"></a>Saxifraga Purpurascens.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Large-leaved Purple Saxifraga</span>, <span class="smcap">Megasea</span> <i>section</i>;
+<i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A rare plant of great beauty. It is figured here without flowers, as I
+consider it in finer form then than when in bloom. Fine as its flowers
+are, much resembling those of <i>S. cordifolia</i> and <i>S. crassifolia</i> (also
+of the <i>Megasea</i> section); the brightness and colouring of its leaves in
+autumn are such as to render it distinct from all the other species. I
+need only ask the reader to note the fine foliage indicated in the cut
+(Fig. 91), and inform him that in the autumn it turns to a glossy
+vermilion colour, and I think he will admit that it will not come far
+short in beauty of any flower. The species is a recent introduction from
+the Himalayas, and in this climate proves all but evergreen (if tinted
+foliage can be so called) and hardy. The latter quality has been doubted
+by some, but by others re-asserted. My present specimen was planted in
+the open garden in the spring of 1880, since which time it has withstood
+22deg. of frost.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are produced on stout stems, 8in. high, arranged in branched
+heads, of a rose or rosy-purple colour, and bell-shaped. They are,
+however, soon damaged by unfavourable weather, and there is little about
+the plant at that period to render it more attractive than its fellows;
+its finer qualities are developed as more genial weather prevails. When
+the stout foliage grows glossy, waved, and of a deep clear green
+colour,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> the edges of the leaves become lined with red as if hemmed with
+red silk; the leaves also have the edges irregular in form, the outline
+broadly oval, 4in. to 6in. long, and they are veined and slightly
+wrinkled; during the autumn a yellow tint starts from the edge, and in
+time becomes a vermilion, which is all the more effective from the leaf
+being of leather-like substance.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img269.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 91." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 91. <span class="smcap">Saxifraga Purpurascens</span>.<br />(One-third natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>It enjoys a deep rich loam; and, evidently, to place its roots in
+contact with pieces of limestone is beneficial. Rare as the plant is,
+this is all that I do for it, and not only does it remain healthy, but
+it has increased greatly in size during the last year. I have not as yet
+tried to propagate it, but so far as I can judge there will be no
+difficulty in forming young stock by root division. It has hitherto
+enjoyed a happy immunity from all garden pests, not excepting slugs.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Pyramidalis" id="Saxifraga_Pyramidalis"></a>Saxifraga Pyramidalis.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Pyramidal Saxifraga</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a very handsome form or variety of <i>S. Cotyledon</i>, and belongs
+to the alpine regions of Europe. As a decorative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> subject for our
+gardens, it is highly and deservedly esteemed; its attractiveness
+consists more in the numbers and arrangement of the flowers than in any
+beauty which belongs to them individually, though they are not devoid of
+that quality.</p>
+
+<p>Of the many hundreds of species and varieties of Saxifrages which bloom
+during the month of June, this is one of the most distinct and useful as
+a decorative flower, and where the Saxifrages are grown in large
+collections, as they often are, giving more than an ordinary amount of
+pleasure compared with collections of other genera, the kind now under
+consideration always asserts itself as one of the first order of merit.
+Not only in its blooming state, but all the year round, it is very
+effective and striking; it is a free grower, having handsome, large
+rosetted foliage.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img270.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 92." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 92. <span class="smcap">Saxifraga Pyramidalis</span>.<br />(One-eighth natural size; 1, single blossom, natural size; 2, leaf,
+one-eighth natural size)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The flowers, as will be seen by the one given, natural size, in the
+illustration (Fig. 92), are of the common Saxifrage form, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> rather
+more highly coloured in the central markings than the general run. They
+are produced on stout stems, 2ft. high, well and evenly branched in the
+form of a pyramid, whence the specific name. Each flower will be &frac12;in. or
+more across; they are very numerous, and, partly from the fact that they
+remain perfect for a very long while, and partly because of the habit of
+the plant being to open all its flowers about or near the same time, the
+large panicle of bloom is very fine. The leaves, as already hinted, are
+formed into lax rosettes, which are 5in. to 7in. across; they are
+strap-shaped, narrowing slightly at the connection, half an inch wide,
+the outer ones being reflexed; the edges are finely serrated, and
+irregularly lined with a silver colouring.</p>
+
+<p>This is a capital plant for rockwork, where it shows itself to much
+advantage; but specimens are much finer grown in beds or borders, where
+the moisture and temperature at the roots are likely to be more equable;
+besides, I find that, owing to its small quantity of roots, all of which
+are very near the surface, when grown on rockwork they may often be seen
+bare on inclined surfaces, and the weight of the flowers drags them
+entirely out of the soil on one side. They may be planted as an edging
+to a shrubbery, in bold groups, or as ordinary border flowers. So useful
+has this variety been found by professional gardeners that it is now
+largely grown in pots in single rosettes, which, after becoming well
+established, send up their rich plumes of blossom, all the finer for
+having been kept clean under glass. So grown, nothing can better repay
+the small amount of trouble which they give in order to place them in
+the conservatory as showy specimens; all they require being a 4in. pot,
+well drained, a compost of half-rotted leaves, and fat loam and sand.
+Put in one rooted offset any time from June to the end of July, the
+earlier the better; plunge the pot to its rim in sand or ashes until
+next spring, when it may be taken under glass if desired. To have fine
+flowers, the offsets should be pinched off as they appear. I may also
+mention that a somewhat shady situation has proved conducive to large
+and better coloured flowers; between irises 4ft. high and shrubs 6ft.
+high, the opening being not more than 3ft., running north and south. The
+specimen from which the drawing is taken was grown along with many
+others. A baking or dry treatment is often not only given to plants of
+this genus, but believed to be of advantage to them; it may be to some,
+but there are exceptions, and this is one without doubt. All the
+sections of Saxifraga to which it belongs are fond of good loam, well
+enriched. It is propagated from offsets taken as soon as they are from
+an inch to two inches across; they may either be put into nursery beds
+or be planted in their blooming quarters.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June and July.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Rocheliana" id="Saxifraga_Rocheliana"></a>Saxifraga Rocheliana.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Rochel's Saxifrage</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Another hardy evergreen species, distinct in form, foliage and flowers,
+and a native of the alpine regions of central Europe; it nevertheless
+thrives well in our climate with ordinary care. Its foliage takes the
+form of miniature rosettes, which are closely packed; the tiny leaves
+are distinctly and regularly dotted; and present a frosted appearance.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are unimportant, though they form an interesting feature of
+such a choice and somewhat rare plant; they are small, white, and
+produced on stems 3in. to 4in. high, which are thick and curiously
+furnished with leaves. During summer this species has a very bright
+silvery appearance, as if laid on in patches.</p>
+
+<p>Similar treatment is required for this as for <i>S. Burseriana</i>, but it
+will be found much more difficult to propagate, as its roots are of the
+tap kind, and are more sparingly produced, while its seed seldom ripens,
+I believe, in this climate. To increase it, the better plan is to
+prepare the old plant by keeping it well earthed up, and so encouraging
+new roots; after a year's patience it may be divided in April. The small
+pieces should be secured by stones or verbena pins, and a supply of
+pebbles placed around them will keep them cool and moist during summer.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March and April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Umbrosa" id="Saxifraga_Umbrosa"></a>Saxifraga Umbrosa.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">London Pride</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This common flower is well known, and is only mentioned here as the
+typical form, and by way of introducing a beautiful variety called <i>S.
+u. variegata</i>, broad cushions of which, from their verdant condition,
+good habit, and pleasing variations of leaf colour, are amongst the more
+attractive objects of the garden in January. It hardly need be said that
+the plant is not valued for its flowers, which are similar to those of
+the parent form and borne at a corresponding date. The leaves, however,
+are much less in size and more flatly arranged in rosette form, they are
+also recurved at the edges. The markings are of two colours,
+creamy-white and pink, and there are many shades of green. The forms of
+the markings are most irregular, as striped, flecked, marbled, dotted,
+and edged; the various shades of green blended with pink and white,
+although figured on one of the commonest plants we know, render such
+plant worthy of a place in every garden, and more especially on
+rockwork.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It has this drawback&mdash;it is not constant. In some gardens the markings
+die out. This, however, need not be, for a rather dry situation and rich
+soil will produce rosettes of large size and good figuring. Still, there
+will be fully half of the rosettes entirely green in a large patch; this
+is more desirable than otherwise. The marked ones have a more starry
+effect in such a green setting; it is only when all become green that
+disappointment is felt. Sometimes I have noticed rosettes, about the
+size of a penny-piece, all one colour&mdash;creamy-white&mdash;which, when cut
+from the plant, very much resembled a carnation. Such abnormal forms are
+of no moment to the botanist, but if nine out of every ten persons who
+see this plant are interested, not to say pleased with it, it ought not
+to be entirely neglected. It is most effective in patches 1ft. to 2ft.
+broad. In propagating it the more finely marked pieces only should be
+taken.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Saxifraga_Wallacei" id="Saxifraga_Wallacei"></a>Saxifraga Wallacei.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy perennial hybrid variety, of first-class merit. Its loose and
+spreading panicles of large pure white flowers are something better than
+the ordinary run of bloom belonging to this extensive genus; it is said
+to be the offspring of species of the mossy section; but there is
+certainly a great likeness about its foliage to some of the horny
+section, such as <i>S. cornutum</i> or <i>S. pentadactylis</i>, or even the
+handsome <i>S. geranioides</i>. It would, however, be hard to say what it is
+from; but in it we have not only a showy but most useful variety (see
+Fig. 93). It has deservedly grown into great favour, though known to
+amateurs but for three years. It begins to flower in April, but in May
+it is in its best form, being covered with a rich mass of bloom from the
+foliage to the height of a foot.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers, as before stated, are of a pure white&mdash;an unusual colour
+amongst the genus; they are bell-shaped but erect, the ovate petals
+reverse. Well-grown specimens with me have flowers quite an inch across.
+The individual blooms last more than a week, and the succession is well
+maintained during summer. The panicles are leafy, having small entire
+leaves, and others once and twice-cut. The stems of the present season's
+growth are stout, semi-transparent, and ruddy; the leaves are palmate,
+slender at the bottom, mostly five-fingered, fleshy, and covered with
+long silky hairs which stand well off; the fine apple-green foliage is
+shown to great advantage by the ruddy stems.</p>
+
+<p>This plant may be grown in pots or borders, as edging, or on rockwork,
+and in any kind of soil; but to have fine specimens and large flowers it
+should be planted in calcareous loam, and be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> top dressed in early
+spring with well rotted manure. I have it as an edging to a small bed of
+roses; the position is bleak, but the soil is good; it furnishes large
+quantities of cut bloom, and otherwise, from its rich hawthorn-like
+scent, it proves a great treat. So freely is its handsome foliage
+produced that it, too, may be cut in quantities for table decoration. If
+the flowers, or some of them, be left on, the tufts will form a pretty
+setting for a few other small flowers of decided colours.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img274.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 93." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 93. <span class="smcap">Saxifraga Wallacei</span>.<br />(One-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>To increase this Saxifrage is a simple matter during the warm season:
+The twiggy tufts should be pulled asunder, no matter whether they have
+roots or no roots; if dibbled into fine soil, deeply dug, and shaded for
+a week or two, they will form strong plants before the winter sets in.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Scilla_Campanulata" id="Scilla_Campanulata"></a>Scilla Campanulata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Bell-flowered Scilla</span> <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Bluebell</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy bulbous perennial, introduced from Spain 200 years ago. It very
+much resembles the English hyacinth&mdash;<i>H. nutans</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> or <i>Scilla
+non-scripta</i>&mdash;better known as the wood hyacinth. Handsome as this simple
+flower is, it might have been omitted from these notes as a plant too
+well known, but for the fact that there are several varieties of the
+species which are less known, very beautiful, and deliciously fragrant,
+entitling them to a place amongst other choice flowers, both in books
+and gardens.</p>
+
+<p>Of the typical form little need be said by way of description. The
+flowers are bell-shaped, pendent, blue, and produced in racemes of many
+flowers. The leaves are lance-shaped, prostrate, and of a dark shining
+green colour.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img275.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 94." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 94. <span class="smcap">Scilla Campanulata Alba</span>.<br />(One-fourth natural size; single flower, one-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p><i>S. c. alba</i> differs from the type in having its white flowers arranged
+more evenly round the scape, being shorter in the divisions of petals
+and wider at the corolla; the habit of the plant, too, as may be seen by
+the illustration (Fig. 94), is more rigid and neat. In a cut state the
+flowers are not only very lasting, but if gathered clean, they are
+suitable for the most delicate wreath or bouquet.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. c. carnea</i> has pink flowers.</p>
+
+<p>All the forms of <i>S. campanulata</i> are cheerful and effective<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> spring
+flowers. They should be grown in bold clumps, and if under slight shade,
+where many other things cannot be well grown, all the better; still,
+they are in no way particular&mdash;any aspect, position, or soil will answer
+for these robust flowers. Such being the case, few gardens should be
+without at least the finer forms of the large Bluebell. So fast do these
+varieties increase by seed and otherwise, that any remarks on their
+propagation are unnecessary.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Sedum_Sieboldi" id="Sedum_Sieboldi"></a>Sedum Sieboldi.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Siebold's Stonecrop</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Crassulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a capital species. It is perfectly hardy, though not generally
+known to be so. It is more often seen under glass, and is certainly a
+pretty pot plant.</p>
+
+<p>Its stems are 12in. or less in length, slender and procumbent. The
+leaves, which are rather larger than a shilling, fleshy, cupped, and
+glaucous, are curiously arranged on the stems, somewhat reflexed, and
+otherwise twisted at their axils, presenting a flattened but pleasing
+appearance. The small flowers, which are bright rose, are borne in
+clusters, and remain two or three weeks in perfection.</p>
+
+<p>It is a fine subject for rockwork, and, moreover, likes such dry
+situations as only rockwork affords. It should be so planted that its
+graceful stems can fall over the stones. There is a variety of this
+species, with creamy foliage, but it is less vigorous; neither are the
+flowers so fine in colour. Slugs are fond of these, and sometimes they
+will eat off nearly every leaf. A sprinkling of sharp sand once a week
+keeps them off, but trapping them with hollowed turnips is a more
+effective remedy. Propagated by cuttings pricked into sand in summer, or
+division of roots when the tops have died down.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August and September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Sedum_Spectabile" id="Sedum_Spectabile"></a>Sedum Spectabile.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Showy Stonecrop</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Crassulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Hardy and herbaceous. This is one of our finest autumn bloomers. During
+September, the broad massive heads of small rosy flowers, which are
+arranged in cymes 6in. across, are very attractive, and will, with
+average weather, keep in good form for a month. This species is somewhat
+mixed up with another called <i>S. Fabarium</i>; by many they are said to be
+identical, but such is not the case. I grow them side by side, and I may
+say that they are as "like as two peas" up to midsummer, when they begin
+to diverge. <i>S. Fabarium</i> continues to grow to the height, or rather
+length, of 2ft., and tumbles over;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> the foliage has a lax appearance,
+and the flowers are very pale. Concurrently <i>S. spectabile</i> has grown
+its stems and glaucous leaves to stouter proportions, and crowned them
+with more massive heads of bright rose-coloured flowers, at the height
+of 15in. It is larger in all its parts, with the exception of length of
+stem, and by September it is nearly twice the size of <i>S. Fabarium</i>; it
+also stands erect, so that then the two species suggest a contrast
+rather than a comparison, <i>S. spectabile</i> being by far the more
+desirable.</p>
+
+<p>I find, however, that it is much slower in increasing itself; the best
+way to propagate it is by cuttings dibbled into sand in early summer.
+The commoner one increases rapidly and often bears the wrong name; care
+should therefore be taken to obtain the true species, after which it
+will not give much further trouble, thriving in any kind of soil, but it
+should be planted in the full sunshine, when its habit and flowers will
+be greatly improved. It will bear any amount of drought&mdash;indeed, it
+seems to enjoy it. My finest clump is on a very dry part of rockwork,
+where it has always flowered well. These two Stonecrops and a variegated
+variety are some of the very few hardy plants which slugs do not graze;
+at any rate, it is so with me; neither do other pests attack them, but
+the humble bees literally cover their flowers the whole day long at
+times.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August to October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Sempervivum_Laggeri" id="Sempervivum_Laggeri"></a>Sempervivum Laggeri.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Lagger's Houseleek</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Crassulace&aelig;.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>Of the numerous species and varieties of Houseleek, this is at once the
+most curious, interesting, and beautiful. It is by far the finest of the
+webbed forms. It has, however, the reputation of not being quite hardy,
+but that it will endure our severest winters is without doubt, and if we
+recall its habitats, which are in alpine regions, its hardiness in a low
+temperature need not be further questioned. Still, partly from its downy
+nature, and partly from the dampness of our winters, this climate causes
+it to rot. There are, however, simple and most efficient remedies, which
+shall be mentioned shortly.</p>
+
+<p>The illustration (Fig. 95) gives some idea of its form and habit. The
+flowering rosettes send up stems 6in. high; they are well furnished with
+leaves&mdash;in fact, they are the rosettes elongated; they terminate with a
+cluster of buds and flowers, which remain several weeks in perfection,
+however unfavourable the weather may be.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are more than an inch across, of a bright rose colour, and
+very beautiful; the central flower is invariably the largest, and the
+number of petals varies from six to twelve. The leaves are in rosette
+form, the rosettes being sometimes 2in.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> across, nearly flat, and
+slightly dipped in the centre; a downy web, as fine as a cobweb, covers
+the rosette, it being attached to the tips of the leaves, and in the
+middle it is so dense that it has a matted appearance. The leaves are
+very fleshy, glandular, and of a pale green colour. Slow in growth,
+habit very compact; it has a tender appearance, but I never saw its web
+damaged by rain or hail.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img278.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 95." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 95. <span class="smcap">Sempervivum Laggeri.</span><br />(Two-thirds natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Many grow it in pots for indoor use; it finds a happy home on rockwork
+or old walls; it should have a dry and sunny situation, and, with these
+conditions, it will prove attractive all the year round. It thrives well
+in gritty loam; a little peat rubbed in with the grit will be an
+improvement and also more resemble its native soil. To preserve it from
+the bad effects of our damp winters, it need not be taken indoors, but
+sheets of glass should be tilted over the specimens during the short
+days, when they are dormant; the glass should not touch the plant. This
+seems to be the nearest condition we can afford it as a substitute for
+the snows of its mountain home, and I may add, for years it has proved
+effective; in fact, for several years I have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> left specimens in the open
+without any shelter whatever, and the percentage of loss has been very
+low, though the seasons were trying. It propagates itself freely by
+offsets; if it is intended to remove them from the parent plant, it
+should be done early in summer, so that they may become established
+before winter, otherwise the frosts will lift them out of position.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Senecio_Pulcher" id="Senecio_Pulcher"></a>Senecio Pulcher.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Noble Groundsel</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;.</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img279.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 96." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 96. <span class="smcap">Senecio Pulcher.</span><br />(One-tenth
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Autumn is the heyday of Composite flowers. The one now under notice has
+the merit of being of an unusual and beautiful colour, viz., purplish
+crimson. It is, in fact, a new plant in English gardens, and has been
+justly described as one of the finest imports of recent years; it has
+only to be seen in order to commend itself to all lovers of hardy
+flowers (see Fig. 96). It is a robust grower, ranking with the more
+noble subjects suitable for the borders. Its hardiness is doubted by
+many, and a few<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> have suspected its perennial quality; but
+notwithstanding the warm climate of South America (whence it hails), it
+has proved both hardy and perennial in this country. Excessive moisture
+is its greatest enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Its bright purplish-crimson flowers are daisy-shaped and large, the
+centre being a fine golden yellow&mdash;on strong young plants the flowers
+will be 3in. across. Moreover, they are numerously produced on stems
+3ft. high, in branching cymes, and last a long time in perfection; with
+favourable weather an individual bloom will stand above a week, and the
+plant provides itself with abundance of buds for succession. I never yet
+saw a specimen that developed half its buds, but this brings me to
+notice one of its faults (for it has more than one), viz., it is too
+late in blooming; at any rate, in Yorkshire we rarely get more than
+three weeks' enjoyment of its flowers, when, but for severe frosts, it
+appears capable of blooming for two months. To some extent this may be
+remedied, as will be shown when I refer to its culture. The radical
+leaves are over a foot long, stem leaves much smaller, very dark holly
+green of leather-like substance, the edges very unevenly shaped, the
+general form of the leaf being something like the cos lettuce.</p>
+
+<p>The cut blooms are indeed fine and cannot well be inappropriately used.
+This brings me to fault No. 2. The flower stems are very hollow and dry,
+nearly as much so as the hemlock or kex, and I have found that when
+flowers have been cut, either from the moisture collecting in the stem,
+or some such cause, rot sets in lower down, and soon the branches of
+bloom head over. I tried cutting to a joint where the cavity was
+stopped, but the pith when so exposed soon gave way, so that latterly I
+have ceased to cut the flowers, unless the occasion was worth the risk.
+A specimen not cut from did not suffer from stem rot. I, therefore,
+blamed the cutting. There may, however, be other causes; at any rate,
+there is the fact of fine flowers in their prime falling over, and it is
+worth one's while to try to find out from what cause it happens, and if
+my theory is not the true one, it may prove useful as a hint.</p>
+
+<p>It likes a deep and rich soil, and well deserves to have it; if left out
+all the winter, a piece of glass should be put over the crown, because
+it has the fault (No. 3) of rotting in the centre, as I believe from
+water being conducted down its spout-like stems; but even under the most
+neglected conditions it stands our winters, and the rootlets send up a
+number of small growths in spring. These may make plants, but will not
+be reliable for bloom the following autumn; the damage should be
+prevented if possible. Another plan, by which two points are gained, is
+to grow young plants in good-sized pots and winter them, plunged in cold
+frames, not failing to give plenty of air. In April these, if compared
+with others in the open garden, will be found<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> to be much more forward,
+and the first gain will be that, if planted out then, they will flower
+much more vigorously, and, secondly, they will start earlier by two
+weeks at least. To propagate this fine border plant, the very long and
+fleshy roots may be cut into pieces 6in. long and dibbled into fine
+soil; they are somewhat slow, but pretty sure to "go"; they should be
+protected from slugs, which are very fond of the young leaves. On young
+stuff, grown apart from the flower beds and borders, quicklime may be
+used, which would otherwise be unsightly.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August to October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Sisyrinchium_Grandiflorum" id="Sisyrinchium_Grandiflorum"></a>Sisyrinchium Grandiflorum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Satin-Flower</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Rush Lily</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Iridace&aelig;.</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img281.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 97." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 97. <span class="smcap">Sisyrinchium Grandiflorum.</span><br />(One-third
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The generic name of this flower is in reference to the grubbing of swine
+for its roots, and means "pig-snout." The common names may be seen, by a
+glance at the cut (Fig. 97), to be most appropriate; that of
+Satin-flower is of American origin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> the plant being a native of Oregon,
+and is in reference to its rich satiny blossom; that of Rush-lily, which
+is, perhaps, an even more suitable name, has been recently applied to
+it, I believe, in this country. It is applicable alike to the rush-like
+form and habit of foliage, and the lily-like purity and style of
+flowers. It was sent to this country in 1826, and yet it is rarely met
+with in English gardens. Some think it scarcely hardy in our climate in
+certain soils. I happen to have grown it for six years, which period
+includes the recent severe winters, and it has not only survived but
+increased in a moderate degree. This took place on rockwork facing
+south; in the autumn of 1881 I divided the specimen, and planted a part
+of it in the coldest part of my garden, which is not without clay,
+though far from all clay; that division is now a strong plant, and has
+made an extra crown; it forms the subject of the present illustration.
+Let me state, in passing, that it is naturally a slow grower. The very
+severe weather of the week previous to my writing this note, in March,
+1883, when 23deg. of frost was registered, which cut down the bloom
+stems of Hellebores and many other well-known hardy things, did not hurt
+this subject very much; I am, therefore, confident of its hardiness from
+six years of such experience.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are 1in. to 1&frac12;in. long, and about as much across when open,
+of a fine purple colour, with a shining satiny appearance; the six
+transparent petal-like divisions are of uneven form, having short
+bluntish points; from the openness of the corolla the stamens and style
+are well exposed, and they are very beautiful. The flowers are produced
+when the plant is about 6in. or 9in. high, the buds being developed on a
+rush-like stem, and enfolded in an almost invisible sheath 2in. or 3in.
+from the apex. Gradually the sheath, from becoming swollen, attracts
+notice, and during sunshine it will suddenly burst and let fall its
+precious contents&mdash;a pair of beautiful flowers&mdash;which dangle on slender
+arching pedicels, springing from the sheath-socket. They seem to enjoy
+their new-born freedom, and flutter in the March wind like tethered
+butterflies. Their happy day, however, is soon over; their fugacious
+petals shrivel in three or four days. The leaves are rush-like, ribbed,
+and sheathed.</p>
+
+<p>I have found it to thrive in loam, both light and moderately stiff, also
+in vegetable soil and sand; it likes moisture, but not of a stagnant
+character; between large stones, at the base of rockwork, suits it in
+every way; it may also be grown by the side of the larger kinds of
+snowdrops for contrast and effect. Impatient of being disturbed, it is
+not wisdom to lift it for any purpose, provided it is making progress,
+or until it has formed strong tufts; when, if it is desirable to
+increase it, and during early autumn, the long roots should be got well
+under, and taken out of the ground as entire as possible; from their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span>
+wiry nature they are then both easily cleared of earth and divided into
+single crowns; these should be replanted in positions deeply dug, and
+where they are intended to remain, being carefully arranged without any
+doubling up. After such pains have been taken with so well-deserving a
+plant, there will be little to fear for its future, no matter how severe
+the winter may prove.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. g. album</i> is a white-flowered variety, of which, however, I have had
+no experience. Since these lines appeared in serial form, a lady,
+cultivating a good collection of choice hardy flowers, has informed me
+that this variety is very fine, and in every way commendable.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May, according to positions or climatic
+conditions.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Soldanellas" id="Soldanellas"></a>Soldanellas.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Diminutive herbaceous alpine perennials. This genus is small in number
+of known species as in size of specimens. They are found in very high
+altitudes in the Tyrol, Switzerland, and Germany; but they are easily
+managed even in our foggy climate, as is shown by the fact of the
+various species being grown in all collections of alpines; and, indeed,
+no collection can be said to be complete without such gems&mdash;they are
+great favourites, as they well deserve to be. They flower in early
+spring, some with one, and others more than one flower on a stem.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are very small, broadly bell-shaped, and of a feathery
+appearance, from the fact of their petals being finely divided. The
+foliage is also small, nearly round, of good substance, and in all the
+following species very bright green; the leaf stalks are long and wiry,
+and form neat and handsome little tufts, independent of the flowers,
+which, I may add, do not last more than five or six days.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. alpina</i>, smaller in all its parts, but otherwise much resembling <i>S.
+montana</i>&mdash;has leaves the size of a shilling piece, flowers bright blue,
+mostly two on a stem.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. Clusii</i>, from Germany, is smaller than <i>S. alpina</i>; in other
+respects similar, with the exception of flowers, which are purple.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. minima</i> (smallest). Very tiny in all its parts, many of its little
+thick leaves being only &frac14;in. across; flowers purple, single on the stem,
+which is only &frac12;in. to 1in. long.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. montana</i> (Fig. 98) is the largest species of all&mdash;leaves the size of
+a half-crown piece, flowers bright blue, four or five on a stem, 5in.
+high. It has other distinctions, of a minute character, from the smaller
+species, but by difference of size alone it may be readily identified.</p>
+
+<p>All the Soldanellas love a vegetable soil, as peat or leaf mould,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> to
+which, when under cultivation, a liberal quantity of sand should be
+added. If grown in pots, they make lovely specimens, and should be
+plunged in sand and kept moist; but I find my specimens to grow much
+more vigorously when planted out, as they are at the base of a small
+rockery, rather below the level of the neighbouring walk, which forms a
+miniature watershed for the supply of moisture. I also fancy the
+liverwort, which surrounds them, rather helps them than otherwise.
+Certain I am, however, that moisture is the great desideratum in the
+culture of this genus. My difficulty with the planted-out specimens is
+to keep them from being grazed off by the slugs; a dash of silver sand
+every day or two has sometimes proved of use. When the Soldanellas once
+get into proper quarters they make rapid growth; I have divided them
+most successfully in April and May.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img284.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 98." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 98. Soldanella Montana</span>.<br />(One-half
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Spiraea_Palmata" id="Spiraea_Palmata"></a>Spir&aelig;a Palmata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Palm-like Spir&aelig;a</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Rosace&aelig;.</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img285.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 99." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 99. Spir&aelig;a Palmata.</span><br />(One-eighth
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>A bold and handsome species from China, imported about sixty years ago.
+It is perfectly hardy, though, generally grown in pots and under glass.
+It belongs to the herbaceous section, and I may as well state at once
+that the Spir&aelig;as&mdash;more especially the herbaceous kinds&mdash;are only
+decorative when in flower, by which I wish to convey the idea that after
+they have done flowering, from their abundant foliage, which then begins
+to turn sere and ragged, they become unsightly if planted in conspicuous
+parts. Still, their flowers and general habit are both rich and handsome
+when in their prime, and they are certainly worth growing, especially by
+those who have large gardens, where they can be planted in large patches
+in some of the less frequented parts.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. palmata</i> (Fig. 99) has remarkably bright rosy-crimson flowers; they
+are of indistinct form unless closely examined. It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> is, however, a
+well-known form of flower, or arrangement of flowers, and need not be
+further described, beyond saying they are in panicles and have a
+feathery appearance. The leaves, which are 6in. or more across, have
+long smooth stems, are mostly seven-lobed, the lobes being long,
+pointed, and unevenly serrated. The size of foliage and height of plants
+vary very much; if grown in a bog or by the side of a stream, it attains
+the height of 3ft. to 4ft.; in drier situations I have seen it flower
+when only 10in. high. The specimen illustrated is about 15in. high.</p>
+
+<p>A light spongy vegetable soil, with plenty of moisture, is the main
+requirement of most of the Spir&aelig;as, and to grow them to perfection
+little less will do; but a creditable display of bloom may be enjoyed
+from plants grown in ordinary garden loam, provided the situation is
+moist. By way of experiment, I planted a dozen roots of this species in
+an exposed border, drained, and in all respects the same as for the
+ordinary run of border flowers. They none of them flowered, and scarcely
+grew; at no time would they be higher than 6in. I wish to make it clear
+that the Spir&aelig;as, and especially <i>S. palmata</i>, cannot be grown and
+bloomed well without an abundance of moisture at the roots, as I am
+aware that many have tried and failed with this desirable kind. It
+should be treated as a bog plant, then it can scarcely fail to do well.
+In sunk parts of rockwork, by the walk gutters, by the side of a pond or
+stream, or (if there is one) in the hedge dyke, are all suitable places
+for this bright flower, and if only for the fine spikes which it
+produces for cutting purposes, it should be grown largely; and as most
+of the positions indicated are somewhat out of the way, they may perhaps
+be the more readily thus appropriated. Propagated by division of strong
+roots during autumn.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, July and August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Spiraea_Ulmaria_Variegata" id="Spiraea_Ulmaria_Variegata"></a>Spir&aelig;a Ulmaria Variegata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">S. Odorata Fol. Var.</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Rosace&aelig;.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>The beautiful variegated form of the well-known "Meadowsweet," other old
+names being "Mead-sweet," and "Queen of the Meadows." The typical form,
+at least, needs no description, it being one of the commonest and most
+appreciated plants of the British flora. This variety, however, is less
+known; it differs only as regards the markings of the foliage. When the
+crimped leaves are young, the broad golden patches are very effective,
+and when the plants are fully grown, the markings of the older foliage
+become lighter coloured, but not less rich. Of the value of this as a
+"fine foliage" plant there can be no doubt; it is very telling, and
+always admired. As regards its flowers, they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> ought not to be allowed to
+develope. I only mention this subject for the sake of its beautifully
+coloured leaves.</p>
+
+<p>Requirements: Ordinary garden loam, in a moist situation; propagated by
+root divisions during autumn.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Spiraea_Venusta" id="Spiraea_Venusta"></a>Spir&aelig;a Venusta.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Queen of the Prairie</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Rosace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A comparatively new species of the herbaceous section, from North
+America. In good deep loam it grows to the height of 3ft. or more.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are of a soft red, after the manner of those of <i>S.
+palmata</i>, but rather differently arranged, viz., in clustered sprays or
+cymes, which bend outwards; they are durable and very effective, even
+when seen at some distance in the garden, whilst for cutting they are
+flowers of first-class merit; the leaves are large, somewhat coarse,
+pinnate, segments sharply lobed and irregularly serrated.</p>
+
+<p>I find this plant to flower indifferently under the shade of trees, but
+in a fully exposed situation, planted in a deep retentive loam, it
+thrives and flowers well. It is perfectly hardy, and easily propagated
+by division during autumn.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Statice_Latifolia" id="Statice_Latifolia"></a>Statice Latifolia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Broad-leaved Sea-lavender</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Plumbaginace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This hardy perennial is all but evergreen in this climate. Probably
+there are two varieties of it, as although the plants in growth and form
+correspond, there is a notable difference in the habit of some
+specimens, as regards the greenness of the foliage in winter; whilst one
+shrivels and blackens the other will remain more or less green. It is
+possible that the native countries from which they come may have
+something to do with this fact. The species was introduced from Portugal
+in 1740, and again from Siberia in 1791. It need not be wondered at if
+the variety from the northern habitat proved the more verdant,
+notwithstanding its becoming acclimatised. Its lofty and diffuse
+panicles are ornamental and lasting; it is a subject which may be grown
+in almost any part of the garden, and hardly seem misplaced,
+notwithstanding its height of 3ft., because only the slender stems,
+furnished with their minute flowers, rise above the ground, and from the
+cloud-like effects more dwarf flowers can be easily seen, even when
+behind them. In many such cases, therefore, this gauzy-flowered
+Sea-lavender proves of advantage.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The bloom is lilac-coloured, each flower being very small. The stout
+scape at a short distance above the ground becomes much branched; the
+branchlets, as already indicated, are slender, and furnished with the
+soft blue bloom. The leaves are radical, and arranged in somewhat
+rosette form, and for the most part prostrate; many of them are quite a
+foot long and 5in. broad, or long egg-shaped; they are wavy, of leathery
+substance, and a dark shining green colour.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the genus, this is, perhaps, the most useful of the hardy
+species. Either in a growing or cut state, the flowers are much admired;
+cut, they need not be placed in water; and for a year, until the plant
+yields fresh supplies, they will remain presentable and even bright. Its
+culture is simple, though there are positions where I have found it to
+simply exist, viz., on rockwork, unless it was given a part where
+moisture would be abundant about the roots, in search of which its long
+woody roots go deeply; if planted in deep loam of a light nature, there
+will be little fear as to its thriving, but if well manured and mulched,
+specimens would grow to nearly double size. Propagated by root division.
+But often the crowns are all on one stout root, and then it is not a
+safe or ready operation; still, with a sharp knife, the woody root may
+be split its whole length&mdash;this should be done in spring, when the
+divisions can begin to grow at once. Another and safer plan would be to
+divide the root for an inch or more from the crowns downwards, insert a
+few pebbles to keep the parts open, and put back the specimen in freshly
+dug earth, where, during a season of growth, the cut parts would produce
+vigorous roots.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August to October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Statice_Profusa" id="Statice_Profusa"></a>Statice Profusa.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Profuse Sea-lavender</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Plumbaginace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hybrid hardy form, not to be confounded with the hairy-leaved and
+tender kind commonly grown under glass, which has the same name. All the
+Sea-lavenders are profuse blooming, but the one now under notice is more
+especially so, as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 100). The seed
+of this genus is prolific in varieties, and, although the name of this
+variety, or even the plant, may not be generally known, and the
+parentage, perhaps, untraceable, it appeared to such advantage, when
+grown by the side of such species as <i>S. bellidifolia</i>, <i>S. echioides</i>,
+<i>S. gmelina</i>, <i>S. incana</i>, <i>S. latifolia</i>, <i>S. sereptana</i>, <i>S.
+speciosa</i>, <i>S. tatarica</i>, <i>S. tormentilla</i>, <i>S. virgata</i>, <i>and</i> <i>S.
+Wildenovi</i>, that I considered it worth a short description, more
+especially as the object of this book is to speak of subjects with
+telling flowers or attractive forms. It is well known that the Statices
+have insignificant blossoms, taken individually, though, from their
+great profusion,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> they have a singular beauty. The variety now under
+notice, at the height of 2ft., developed a well branched panicle about
+the latter end of August; gradually the minute flowers expanded, when,
+in the middle of September, they became extremely fine, the smaller
+stems being as fine as horsehair, evenly disposed, and rigid; the head
+being globular, and supported by a single stem.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img289.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 100." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 100. Statice Profusa</span>.<br />(One-tenth
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The flowers are of a lively lilac, having a brownish or snuff-coloured
+spiked calyx, the effect being far prettier than the description would
+lead one to imagine. The leaves are radical, 6in. to 8in. long, oval, or
+somewhat spathulate, waved, leathery, shining and dark green, the outer
+ones prostrate, the whole being arranged in lax rosette form.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are very durable, either cut or in the growing state; they
+may be used to advantage with dried grasses, ferns, and "everlastings;"
+or the whole head, when cut, is a good substitute for gold-paper
+clippings in an unused fire grate; our people have so used one for two
+years, and it has still a fresh<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> appearance. It needs no words of mine
+to explain that such a plant as is represented by the illustration will
+prove highly decorative in any part of the flower garden. There is
+nothing special about the culture of the genus. All the Sea-lavenders do
+well in sandy loam, enriched with stable manure. Some sorts, the present
+one included, are not very readily propagated, as the crowns are not on
+separate pieces of root, but often crowded on a woody caudex. I have,
+however, sometimes split the long root with a sharp knife, and made good
+plants; this should only be done in spring, when growth can start at
+once.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August to frosts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Stenactis_Speciosus" id="Stenactis_Speciosus"></a>Stenactis Speciosus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">Erigeron Speciosus; Showy Fleabane</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This has not long been cultivated in this country; but though a native
+of the warm climate of California, it proves to be one of the most hardy
+of herbaceous perennials; it begins to flower in early summer, but
+August is the heyday of its showiness, and it continues at least a month
+longer. Its more recent name, <i>Stenactis</i>, is, according to Paxton, a
+happy and appropriate derivation, and tends much to explain the form of
+flower, "<i>Stene</i>, narrow, and <i>aktin</i>, a sunbeam, from the narrow and
+sunlike rays of the expanded flower." It belongs to a genus of
+"old-fashioned" flowers, which, moreover, is that of the most modern
+fashion in flowers. As a garden plant it is not only effective, but one
+of that class which will put up with the most offhand treatment;
+tenacious of life, neither particular as to soil nor position, constant
+in fair and foul weather, and doing duty alike in town or suburban
+garden, these qualities go to make it a worthy subject. Whilst it is
+nearly related to, and much resembles, the starworts or Michaelmas
+daises, it far exceeds in beauty the best of them, with only a third of
+their ungainly length of stem.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are fully two inches across, of a light purple colour; the
+disk is somewhat large and of a greenish yellow; the florets of the ray
+are numerous, full, narrow, and slightly uneven at their points, giving
+the otherwise dense ray a feathery appearance. These large flowers are
+produced in bunches of six or ten on each branch, at the height of about
+eighteen inches; there are many stems, and each one is well branched,
+the species being very floriferous; the leaves are herb-like,
+lance-shaped, pointed, amplexicaul, and smooth; root-leaves spathulate.</p>
+
+<p>This plant needs no cultural care; its only requirements are a place in
+the garden and some one to appropriate its beaming<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> crop of flowers,
+which cannot fail to be serviceable. As a border plant, among suitable
+companions, bold clumps are fine, especially when seen by twilight; in
+lines, too, it may be profitably used. Propagated by division of the
+roots at any time.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, June to September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Stokesia_Cyanea" id="Stokesia_Cyanea"></a>Stokesia Cyanea.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Jasper-blue Stokesia</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Stokes' Aster</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Composit&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This handsome, hardy, herbaceous perennial was brought from Carolina in
+the year 1766. It is the only species known of the genus, and was named
+after Jonathan Stokes, M.D., who assisted Withering, the botanist, in
+his arrangement of British plants. The order which includes it is a very
+extensive one, and it may be useful to add that it belongs to the
+sub-order <i>Carduace&aelig;</i>, or the Thistle family. The mention of this
+relationship may not help our subject much in the estimation of the
+reader, but it must be borne in mind that in plant families as well as
+others, there are individual members that often contrast rather than
+compare with their relatives, and so it is in the Thistle family, for it
+embraces the gay Doronicums, silky Gnaphaliums, shining Arnica, and
+noble Stob&aelig;a and Echinops. But the relationship will, perhaps, be better
+understood when it is stated that as a sub-order the <i>Carduace&aelig;</i> stand
+side by side with that of the <i>Asterace&aelig;</i>, which includes so many
+well-known and favourite flowers. Let me now ask the reader to glance at
+the illustration (Fig. 101), and he will, I think, see marks of affinity
+with both the thistle and the aster; the few thorny teeth at the base of
+the larger leaves, and the spines on the smaller divisions of the
+imbricate calyx, are clearly features of the former, whilst the general
+form of the plant and flowers are not unlike the aster.</p>
+
+<p>Of all herbaceous plants, this is one of the latest to bloom; in
+favourable situations it will begin in October, but often not until
+November and December in northern parts of the country; and, I hardly
+need add, unless severe frosts hold off, it will be cut down before its
+buds expand. There is much uncertainty about its flowering, when planted
+in the ordinary way, so that, fine as its flowers are, the plant would
+scarcely be worth a place in our gardens, if there were no means by
+which such uncertainty could be at least minimised; and were it not a
+fact that this plant may be bloomed by a little special treatment, which
+it justly merits, it would not have been introduced in this book, much
+less illustrated. The plant itself is very hardy, enduring keen frosts
+without apparent damage, and the bloom is also durable, either cut or on
+the plant.</p>
+
+<p>I scarcely need further describe the flowers, as the form is a very
+common one. It has, however, a very ample bract, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> supports a large
+imbricate calyx, the members of which have stiff bristle-like hairs.
+Each flower will be 2in. to 3in. across, and of a fine blue colour. The
+leaves are arranged on stout round stems, 18in. high, being from 2in. to
+6in. long, somewhat lobed and toothed at the base, the teeth rather
+spiny; their shape varies very much, but generally they are
+lance-shaped, concave, often waved at the edges, and otherwise
+contorted. The foliage is more thickly furnished at the upper part of
+the plant, it has a glaucous hue, is of good substance, smooth and
+shining, like many of the gentians. It will, therefore, be seen that
+this is far from a weedy-looking subject, and throughout the season has
+a tidy and shrub-like appearance, but it grows top-heavy, and, unless
+supported, is liable to be snapped off at the ground line by high winds.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img292.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 101." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 101. <span class="smcap">Stokesia Cyanea</span>.<br />(One-sixth
+natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>In order to get it to bloom before the frosts cut it, the soil and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span>
+situation should be carefully selected; the former cannot be too sandy
+if enriched with manure, whilst cold, stiff soil is quite unsuited to
+it. The position should not only have the sunniest possible aspect, but
+be at the base of a wall that will ward off the more cutting winds. In
+such snug quarters many things may be had in bloom earlier, and others
+kept in flower through the winter, as violets; whilst fuchsias, crinums,
+African and Belladonna lilies, and similar roots, that would perish in
+more exposed parts, will live from year to year in such situations.
+Unless the subject now under consideration can have these conditions, it
+is useless to plant it&mdash;not that its hardiness is doubtful, but because
+its blooming period should be hastened. Its propagation may be by
+division of the roots after it has flowered, or in spring.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, October to December.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Symphytum_Caucasicum" id="Symphytum_Caucasicum"></a>Symphytum Caucasicum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Caucasian Comfrey</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Boraginace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A comparatively modern species in English gardens, belonging to a genus
+well represented by native species, from which this differs mainly in
+being less tall and hairy, and otherwise less coarse. The erect habit,
+and abundant azure flowers produced in pendent form, which, moreover,
+last for several weeks, go to make this a capital border plant. If not
+an old species, from its resemblance to some which are so, it is
+rendered a suitable companion to "old-fashioned" subjects. The plant
+grows to a height of nearly 2ft., is of dark greyish-green colour, from
+being thickly covered with short, stiff hairs, on every part, including
+the calyx.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are more than &frac12;in. long, produced in elongated clusters,
+opening three or four at a time, and just before expansion they are of a
+bright rose colour, but afterwards turn a fine blue; calyx five-parted,
+as also is the corolla, the segments being drawn in at the mouth. The
+entire flower is long and bell-shaped; the pendent clusters of bloom are
+well held out from the main stem by leafy branches, each being
+terminated by two racemes. The leaves of the root are large and stalked,
+oval, lance-shaped, and wrinkled; those of the stems are stalkless, and
+so attached as to give the stems a winged appearance near their
+junction.</p>
+
+<p>The plant will thrive in any kind of soil, but it likes shade and
+moisture, and a specimen grown under such conditions will be found to be
+much superior in every way. A position under fruit trees suits it
+admirably, and for such thoughtful planting it will well repay the lover
+of flowers for vase decoration. It also makes a good subject for large
+or rough rockwork, on which, however, it should be sheltered from the
+midday sun. Its propa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>gation may be carried out at any time by dividing
+the roots, but autumn is the preferable period.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Tiarella_Cordifolia" id="Tiarella_Cordifolia"></a>Tiarella Cordifolia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Saxifragace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img294.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 102." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 102. <span class="smcap">Tiarella Cordifolia</span>.<br />(One-fifth natural size; <i>a</i>, flower, natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The illustration (Fig. 102), together with the order given to which it
+belongs, will convey a fair idea of the style and habit of the plant,
+but its exquisite flowers must be seen to be appreciated, and hardly
+could they appear to more advantage than in a growing state, the rich
+foliage forming their most natural and effective ground. This hardy
+herbaceous perennial has been known to English gardens for 150 years,
+and was introduced from North America, where it grows in glorious
+masses, but common as it is in its native country, and long as it has
+been grown in this, I scarcely know a flower respecting which so many
+have been in error as regards the true species. I have had all sorts of
+things sent to me under the name, and, after all, it is easy to be wrong
+with it unless the amateur has either closely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> noted its distinctions or
+grown it for a year at least. Heucheras are similar in habit and shape
+of foliage, and are often confounded with it, though otherwise very
+distinct. <i>Tellima grandiflora</i>, when in its young state, is very like
+it, but the strong crowns should be noted&mdash;they are twice the strength
+of <i>T. cordifolia</i>, and develop foliage more than double its size,
+whilst the flowers are on stems 3ft. high, nearly green, and might
+easily be taken for seed pods.</p>
+
+<p>The Mitellas, however, are much more puzzling, the distinctions being
+finer and mostly of a botanical character. Still, in May and June, when
+all are in flower, the identification of our subject is not difficult,
+more especially if the other species of the same order are near for
+comparison.</p>
+
+<p><i>T. cordifolia</i> grows to the height of 9in. to 12in.; the flowers are
+composed of a calyx (five-parted) and five petals, which are entire,
+evenly set in the calyx. The ten stamens are prominent; each flower has
+a stout pedicel, which holds out the pretty white blossom in a nearly
+horizontal way. There is nothing of a bell-shape character about the
+flower, as in its nearest relative the Mitella. The flower stem is erect
+and round, being evenly furnished with flowers, for a length of 4in. to
+6in.; the flowers are very lasting. The leaves are heart-shaped, acutely
+lobed, denticulate, slightly wrinkled, hairy on both sides, and more or
+less spotted or splashed with brown spots on the main ribs; the leaf
+stalks are long, and carry the foliage gracefully. The whole plant has a
+neat habit, and, when in vigorous health, sends out surface creepers.</p>
+
+<p>It enjoys moist quarters and slight shade, though it is grown as seen in
+the drawing in an exposed part. The soil is good, but otherwise there is
+nothing special about its culture. If this little spring flower can be
+made more known, it will be sure to be more widely cultivated; for
+covering the bare parts of lawn shrubberies it would form a pleasing
+subject, and might be mixed with the scarlet ourisia and the finer sorts
+of myosotis; these would make an excellent blend, all flowering
+together, and lasting for a long time, besides being suitable otherwise
+for such shady positions. When increase is desired strong plants may be
+divided at any time, soon after flowering being the best; if the season
+be dry, the young stock should be shaded by a leafy branch and kept well
+watered.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May and June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Trientalis_Europaea" id="Trientalis_Europaea"></a>Trientalis Europ&aelig;a.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">European Wintergreen</span>, or <span class="smcap">Star-flower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Primulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Some may say, "Why, this is a common British plant;" and so it is in
+some parts, but for all that there are many who have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> never seen it. In
+no way does the mention here of this lovely little flower need an
+apology: the best possible reasons for growing and recommending it are
+in the facts that it is very beautiful and greatly admired (see Fig.
+103).</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img296.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 103." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 103. <span class="smcap">Trientalis Europ&aelig;a</span>.<br />(Plant, one-third natural size; blossom, full size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>The flowers, which are &frac34;in. across, are salver-shaped, pure white,
+excepting for a day or two when newly opened, then they are stained with
+a soft pink; the calyx has eight handsome light green, shining,
+awl-shaped sepals; the corolla has five to nine petals, equal in size,
+flatly and evenly arranged, their pointed tips forming the star-like
+appearance from which the flower takes one of its common names; the
+flower stalks are exceedingly fine&mdash;thready&mdash;but firm, from 1in. to 3in.
+long, and each carries but one flower; they issue from the axils of the
+leaves, which are arranged in whorls of five or seven, and nearly as
+many blossoms will be produced from the whorl, but seldom more than one,
+and hardly ever more than two, flowers will be open together, when they
+occupy the central position of the foliage, which gives the plant an
+elegant appearance. The leaves are of a pale green colour, sometimes a
+little bronzed at the tips, veined, entire, bald, lance-shaped,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> and, as
+before hinted, verticillate; they vary much in size, being from 1in. to
+3in. long and &frac12;in. to 1in. broad. The stems are round, reddish, slender,
+and naked, with the exception of two or three minute round leaves, borne
+distantly apart; the stems, too, like the leaves, vary in length;
+sometimes they grow 8in., while others equally floriferous are not above
+3in. high; the root is creeping, and somewhat tuberous. A colony of this
+plant has the appearance of a miniature group of palms, bedecked with
+glistening stars at the flowering time, and it is one of the most
+durable flowers I know; so persistent, indeed, are they, that botanical
+descriptions make mention of it.</p>
+
+<p>In a cut state they equal either violets or snowdrops, from the
+beautiful combination of flowers and foliage, and it is a pity that it
+is not grown in sufficient quantities for cutting purposes. Its culture
+is very easy, but to do it well it may be said to require special
+treatment; in its wild state it runs freely, and the specimens are not
+nearly so fine as they may be had under cultivation with proper
+treatment. It should have moist quarters, a little shade, light
+vegetable soil, and confinement at the roots. I ought, perhaps, to
+explain the last-mentioned condition. It would appear that if the
+quick-spreading roots are allowed to ramble, the top growths are not
+only straggling, but weak and unfruitful. To confine its roots,
+therefore, not only causes it to grow in compact groups, but in every
+way improves its appearance; it may be done by planting it in a large
+seed pan, 15in. across, and 4in. or 6in. deep. Let it be well drained;
+over the drainage place a layer of lumpy peat, on which arrange another
+of roots, and fill up with leaf soil and peat mixed with sand; this may
+be done any time from September to February; the pan may then be plunged
+in a suitable position, so as to just cover the rim from sight, and so
+do away with artificial appearances; but if it is sunk too deep, the
+roots will go over the rim and all the labour will be lost. So charming
+is this plant when so grown, that it is worth all the care. A well-known
+botanist saw such a pan last spring, and he could hardly believe it to
+be our native species. Pans at two years old are lovely masses, and very
+suitable for taking as grown for table decoration. The outer sides of
+the pans should be banked down to the tray with damp moss, which could
+be pricked in with any soft-coloured flowers, as dog roses, pinks or
+forget-me-nots.</p>
+
+<p>I will only add that, unless the root confinement is effected either in
+the above or some other way, according to my experience, the plant will
+never present a creditable appearance as a cultivated specimen; at the
+same time, this somewhat troublesome mode of planting it is not in
+proportion to the pleasure it will afford and certainly ought not to
+prevent its introduction into every garden.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May and June.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Trillium_Erectum" id="Trillium_Erectum"></a>Trillium Erectum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Erect Wood-lily</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Melanthace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img298.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 104." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 104. <span class="smcap">Trillium Erectum</span>.<br />(Plant, one-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>A hardy, tuberous perennial, from North America, whence most, perhaps
+all, the species of this genus are imported. The peculiar form of the
+plants gives rise to the generic name. A flowering specimen has on one
+stem three leaves, three sepals, and three petals; the specific name is
+in reference to the more erect habit of this species compared with
+others. Of <i>T. erectum</i> there are several varieties, having
+different-coloured flowers; the specimens from which the drawing (Fig.
+104) was taken have rich brown or dark maroon flowers. Little groups
+have a rather quaint look, they being very formal, the flowers curiously
+placed, and of unusual colour. The flowers are fully 2in. across, or
+much more, if the petals did not reflex almost their whole length. The
+sepals of the calyx are exactly alternate with the petals, and remain
+erect, giving the flower a characteristic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> quality; and, let me add,
+they are far more pleasing to the eye than to the sense of smell. The
+leaves are arranged in threes on the main stem, and that number
+constitutes the entire foliage of the plant; they are stalkless, oval,
+but pointed, entire, smooth, and of a shining dark green colour. The
+specimens from which the illustration was made are 5in. to 6in. high,
+but their height differs very much with the positions in which they are
+grown, shade and moisture inducing taller growths. The roots, which are
+tuberous, are of unusual form&mdash;soft swollen root-stocks may be more
+descriptive of them. Trilliums are now in much favour, and their quiet
+beauty is likely to create a genuine love for them. Moreover, the
+different species are distinct, and if grown in cool, shady quarters,
+their flowers remain in good form and colour for a long time. They are
+seen to most advantage in a subdued light, as under the shade of rather
+tall but not too thickly grown trees. They require vegetable soil, no
+matter how light it may be, provided it can be maintained in a moist
+state, the latter condition being indispensable. Trilliums are capable
+of taking a good share towards supplying shade-loving subjects. How
+finely they would mix with anemones, violets, <i>Paris quadrifolia</i>,
+hellebores, and such like flowers! Colonies of these, planted so as to
+carpet small openings in shrubberies, would be a clear gain in several
+ways to our gardens; to many they would be a new feature; more showy
+flowers would not have to be given up for such an arrangement, but, on
+the other hand, both would be more enjoyed by the contrast. Trilliums
+increase slowly; propagation may be carried out by the division of the
+roots of healthy plants.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May and June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Triteleia_Uniflora" id="Triteleia_Uniflora"></a>Triteleia Uniflora.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Sometimes called</i> <span class="smcap">Milla Uniflora</span>; <span class="smcap">One-flowered
+Triteleia</span>, <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Spring Star Flower</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a favourite flower, and in some soils increases very fast; it is
+the commonest species of the very limited genus to which it belongs; was
+brought from South America only so recently as 1836, and it is already
+extensively grown in this country, and as a trade article is very cheap
+indeed, thanks to its intrinsic worth. Though small, its star-like form
+gives it a lively and effective appearance in the borders. It is much
+used by the Americans as a window and greenhouse plant, notwithstanding
+that it is a wild flower with them, and its pretty shape and lovely hues
+render it eligible for such uses, but on account of the esteem in which
+is held the odour of garlic, I should not like to recommend it for such
+close associations. The flower in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> shape is, as the generic name
+implies, like the Trillium, formed of three, or rather threes; the
+divisions are arranged in threes, or triangularly; the two triangles,
+being crossed, give the flower a geometrical and star-like effect. The
+flowers, which are 1in. to 2in. across, are borne on slender stems, 4in.
+to 6in. long. They are nearly white, but have various tints, bluish
+reflections, with a line of blue in each petal. The leaves resemble
+those of the snowdrop when overgrown and turning flabby, and have a
+somewhat untidy and sprawling habit; they are abundantly produced from
+the rather small cocoon-shaped bulbs. On the whole, the plant is very
+ornamental when in flower, and the bloom is produced more or less for
+many weeks; at any rate, it is an early flower, and if it cannot be used
+indoors it should be extensively planted amongst border subjects, than
+which there are few more hardy or reliable. Propagated by divisions of
+the crowded bulbs every other year, during late summer.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img300.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 105." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 105. <span class="smcap">Triteleia Uniflora</span>.<br />(One-fourth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p><i>T. u. lilacina</i> (the Lilac-coloured Star Flower) is a most handsome
+variety, having, as implied by the name, a richly coloured flower. I am
+indebted to a lady for roots and flowers recently sent me; so far as I
+know, it is not yet generally distributed. It is very distinct from the
+type in having smaller parts throughout, and a more highly coloured
+bloom, with the outer surface of the shining tube of a darker or
+brownish-green colour. I have seen a mauve coloured form, but this is
+much more pronounced and effective. The chief recommendation of this
+otherwise desirable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> flower, to my thinking, is its rich, new-mown hay
+scent; in this it differs much from the parent form.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, March to May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Tritoma_Uvaria" id="Tritoma_Uvaria"></a>Tritoma Uvaria.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Great Tritoma</span>; <i>Common Names</i>, <span class="smcap">Flame-flower</span>,
+<span class="smcap">Red-hot Poker</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;-Hemero-callide&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is one of our finest late-flowering plants; it has, moreover, a
+tropical appearance, which renders it very attractive. It is fast
+becoming popular, though as yet it is not very often seen in private
+gardens; it comes from the Cape of Good Hope, its year of introduction
+being 1707. In this climate, when planted in well-exposed situations and
+in sandy loam, it proves hardy but herbaceous; if protected it is
+evergreen; and I ought to add that if it is planted in clay soil, or
+where the drainage is defective, it will be killed by a severe winter;
+but when such simple precautions as are here indicated will conduce to
+the salvation of a somewhat doubtful plant, it may be fairly termed
+hardy. According to my experience during severe winters, plants in wet
+stiff loam were all killed, but others of the same stock, in light sandy
+earth, did not suffer in the least. I have also made similar
+observations outside my own garden.</p>
+
+<p>The stout scapes or stems sometimes reach a height of 4ft., and are
+topped with long or cocoon-shaped spikes of orange and red flowers; the
+flowers are tubular and small, closely arranged, and drooping; each will
+be about an inch long, and the spikes 6in. to 8in. long. The leaves are
+narrow, 2ft. to 3ft. long, keeled, channelled, and rough on the edges,
+of a dark green colour and prostrate habit. Either amongst trees or in
+more conspicuous positions this flower proves very effective, whilst in
+lines it is simply dazzling; when grown in quantity it may be cut for
+indoor decoration, than which few large flowers are more telling.</p>
+
+<p>Cultural hints have already been given in speaking of its hardiness, but
+I may add that where the soil is naturally light and dry a liberal
+dressing of well-rotted manure may be dug in with great benefit to the
+flowers. It is readily propagated by division of the roots every third
+year; the young stock should be put in rows, the earth having been
+deeply stirred and well broken; this may be done in late autumn or
+spring&mdash;if the former, a top dressing of leaves will assist root action.</p>
+
+<p>This bold and brilliant flower appears in September, and is produced in
+numbers more or less to the end of the year, provided the season does
+not set in very severe.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Tropaeolum_Tuberosum" id="Tropaeolum_Tuberosum"></a>Trop&aelig;olum Tuberosum.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Tuberous Trop&aelig;olum</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Trop&aelig;olace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>All the species of this genus are highly decorative garden subjects,
+including the annual varieties, and otherwise they are interesting. They
+are known by various names, as Trophy-plant, Indian Cress, and
+Nasturtium, though the latter is only applicable strictly to plants of
+another order. The plant under notice is a climber, herbaceous and
+perennial, having tuberous roots, whence its specific name; they much
+resemble small potatoes, and are eaten in Peru, the native country of
+the plant. It has not long been grown in this country, the date of its
+introduction being 1836; it is not often seen, which may be in part
+owing to the fact of its being considered tender in this climate. But
+let me at once state that under favourable conditions, and such as may
+easily be afforded in any garden, it proves hardy. As a matter of fact,
+I wintered it in 1880-1, and also in 1881-2, which latter does not
+signify much, as it proved so mild; but it must be admitted that the
+first-mentioned winter would be a fair test season. The position was
+very dry, viz., on the top of a small bank of earth, against a south
+wall; the soil was sandy loam, and it was overgrown with ivy, the leaves
+of which would doubtless keep out many degrees of cold, as also would
+the dryness of the soil; another point in favour of my specimen proving
+hardy, would be the fact of its exposure to the sun, by which the tubers
+would be well and duly ripened. It is one of the handsomest trailers or
+climbers I know for the herbaceous garden; a free grower, very
+floriferous, bright, distinct, and having a charming habit. The
+illustration (Fig. 106) can give no idea of the fine colours of its
+flowers, or richly glaucous foliage. One specimen in my garden has been
+much admired, thanks to nothing but its own habit and form; under a west
+wall, sheltered from the strong winds, it grows near some <i>Lilium
+auratum</i>; after outgrowing the lengths of the stems, and having set off
+to advantage the lily bloom, it caught by its tendril-like shoots an
+apricot tree on the wall, and then reached the top, being furnished with
+bloom its whole length. The flowers are orange and scarlet, inclining to
+crimson; they are produced singly on long red stalks, which spring from
+the axils of the leaves; the orange petals are small and overlapping,
+being compactly enclosed in the scarlet calyx; the spur, which is also
+of the same colour, is thick and long, imparting a pear-like form to the
+whole flower, which, however, is not more than 1&frac12;in. long. The leaves
+are nearly round in outline, sub-peltate, five, but sometimes only
+three-lobed; lobes entire, sometimes notched, smooth and glaucous; the
+leaf-stalks are long and bent, and act as tendrils. The plant makes
+rapid growth, the stems going out in all directions, some trailing on
+the ground.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is a good subject for the drier parts of rockwork, where a twiggy
+branch should be secured, which it will soon cover. It is also fine for
+lattice work, or it may be grown where it can appropriate the dried
+stems of lupine and larkspurs. For all such situations it is not only
+showy, but beautiful. The flowered sprays are effective in a cut state,
+especially by gaslight; they come in for drooping or twining purposes,
+and last a long time in water.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img303.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 106." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 106. <span class="smcap">Trop&aelig;olum Tuberosum</span>.<br />(One-fifth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>If grown as a tender plant its treatment is as simple as can be; the
+tubers may be planted in early spring in any desired situation, and when
+the frosts at the end of the season have cut down the foliage, the
+tubers may be taken up and stored in sand; but if it is intended to
+winter it out the situation should be chosen for its dryness, and the
+soil should be of a sandy nature, in which the tubers ought to be placed
+5in. or 6in. deep. It is self-propagating, the tubers being numerously
+produced; and like "potato sets," the larger ones may be cut in pieces;
+if, however, numbers are not the object they are better left uncut.
+Caterpillars are fond of this plant; at the first sight of an eaten
+leaf, they should be looked for and destroyed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It begins to flower in the latter part of summer, continuing until
+stopped by frosts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Umbilicus_Chrysanthus" id="Umbilicus_Chrysanthus"></a>Umbilicus Chrysanthus.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Crassulace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img304.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 107." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 107. <span class="smcap">Umbilicus Chrysanthus</span>.<br />(One-half natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>This is a very pretty and distinct subject, and never fails to flower
+very late in the year. It is a plant having the appearance of being
+tender, and is not often seen growing fully exposed in the garden; it
+is, however, perfectly hardy, enduring any amount of cold; it suffers
+more from wet. It is also evergreen. Its soft dull or greyish-green
+rosettes are in marked contrast with the rigid and shining sempervivums,
+in the company of which it is frequently placed. It is an alpine
+subject, and comes from the mountains of Asiatic Turkey, being also
+found more west. Not only is it interesting, but its pretty form and
+habit are qualities which render it very useful in a garden, more
+especially for dry parts, such as old walls and rockwork.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It grows 6in. high, the older rosettes elongate and form leafy flower
+stalks, which are topped by drooping panicles of flowers, somewhat bell
+shaped; each flower is &frac34;in. long, of a yellowish white colour; the
+petals are finely pointed, and well supported by a fleshy calyx; the
+bloom is slowly developed and very enduring, even when the worst weather
+prevails. The leaves are arranged in flat rosette form (the rosettes
+from 1in. to 2in. across), lower leaves spathulate, those near the
+centre more oval.</p>
+
+<p>All are fleshy, covered with short hairs, and somewhat clammy to the
+touch. Its habit is neat, and it adorns such situations as otherwise
+suit it, viz., banks or risen beds, and such other positions as have
+already been named.</p>
+
+<p>Its culture is easy, but it ought to have the compost it most
+enjoys&mdash;peat and grit&mdash;and it should be sheltered from the strong winds,
+otherwise its top-heavy flower stalks will be laid prostrate. When it
+once finds a happy home it increases fast; the thick stalks are
+procumbent and emit roots. These may either be left to form large
+specimens or be taken off during the growing season for stock. Excessive
+wet is its greatest enemy. For such subjects, the wire and glass
+shelters are not only a remedy, but very handy.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, summer, until stopped by frosts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Vaccinium_Vitis-Idaea" id="Vaccinium_Vitis-Idaea"></a>Vaccinium Vitis-Id&aelig;a.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Red Whortle-berry</span>; <i>sometimes called</i> <span class="smcap">Cow-berry</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Vaccinace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Although a native evergreen, and in some parts occurring extensively, it
+proves to be both decorative and useful as a garden subject; as a neat
+evergreen it is worthy of a place, especially when it is not to be found
+near in a wild state. It is seldom seen without either its waxy and
+pink-tinted white flowers or its bright clusters of red berries, but in
+October it carries both, which, together with the fine condition of the
+foliage, renders the shrub most attractive. It grows 6in. to 9in. high
+under cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>In form the flowers somewhat resemble the lily of the valley, but they
+are closely set in the stems and partly hidden, owing to the shortness
+and drooping character of the racemes; not only are the flowers
+pleasingly tinted, but they exhale a full and spicy odour; the buds,
+too, are tinted with a lively pink colour on their sunny sides. The
+berries are quickly developed, being nearly the size of the holly berry,
+but a more bright red. The leaves are stout, shining, and leathery, and
+ofttimes pleasingly bronzed. They are over &frac12;in. long and egg-shaped,
+being bent backwards. The stems are furnished with short hairs, are much
+branched, and densely foliaged. This compact-growing shrub would make a
+capital edging, provided it was well grown in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> vegetable soil. It would
+go well with <i>Erica carnea</i> to form a double line, either to a shrubbery
+or permanent beds of dwarf flowering trees. Now that berries are so much
+used for wearing about the person and for indoor decoration, those of
+this shrub may become useful. A dishful of sprigs in October proves
+pleasant both to the sight and smell, the flowers and fruit being
+charmingly blended.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img306.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 108." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 108. <span class="smcap">Vaccinium Vitis-id&aelig;a</span>.<br />(Natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+
+<p><i>V. v.-i. major</i> is a variety which is simply larger in all its parts;
+it is, however, rather more bronzed in the foliage. I daresay by many it
+would be preferred to the typical form, both for its robust and
+decorative qualities. It is nearly twice the size of the type.</p>
+
+<p>As may be inferred, both from the order to which this shrub belongs and
+the localities where it occurs in its wild state, a peaty or vegetable
+soil will be required. I find the species grow most freely in a mixture
+of leaf soil and sand, the position being moist but exposed. It does not
+object to a little shade, but then its useful berries are neither so
+numerously produced nor so well coloured.</p>
+
+<p>It is easily propagated by division at almost any time.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to October.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Veronica_Gentianoides" id="Veronica_Gentianoides"></a>Veronica Gentianoides.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Syn.</i> <span class="smcap">V. Gentianifolia</span>; <span class="smcap">Gentian-leaved Speedwell</span>;
+<i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Scrophulariace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a distinct and pleasing species, viewed as a garden plant. It is
+very hardy, and one of the herbaceous kinds; it has been grown in
+English gardens nearly 150 years, and came originally from the Levant.
+It is pretty widely used, but it deserves a place in every garden; not
+only are its tall spikes of flowers effective during their season, but
+the foliage, compared with other Veronicas, is of a bright and plump
+character. The newly-formed tufts, which are somewhat rosette-shaped,
+have a fresh appearance throughout the winter, it being one of the few
+herbaceous subjects in which the signs of life are so visible in this
+climate.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are small-&frac12;in. in diameter&mdash;numerously produced on spikes
+18in. high. They are blue, striped with light and dark shades; both
+calyx and corolla, as common to the genus, are four-parted, petals of
+uneven size. The flower spikes are finely developed, the flowers and
+buds occupying 12in. of their length, and tapering off to a point which
+bends gracefully. The buds are not less pretty than the flowers,
+resembling as they do turquoise in a deep setting of the calyx. The
+leaves are smooth, shining, and of much substance, 3in. to 6in. long,
+and 1in. to 2in. broad, lance-shaped, serrated, and sheathing. They are
+of a somewhat clustered arrangement close to the ground. Good pieces of
+this plant, 1ft. to 2ft. across, are very effective, and flower for a
+good while.</p>
+
+<p>The rich and graceful spikes are of great value for vase decoration, one
+or two sufficing in connection with other suitable flowers.</p>
+
+<p>There is a lovely variety of this species called <i>V. g. variegata</i>; in
+shape and habit it resembles the type though scarcely as vigorous, but
+not at all "miffy." The leaves are richly coloured pale green, white,
+and pink; and the flowers, as seldom occurs in variegated forms, are
+larger and more handsome than in the parent; in all respects, it is as
+useful, and, for forming an edging, perhaps more suitable than the
+common form.</p>
+
+<p>Both kinds like a good fat loam and a moist situation; they may be grown
+either in borders or on rockwork, but specimens on the latter compare
+poorly with those grown otherwise; either they are too dry, or the soil
+gets washed from them, so that the new roots, which strike down from the
+surface-creeping stems, do not find the needful nourishment. Their
+increase is easily effected by division of the rooted stems any time
+after they have done flowering. If the season is droughty, they should
+be well watered.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to July.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Veronica_Pinguifolia" id="Veronica_Pinguifolia"></a>Veronica Pinguifolia.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Fat-leaved Speedwell</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Scrophulariace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a rather uncommon species, being of the shrubby section, but
+unlike many of its relative kinds, it is perfectly hardy, also evergreen
+and very dwarf; a specimen three or four years old is but a diminutive
+bush, 18in. through and 8in. high. The habit is dense, the main or old
+branches are prostrate, the younger wood being erect and full of very
+short side shoots.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are produced on the new wood; the chubby flower-spikes issue
+from the axils of the leaves near the leading shoot; in some cases there
+are three, in others four, but more often two. Each flower spike has a
+short, stout, round stem, nearly an inch long, and the part furnished
+with buds is nearly as long again. At this stage (just before they begin
+to open) the buds are rice-shaped, snow white, waxy, and arranged cone
+form. They are, moreover, charmingly intersected with the pale green
+sepals in their undeveloped stage. The little bunches of buds are simply
+exquisite. The flowers are small, pure white, waxy, and twisted in the
+petals. The two filaments are longer than the petals, having rather
+large anthers, which are bright purple. This pleasing feature, together
+with the young shoots in the midst of the blossoms, which have small
+stout glaucous leaves tipped with yellow&mdash;nearly golden&mdash;give the
+clusters a bouquet-like appearance. The leaves are small&mdash;little more
+than half an inch long&mdash;and ovate, slightly cupped, stem-clasping, and
+opposite. They are a pale glaucous hue, and closely grown on the stems;
+they greatly add to the rich effect of the flowers.</p>
+
+<p>This shrub is a most fitting subject for rockwork, and it would also
+make an edging of rare beauty, which, if well grown, no one could but
+admire. It seems to enjoy loam and leaf soil in a moist but sunny
+situation. It may be propagated by cuttings, taken with a part of the
+previous year's wood.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Veronica_Prostrata" id="Veronica_Prostrata"></a>Veronica Prostrata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Prostrate Speedwell</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Scrophulariace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is sometimes confounded with <i>V. repens</i>, I presume from the slight
+distinction in the specific names, but so different are the two species
+that no one who has seen them can possibly take one for the other. <i>V.
+repens</i> is herb-like; it creeps and roots, and has nearly white flowers
+in April; but <i>V. prostrata</i> is a deciduous trailer, and the more common
+and best form has fine gentian-blue flowers; it is a capital rock plant,
+being most effective when hanging over the face of large stones. The
+flowers are small, and produced in rather long sprays, which are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span>
+numerous, so that little else than flowers can be seen for two or three
+weeks.</p>
+
+<p>It will grow and flower freely in any soil, but the aspect should be
+sunny; it is easily increased by division or rootlets. I may add that
+the very long stems of this prostrate plant (when in bloom) are well
+adapted for indoor decoration. Where pendent, deep blue flowers are
+needed, there are very few good blues so suitable.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May to July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Vesicaria_Graeca" id="Vesicaria_Graeca"></a>Vesicaria Gr&aelig;ca.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Crucifer&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This beautiful, diminutive, hardy evergreen shrub comes to us from
+Switzerland, being an alpine species (see Fig. 109).</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img309.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 109." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 109. <span class="smcap">Vesicaria Gr&aelig;ca</span>.<br />(One-third natural size; 1, full size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>When in flower it does not exceed the height of 6in. or 8in., at which
+time it is very showy, covered, as it is, with flowers of the brightest
+golden yellow, surpassing the golden alyssum, which in some respects it
+resembles, being half woody, possessing greyish leaves, and dense heads
+of flowers, which, however, are arranged in small corymbs, and being
+also much larger. The leaves of the flower stalks resemble lavender
+leaves in general<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> appearance; those of the unproductive stems are
+larger, and arranged sparingly in rigid rosette form, such unproductive
+stems being few.</p>
+
+<p>The neat and erect habit of the plant renders it most suitable for
+rockwork or edgings, and otherwise, from its long continued flowering,
+which will exceed a month in moderate weather, it is one of the most
+useful spring flowers; whilst, for cutting purposes, it cannot but rank
+with the more choice, as, combined with extra brightness of colour, it
+exhales a rich hawthorn perfume. To all who have a garden, big or
+little, I would say, grow this sweet little shrub. It has never failed
+to do well with me in any situation that was fully exposed; it flowers
+freely in a light dry bed, but on rockwork it is most at home. The
+quickest way to prepare plants of flowering strength is to divide strong
+pieces; but this interferes with the larger specimens, which are by far
+the best forms in which to grow and retain it. Another mode is to cut
+off all the flowers nearly down to the old wood; side shoots will thus
+be induced to grow earlier than otherwise, so that in late summer they
+may be taken off as slips, and there will still be plenty of time to
+strike them like wallflower slips, and get plenty of roots to them
+before the cold weather sets in. The plant also produces seed freely in
+its inflated pods, which affords another, but more tedious, way of
+increasing it.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, April to June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Viola_Pedata" id="Viola_Pedata"></a>Viola Pedata.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Pedate-leaved</span> <i>or</i> <span class="smcap">Bird's-foot Violet</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i>
+<span class="smcap">Violace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>Over a hundred years ago this hardy herbaceous violet was introduced
+from North America; still, it is not largely grown, though it is now
+becoming quite a favourite. As may be seen by the illustration (Fig.
+110), it is distinct in general appearance, more especially in the
+foliage, which in its young state is bird-foot-shaped, whence the
+appropriateness of its specific name; it should perhaps be explained
+that the leaves are very small compared with the flowers when the plant
+first begins to bloom, but later they increase very much in size. There
+are several characteristics about this species which render it
+desirable, and no choice collection should be without either this (the
+typical form) or some of its varieties. Deep cut, shining, dark green
+foliage, very bright blue flowers, and pleasing habit are its most
+prominent features; its blooming period is prolonged, and it has a
+robust constitution, which further commends it to lovers of choice
+flowers, and if once planted in proper quarters it gives no further
+trouble in the way of treatment.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The flowers are nearly an inch across, bright purple-blue, produced on
+stalks of varying lengths, but mostly long; the leaves are many parted,
+segments long, narrow and lance-shaped, some being cut or toothed near
+the tips; the crown of the root is rather bulky; the roots are long and
+fleshy.</p>
+
+<p>The following are varieties; all are handsome and worth growing: <i>V. p.
+alba</i>, new; flowers white, not so robust as the type. <i>V. p. bicolor</i>,
+new; flowers two colours. <i>V. p. flabellata</i> (syn. <i>V. digitata</i>);
+flowers light purple. <i>V. p. ranunculifolia</i> (syn. <i>V. ranunculifolia</i>);
+flowers nearly white.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img311.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 110." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 110. Viola Pedata</span>.<br />(Two-thirds natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>As this plant requires a moist and partially shaded situation, it is not
+eligible for doing duty indiscriminately in any part of the garden;
+still, it will thrive under any conditions such as the well-known
+violets are seen to encounter. On the north or west side of rockwork, in
+dips or moist parts, it will be found to do well and prove attractive.</p>
+
+<p>The propagation of all the kinds may be carried out by allowing the seed
+to scatter itself, and, before the winter sets in, a light top-dressing
+of half rotted leaves and sand will not only be a natural way of
+protecting it until germination takes place, but will also be of much
+benefit to the parent plants. Another mode of increase is to divide the
+roots of strong and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> healthy specimens; in this way only can true kinds
+be obtained; seedlings are almost certain to be crossed.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, May and June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Viola_Tricolor" id="Viola_Tricolor"></a>Viola Tricolor.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Three-coloured Violet, Pansy</span>, or <span class="smcap">Heartsease</span>; <i>Nat.
+Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Violace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img312.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 111." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 111. Viola Tricolor</span>.<br />(One-third natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>This well known herbaceous perennial is a British species. It has long
+been grown in gardens, where, by selection and crossing, innumerable and
+beautiful kinds have been produced, so that at the present time it is
+not only a "florist's flower," but a general favourite. Besides the
+above-mentioned common names, it has many others, and it may not be
+uninteresting to repeat them&mdash;"Love in Idleness," "Call me to you,"
+"Kiss me ere I rise," "Herb Trinity," and "Three Faces under one Hood."
+Although this plant is herbaceous, the old stems remain green until the
+new growths come into flower, and, in many varieties, by a little
+management in plucking out the buds during summer, flowers may be had in
+the autumn and well into winter. If, also, from other plants early
+cuttings have been taken, and become well rooted, they will produce
+large flowers very early in spring,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> and so the Pansy may be had in
+flower nearly the year round. Any description of this well-known plant
+would be superfluous to an English reader.</p>
+
+<p>The wild <i>V. tricolor</i> is, however, a very different plant and flower to
+its numerous offspring, such as the illustration (Fig. 111) depicts, and
+in which there is ever a tendency to "go back." It is only by constant
+care and high cultivation that the Pansy is kept at such a high standard
+of excellence, and one may add that such labour is well repaid by the
+results. With no flower more than the Pansy does all depend on the
+propagation and culture. Not the least reliance can be placed on seeds
+for producing flowers like those of the parent. Cuttings or root
+divisions should be made in summer, so as to have them strong, to
+withstand the winter. They enjoy a stiffish loam, well enriched. And in
+spring they may be lifted with a ball and transplanted into beds,
+borders, lines, or irregular masses, where they are equally effective,
+and no flower is more reliable for a profusion of bloom.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Yucca_Filamentosa" id="Yucca_Filamentosa"></a>Yucca Filamentosa.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Thready-leaved Yucca</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is of a more deciduous nature than <i>Y. gloriosa</i>, reclothing itself
+each spring more amply with foliage. In December, however, it is in fine
+form, and though it is a better flowering species than most of its
+genus, and to a fair extent valuable for its flowers, it will be more
+esteemed, perhaps, as a shrub of ornamental foliage. It came from
+Virginia in the year 1675.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are pretty, greenish-white, bell-shaped, and drooping: they
+are arranged in panicles, which, when sent up from strong plants, are,
+from their size, very attractive; but otherwise they are hardly up to
+the mark as flowers. The leaves in form are lance-shaped, concave,
+reflexed near the ends, and sharp-pointed. The colour is a
+yellowish-green, the edges are brown, and their substance is split up
+into curled filaments, which are sometimes 9in. or more long, and are
+blown about by every breeze. From these thready parts the species takes
+its name. It is seldom that this kind grows more than 4ft. high, but a
+greater number of offsets are produced from this than from any other of
+our cultivated Yuccas.</p>
+
+<p>I know no better use for this kind than planting it on the knolly parts
+of rockwork, positions which in every way suit it, for it enjoys a warm,
+dry soil.</p>
+
+<p><i>Y. f. variegata</i>, as its name implies, is a form with coloured foliage.
+In the north it proves to be far from hardy, and therefore cannot be
+recommended for culture in the open garden. My<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> reasons for mentioning
+it are that it is convenient to do so when the typical form is under
+notice, and that it is frequently spoken of as hardy. Subjects needing
+well selected positions, protection, and a mild winter in order to keep
+them alive from autumn to spring, can in no sense be considered hardy,
+even though they may be planted out of doors.</p>
+
+<p>Flowering period, August to October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Yucca_Gloriosa" id="Yucca_Gloriosa"></a>Yucca Gloriosa.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Glorious Yucca, Adam's Needle</span>; <i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>A hardy evergreen shrub which has long been grown in England, but for
+all that is not often met with in private gardens. It is a native of
+South America, and was brought to our shores in 1596. The genus is
+remarkable for not flowering constantly in our climate, and also for
+slow growth; fortunately, both these drawbacks, if one may term them
+such, are counter-balanced by the handsome foliage of the various
+species, mostly of an evergreen and very durable nature, and also by the
+bold and symmetrical arrangement of the same. This Yucca flowers in the
+autumn, but it may be considered more especially a foliage subject, as
+the bloom is insignificant compared with the leaves and is not produced
+more than once in four years as a rule. The leaves assume their richest
+hues and become thoroughly matured about the end of the year; and when
+the ground is covered with a thick coat of snow, their rigid forms are
+amongst the very few of any note that can be seen. In any garden, no
+matter how large or how small, a Yucca imparts a style or character to
+it which scarcely any other subject can give. It may not be so easy to
+explain this, but the fact is recognised by the most casual observer at
+first sight. If I say the effect is tropical, noble, rich, and sometimes
+graceful, a partial idea of its ornamental qualities may be conveyed;
+but to know its value and enjoy it, it should be grown. The species
+under consideration has many forms, some differing rather widely from
+the type, so much so that these varieties are honoured with specific
+names. First may be given a brief description of the parent form.</p>
+
+<p>It grows from 3ft. to 6ft. high, according to the more or less
+favourable conditions. These dimensions apply to blooming specimens; but
+shrubs, three to six years old, if they have never bloomed, may not
+exceed 1ft. to 2ft. in height, and about the same in diameter. The
+flowers, as may be gathered from the order to which the genus belongs,
+are lily-like, or bell-shaped; they are of a greenish white colour,
+arranged in lax clusters on stoutish stalks. The leaves are 12in. to
+2ft. long, 3in. or more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> broad in their widest parts, concave or
+boat-shaped, sharp pointed, glaucous, sometimes slightly plicate, rigid,
+and leathery.</p>
+
+<p>The habit, after flowering, is generally to form offsets, when the plant
+loses much of its former boldness and effect. From the lateness of its
+blooming period, and a lack of suitable conditions, it does not ripen
+seed in our climate, and it must of necessity be raised from seed
+ripened in more favourable climes.</p>
+
+<p>The following are said to be some of its varieties, bearing useful
+descriptive names: <i>Y. g. pendula</i>, having a pendulous habit or reflexed
+leaves; <i>Y. g. plicata</i>, having plaited leaves; <i>Y. g. minor</i>, a lesser
+form in its various parts. There are other reputed varieties of more
+doubtful descent.</p>
+
+<p>For cultivation see <i>Y. recurva</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Yucca_Recurva" id="Yucca_Recurva"></a>Yucca Recurva.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Recurve-leaved Yucca</span>; <i>Common Name</i>, <span class="smcap">Weeping Yucca</span>;
+<i>Nat. Ord.</i> <span class="smcap">Liliace&aelig;</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>This is a charming species, perfectly hardy and evergreen; it was
+brought from Georgia about ninety years ago.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are a greenish-white, and undesirable where the shrub is
+grown for the sake of its ornamental qualities; fortunately they are far
+from being constant in their appearance. September is its blooming
+period in our climate. The leaves are its main feature; with age it
+becomes rather tall, 6ft. to 9ft. high, having a woody hole or caudex,
+which is largely concealed by the handsome drooping foliage; a few of
+the youngest leaves from the middle of the tuft remain erect. The whole
+specimen is characterised by its deep green and glossy foliage, combined
+with a most graceful habit. Few things can be planted with such
+desirable effect as this shrub; it puts a stamp on the landscape,
+parterre and shrubland, and when well grown forms a landmark in the most
+extensive garden.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img316.jpg"
+             alt="Fig. 112." /><br />
+         <b><span class="smcap">Fig. 112. Yucca Recurva</span>.<br />(one-eighteenth natural size.)</b>
+    </div>
+
+<p>For all the species and varieties of Yucca the mode of culture is not
+only similar but simple. They have long roots of a wiry texture. These
+denote that they require deep soil, light, and rather dry. Sandy loam,
+light vegetable soil, or marl and peat grow them well. Raised beds or
+borders, the higher parts of rockwork, or any open position, thoroughly
+drained, will not only be conducive to their health, but also prove
+fitting points of vantage. In planting Yuccas it must never be forgotten
+that perfect drainage is the all important requisite, and if it is not
+afforded the stock will never thrive, but ultimately die from rot or
+canker. Another matter, when referred to, will perhaps complete all that
+is special about the culture, or rather planting, of Yuccas. Begin with
+young stuff; I know nothing that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> transplants worse than this class of
+shrubs after they have become considerably grown. Their spare, wiry
+roots, when taken out of a sandy soil, do not carry a "ball," and from
+the great depth to which they run they are seldom taken up without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> more
+than ordinary damage. Young specimens, 6in., 9in., or not more than
+12in. high, should be preferred, and of these sizes the least will prove
+the safest. Yuccas are readily propagated at the proper season; and in
+specifying the season it is needful to point out that of offsets, from
+which young stock is soonest obtained, there are two kinds. Some spring
+from immediately below the earth, and may more properly be termed
+suckers; the others grow on the visible part of the stem or caudex,
+often close to the oldest leaves; these should be cut off with a sharp
+knife, in early summer, and if they have a little of the parent bark
+attached to them all the better. If they are planted in a shady place,
+in sweet sandy loam, they will make good roots before winter, and may be
+allowed to make the following summer's growth in the same position. In
+the succeeding autumn it will be a good plan to put them in their
+permanent places. The suckers will be found to have more or less root;
+they should be taken in spring from the parent specimen, the roots
+should be carefully preserved, and the pushing parts planted just level
+with the surface.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="FLOWERING_PERIODS" id="FLOWERING_PERIODS"></a>FLOWERING PERIODS.</h2>
+
+<p>As an aid to readers desirous of making a selection of plants which will
+secure a succession of bloom the year through, we here give a list of
+those described in the preceding pages, arranged according to their
+average periods of flowering.</p>
+
+
+<h4>January.</h4>
+
+<p>Anemone fulgens, Aralia Sieboldi, Bulbocodium vernum, Cheiranthus
+Cheiri, Crocus medius, Eranthis hyemalis, Helleborus abchasicus, H.
+antiquorum, H. Bocconi, H. colchicus, H. cupreus, H. f&oelig;tidus, H.
+guttatus, H. niger, H. orientalis, H. olympicus, Jasminum nudiflorum,
+Petasites vulgaris, Saxifraga Burseriana.</p>
+
+
+<h4>February.</h4>
+
+<p>Anemone blanda, A. fulgens, A. stellata, Arabis lucida, A. Sieboldi,
+Bellis perennis, Bulbocodium trigynum, B. vernum, Cheiranthus Cheiri,
+Corydalis solida, Daphne Mezereum, Eranthis hyemalis, Erica carnea,
+Galanthus Elwesii, G. Imperati, G. nivalis, G. plicatus, Helleborus
+abchasicus, H. antiquorum, H, Bocconi, H. colchicus, H. cupreus, H.
+dumetorum, H. f&oelig;tidus, H. guttatus, H. niger, H. odorus, H.
+orientalis, H. olympicus, H. purpurascens, Hepatica angulosa, H.
+triloba, Jasminum nudiflorum, Petasites vulgaris, Polyanthus, Primula
+acaulis, Saxifraga Burseriana.</p>
+
+
+<h4>March.</h4>
+
+<p>Anemone blanda, A. fulgens, A. Pulsatilla, A. stellata, Arabis lucida,
+Aralia Sieboldi, Bellis perennis, Bulbocodium trigynum, B. vernum,
+Cheiranthus Cheiri, Chionodoxa Lucili&aelig;, Corydalis solida, Daphne
+Mezereum, Dentaria digitata, Doronicum caucasicum, Epig&aelig;a repens, Erica
+carnea, Erythronium dens-canis, Galanthus Elwesii, G. Imperati, G.
+nivalis, G. plicatus, G. Redoutei, Helleborus abchasicus, H. antiquorum,
+H. Bocconi, H. colchicus, H. cupreus, H. dumetorum, H. f&oelig;tidus, H.
+guttatus, H. niger, H. odorus, H. orientalis, H. olympicus, H.
+purpurascens, Hepatica angulosa, H. triloba, Jasminum nudiflorum,
+Leucojum vernum, Muscari botryoides, M. racemosum, Narcissus minor,
+Omphalodes verna, Orobus vernus, Phlox frondosa, Polyanthus, Primula
+acaulis, P. Cashmeriana, P. denticulata, P.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> marginata, P. purpurea, P.
+Scotica, Pulmonarias, Puschkinia scilloides, Saxifraga Burseriana, S.
+ciliata, S. cordifolia, S. coriophylla, S. ligulata, S. oppositifolia,
+S. Rocheliana, Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, Soldanellas, Triteleia
+uniflora.</p>
+
+
+<h4>April.</h4>
+
+<p>Alyssum saxatile, Andromeda tetragona, Anemone Apennina, A. fulgens, A.
+Pulsatilla, A. stellata, Arabis lucida, Bellis perennis, Calthus
+palustris flore-pleno, Cheiranthus Cheiri, Chionodoxa Lucili&aelig;, Corydalis
+nobilis, C. solida, Daphne cneorum, D. Mezereum, Dentaria digitata, D.
+Jeffreyanum, D. Meadia, Dondia Epipactis, Doronicum caucasicum, Epig&aelig;a
+repens, Erica carnea, Erysimum pumilum, Erythronium dens-canis,
+Fritillaria armena, Galanthus nivalis, G. plicatus, G. Redoutei,
+Gentiana verna, Helleborus antiquorum, H. colchicus, H. orientalis, H.
+purpurascens, Hepatica angulosa, H. triloba, Houstonia c&oelig;rulea,
+Jasminum nudiflorum, Leucojum vernum, Muscari botryoides, M. racemosum,
+Narcissus minor, Omphalodes verna, Orobus vernus, Phlox frondosa,
+Polyanthus, Primula acaulis, P. capitata, P. Cashmeriana, P.
+denticulata, P. farinosa, P. marginata, P. purpurea, P. Scotica, P.
+vulgaris flore-pleno, Pulmonarias, Puschkinia scilloides, Ranunculus
+acris flore-pleno, R. amplexicaulis, R. speciosum, Sanguinaria
+canadensis, Saxifraga Burseriana, S. ciliata, S. cordifolia, S.
+ligulata, S. oppositifolia, S. purpurascens, S. Rocheliana, S. Wallacei,
+Scilla campanulata, Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, Soldanellas, Symphytum
+caucasicum, Tritelia uniflora, Vesicaria gr&aelig;ca.</p>
+
+
+<h4>May.</h4>
+
+<p>Alyssum saxatile, Anchusa Italica, A. sempervirens, Andromeda tetragona,
+Anemone Apennina, A. coronaria, A. decapitate, A. fulgens, A. nemorosa
+flore-pleno, A. Pulsatilla, A. stellata, A. sulphurea, A. sylvestris, A.
+vernalis, Arabis lucida, Bellis perennis, Calthus palustris flore-pleno,
+Cheiranthus Cheiri, C. Marshallii, Corydalis lutea, C. nobilis, C.
+solida, Cypripedium calceolus, Daphne cneorum, Dentaria digitata,
+Dianthus hybridus, Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum, D. Meadia, Dondia Epipactis,
+Doronicum caucasicum, Erysimum pumilum, Fritillaria armena, Gentiana
+acaulis, G. verna, Geranium argenteum, Heuchera, H. Americana, H.
+cylindrica, H. Drummondi, H. glabra, H. lucida, H. metallica, H.
+micrantha, H. purpurea, H. ribifolia, H. Richardsoni, Houstonia
+c&oelig;rulea, Iberis corre&aelig;folia, Leucojum &aelig;stivum, Lithospermum
+prostratum, Muscari botryoides, M. racemosum, Omphalodes verna, Orchis
+fusca, Orobus vernus, Ourisia coccinea, Papaver orientale, Phlox
+frondosa, Podo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>phyllum peltatum, Polyanthus, Primula acaulis, P.
+capitata, P. Cashmeriana, P. denticulata, P. farinosa, P. marginata, P.
+Scotica, P. vulgaris flore-pleno, Pulmonarias, Puschkinia scilloides,
+Ramondia pyrenaica, Ranunculus aconitifolius, R. acris flore-pleno, R.
+amplexicaulis, R. speciosum, Sanguinaria canadensis, Saponaria
+ocymoides, Saxifraga c&aelig;sia, S. ciliata, S. cordifolia, S. ligulata, S.
+paradoxa, S. pectinata, S. purpurascens, S. tuberosa, S. Wallacei,
+Scilla campanulata, Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, Soldanellas, Spir&aelig;a
+ulmaria variegata, Symphytum caucascium, Tiarella cordifolia, Trientalis
+europ&aelig;a, Trillium erectum, Triteleia uniflora, Vaccinium Vitis Id&aelig;a,
+Veronica gentianoides, V. pinguifolia, V. prostrata, Vesicaria gr&aelig;ca.</p>
+
+
+<h4>June.</h4>
+
+<p>Ac&aelig;na Nov&aelig; Zealandi&aelig;, Achillea &aelig;gyptiaca, A. filipendula, A.
+millefolium, A. Ptarmica, Allium Moly, A. neapolitanum, Anchusa italica,
+A. sempervirens, Anemone alpina, A. coronaria, A. decapitata, A.
+fulgens, A. stellata, A. sulphurea, A. sylvestris, A. vernalis,
+Anthericum Liliago, A. Liliastrum, Anthyllis montana, Arabis lucida,
+Aris&aelig;ma triphyllum, Arum crinitum, Aster alpinus, Bellis perennis,
+Calthus palustris flore-pleno, Campanula grandis, C. latifolia, C.
+speciosa, Centaurea montana, Centranthus ruber, Cheiranthus Cheiri, C.
+Marshallii, Cornus canadensis, Corydalis lutea, C. nobilis, Cypripedium
+calceolus, Dianthus deltoides, D. hybridus, Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum, D.
+Meadia, Doronicum caucasicum, Erigeron caucasicus, E. glaucum, Erysimum
+pumilum, Festuca glauca, Funkia albo-marginata, Gentiana acaulis, G.
+Burseri, G. cruciata, G. gelida, G. verna, Geranium argenteum, Gillenia
+trifoliata, Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, Heuchera, H. Americana, H.
+cylindrica, H. Drummondi, H. glabra, H. lucida, H. metallica, H.
+micrantha, H. purpurea, H. ribifolia, H. Richardsoni, Houstonia
+c&oelig;rulea, Iberis corre&aelig;folia, Iris f&oelig;tidissima, Kalmia latifolia,
+Lathyrus grandiflorus, L. latifolius, Leucojum &aelig;stivum, Lithospermum
+prostratum, Lychnis chalcedonica, L. Viscaria flore-pleno, Margyricarpus
+setosus, Mazus pumilio, Melittis melissophyllum, Morina longifolia,
+&OElig;nothera speciosa, &OElig;. taraxacifolia, Ononis rotundifolia, Onosma
+taurica, Orchis foliosa, O. fusca, Ourisia coccinea, Papaver orientale,
+Pentstemons, Physalis Alkekengi, Podophyllum peltatum, Polyanthus,
+Pratia repens, Primula acaulis, P. capitata, P. farinosa, P.
+sikkimensis, P. vulgaris flore-pleno, Ramondia pyrenaica, Ranunculus
+aconitifolius flore-pleno, R. acris flore-pleno, R. speciosum, Saponaria
+ocymoides, Saxifraga c&aelig;sia, S. longifolia, S. Macnabiana, S. mutata, S.
+paradoxa, S. pectinata, S. peltata, S. purpurascens, S. pyramidalis, S.
+umbrosa, S. Wallacei, Scilla campanulata, Sempervivum Laggeri, Spir&aelig;a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span>
+ulmaria variegata, S. venusta, Stenactis speciosus, Symphytum
+caucasicum, Tiarella cordifolia, Trientalis europ&aelig;a, Trillium erectum,
+Vaccinum Vitis-Id&aelig;a, Veronica gentianoides, V. pinguifolia, V.
+prostrata, Vesicaria gr&aelig;ca.</p>
+
+
+<h4>July.</h4>
+
+<p>Ac&aelig;na Nov&aelig; Zealandi&aelig;, Achillea &aelig;gyptiaca, A. filipendula, A.
+millefolium, A. Ptarmica, Allium Moly, A. neapolitanum, Anchusa Italica,
+A. sempervirens, Anthericum Liliago, A. liliastrum, Anthyllis montana,
+Aris&aelig;ma triphyllum, Arum crinitum, Aster alpinus, Bellis perennis,
+Calystegia pubescens flore-pleno, Campanula grandis, C. latifolia, C.
+persicifolia, C. pyramidalis, C. speciosa, C. Waldsteiniana, Centaurea
+montana, Centranthus ruber, Coreopsis lanceolata, Cornus canadensis,
+Corydalis lutea, Dianthus deltoides, D. hybridus, Doronicum caucasicum,
+Edraianthus dalmaticus, Erigeron caucasicus, E. glaucum, Erysimum
+pumilum, Festuca glauca, Funkia albo-marginata, F. Sieboldi, Galax
+aphylla, Galega officinalis, G. persica lilacina, Gentiana acaulis, G.
+asclepiadea, G. Burseri, G. cruciata, G. gelida, Geranium argenteum,
+Gillenia trifoliata, Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, Heuchera, H.
+americana, H. cylindrica, H. Drummondi, H. glabra, H. lucida, H.
+metallica, H. micrantha, H. purpurea, H. ribifolia, H. Richardsoni,
+Houstonia c&oelig;rulea, Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, Hypericum
+calycinum, Iris f&oelig;tidissima, Isopyrum gracilis, Kalmia latifolia,
+Lathyrus grandiflorus, L. latifolius, Leucojum &aelig;stivum, Lithospermum
+prostratum, Lychnis chalcedonica, L. Viscaria flore-pleno, Lysimachia
+clethroides, Margyricarpus setosus, Mazus pumilio, Melittis
+melissophyllum, Monarda didyma, M. fistulosa, M. Russelliana, Morina
+longifolia, Muhlenbeckia complexa, Nierembergia rivularis, &OElig;nothera
+speciosa, &OElig;. taraxacifolia, Ononis rotundifolia, Onosma taurica,
+Orchis foliosa, Ourisia coccinea, Pentstemons, Physalis Alkekengi,
+Polygonum cuspidatum, Potentilla fructicosa, Pratia repens, Primula
+sikkimensis, Ramondia pyrenaica, Ranunculus aconitifolius flore-pleno,
+Rudbeckia californica, Saponaria ocymoides, Saxifraga longifolia, S.
+Macnabiana, S. mutata, S. pyramidalis, S. umbrosa, S. Wallacei,
+Sempervivum Laggeri, Spir&aelig;a palmata, S. ulmaria variegata, S. venusta,
+Stenactis speciosus, Umbillicus chrysanthus, Vaccinium Vitis-Id&aelig;a,
+Veronica gentianoides, V. pinguifolia, V. prostrata.</p>
+
+
+<h4>August.</h4>
+
+<p>Ac&aelig;na Nov&aelig; Zealandi&aelig;, Achillea &aelig;gyptiaca, A. filipendula, A.
+millefolium, A. Ptarmica, Aconitum autumnale, Allium Moly, A.
+neapolitanum, Anchusa italica, A. sempervirens, Anemone japonica, Apios
+tuberosa, Asters, A. ptarmicoides, Bocconia<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> cordata, Calystegia
+pubescens flore-pleno, Campanula persicifolia, C. pyramidalis, C.
+Waldsteiniana, Centaurea montana, Centranthus ruber, Chrysanthemum,
+Cichorium Intybus, Clethra alnifolia, Coreopsis auriculata, C.
+grandiflora, C. lanceolata, C. tenuifolia, Cornus canadensis, Corydalis
+lutea, Dianthus deltoides D. hybridus, Edraianthus dalmaticus, Erigeron
+caucasicus, E. glaucum, Eryngium giganteum, Erysimum pumilum, Festuca
+glauca, Funkia albo-marginata, F. Sieboldi, Galax aphylla, Galega
+officinalis, G. persica liliacina, Gentiana asclepiadea, G. Burseri, G.
+gelida, Gillenia trifoliata, Gynerium argenteum, Harpalium rigidum,
+Helianthus multiflorus, Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, Heuchera, H.
+americana, H. cylindrica, H. Drummondi, H. glabra, H. lucida, H.
+metallica, H. micrantha, H. purpurea, H. ribifolia, H. Richardsoni,
+Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, Hypericum calycinum, Iris
+f&oelig;tidissima, Isopyrum gracilis, Kalmia latifolia, Lathyrus
+grandiflorus, L. latifolius, Linum flavum, Lobelia cardinalis, Lychnis
+chalcedonica, L. Viscaria flore-pleno, Lysimachia clethroides,
+Margyricarpus setosus, Mazus pumilio, Melittis melissophyllum, Monarda
+didyma, M. fistulosa, M. Russelliana, Muhlenbeckia complexa,
+Nierembergia rivularis, &OElig;nothera speciosa, &OElig;. taraxacifolia,
+Ononis rotundifolia, Onosma taurica, Ourisia coccinea, Pentstemons,
+Phlox, Physalis Alkekengi, Polygonum Brunonis, P. cuspidatum, P.
+filiformis variegatum, P. vaccinifolium, Potentilla fruticosa, Pratia
+repens, Pyrethrum uliginosum, Rudbeckia californica, Saponaria
+ocymoides, Saxifraga mutata, S. Wallacei, Sedum Sieboldi, S. spectabile,
+Sempervivum Laggeri, Senecio pulcher, Spir&aelig;a palmata, S. ulmaria
+variegata, S. venusta, Statice latifolia, S. profusa, Stenactis
+speciosus, Trop&aelig;olum tuberosum, Umbilicus chrysanthus, Vaccinium
+Vitis-Id&aelig;a.</p>
+
+
+<h4>September.</h4>
+
+<p>Ac&aelig;na Nov&aelig; Zealandi&aelig;, Achillea &aelig;gyptiaca, A. filipendula, A.
+millefolium, Aconitum autumnale, Anchusa italica, A. sempervirens,
+Anemone japonica, Apios tuberosa, Asters, A. ptarmicoides, Bocconia
+cordata, Calystegia pubescens flore-pleno, Campanula persicifolia, C.
+pyramidalis, Centaurea montana, Centranthus ruber, Chrysanthemum,
+Cichorium Intybus, Clethra alnifolia, Colchicum autumnale, C.
+variegatum, Coreopsis auriculata, C. grandiflora, c. lanceolata, C.
+tenuifolia, Cornus canadensis, Corydalis lutea, Cyananthus lobatus,
+Daphne cneorum, Dianthus deltoides, Dianthus hybridus, Echinacea
+purpurea, Erigeron caucasicus, E. glaucum, Eryngium giganteum, Erysimum
+pumilum, Festuca glauca, Funkia Sieboldii, Galega officinalis, G.
+persica liliacina, Gynerium argenteum, Harpalium rigidum, Helianthus
+multiflorus, H. orygalis, Hy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span>drangea paniculata grandiflora, Hypericum
+calycinum, Lactuca sonchifolia, Lilium auratum, Linum flavum, Lobelia
+cardinalis, Lysimachia clethroides, Margyricarpus setosus, Mazus
+pumilio, Monarda didyma, M. fistulosa, M. Russelliana, Ononis
+rotundifolia, Onosma taurica, Origanum pulchellum, Ourisia coccinea,
+Phlox, Physalis Alkekengi, Polygonum Brunonis, P. filiformis variegatum,
+P. vaccinifolium, Potentilla fruticosa, Pratia repens, Pyrethrum
+uliginosum, Rudbeckia californica, R. serotina, Salix reticulata, Sedum
+Sieboldi, S. spectabile, Senecio pulcher, Statice latifolia, S. profusa,
+Stenactis speciosus, Tritoma uvaria, Trop&aelig;olum tuberosum, Umbilicus
+chrysanthus, Vaccinium Vitis-Id&aelig;a.</p>
+
+
+<h4>October.</h4>
+
+<p>Achillea millefolium, Aconitum autumnale, Anemone japonica, Apios
+tuberosa, Asters, A. ptarmicoides, Campanula pyramidalis, Chrysanthemum,
+Colchicum autumnale, C. variegatum, Coreopsis lanceolata, Cornus
+canadensis, Corydalis lutea, Cyananthus lobatus, Dianthus deltoides,
+Echinacea purpurea, Erigeron caucasicus, E. glaucum, Erysimum pumilum,
+Gynerium argenteum, Helianthus orygalis, Lactuca sonchifolia, Lilium
+auratum, Lobelia cardinalis, Onosma taurica, Origanum pulchellum, Phlox,
+Physalis Alkekengi, Polygonum Brunonis, P. filiformis variegatum, P.
+vaccinifolium, Potentilla fruticosa, Pratia repens, Primula vulgaris
+flore-pleno, Rudbeckia serotina, Salix reticulata, Saxifraga Fortunei,
+Sedum spectabile, Senecio pulcher, Statice latifolia, S. profusa,
+Stokesia cyanea, Tritoma uvaria, Trop&aelig;olum tuberosum, Umbilicus
+chrysanthus, Vaccinium Vitis-Id&aelig;a.</p>
+
+
+<h4>November.</h4>
+
+<p>Achillea millefolium, Anemone japonica, Aralia Sieboldi, Asters,
+Chrysanthemum, Lilium auratum, Origanum pulchellum, Petasites vulgaris,
+Physalis Alkekengi, Primula vulgaris flore-pleno, Saxifraga Fortunei,
+Stokesia cyanea.</p>
+
+
+<h4>December.</h4>
+
+<p>Aralia Sieboldi, Eranthis hyemalis, Helleborus f&oelig;tidus, H. niger, H.
+orientalis, H. olympicus, Jasminum nudiflorum, Petasites vulgaris,
+Physalis Alkekengi, Stokesia cyanea.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="COLOURS_OF_FLOWERS" id="COLOURS_OF_FLOWERS"></a>COLOURS OF FLOWERS.</h2>
+
+<p>The following list will be found useful to those who wish to select
+flowers of any particular colour:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Blue</b> (including some of the shades inclining to Purple).</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aconitum autumnale, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anemone Apennina, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. blanda, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. coronaria, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. japonica vitifolia, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anchusa italica, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. sempervirens, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Campanula grandis, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">C. latifolia, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">C. persicifolia, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">C. pyramidalis, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Centaurea montana, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chionodoxa Lucili&aelig;, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cichorium Intybus, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cyananthus lobatus, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eryngium giganteum, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Galega officinalis, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gentiana acaulis, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G. cruciata, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G. verna, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hepatica triloba, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Houstonia c&oelig;rulea, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lactuca sonchifolia, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lithospermum prostratum, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Muscari botryoides, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">M. racemosum, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Omphalodes verna, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orobus vernus, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Primula, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. capitata, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pulmonarias, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. azurea, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scilla campanulata, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Soldanella alpina, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. montana, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stokesia cyanea, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Symphytum caucasicum, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Veronica gentianoides, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">V. prostrata, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viola pedata,<a href='#Page_303'>303</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">V. tricolor, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Brown.</b></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cheiranthus Cheiri, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Corydalis nobilis, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chrysanthemum, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gillenia trifoliata, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orchis fusca, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trillium erectum, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Green.</b></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Helleborus abchasicus, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. Bocconi, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. dumetorum, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. f&oelig;tidus, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. odorus, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. orientalis elegans, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heuchera Richardsoni, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margyricarpus setosus, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Lilac.</b></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Asters or Michaelmas daisies, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bulbocodium trigynum, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">B. vernum, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Campanula Waldsteiniana. <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crocus medius, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Erigeron glaucum, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Erythronium dens canis, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Funkia albo-marginata, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">F. Sieboldii, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Galega persica liliacina, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Phlox, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Statice latifolia, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. profusa, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Triteleia uniflora liliacina, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Helleborus cupreus, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Pink</b> (including shades of Blush and Rose).</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Achillea millefolium, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anemone japonica, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calystegia pubescens flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Centaurea montana, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Centranthus ruber coccinea, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chrysanthemum, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daphne cneorum, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dianthus deltoides, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">D. hybridus, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Geranium argenteum, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Helleborus orientalis, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hepatica triloba, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heuchera glabra, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lathyrus grandiflorus, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">L. latifolius, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lychnis Viscaria flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Melittis Melissophyllum, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morina longifolia, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Origanum pulchellum, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Phlox, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Polygonum Brunonis, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. vaccinifolium, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Primula denticulata amabilis, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pulmonarias, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. saccharata, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saponaria ocymoides, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saxifraga cordifolia, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. ligulata, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. peltata, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. purpurascens, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scilla campanulata carnea, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sedum Sieboldi, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. spectabile, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sempervivum Laggeri, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spring Beauty, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Purple</b> (including shades Lilac Purple, Rosy and Reddish Purple,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 8em;">Purple Blue, &amp;c.)</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anemone coronaria, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. pulsatilla, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. stellata, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. vernalis, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anthyllis montana, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apios tuberosa, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arum crinitum, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aster alpinus, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. Amellus, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. Madame Soyance, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bulbocodium vernum, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Campanula speciosa, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colchicum autumnale, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">C. variegatum, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Corydalis solida, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crocus medius, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chrysanthemum, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cyananthus lobatus, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daphne Mezereum, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dentaria digitata, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dodecatheon Meadia, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">D. Meadia elegans, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Echinacea purpurea, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edraianthus dalmaticus, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Erica carnea, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Erigeron caucasicus, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Erythronium dens-canis, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gentiana gelida, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Helleborus abchasicus, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. A. purpureus, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. colchicus, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. olympicus, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. purpurascens, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hepatica triloba, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heuchera americana, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Melittis Melissophyllum, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monarda fistulosa, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orchis foliosa, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">O. fusca, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Primula cashmeriana, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. denticulata, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. farinosa, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. purpurea, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. Scotica, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prunella pyrenaica, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saxifraga oppositifolia, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. purpurascens, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Soldanella Clusii, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. minima, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stenactis speciosus, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viola pedata digitata, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">V. p. flabellata, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">V. tricolor, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Red</b> (including Ruby and shades of Crimson).</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bellis perennis fistulosa, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Centranthus ruber, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'>" <a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daisy, Sweep, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daphne Mezereum autumnale, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hepatica triloba splendens, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lobelia cardinalis, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lychnis Viscaria flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Primula acaulis, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saxifraga mutata, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Senecio pulcher, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spir&aelig;a palmata, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. venusta, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trop&aelig;olum tuberosum, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Scarlet.</b></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anemone coronaria, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. fulgens, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dianthus hybridus, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lychnis chalcedonica, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monarda didyma, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ononis rotundifolia, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ourisia coccinea, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Papaver orientale, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Striped.</b></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anemone coronaria, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. stellata, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aris&aelig;ma triphyllum, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gentiana asclepiadea, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Violet</b> (including shades of Mauve).</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colchicum autumnale, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chrysanthemum, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hepatica angulosa, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mazus pumilis, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pratia repens, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Primula, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. capitata, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. marginata, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pulmonaria angustifolia, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ramondia pyrenaica, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>White</b> (sometimes with delicate edgings of colour, or with pale tints).</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Achillea Ptarmica, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Allium neapolitanum, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anemone coronaria, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. decapetala, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. japonica alba, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. nemorosa flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. stellata, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. sylvestris, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anthericum liliago, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. liliastrum, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. l. major, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aralia Sieboldi, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aster alpinus albus, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. ptarmicoides, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bellis perennis hortensis, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bocconia cordata, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Campanula persicifolia, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">C. pyramidalis alba, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Centaurea montana, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Centranthus ruber albus, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clethra alnifolia, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornus canadensis, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daisy, Bride, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daphne Mezereum alba, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dianthus hybridus, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dodecatheon Meadia albiflorum, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Epig&aelig;a repens, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Erythronium dens canis, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Galax aphylla, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Galega officinalis alba, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Helleborus antiquorum, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. guttatus, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. niger, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. n. maximus, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hepatica triloba, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Houstonia albiflora, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hutchinsia alpina, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Iberia corre&aelig;folia, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kalmia latifolia, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lathyrus latifolia albus, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leucojum &aelig;stivum, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">L. vernum, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lilium auratum, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lychnis, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lysimachia clethroides, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monarda Russelliana, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Muhlenbeckia complexa, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Muscari botryoides alba, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nierembergia rivularis, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&OElig;nothera speciosa, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">&OElig;. taraxacifolia, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Petasites vulgaris, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Phlox divaricata, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. glaberrima, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. Nelsoni, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Physalis Alkekengi, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Podophyllum peltatum, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Polygonum cuspidatum, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pratia repens, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Primula, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pulmonaria officinalis alba, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Puschkinia scilloides, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pyrethrum uliginosum, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ranunculus aconitifolius, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">R. amplexicaulis, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sanguinaria canadensis, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saxifraga Burseriana, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. c&aelig;sia, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. ceratophylla, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. ciliata, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. coriophylla, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. Fortunei, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. Macnabiana, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. oppositifolia alba, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. pectinata, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. Rocheliana, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. Wallacei, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scilla campanulata alba, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sisyrinchium grandiflorum album, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tiarella cordifolia, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trientalis europ&aelig;a, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tritelia uniflora, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Umbilicus chrysanthus, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vaccinium Vitis-Id&aelig;a, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Veronica pinguifolia, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">V. repens, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viola pedata alba, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">V. p. ranunculifolia, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yucca filamentosa, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Y. gloriosa, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Y. recurva, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Yellow</b> (all shades, from Cream to Deep Orange; also shades of</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 8.5em;">Greenish Yellow).</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Achillea &aelig;gyptiaca, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A. filipendula, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Allium Moly, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alyssum saxatile, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anemone sulphurea, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calthus palustris flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cheiranthus Marshallii, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coreopsis auriculata, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Corydalis lutea, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">C. nobilis, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chrysanthemum, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cypripedium calceolus, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dondia Epipactus, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doronicum caucasicum, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eranthis hyemalis, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Erysimum pumilum, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Erythronium dens-canis, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fritillaria armena, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gentiana Burseri, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harpalium rigidum, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Helianthus multiflorus, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. orygalis, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heuchera micrantha, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hypericum calycinum, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jasminum nudiflorum, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Linum flavum, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Narcissus minor, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Onosma taurica, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Potentilla fruticosa, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Primula, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. auricula marginata, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. sikkimensis, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. vulgaris flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ranunculus acris flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">R. speciosum, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rudbeckia californica, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">R. serotina, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saxifraga mutata, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trop&aelig;olum tuberosum, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vesicaria gr&aelig;ca, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viola tricolor, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ac&aelig;na microphylla, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nov&aelig; Zealandi&aelig;, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Achillea &aelig;gyptica, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">filipendula, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">millefolium, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ptarmica, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sylvestris, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aconite, winter, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aconitum autumnale, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">japonicum, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adamsia scilloides, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adam's needle, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alkanet, Italian, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Allium Moly, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">neapolitanum, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alum root, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alyssum saxatile, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anchusa italica, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sempervirens, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andromeda tetragona, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anemone alpina, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">apennina, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">apiifolia, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">blanda, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">blue Grecian, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">coronaria, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">decapetala, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">double-wood, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fulgens, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">geranium-leaved, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Honorine Jobert, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hortensis, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">japonica, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nemorosa flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pavonina, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pulsatilla, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">snowdrop, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">stellata, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sulphurea, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sylvestris, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">triloba, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">vernalis, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anthericum liliago, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">liliastrum, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">liliastrum major, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anthyllis montana, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apios Glycine, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tuberosa, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apple, May, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aralia Sieboldi, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arabis alpina, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lucida, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">l. variegata, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aris&aelig;ma triphyllum, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">zebrinum, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arum crinitum <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hairy, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">three-leaved, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">triphyllum, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Asters, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">alpinus, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">amellus, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">diversifolius, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dumosus, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ericoides, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grandiflorus, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mdme. Soyance, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pendulus, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ptarmicoides, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stokes', <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Astrantia Epipactis, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">B.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bachelor's buttons, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bachelor's buttons, yellow, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Balm, bee, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">large-flowered bastard, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bay, dwarf, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bellflower, broad-leaved, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">peach-leaved, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">great, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bellis perennis, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">p. aucub&aelig;folia, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">p. prolifera, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bergamot, wild, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blandfordia cordata, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bluebell, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bluebottle, large, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bluets, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bocconia cordata, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Borago sempervirens, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bruisewoorte, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buglossum sempervirens, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bulbocodium, spring, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">trigynum, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">vernum, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Butterbur, common, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calthus palustris flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calystegia pubescens flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Campanula, chimney, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">glomerata dahurica, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grandis, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">latifolia, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">muralis, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">persicifolia, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pulla, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pyramidalis, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">speciosa, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Waldsteiniana, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Zoysii, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Candytuft, everlasting, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal flower, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cassiope tetragona, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catchfly, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">German, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Centaurea montana, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Centranthus ruber, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chaixia Myconi, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cheiranthus Cheiri, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cheiranthus Marshallii, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherry, winter, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chicory, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chionodoxa Lucili&aelig;, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chrysanthemum, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cichorium Intybus, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">perenne, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sylvestre, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cinquefoil, shrubby, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Claytonia, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clethra, alder-leaved, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">alnifolia, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colchicum autumnale, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">caucasicum, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">variegatum, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comfrey, Caucasian, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cone-flower, Californian, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">late, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Convolvulus, double, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conyza, chilensis, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coreopsis auriculata, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ear-leaved, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grandiflora, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lanceolata, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">large-flowered, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">slender-leaved, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">spear-leaved, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tenuifolia, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornell, Canadian, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornflower, perennial, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornus canadensis, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">suecica, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Corydalis lutea, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">noble or great-flowered, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nobilis, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">solida, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coventry bells, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cow-berry, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cowslip, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">American, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crane's-bill, silvery, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crocus, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">autumnal, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">medius, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crowfoot, aconite-leaved, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">double acrid, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">English double white, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cup, white, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cypripedium calceolus, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cyananthus lobatus, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cynoglossum omphalodes, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daffodil, smaller, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daisy, blue, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">common perennial, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">double, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hen and Chickens, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">little, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Michaelmas, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daphne Cneorum, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">mezereum, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">m. alba, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">m. autumnale, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">m. trailing, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dentaria digitata, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dianthus barbatus, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">deltoides, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hybridus, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">multiflorus, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">plumarius, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">meadia, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">m. albiflorum, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">m. elegans, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">m. giganteum, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dogwood, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dondia Epipactis, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doronicum caucasicum, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">orientale, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dragon's mouth, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duck's foot, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Easter flower, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Echinacea purpurea, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edraianthus dalmaticus, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Epig&aelig;a repens, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eranthis hyemalis, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Erica carnea, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Erigeron caucasicus, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">glaucum, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">speciosus, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eryngium giganteum, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eryngo, great, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Erysimum pumilum, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Erythronium dens-canis, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Euonymus japonicus radicans variegata, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Everlasting pea, large-leaved, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">large-flowered, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Evergreens:&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Achillea &aelig;gyptica, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Alyssum saxatile, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Anchusa sempervirens, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Andromeda tetragona, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Aralia Sieboldi, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Campanula grandis, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cheiranthus Cheiri, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Daphne Cneorum, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dianthus hybridus, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Epig&aelig;a repens, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Erica carnea, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Erigeron glaucum, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Euonymus japonicus radicans variegata, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Galax aphylla, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gentiana acaulis, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hedera conglomerata, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Helleborus abchasicus, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. f&oelig;tidus, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. niger, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Heuchera, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Houstonia c&oelig;rulea, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hutchinsia alpina, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Iberis corre&aelig;folia, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Iris f&oelig;tidissima, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Kalmia latifolia, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lithospermum prostratum, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Margyricarpus setosus, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Saxifraga Burseriana, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. ceratophylla, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. purpurascens, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. Rocheliana, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Umbillicus chrysanthus, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Vaccinium vitis-id&aelig;a, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Veronica gentianoides, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">V. pinguifolia, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Vesicaria gr&aelig;ca, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Yucca gloriosa, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Y. recurva, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">February, Fair Maids of, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Felworth, spring alpine, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Festuca glauca, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Feverfew, marsh, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flame-flowers, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flaw flower, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flax, yellow, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fleabane, Caucasian, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">glaucous, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">showy, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flower, milk, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Foliage Plants:&mdash;Achillea &aelig;gyptica, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Arabis lucida variegata, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>;</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Aralia Sieboldi, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aris&aelig;ma triphyllum, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bocconia cordata, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cornus canadensis, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Corydalis lutea, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">C. nobilis, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">C. solida, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Erica carnea, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Euonymus japonicus radicans variegata, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Festuca glauca, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Funkia albo-marginata, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">F. Sieboldii, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Galax aphylla, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Galega officinalis, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gentiana asclepiadea, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G. Burseri, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Geranium argenteum, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gynerium argenteum, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hedera conglomerata, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Helleborus f&oelig;tidus, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Heuchera, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. glabra, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. metallica, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">H. purpurea, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Iris f&oelig;tidissima, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Isopyrum gracilis, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lactuca sonchifolia, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lysimachia clethroides, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ononis rotundifolia, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ourisia coccinea, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Podophyllum peltatum, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Polygonum Brunonis, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. cuspidatum, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. filiformis variegatum, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Statice latifolia, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Saxifraga Burseriana, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. c&aelig;sia, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. ceratophylla, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. ciliata, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. ligulata, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. longifolia, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. Macnabiana, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. paradoxa, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. pectinata, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. peltata, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. purpurascens, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. pyramidalis, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. Rocheliana, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. umbrosa variegata, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sempervivum Laggeri, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Spir&aelig;a ulmaria variegata, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tiarella cordifolia, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Yucca gloriosa, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forget-me-not, creeping, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fritillaria armena, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fumitory, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"hollowe roote," <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">yellow, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Funkia albo-marginata, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sieboldii, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">G.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Galanthus Elwesii, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">folded, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">imperati, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nivalis, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">plicatus, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">redoutei, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Galax aphylla, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">heart-leaved, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Galega officinalis, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">persica liliacina, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Garland flower, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Garlic, large yellow, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gentian, Burser's, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cross-leaved, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ice-cold, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lithospermum, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">swallow-wort leaved, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gentiana acaulis, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">asclepiadea, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Burseri, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cruciata, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">gelida, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">verna, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gentianella, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Geranium argenteum, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gillenia trifoliata, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilloflower, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Queene's, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">stock, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">wild, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gillyflower, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gladdon or Gladwin, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glory, Snowy, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Goats-rue, officinal, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Golden drop, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Goose-tongue, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grandmother's frilled cap, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grass, blue, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pampas or silvery, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gromwell, prostrate, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Groundsel, noble, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gynerium argenteum, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hacquetia Epipactis, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harebell, showy, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harpalium rigidum, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heath, winter, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hedera conglomerata, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Helianthus multiflorus, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">m. flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">orygalis, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">rigidus, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heliotrope, winter, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hellebore, abchasian, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ancient, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">black, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Boccon's, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">bushy, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Colchican, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">coppery, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">eastern, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">officinalis, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Olympian, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">purplish, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">spotted, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">stinking, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sweet-scented, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Helleborus abchasicus, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">a. purpureus, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">antiquorum, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bocconi, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">B. angustifolia, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">colchicus, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cupreus, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dumetorum, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">f&oelig;tidus, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">guttatus, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hyemalis, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">multifidus, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">niger, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">n. angustifolius, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">n. maximus, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">odorus, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">olympicus, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">orientalis, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">o. elegans, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">purpurascens, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hepatica, anemone, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">angulosa, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">triloba, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">t. splendens, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Herb, Christ's, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heuchera, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">americana, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">currant-leaved, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heuchera cylindrica, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cylindrical-spiked, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Drummondi, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">glabra, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lucida, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">metallica, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">micrantha, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">purpurea, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ribifolia, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Richardsoni, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">shining-leaved, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">small-flowered, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">smooth, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hill tulip, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Houseleek, Lagger's, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Houstonia albiflora, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">c&oelig;rulea, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hutchinsia alpina, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hyacinth, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grape, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hydrangea, large-flowered, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">paniculata grandiflora, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hypericum calycinum, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Iberis corre&aelig;folia, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian cress, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Iris f&oelig;tidissima, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isopyrum gracilis, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">slender, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ivy, conglomerate, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jack in the pulpit, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jasminum nudiflorum, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">K.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kalmia, broad-leaved, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">latifolia, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knapweed, mountain, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knotweed, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cuspid, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">vaccinium-leaved, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lactuca sonchifolia, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lathyrus grandiflorus, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">latifolius, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">l. albus, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laurel, creeping or ground, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leopard's bane, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lepidium alpinum, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lettuce, sow thistle-leaved, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leucojum &aelig;stivum, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">vernum, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lilium auratum, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lily, erect wood, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">golden-rayed or Japanese, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">rush, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">St. Bernard's, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">St. Bruno's, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Siebold's plantain-leaved, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">white-edged, plantain-leaved, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lilywort, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Linaria pilosa, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Linum flavum, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">narbonnense, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">perenne, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lithospermum fruticosum, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">prostratum, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lobelia cardinalis, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pratiana, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">repens, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loosestrife, clethra-like, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lungworts, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lychnis chalcedonica, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">scarlet, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">viscaria flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lysimachia clethroides, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Macleaya cordata, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Madwort, rock, or golden tuft, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margyricarpus setosus, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marigold, double marsh, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marjoram, beautiful, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mazus, dwarf, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pumilio, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Meadow bootes," <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Meadowsweet, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Meadows, Queen of the, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Megasea ciliata, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cordifolia, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ligulata, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">purpurascens, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Melittis grandiflorum, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">melissophyllum, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Merendera caucasicum, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mertensia, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mezereon, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Milfoil, common, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Milla uniflora, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mitella, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monarda affinis, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">altissima, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">didyma, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fistulosa, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">kalmiana, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">media, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">oblongata, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">purpurea, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">rugosa, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Russelliana, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monk's-hood, autumn, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morina elegans, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">longifolia, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moss, silver, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Muhlenbeckia complexa, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mullien, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Muscari botryoides, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">b. alba, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">racemosum, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">N.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Narcissus minor, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nasturtium, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nierembergia rivularis, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">water, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nightshade, red, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&OElig;nothera speciosa, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">taraxacifolia, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Omphalodes verna, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ononis rotundifolia, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Onosma taurica, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orchis, brown, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">foliosa, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">fusca, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orchis, leafy, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">militaris, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">soldier or brown man, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Origanum pulchellum, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orobus vernus, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oswego tea, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ourisia coccinea, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oxlips, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">P.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paigles, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pansy, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Papaver bracteatum, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">orientale, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pasque-flower, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Passe-flower, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peachbels, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pearl-fruit, bristly, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peaseling, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pellitory, wild, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pentstemons, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Petasites vulgaris, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Phlox, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">decussata, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">early and late flowering, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">frondosa, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">omniflora, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ovata, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">paniculata, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">procumbens, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">stolonifera, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">suffruticosa, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Physalis Alkekengi, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pinguicula vulgaris, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pink, maiden, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">mule, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pinke, maidenly, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">virgin-like, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Podophyllum peltatum, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Polyanthus, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Polygonum Brunonis, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cuspidatum, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">c. compactum, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">filiformis variegatum, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">vaccinifolium, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poppy, oriental, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Potentilla fruticosa, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prairie, Queen of the, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pratia, creeping, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">repens, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Primrose, Cashmere, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dandelion-leaved evening, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">double-flowered, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">margined, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">mealy or bird's-eye, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Scottish, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">showy evening, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Primula acaulis, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Allioni, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">am&oelig;na, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">auricula, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">a. marginata, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">capitata, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">carniolica, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cashmeriana, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crenata, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">decora, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">denticulata, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">d. amabilis, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">d. major, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">d. nana, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">elatior, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">farinosa, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">glaucescens, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">glutinosa, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grandiflora, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grandis, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">latifolia, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">longifolia, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">luteola, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marginata, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">minima, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nivalis, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">purple-flowered, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">purpurea, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">round headed, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">scotica, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sikkimensis, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sinensis, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">spectabilis, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sylvestris, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tyrolensis, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">toothed, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">veris, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">villosa, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">viscosa, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">vulgaris, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">v. flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wulfeniana, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prunella pyrenaica, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ptarmica vulgaris, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pulmonarias, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">maculata, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">mollis, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">officinalis, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Puschkinia libanotica, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">scilla-like, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">scilloides, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">s. compacta, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pyrethrum uliginosum, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ramondia pyrenaica, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ranunculus aconitifolius, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">acris flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">albus multiflorus, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">amplexicaulis, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">speciosum, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">stem-clasping, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Red-hot poker, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rest-arrow, round-leaved, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rocket, double sweet, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Rockwork Plants</span>:&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ac&aelig;na Nov&aelig; Zealandi&aelig;, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Alyssum saxatile, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Andromeda tetragona, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Anthyllis montana, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Arabis lucida, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Aralia Sieboldi, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Aster alpinus, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Campanula Waldsteiniana, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cardamine trifolia, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Colchicum variegatum, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cornus canadensis, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Corydalis nobilis, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">C. solida, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cyananthus lobatus, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dentaria digitata, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dondia Epipactis, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Doronicum caucasicum, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Edraianthus dalmaticus, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Erica carnea, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Erigeron glaucum, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Erysimum pumilum, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Festuca glauca, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Funkia Sieboldii, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Galax aphylla, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gentiana acaulis, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G. Burseri, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G. gelida, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G. verna, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Geranium argenteum, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hedera conglomerata, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Houstonia c&oelig;rulea, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Iberis corre&aelig;folia, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Linum flavum, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lithospermum prostratum, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lychnis Viscaria flore-pleno, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Margyricarpus setosus, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Muhlenbeckia complexa, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nierembergia rivularis, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Onosma taurica, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Origanum pulchellum, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Orobus vernus, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Phlox, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Polygonum vaccinifolium, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pratia repens, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Primula, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pyrola rotundifolia, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ramondia pyrenaica, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ranunculus amplexicaulis, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Salix reticulata, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Saponaria ocymoides, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Saxifraga Burseriana, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. c&aelig;sia, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. ceratophylla, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. ciliata, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. coriophylla, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. Fortunei, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. longifolia, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. mutata, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. oppositifolia, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. paradoxa, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. pectinata, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. pyramidalis, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. umbrosa variegata, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S. Wallacei, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sedum spectabile, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sempervivum Laggeri, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Symphytum caucasicum, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Trop&aelig;olum tuberosum, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Umbilicus chrysanthus, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Veronica pinguifolia, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">V. prostrata, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Vesicaria gr&aelig;ca, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Viola pedata, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Yucca filamentosa, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rose, Christmas, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lenten, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">of Sharon, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rudbeckia californica, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">purpurea, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">serotina, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rues, maidenhair-like, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saffron, meadow, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">spring, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint John's Wort, cup, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">large calyxed, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Salix reticulata, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sanguinaria canadensis, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saponaria ocymoides, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ocymoides splendens, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Satin-flower, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saxifraga Aizoon, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">alpina ericoides flore c&oelig;ruleo, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">australis, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Burseriana, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">c&aelig;sia, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">carinthiaca, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ceratophylla, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ciliata, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cordifolia, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">coriophylla, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cornutum, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cotyledon, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crassifolia, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">crustata, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fortunei, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">geranioides, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">japonica, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ligulata, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">longifolia, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">macnabiana, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">mutata, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">nepalensis, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">oppositifolia, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">o. alba, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">paradoxa, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pectinata, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">peltata, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pentadactylis, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pryamidalis, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">purpurascens, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">rocheliana, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">umbrosa, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">variegata, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sarmentosa, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wallacei, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saxifrage, blue, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Burser's, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fortune's, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">grey, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hairy margined, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">horn-leaved, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">large-leaved purple, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">long-leaved, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mac Nab's, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">opposite-leaved, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">paradoxical, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">purple mountain, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Queen of, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rochel's, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scilla, bell-flowered, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">campanulata, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sea lavender, broad-leaved, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">profuse, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sedum Fabarium, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">spectabile, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sieboldi, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Self heal, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sempervivum Laggeri, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Senecio pulcher, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sibthorpia europ&aelig;a, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Grandiflorum album, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Slipper, English lady's, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sneezewort, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snowdrop, common, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Elwes's, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">imperial, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snowflake, spring, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">summer, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Soapwort, basil-leaved, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">rock, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Solanum Halicacabum, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Soldanella alpina, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Clusii, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">minima, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">montana, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Speedwell, fat-leaved, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">gentian-leaved, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">prostrate, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spikenard, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spindle tree, variegated, rooting, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spir&aelig;a odorata, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">palmata, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">palm-like, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">trifoliata, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">triloba, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ulmaria variegata, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">venusta, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spring beauty, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spurge-flax, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">German olive, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">wort, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Squill, striped, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Star-flower, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lilac, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Star-flower, spring, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Star, shooting, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Starwort, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Starwort, alpine, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">bouquet, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Statice latifolia, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">profusa, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">varieties of, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Steeple-bells, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stenactis speciosus, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stokesia, jasper blue, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cyanea, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stonecrop, showy, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Siebold's, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Succory, wild, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sunflower, graceful, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">many-flowered, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">rigid, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Symphytum caucasicum, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">T.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Teazel, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thistle, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tiarella cordifolia, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tirentalis europ&aelig;a, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Toothwort, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treacle-mustard, dwarf, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trillium erectum, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Triteleia, one-flowered, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">uniflora, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">u. liliacina, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tritoma, great, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">uvaria, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trop&aelig;olum tuberosum, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tuberous, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trophy plant, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tussilago fragrans, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">petasites, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">U.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Umbillicus chrysanthus, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">V.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vaccinium Vitis-Id&aelig;a, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Valerian red, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Valeriana ruber, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Verbascum Myconi, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Veronica gentianoides, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Veronica pinguifolia, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">prostrata, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">repens, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vesicaria gr&aelig;ca, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vetch, mountain kidney, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">spring bitter, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viola pedata, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pedata bicolor, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tricolor, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Violet, Dame's, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dog's tooth, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">early bulbous, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pedate-leaved, or bird's-foot, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wallflower, common, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fairy, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Marshall's, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whorl flower, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whortle-berry, red, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willow, wrinkled or netted, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Windflower, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">alpine, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">double, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fair, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Japan, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">mountain, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">poppy-like, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">shaggy, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">shining, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">star, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">stork's-bill, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sulphur-coloured, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wintergreen, English, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Y.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yarrow, Egyptian, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">wild, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yucca filamentosa, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">filamentosa variegata, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">gloriosa, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">recurva, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">thready-leaved, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">weeping, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hardy Perennials and Old Fashioned
+Flowers, by John Wood
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARDY PERENNIALS ***
+
+***** This file should be named 18913-h.htm or 18913-h.zip *****
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+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg's Hardy Perennials and Old Fashioned Flowers, by John Wood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Hardy Perennials and Old Fashioned Flowers
+       Describing the Most Desirable Plants, for Borders,
+       Rockeries, and Shrubberies.
+
+Author: John Wood
+
+Release Date: July 26, 2006 [EBook #18913]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARDY PERENNIALS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Paul Murray, Janet Blenkinship and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: A CORNER OF THE AUTHOR'S GARDEN AT KIRKSTALL.]
+
+
+
+
+HARDY PERENNIALS
+
+AND
+
+Old-Fashioned Garden Flowers:
+
+
+DESCRIBING
+
+THE MOST DESIRABLE PLANTS FOR BORDERS, ROCKERIES, AND SHRUBBERIES,
+
+INCLUDING
+
+FOLIAGE AS WELL AS FLOWERING PLANTS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BY JOHN WOOD.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ILLUSTRATED.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LONDON: L. UPCOTT GILL, 170, STRAND, W. C.
+
+1884.
+
+LONDON: PRINTED BY A. BRADLEY, 170, STRAND, W. C.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+At the present time there is a growing desire to patronise perennial
+plants, more especially the many and beautiful varieties known as
+"old-fashioned flowers." Not only do they deserve to be cultivated on
+their individual merits, but for other very important reasons; they
+afford great variety of form, foliage, and flower, and compared with
+annual and tender plants, they are found to give much less trouble. If a
+right selection is made and properly planted, the plants may be relied
+upon to appear with perennial vigour and produce flowers more or less
+throughout the year. I would not say bouquets may be gathered in the
+depth of winter, but what will be equally cheering may be had in blow,
+such as the Bluet, Violet, Primrose, Christmas Rose, Crocus, Hepatica,
+Squills, Snowdrops, and other less known winter bloomers. It does not
+seem to be generally understood that warm nooks and corners, under trees
+or walls, serve to produce in winter flowers which usually appear in
+spring when otherwise placed.
+
+There are many subjects which, from fine habit and foliage, even when
+flowerless, claim notice, and they, too, are described.
+
+Many gardens are very small, but these, if properly managed, have their
+advantages. The smaller the garden the more choice should be the
+collection, and the more highly should it be cultivated. I shall be glad
+if anything I say tends in this direction. From my notes of plants
+useful memoranda may be made, with the object of adding a few of the
+freest bloomers in each month, thus avoiding the error often committed
+of growing such subjects as mostly flower at one time, after which the
+garden has a forlorn appearance. The plants should not be blamed for
+this; the selection is at fault. No amount of time and care can make a
+garden what it should be if untidy and weedy plants prevail. On the
+other hand, the most beautiful species, both as regards foliage and
+flowers, can be just as easily cultivated.
+
+The object of this small work is to furnish the names and descriptions
+of really useful and reliable Hardy and Perennial Plants, suitable for
+all kinds of flower gardens, together with definite cultural hints on
+each plant.
+
+Perhaps flowers were never cultivated of more diversified kinds than at
+the present time; and it is a legitimate and not uncommon question to
+ask, "What do you grow?" Not only have we now the lovers of the distinct
+and showy, but numerous admirers of such species as need to be closely
+examined, that their beautiful and interesting features may gladden and
+stir the mind. The latter class of plants, without doubt, is capable of
+giving most pleasure; and to meet the growing taste for these, books on
+flowers must necessarily treat upon the species or varieties in a more
+detailed manner, in order to get at their peculiarities and
+requirements. The more we learn about our flowers the more we enjoy
+them; to simply see bright colours and pretty forms is far from all the
+pleasure we may reap in our gardens.
+
+If I have not been able to give scientific information, possibly that of
+a practical kind may be of some use, as for many years, and never more
+than now, I have enjoyed the cultivation of flowers with my own hands.
+To be able to grow a plant well is of the highest importance, and the
+first step towards a full enjoyment of it.
+
+I have had more especially in view the wants of the less experienced
+Amateur; and as all descriptions and modes of culture are given from
+specimens successfully grown in my own garden, I hope I may have at
+least a claim to being practical.
+
+I have largely to thank several correspondents of many years' standing
+for hints and information incorporated in these pages.
+
+                                                    J. WOOD.
+
+  WOODVILLE, KIRKSTALL,
+
+   _November, 1883._
+
+
+
+
+ERRATA.
+
+
+For the placing of capital letters uniformly throughout this Volume to
+the specific names at the cross-headings, and for the omission of many
+capitals in the body of the type, the printer is alone responsible.
+
+Numerous oversights fall to my lot, but in many of the descriptions
+other than strictly proper botanical terms have been employed, where it
+seemed desirable to use more intelligible ones; as, for instance, the
+flowers of the Composites have not always been termed "heads," perianths
+have sometimes been called corollas, and their divisions at times
+petals, and so on; this is hardly worthy of the times, perhaps, but it
+was thought that the terms would be more generally understood.
+
+  Page 7, line 8. For "lupin" read "Lupine."
+  Page 39, line 31. For "calyx" read "involucre."
+  Page 40, line 27. For "calyx" read "involucre."
+  Page 46, line 1. For "corolla" read "perianth."
+  Page 47, lines 3 and 6. For "corolla" read "perianth."
+  Page 48, last line. For "lupin" read "Lupine."
+  Page 60, line 16. For "pompon" read "pompone."
+  Page 64, line 36. For "corolla" read "perianth."
+  Page 102, line 27. For "Fritillaries" read "Fritillarias."
+  Page 114, cross-heading. For "Ice-cold Gentian" read "Ice-cold
+            Loving Gentian."
+  Page 213. For "_Tirolensis_" read "_Tyrolensis_."
+  Page 214, cross-heading. For "_Cashmerianum_" read "_Cashmeriana_."
+  Page 215, cross-heading. For "_Cashmerianum_" read "_Cashmeriana_."
+  Page 275, line 26. For "corolla" read "perianth."
+  Page 284, line 25. For "calyx" read "involucre."
+  Page 285, line 1. For "calyx" read "involucre."
+
+                                                    JOHN WOOD.
+
+  _November 14th, 1883._
+
+
+
+
+HARDY PERENNIALS
+
+AND
+
+OLD-FASHIONED GARDEN FLOWERS.
+
+
+
+
+Acaena Novae Zealandiae.
+
+_Otherwise_ A. MICROPHYLLA; _Nat. Ord._ SANGUISORBEAE,
+_or_ ROSE FAMILY.
+
+
+The plant, as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 1), is small, and
+its flowers are microscopic, hardly having the appearance of flowers,
+even when minutely examined, but when the bloom has faded there is a
+rapid growth, the calyces forming a stout set of long spines; these,
+springing from the globular head in considerable numbers, soon become
+pleasingly conspicuous, and this is by far the more ornamental stage of
+the plant. It is hardy, evergreen, and creeping. It seldom rises more
+than one or two inches from the ground, and only when it approaches a
+wall, stones, or some such fixed body, does it show an inclination to
+climb; it is, therefore, a capital rock plant. As implied by its
+specific name, it comes from New Zealand, and has not long been
+acclimatised in this country.
+
+The flowers are produced on fine wiry stems an inch or more long, being
+nearly erect; they are arranged in round heads, at first about the size
+of a small pea; these, when bruised, have an ammoniacal smell. Each
+minute flower has four green petals and brownish seed organs, which
+cause the knob of flowers to have a rather grimy look, and a calyx which
+is very hard and stout, having two scales and four sepals. These sepals
+are the parts which, after the seed organs have performed their
+functions, become elongated and of a fine rosy-crimson colour; they form
+stiff and rather stout spines, often 3/4in. long; they bristle evenly from
+every part of the little globe of seed vessels, and are very pretty. The
+spines are produced in great abundance, and they may be cut freely;
+their effect is unique when used for table decoration, stuck in tufts of
+dark green selaginella. On the plant they keep in good form for two
+months. The leaves are 1in. to 2in. long, pinnate; the leaflets are of a
+dark bronzy colour on the upper side and a pale green underneath, like
+maidenhair, which they also resemble in form, being nearly round and
+toothed. They are in pairs, with a terminal odd one; they are largest at
+the extremity, and gradually lessen to rudimentary leaflets; the foliage
+is but sparingly produced on the creeping stems, which root as they
+creep on the surface.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1. ACAENA NOVAE ZEALANDIAE.
+
+(One half natural size.)]
+
+The habit of the plant is compact and cushion-like, and the brilliant
+spiny balls are well set off on the bed of fern-like but sombre foliage.
+During August it is one of the most effective plants in the rock garden,
+where I find it to do well in either moist or dry situations; it grows
+fast, and, being evergreen, it is one of the more useful creepers for
+all-the-year-round effect; for covering dormant bulbs or bare places it
+is at once efficient and beautiful. It requires light soil, and seems to
+enjoy grit; nowhere does it appear in better health or more at home
+than when carpeting the walk or track of the rock garden.
+
+It is self-propagating, but when it is desirable to move a tuft of it,
+it should be done during the growing season, so that it may begin to
+root at once and get established, otherwise the wind and frosts will
+displace it.
+
+It blooms from June to September, more or less, but only the earliest
+flowers produce well-coloured spines.
+
+
+
+
+Achillea AEgyptica.
+
+EGYPTIAN YARROW; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+This is an evergreen (though herb-like) species. It has been grown for
+more than 200 years in English gardens, and originally came, as its name
+implies, from Egypt. Notwithstanding the much warmer climate of its
+native country, it proves to be one of the hardiest plants in our
+gardens. I dare say many will think the Yarrows are not worthy of a
+place in the garden; but it should not be forgotten that not only are
+fine and useful flowers included in this work, but also the good
+"old-fashioned" kinds, and that a few such are to be found amongst the
+Yarrows is without doubt. Could the reader see the collection now before
+me, cut with a good piece of stem and some foliage, and pushed into a
+deep vase, he would not only own that they were a pleasing contrast, but
+quaintly grand for indoor decoration.
+
+_A. AEgyptica_ not only produces a rich yellow flower, but the whole
+plant is ornamental, having an abundance of finely-cut foliage, which,
+from a downy or nappy covering, has a pleasing grey or silvery
+appearance. The flowers are produced on long stems nearly 2ft. high,
+furnished at the nodes with clean grey tufts of smaller-sized leaves;
+near the top the stems are all but naked, and are terminated by the flat
+heads or corymbs of closely-packed flowers. They are individually small,
+but the corymbs will be from 2in. to 3in. across. Their form is that of
+the common Yarrow, but the colour is a bright light yellow. The leaves
+are 6in. to 8in. long, narrow and pinnate, the leaflets of irregular
+form, variously toothed and lobed; the whole foliage is soft to the
+touch, from the nappy covering, as already mentioned. Its flowers, from
+their extra fine colour, are very telling in a cut state. The plant is
+suitable for the borders, more especially amongst other old kinds.
+Ordinary garden loam suits it, and its propagation may be carried out at
+any time by root division.
+
+Flowering period, June to September.
+
+
+
+
+Achillea Filipendula.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+This grows 4ft. high, and the foliage, though fern-like, has an untidy
+appearance, from the irregular way in which it is disposed. It is
+herbaceous, and comes from the Caucasus. The flowers are somewhat
+singular, arranged in corymbs of a multiplex character; they are very
+large, often 5in. across. The smaller corymbs are arched or convex,
+causing the cluster or compound corymb to present an uneven surface; the
+small flowers are of rich old gold colour, and have the appearance of
+knotted gold cord; they are very rigid, almost hard. The leaves are
+linear, pinnate, lobed and serrated, hairy, rough, and numerously
+produced. From the untidy and tall habit of this subject, it should be
+planted in the background; its flowers, however, will claim a prominent
+position in a cut state; they are truly rich, the undulating corymbs
+have the appearance of embossed gold plate, and their antique colour and
+form are compared to gold braid by a lady who admires "old-fashioned"
+flowers. It will last for several weeks after being cut, and even out of
+water for many days. A few heads placed in an old vase, without any
+other flowers, are rich and characteristic, whilst on bronze figures and
+ewers in a dry state, and more especially on ebony or other black
+decorations, it may be placed with a more than floral effect. In short,
+rough as the plant is, it is worth growing for its quaint and rich
+flowers alone; it is seldom met with. Soil and propagation, the same as
+for _A. AEgyptica_.
+
+Flowering period, June to September.
+
+
+
+
+Achillea Millefolium.
+
+COMMON MILFOIL; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+This is the well-known wild Yarrow; it is, however, the typical form of
+a fine variety, called _A. m. roseum_, having very bright rose-coloured
+flowers, which in all other respects resembles the wild form. Both as a
+border subject and for cutting purposes, I have found it useful; it
+flowers for several months, but the individual blooms fade in four or
+six days; these should be regularly removed. The freshly-opened corymbs
+are much admired. Soil and mode of propagation, the same as for previous
+kinds.
+
+Flowering period, June to November.
+
+
+
+
+Achillea Ptarmica.
+
+_Syns._ A. SYLVESTRIS _and_ PTARMICA VULGARIS; _Common
+Names_, WILD YARROW, SNEEZEWORT, GOOSE-TONGUE, _and_ WILD
+PELLITORY; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+A very common British plant, or, I may say, weed, which can live in the
+most reeky towns, only mentioned here to introduce _A. P. fl.-pl._,
+which is one of the most useful of border flowers. I am bound to
+add, however, that only when in flower is it more presentable than the
+weedy and typical form; but the grand masses of pure white
+bachelors'-button-like flowers, which are produced for many weeks in
+succession, render this plant deserving of a place in every garden. It
+is a very old flower in English gardens. Some 250 years ago Parkinson
+referred to the double flowering kind, in his "Paradise of Pleasant
+Flowers," as a then common plant; and I may as well produce Gerarde's
+description of the typical form, which answers, in all respects, for the
+double one, with the exception of the flowers themselves: "The small
+Sneesewoort hath many rounde and brittle braunches, beset with long and
+narrowe leaues, hackt about the edges like a sawe; at the top of the
+stalkes do grow smal single flowers like the fielde Daisie. The roote is
+tender and full of strings, creeping farre abroade in the earth, and in
+short time occupieth very much grounde." The flowers of this plant are
+often, but wrongly, called "bachelors' buttons," which they much
+resemble.
+
+For cutting purposes, this plant is one of the most useful; not only are
+the blooms a good white, but they have the quality of keeping clean, and
+are produced in greater numbers than ever I saw them on the single form.
+Those requiring large quantities of white flowers could not do better
+than give the plant a few square yards in some unfrequented part of the
+garden; any kind of soil will suit it, but if enriched the bloom will be
+all the better for it. The roots run freely just under the surface, so
+that a large stock may soon be had; yet, fine as are its flowers, hardy
+and spreading as the plant proves, it is but seldom met with. Even in
+small gardens this fine old flower should be allowed a little space.
+Transplant any time.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Aconitum Autumnale.
+
+AUTUMN MONK'S-HOOD; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+Hardy, perennial, and herbaceous. This is one of the finest subjects for
+autumn flowering. The whole plant, which stands nearly 3ft. high, is
+stately and distinct (Fig. 2); the leaves are dark green, large, deeply
+cut and veined, of good substance, and slightly drooping. The flowers
+are a fine blue (a colour somewhat scarce in our gardens at that
+season), irregularly arranged on very stout stems; in form they exactly
+resemble a monk's hood, and the manner in which they are held from the
+stems further accords with that likeness. These rich flowers are
+numerously produced; a three-year-old plant will have as many as six
+stout stems all well furnished, rendering the specimen very
+conspicuous.
+
+This is one form of the Monk's-hood long grown in English gardens, and
+is called "old-fashioned." _A. japonicum_, according to some, is
+identical with it, but whether that is so or not, there is but a slight
+difference, and both, of course, are good.
+
+I find it likes a rich deep soil. It is propagated by division of the
+roots after the tops have turned yellow in autumn or winter.
+
+It flowers from August until cut down by frosts.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2. ACONITUM AUTUMNALE.
+
+(About one-tenth natural size.)]
+
+
+
+
+Allium Moly.
+
+LARGE YELLOW GARLIC; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy bulbous perennial, of neat habit, with bright golden flowers,
+produced in large heads; they endure a long time and are very effective;
+it is by far the best yellow species. Where bold clumps of yellow are
+desirable, especially if somewhat in the background, there can be few
+subjects more suitable for the purpose than this plant; both leaves and
+flowers, however, have a disagreeable odour, if in the least bruised. It
+is a very old plant in English gardens, and is a native of the South of
+Europe. Its chief merits are fine colour, large head, neat habit, and
+easy culture. The flowers are 1in. across, borne in close heads, having
+stalks over an inch long springing from stout scapes; the six long oval
+petals are of a shining yellow colour; the seed organs also are all
+yellow and half the length of petals; the scape is about a foot high,
+naked, round, and very stout; the leaves are nearly as broad as tulip
+leaves, and otherwise much resemble them.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Allium Neapolitanum.
+
+NEAPOLITAN ALLIUM; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEAE.
+
+
+This has pure white flowers arranged in neat and effective umbels, and
+though not so useful in colour as the flowers of _A. Moly_, they are
+much superior to those of many of the genus.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+Both of the above Alliums may be grown in any odd parts which need
+decorating with subjects requiring little care; any kind of soil will do
+for them, but if planted too near the walks the flowers are liable to be
+cut by persons who may not be aware of their evil odour. The bulbs may
+be divided every three years with advantage, and may be usefully planted
+in lines in front of shrubs, or mixed with other strong-growing flowers,
+such as alkanets, lupins, and foxgloves.
+
+
+
+
+Alyssum Saxatile.
+
+ROCK MADWORT, _or_ GOLDEN TUFT; _Nat. Ord._
+CRUCIFERAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3. ALYSSUM SAXATILE.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+This pleasing and well-known hardy, evergreen, half-woody shrub is
+always a welcome flower. From its quantity of bloom all its other parts
+are literally smothered (see Fig. 3). When passing large pieces of it in
+full blow, its fragrant honey smell reminds one of summer clover
+fields.
+
+Its golden yellow flowers are densely produced in panicles on procumbent
+stems, 12in. to 18in. long. The little flowers, from distinct notches in
+the petals, have a different appearance from many of the order
+_Cruciferae_, as, unless they are well expanded, there seem to be eight
+instead of four petals. The leaves are inversely ovate, lanceolate,
+villose, and slightly toothed. A specimen will continue in good form
+during average weather for about three weeks. It is not only seen to
+most advantage on rockwork, where its prostrate stems can fall over the
+stones, but the dry situation is in accordance with its requirements;
+still, it is not at all particular, but does well in any sunny
+situation, in any soil that is not over moist or ill drained. It is
+easily and quickly propagated by cuttings in early summer.
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Anchusa Italica.
+
+ITALIAN ALKANET; _Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4. ANCHUSA ITALICA (Flower Spray).
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial of first-class merit for gardens where
+there is plenty of room; amongst shrubs it will not only prove worthy of
+the situation, but, being a ceaseless bloomer, its tall and leafy stems
+decked with brilliant flowers may always be relied upon for cutting
+purposes; and let me add, as, perhaps, many have never tried this fine
+but common flower in a large vase, the stems, if cut to the length of
+18in., and loosely placed in an old-fashioned vase, without any other
+flowers, are more than ornamental--they are fine.
+
+Its main features are seen in its bold leafy stems, furnished with
+large, dark blue, forget-me-not-like flowers, nearly all their length.
+The little white eyes of the blossoms are very telling (see Fig. 4). The
+flowers are held well out from the large leaves of the main stem by
+smaller ones (from 1in. to 8in. long), at the ends of which the buds and
+flowers are clustered, backed by a pair of small leaflets, like wings.
+Just before the buds open they are of a bright rose colour, and when the
+flowers fade the leafy calyx completely hides the withered parts, and
+other blooms take their places between the wing-like pair of leaflets;
+so the succession of bloom is kept up through the whole summer. The
+leaves of the root are very large when fully grown during summer--over a
+foot long--those of the stems are much less; all are lance-shaped and
+pointed, plain at the edges, very hairy, and of a dark green colour. The
+stems are numerous, upright, and, as before hinted, branched; also, like
+the leaves, they are covered with stiff hairs, a characteristic common
+to the order. Well-established plants will grow to the height of 3ft. to
+5ft.
+
+Flowering period, May to September.
+
+
+
+
+Anchusa Sempervirens.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEAE.
+
+
+This is a British species, and, as its name denotes, is evergreen; not,
+let me add, as a tall plant, for the stems wither or at least become
+very sere, only the large leaves of the root remaining fresh; and though
+it has many points of difference from _A. Italica_, such as shorter
+growth, darker flowers and foliage, and more oval leaves--these form the
+distinctions most observable. By its evergreen quality it is easily
+identified in winter. There is also an important difference from the
+axillary character of the flower stems. With these exceptions the
+description of _A. Italica_ will fairly hold good for this native
+species.
+
+This Alkanet has various other names, as _Borago sempervirens_,
+_Buglossum s._, and with old writers it, together with allied species,
+was much esteemed, not only for the flowers, but for its reputed
+medicinal properties. To those who care to grow these good old plants I
+would say, well enrich the soil; when so treated, the results are very
+different from those where the plants have been put in hungry and
+otherwise neglected situations; this favourable condition may be easily
+afforded, and will be more than repaid. Strong roots may be transplanted
+at any time, and propagation is more quickly carried out by division of
+the woody roots, which should be cut or split so that each piece has a
+share of bark and a crown. Just before new growth has begun, as in
+January, is the best time for this operation, so that there is no chance
+of rot from dormancy.
+
+Flowering period, May to September.
+
+
+
+
+Andromeda Tetragona.
+
+_Syn._ CASSIOPE TETRAGONA; _Nat. Ord._ ERICACEAE.
+
+
+A dwarf hardy evergreen shrub, which comes to us from Lapland and North
+America; though a very beautiful subject for either rockwork or border,
+it is rarely seen. It is not one of the easiest plants to grow, which
+may, to some extent, account for its rarity. Still, when it can have its
+requirements, it not only thrives well, but its handsome form and
+flowers repay any extra trouble it may have given. In the culture of
+this, as of most plants of the order _Ericaceae_, there is decidedly a
+right way and a wrong one, and if the species now under consideration
+has one or two special requirements it deserves them.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5. ANDROMEDA TETRAGONA.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+With me it never exceeds a height of 6in. or 7in., is much branched, and
+of a fine apple green colour; the flowers are small but very beautiful,
+bell-shaped, pendent, and springing from the leafy stems of the previous
+year's growth. The leaves are small as well as curious, both in form and
+arrangement, completely hiding their stems; their roundish grain-shaped
+forms are evenly arranged in four rows extending throughout the whole
+length of the branches (whence the name _tetragona_), giving them a
+square appearance resembling an ear of wheat, but much less stout (see
+Fig. 5); the little leaves, too, are frosted somewhat in the way of many
+of the saxifrages. It is next to impossible to describe this pretty
+shrub; fortunately, the cut will convey a proper idea at a glance. All
+who possess more select collections of hardy plants and shrubs should
+not fail to include this; it is fit for any collection of fifty choice
+species.
+
+I struggled long before finding out the right treatment, as presumably I
+now have, yet it is very simple, in fact, only such as many other plants
+should have; but, unlike them, _A. tetragona_ will take no alternative;
+it must have partial shade, sandy peat or leaf soil, and be planted in a
+moist or semi-bog situation. On the raised parts of rockwork it became
+burnt up; planted in loam, though light, it was dormant as a stone; in
+pots, it withered at the tips; but, with the above treatment, I have
+flowers and numerous branchlets. Many little schemes may be improvised
+for the accommodation of this and similar subjects. Something of the bog
+character would appear to be the difficulty here; a miniature one may be
+made in less than half an hour. Next the walk dig a hole 18in. all ways,
+fill in with sandy peat, make it firm; so form the surface of the walk
+that the water from it will eddy or turn in. In a week it will have
+settled; do not fill it up, but leave it dished and put in the plant.
+Gentians, _pyrolas_, calthas, and even the bog pimpernel I have long
+grown so.
+
+_A. tetragona_ can be propagated by division of the roots, but such
+division should not be attempted with other than a perfectly healthy
+plant. It should be done in spring, just as it begins to push, which may
+be readily seen by the bright green tips of the branchlets; and it is
+desirable, when replanting, to put the parts a little deeper, so as to
+cover the dead but persistent leaves about the bottoms of the stems
+which occur on the parts four or more years old. After a year, when so
+planted, I have found good roots emitted from these parts, and,
+doubtless, such deeper planting will, in some way, meet its
+requirements, as in this respect they are provided for in its habitats
+by the annual and heavy fall of leaves from other trees which shade it.
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Alpina.
+
+ALPINE WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+From Austria, the foliage closely resembling that of _A. sulphurea_, but
+the flowers are larger and of various colours. It is said to be the
+parent of _A. sulphurea_.
+
+It flowers in June. See _A. sulphurea_.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Apennina.
+
+MOUNTAIN WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+This is one of the "old-fashioned" flowers of our gardens--in fact, a
+native species, having a black tuberous root, which forms a distinct,
+though invisible characteristic of the species. As the old names are
+somewhat descriptive, I give them--viz., Geranium-leaved Anemone, and
+Stork's-bill Windflower.
+
+The appearance of a bold piece of this plant when in flower is
+exceedingly cheerful; the soft-looking feathery foliage forms a rich
+groundwork for the lavish number of flowers, which vary much in colour,
+from sky-blue to nearly white, according to the number of days they may
+have been in blow, blue being the opening colour. The flowers are
+produced singly on stems, 6in. high, and ornamented with a whorl of
+finely-cut leaflets, stalked, lobed, and toothed; above this whorl the
+ruddy flower stem is much more slender. During sunshine the flowers are
+11/2in. across the tips of sepals, becoming reflexed. The foliage, as
+before hinted, is in the form of a whorl, there being no root leaf, and
+the soft appearance of the whole plant is due to its downiness, which
+extends to and includes the calyx. The lobes of the leaves are cupped,
+but the leaves themselves reflex until their tips touch the ground,
+whence their distinct and pleasing form.
+
+This plant is most at home in the half shade of trees, where its flowers
+retain their blue colour longer. It should be grown in bold patches, and
+in free or sandy soil. The tubers may be transplanted soon after the
+tops have died off in late summer.
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Blanda.
+
+FAIR WINDFLOWER, _or_ BLUE GRECIAN ANEMONE; _Nat.
+Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+This is a lovely winter flower, of great value in our gardens, from its
+showiness. It is a recent introduction from the warmer climes of the
+South of Europe and Asia Minor; and though it is not so vigorous under
+cultivation in our climate as most Windflowers, it proves perfectly
+hardy. A little extra care should be taken in planting it as regards
+soil and position, in order to grow it well. It belongs to that section
+of its numerous genus having an involucrum of stalked leaflets.
+
+The flowers are produced on stalks, 4in. to 6in. high; they are nearly
+2in. across, of a fine deep blue colour; the sepals are numerous and
+narrow, in the way of _A. stellata_, or star anemone. The leaves are
+triternate, divisions deeply cut and acute; the leaves of the involucrum
+are stalked, trifid, and deeply cut. The whole plant much resembles _A.
+Apennina_. Where it can be established, it must prove one of the most
+useful flowers, and to possess such charming winter blossom is worth
+much effort in affording it suitable conditions. The soil should be
+rich, light, and well drained, as sandy loam, and if mixed with plenty
+of leaf soil all the better. The position should be sheltered, otherwise
+this native of warm countries will have its early leaves and flowers
+damaged by the wintry blast, and the evil does not stop there, for the
+check at such a period interferes with the root development, and
+repetitions of such damage drive the plants into a state of "dwindling,"
+and I may add, this is the condition in which this plant may frequently
+be seen. Many of the Anemones may be planted without much care, other
+than that of giving them a little shade from sunshine. The present
+subject, however, being so early, is not likely to obtain too much
+bright weather, but rather the reverse. If, then, it is planted in warm
+quarters, it may be expected to yield its desirable flowers in average
+quantity compared with other Windflowers, and in such proportion will
+its roots increase. The latter may be divided (providing they are of
+good size and healthy) when the leaves have died off.
+
+Flowering period, February and March.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Coronaria.
+
+POPPY-LIKE WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+Hardy and tuberous. The illustration (Fig. 6) is of the double form, in
+which it may frequently be seen; also in many colours, as blue, purple,
+white, scarlet, and striped; the same colours may be found in the single
+and semi-double forms. There are many shades or half colours, which are
+anything but pleasing, and where such have established themselves,
+either as seedlings or otherwise, they should be weeded out, as there
+are numerous distinct hues, which may just as easily be cultivated. The
+great variety in colour and form of this Anemone is perhaps its most
+peculiar characteristic; for nearly 300 years it has had a place in
+English gardens, and came originally from the Levant. Its habit is neat;
+seldom does it reach a foot in height, the flowers being produced
+terminally; they are poppy-like, and 2in. to 3in. across, having six
+sepals. The leaves are ternate, segments numerous; each leaf springs
+from the tuber, with the exception of those of the involucre.
+
+In planting this species, it should be kept in mind that it neither
+likes too much sunshine nor a light soil; under such conditions it may
+exist, but it will not thrive and scarcely ever flower. When the
+tuberous roots have become devoid of foliage they may be lifted, and if
+they have grown to a size exceeding 3in. long and 1in. in diameter, they
+may be broken in halves with advantage; the sooner they are put back
+into the ground the better; slight shade from the mid-day sun and good
+loam will be found to suit them best. When the various colours are kept
+separate, bold clumps of a score or so of each are very effective; mixed
+beds are gay, almost gaudy; but the grouping plan is so much better,
+that, during the blooming period, it is worth the trouble to mark the
+different colours, with a view to sorting them at the proper time.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6. ANEMONE CORONARIA FLORE-PLENO.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+The nutty roots are often eaten by earth vermin, especially wireworm.
+Whenever there is occasion to lift the roots it is a good plan to dress
+them, by repeated dips in a mixture of clay and soot, until they are
+well coated; they should be allowed to dry for a short time between each
+dip; this will not only be found useful in keeping off wireworm and
+similar pests, but will otherwise benefit the plants as a manure.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Decapetala.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+New, from North America; has a deteriorated resemblance to _A. alpina_
+and _A. sulphurea_ (which see). The foliage is much less; the flower
+stems are numerous, close together, stout, and 9in. to 12in. high; they
+are also branched, but not spreading. The flowers have seven to ten
+sepals, are an inch across, and of a creamy white colour. The heads of
+seed are more interesting than their flowers; they form cotton-like
+globes, 11/2in. diameter, and endure in that state for a fortnight. I was
+inclined to discard this species when I first saw its dumpy and
+badly-coloured flowers, but the specimen was left in the ground, and
+time, which has allowed the plant to become more naturally established,
+has also caused it to produce finer bloom, and it is now a pleasing and
+distinct species of an interesting character.
+
+The same treatment will answer for this species as for _A. sulphurea_.
+All the Anemones may be propagated by seeds or division of the roots.
+The latter method should only be adopted in the case of strong roots,
+and their division will be more safely effected in early spring, when
+they can start into growth at once.
+
+Flowering period, May to June.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Fulgens.
+
+SHINING WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7. ANEMONE FULGENS.
+
+(Plant, one-eighth natural size.)]
+
+This is a variety of _A. hortensis_ or _A. pavonina_, all of which much
+resemble each other. This very showy flower is much and deservedly
+admired. In sheltered quarters or during mild seasons it will flower at
+Christmas and continue to bloom for several months. It will be seen by
+the illustration (Fig. 7) to be a plant of neat habit, and for effect
+and usefulness it is one of the very best flowers that can be introduced
+into the garden, especially the spring garden, as there is scarcely
+another of its colour, and certainly not one so floriferous and durable.
+Though it has been in English gardens over fifty years, it seems as if
+only recently its real worth has been discovered. It is now fast
+becoming a universal favourite. The flowers are 2in. across, and of a
+most brilliant scarlet colour, produced singly on tall naked stems,
+nearly a foot high. They vary in number of sepals, some being
+semi-double. The foliage is bright and compact, more freely produced
+than that of most Windflowers; it is also richly cut.
+
+It may be grown in pots for conservatory or indoor decoration. It needs
+no forcing for such purposes; a cold frame will prove sufficient to
+bring out the flowers in winter. Borders or the moist parts of rockwork
+are suitable for it; but perhaps it is seen to greatest advantage in
+irregular masses in the half shade of trees in front of a shrubbery,
+and, after all, it is impossible to plant this flower wrong, as regards
+effect. To grow it well, however, it must have a moist situation, and
+good loam to grow in. It is easily propagated by division of strong
+healthy roots in autumn.
+
+Flowering period, January to June, according to position and time of
+planting.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Japonica.
+
+JAPAN WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+This and its varieties are hardy perennials of the most reliable kinds;
+the typical form has flowers of a clear rose colour. _A. j. vitifolia_
+has larger flowers of a fine bluish tint, and seems to be the hybrid
+between the type and the most popular variety, viz., _A. j.
+alba_--Honorine Jobert--(see Fig. 8). So much has this grown in favour
+that it has nearly monopolised the name of the species, of which it is
+but a variety; hence the necessity of pointing out the distinctions.
+Frequently the beautiful white kind is sought for by the typical name
+only, so that if a plant were supplied accordingly there would be
+disappointment at seeing a somewhat coarse specimen, with small rosy
+flowers, instead of a bold and beautiful plant with a base of large
+vine-shaped foliage and strong stems, numerously furnished with large
+white flowers, quite 2in. across, and centered by a dense arrangement of
+lemon-coloured stamens, somewhat like a large single white rose. This
+more desirable white variety sometimes grows 3ft. high, and is eminently
+a plant for the border in front of shrubs, though it is very effective
+in any position. I grow it in the border, on rockwork, and in a half
+shady place, and it seems at home in all. It will continue in bloom
+until stopped by frosts. The flowers are among the most useful in a cut
+state, especially when mingled with the now fashionable and handsome
+leaves of heucheras and tiarellas; they form a chaste embellishment for
+the table or fruit dishes.
+
+The plant is sometimes much eaten by caterpillars; for this the remedy
+is soapy water syringed on the under side of the leaves. Earwigs also
+attack the flowers; they should be trapped by a similar plan to that
+usually adopted for dahlias.
+
+To those wishing to grow this choice Anemone, let me say, begin with the
+young underground runners; plant them in the autumn anywhere you like,
+but see that the soil is deep, and if it is not rich, make it so with
+well-decayed leaves or manure, and you will have your reward.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8. ANEMONE JAPONICA ALBA (A. HONORINE JOBERT).
+
+(About one-twelfth natural size.)]
+
+Flowering period, August to November.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Nemorosa Flore-pleno.
+
+DOUBLE WOOD ANEMONE, _or_ WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._
+RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+This is the double form of the common British species; in every part but
+the flower it resembles the type. The flower, from being double, and
+perhaps from being grown in more exposed situations than the common form
+in the shaded woods, is much more durable; an established clump has kept
+in good form for three weeks.
+
+The petals (if they may be so called), which render this flower so
+pleasingly distinct, are arranged in an even tuft, being much shorter
+than the outer or normal sepals, the size and form of which remain true
+to the type. The pure white flower--more than an inch across--is
+somewhat distant from the handsome three-leaved involucrum, and is
+supported by a wiry flower stalk, 3in. to 5in. long; it is about the
+same length from the root, otherwise the plant is stemless. The flowers
+are produced singly, and have six to eight petal-like sepals; the leaves
+are ternately cut; leaflets or segments three-cut, lanceolate, and
+deeply toothed; petioles channelled; the roots are long and round, of
+about the thickness of a pen-holder. This plant grown in bold clumps is
+indispensable for the choice spring garden; its quiet beauty is much
+admired.
+
+It enjoys a strongish loam, and a slightly shaded situation will conduce
+to its lengthened flowering, and also tend to luxuriance. Soon after the
+flowers fade the foliage begins to dry up; care should, therefore, be
+taken to have some other suitable flower growing near it, so as to avoid
+dead or blank spaces. Pentstemons, rooted cuttings of which are very
+handy at this season for transplanting, are well adapted for such use
+and situations, and as their flowers cannot endure hot sunshine without
+suffering more or less, such half-shady quarters will be just the places
+for them.
+
+The double white Wood Anemone may be propagated by divisions of the
+tubers, after the foliage has completely withered.
+
+Flowering period, May.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Pulsatilla.
+
+PASQUE FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+A British species. This beautiful flower has long been cultivated in our
+gardens, and is deservedly a great favourite. It may not be
+uninteresting to give the other common and ancient names of the Easter
+Flower, as in every way this is not only an old plant, but an
+old-fashioned flower. "Passe Flower" and "Flaw Flower" come from the
+above common names, being only derivations, but in Cambridgeshire, where
+it grows wild, it is called "Coventry Bells" and "Hill Tulip." Three
+hundred years ago Gerarde gave the following description of it, which,
+together with the illustration (Fig. 9), will, I trust, be found ample:
+"These Passe flowers hath many small leaues, finely cut or iagged, like
+those of carrots, among which rise up naked stalks, rough and hairie;
+whereupon do growe beautiful flowers bell fashion, of a bright delaied
+purple colour; in the bottome whereof groweth a tuft of yellow thrums,
+and in the middle of the thrums thrusteth foorth a small purple
+pointell; when the whole flower is past, there succeedeth an head or
+knoppe, compact of many graie hairie lockes, and in the solide parts of
+the knops lieth the seede flat and hoarie, euery seed having his own
+small haire hanging at it. The roote is thick and knobbie of a finger
+long, and like vnto those of the anemones (as it doth in all other parts
+verie notablie resemble) whereof no doubt this is a kinde."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9. ANEMONE PULSATILLA.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+This flower in olden times was used for making garlands, and even now
+there are few flowers more suitable for such purpose; it varies much in
+colour, being also sometimes double. It may be grown in pots for window
+decoration or in the open garden; it likes a dry situation and
+well-drained soil of a calcareous nature. In these respects it differs
+widely from many of the other species of Windflower, yet I find it to do
+well in a collection bed where nearly twenty other species are grown,
+and where there are both shade and more moisture than in the open parts
+of the garden. It may be propagated by division of the strong
+root-limbs, each of which should have a portion of the smaller roots on
+them. Soon after flowering is a good time to divide it.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Stellata.
+
+STAR WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10. ANEMONE STELLATA.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+This gay spring flower (Fig. 10) comes to us from Italy, but that it
+loves our dull climate is beyond doubt, as it not only flowers early,
+but continues for a long time in beauty. _A. hortensis_ is another name
+for it, and there are several varieties of the species, which mostly
+vary only in the colours of the flowers, as striped, white and purple.
+The typical form, as illustrated, is seen to be a quaint little plant;
+its flowers are large, of a shining light purple colour, and
+star-shaped; the dwarf foliage is of the well-known crowfoot kind. When
+grown in bold clumps it is richly effective, and, like most other
+Anemones, is sure to be admired.
+
+It thrives well in a light loam and in slight shade; I have tried it in
+pots kept in cold frames, where it flowers in mid-winter. It would
+doubtless make a showy appearance in a cool greenhouse. To propagate it,
+the roots should be divided after the tops have died down in summer.
+
+Flowering period, February to June, according to position and time of
+planting.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Sulphurea.
+
+SULPHUR-COLOURED WINDFLOWER; _Syn._ A. APIIFOLIA;
+_Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11. ANEMONE SULPHUREA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+This is a grandly beautiful Windflower from Central Europe. The names,
+combined with the illustration (Fig. 11), must fail to give the reader a
+proper idea of its beauty; the specific name in reference to the colour
+falls far short, and cannot give a hint of its handsome form and
+numerous finely-coloured stamens; and the drawing can in no way
+illustrate the hues and shell-like substance of the sepals; there is
+also a softness and graceful habit about the foliage, that the name,
+_apiifolia_ (parsley-leaved), does not much help the reader to realise.
+It may be parsley-like foliage in the comparative sense and in relation
+to that of other Anemones, but otherwise it can hardly be said to be
+like parsley. It is said by some to be only a variety of _A. alpina_; if
+so, it is not only a distinct but an unvarying form, so much so that by
+others it is held to be a species; the line of difference in many
+respects seems so far removed, even granting it to be a variety (as in
+hundreds of similar cases), as to warrant a specific title. It may be
+more interesting to state that it is a lovely and showy flower, and that
+the shortest cut to an enjoyment of its beauties is to grow it.
+
+The flowers are 2in. to 21/2in. across when expanded, but usually they are
+cup-shaped. The six sepals are egg-shaped but pointed, of much
+substance, and covered with a silky down on the outside, causing them to
+have changeable hues according to the play of wind and light. The
+stamens are very numerous, the anthers being closely arranged and of a
+rich golden colour; the flower stems grow from 9in. to 18in. high, being
+terminated by one flower; it carries a large and handsome involucre of
+three leaves, a little higher than the middle of the stem, and just
+overtopping the radical leaves, umbrella fashion; the leaves of the
+involucre are like those of the root, but stalkless. The radical leaves
+are stalked, well thrown out, drooping, and over 1ft. long, ternate and
+villous; the leaflets are pinnatifid and deeply toothed.
+
+This desirable plant is of the easiest culture, thriving in common
+garden soil, but it prefers that of a rich vegetable character and a
+situation not over dry. The flowers are persistent under any conditions,
+and they are further preserved when grown under a little shade, but it
+should only be a little.
+
+For propagation see _A. decapetala_.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+There are two other allied kinds which not only much resemble this, but
+which flower at or near the same time--viz., _A. alpina_ and _A.
+decapetala_, which see.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Sylvestris.
+
+SNOWDROP A.; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+This hardy herbaceous species comes from Germany, but it has been grown
+nearly 300 years in this country, It is distinct, showy, and beautiful;
+it ranks with "old-fashioned" flowers. Of late this Windflower has come
+into great favour, as if for a time it had been forgotten; still, it is
+hard to make out how such a fine border plant could be overlooked.
+However, it is well and deservedly esteemed at the present time; and,
+although many have proved the plant and flowers to be contrary to their
+expectations in reference to its common name, "Snowdrop Anemone," the
+disappointment has been, otherwise, an agreeable one. It only resembles
+the snowdrop as regards the purity and drooping habit of its flowers.
+
+Well-grown specimens have an exceedingly neat habit--the foliage spreads
+and touches the ground, rounding up to the flower stems (which are about
+a foot high) in a pleasing manner. The earliest flowers are very
+large--when fully open quite 11/2in. across--but they are more often seen
+in the unopen state, when they resemble a nutmeg in shape. Whether open
+or shut, they are a pure white, and their pendent habit adds not a
+little to their beauty, as also does the leafy involucre. The leaves are
+three-parted, the two lower lobes being deeply divided, so that at a
+first glance the leaves appear to be five-parted; each of the five lobes
+are three-cleft, and also dentate, downy, and veined; the leaf stalks
+are radical, red, long, slightly channelled, and wiry; in all respects
+the leaves of the involucre resemble those of the root, excepting the
+size, which is smaller, and the stalks are green, like the flower stems.
+
+In a cut state, the pure satin-white blossoms are fit for the most
+delicate wreath or bouquet; they have, morever, a delicious
+clover-scent. It enjoys a light vegetable soil in a slightly shaded and
+moist situation; if it could be allowed to ramble in the small openings
+of a front shrubbery, such positions would answer admirably.
+
+The roots are underground-creeping, which renders this species somewhat
+awkward to manage when grown with others in a collection of less rampant
+habit. On the other hand, the disposition it has to spread might very
+well be taken advantage of by providing it with a good broad space, than
+which nothing could be more lovely for two months of the year.
+
+It is needless to give directions for its propagation, as the runners
+spring up all round the parent plant. Slugs are very fond of it, and in
+early spring, especially when the new growths are appearing, they should
+be kept in check, otherwise they will eat down into the heart of the
+strongest plant; a dose of clear lime water will be found effective and
+will not hurt the new leaves; if this is followed up with a few
+sprinklings of sand, the slugs will not care to occupy such unpleasant
+quarters.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Anemone Vernalis.
+
+SHAGGY WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+A curious but pretty alpine species, from the Swiss Alps, consequently
+very hardy. It is not a showy subject, but its distinctions are really
+beautiful, and commend it to those who love to grow plants of a
+_recherche_ character.
+
+The illustration (Fig. 12) will give some idea of it, but no description
+can convey even an approximate notion of its flowers, which are produced
+singly, on short, stout, hairy stems, about 5in. high. For so small a
+plant the flower is large, more than an inch across when expanded, but
+usually it keeps of a roundish, bell-shaped form. Its colour is a
+bluish-white inside, the outside being much darker. It would be violet,
+were not the hairs so long and numerous that they form a brownish coat
+which is, perhaps, the most remarkable trait of this species. The
+leaves, too, are very hairy--twice, and sometimes thrice, divided,
+rather small, and also few.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12. ANEMONE VERNALIS (SHAGGY
+ANEMONE).
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+This little plant is most enjoyed when grown in pots. It may be plunged
+in sand or ashes in an open space, but it should never be allowed to
+suffer for moisture. When so grown, and just before the flowers open, it
+should be removed to a cool, airy frame, where it should also be plunged
+to keep its roots cool and moist; it will require to be very near the
+glass, so as to get perfect flowers. Such a method of growing this
+flower affords the best opportunity for its close examination; besides,
+it is so preserved in finer and more enduring form. It thrives well in
+lumpy peat and loam, but I have found charcoal, in very small lumps, to
+improve it, as it does most plants grown in pots, especially such as
+require frequent supplies of water. The slugs are very fond of it; a
+look-out for them should be kept when the plants are growing, and
+frequent sprinklings of sharp ashes will be found useful.
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Anthericum Liliago.
+
+ST. BERNARD'S LILY; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEAE.
+
+
+This may be grown as a companion to St. Bruno's Lily, though not so neat
+in habit or rich in bloom. In all respects it is very different. It is
+taller, the flowers not half the size, and more star-shaped, foliage
+more grassy, and the roots creeping and jointed.
+
+All the Anthericums named by me will do in ordinary soil, but prefer a
+fat loam of considerable depth. If, therefore, such conditions do not
+exist, there should be a good dressing of well-rotted stable manure
+turned in, and a mulching given in early spring.
+
+Anthericums are propagated by division of the roots, which should be
+carefully performed during the autumn. After such mutilation they should
+not be disturbed again for three years, or they will deteriorate in
+vigour and beauty.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Anthericum Liliastrum.
+
+ST. BRUNO'S LILY; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEAE.
+
+
+This charming plant is a native of Alpine meadows, and is known by other
+names, as _Paradisia_ and _Cyackia_, but is more commonly called St.
+Bruno's Lily. It is emphatically one of the most useful and handsome
+flowers that can be grown in English gardens, where, as yet, it is
+anything but as plentiful as it ought to be. Not only is it perfectly
+hardy in our climate, but it seems to thrive and flower abundantly. It
+is fast becoming a favourite, and it is probable that before long it
+will be very common, from the facts, firstly, of its own value and
+beauty, and, secondly, because the Dutch bulb-growers have taken it in
+hand. Not long ago they were said to be buying stock wherever they could
+find it. The illustration (Fig. 13) shows it in a small-sized clump.
+Three or four such specimens are very effective when grown near
+together; the satin-like or shining pure white flowers show to greater
+advantage when there is plenty of foliage. A number planted in strong
+single roots, but near together, forming a clump several feet in
+diameter, represent also a good style; but a single massive specimen,
+with at least fifty crowns, and nearly as many spikes of bloom just
+beginning to unfold, is one of the most lovely objects in my own garden.
+
+The chaste flowers are 2in. long, six sepalled, lily-shaped, of a
+transparent whiteness, and sweetly perfumed; filaments white, and long
+as the sepals; anthers large, and thickly furnished with bright
+orange-yellow pollen; the stems are round, stout, 18in. high, and
+produce from six to twelve flowers, two or three of which are open at
+one and the same time. The leaves are long, thick, with membranous
+sheaths, alternate and stem-clasping, or semi-cylindrical; the upper
+parts are lanceolate, dilated, subulate, and of a pale green colour. The
+roots are long, fleshy, brittle, and fasciculate.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13. ANTHERICUM LILIASTRUM.
+
+(Plant, one-sixth natural size; blossom, one-fourth natural size.)]
+
+This plant for three or four weeks is one of the most decorative; no
+matter whether in partial shade or full sunshine, it not only flowers
+well, but adorns its situation most richly; the flowers, in a cut state,
+are amongst the most useful and effective of hardy kinds--indeed, they
+vie with the tender exotics.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+_A. l. major_ is a new variety in all its parts like the type, with the
+exception of size, the flowers being larger by nearly an inch. The
+variety is said to grow to the height of 8ft.
+
+
+
+
+Anthyllis Montana.
+
+MOUNTAIN KIDNEY VETCH; _Nat. Ord._ LEGUMINOSAE.
+
+
+For rockwork this is one of the most lovely subjects. It is seldom seen,
+though easy to grow, perfectly hardy, and perennial. It is classed as an
+herbaceous plant, but it is shrubby, and on old specimens there is more
+wood than on many dwarf shrubs. It is of a procumbent habit, and only
+4in. to 6in. high in this climate. It comes from the South of Europe,
+where it probably grows larger.
+
+In early spring the woody tips begin to send out the hoary leaves; they
+are 3in. to 6in. long, and from their dense habit, and the way in which
+they intersect each other, they present a pleasing and distinct mass of
+woolly foliage.
+
+The leaves are pinnatifid, leaflets numerous, oval, oblong, and very
+grey, nearly white, with long silky hairs.
+
+The flowers are of a purple-pink colour, very small, and in close
+drumstick-like heads. The long and numerous hairs of the involucre and
+calyx almost cover over the flowers and render them inconspicuous;
+still, they are a pretty feature of the plant; the bloom stands well
+above the foliage on very downy, but otherwise naked stalks.
+
+When planted in such a position that it can rest on the edge of or droop
+over a stone, strong specimens are very effective. It seems to enjoy
+soil of a vegetable character, with its roots near large stones. I have
+heard that it has been found difficult to grow, but that I cannot
+understand. I fear the fault has been in having badly-rooted plants to
+start with, as cuttings are very slow in making an ample set of roots
+for safe transplanting. Its increase by division is no easy matter, as
+the woody stems are all joined in one, and the roots are of a tap
+character. Seed seldom ripens; by cuttings appears to be the readier
+mode of propagation; if these are taken off in early spring, put in a
+shady position, and in leaf soil, they will probably root as the seasons
+get warmer.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Apios Tuberosa.
+
+_Syn._ GLYCINE APIOS; _Nat. Ord._ LEGUMINOSAE.
+
+
+This is a pretty climber, or, more strictly speaking, a twiner; it is
+hardy, tuberous, and perennial. The tubers resemble potatoes, but
+incline to pear-shape, as implied by the generic name. 240 years ago it
+was introduced from North America; still, it is seldom met with,
+notwithstanding its good habit and colour. It is one of those happy
+subjects which most conduce to the freshness and wild beauty of our
+gardens; the dark and glossy verdure is charmingly disposed in
+embowerments by means of the delicate twining stems; and though it grows
+apace, there is never an unsightly dense or dark mass, so commonly seen
+in many climbers, but, instead, it elegantly adorns its station, and the
+outlines of its pretty pinnate leaves may easily be traced against the
+light.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14. APIOS TUBEROSA.
+
+(One-twelfth natural size; _a_, flower, natural size.)]
+
+As may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 14), it is in the way of a
+climbing bean. The flowers are purple and borne in small clusters from
+the axils of the leaves, and, of course, as indicated by the order to
+which it belongs, they are like pea flowers; they are produced a long
+time in succession, providing the frosts do not occur; they have the
+scent of violets. The leaves are distantly produced on fine wiry stems,
+which grow to the length of 12ft.; they are pinnate, the leaflets being
+of various sizes, oval, smooth, and of a dark shining green colour.
+
+The roots are not only peculiar in the way already mentioned, but the
+tubers have the appearance of being strung together by their ends. They
+are edible, and where they grow wild they are called "ground nuts." From
+the description given it will be easy to decide how and where it should
+be planted.
+
+There should be provision made for its twining habit, and it may have
+the liberty of mixing its foliage with that of less beautiful things
+during autumn, such, for instance, as the bare _Jasmine nudiflora_; its
+spare but effective leaves and flowers will do little or no harm to such
+trees, and after the frosts come the jasmine will be clear again. It may
+also be grown with happy results as shown in the illustration, needing
+only a well-secured twiggy bush. Cut as sprays it is very serviceable
+for hanging or twining purposes.
+
+It most enjoys a light soil, also a sunny situation. Sometimes it has
+been found slow at starting into growth when newly planted; this,
+however, can hardly be the case with newly lifted tubers. I may add that
+it is no uncommon thing for these to be out of the ground for weeks and
+months together, when they not only become hard and woody, but when
+suddenly brought in contact with the damp earth rot overtakes them.
+There is no difficulty whatever with fresh tubers, which may be lifted
+after the tops have died off. Beyond securing fresh roots, there is
+nothing special about the culture of this desirable climber.
+
+Flowering period, August to October.
+
+
+
+
+Arabis Lucida.
+
+SHINING ROCK CRESS; _Nat. Ord._ CRUCIFERAE.
+
+
+This member of a well-known family of early spring flowers is desirable,
+for its neat habit and verdancy. There is not a particle of sere foliage
+to be seen, and it has, moreover, a glossy appearance, whence the
+specific name. The flowers are not of much effect, though, from their
+earliness, not without value; they are in the way of the flowers of the
+more common species, _A. alpina_, but less in size; they are also more
+straggling in the raceme; these two features render it inferior as a
+flower; the stalks are 3in. to 6in. high. The leaves are arranged in lax
+flattened rosettes, are 1in. to 3in. long, somewhat spathulate, notched,
+fleshy, of a very dark green colour, and shining. The habit is dense and
+spreading, established tufts having a fresh effect. Though an Hungarian
+species, it can hardly have a more happy home in its habitat than in our
+climate. Where verdant dwarf subjects are in request, either for
+edgings, borders, or rockwork, this is to be commended as one of the
+most reliable, both for effect and vigour. In the last-named situation
+it proves useful all the year round, but care should be taken that it
+does not overgrow less rampant rock plants.
+
+_A. l. variegata_ is a variety with finely-marked leaves. The bloom
+resembles that of the type, but is rather weaker. It is better to remove
+the flowers of this kind, as then the rather slow habit of growth is
+much improved, as also is the colour of the foliage. The leaves being
+more serviceable and effective than the bloom, the uses should be made
+of it accordingly. They are broadly edged with yellow, the green being
+lighter than that of the type, but equally bright; the ends of the
+leaves are curled backwards, but, with the exception of being a little
+smaller, they are similar in shape to the parent form. This is a gem for
+rockwork, and, if it did not belong to a rather ordinary race of plants,
+it would, perhaps, be more often seen in choice collections. This,
+however, does not alter its worth. Seen in crevices of dark stone on
+rockwork, or in bold tufts near the walks, or planted with judgment near
+other dwarf foliaged subjects, it ever proves attractive. It is much
+less rampant, and, perhaps, less hardy than the type. It has only been
+during the recent very severe winters, however, that it has been killed.
+The Arabis is easily propagated by slips or rootlets, which should be
+taken after flowering. The variegated form is better for being so
+propagated every year. If bold patches are desired, they should be
+formed by planting a number together, 3in. or 4in. apart.
+
+Flowering period, February to June.
+
+
+
+
+Aralia Sieboldi.
+
+SIEBOLD'S ARALIA; _Nat. Ord._ ARALIACEAE.
+
+
+The present subject (see Fig. 15)--beautiful, hardy, and evergreen--is a
+species of recent introduction; still, it has already become well known
+and distributed, so much so that it scarcely needs description; but
+there are facts in reference to it which would seem to be less known. It
+is seldom seen in the open garden, and many amateurs, who otherwise are
+well acquainted with it, when they see it fresh and glossy in the open
+garden in the earliest months of the year, ask, "Is it really hardy?"
+Not only is such the case, but the foliage, and especially the deep
+green colour, are rarely so fine when the specimens have indoor
+treatment, and, on this account, the shrub is eminently suitable for
+notice here.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15. ARALIA SIEBOLDI.
+
+(One-tenth natural size.)]
+
+The order _Araliaceae_ is nearly related to _Umbelliferae_, from which
+fact an idea may be had of the kind and arrangement of the flowers. Many
+of the genera of the order _Araliaceae_ are little known; perhaps the
+genus _Hedera_ (ivy) is the only one that is popular, and it so happens
+to immediately follow the genus _Aralia_. To remember this will further
+assist in gleaning an idea of the form of blossom, as that of ivy is
+well known. _Aralia Sieboldi_, however, seldom flowers in this climate,
+either in or out of doors. When it does, the white flowers are not of
+much value; they are small, like ivy blossom in form, but more spread
+in the arrangement. There are five sepals, five petals, five styles, and
+five cells in the berries. The flowers are produced on specimens 2ft. to
+5ft. high during winter, when favourable. The leaves, when well grown,
+are the main feature of the shrub, and are 12in. or more across. This
+size is not usual, but a leaf now before me, and taken from an outside
+specimen, measures over a foot, with a stout round stalk, 13in. long;
+the form of leaf is fan-shaped, having generally seven lobes, each
+supported by a strong mid-rib; the lobes are formed by divisions rather
+more than half the diameter of the leaf; they are slightly distant,
+broadly lance-shaped, waved at the edges, toothed near the ends, the
+teeth being somewhat spiny; the substance is very stout and leather-like
+to the touch; the upper surface is a dark shining bronzy-green,
+beautifully netted or veined; the under surface is a pale green, and
+richly ornamented by the risen mid-ribs and nerves of the whole leaf;
+the leaf-stalks are thick, round, bending downwards, and 6in. to 18in.
+long, springing from the half woody stem.
+
+The habit of the shrub is bushy, somewhat spreading, causing the
+specimens to have a fine effect from their roundness, the leaf
+arrangement also being perfect. Without doubt this is one of the most
+distinct and charming evergreens for the ornamental garden, sub-tropical
+in appearance, and only inferior to palms as regards size; it is
+effective anywhere. It need not be stated that as a vase or table
+decoration it ranks with the best for effect and service, as it is
+already well-known as such. In planting this subject outside, young but
+well-rooted examples should be selected and gradually hardened off. At
+the latter end of May they should be turned out of the pots into a rich
+but sandy loam. The position should be sunny, and sheltered from the
+north. Some have advised that it should be grown under trees, but I have
+proved that when so treated the less ripened foliage has suffered with
+frost, whilst the specimens fully exposed to the sun have not suffered
+in the least; they would droop and shrivel as long as the frost
+remained, but as soon as the temperature rose they became normal,
+without a trace of injury. When planted as above, young specimens will
+soon become so established and inured to open-air conditions, that
+little concern need be felt as regards winter; even such as were under
+trees, where they continued to grow too long, and whose tender tops were
+cut away by frost, have, the following summer, made a number of fresh
+growths lower down the stems. I should like to say that on rockwork this
+shrub has a superb effect, and I imagine the better drained condition of
+such a structure is greatly in favour of its health and hardiness. The
+propagation is by means of cuttings; slips of half-ripened wood, taken
+during the warmest months, if put in sandy loam in a cucumber frame,
+will root like willow. As soon as roots have formed, pot them separately
+and plunge the pots in the same frame for a week or two, then harden
+off. For the first winter the young stock ought to be kept either in a
+greenhouse or a cold frame, and by the end of the following May they
+will be ready to plant out. A well-drained position is important.
+
+Flowering period, November to March, in favourable or mild seasons.
+
+
+
+
+Arisaema Triphyllum.
+
+_Syns._ A. ZEBRINUM _and_ ARUM TRIPHYLLUM; _Common
+Names_, THREE-LEAVED ARUM _and_ JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT;
+_Nat. Ord._ ARACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy tuberous-rooted perennial from North America. I will at once
+explain that the above leading name is not the one generally used here,
+but in America, where the species is common, botanists have adopted it;
+besides, it is, as will be seen from the following description, very
+distinct from other Arums. The Syn. _Arisaema zebrinum_, as given,
+belongs really to a variety of _A. triphyllum_, but the type is marked
+in its flowers zebra-like, and there are many shades and colours of it,
+therefore both or either of the names may be used for the different
+forms, with a fair degree of propriety, as in fact they are.
+
+There is a doubt with some as to the hardiness of this plant; in my mind
+there is none whatever. It is no stranger to frosts in its habitats, but
+I do not found my conviction on anything but my experience of it. It has
+been grown fully exposed for two winters, and sometimes the frosts must
+have gone as far down as the roots.
+
+There is nothing showy about this plant, but there is something which
+stamps it as a fitting subject for a garden of choice plants; its bold,
+dark green foliage and quaint-looking flowers render it desirable on the
+score of distinctness. It has, moreover, a freshness upon which the eye
+can always linger. The flowers are in general form like the calla-lily;
+the upper part of the spathe, or sheathing leaf, which is really the
+calyx, is, however, more elongated, pointed, and hooked; otherwise the
+spathe is erect, slightly reflexed just above the folded part, giving
+the appearance of a pair of small lobes; this--the calyx--is really the
+most conspicuous part of the flower; in the belly it is beautifully
+striped with broad lines of a purplish-brown colour, which shade off to
+an inch of green in the middle, when they form again, and continue to
+the tip of the spathe, which will be 4in. to 6in. long, and nearly 2in.
+broad at the widest part; these lines run between the ribs, and, as
+before hinted, they are of various colours, such as brown, purple, pink,
+and green. The ribs are nearly white, and the green parts are very pale.
+The spadix is over 3in. long, club-shaped, spotted with brown, very much
+so near the end. The anthers at the base of the spadix are curious, and
+should be examined. They are invisible until the folded part of the
+spathe is opened; they are numerous, arranged in a dense broad ring,
+sessile, and nearly black. This curious flower is produced on a stout,
+round scape, a foot or more in height. The leaves are radical, having a
+stalk a foot long. They are, as the specific name implies, divided into
+three parts, each being of equal length, entire, wavy, and pointed. The
+whole plant has a somewhat top-heavy appearance (see Fig. 16), but I
+never saw it broken down by the weather. It makes quick growth in
+spring, the scape appearing with the leaves; in late summer it dies
+down. It looks well in quiet nooks, but it also forms a good companion
+to showy flowers in more open situations; in a cut state, for dressing
+"old-fashioned" vases, nothing could be in better character, a few
+leaves of yarrow, day lily, flag, or similar foliage being all it will
+require.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16. ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+It may be transplanted, any time from September to the end of January,
+into good light loam or leaf soil, 4in. or 6in. deep; if there should be
+a dry season during the period of growth, the plant should be well
+watered. To increase it, the tubers may be divided every third year,
+providing the growth has been of a vigorous tone. I may add, that, from
+its tall and not over-dense habit, there may with advantage, both to it
+and the plants used, be a carpet grown underneath--ivy, vincas, or sweet
+woodruff for some situations, and brighter subjects for more conspicuous
+parts of the garden, such as the finer kinds of mimulus, ourisia, alpine
+aster, and dwarf iris.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Arum Crinitum.
+
+HAIRY ARUM, _or_ DRAGON'S MOUTH; _Nat. Ord._
+ARACEAE.
+
+
+As may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 17), this is a most singular
+plant. It proves hardy in this climate if its position is selected; in
+other words, it is not hardy in all kinds of soils and situations, but
+if planted four or five inches deep, in sandy or half decayed vegetable
+mould, facing the south, there is little to fear either as regards
+hardiness or its thriving. I think, therefore, it may be called hardy.
+It is far more interesting than handsome, but there is at the present
+time an evident desire amongst amateurs to grow the various Arums, and
+more especially has this one been sought after; I have, therefore,
+introduced it amongst more beautiful flowers, and given an enlarged
+drawing of the entire plant, together with the spathe in its unopened
+state.
+
+The plant is a native of Minorca, and was imported in 1777. In this
+climate it grows to the height of 18in., developing the flower with the
+foliage. It is produced on a stout scape nearly 1ft. high, of a pale
+green colour, marked with dark short lines and spotted with delicate
+pink dots. The folded spathe is of leather-like substance, rough, almost
+corky in texture; also variously marked and tinted. At the base there
+are a number of green lines arranged evenly and longitudinally on a
+nearly white ground. A little higher--the belly part--the lines are less
+frequent, irregular, and mixed with pink dots. Still higher, the ground
+colour becomes pale green, the lines dark green, and the pink spots are
+changed to clouded tints; the remainder of the folded spathe--to the
+tip--is a mixture of brown and green dots, the total length being fully
+9in. When the spathe opens, it does so quickly, bending more than half
+its length outwards, the division looking upwards. To those who have not
+before seen the plant at this stage, it will prove an interesting
+surprise; the odour, however, is repulsive. The spathe at its widest
+part is 6in. broad, and tapers off to a blunt point. It is of a dark
+purple colour and covered with long bent dark hairs, whence the specific
+name. They are curiously disposed, and remind one of some hairy animal
+that has been lifted out of the water the wrong way as regards the
+direction of the hair. The spadix is comparatively small, black, and
+also covered with hairs. The flower should be closely watched if its
+peculiarities are to be fully noted, as it not only opens quickly but
+soon begins to wither. During the short period that the flower is open
+the lower part of the spathe or belly becomes filled with all kinds of
+flies, being held by the spear-like hairs.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17. ARUM CRINITUM.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+The leaves have long stalks, marked and tinted in a similar manner to
+that of the scape. They are curiously formed and twisted, pedate or
+bird-foot shaped, the outer segments twice cut, lance-shaped, and
+turned inwards or over the main part of the leaf; the leaves are of a
+deep green colour, and of good substance; they seldom exceed four in
+number to each plant or tuber.
+
+This curious species should, as above indicated, have a warm situation,
+where it will also be comparatively dry in winter. Its propagation may
+be effected by division of the roots of strong specimens.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Asters.
+
+MICHAELMAS DAISIES, _or_ STARWORTS; _Nat. Ord._
+COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+Hardy, perennial, and herbaceous. These are a numerous family, and many
+of them have an ungainly habit and insignificant flowers--in fact, are
+not worth growing, save as wild flowers in unfrequented places. I will
+mention a few of the finer sorts, which are mostly species: _A.
+diversifolius_, _A. ericoides_, _A. grandiflorus_, _A. pendulus_, and
+_A. Dumosus_, these are all good, both in habit and flowers; _ericoides_
+and _pendulus_ make really handsome bushes, but the very beautiful _A.
+amellus_, and its more dwarf variety (_A. Mdme. Soyance_), have tempted
+me to write of these old-fashioned plants, which may be said to be
+wholly distinct, as their flowers are so very much brighter (dark
+purple, with a clear yellow centre), and the rays so much more evenly
+and compactly furnished. Their stems are 2ft. to 3ft. high, and flowered
+half their length with clusters of bloom about the size and form of
+full-grown field daisies. These wand-like spikes in a cut state are
+bright and appropriate decorations. In vases they are very effective,
+even when used alone. The flowers are very lasting, either cut or
+otherwise; the plants will bloom six or eight weeks.
+
+These subjects will thrive in almost any kind of soil or position,
+opening their flowers during the dullest weather, and though they like
+sunshine, they will not wait for it. It is scarcely needful to further
+describe these well-known flowers, but, as well as the species, there
+are some bright and beautiful varieties which merit further notice. All
+the Starworts are easily increased by root division any time.
+
+Flowering period, August to November.
+
+
+
+
+Aster Alpinus.
+
+ALPINE STARWORT, _or_ BLUE DAISY; _Nat. Ord._
+COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+An exceedingly beautiful and very much admired alpine plant, which does
+not die down like most of the Starworts, but has woody stems; it is
+seldom seen more than a foot high, and its large bright purple flowers
+seem disproportionate. This is one of the plants which should have a
+place in every garden, and more especially in rock gardens. There cannot
+well be a more neat and telling subject; the form and size of its
+flowers are not often seen on such dwarf plants, and it also has the
+merit of being a "tidy" subject when not in bloom. The illustration
+(Fig. 18) will give a fair idea of its main features. Its purple
+flowers, which are fully 2in. across, have for many days an even and
+well-expanded ray, when the florets curl or reflex; the disk is large,
+and numerously set with lemon-yellow florets; the flowers are well
+lifted up on stout round stems, covered with short stiff hairs, and
+furnished with five or six small leaves; the main foliage is of compact
+growth, lance-shaped, entire, spathulate and covered with short hairs.
+
+[Illustration: FIG 18 ASTER ALPINUS.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+Considering that this plant has been in English gardens for 220 years,
+and that its merits must be seen by anyone at a glance, it is hard to
+say why it is not better known; even in choice and large collections it
+always proves attractive when in flower. The blooms in a cut state are
+very durable; they not only hold together, but also keep a good colour.
+Under cultivation it is in no way particular; it will endure anything
+but being deprived of light; from its dwarf, stout, and shrubby
+character, it would form a useful and a handsome edging to the larger
+walks; and by growing it so extensively an enviable supply of flowers
+for cutting would be at hand.
+
+A stock of young plants may soon be got up by division of strong roots
+after the flowering season; such pieces as have roots may be planted at
+once in their permanent quarters; the rootless parts should be dibbled
+into light sandy loam and shaded with branches for a week or two.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+_A. a. albus_ is a white-flowered variety, blooming about the same time.
+There does not appear to be that vigour about it which characterises the
+type; this, however, is not the only shortcoming; when compared with the
+rich purple flower, the white one, with its large yellow disk, appears,
+to say the least, a questionable improvement.
+
+
+
+
+Aster Ptarmicoides.
+
+BOUQUET STARWORT; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+This Starwort is a very recently-imported species from North America.
+Like many other things which have proved worthless as decorative
+flowers, this was highly praised, but for a while its weedy-looking
+foliage caused suspicion; after becoming well established, it flowered,
+and, I am glad to say, proves a most distinct and useful Starwort. Its
+small white flowers much resemble the field daisy, but they are borne on
+densely-branched stems in hundreds; in fact, the plant, which grows
+nearly 2ft. high, seems to be nearly all flowers. Each one has a single
+ray of shining white florets, narrow and separate. Those of the disk are
+of a canary-yellow colour; the imbricated calyx is pear-shaped; pedicels
+slender, bent, wiry, and furnished with very small leaves; main stems
+hispid, woody, and brittle. The leaves of the root are 2in. to 4in.
+long, smooth, entire, linear, almost grass-like; those of the stems much
+less, becoming smaller as they near the flowers; they are somewhat
+rough, partaking of the quality of the stems. The habit of the plant is
+much branched, the spreading clusters of flowers being six or ten times
+the size of the plant, so that it becomes top-heavy; it blooms for many
+weeks, and is not damaged by coarse weather. Amongst other Asters it
+shows to advantage, flowering earlier than most of them, but lasting
+well into their period of bloom. It is sure to prove a useful white
+autumnal flower; small sprays when cut look better than on the plant, as
+they are then seen to be well spread and rigidly held by means of their
+wiry stalks; they have the scent of Southernwood. It grows well with me
+in ordinary garden loam, the situation being well exposed to the sun. It
+may be readily propagated by root division.
+
+Flowering period, August to October.
+
+
+
+
+Bellis Perennis.
+
+COMMON PERENNIAL DAISY; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+This native plant, the commonest flower of the field and wayside, and
+the weed of our grass-plots, is the parent form of the handsome and
+popular double kinds seen in almost every garden. Well known as these
+flowers are, it may prove interesting to learn a little more about the
+fine large double crimson and white kinds--their treatment, for
+instance--in order to have abundance of flowers during the earliest
+months of the year; and the uses to which they may be most
+advantageously put; for, common as are the Daisies, they are, without
+doubt, amongst the most useful flowers we possess. First, I will briefly
+give the names and descriptions of the more distinct varieties.
+
+_B. p. aucubifolia_ is the Double Daisy, having a beautifully variegated
+foliage, mottled with golden-yellow in the way of the aucuba.
+
+_B. p. fistulosa._--This is the double crimson or pink Daisy, having its
+florets piped or quilled (see Fig. 19).
+
+_B. p. hortensis_ embraces all the double forms raised and cultivated in
+gardens, no matter what colour, and so distinguished from the typical
+form of the fields.
+
+_B. p. prolifera_ is that curious and favourite kind called "Hen and
+Chickens." The flowers are double, and from the imbricate calyx of the
+normal flower there issue a number of smaller Daisies having straggling
+florets; the whole on one main stalk presenting a bouquet-like effect.
+
+These kinds, the specific names of which are not only descriptive, but
+amply embrace the group, are much added to by flowers having other names
+and minor distinctions, the latter, for the most part, being only shades
+or mixtures of colour--as crimson, pink, white, and bicolours. The
+florets in many kinds are exceedingly pretty, from the way in which they
+are tipped and shaded; notably, a new variety that was sent me under the
+name of Dresden China. These sorts having different tints are usefully
+named with "florists'" names--as Pearl, Snowball, Rob Roy, Sweep, Bride,
+&c. I may say that I have long grown the Daisy largely, Bride and Sweep
+being the favourite kinds; both are robust growers, very hardy and
+early. Bride is the purest white, with florets full, shining, and well
+reflexed; rather larger than a florin, and when fully developed has a
+half globular appearance; another good point is its flower stalks being
+4in. to 5in. long, which renders it serviceable as cut bloom. Sweep is
+not quite so large, though a good-sized Daisy, it also opens more flat;
+its colour, however, is first rate, it is the darkest crimson Daisy I
+ever saw, is of a quilled form and very full. Its chief point is its
+constant colour; if the florets are examined, they are the same deep
+crimson underneath as on the face of the flower; this, together with its
+long stalks, renders it useful, too, in a cut state.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19. BELLIS PERENNIS FISTULOSA.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+To grow this useful flower well and render it doubly valuable by having
+it in bloom in mid-winter, requires three things: First, timely
+transplanting; secondly, rich soil; thirdly, partial shade; these
+conditions will be more briefly and, perhaps, clearly explained, if I
+state my method. At the end of May or fore part of June, plenty of good
+rotten stable manure is wheeled into the bush-fruit quarters; it is
+worked in with a fork, so as to do as little damage as possible to the
+bush roots. A line is drawn, and the old Daisy roots which have just
+been taken up are trimmed by shortening both tops and roots. They are
+severely divided, and the pieces planted 6in. apart in rows 8in.
+asunder. In such a cool, moist situation they soon form good tufts, and
+I need scarcely say that the dressing of manure has also a marked effect
+on the fruit crop. A planting so made is not only a cheerful carpet of
+greenery during winter, but is well dotted over with bloom. The plants
+being well established in rich soil, and having the shelter of the
+bushes during summer and winter, are the conditions which have conduced
+to such early flowers. This is the method I have adopted for years, and
+both Daisies and fruit have been invariably good crops. I ought,
+however, to say that beds more exposed, together with the fact that the
+Daisy roots have to be transplanted in October or November, never flower
+so early, from which it will be seen that the treatment explained hardly
+applies to such bedding; but where a breadth of bloom is required, say,
+for cutting purposes, I know no better plan. As cut bloom the daisy is
+charming in glass trays on a bed of moss, or even in small bouquets,
+mixed with the foliage of pinks, carnations, and rosemary. Such an
+arrangement has at least the merit of sweet simplicity, and somehow has
+also the effect of carrying our thoughts with a bound to spring-time.
+
+The ancient names for this "old-fashioned" flower were "Little Daisies"
+and "Bruisewoorte." The latter name, according to Gerarde, was applied
+for the following reasons: "The leaues stamped, taketh away bruses and
+swellings proceeding of some stroke, if they be stamped and laide
+thereon, whereupon it was called in olde time Bruisewoorte. The iuice
+put into the eies cleereth them, and taketh away the watering;" and here
+is a dog note: "The same given to little dogs with milke, keepeth them
+from growing great."
+
+Flowering period, February to July.
+
+
+
+
+Bocconia Cordata.
+
+_Syn._ MACLEAYA CORDATA; _Nat. Ord._ PAPAVERACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial from China. It is a tall and handsome
+plant; its fine features are its stately habit, finely-cut foliage, and
+noble panicles of buds and flowers; during the whole progress of its
+growth it is a pleasing object, but in the autumn, when at the height of
+7ft. it has become topped with lax clusters of flowers, over 2ft. long,
+it is simply grand. There are other names in trade lists, as _B.
+japonica_ and _B. alba_, but they are identical with _B. cordata_;
+possibly there may be a little difference in the shades of the flowers,
+but nothing to warrant another name. Having grown the so-called species
+or varieties, I have hitherto found no difference whatever; and of the
+hardy species of this genus, I believe _B. cordata_ is the only one at
+present grown in English gardens. During spring and early summer this
+subject makes rapid growth, pushing forth its thick leafy stems, which
+are attractive, not only by reason of their somewhat unusual form, but
+also because of their tender and unseasonable appearance, especially
+during spring; it is rare, however, that the late frosts do any damage
+to its foliage. It continues to grow with remarkable vigour until, at
+the height of 5ft. or more, the flower panicles begin to develop; these
+usually add 2ft. or more to its tallness.
+
+The flowers are very small but numerous, of an ivory-white colour; they
+are more beautiful in the unopened state, when the two-sepalled calyx
+for many days compresses the tassel-like cluster of stamens. Each half
+of the calyx is boat-shaped, and before they burst they have the form
+and colour of clean plump groats; as already hinted, the stamens are
+numerous, and the anthers large for so small a flower, being spathulate.
+As soon as the stamens become exposed, the calyx falls, and in a short
+time--a few hours--the fugacious anthers disappear, to be followed only
+a little later by the fall of the filaments; there is then left a naked
+but headed capsule, half the size of the buds, and of the same colour;
+they may be traced on the panicle in the illustration (Fig. 20). From
+the fading quality of the above-named parts, the buds and capsules
+chiefly form the ornamental portion of the compound racemes.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20. BOCCONIA CORDATA.
+
+(About one-twentieth natural size; blossom, one-half natural size.)]
+
+The leaves are from 8in. to 10in. in diameter, the largest being at the
+base of the tall stems; their outline, as the specific name implies, is
+heart-shaped, but they are deeply lobed and dentate, in the way of the
+fig leaf, but more profusely so; they are stalked, of good substance,
+glaucous, nearly white underneath, which part is also furnished with
+short stiff hairs. The glaucous hue or farina which covers the
+leaf-stalks and main stems has a metallic appearance, and is one of its
+pleasing features as a decorative plant. For many weeks the flowers
+continue to be developed, and from the deciduous quality of the fading
+parts, the panicles have a neat appearance to the last. In a cut state
+the long side branches of flowers, more than a foot long, are very
+effective, either alone or when mixed with other kinds, the little
+clusters of white drop-like buds being suitable for combination with the
+choicest flowers.
+
+As a decorative specimen for the more ornamental parts of the garden,
+and where bold subjects are desired, there are few herbaceous things
+that can be named as more suitable; from the day it appears above the
+ground, to and throughout its fading days in the autumn, when it has
+pleasing tints, it is not only a handsome but distinct form of plant; as
+an isolated specimen on the lawn, or by frequented walks, it may be
+grown with marked effect; if too nearly surrounded with other tall
+things, its beauty is somewhat marred; but wherever it is planted it
+should have a good fat loam of considerable depth. I ought not to omit
+saying that it forms a capital subject for pot culture; plants so
+treated, when 12in. or 18in. high, no matter if not then in flower, are
+very useful as window or table plants; but of course, being herbaceous,
+they are serviceable only during their growing season; they need not,
+however, be a source of care during winter, for they may with safety be
+plunged outside in a bed of ashes or sand, where they will take care of
+themselves during the severest weather.
+
+It may be propagated by cuttings taken from the axils of the larger
+leaves during early summer; if this method is followed, the cuttings
+should be pushed on, so that there are plenty of roots before the winter
+sets in. I have found it by far the better plan to take young suckers
+from established plants; in good rich soil these are freely produced
+from the slightly running roots; they may be separated and transplanted
+any time, but if it is done during summer they will flower the following
+season. Tall as this subject grows, it needs no supports; neither have I
+noticed it to be troubled by any of the garden pests.
+
+Flowering period, September to August.
+
+
+
+
+Bulbocodium Trigynum.
+
+_Syns._ COLCHICUM CAUCASICUM _and_ MERENDERA
+CAUCASICUM; _Nat. Ord._ MELANTHACEAE.
+
+
+This pretty miniature bulbous plant is very hardy, flowering in winter.
+It is a scarce flower, and has recently been represented as a new plant.
+As a matter of fact, it is not new, but has been known under the above
+synonymous names since 1823, when it was brought from the Caucasus. In
+general appearance it is very different from the _Colchicum_ (Sprengle),
+as may be seen by the drawing (Fig. 21), and _Merendera_ (Bieberstein)
+is only another Spanish name for _Colchicum_. The new name, authorised
+by Adams, may have been the cause, all or in part, of its being taken
+for a new species. The specific name may be presumed to be in reference
+to either its deeply-channelled, almost keeled leaves, which have the
+appearance of three corners, or in allusion to the triangular way in
+which they are disposed. It is a desirable flower for several
+reasons--its earliness, durability, rich perfume, and intrinsic beauty.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21. BULBOCODIUM TRIGYNUM.
+
+(Full size.)]
+
+The little plant, at the height of 2in., produces its rather large
+flowers in ones and twos in February, and they last for many days in
+perfect form. The scent reminds one of the sweet honey smell of a white
+clover field during summer. The colour is very pale lilac, nearly white;
+the tube takes on a little greenness; it is also divided, though the
+slits are invisible until the bloom begins to fade. The corolla, of
+irregular segments, is 11/2in. across when expanded; the stamens are half
+the length of the petal-like segments, and carry anthers of exquisite
+beauty, especially when young, then they are orange colour, divided like
+a pair of half-opened shells, and edged with chocolate; the styles are a
+delicate pale green, and rather longer than the stamens. The leaves, as
+already stated, are channelled, broadest at the base, tapering to a
+point, which is rather twisted; they are 2in. long during the blooming
+period, of a deep green colour, stiff, but spreading, forming a pretty
+accurate triangle. This description, together with the cut, will suggest
+both the uses and positions in which it should be planted; if a single
+blossom, when brought indoors, proves strongly fragrant, it is easy to
+imagine what a clump must be in the garden. Like those of the colchicum,
+its flowers are quickly developed; the leaves grow longer afterwards,
+and die off in summer.
+
+It thrives in a sandy loam or leaf soil, in a sunny part, and increases
+itself at the roots like the saffrons.
+
+Flowering period, February and March.
+
+
+
+
+Bulbocodium Vernum.
+
+SPRING BULBOCODIUM, _or_ SPRING SAFFRON; _Nat. Ord._
+MELANTHACEAE.
+
+
+In mild winters, sheltered positions, and light vegetable soil, this
+bulbous plant may be seen in blossom from January to March. The flowers
+appear before the leaves, and may, at the first glance, be taken for
+lilac-coloured croci. Up to a certain stage, however, the colour
+gradually improves in the direction of purple, and where there are
+established patches it is no inconsiderable part of the effect caused by
+this desirable winter flower to see it a mass of bloom in many shades,
+ranging from white (as in the bud state) to a lively purple. It is an
+old plant in English gardens, and is largely found wild in mid-Europe.
+It came from Spain as early as 1629. Still, it is not generally known or
+grown; but within the last few years it has come to the fore, with a
+host of other hardy and early-flowering subjects. The natural order in
+which it is classed includes many beautiful genera, both as regards
+their floral effect and anatomical structures. _Veratrum_, _Uvularia_,
+and _Colchicum_ are, perhaps, the more familiar, and the last-mentioned
+genus is a very nearly allied one. A feature of the genus _Bulbocodium_
+is implied by the name itself, which means "a wool-covered bulb." This
+quality, however, will be more observable when the bulb is in a dormant
+state; it exists under the envelope. The crocus or saffron-like flowers
+are aptly named "Spring Saffron," though there is a great botanical
+difference to be seen between this genus and that of _Colchicum_ when
+the flower is dissected. The bloom is produced from the midst of an
+ample sheath, and overlapping leaves, which are only just visible in the
+early season of this year; the corolla of six petal-like divisions is
+2in. to 3in. across when expanded, and of various shades and colours, as
+already stated; the segments are completely divided, being continued
+from the throat of the corolla to the ovary by long tapering bases,
+called nails, claws, or ungues. The leaves are stout, broadly
+strap-shaped, channelled, and of a deep green colour. The bulb is rather
+small; its form resembles that of the autumn crocus, as also does its
+mode of growth and reproduction.
+
+The early blossoms of this bulb soon disappear, and though the roots are
+all the better for being well ripened, a thin patch of some of the finer
+annuals sown in spring amongst their withering leaves will not do much
+harm, and will prove useful as gap-stoppers. Another good way is to grow
+these dwarf bulbous flowers with a carpet of creepers, of which there
+are scores in every way suitable; and where nothing else is available or
+to be grown with success, the small-leaved ivy will answer well. The
+dwarf phloxes, however, are more useful; their browned spreading
+branches form a neutral but warm-looking ground to the purple blossoms;
+besides, by the time all trace of the Bulbocodium has shrivelled up,
+they begin to produce their sheets of bloom. All such prostrate forms
+not only preserve dwarf winter flowers from the mud, but otherwise give
+effect to the borders. This bulb thrives best in light soil, well
+drained; in sheltered nooks it may be had in flower a month earlier than
+in exposed parts. Under such conditions it increases very fast, and the
+bulbs may be transplanted with advantage every other year after the tops
+have died off. In stiff or clay-like soil it dwindles and dies.
+
+Flowering period, January to March.
+
+
+
+
+Calthus Palustris Flore-pleno.
+
+DOUBLE MARSH MARIGOLD; _Old Common Name_, "MEADOW
+BOOTES"; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+The typical, or single-flowering variety of this plant is a British
+species, and a rather common one; but the pleasing habit and bright,
+finely-formed, orange-yellow flower of this double kind renders it a
+suitable plant for any garden. It is herbaceous and perennial, and loves
+boggy situations. It is, however, very accommodating, and will be found
+to do well in ordinary garden soil, especially if it be a stiffish loam;
+clayey land is well adapted for it. No matter what kind of weather
+prevails, it has always a neat and fresh appearance. By the illustration
+(Fig. 22) the reader will doubtless recognise its familiar form. As
+already stated, its flowers are orange-yellow, very full, with petals
+evenly arranged; they are 1in. across, and produced on round, short,
+hollow stems, seldom more than 9in. high. The forked flower stalks are
+furnished with embracing leaves, differing very much from the others,
+which are stalked, heart-shaped, nearly round, and evenly-toothed. All
+the foliage is of a rich dark shining green colour. Strong specimens
+produce flowers for a long time, fully two months, and frequently they
+burst into blossom again in the autumn. Individual flowers are very
+lasting, and, moreover, are very effective in a cut state. It is a
+robust grower, providing it is not in light dry soil; it seems with me
+to do equally well fully exposed to sunshine and in partial shade, but
+both positions are of a moist character.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22. CALTHUS PALUSTRIS FLORE-PLENO.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+It has long fleshy roots, which allows of its being transplanted at any
+time, early spring being the best, to increase it. The crowns should be
+divided every three years, when there will be found to be ample roots to
+each one.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Calystegia Pubescens Flore-pleno.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ CONVOLVULACEAE.
+
+
+This double Convolvulus is a somewhat recent introduction from China; it
+is hardy and perennial. So distinct are its large flesh-coloured flowers
+that they are often taken at the first glance, when cut, for double
+pyrethrums or chrysanthemums, but, seen in connection with the plant,
+the form of foliage and climbing or twining habit of the bindweed soon
+enable the most casual observer of flowers to recognise its genus.
+
+The flowers are 2in. to 3in. across, petals long, narrow, wavy, and
+reflexed; these are well held together by the five-parted calyx, further
+supported by a bract of two small but stout leaves. The flower stalks
+are round and wiry, 3in. or 4in. long; they are produced all along the
+twining stems, which are only of the moderate length of 5ft. or 6ft. The
+leaves are of the well-known Convolvulus form.
+
+I find it a good plan to grow this subject amongst tall and early
+flowering plants, such as lupins, foxgloves, and lilies, the old stems
+of which form ample supports for the climber; moreover, they are
+rendered less unsightly from being thus furnished anew with leaf and
+flower, even though not their own. Another method is in early summer to
+place a short twiggy branch over the pushing growths; it will soon
+become covered, and if not too large, the ends of the shoots will
+slightly outgrow the twigs and hang down in a pleasing manner. The plant
+should be started in light sandy loam and have a warm situation,
+otherwise flowers will be scarce and the whole specimen have a weedy
+appearance. When once it becomes established, it will be found to spread
+rapidly by means of its running roots, which, unless checked, will soon
+become a pest. I simply pull out all growths except such as shoot up in
+the desired position, and so continue to treat them as weeds throughout
+the growing season. Stems furnished with flowers a yard or more long, in
+a cut state, make rich festoons; single blooms (the smaller ones) look
+well as "buttonholes," being neat and effective, without gaudiness. I
+ought to state that a succession of flowers is kept up for fully three
+months; this fact adds not a little to the value of this handsome
+flesh-coloured bloomer. Roots may be transplanted at any time; the
+smallest piece will produce a blooming plant the first season, if put
+into a proper soil and situation.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Campanula Grandis.
+
+GREAT BELLFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ CAMPANULACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial from Siberia, growing to a height of 3ft.
+Its flowers are large, bright, and numerous; well-established clumps
+will present masses of bloom for more than a month with average weather.
+As a large showy subject there are few plants more reliable, or that can
+in any way excel it, more especially for town gardens. It is a rampant
+grower, quickly covering large spaces by means of its progressive roots;
+in gardens or collections where it can only be allowed a limited space,
+the running habit of the roots will doubtless prove troublesome, and
+often such free growers, however handsome they may be otherwise, are
+esteemed common, which should not be. The proper thing to do would be to
+give these vigorous and fine flowering subjects such quarters as will
+allow them their natural and unrestrained development.
+
+The flowers of _C. grandis_ are more than 1in. across the corolla, the
+five segments being large and bluntly pointed, of a transparent
+purple-blue colour, and very enduring; they are arranged on short
+stalks, which issue from the strong upright stems. They form little
+tufts of bloom at every joint for a length of nearly 2ft.; the
+succession, too, is well kept up. Buds continue to form long after the
+earliest have opened. The leaves are 4in. to 8in. long and 3/4in. wide,
+lance-shaped, stalkless, and finely toothed. They are arranged in round
+tufts on the unproductive crowns, and they remain green throughout the
+winter.
+
+As regards soil, any kind will do; neither is the question of position
+of any moment beyond the precaution which should be taken against its
+encroachments on smaller subjects. In the partial shade of shrubs it not
+only flowers well but proves very effective. Useful as this plant is in
+the garden, it becomes far more so in a cut state. When it is needful to
+make up a bold vase or basket of flowers for room decoration, it can be
+quickly and effectively done by a liberal use of its long, leafy, but
+well-bloomed spikes; five or six of them, 2ft. to 3ft. long, based with
+a few large roses, paeonies, or sprays of thalictrum, make a noble
+ornament for the table, hall, or sideboard, and it is not one of the
+least useful flowers for trays or dishes when cut short. Propagated by
+division at any time, the parts may be planted at once in their blooming
+quarters.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Campanula Latifolia.
+
+BROAD-LEAVED BELLFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ CAMPANULACEAE.
+
+
+A British species, very much resembling _C. grandis_, but somewhat
+taller, and flowering a little earlier; the latter quality has induced
+me to mention it, as it offers a fine spike for cutting purposes before
+the above is ready.
+
+Culture, uses, and propagation, the same as for _C. grandis_.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Campanula Persicifolia.
+
+PEACH-LEAVED BELLFLOWER; _Old Common Names_,
+"PEACH-BELS" _and_ "STEEPLE-BELS"; _Nat. Ord._
+CAMPANULACEAE.
+
+
+This good "old-fashioned" perennial has had a place in English gardens
+for several hundred years; it is still justly and highly esteemed. It is
+a well-known plant, and as the specific name is descriptive of the
+leaves, I will only add a few words of Gerarde's respecting the flowers:
+"Alongst the stalke growe many flowers like bels, sometime white, and
+for the most part, of a faire blewe colour; but the bels are nothing so
+deepe as they of the other kindes, and these also are more delated and
+spred abroade then any of the reste." The varieties include single blue
+(type) and white, double blue, and different forms of double white.
+
+In all cases the corolla is cup or broad bell shaped, and the flowers
+are sparingly produced on slightly foliaged stems, 18in. to 3ft. high;
+there are, however, such marked distinctions belonging to _C. p. alba
+fl.-pl._ in two forms that they deserve special notice; they are very
+desirable flowers, on the score of both quaintness and beauty. I will
+first notice the kind with two corollas, the inner bell of which will be
+more than an inch deep, and about the same in diameter. The outer
+corolla is much shorter, crumpled, rolled back, and somewhat marked with
+green, as if intermediate in its nature between the larger corolla and
+the calyx. The whole flower has a droll but pleasing form, and I have
+heard it not inaptly called "Grandmother's Frilled Cap." The other kind
+has five or more corollas, which are neatly arranged, each growing less
+as they approach the centre. In all, the segments are but slightly
+divided, though neatly formed; this flower is of the purest white and
+very beautiful, resembling a small double rose. It is one of the best
+flowers to be found at its season in the borders, and for cutting
+purposes I know none to surpass it; it is clean and durable. So much are
+the flowers esteemed, that the plant is often grown in pots for forcing
+and conservatory decoration, to which treatment it takes kindly.
+
+In the open all the above varieties grow freely in any kind of garden
+soil, but if transplanted in the autumn into newly-dug quarters they
+will in every way prove more satisfactory; this is not necessary, but if
+cultivation means anything, it means we should adopt the best-known
+methods of treatment towards all the plants we grow, and certainly some
+of the above Bellflowers are deserving of all the care that flowers are
+worth.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Campanula Pyramidalis.
+
+PYRAMIDAL _or_ CHIMNEY CAMPANULA; _Nat. Ord._
+CAMPANULACEAE.
+
+
+This herbaceous perennial is a very old flower in this country; it came
+from Carniola in the year 1594. It is very hardy, and for several months
+together it continues to produce its large lively blue flowers,
+beginning in July and lasting until stopped by frosts. At no time is it
+in finer form than in September; at the height of from 5ft. to 7ft. it
+proves richly effective amongst the blooming hollyhocks, where, as
+regards colour, it supplies the "missing link" (see Fig. 23).
+
+The flowers are a light bright blue colour, and 1in. to 11/2in. across.
+The corolla is bell-shaped, the five divisions being deeply cut, which
+allows the flower to expand well; the calyx is neat and smooth, the
+segments long and awl-shaped; the flower stalks are short, causing the
+numerous erect branches to be closely furnished with bloom during
+favourable weather. The leaves of the root are very large and stalked,
+of irregular shape, but for the most part broadly oval or lance-shaped.
+The edges are slightly toothed, having minute glands; those of the stems
+are much smaller, sessile, and long egg-shaped; all the foliage is
+smooth, and of a dark green colour; the main stems are very stout, and
+sometimes grow to the height of 7ft. Vigorous plants will send up
+several of these, from which a great number of small ones issue, all
+assuming an erect habit; blooming specimens are hardly anything else
+than a wand-like set of flowered stems, and though it is advisable to
+stake them, I have seen them bend and wave during high winds without
+damage.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23. CAMPANULA PYRAMIDALIS.
+
+(One-twentieth natural size; _a_, one-half natural size.)]
+
+In the borders and shrubbery this is a very effective subject; it is
+amongst herbaceous plants what the Lombardy poplar is amongst forest
+trees--tall, elegant, and distinct. Its use, however, is somewhat
+limited, owing to the stiffness of the stems and the shortness of the
+flower stalks; but when grown in pots--as it often is--for indoor
+decoration, it proves useful for standing amongst orange and camellia
+trees. It has very strong tap roots, and enjoys a deep rich loam. Not
+only does it look well among trees, but otherwise the partial shade of
+such quarters seems conducive to finer bloom.
+
+Flowering period, July to October.
+
+_C. p. alba_ is a white flowering variety of the above species; its
+other points of distinction are its smaller-sized leaves and much paler
+green colour, by which alone the plants may be easily recognised from
+the type. This variety may be grown with good effect in pots or the
+border; it scarcely gets so tall as the blue form, but looks well by the
+side of it.
+
+The readiest way to increase these plants is to take the young and dwarf
+growths from the woody crown of the roots, paring off a little of the
+bark with each. If these are put in sandy loam during the warm growing
+season and kept shaded for a few days, they will very soon make plenty
+of roots; this method in no way damages the flowers. Another way is by
+seed, but seedlings are two years before they bloom.
+
+
+
+
+Campanula Speciosa.
+
+SHOWY HAREBELL; _Nat. Ord._ CAMPANULACEAE.
+
+
+A comparatively new species, brought from Siberia in 1825, and sometimes
+called _C. glomerata dahurica_. It is a good hardy plant, perennial and
+herbaceous, and one of the earliest to flower. It has a distinct
+appearance; it nearly resembles _C. aggregata_, but the latter does not
+flower until several weeks later. Apart from its likeness to other
+species of the genus, it is a first-class border flower, having large
+bells of a fine deep purple colour, and, unlike many of the Harebells,
+is not over tall, but usually about a foot high, having a neat habit.
+The flowers are arranged in dense heads, whorl fashion, having very
+short stalks; they are nearly 2in. long and bell shaped. The leaves
+(radical) are oval heart-shaped and stalked; those of the stems are
+sessile; the whole plant is hairy and robust. This is one of the flowers
+which can hardly be planted out of place in any garden, excepting
+amongst the rare and very dwarf alpines; it is not only true to its
+name, "showy," but handsome. It will grow and flower well in the worst
+soil and needs no sort of care; it would be fine in lines by a
+shrubbery, and is effective in bold clumps; and though a new kind, it
+belongs to a race of "old-fashioned" flowers, amongst which it would mix
+appropriately. Increased by division in autumn.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Campanula Waldsteiniana.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ CAMPANULACEAE.
+
+
+A rare and distinct alpine species from Carinthia. It proves perfectly
+hardy in this climate. For the rock garden it is a gem of the first
+water, its habit being dwarf, dense, and rigid; floriferous as many of
+the Bellflowers are, I know none to excel this one. As may be observed
+in the following description, there are not a few distinctive traits
+about it, which, more or less, go to make it a desirable subject for
+rare and choice collections.
+
+The flowers are a glistening bluish-lilac, erect, and 3/4in. across when
+fully expanded. The corolla can hardly be said to be bell-shaped, as the
+five divisions are two-thirds of its depth, which allows it, when full
+blown, to become nearly flat, and as the segments are equal, sharply
+cut, and pointed, the flower has a star-like appearance. The little
+calyx is cup-shaped, angular, and has small, stout, horn-like segments,
+which are bent downwards. Each flower has a pedicel about 1in. long,
+which springs from the axils of the main stem leaves; the stems seldom
+exceed the height of 4in. or 5in., and they are exceedingly fine,
+thready, as also are the pedicels; they are, moreover, of zigzag form,
+from node to node. The leaves are 3/4in. long, and less than 1/2in. wide,
+ovate or nearly cordate, partially folded, and sometimes reflexed at the
+ends, nearly stalkless, slightly toothed, smooth, of good substance and
+a peculiar grey-green colour. The foliage for two or three weeks is
+completely hidden by the large number of flowers, during which time it
+is a most attractive subject.
+
+I grow it with other dwarf Campanulas in a collection bed, where it
+compares well with the finest, such as _C. pulla_, _C. muralis_, and _C.
+Zoysii_, for effectiveness. Having proved it to thrive well in light
+sandy soil of a vegetable character, I have not tried it otherwise; it
+enjoys a sunny situation. The site should be well drained; it will
+endure nothing like stagnant moisture--its peculiar roots would indicate
+this fact, they are not only tender and fleshy, but thick and of a
+pith-like nature, and, as I have never been able to gather any seed, and
+the propagation has to be carried out by root division, there requires
+to be a careful manipulation of these parts, for not only do they split
+and break with the least strain, but when so mutilated they are very
+liable to rot. I have found it by far the better plan to divide this
+plant after it has begun to grow in March or April, when its fine
+shining black shoots, which resemble horse hairs in appearance, are
+about 1/2in. high. Slugs are fond of this plant; a dressing once a week of
+sand and soot, when it begins to grow, will keep them off.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+
+
+
+Centaurea Montana.
+
+MOUNTAIN KNAPWEED; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+This is an "old-fashioned" and favourite flower. Every one must be
+familiar with its thistle-like formed flowers; it is sometimes called
+the large or perennial Cornflower and also the Large Bluebottle. The
+blue variety has been grown in English gardens since 1596. There are now
+white and pink coloured varieties, all rampant growers, very hardy and
+perennial. They are in every way superior to the annual kind, which is
+so largely grown, the flowers being more than twice the size, and
+produced two months earlier; the blooming period is maintained until
+late autumn.
+
+The flowers, as before hinted, are thistle-shaped; the pericline or knob
+just under the florets is cone-shaped, covered with evenly set and
+pointed scales, green, edged with a brown margin, set round with short
+bristle-like teeth. The florets of the outer ring are 11/2in. long,
+tubular half their length, the wider portion being five to seven cut;
+the centre florets are short and irregular, richly tinted with pink at
+their bases; the whole flower or ray, when expanded, is 3in. across.
+They are produced on stems over 2ft. long and of a somewhat procumbent
+habit, angular and branched near the tops; the leaves are 3in. to 6in.
+long, lance-shaped, entire and decurrent, giving the stems a winged
+appearance. They are of a greyish colour--nappy--whence the name
+Knapweed.
+
+This vigorous species, with its white and pink varieties, may be grown
+in any kind of soil. It requires plenty of room; a two-year-old plant
+will form a specimen a yard in diameter under favourable conditions. The
+effect is good when all the three colours are grown near each other in
+bold pieces. They yield an unfailing supply of flowers, which are of a
+very useful type; in fact, the more they are cut the more they seem to
+bloom, and it is a good plan to cut short half the stems about June.
+They will (in a week or two) produce new shoots and large flowers in
+abundance, the gain being flowers of extra size during autumn.
+
+Propagated by division of the roots any time.
+
+Flowering period, June to September.
+
+
+
+
+Centranthus Ruber.
+
+_Syn._ VALERIANA RUBER--RED VALERIAN; _Nat. Ord._
+VALERIANACEAE.
+
+
+This is a strong and vigorous garden plant, with a somewhat shrubby
+appearance; it is herbaceous, perennial, and sometimes classed as a
+British species, therefore hardy; but though its classification among
+British plants is justifiable, it is only so on the ground of its being
+a naturalised subject, its original habitats being in the South of
+Europe. It is a favourite and "old-fashioned" flower, and it fully
+justifies the estimation in which it is held, the flowers being produced
+in large bunches of a fine rich colour, which are very durable. Its
+shrubby habit is not one of its least recommendations; seen at a
+distance--which it easily can be--it might be taken for a ruby-coloured
+rhododendron, to which, of course, it has no resemblance when closely
+inspected. It grows 2ft. high or more.
+
+The flowers are a bright ruby colour, very small, but closely massed in
+great numbers, borne in corymbs, terminal and much branched; "the
+calyx-limb, at first revolute, afterwards expanded into a feather-like
+pappus;" the corolla is tubular, long, slender, and spurred; the
+segments or petals are small and uneven, both in form and arrangement;
+the germen is long; anther prominent and large for so small a flower,
+viz., 3/4in. long and hardly 1/4in. in diameter. The stems are stout, round,
+hollow, and glaucous; they are furnished with leaves of various shapes
+at the nodes, as lance-shaped, long oval, heart-shaped and plain,
+elliptical and pointed, wavy and notched, and arrow-shaped, lobed, and
+toothed. The root leaves are mostly ovate, lanceolate, and entire. The
+whole plant is smooth and glaucous. From the description given, it may
+readily be seen that when in flower it will be effective--massive heads
+of ruby flowers topping a shrub-like plant of shining foliage and
+glaucous hue. It is eminently fitted for lines or borders where other
+strong growers are admitted. In a cut state the flowers are very useful;
+they are strongly scented, something like the lilac, with just a
+suspicion of Valerian in it. I ought not to omit mention of its extra
+brightness as seen by gaslight--this fact adds much to its value for
+indoor decoration.
+
+It may be grown in any kind of garden soil, needing nothing at any time
+in the way of special treatment; but if it is supplied with a little
+manure it will pay back with interest, in the form of extra-sized
+bunches and brighter flowers.
+
+_C. r. albus_ is a white-flowering kind of the above; its main points of
+difference are its paler green foliage, smaller sized corymbs, shorter
+growth, and rather later season of bloom.
+
+_C. r. coccinea_ is another kind; the specific name is misleading. It is
+not scarlet, but nearer a rose colour, and when compared with the
+typical colour it appears much inferior; still, it is a good variety.
+All the three colours, when grown side by side, are very showy when in
+bloom.
+
+This species, with its varieties, may be easily propagated by root
+divisions at any time from late summer to spring; the long fleshy roots
+should not be broken more than can be helped; every piece with a crown
+on it will make a flowering plant the first season.
+
+Flowering period, June to September.
+
+
+
+
+Cheiranthus Cheiri.
+
+COMMON WALLFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ CRUCIFERAE.
+
+
+This well-known evergreen shrub (see Fig. 24) is more or less hardy in
+our climate, according to the conditions under which it is grown.
+Although a native of the South of Europe, it rarely happens, however
+severe the winter may be in this country, that we are totally deprived
+of the favourite bouquet of Wallflowers in winter or early spring, while
+it is equally true that, during the hard weather of one or two recent
+winters, in numerous gardens every plant was killed. In favourable
+seasons its blooms are produced throughout winter, but the full blow
+comes in April. Three hundred years ago it was known by its present
+name; in this respect it is a rare exception, as most flowers have many
+and widely different names, especially the "old-fashioned" sorts, so
+that often the varied nomenclature hinders the identification of the
+species. At one time the Wallflower was called the "Gillyflower," but
+the name is now only applied to a biennial and single-flowered variety
+of the stock--a near relation of the Wallflower. More than 200 years ago
+Parkinson wrote, "Those Wallflowers that, carrying beautiful flowers,
+are the delights and ornaments of a garden of pleasure."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24. CHIERANTHUS CHEIRI.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+Of its well-known beauties, as regards its form, colour, varieties, and
+delicious perfume, description is needless, though I may say, in
+passing, that its fragrance renders it of value to those whose olfactory
+nerve is dead to the scent of most other flowers.
+
+Two errors are frequently committed in planting the Wallflower; first,
+at the wrong time, when it is nearly a full-grown specimen and showing
+its flowers; next, in the wrong way, as in rows or dotted about. It
+should be transplanted from the seed beds when small, in summer or early
+autumn, and not in ones and twos, but in bold and irregular groups of
+scores together; anything like lines or designs seems out of harmony
+with this semi-wildling. There is another and very easy method which I
+should like to mention, as a suggestion--that of naturalisation; let
+those near ruins, quarries, and railway embankments and cuttings,
+generously scatter some seed thereon during the spring showers, when the
+air is still; in such dry situations this flower proves more hardy than
+in many gardens. Moreover, they serve to show it to advantage, either
+alone or in connection with other shrubs, as the whin, which flowers at
+the same time; here, too, it would be comparatively safe from being
+"grubbed up."
+
+Flowering period, January to June.
+
+
+
+
+Cheiranthus Marshallii.
+
+MARSHALL'S WALLFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ CRUCIFERAE.
+
+
+A distinct and very hardy hybrid, being shrubby and tree-like in shape,
+but withal very dwarf. From the compact habit, abundance and long
+duration of its flowers, it is well suited for showy borders or lines.
+It is not yet well known, but its qualities are such that there can be
+no wonder at its quickly coming to the front where known.
+
+It differs from the common Wallflower in being more dwarf and
+horizontally branched, while the leaves are more bent back, hairy, and
+toothed; immediately below the floriferous part of the stem the leaves
+are more crowded, the stems more angular, the flowers much less, not so
+straggling, and of a dark orange colour. Other hybrids in the same way
+are being produced, differing mostly in the colour of the flowers, as
+lemon, greenish-yellow, copper, and so on.
+
+Plants a year old are so easily raised from cuttings, and form such neat
+specimens, that a stock cannot be otherwise than very useful in any
+garden; besides, they lift so well that transplanting may be done at any
+time. My finest specimens have been grown from their cutting state, on a
+bed of sifted ashes liberally mixed with well-rotted stable manure; in
+such light material they have not only done well, but, when a few roots
+were required, they lifted large balls without leaving any fibre in the
+ground. To have good stout stock before winter sets in, slips should be
+taken from the old plants as soon as they have done flowering; dibble
+them into light but well enriched soil, and give water in droughty
+weather only.
+
+I ought to mention that this dwarf Wallflower, and also its allied
+kinds, are capital subjects for very dry situations; on old walls and
+the tops of outhouses they not only do well, but prove decorative
+throughout the year. In such places plants will live to a great age, and
+sow their own seed freely besides.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Chionodoxa Luciliae.
+
+SNOW GLORY; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy bulbous perennial, from Asia Minor. It has only been cultivated
+about four years in English gardens; still it has been proved to be as
+hardy as the squills, which it very much resembles. Mr. Maw, who
+discovered and introduced it, found it "near the summit of the
+mountain," which (though it is a native of a much warmer climate than
+ours) may account for its hardy character. That it is a most beautiful
+flower is beyond doubt, but there are those who think it has been
+overpraised. It should not, however, be forgotten that Mr. Maw's
+description of it was from a sight of it in masses, a state in which it
+can hardly have been judged yet in this country, as until very recently
+the bulbs were very expensive. It has, however, taken kindly to our
+climate, and is likely to increase fast, when it may be seen to greater
+advantage.
+
+It grows to the height of 6in. or 8in.; the flower scapes, which are
+rather slender, are somewhat shorter than the foliage, the flowers being
+longer in the petals than the squills, almost star-shaped, and nearly
+1in. across; later on they reflex. Their colour is an intense blue,
+shading to white in the centre of the flower. The flowers are produced
+in numbers, from three to six on a stem, having slender pedicels, which
+cause the flowers to hang slightly bell fashion. The leaves, from their
+flaccidness and narrowness, compared with the squills, may be described
+as grassy. The bulbs are a little larger than the kernel of a cob nut,
+nearly round, having satiny skins or coats.
+
+It may be grown in pots, and forces well if allowed first to make good
+roots, by being treated like the hyacinth. It should be kept very near
+the glass. It has also flowered fairly well in the open border fully
+exposed, but in a cold frame, plunged in sand and near the glass, it has
+been perfection. Single bulbs so grown in "sixties" pots have done the
+best by far.
+
+All the bulbs hitherto experimented with have been newly imported; very
+different results may possibly be realised from "home-grown" bulbs. It
+is also probable that there may be varieties of this species, as not
+only have I noticed a great difference in the bulbs, but also in the
+flowers and the habit of plant. This I have mentioned to a keen
+observer, and he is of the same opinion; be that as it may, we have in
+this new plant a lovely companion to the later snowdrops, and though it
+much resembles the squills, it is not only sufficiently distinct from
+them, but an early bloomer, which we gladly welcome to our gardens. It
+seems to do well in equal parts of peat, loam, and sand, also in leaf
+soil and sand.
+
+Flowering period, March and April.
+
+
+
+
+Chrysanthemum.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+The flowers to which I would now refer the reader are of no particular
+species, but, like several other genera, this genus has been
+considerably drawn upon or utilised by the hybridiser, and the species,
+looked upon from a florist's point of view, have been much improved
+upon by their offspring. Not only are Japan and China the homes of the
+finer flowering species, but in these countries the Chrysanthemum has
+been esteemed and highly cultivated for centuries; in fact, such a
+favourite is this flower with the Chinese, that they have treated it
+with many forms of their well-known art in matters horticultural, and
+when the flower was brought to this country it would doubtless be in a
+form improved by them. It reached this country nearly 100 years ago, and
+was known by the names _C. indicum_ and _C. sinense_; about the same
+time a species from the East Indies was called _C. indicum_. This
+flower, from the time of its introduction, has been justly appreciated;
+and by the skill of several cultivators we have a largely increased
+number of forms and colours. Still, there are certain distinctions kept
+up amongst the varieties, and they are commonly known by such names as
+"large-flowering," "pompon, or small-flowered," "early flowering,"
+"anemone-flowered," and "Japanese." These names, besides being somewhat
+descriptive, are otherwise useful to the amateur who may wish to grow a
+representative collection, and where there is convenience it is
+desirable to do so in order to observe their widely different forms and
+colours, as well as to enjoy a long succession of bloom.
+
+So well is the Chrysanthemum known that little could be usefully said of
+it by way of description; but well as it is known and easy as its
+culture is, there are few things in our gardens that show to greater
+disadvantage. This should not be with a subject which offers such range
+of habit, colour, and period of blooming; and when such is the case,
+there must be some radical mistake made. The mistake I believe to be in
+the selection, and that alone. If so, the remedy is an easy matter. Let
+me ask the reader to remember three facts: (1) Many sorts grown in pots
+and flowered under glass are unfitted for the borders or open garden.
+(2) The later flowering varieties are of no use whatever for outside
+bloom. (3) Of the early blooming section, not only may the finest
+varieties be grown with marked effect, but they, as a rule, are of more
+dwarf habit, and will afford abundance of bloom for cutting purposes for
+nearly two months. Selections are too often made from seeing the fine
+sorts in pots; let it be understood that all are perfectly hardy, but
+owing to their lateness, their utility can only be realised under
+artificial conditions. I am not now considering pot, but garden kinds,
+and no matter what other rules may be observed, if this is overlooked it
+will be found that though the plant may grow finely and set buds in
+plenty, they will be so late as to perish in their greenness by the
+early frosts; on the other hand, of the early section, some will begin
+to bloom in August, and others later, each kind, after being covered
+with flowers for several weeks, seeming to finish naturally with our
+season of flowers.
+
+There is nothing special about the culture of this very hardy and
+rampant-growing plant, but I may add that, though it will stand for many
+years in one place, and flower well too, it is vastly improved by
+division of the roots in autumn or early spring every second year. The
+earth of its new site should be deeply dug and well enriched with stable
+manure; it will not then matter much what sort of soil it is--the more
+open the situation the better. How grandly these decorate the borders
+when in masses! and as a cut flower I need hardly say that there are few
+to excel the Chrysanthemum, either as an individual bloom or for bouquet
+and other work.
+
+I do not frequently make mention of many florists' flowers by name, but
+in this case I think I may usefully name a few varieties: Andromeda,
+cream coloured, Sept.; Captain Nemo, rosy purple, Aug.; Cassy, pink and
+white, Oct.; Cromatella, orange and brown, Sept.; Delphine Caboche,
+reddish mauve, Aug.; Golden Button, small canary yellow, Aug.;
+Illustration, soft pink to white, Aug.; Jardin des Plantes, white,
+Sept.; La Petite Marie, white, good, Aug.; Madame Pecoul, large, light
+rose, Aug.; Mexico, white, Oct.; Nanum, large, creamy blush, Aug.;
+Precocite, large, orange, Sept.; Soeur Melaine, French white, Oct.;
+St. Mary, very beautiful, white, Sept. These, it will be seen, are
+likely to afford a variety and succession of bloom.
+
+Flowering period, August to November.
+
+
+
+
+Cichorium Intybus.
+
+_Syns._ C. PERENNE _and_ C. SYLVESTRE--WILD
+SUCCORY _or_ CHICORY; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+This herbaceous perennial is a native plant, in many parts being very
+common. Not only, however, do many not know it as a wild flower, but we
+have the facts that under cultivation it is a distinct and showy plant,
+and that of late it has come into great request. Its flowers are a
+pleasing blue, and produced on ample branches, and for mixing with other
+"old-fashioned" kinds, either in the borders or as cut blooms, they are
+decidedly telling; for blending with other Composites it has its value
+mainly from the fact that blues are rare in September; the China asters
+are too short in the stalk for cutting purposes, and many of the tall
+perennial starworts are neither bright nor well disposed. I may also
+mention another proof of its decorative quality--it is not common
+(_i.e._, wild) in my district, and a plant being cultivated in my garden
+for its flowers has been so much admired that it is likely to have other
+patrons, and in many instances it is being introduced into gardens where
+the choicest flowers are cultivated. I am bound, however, to say that
+when not in flower it has the appearance of the commonest weed.
+
+Its flowers are produced when 2ft. to 6ft. high. They are of a fine
+glistening blue colour, 1in. to 11/2in. across, and in the way of a
+dandelion flower, but stalkless individually, being disposed in ones,
+twos, and threes, somewhat distantly in the axils of the leaves, and all
+over the numerous and straggling branches. The leaves are rough, of a
+dingy green colour, and variously shaped, Gerarde's description being as
+follows: "Wilde Succori hath long leaues, somewhat snipt about the edges
+like the leaues of sow thistle, with a stalke growing to the height of
+two cubits, which is deuided towarde the top into many braunches. The
+flowers grow at the top blewe of colour; the roote is tough and woodie,
+with many strings fastened thereto."
+
+I find this plant not only enjoys a half shady place, but if it is so
+placed that its quick growing branches can mix with those of other
+subjects in a trellis or other supports, its coarser parts will not only
+be partially hidden, but the rich coloured flowers will show to
+advantage. I may mention that mine is mixed with Virginian creeper on
+wires, and the effect may easily be imagined. It will do in any kind of
+garden soil, but if deeply dug and well manured the flowers are vastly
+improved. Propagated by seed or division of the stout tap roots.
+
+Flowering period, August to September.
+
+
+
+
+Clethra Alnifolia.
+
+ALDER-LEAVED CLETHRA; _Nat. Ord._ ERICACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy deciduous shrub, and mentioned in connection with herbaceous
+perennials because of its rich flowers and dwarf habit. It is a native
+of North America, having been grown in this country for 150 years; it is
+not so often met with as it ought to be, though much esteemed. It
+becomes very productive of flowers when only 2ft. high, but grows
+somewhat taller when well established; it is more valuable than common
+from its floriferousness, during late summer to the end of the season.
+
+Let me at once state that its winning point is the delicious scent of
+its pure white flowers; it is very powerful, and like that of the lilac
+and alder combined; the racemes are 2in. or 3in. long, and compactly
+formed of short-stalked flowers less than 1/2in. across; they are of good
+substance, and in form resemble the lilac flower minus the tube; the
+flower stems are somewhat woody, and foliaged to the base of the spike
+or raceme. The leaves are of varying sizes, oval, lance-shaped, and
+short-stalked, distinctly veined and slightly wrinkled, sharp but finely
+toothed, of a dark shining green colour on the upper and a greyish-green
+on the under side. The whole shrub is somewhat rough to the touch; the
+habit is bushy and branching, increasing in size from suckers; the
+numerous twiggy side shoots of the previous year's growth produce the
+flowers.
+
+It enjoys a light soil and sunny situation, and it may be planted
+anywhere in the shrubbery or borders as a first-class flowering subject.
+Its scent loads the air for some distance around, and pleasantly reminds
+one of spring flowers. Such sweet-smelling flowers are not too plentiful
+in September, and I know not a better one than this amongst hardy
+flowers for the late season. Its odour is fine and full; a single sprig
+now by me proves almost too much for the confinement of a room. This
+quality is invaluable in small flowers that can be freely cut, which,
+moreover, as in this case, are otherwise suitable for bouquet work.
+Propagated by cuttings and division of the suckers, taken when growth
+has ceased; if put in sandy loam and a warm situation, they will become
+rooted during the following spring.
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+
+
+
+Colchicum Autumnale.
+
+MEADOW SAFFRON; _Common Name_, AUTUMNAL CROCUS; _Nat.
+Ord._ MELANTHACEAE.
+
+
+A native bulbous perennial (see Fig. 25). The Colchicums are often
+confounded with the autumn-flowering species of croci, which they much
+resemble when in bloom; the similarity is the more marked by the
+absence, from both, of their leaves in that season, otherwise the leaves
+would prove to be the clearest mark of difference. Botanically they are
+far removed from each other, being of different orders, but there is no
+need to go into such distinctions, not, at any rate, in this case.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25. COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE
+
+(about one-sixth natural size.)]
+
+The flowers are well known and they need not be described further than
+by saying they are in form crocus-like, but much longer in the tubes and
+of a bright mauve-purple colour. The bulbs have no resemblance to the
+crocus whatever, being often four times the size of the crocus corms.
+Moreover, they are pear-shaped and covered with flaky wrappers of a
+chestnut brown colour; if examined, these coverings will be found, near
+the neck of the bulb, to be very numerous and slack fitting, extending
+above the ground, where they have the form of decayed or blackened
+foliage; a singular fact in connection with the roots is, they are not
+emitted from the base of the bulb, but from the side of the thickened or
+ovate part, and are short and tufty. In early spring the leaves, which
+are somewhat like the daffodil, but much broader and sheathed, are
+quickly grown; at the same time the fruit appears. In summer the foliage
+suddenly turns brown, and in the autumn nothing is seen but blackened
+foliage, which is very persistent, and which, a little later, acts as
+sheaths for the long-tubed flowers. Unless the weather be very
+unfavourable, these flowers last a long time--fully two weeks. The
+double variety, which is somewhat scarce, is even more lasting, and I
+may add, it is a form and colour so softly and richly shaded that it is
+nothing short of exquisite; but the single variety, now more especially
+under notice, is also capable of agreeably surprising its friends when
+used in certain ways, for instance, as follows: A tray of the bright
+green and nearly transparent selaginella, so common in all greenhouses,
+should form the ground for twos or threes of these simple but elegant
+Saffron flowers; no other should be placed near--their simplicity forms
+their charm. It will be seen that the robust but soft-coloured flower of
+the meadows harmonises finely with the more delicately grown moss. In
+other ways this fine autumnal flower may be used with pleasing effect in
+a cut state, and it blends well with the more choice exotics. This is
+more than can be said of many hardy flowers, and it is fortunate that
+during dull weather, when we are driven from our gardens, there are
+still some flowers which may be hastily gathered and so arranged indoors
+as to give us all the pleasure which only such flowers can yield at such
+a season.
+
+I find this subject to do well in any situation, but I think the blooms
+are a richer colour if grown under partial shade. The bulbs should not
+be disturbed if abundance of flowers are wanted; but if it is found
+desirable to propagate them, the bulbs may be lifted every two or three
+years, when the tops have withered, and when there will probably be
+found a goodly crop of young tubers.
+
+Flowering period, September and October.
+
+
+
+
+Colchicum Variegatum.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ MELANTHACEAE.
+
+
+This comes from Greece, nevertheless it is perfectly hardy; it is not
+only peculiarly pretty when closely examined, but a truly handsome
+flower, either as cut bloom or seen in groups in a growing state.
+Compared with _C. autumnale_, it is shorter in the tube, or more dwarf;
+still, it is a larger flower, and its rosy purple petals, or divisions
+of the corolla, are more spear-shaped, and each from 2in. to 3in. long;
+they have a stout and almost white mid-rib, the other parts of the
+segments being distinctly and beautifully chequered with white and rosy
+purple; the tube is stout, and of transparent whiteness; the foliage
+less than that of the British species, and more wavy. The habit of the
+flowers is erect, and during sunshine they become flatly expanded, when
+they will be 4in. to 5in. across, being 3in. to 4in. high. It is a very
+durable flower, lasting at least a fortnight, and many are produced
+from one bulb, appearing in succession, so that the blooming period is
+well extended; it braves the worst weather with little or no damage.
+Unlike the longer-tubed varieties, it is never seen in a broken state,
+and it is this which mainly renders it superior. Either as a cut flower,
+or a decorative subject for the borders or rockwork, it is a first-rate
+plant, being neat and showy.
+
+It enjoys a sandy loam in a moist but warm situation; at the base of a
+small rockwork having a southern aspect it flourishes to perfection; it
+can hardly be planted wrongly provided there is no stagnant moisture.
+Propagated like _C. autumnale_, than which it is of slower increase.
+
+Flowering period, September and October.
+
+
+
+
+Coreopsis Auriculata.
+
+EAR-LEAVED COREOPSIS; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26. COREOPSIS AURICULATA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+The oldest species of the genus grown in English gardens; its flowers
+are yellow, but dotted at the base of the ray florets. The leaves, as
+implied by the name, are dissimilar to other species, being lobed and
+having ear-like appendages; but this feature is far from constant, and
+otherwise the leaves differ, being sub-sessile and oval-lance-shaped
+(see Fig. 26). It came from North America as long ago as 1699. Slugs are
+very fond of these plants, and in winter more especially, when the
+dormant eyes are not only in a green, but exposed state; they should be
+watched after, or during one mild night the whole may be grazed off, to
+the great injury of the plant.
+
+Its habit, uses, culture, and propagation are the same as for _C.
+tenuifolia_.
+
+
+
+
+Coreopsis Grandiflora.
+
+LARGE-FLOWERED COREOPSIS; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+In many parts this resembles _C. lanceolata_, its main distinction being
+implied by its name. The flowers are larger and the ray florets more
+deeply cut; it is also bolder in the foliage, and the stems grow nearly
+as strong as willows. It is an abundant bloomer, and a good specimen is
+a glorious object during the autumn. It comes from North America, but my
+experience of it is that it is not so hardy as _C. lanceolata_ and _C.
+auriculata_.
+
+Habit, uses, culture, and propagation, as for _C. lanceolata_.
+
+
+
+
+Coreopsis Lanceolata.
+
+SPEAR-LEAVED COREOPSIS; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+This form of bright yellow flower is in great favour during August, but
+that is not all. The various kinds of this genus are plants of the
+easiest culture, and their rich flowers are produced in great quantities
+from midsummer to the time the frosts begin. This species has been said
+to be only of a biennial character; it is, however, understood generally
+to be perennial, though not quite so hardy as others which come from the
+colder climates of America. It was imported from Carolina in 1724, and
+in this country proves hardy in selected situations, where its roots are
+comparatively dry in winter, and I may add that it proves a true
+perennial.
+
+When the plant has attained the height of a foot it begins to flower;
+each bloom has a long pedicel, nearly naked, also round and smooth. The
+flowers are a shining yellow colour, and nearly 3in. across; the florets
+of the ray are flatly arranged, shield-shaped, pleated, and
+four-toothed, the teeth being sometimes jagged; the disk is small for so
+large a flower; the florets brown and yellow. The double involucrum,
+common to the genus, has its upper set of bracteoles rolled outward;
+they are of a brownish colour; the lower set are green and wheel-shaped
+during the period of a perfect ray, and they alternate with the upper
+ones. The leaves, as may be inferred from the specific name, are
+lance-shaped, 2in. to 6in. long, smooth and entire; they are attenuated
+to the stems, which they more or less clasp. The habit of the plant is
+much branched, but only slightly at base; it becomes top-heavy from the
+numerous shoots near the top, which cause it to be procumbent; otherwise
+this subject would rank with tall growers. It is one of the most useful
+flowers, both, in the garden and when cut, the long stalks in both cases
+adding much to its effectiveness; its form and brightness are sure to
+commend it, no matter whether it happens to be a fashionable flower or
+otherwise. It is at once a bold and delicate form, and one that
+harmonises with any other kinds and colours.
+
+It should be grown in deeply-dug and well-enriched earth, and, as
+already hinted, the drier the situation the more safely will it winter.
+Not only that, but on raised beds or banks sloping to the full sunshine
+it will also flower to perfection. All its family, so far as I have
+proved them, hate excessive moisture. Its propagation may be by
+division, as in this damp climate it does not seem to ripen seed, but I
+have found sometimes not a little difficulty in dividing the woody
+roots, as frequently there is only one stem below the surface with
+roots. When there are more the difficulty is lessened, but I have
+noticed that the stronger branches which are weighted to the ground form
+rudimentary roots where in contact with the earth. These may either be
+pegged and covered with soil, or cut off and made into cuttings,
+removing most of the tops. If the latter is done during August they will
+become well rooted before the frosts appear.
+
+Flowering period, July to October.
+
+
+
+
+Coreopsis Tenuifolia.
+
+SLENDER-LEAVED COREOPSIS; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+Hardy, herbaceous, and perennial; a native of North America, and a
+distinct species, from its finely-cut foliage and small, dark,
+orange-yellow flowers. For several weeks it has a few flowers, but
+during September it literally covers itself with bloom, so that it is
+one of the most pleasing objects in the garden.
+
+It grows 2 ft. high; each flower has a long nearly nude stalk, slender
+but wiry; the flowers are 11/2in. across, and of a deep yellow colour; the
+florets of the ray are more distant from each other than is the case
+with many of the genus; the disk is small, dark brown, but changing from
+the appearance and disappearance of the yellow seed organs. The foliage,
+as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 27), is deeply and finely cut,
+of a dark green colour, and so arranged that each node has a nearly
+uniform dressing; the main stems are slender, and bend gracefully with
+the least breeze, and otherwise this plant proves a lively subject. Its
+habit is bushy and very floriferous, and it is well worth a place in
+every garden. It cannot fail to win admiration; even when growing, and
+before the flowers appear, it is a refreshing plant to look upon. In a
+cut state, the bloom, if taken with long stems, is well adapted for
+relieving large and more formal kinds. Tastes differ, and in, perhaps,
+nothing more than floral decorations; all tastes have a right to a share
+of indulgence, and in claiming my privilege in the use of this flower,
+I should place two or three sprays (stems) alone in a glass or bright
+vase, but there might be added a spike of the cardinal flower or a pair
+of single dahlias and a falling spray of the Flame nasturtium
+(_Tropaeolum speciosum_).
+
+This plant should have a rich soil, sunny aspect, and a raised or
+well-drained site, and this is all it needs; it is not a subject to
+increase fast; not only, however, may it be easily divided, but if
+properly done after the tops have died down, the smallest pieces will
+make good blooming stock the first season.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27. COREOPSIS TENUIFOLIA.
+
+(One-sixth natural size; _a_, half natural size.)]
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+
+
+
+Cornus Canadensis.
+
+CANADIAN CORNELL, _or_ DOGWOOD; _Nat. Ord._
+CORNACEAE.
+
+
+This pretty herbaceous plant is sometimes said to be a British species;
+its specific name, however, somewhat forbids that opinion. _C. suecica_,
+which is British, is very similar in all its parts, and the two may have
+been confounded. They flower, however, at very different dates, _C.
+Canadensis_ beginning in June and continuing until well into autumn;
+during the month of August the flowers are in their finest form and
+greatest numbers. It grows 6in. to 8in. high, and notwithstanding its
+dwarfness, it proves a most attractive object, being not only
+conspicuous for so small a plant, but chastely beautiful.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28. CORNUS CANADENSIS.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+The flowers are exceedingly small, strictly speaking, and are arranged
+in a minute umbel in the midst of a bract of four white pink-tinted
+leaves; these latter are commonly taken for the petals, and, as may be
+seen in the illustration (Fig 28), the real flowers will only appear as
+so many stamens; but at their earlier stage these are of a yellowish
+colour; later the purplish style becomes prominent and imparts that
+colour to the umbel, and, in due time, small fruit are formed. All the
+while the bract of pleasing white leaves remain in unimpaired condition;
+they are arranged in two pairs, one of larger size than the other,
+somewhat heart-shaped and bluntly-pointed, richly tinted at their edges
+and tips with a bright pink colour, and forming a flower-like bract
+11/2in. across the broadest part. The bract and pedicels of the umbel all
+spring from the extremity of a peduncle 11/2in. long, square, but of wiry
+character; this grows from the midst of a whorl of six leaves, and
+sometimes only four. They are in pairs, one pair being larger than their
+fellows, and are from 11/2in. to 2in. long, elliptical-oblong, entire,
+smooth, waved, distinctly veined, tinted with pink at the tips and
+edges, and of a pale apple-green colour. On the stem, below the whorl of
+leaves, there is one pair more, varying only in size, being rather less.
+The habit of the species is neatness itself. From the slightly creeping
+roots, the perennial stems are produced separately, forming compact
+colonies of bright foliage, topped with its lively bracts.
+
+It is a suitable plant for the moist parts of rockwork, where it may be
+grown with such things as _Cardamine trifolia_, _Galax aphylla_, _Pyrola
+rotundifolia_, and _Salix reticulata_, and it would form a rich edging
+to choice dwarf plants, more especially if the position were
+gutter-formed, as it loves moisture in abundance. In such positions as
+those just mentioned, together with a light vegetable soil, this plant
+will grow to perfection, and that it is worth a proper place is
+evidenced by its long-continued blooming. Many flowers come and go
+during its period of attractiveness, and, after the summer flush, it is
+one to remain, braving alike the hot sunshine and heavy rain. Its
+propagation is by division of the roots in autumn or very early spring.
+
+Flowering period, June to October.
+
+
+
+
+Corydalis Lutea.
+
+YELLOW FUMITORY; _Nat. Ord._ FUMARIACEAE.
+
+
+A native herbaceous perennial, though somewhat rare in a wild state. As
+grown in gardens, where it seems to appreciate cultural attentions, it
+proves both useful and effective, especially when placed in partial
+shade (when its foliage has an almost maiden-hair-like appearance), or
+as an edging it proves both neat and beautiful.
+
+It seldom exceeds a foot in height. The flowers are small, a yellow,
+white and green mixture, the yellow predominating; they are produced in
+loose spare racemes, on well-foliaged diffuse stems, which are also
+angular; the calyx is composed of two leaves; the petals are four,
+forming a snapdragon-like flower. The leaves are bipinnate, leaflets
+wedge-shape, trifoliate, and glaucous; the foliage very dense, having a
+pretty drooping habit. It flowers all summer, and is one of the most
+useful plants in a garden to cut from, the foliage being more valuable
+than the flowers.
+
+Its native habitats are said to be old walls and ruins, but I have
+proved it for years to do grandly in ordinary garden soil, both exposed
+and in the shade of fruit trees. When once established it propagates
+itself freely by seed. I ought to add that it answers admirably grown in
+pots for window decoration, the rich foliage nearly hiding the pot.
+
+Flowering period, May to October.
+
+
+
+
+Corydalis Nobilis.
+
+NOBLE _or_ GREAT-FLOWERED CORYDALIS; _Nat. Ord._
+FUMARIACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29. CORYDALIS NOBILIS.
+
+(One-half natural size; blossom, natural size.)]
+
+A hardy tuberose perennial, imported from Siberia in 1783. It is one of
+that section of the Fumitories called "Hollowe Roote," the
+appropriateness of which name is most amply illustrated in the species
+now under consideration. If, in the first or second month of the year, a
+strong specimen is examined, the long and otherwise stout tuberous root
+will be found, immediately under the healthy and plump crown, to be not
+only hollow, but so decayed that the lower and heavy fleshy parts of the
+root, which are attached to the crown by a narrow and very thin portion
+of the root bark, in such a way as to suggest that the lower parts might
+as well be cut off as useless--but, let me say, do not cut it. If it is
+intended to replant the specimen, let it go back to "Mother Earth" with
+all its parts, deformed as some may seem to us; otherwise _Corydalis
+nobilis_ will be anything but a noble plant at the flowering season; it
+may not die, but it will probably make for itself another "hollowe
+roote" before it produces any flowers, The habit and form of this plant
+are perfect (see Fig. 29), and there are other points of excellence
+about it which cannot be shown by an engraving, in the way of the
+arrangements of colours and shades. Seldom does the little plant, so
+full of character, exceed a height of 8in. The specimen from which the
+drawing was made was 7in., and grown fully exposed in a pot plunged in
+sand. Another plant, grown on rockwork, "high and dry," is about the
+same size, but it looks better fed. Probably the long roots are short of
+depth in pots, and the amount of decay may soon poison the handful of
+mould contained therein. Be that as it may, the specimens grown in pots
+have a hungry appearance compared with those less confined at the roots.
+
+The flowers are a pleasing mixture of white, yellow, brown, and green.
+The four petals are of such a shape and so arranged as to form a small
+snapdragon-like flower. These are densely produced in a terminal cluster
+in pyramid form on the stout and richly-foliaged stem; dense as is the
+head of flowers, every floret is alternated with a richly-cut leaf, both
+diminishing in size as they near the top. The older flowers become
+yellow, with two petals tipped with brown, the younger ones have more
+white and green, and the youngest are a rich blend of white and green;
+the head or truss is therefore very beautiful in both form and colour,
+and withal exquisitely scented, like peach blossom and lilac. The leaves
+are stalked bipinnate; leaflets three-parted, cut, and glaucous; there
+are few plants with more handsome foliage, and its beauty is further
+enhanced by the gracefully bending habit of the whole compound leaf. The
+flowers are too stiff for cutting, and otherwise their fine forms,
+colours, and perfume cannot well be enjoyed unless the plants are grown
+either in pots or at suitable elevations on rockwork, the latter being
+the more preferable way. The long blooming period of this plant adds not
+a little to its value, lasting, as it does, quite a month, the weather
+having little or no effect on the flowers.
+
+Any kind of sweet garden soil seems to do for it, and its propagation is
+carried out by careful root division.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Corydalis Solida.
+
+_Common Name_, FUMITORY; _Nat. Ord._ FUMARIACEAE.
+
+
+This is said to be a British species, but it is a doubtful, as well as
+somewhat scarce one. Though but a small plant of the height of 6in. or
+8in., it is very effective, being compact with finely-cut foliage of a
+pale glaucous green, and the stems pleasingly tinted. For some weeks in
+early spring it forms a graceful object on rockwork, where it seems to
+thrive well.
+
+The flowers, which are purple, are not showy; still, they are effective
+from the way in which they are borne, as the illustration (Fig. 30) will
+show. Its specific name is in reference to its root, which is bulbous
+and solid. Many of the Fumitories have remarkably hollow roots, and one
+of the old names of this genus is written "Hollowe roote." When the
+flowers fade the whole plant withers, nothing being left but the bulbous
+roots to complete their ripening; still, this should not hinder its
+extensive cultivation, because it not only appears in its best form when
+flowers are rare, but also because it is so pleasingly distinct.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30. CORYDALIS SOLIDA.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+I find it to do well on rockwork, also in well-drained borders of light
+loam. It should be allowed to increase until it forms good-sized tufts,
+which it soon does. To propagate it, it is only necessary to divide the
+tubers any time from July to October.
+
+Flowering period, February to May.
+
+
+
+
+Crocus Medius.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ IRIDACEAE.
+
+
+This is a charming kind, seldom seen and, perhaps, little known; the
+name would imply that it is a variety having equal traits of two other
+forms. It blooms in January and the flowers appear without any foliage.
+So well is the Crocus known, it will only be needful to state the more
+striking features of the one under notice.
+
+The flowers are produced on tubes 3in. to 5in. long, and stoutly formed;
+the colour is a shaded lilac-purple, striped with darker lines; the
+petals or divisions of the perianth are 11/2in. long and 1/2in. broad,
+shining or satiny, and become well expanded during the short moments of
+winter sunshine; the stamens are half the length of perianth, of a fine
+deep orange colour, and covered with a thick coat of pollen all their
+visible length. In rich contrast with these is the style, with its tuft
+of filaments of a bright orange scarlet colour. From this description it
+will be seen that the flower is a rather small Crocus, but from the soft
+tints of the perianth, and more pronounced and bright colours of the
+seed organs, it is one of much beauty. These features, added to the
+facts of the bloom appearing in winter and having the scent of wild
+roses, are sure to render it a favourite kind wherever grown. The leaves
+are short and narrow, almost grassy.
+
+It enjoys a light but rich loam and sunny aspect, and increases itself
+freely by offsets of the matured corms, clumps of which may be divided
+after the foliage has withered.
+
+Flowering period, January.
+
+
+
+
+Cyananthus Lobatus.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ POLEMONACEAE.
+
+
+A small plant with a large flower, a veritable gem; no collection of
+choice alpines can be complete without this species. A native of Chinese
+Tartary, brought to this country in 1844, where it proves perfectly
+hardy in the most exposed parts of the open garden; it is herbaceous and
+perennial; its large and brilliant flowers are very beautiful, but all
+its other parts are small, as may be seen in the illustration (Fig. 31).
+It is seldom met with except in collections of rare plants, but there is
+no reason why it should not be more commonly grown, as its requirements
+are now well understood. It is not a showy subject, but, when examined,
+it proves of exquisite beauty.
+
+The flowers are of a bright purple-blue colour, over an inch across, the
+petals being of good substance, tongue-shaped, and falling backwards,
+when the china-like whiteness about the top of the tube becomes more
+exposed; the calyx is very large, nearly egg-shaped, having five
+finely-pointed and deeply-cut segments; the bulky-looking part, which
+has an inflated appearance, is neatly set on a slender stem, and densely
+furnished with short black hairs of even length; this dusky coat has a
+changeable effect, and adds not only to the character, but also to the
+beauty of the flower. The small attenuated leaves are alternate and
+laxly arranged on the flower stems, which are 6in. to 12in. long, round,
+and nearly red. Each leaf is less than 1in. long, distinctly lobed with
+five or more lobes, and all the edges are turned back, causing the
+foliage to appear thick and well finished; the foliage of the stems not
+bearing flowers is more closely set. The habit of the plant is
+procumbent; stems contorted, and producing solitary flowers.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31. CYANANTHUS LOBATUS.
+
+(Natural size.)]
+
+It should be grown on rockwork, where its stems can nestle between the
+stones and its roots find plenty of moisture, as in a dip or hollowed
+part; the long and fleshy roots love to run in damp leaf mould and
+sand. The position should be open and sunny, in order to have flowers.
+Cuttings may be taken during summer, and struck in sandy peat kept
+moist, or strong roots may be divided. The latter method is the less
+desirable, not only because of jeopardising the parent stock but also
+because strong roots show to greater advantage when not separated.
+
+Flowering period, September and October.
+
+
+
+
+Cypripedium Calceolus.
+
+ENGLISH LADY'S SLIPPER; _Nat. Ord._ ORCHIDACEAE.
+
+
+This well-known terrestrial orchid is a rare British plant, very
+beautiful, and much admired, so much so, indeed, that many desire to
+grow it. It happens, however, that it seldom thrives under cultural
+treatment, and seems to prefer a home of its own selection, but its
+habitats are said now to be very few in Great Britain, it having been
+hunted out and grubbed up everywhere. Fortunately, it can be grown in
+gardens, and in good form, though rarely seen thus. To see well-grown
+flowers of this orchid either makes us feel more contented with our own
+climate or strongly reminds us of others where the most gorgeous
+varieties of flowers and fruit grow wild. It is large and striking,
+fragrant, and very beautiful; no one can see it, especially in a growing
+state, without being charmed by its freshness and simplicity; it also
+forms one of the finest specimens for the student in botany, and in
+every way it is a plant and flower of the highest merit (see Fig. 32).
+It should be in all collections of choice plants, and every amateur
+should persevere until he succeeds in establishing it.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32. CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+Under cultivation it flowers in early May, at a height of 9in. to 12in.;
+the flowers are composed of a calyx of three brownish-purple sepals,
+which have only the appearance of two, from the fact of the lower two
+being joined or grown together, and even so combined they are somewhat
+less than the upper sepal. The division may be observed at the tips,
+though in some specimens it is microscopic--in the one now by me it is
+hardly the eighth of an inch. Two petals; these are cross-form in
+relation to the sepals, of the same colour, and a little longer--about
+2in.--narrow, drooping, pointed, and slightly twisted when a few days
+old; lip, "blown out like a slipper," shorter than the sepals,
+compressed, richly veined, and lemon yellow. The seed organs are
+curious, the stigma being foot-stalked, peltate, and placed between and
+above the anthers. The leaves are pale green, very hairy, many-ribbed,
+stem-clasping, alternate, ovate, and slightly wavy; the lower ones are
+5in. or 6in. long and 2in. to 3in. wide, and pointed. The root is
+creeping, the fibres stout, long, wiry, and bent. During spring the
+plant makes rapid growth, and seldom bears more than one flower; for the
+first time a plant produced two with me in 1882. They are sweetly
+scented, like the primrose.
+
+Many amateurs, who have otherwise proved their knowledge of the
+requirements of plants by growing large and choice collections, have
+failed to establish this after many trials; and were it not for the fact
+that with me it is growing in various positions and under different
+modes of treatment, and that it has so grown for several years, I think
+I should not have ventured to give hints to experienced horticulturists.
+In my opinion, four conditions are strictly necessary in order to
+establish this native orchid in our garden: (1) A strong specimen with a
+goodly portion of the rhizoma attached; (2) Firm or solid planting
+during autumn; (3) Moist situation; (4) Shade from the mid-day sun.
+Further information may be best given by stating the _modus operandi_:
+Several years ago a number of good roots were planted in sandy loam of a
+calcareous nature. They were put in somewhat deeply, the roots carefully
+spread out, and the soil made solid by repeated waterings, the position
+being shaded by an apple tree. They are now well established, and only
+receive a top dressing of leaves and manure to keep them cool and moist
+in summer. At the same time a number were potted deeply in loam, peat,
+and broken oyster shells; when filling in the compost, it, too, was
+washed to the roots, so as to make all solid by frequent applications;
+the pots have always been kept in cool and shady quarters, and plunged;
+they bloom well every season. I have likewise found another plan to
+answer well. In a moist corner make up a low-lying bed of sand and peat,
+mostly sand, plant 9in. deep, and make all solid, as before, by water.
+When the growths appear on the surface, water with weak liquid manure,
+and if shade does not exist from the mid-day sun, some should be
+provided; in this way I am now growing my finest specimens; but if once
+the roots become dry, the plants will suffer a serious check. I feel
+equally confident that the roots enjoy a firm bed, but it should be of
+such material that they can freely run in it.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Daphne Cneorum.
+
+TRAILING DAPHNE; _Common and Poetical Name_, GARLAND
+FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ THYMELACEAE.
+
+
+An alpine shrub from Austria; dwarf, evergreen, and having a tendency to
+creep. It is deservedly a great favourite; it wins admiration by its
+neat and compact form and its dense and numerous half-globular heads of
+rosy pink flowers, which are exceedingly fragrant, in the way of the old
+clove carnation, but more full.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33. DAPHNE CNEORUM.
+
+(One-fourth natural size; (1) flower, full size.)]
+
+The flower buds are formed during the previous season of growth, like
+those of the rhododendron; for many days before the flowers open the
+buds have a very pleasing appearance, being closely packed and
+coral-like; when all the florets are expanded they form a half-globular
+head 1in. to 11/2in. across, being of a lively pink colour. The flowers
+are composed of a tubular calyx, four-parted; leaves inversely ovate,
+lanceolate, pointed, and entire; about an inch long, and narrow; of a
+dark green colour and much substance, being arranged in circular form on
+the round and somewhat wiry, tough stems, which in time become very long
+and bare.
+
+In order to grow this shrub well, three conditions are needful, viz., a
+moderately pure atmosphere, exposure to full sunshine, and plenty of
+moisture; it also prefers peat or vegetable soil, but this is not
+strictly needful if the other conditions are present. I have grown the
+specimen, from part of which the illustration (Fig. 33) was drawn, for
+four years in rich loam, without a particle of peat, but the roots have
+been protected against drought by large stones at the base of small
+rockwork. Doubtless, peat, where it is plentiful, used in addition to
+the above compost, would prove beneficial. After a few years' growth in
+one position, bushes which have become long and bare in the stems may be
+transplanted with advantage, laying in the stems to a moderate depth,
+from which new roots will issue the first season; this is also the
+readiest way of propagation. February or September would be suitable
+months for such operation, but the latter would probably interfere with
+its flowering at that time, when frequently a second but spare crop is
+produced.
+
+Flowering periods, April and May, and again in September.
+
+
+
+
+Daphne Mezereum.
+
+MEZEREON; _Old Names_, SPURGE-FLAX, GERMAN
+OLIVE-SPURGE, _and_ DWARF BAY; _Nat. Ord._
+THYMELACEAE.
+
+
+This is a dwarf deciduous shrub, which produces its welcome flowers in
+great abundance whilst bare of leaves; it is a British species, though
+not occurring generally, yet it is pretty well known from its extensive
+cultivation as a garden shrub. The flowers are very desirable, from the
+way in which they are produced in knotted clusters on the long stems;
+they appear in winter; moreover, they are of a hardy and durable nature
+and very sweetly scented. As a shrub it is very suitable for any sized
+garden, being dwarf--2ft. to 4ft. In some parts it is a general
+favourite, and may be seen in almost every garden; such patronage is
+well merited, as it not only enlivens the garden at a dead season, but
+it heralds spring time and furnishes long sprigs of wallflower-scented
+blossom as cut bloom, which shows to advantage by gaslight.
+
+There are interesting facts in connection with this shrub that add to
+its charm. It was esteemed of old of great virtue; all its parts are hot
+and biting, more especially the berries, of which it was said that "if a
+drunkard do eate--he cannot be allured to drinke any drinke at that
+time: such will be the heate of his mouth and choking in the throte."
+Its wood is very soft and tough, and cannot easily be broken; this,
+however is a quality common to the genus. The berries are poisonous to
+man, but birds are so fond of them that they are rarely allowed to
+become ripe, at least, such is the case near towns. The seeds of this
+and allied species are used in the South of Europe as a yellow dye for
+wool. From its importance, the shrub has been long and widely known, and
+both its botanical and common names are numerous; for these, however,
+the reader may not care. It is seldom called by any other than its
+specific name, Mezereon, which Gerarde describes as English-Dutch.
+
+Its flowers, which are purple, come on the otherwise naked stems of last
+season's growth, lateral fashion, in threes mostly, and sometimes the
+blossomed stems will be over a foot in length; the flowers are 1/2in.
+long, sessile and funnel-shaped; the limb four-cut; sweet smelling and
+very durable. The berries are the size of a small pea, bright green at
+first, then turning to red, and ultimately to a nearly black colour. The
+leaves--lance-shaped, smooth, and deciduous--appear after the flowers.
+The habit is branched and erect, forming neat bushes. In a wild state it
+flowers in March and April, but under cultivation it is much earlier.
+
+In the garden it may be planted under other trees, where it proves one
+of a scarce class of shade-loving flowering shrubs; it also does well in
+open quarters. In gardens, where its fruit is unmolested, it is,
+perhaps, more attractive than when in blossom, as then the foliage adds
+to its beauty. The flowers in a cut state are serviceable, pretty, and
+desirable from their sweetness; long sprigs mixed with lavender or
+rosemary form a winter bouquet not to be despised; or, it may be placed
+in a vase, with a few small-leaved ivy trails and a spray of evergreen
+bamboo (Metake). Gerarde's description of this shrub will, doubtless, be
+read with interest: "The braunches be tough, limber, and easie to bend,
+very soft to be cut; whereon do grow long leaves like those of priuet,
+but thicker and fatter. The flowers come foorth before the leaves,
+oftentimes in the moneth of Januarie, clustering togither about the
+stalks at certain distances, of a whitish colour tending to purple, and
+of a most fragrant and pleasant sweet smell. After come the smal
+berries--of an exceeding hot and burning taste, inflaming the mouth and
+throte of those that do taste thereof, with danger of choking."
+
+Flowering period, February to April.
+
+There is a variety called _D. M. album_; the only difference from the
+typical form is implied by the name, the flowers being white. It also is
+in bloom at the same time as the species.
+
+_D. M. autumnale_ is another variety, which, however, blooms in the
+autumn; the flowers are red; it is a native of Europe.
+
+These shrubs enjoy a light but moist soil of a vegetable nature, but
+they also thrive in a sandy loam. They may be increased by seed, or,
+more quickly, by grafting on stocks of spurge laurel; cuttings may be
+rooted, but are uncertain.
+
+
+
+
+Dentaria Digitata.
+
+TOOTHWORT; _Nat. Ord._ CRUCIFERAE.
+
+
+A hardy, tuberous perennial, native of Switzerland, but long cultivated
+in British gardens, and decidedly "old-fashioned."
+
+Imagine a spray of pale purple wallflower, and that will give some idea
+of the form and colour of its flowers, which are produced on round wiry
+stems, nearly a foot high, in terminal racemes. The leaves, which are
+produced mostly in threes on a stem, have a channelled petiole, and, as
+the specific name denotes, are spread out like fingers, mostly of five
+parts; a five-cut leaf of a Christmas rose will give a fair notion of
+the form, but the Toothwort leaves are less, not so thick, and more
+herb-like than the hellebore; they are also finely, deeply, but
+irregularly toothed. The roots are of singular form, almost like human
+teeth, arranged as scales, whence the name Toothwort. Its first
+appearance above ground is in February, when the young growths are bent
+or folded like those of the anemone, and in genial seasons it will
+flower early in March.
+
+It loves both a little shade and moisture. I grow it at the base of a
+bit of rockwork, in black or leaf mould; the aspect is south-east, but
+an old sun-dial screens it from the mid-day sun. The whole plant has a
+somewhat quaint appearance, but it has proved a great favourite. When
+the tops have died down the roots can safely be lifted, cut in lengths
+of one or two inches, and then replanted. It also produces seed freely,
+but from the easy method of increase by root division, I have not had
+occasion to experiment with seed.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Dianthus Deltoides.
+
+MAIDEN PINK; _Old Names_, "WILD GILLOFLOWER,"
+"VIRGIN-LIKE PINKE," "MAIDENLY PINKE"; _Nat. Ord._
+CARYOPHYLLACEAE--SILENACEAE.
+
+
+A British species of perennial character, never failing to bloom for a
+long period when it meets with a suitable home in our gardens--as in
+positions similar to those described for _Erysimum pumilum_. Seen either
+wild or in gardens it is much admired; it bears but simple flowers, but
+therein consists its beauty.
+
+As Gerarde says, "Virgin-like Pinke is like unto the rest of the garden
+pinkes in stalkes, leaves, and rootes. The flowers are of a blush
+colour, whereof it tooke his name, which sheweth the difference from the
+other." It is about the most simple form of the Pink tribe. The flowers
+are a little over 1/2in. across, of a rose colour or pleasing blush. It
+grows nearly a foot high in some soils, but in a poor compost it is more
+dwarf and floriferous. The flower stems are much divided near the tops,
+and capable of producing a good effect from their numbers of bright
+flowers. The leaves are small, scarcely 1in. long, linear,
+lance-shaped, and of a dark green colour; they are closely arranged on
+decumbent stems, which sometimes are more than 1ft. long. The habit is
+compact, both as regards leaves, stems, and flowers.
+
+For all such places as afford dryness at the roots this is a suitable
+plant as a constant bloomer of effective colour. When once it has become
+established it seeds freely, and the young plants may be seen in the
+walks for yards around the parent stock. It is one of those happy
+subjects that can take care of themselves, either braving its enemies or
+having none.
+
+In its wild state it blooms from the sixth to the tenth month, both
+inclusive; but with cultural attention and during favourable winters, it
+has been seen in flower to the end of the year.
+
+Flowering period, June to October.
+
+
+
+
+Dianthus Hybridus.
+
+_Syn._ D. MULTIFLORUS; MULE PINK; _Nat. Ord._
+CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
+
+
+Hardy and evergreen. The specific name of this variety is not at all
+descriptive, and it may be better to at once give its common name of
+Mule Pink, of which there are various colours, as bright scarlet, rose
+and pure white, all very double and neat flowers.
+
+It is the double rose kind which has induced me to speak of this section
+of the Pink and Sweetwilliam family. I dare say many will be surprised
+when I state that my strongest plant of this has been in flower more
+than two years. Severe as the 1881 winter was, when the plant was clear
+of snow it was seen to have both flowers and buds--in fact, for two
+years it has flowered unceasingly; the other varieties are not such
+persistent bloomers. The genus to which these hybrids belong is very
+numerous, and includes Carnations, Picotees, garden and alpine Pinks and
+Sweetwilliams. They are all remarkable for their fresh green and
+glaucous foliage and handsome flowers. Some species or varieties are
+amongst the "old-fashioned" garden plants of Parkinson's time, and all
+are characterised by an exquisite perfume. The Latin name of this genus
+is a very happy one, meaning "divine flower," in reference to its
+fragrance. Nearly every form and colour of Dianthus are popular
+favourites, and hardly any garden is without some of them.
+
+The Mule Pink is supposed to have been produced from _D. barbatus_ and
+_D. plumarius_; be that as it may, the features of both are distinctly
+seen in it: the colour and partial form of the foliage, the form of
+stems, and clustered arrangement of the buds much resemble _D. barbatus_
+or Sweetwilliam; whilst the stout reflexed and pointed features of the
+leaves, and the general form of the small but double flowers resemble
+_D. plumarius_, or the garden Pink. To this description of _D. hybridus_
+I will only add that in both foliage and flowers there is more
+substance than in either of its reputed parents, and the habit of the
+plant is semi-trailing or procumbent, as seen in specimens three years
+old. It is rather more difficult to grow than the common Pink. Any
+position or soil will not answer; it does well on rockwork, where it can
+hardly suffer from damp, so much disliked by all the genus; but if thus
+planted, it should be where its thickly-foliaged stems cannot be turned
+over and wrenched by strong winds. It may be grown in borders in sandy
+loam; and if such borders are well drained, as they always should be for
+choice flowers, there will be little to fear as to its thriving. Such an
+excellent flower, which, moreover, is perpetually produced, deserves
+some extra care, though, beyond the requirements already mentioned, it
+will give very little trouble.
+
+To increase it, the readiest way is to layer the shoots about midsummer,
+half cutting through the stems, as for Carnations; thus treated, nice
+plants will be formed by October, when they may be lifted and
+transplanted to their blooming quarters; and I may here state that a
+line of it, when in flower, is richly effective. A good style also is to
+make a bold clump by setting ten or twelve plants 9in. apart. Another
+mode of propagation is to take cuttings at midsummer and dibble them
+into boxes of leaf soil and sand. Keep them shaded and rather close for
+a week or more. If the boxes could be placed in a cucumber frame, the
+bottom heat and moisture would be a great help to them. The object to
+aim at should be not only to root the cuttings, but to grow them on to
+fair-sized plants for putting out in the autumn. To do this, when the
+cuttings are rooted they should be planted 6in. apart in a bed made up
+of well decayed manure and sand, in which it will be seen that they will
+make plenty of roots and become sturdy plants. The wireworm and slugs
+are both very fond of Pinks and Carnations. Slugs should be trapped, but
+the wireworm, unfortunately, has often done the mischief before we
+become aware of its presence, and even then it is a troublesome pest to
+get rid of. I find nothing more useful than stirring and digging the
+soil as soon as there is room to work with a spade or fork; the worm
+cannot endure frequent disturbance, and such operations are otherwise
+beneficial to the plants.
+
+Flowering period, May to September.
+
+
+
+
+Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+This is a distinct and noble species. The older leaves are more
+spoon-shaped, at least a foot long, rather narrow, not toothed, of a
+reddish colour at the base, and the mid-rib pale green, almost
+straw-colour; the flower scape is also reddish, but the flowers are
+fewer. As a foliage plant this species is very effective.
+
+All the Dodecatheons make a rapid growth in spring, their scapes being
+developed with the leaves; the genus will continue in flower for two
+months, after which time, however, their foliage begins to dry up. They
+should, therefore, be planted with other subjects of later growth and
+blooming, so as to avoid blank spaces. The overshading foliage of other
+things will do them no harm, as it will be only for a season. The
+position should be moist and somewhat sheltered from high winds, or the
+stout and tender flower stems will be snapped off. The soil should be of
+a vegetable character and retentive of moisture. My specimens are grown
+in leaf soil and loam, in a dip of small rockwork. All the kinds were
+planted that a large flat stone, which we had ready, would so fit to, or
+over, them as to secure their roots against drought. This I find a good
+plan with moisture-loving subjects, where suitable positions are not
+otherwise readily offered. Besides, the varieties so grown have a
+pleasing appearance, and for purposes of comparison are very handy.
+Their propagation is easy. The crowns may be divided either in spring or
+autumn, the latter being the best time, as then probably each piece will
+flower the following spring.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Dodecatheon Meadia.
+
+SHOOTING STAR, _or_ AMERICAN COWSLIP; _Nat. Ord._
+PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+A distinct and pretty herbaceous perennial, very hardy and floriferous.
+Those who do not readily recognise it by any of the above names, may do
+so by the illustration (Fig. 34). It has long been grown in English
+gardens--nearly 150 years--its habitat being North America. Not only
+does it do well in this climate, but since its introduction several
+improved varieties of this species have been produced, which are both
+good and distinct. A brief notice of them will not be out of place here,
+but first the general description may as well be given.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34. DODECATHEON MEADIA.
+
+(One-sixth natural size.)]
+
+The flowers much resemble the Cyclamen, but they are only about
+one-fourth the size; the calyx is five-parted; the corolla has five
+stout petals inserted in the tube of calyx; they are well reflexed and
+rather twisted; their colour is purplish-lilac, but at the base of the
+petals there is a rich blending of maroon and yellow. The seed organs
+are very long, compact, and pointed, giving the appearance of shooting
+stars. The flowers are arranged in fine clusters on a scape more than a
+foot high, each flower having a rather long, wiry, and gracefully
+bending pedicel; all of them spring from one centre. The leaves are
+radical, oblong, smooth, dented, and wavy, about 8in. long and nearly
+3in. broad.
+
+_D. M. albiflorum_ I do not grow, but from what I remember of it, it
+differs from the above only in being less vigorous and in having white
+flowers.
+
+_D. M. elegans_.--Shorter and broader in leaf, and roundly toothed;
+flower stems shorter, umbels more numerously flowered, bloom deeper in
+colour.
+
+_D. M. giganteum_ has a very large leaf, much larger than the typical
+form of the species, and of a pale green colour, and in all other
+respects it is larger, being also more than a week earlier in flower.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Dondia Epipactis.
+
+_Syns._ ASTRANTIA EPIPACTIS _and_ HACQUETIA EPIPACTIS;
+_Nat. Ord._ UMBELLIFERAE.
+
+
+This is a little gem, perhaps rather overdone with too many big names;
+still, this choice, hardy, herbaceous perennial is worth knowing by all
+its titles. Never more than 6in. high, its singular flowers are very
+attractive; they spring from the ground almost abruptly, are
+greenish-yellow and leafy in appearance--in fact, what at first sight
+might seem to be the petals are really but whorled bracts, which embrace
+the tiny umbels of flowers. Soon after the flowers the leaves begin to
+appear, unfolding like many of the anemones, each one springing from the
+root only; they also are of a peculiar colour and shape, being
+three-lobed and finely notched.
+
+It will stand any amount of rough weather, always having a fresh
+appearance when above ground. It forms a choice specimen for pot culture
+in cold frames or amongst select rock plants; it should be grown in
+mostly vegetable mould, as peat or leaf mould, and have a moist
+position. Not only is it a slow-growing subject, but it is impatient of
+being disturbed; its propagation should therefore only be undertaken in
+the case of strong and healthy clumps, which are best divided before
+growth commences in February.
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Doronicum Caucasicum.
+
+LEOPARD'S-BANE; _Syn._ D. ORIENTALE; _Nat. Ord._
+COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+The specific name denotes sufficiently whence this comes. It is hardy,
+herbaceous, and perennial, and one of those plants which deserves to be
+in every garden; its general appearance is that of a tender plant, from
+the pale but fine delicate green of its foliage, a somewhat uncommon
+shade for so early a season. It begins to flower in March in a warm
+situation in the garden, when only a few inches high, and it goes on
+growing and flowering until summer, when it is nearly 2ft. high. A
+glance at Fig. 35 will give a fair idea of its habit.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35. DORONICUM CAUCASICUM.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+The flowers, which are bright yellow, are 21/2in. across, produced one at
+a time, though the leafy stems are well supplied with buds in various
+stages of development. The leaves, besides being so rich in colour, are
+of handsome forms, being variously shaped, some having long stalks,
+others none; all are finely toothed and heart-shaped; the radical ones
+come well out and form a good base, from which the flower stems rise,
+and they in their turn serve to display the richly veined and ample
+foliage which clasps them to near their tops. Although this species is
+not a very old plant in English gardens, it belongs to a genus, several
+species of which are very "old-fashioned," and, consequently, it shares
+the esteem in which such subjects are held at the present time.
+
+If left alone, after being planted in fairly good soil, it will soon
+grow to a bold specimen. Plants three years old are 2ft. across;
+rockwork or ordinary borders are alike suitable for it, but if planted
+on the former, it should be of a bold character, so as to harmonise. I
+have observed that neither grubs nor slugs seem to meddle with this
+plant, which is certainly a rare recommendation. Its propagation may be
+carried out at almost any time.
+
+Flowering period, March to July.
+
+
+
+
+Echinacea Purpurea.
+
+_Syn._ RUDBECKIA PURPUREA; PURPLE CONE-FLOWER; _Nat.
+Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+In the autumn season one is almost confined to Composites, but in this
+subject there is, at any rate, a change, as regards colour. Yellows are
+indispensable, but then predominate too strongly. The flower under
+notice is a peculiar purple with greenish-white shadings. This will
+doubtless sound undesirable, but when the flower is seen it can hardly
+fail to be appreciated. It is much admired; in fact it is stately,
+sombre, and richly beautiful--not only an "old-fashioned" flower, but an
+old inhabitant of English gardens, coming, as it did, from North America
+in the year 1699. In every way the plant is distinct; it does not
+produce many flowers, but they individually last for several weeks, and
+their metallic appearance is a fitting symbol of their durability. They
+begin to expand in the early part of September, and well-established
+plants will have bloom until cut off by frost.
+
+The flowers are borne at the height of 2ft. to 3ft., and are produced
+singly on very thick, rigid stalks, long, nearly nude, grooved,
+furnished with numerous short, bristle-like hairs, and gradually
+thickening up to the involucrum of the flower. Said involucrum is
+composed of numerous small leaves, a distinguishing trait from its
+nearest relative genus _Rudbeckia_. The receptacle or main body of the
+flower is very bulky; the ray is fully 4in. across, the florets being
+short for so large a ray; they are set somewhat apart, slightly
+reflexed, plaited, and rolled at the edges, colour reddish-purple,
+paling off at the tips to a greyish-green; the disk is very large,
+rather flat, and furnished with spine-like scales, whence the name
+_Echinacea_, derived from _echinus_ (a hedgehog). In smelling this
+flower contact should therefore be avoided; it is rather forbidding; the
+disk has changeable hues of red, chocolate, and green. The leaves of the
+root are oval, some nearly heart-shaped, unevenly toothed, having long
+channelled stalks; those of the stems are lance-shaped, distinctly
+toothed, of stouter substance, short stalked, and, like those of the
+root, distinctly nerved, very rough on both sides, and during September
+quickly changes to a dark, dull, purple colour. The habit of the plant
+is rather "dumpy;" being spare of foliage, thick and straight in the
+stems, which are drum-stick like; it is for all that a pleasing subject
+when in flower; I consider the blooms too stiff for cutting, more
+especially as they face upwards.
+
+Unlike many species of its order, it is somewhat fickle. I have lost
+many plants of it; it likes neither shade nor too much moisture;
+latterly I have found it to do well in a sunny situation, in deep rich
+loam and vegetable soil mixed. If planted with other ray flowers it
+forms a fine contrast, and when once it has found suitable quarters the
+more seldom it is disturbed the better. It may be propagated by
+division, which may be more safely done after growth has fairly started
+in spring, or it may be done at the sacrifice of the flowers in late
+summer or early autumn, before growth or root action has ceased.
+
+Flowering period, September to end of October.
+
+
+
+
+Edraianthus Dalmaticus.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ CAMPANULACEAE.
+
+
+A rare and beautiful alpine species, from Dalmatia and Switzerland. At
+the end of July it is one of the most distinct and charming flowers in
+the rock garden, where it not only finds a happy home, but, by its neat
+and peculiar habit, proves a decorative subject of much merit. This
+desirable plant (see Fig. 36) is quite hardy in this climate, being
+herbaceous and perennial; it has, however, the reputation of being
+difficult to manage, but, like numerous other things, when once its
+requirements and enemies are found out, the former supplied and
+protection from the latter afforded, it proves of easy management. In
+some instances these conditions may, though stated in such few words,
+prove comprehensive; but in this case it is not so. The position and
+soil it most seems to enjoy may be readily afforded in any garden, as we
+shall shortly see; but, so far as my experience goes, the slugs are its
+most persistent enemies. Especially when in flower do they make long
+journeys to reach it; they go over sand and ashes with impunity, and
+often the beautiful tufts of bloom are all grazed off in one night. I
+had occasion to fetch in from the garden the specimen now before me,
+and, when brought into the gaslight, a large slug was found in the
+midst of the grassy foliage, and a smaller one inside one of the bell
+flowers. The "catch and kill 'em" process is doubtless the surest
+remedy, and three hours after sunset seems to be the time of their
+strongest muster. Not only does this plant suffer from slugs when in
+flower, but perhaps equally as much when in its dormant state,
+especially if the winter is mild; then I have noticed the somewhat
+prominent crowns eaten entirely off, and it is not unlikely that this
+plant has come to have the name of a fickle grower, from being the
+favourite prey of slugs.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36. EDRAIANTHUS DALMATICUS.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+It is not more than 4in. high under any conditions in this climate, and
+more often only 3in. in height. From the thrift-like tufts of foliage
+there radiates a set of stout round flower stalks, which are 3in. to
+4in. long, and rest on the ground; the large heads of flowers are erect;
+the stalks are red, and furnished with short stout hairs and short
+foliage, the latter becoming sere long before the bloom fades. The
+crowded heads of "bells" are of pale purple colour, in the style of the
+bell-flower; they are an inch in length, the corolla being somewhat
+deeply divided; eight to twelve form the terminal cluster, and they have
+a fleshy calyx, with very long and persistent segments; the lower part
+can scarcely be seen for the ample and somewhat peculiar bract which
+closely embraces the whole cluster; said bract springs from the much
+thickened stalk and is composed of half leaf and half scale-like forms,
+arranged in two or more circles; the scales feather off with the
+leaf-like appendage, the latter being reflexed, but the whole is
+furnished with spines. The foliage of a well-grown specimen is arranged
+in tufts, the whole having a grass-like appearance. The leaves are 2in.
+to 4in. long, rough and hairy on the upper side, smooth and shining
+underneath, the edges having rather long hairs their whole length; the
+main root is long, thick, and somewhat woody.
+
+To grow this plant well, it requires a good deep loam for its long
+roots, and a surfacing of grit will be of benefit, as the crowns should
+be clear of the damp loam. This elevation of the crowns is natural to
+the plant, and should be provided for. The position cannot well be too
+exposed, provided the deep searching roots can find plenty of moisture.
+On rockwork this subject may be planted with considerable effect. If put
+between large stones in upright positions, the plant will show its
+pretty form to advantage. The spoke-like flower stalks, radiating from
+the rich dark green tufts of foliage, are very pleasing. It may be
+propagated by offsets from strong and healthy plants. Care should be
+taken not only to have all the roots possible with each crown, but the
+young stock should be carefully established in pots before planting in
+the open. Shade and careful watering will be needful; too much of the
+latter will render rot inevitable. Soon as the flowering period is past
+is the best time to divide the roots, which should not be done too
+severely.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+
+
+
+Epigaea Repens.
+
+CREEPING _or_ GROUND LAUREL; _Nat. Ord._
+ERICACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy evergreen creeper, long since imported into this country from
+North America (1736), but only within the last few years has it won much
+favour. At the present time it is much sought after. It has the
+reputation of being a ticklish subject to grow. Many have had it and
+lost it, and those who still retain a specimen are loth to mutilate it
+for increase. This may to some extent account for the present demand for
+and difficulty experienced in obtaining it. For the last three years,
+hard as the seasons have been within that time, its flowers have been
+produced in great abundance on my specimen.
+
+Usually it flowers in this climate in April, but when winter has
+continued open and genial, its blooms are produced as early as the
+middle of March, and they are in their full beauty in early April. They
+are white, delicately tinged with pink, of much substance and wax-like
+appearance. They are small, not unlike in form the lilac flower, but
+rather more open at the corolla and shorter in the tube. They are
+arranged in one-sided, elongated bunches, which rest on the ground, the
+blossoms peeping through the foliage. I must not omit to mention perhaps
+the most desirable property of this species--viz., the perfume of its
+flowers, which is strong, aromatic, and refreshing. The leaves are
+cordate, ovate, and entire, nearly 2in. long, slightly drawn or
+wrinkled, and covered with stiffish hairs. They are arranged on
+procumbent branches, all, like the flowers, facing upwards. To see the
+clusters of waxy flowers these branches must be raised, when it will be
+seen that the flower stalks issue from the axils of the leaves all along
+the branches. In a cut state the flowers are more than useful; they are,
+from their delicious, scent, a great treat. The plant is a suitable
+companion to the ledums, kalmias, gaultherias, and other genera of its
+own order.
+
+Its culture, in this climate at least, has, from all accounts, proved
+rather difficult, so that it may be said to require special treatment;
+such, at any rate, has been my experience of it. Suitable soil, aspect,
+shelter, moisture, and position, all seem necessary for the well-doing
+of this plant. It deserves them all, and, let me add, they may all be
+easily afforded. The list of requirements may seem formidable on paper,
+but to put them into practice is but a trifling affair. My specimen is
+grown in leaf mould, a little loam mixed in with it, and fine charcoal
+instead of sand, but sand will answer nearly as well; the aspect is
+east, it is sheltered from the west by a wall, the north by
+rhododendrons, and the south by a tall andromeda. Moreover, its position
+is one that is sunken between small mounds, where moisture collects, and
+is never wanting; and when the specimen was first planted a large
+sandstone was placed over its roots to further secure them against
+drought; under these conditions it has thriven and flowered well, and
+afforded many offshoots. I attribute its well-doing mainly to the
+sheltered aspect and even state of moisture, but doubtless all the
+conditions have helped its growth. Its propagation is best carried out
+by earthing up about the collar, so as to induce the branches to become
+rooted, or they may be pegged near the extremities like carnation
+layers, but they will be two years, probably, before they can be safely
+lifted.
+
+Flowering period, middle of March to end of April.
+
+
+
+
+Eranthis Hyemalis.
+
+_Syn._ HELLEBORUS HYEMALIS; WINTER ACONITE; _Nat.
+Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+This, though well known and a general favourite, is not seen in the
+broad masses which ought to characterise its culture.
+
+It is nearly related to the Christmas roses, and, like them, flowers in
+winter, the bright golden blossoms suddenly appearing during sunshine
+close to the earth. A little later the involucrum becomes developed, and
+is no unimportant feature. It forms a dark green setting for the sessile
+flower, and is beautifully cut, like the Aconite. There are other and
+very interesting traits about this little flower that will engage the
+study of botanists.
+
+It enjoys a moist soil, somewhat light; also a little shade. In such
+quarters not only do the tubers increase quickly, but the seed
+germinates, and if such positions are allowed it, and garden tools kept
+off, there will soon be a dense carpet of golden flowers to brighten the
+wintry aspect of the open garden. Many things in the way of deciduous
+flowering shrubs may be grown with them, their bareness in winter and
+shade during summer favouring their enjoyment and growth. Early in the
+summer they die down. From that time the tubers may be lifted and
+transplanted. Such work should be finished in early autumn, or the roots
+will not have time to establish themselves for the first winter's bloom.
+
+Flowering period, December to February.
+
+
+
+
+Erica Carnea.
+
+WINTER HEATH; _Nat. Ord._ ERICACEAE.
+
+
+A well-known, hardy, evergreen shrub, belonging to a genus comprising
+many hundreds of species and varieties, which, for the most part,
+however, are not hardy in this country, being natives of the Cape. The
+genus is most numerously and beautifully illustrated in _Loddige's
+Botanical Cabinet_. This might be thought to have no claim to
+consideration in this book, but I introduce it because of its great
+value in the spring garden, and because in all respects it may be
+cultivated like an ordinary border plant, which is saying a deal for one
+of the Heath family.
+
+_Erica carnea_ comes to us from Germany, but it has so long been grown
+in this country that it would appear to have become naturalised in some
+parts. In the latter part of March it is to be seen in its full beauty;
+the flowers are reddish-purple, abundantly produced on short leafy
+stems, and arranged in racemes, drooping; the foliage is of the
+well-known Heath type; the whole shrub has a procumbent habit, rarely
+growing more than a foot high; its fine deep green foliage, compact
+habit, and bright enduring flowers are its chief recommendations; the
+latter often last six weeks in good form and colour, so that little more
+needs to be said in its praise.
+
+It can hardly be planted in a wrong position--on rockwork, in borders,
+or shrubberies, fully exposed, or otherwise, it proves a cheerful
+object, whilst as an edging shrub it is second to none, excelling box by
+the additional charm of its flowers. Not long since I was struck by the
+way in which the common vinca had interlaced itself with a few bushes
+of this Heath, both being in full bloom at the same time; the effect was
+truly fine, the red of the Heath and pale blue flowers of the periwinkle
+being so numerous and set on such a fine bright green carpet, of two
+distinct types of foliage, that to my mind they suggested a most
+pleasing form of spring bedding, and also one of semi-wildness, which,
+for quiet beauty, more laboured planting could certainly not excel. Most
+Ericas require peaty soil; in the case of this, however, it is not
+necessary. Doubtless it would do well in peat, but I have ever found it
+to thrive in ordinary loam or garden soil, so that I have never planted
+it otherwise, except where peat has been the most handy. It is also
+easily propagated, carrying, as it does, plenty of root as well as earth
+with each rooted stem; these only need to be carefully divided and
+transplanted in showery weather, just before the new growths commence
+being the best time. An annual top dressing of leaf mould is very
+beneficial.
+
+Flowering period, February to April.
+
+
+
+
+Erigeron Caucasicus.
+
+CAUCASION FLEABANE; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+Herbaceous and perennial. This species is a somewhat recent introduction
+compared with some of the same genus which may be called old varieties,
+from having been introduced as early as 1633, as in the case of _E.
+graveolens_. Moreover, the genus is represented by such British species
+as _E. acris_, _E. alpinus_, and _E. uniflorus_. The variety now under
+notice is, as its specific name implies, a native of the Caucasus, first
+brought into this country about sixty years ago. It is a pleasing
+subject when in flower, and is certainly worth growing.
+
+Its daisy-shaped flowers are less than an inch across, and when fully
+matured of a rosy purple colour; but, perhaps, the most interesting and
+attractive features about this plant are the various forms and colours
+of its flowers at their different stages of development; just before
+opening, the buds are like miniature birds' nests formed of white
+horsehairs, all arranged in the same way, _i.e._, round the bud, but the
+points are turned into the centre--these are the unexpanded florets; the
+next stage of development may be seen in buds, say, two days older, when
+a few of the florets have sprung from the nest form, and have the
+appearance of mauve-coloured spiders' legs laid over the bud; gradually
+they (being dense and numerous) expand in a similar manner, outgrowing
+their angularity, and at the same time deepening in colour, until at
+length we see the rosy-purple, daisy-shaped, and feathery flower with a
+yellowish centre. These pleasing flowers are borne in loose masses on
+stems nearly 2ft. high, and remain in bloom all the summer through.
+
+About the middle of August a large plant was divided, and the flowers
+were then cut away. The young stock so propagated were in flower in the
+following June. I may here appropriately name an experiment I tried on
+this species two years ago. It was sent to me as the dwarf _Aster
+dumosus_, which it much resembles in the leaves, these being
+spoon-shaped from the roots, the others tongue-shaped and stem-clasping,
+but rougher and lighter green. I also saw it was not woody enough in the
+stem for the Michaelmas daisy. It was then near flowering, and the
+winter was just upon us, so, in order to get the flowers out, I covered
+it with a bell glass, slightly tilted. It flowered, and continued to
+flower throughout the winter with such shelter, and doubtless many of
+our fine late-blooming perennials, by such simple contrivances, might
+have their flowers protected or produced at a much later date than
+otherwise.
+
+Flowering period, June to October.
+
+
+
+
+Erigeron Glaucum.
+
+_Syn._ CONYZA CHILENSIS; GLAUCOUS FLEABANE, _or_
+SPIKENARD; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+This very beautiful species is far from common. There are many facts in
+connection with it which render it of more than ordinary value and
+interest. It is sometimes classed as an alpine; probably that is only an
+inference, or it may be so considered by some, from its dwarf habit and
+suitable association with alpines. It is not an alpine; it comes from
+South America, and though that climate differs so widely from ours, the
+plant grows and winters to perfection in this country.
+
+One of its main distinctions is its somewhat shrubby and evergreen
+character; of the whole genus, so far as it is at present comprehended,
+it is the only species with such traits; its foliage, too, is of
+leathery substance, and compares oddly with the herb-like leaves of its
+relatives; it is, moreover, as indicated by its specific name, of a
+glaucous hue; and otherwise, as may be seen in the following
+description, there exist well marked dissimilarities. But, what is of
+more importance, when viewed as a garden subject or an ornamental
+flower, it is one of the most useful as well as distinctly beautiful, as
+much from the fact that it produces its flowers in two crops, which
+extend over six or seven months of the year, as from their numbers and
+showiness.
+
+The flowers are nearly 2in. across the ray, the florets being of a
+pleasing lilac-purple, and rather short, owing to the large size of the
+disk, which is often nearly an inch in diameter; this part of the flower
+is more than usually effective, as the disk florets become well
+developed in succession, when they have the appearance of being dusted
+with gold; the scales, which are set on the swollen stem, are of a
+substantial character; the numerous imbricate parts, which are covered
+with long downy hairs pointing downwards, give the body of the flower a
+somewhat bulky appearance. It will be observed that I have made no
+mention of the Conyza traits of divided ray florets and reflexed scales,
+simply because they do not exist in this species, and though there are
+other Conyza traits about the plant, notwithstanding its almost
+isolating distinctions from other Erigerons, it would seem to have more
+properly the latter name, and which is most often applied to it. The
+flower stems, which produce the flowers singly, seldom exceed a height
+of 12in.; they are stout, round, and covered with soft hairs, somewhat
+bent downwards. They spring from the parts having new foliage, and for a
+portion--about half--of their length are furnished with small leaves,
+which differ from those on the non-floriferous parts of the shrub,
+inasmuch as they have no stalks. The leaves are produced in compact
+tufts on the extremities of the old or woody parts of the shrub, which
+become procumbent in aged specimens; the leaves vary in length from 2in.
+to 4in. long, and are roundly spoon-shaped, also slightly and distantly
+toothed, but only on the upper half; they are stout, ribbed, clammy, and
+glaucous. The habit of the shrub is much branching, dense, and
+prostrate; its foliage has a pleasant, mentha-like odour, and the
+flowers have a honey smell.
+
+This subject may occupy such positions as rockwork, borders of the
+shrubbery, or beds of "old-fashioned" flowers. Its flowers, being, as
+taste goes at the present time, of a desirable form, will prove very
+serviceable as cut bloom. A good loam suits it to perfection, and no
+flower will better repay a good mulching of rotten manure. Its
+propagation, though easy, is somewhat special, inasmuch as its woody
+parts are stick-like and bare of roots, until followed down to a
+considerable depth, therefore the better plan is either to take
+advantage of its prostrate habit by pegging and embedding its branches,
+or, as I have mostly done, take cuttings with a part of the previous
+season's wood to them, put them well down in deeply-dug light soil, and
+make them firm. If this plan is followed, it should be done during the
+summer, so that the cuttings will have time to root before winter sets
+in. The layering may be done any time, but if in spring or summer,
+rooted plants will be ready for the following season.
+
+This subject begins to flower in June, and, as already hinted, it
+produces two crops of flowers; the first are from the parts which have
+been green and leafy through the winter, the second from the more
+numerous growths of the new season, and which are grandly in bloom in
+August; not only are the latter more effective as regards numbers and
+colour, but the fuller habit or more luxuriant condition of the shrub
+render the specimens more effective in late summer.
+
+
+
+
+Eryngium Giganteum.
+
+GREAT ERYNGO; _Nat. Ord._ UMBELLIFERAE.
+
+
+This hardy species was brought from the Caucasus in 1820. The genus,
+though not commonly patronised as garden subjects, are, nevertheless,
+highly ornamental, and when well grown much admired. Specimens are of
+various heights, according to position and nature of the soil; under
+ordinary conditions they will be 2ft. to 3ft. high at the blooming
+period.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37. ERYNGIUM GIGANTEUM.
+
+(One-tenth natural size.)]
+
+As will be inferred from the order to which the Eryngium belongs, the
+flowers are aggregate, of a changeable blue, and arranged in cone-shaped
+heads 11/2in. long; the heads are neatly embraced by an ample bract of
+prickly leaves; the main flower stem is well and evenly branched (see
+Fig. 37), each node being furnished with leaves which clasp the stems;
+they are, like those of the flower bract, deeply cut and prickly; the
+radical leaves are very different, long stalked, large heart-shaped and
+toothed, of good substance and a glossy green colour. The whole plant
+has a rather stiff appearance, the flower stems, together with the stem
+leaves, are of a pleasing hue, nearly the colour of blue note paper;
+this is characteristic of several of the genus, and adds greatly to
+their effect. Specimens look well with a grassy foreground or in
+borders.
+
+Their culture is easy, provided the soil is of a light nature; a sunny
+position is needful, in order to have the tops well coloured. Propagate
+by division of strong and healthy clumps when dormant. Wireworm and grub
+are fond of the roots; when the plants appear sickly, these pests should
+be looked for.
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+
+
+
+Erysimum Pumilum.
+
+FAIRY WALLFLOWER, _or_ DWARF TREACLE-MUSTARD; _Nat.
+Ord._ CRUCIFERAE.
+
+
+One of the alpine gems of our rock gardens, not in the sense of its
+rarity, because it grows and increases fast. It came from Switzerland
+about sixty years ago, and for a long time was esteemed as a biennial,
+but it is more--it is perennial and evergreen; at any rate its new
+branches take root, and so its perennial quality is established. Let the
+reader imagine a shrub, 3in. high, much branched, and densely furnished
+with pale green foliage, which hides all its woody parts, forming itself
+into cushions, more or less dotted over with minute canary-yellow
+flowers, and he will then only have a poor idea of the beauty of this
+pretty alpine. It flowers in summer, autumn, and winter, and in certain
+positions both its habit and flowers show to most advantage at the
+latter season. At no other time during the year have my specimens looked
+so fresh and beautiful as in January. This I have proved repeatedly to
+be the result of position, shortly to be explained.
+
+The flowers are produced in terminal racemes, are scarcely 1/2in. across,
+cruciform in the way of the Wallflower, greenish-yellow, and delicately
+scented. The leaves vary in shape on the various parts of the branches,
+some being lance-shaped and others nearly spoon-shaped; the lower ones
+being all but entire, and the upper ones, which are arranged in
+rosettes, distinctly toothed. They seldom exceed an inch in length, more
+often they are only half that size, but much depends on the position and
+soil. In summer the foliage is greyish-green; later it is almost a
+bright or clear green, the latter being its present colour. The habit is
+branching and compact, by which it adapts itself to crevices and uneven
+parts in a pleasing manner; and not only does it best adorn such places,
+but from the fact of their dryness, they are better suited to the
+requirements of this little shrub.
+
+A sandy loam, such as will not bake, suits, and if mixed with a few
+stones all the better--this will be found ample food for it; poor soil
+and a dry situation grow this subject in its finest form. I may perhaps
+usefully give the method by which my specimen is grown, after
+experimenting with it in various parts of the garden, and also the
+substance of a few notes I made of it. In pots the fine roots soon
+formed a matted coat next the sides, when the foliage would turn sickly
+and yellow, so that, useful as the practice is of growing alpines in
+pots, it does not answer in this case. On rockwork, in vegetable soil,
+this low shrub grew taller, being less woody, and was killed by severe
+weather. On the flat, in borders, in rich soil, it did well for a
+season, then damped off, a branch or two together. On the flat, in sand
+alone, it does well, also on the top of a wall, such being a position
+especially provided for hardy sempervivums and a few cacti. A bit of the
+Fairy Wallflower was tried there in a thin layer of sandy loam, and for
+two years my finest specimen has occupied that position, flowering more
+or less throughout the winter. Where there are old walls or rockwork it
+should be introduced. A ready and effective way of planting it is to get
+a sod of grass 3in. thick; measure with the eye the size of the
+interstice in the side of a wall, partly cut through the sod on the
+earthy side, open it by bending, and insert the roots of a small
+specimen; close up, and cram the planted sod tightly into the selected
+opening. In one season the shrub so planted will have a snug and pretty
+appearance. It is self-propagating, from the fact of its lower branches
+rooting where they touch the soil. These may be taken any time and
+planted separately.
+
+Flowering period, April to winter.
+
+
+
+
+Erythronium Dens-canis.
+
+DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy bulbous perennial. There are several varieties of this species,
+and all are very handsome.
+
+The variety shown at Fig. 38 is the large white-flowering kind; others
+have yellow, pale purple, and lilac-coloured blooms. All are produced
+singly on stems 4in. or 5in. long, and gracefully bending. During bright
+weather the divisions of the lily-like flowers become reflexed and
+otherwise show themselves to advantage. Their foliage forms a rich
+setting for the flowers, being variously coloured with red, brown, and
+different shades of green, all charmingly blended or marbled. The leaves
+are broad and oval, and open out flatly, so that their beauties can be
+well seen; if they are grown amongst the very dwarf sedums or mosses,
+they look all the better and are preserved from splashes. Two leaves,
+one stem, one flower, and one bulb constitute a whole plant; both
+flowers and foliage remain in beauty for a long time.
+
+I have them growing in various positions and soils, and I think they
+most enjoy a vegetable mould, with full exposure to the sun, but they
+should not lack moisture; they seem to increase more rapidly in peat
+than in any other compost. They should not be disturbed more than
+necessary, and when they are, autumn is the best time to transplant.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38. ERYTHRONIUM DENS-CANIS.
+
+(Large white variety. One-half natural size.)]
+
+Flowering period, March and April.
+
+
+
+
+Euonymus Japonicus Radicans Variegata.
+
+VARIEGATED ROOTING SPINDLE TREE; _Nat. Ord._
+CELASTRACEAE.
+
+
+It is probable that the genus _Euonymus_ is more generally known than
+that of _Celastrus_, from which the order takes its name; besides, the
+latter is composed of unfamiliar genera, so it is more likely that the
+reader will not care about any reference to them; it may concern him
+more to know that the above somewhat long name belongs to a very dwarf
+hardy evergreen shrub, having a neat habit and very beautiful foliage.
+This variety is one of many forms which come under the name _E.
+japonicus_, none of which, however, have long been cultivated in this
+country, the date of the introduction of the type being 1804. The genus
+is remarkable for the number of its species having ornamental foliage,
+and not less so, perhaps, for the insignificance of their flowers. The
+species under notice (_E. japonicus_) in cultivation has proved
+sportive, which habit has been taken advantage of, whence the numerous
+forms, including the one I have selected for these remarks. Some of the
+Spindle Trees do not flower in this climate, and others, which do,
+produce no seed; these facts are in connection with the more finely
+leaf-marked sorts, and it may be inferred that such unfruitfulness
+arises from their hybrid nature or abnormal tendency, as seen in
+"sports."
+
+The typical form is a tree growing 20ft. high, producing small white
+flowers, but of the variegated kind under notice established specimens
+have ever failed to show the least sign of flowering, though otherwise
+well developed and of good habit. The leaves are nearly oval, 1/2in. to
+11/2in. long, sometimes oblong, sharply serrulated, of stout leathery
+substance, smooth, and much variegated in colour. The markings are
+mostly on and near the edges, and take the form of lines and marblings.
+The tints are a mixture of white, yellow, and pink, inclining to purple;
+these are variously disposed on a dark green ground. The arrangement of
+the leaves is crowded and panicled on the recent shoots, which are twice
+and thrice branched; from the shortness and twisted shape of the leaf
+stalks, the branchlets have a compressed appearance. The old stems are
+round, wiry, 9in. to 18in. long, prostrate, and emit roots like the ivy
+when they come in contact with suitable surfaces, whence the name
+"_radicans_." The habit of the shrub, from its dense and flattened
+foliage, fine colour, and persistent nature, together with its dwarfness
+and rooting faculty, all go to render it one of the finest rock shrubs
+for winter effect. The wetness of our climate only seems to make it all
+the brighter, and it is also without that undesirable habit of rooting
+and spreading immoderately.
+
+It enjoys a sunny situation and enriched sandy loam. Where such
+conditions exist it may be planted with good effect as a permanent
+edging to walks or beds; as such it may be clipped once or twice a year,
+but I may add that it is worth the extra time required for pruning with
+a knife, as then the leaves are not cut in two and the outline is left
+less formal. By such treatment the foliage is kept thick to the base of
+the shrub. The summer prunings may be pricked into sandy loam in a
+shady part, where they will root and become useful stock for the
+following spring, or strong examples may be pulled to pieces of the
+desired size.
+
+
+
+
+Festuca Glauca.
+
+BLUE GRASS; _Nat. Ord._ GRAMINEAE.
+
+
+This comes from the warm climate of Southern Europe, but is a perfectly
+hardy grass in this country; it is highly ornamental, irrespective of
+its flowers, and is useful in several ways. With me it is grown somewhat
+largely, and both professional and amateur gardeners have quickly
+appreciated its effectiveness, but it has been amusing to see their want
+of faith when told that "it stands out all winter." It belongs to a
+section of grasses of fine quality as fodder for cattle, all enjoying
+good soil of a light and rich nature. Its main features as a garden
+subject are its distinct blue colour and dense graceful habit; these
+qualities, however, are greatly dependent on the quality of soil, which
+must be positively rich. Its bloom is of no value ornamentally, being
+much like that of some of our common meadow grasses, and it will be as
+well to remove it in order that the grass may be all the brighter and
+more luxuriant. The blades, if they can be so called, are reed-like, but
+very fine, 6in. to 12in. long, densely produced, and gracefully bending.
+The glaucous quality is most pronounced, and quite justifies the common
+name Blue Grass. More need not be said to show that this must be
+effective in a garden, especially where bedding and the formation of
+bold lines are carried out; as single tufts, on rockwork, or in the
+borders, it looks well; whilst as an edging to taller grasses and
+bamboos it shows all to advantage. It is also often grown in pots in
+greenhouses, where it proves useful for drooping over the edges of the
+stage; but if it once obtains a place in the garden and is well grown,
+the amateur will see in it a suitable subject for many and varied uses.
+
+Wherever it is planted the soil should be made sandy and fat with
+manure; in this the long roots are not only warmer, but they amply
+support a rapid growth and metallic lustre. As the roots can easily be
+lifted from the light soil without damage, this grass may be divided any
+time when increase is needful.
+
+Flowering period, summer.
+
+
+
+
+Fritillaria Armena.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ LILIACEAE.
+
+
+A charming little hardy bulbous perennial, which, although as yet a
+comparative stranger in this country, bids fair to find a place not only
+in our gardens, but in the list of the choicest spring favourites, such
+as lily of the valley, snowdrops, snowflake, and squills, being of the
+same or nearly allied order, as well as of corresponding stature. Its
+yellow flowers, too, highly commend it, as, with the exception of the
+yellow crocus, we have not a very dwarf spring flower of the kind, and,
+as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 39), it differs widely from the
+crocus in every way.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39. FRITILLARIA ARMENA.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+This is a really charming species; its dark yellow flowers are large for
+so small a plant, being more than an inch across when expanded by
+sunshine, but its more common form is bell-shape; one, and sometimes
+more flowers are produced on the upright, smooth, leafy stem, which is
+less than 6in. high. The leaves are alternate linear, sharply pointed,
+smooth, and glaucous: Such dwarf flowers always show to most advantage,
+as well as keep cleaner, where carpeted with suitable vegetation; the
+dark green _Herniaria glabra_ would be perfection for this glaucous
+plant.
+
+It seems happy where growing fully exposed in ordinary garden soil, but
+it is not unlikely that it may require more shade, in common with other
+Fritillaries, for, as before hinted, it is yet in its trial stage. I am,
+however, pretty certain of its hardiness, but not about the best mode of
+culture and propagation.
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Funkia Albo-marginata.
+
+_Common Name_, WHITE-EDGED PLANTAIN-LEAVED LILY; _Nat. Ord._
+LILIACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial from Japan, of but recent introduction,
+than which there are few more useful subjects to be found in our
+gardens. It combines with its wealth of foliage a bold spike of pleasing
+lilac flowers, the former, as implied by the specific name, being edged
+with a white line, which is broad and constant, this quality being all
+the more commendable from the fact that many variegations are anything
+but reliable. Speaking of this as a decorative plant for the garden, it
+may be said to be one of the best; however placed, it has a neatness and
+beauty which are characteristic, especially when used in lines, and has
+become well established; from early spring, when the fresh young leaves
+appear, until the autumn is well advanced, this plant upholds a fine
+appearance independent of its flowers; they are, however, not wanting
+in beauty, produced as they are on stems nearly 2ft. high, and nude with
+the exception of one or two very small leaves. The floral part of the
+stem will be 8in. or more in length; the flowers are numerous, 2in.
+long, trumpet-shaped, drooping, and so arranged that all fall in one
+direction; the colour is lilac, with stripes of purple and white; each
+flower is supported by a bract, which, like the foliage, is margined
+with white. The leaves are 6in. to 8in. long, oval-lanceolate, waved and
+ribbed, of a dark green colour, margined with white; the leaf stalks are
+stout, 6in. long, and broadly channelled.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Funkia Sieboldii.
+
+SIEBOLD'S PLANTAIN-LEAVED LILY; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEAE.
+
+
+This is a grand plant; the lily-like flowers alone are sufficient to
+commend it, but when we have them springing from such a glorious mass of
+luxuriant and beautiful foliage, disposed with a charming neatness
+rarely equalled, they are additionally effective. The illustration (Fig.
+40) gives a fair idea of the form and dimensions of a specimen three
+years ago cut from the parent plant, when it would not have more than
+two or three crowns, so it may be described as very vigorous; and, as if
+its beauties were not sufficiently amplified by flowers and form of
+foliage, the whole plant is of a rich glaucous hue, rendering it still
+more conspicuous and distinct. It is herbaceous and perfectly hardy,
+though it comes from the much warmer climate of Japan, whence are all
+the species of _Funkia_. It is a comparatively new plant in English
+gardens, having been introduced into this country only about fifty
+years; still, it is pretty widely distributed, thanks, doubtless, to its
+exceptionally fine qualities. I know no plant more capable of
+improvement as regards size than this; if set in rich deep soil, it will
+in a few years grow to an enormous specimen. One so treated in my garden
+is 4ft. to 5ft. in diameter, and about the same height when the
+flower-stems are fully developed. I should, however, add that this is an
+unusual size, but it, nevertheless, indicates what may be done by high
+culture.
+
+The flowers are produced on nude stems, 2ft. or 4ft. high, being
+arranged in somewhat short and irregular one-sided spikes; they spring
+singly from the axils of rather long bracts (see Fig. 40) and have long
+bending pedicels, which cause the flowers to hang bell fashion; their
+colour is a soft pale lilac, nearly white. Size, 1in. to 2in. long, and
+bell or trumpet shaped. They are of good substance, and last a long time
+in fine form. The leaves have radical stalks, nearly 2ft. long in
+well-grown specimens, gracefully bending and deeply channelled; they are
+from 8in. to 12in. long, and about half as wide, long heart-shaped,
+somewhat hooded, waved, distinctly ribbed, and evenly wrinkled;
+glaucous and leathery. The outer foliage is so disposed that the tips
+touch the ground; it is abundantly produced, forming massive tufts. The
+long fleshy roots denote its love of a deep soil; a moist but
+well-drained situation suits it, and manure may be used--both dug in
+and as a top dressing--with marked advantage. The natural beauty of this
+subject fits it for any position--the lawn, shrubbery, borders, beds, or
+rockwork can all be additionally beautified by its noble form; grown in
+pots, it becomes an effective plant for the table or conservatory. The
+flowers in a cut state are quaint and graceful, and the leaves are even
+more useful; these may be cut with long stalks and stood in vases in
+twos and threes without any other dressing, or, when desired, a few
+large flowers may be added for a change, such as a panicle of _Spiraea
+aruncus_, a large sunflower, or a spike or two of gladioli. Leaves so
+cut may be used for weeks; after they have become dusty they may be
+sponged, when they will appear fresh, like new-cut ones.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40. FUNKIA SIEBOLDII.
+
+(One-eighth natural size.)]
+
+In the propagation of this plant certain rules should be observed,
+otherwise the stock of young plants will prove stunted and bad in
+colour. Do not divide any but strong and healthy clumps, taking care not
+to damage more roots than can be helped; do not divide too severely, but
+let each part be a strong piece of several crowns, and after this they
+should be allowed to make three years' growth in a good, rich, deep soil
+before they are again disturbed, and thereby the stock will not only be
+of a vigorous character, but always fit for use in the most decorative
+parts of the garden.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Galanthus Elwesii.
+
+ELWES'S GALANTHUS _or_ SNOWDROP; _Nat. Ord._
+AMARYLLIDACEAE.
+
+
+This is a splendid species or variety, whichever it may be, said to be
+the finest of all the Snowdrops; it is a new kind and not yet much
+known. My impressions of it last spring were not in accordance with such
+reports, but I ought to add that, though the bulbs were fresh when sent
+me, they had only been planted less than a year, when they flowered
+somewhat feebly.
+
+Flowering period, February and March.
+
+All the Snowdrops may be propagated by seed or division of crowded
+clumps--after all the tops have died off is the proper time; the longer
+the delay, the worse for next season's bloom, as new root action sets in
+about that period.
+
+
+
+
+Galanthus Imperati.
+
+IMPERIAL SNOWDROP; _Nat. Ord._ AMARYLLIDACEAE.
+
+
+I have only recently flowered this kind. It is said by Mr. W. Robinson
+to be double the size of _G. nivalis_, which estimate is probably
+correct, judging from the blooms which I have obtained. With me the
+bulbs seem either not to have a happy home, or they may have suffered
+from the vicissitudes of transport from the genial climate of Italy. The
+publisher of this book informs me that he flowered _G. imperati_ the
+first year in the open borders, from some bulbs procured from Messrs.
+Collins Bros., and that the blossoms were highly scented, as of elder
+flowers.
+
+Flowering period, February and March.
+
+
+
+
+Galanthus Nivalis.
+
+COMMON SNOWDROP, EARLY BULBOUS VIOLET, _and_ FAIR
+MAIDS OF FEBRUARY; _Nat. Ord._ AMARYLLIDACEAE.
+
+
+One of the most charming members of the British flora; a native of our
+fields and orchards, so beautiful as to be beyond description, and,
+fortunately, so common as to need none (see Fig. 41). It belongs to a
+noble order of bulbous plants, the genera of which are numerous, as are
+the species too, in perhaps an increased proportion. Comparatively few
+are hardy in our climate, and very few indeed are natives of this
+country, so that in this respect the Snowdrop, if not a rare flower, is
+a rare representative in our flora of the order _Amaryllidaceae_.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41. GALANTHUS NIVALIS.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+It may be useful to give a few of the better-known genera to which
+_Galanthus_ is so nearly related: _Amaryllis_, _Nerine_, _Crinum_,
+_Vallota_, _Pancratium_, _Alstroemeria_, and _Narcissus_. The
+last-named genus is more nearly allied than any of the other genera
+mentioned; not only does it resemble the Galanthus in style, early
+period of bloom, and habit of becoming double, but also for the general
+hardiness of its species, a feature not usual in their order.
+
+The literal meaning of the generic name is "Milk Flower." The title with
+such a pleasing reference was given by Linnaeus. The specific
+name--meaning white--may, for two reasons, seem unnecessary; first,
+because milk is white, and again, because no other than white-flowered
+species are known. All the three common names are happy ones: "Snowdrop"
+and "Fair Maids of February" are appropriate both to the season and a
+pretty flower; "Bulbous Violet" pleasantly alludes to its sweetness; all
+are poetical, as if this lovely flower had the same effect on the
+different minds of those (including Linnaeus) who first gave them. A
+dropped name for the Snowdrop was that of "Gilloflower"; Theophrastus,
+the father of natural history, gave it the name of "Violet" (_Viola
+alba_ or _V. bulbosa_)--that would be 2100 years ago! The bulbs should
+be planted by thousands; they will grow anywhere and in any kind of
+soil; the demand for their blossom is ever increasing, and Snowdrops, as
+everybody knows, are always in place, on the grass, border, or window
+sill, or for table; they may be used as emblems of either grief or joy;
+they are sweetly pure and attractive, without showiness.
+
+Flowering period, February to April.
+
+
+
+
+Galanthus Plicatus.
+
+FOLDED GALANTHUS; _Nat. Ord_. AMARYLLIDACAAE.
+
+
+A species from the Crimea; compared with our native kind, it is larger
+in the grass, having also other, but very slight, points of difference.
+The main one is implied by its name, "plicatus," or folded; its leaves
+are furrowed, which causes it to have a folded appearance.
+
+Culture and flowering period, the same as for the other species.
+
+
+
+
+Galanthus Redoutei.
+
+REDOUTE'S GALANTHUS; _Nat. Ord._ AMARYLLIDACEAE.
+
+
+This is by far the most distinct form, having broad grass-green foliage.
+It is somewhat late in flowering (during March and April), and not so
+free as others.
+
+
+
+
+Galax Aphylla.
+
+_Syn._ BLANDFORDIA CORDATA; HEART-LEAVED GALAX; _Nat.
+Ord._ PYROLACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42. GALAX APHYLLA.
+
+(One-sixth natural size; 1, natural size.)]
+
+Nearly 100 years ago this charming little plant was imported from North
+America; still, it is rarely seen, notwithstanding that rock-gardens
+have long been popular. On rockwork it not only thrives well, but
+appears to great advantage. No rock-garden should be without it. It is a
+rare and beautiful subject, remarkably distinct and pleasing; it is
+perfectly hardy, also perennial and herbaceous; but its last-named
+characteristic should be qualified, inasmuch as the old leaves remain in
+good form and colour until long after the new ones are fully grown, so
+that there are always two sets of foliage. Viewed in this light, it may
+be called an evergreen plant; moreover, it is one of those plants which
+the artist can scarcely do justice to, for though the illustration (Fig.
+42) depicts faithfully its neat habit and handsome foliage, the living
+plant makes a better impression. I said it was rare, but this is less in
+the sense of scarcity than because it is little known and seldom seen;
+it is also quite distinct from any other plant, and the only species of
+the genus.
+
+Its milk-white flowers, which, though very simple, are richly effective,
+are produced on tall, nude stems, 18in. high, round, wiry, and nearly
+amber-coloured. They are arranged in a dense spike, 6in. to 8in. long;
+the corolla is 1/4in. across, and composed of five petals; the calyx has a
+short tube and five sepals; the leaves are heart-shaped, nearly round,
+evenly toothed, and sometimes glandular; of leathery substance, and
+somewhat stiff, smooth, shining, and richly veined or nerved. The leaves
+of various ages differ in colour; the old ones are dark green,
+conspicuously reticulated; the new, but perfectly-developed ones, are
+pale green, with a ray of yellowish-green next the edges; the growing
+ones are nearly red, and all the serrated edges are hemmed with a nearly
+scarlet line, always brightest at the points of the teeth. This
+finely-tinted foliage is elegantly disposed by means of the stalks,
+which bend in various ways; they vary in length from 4in. to 8in., and
+are all radical; they are round, wiry, and once grooved. The bloom lasts
+for several weeks in good form, and the foliage is always beautiful,
+more especially in the autumn, when it glows like polished mahogany.
+Such a plant can hardly fail to please when well grown, but it must be
+so developed.
+
+This lovely plant certainly requires a little special treatment, but
+that is easy and simple; in fact, it scarcely can be called special. It
+may be put in a few words--damp, but not sour vegetable soil, and very
+slight shade. My specimen, from which the drawing was taken, is growing
+in a little dip at the base of a small rockery, below the level of the
+walk, which acts as a watershed; the soil is nearly all leaf mould--a
+small portion of loam, and I ought to add that there is a moderate
+quantity of small charcoal incorporated with it, which will doubtless
+assist in keeping the soil sweet. There cannot, therefore, be much
+difficulty in setting up these conditions; the charcoal may not be
+necessary, but an annual top-dressing with it will meet the case of such
+plants as grow in low damp situations. The propagation of this species
+is very easy in the case of well-grown clumps, which, when dug up in the
+autumn and thoroughly shaken, will come asunder into many small and
+well-rooted crowns; these only require to be replanted separately, under
+similar conditions to those by which they were produced. No attempt
+should be made to divide other than perfectly healthy clumps.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+
+
+
+Galega Officinalis.
+
+OFFICINAL GOAT'S-RUE; _Nat. Ord._ LEGUMINOSAE.
+
+
+A grand "old-fashioned" flower. It is 314 years since this plant was
+brought from Spain; it is perfectly hardy and herbaceous. Both it and
+its varieties are among the most useful subjects of the flower garden;
+they grow to shrub-like bushes, have elegant foliage, and an abundance
+of bloom, which continues until late autumn. Specimens have a clean and
+healthy appearance, and though they grow to the height of 4ft., they
+give no trouble, requiring neither tying nor supports. From their large
+quantities of flowers they are exceedingly gay; but it is for the
+handsome stems in a cut state that they should be most prized. These,
+cut 18in. long, and placed singly in pots or vases, are truly noble,
+more especially by gaslight.
+
+As will be inferred from the order to which _Galega_ belongs, the
+flowers are pea-flower-shaped, about 1/2in. or more long, and the same
+broad. They are of a pleasing, but undecided blue colour, arranged in
+long conical racemes, on stout, round stalks, as long as the leaves,
+which are pinnate, having a terminal odd one. The leaflets are evenly
+arranged in pairs, mostly in six pairs; they are each about 2in. long,
+lance-shaped, mucronate, entire, smooth, and glaucous. The floriferous
+character of the plant may be inferred from the fact that, after the
+raceme fades, there pushes from the axil a peduncle, which, in a short
+time, produces many other racemes.
+
+_G. o. alba_, a variety of the above, grows 4ft. high, and is an
+abundant bloomer; flowers superb for cutting purposes. For culture, see
+_G. Persica lilacina_.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Galega Persica Lilacina.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ LEGUMINOSAE.
+
+
+This is a lovely species of _Galega_ imported little more than fifty
+years ago from Persia. Perfectly hardy; in general form it corresponds
+with _G. officinalis_. The following are its distinctions: More dense
+racemes of lilac flowers, a foot less tall, leaflets shorter and
+broader--in fact, oval, oblong, somewhat twisted or edged up in the
+arrangement, and often without the terminal leaflet.
+
+The above Goat's-rues are of the simplest culture; they will do in any
+soil, but if they are liberally treated they will repay it. A fat loam
+and sunny situation are what they delight in. They may remain year after
+year in one position, but I find them to do better in every way if they
+are divided the second year; it should be done in summer, so that they
+can make a little growth in their new quarters before winter sets in. In
+order to carry out this, the older plants (I divide half my stock one
+year, the other half the year following) should be cut over near the
+ground, though they may be in full bloom. Divide the roots into several
+strong pieces, and replant them in soil deeply dug and where they are
+intended to flower; they will bloom finely the following season.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Gentiana Acaulis.
+
+GENTIANELLA; _Nat. Ord._ GENTIANACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy, evergreen creeper, its creeping stems running immediately under
+the surface. This is a remarkably beautiful plant, and the wonder is
+that it is not grown in every garden. The most attractive features, when
+in flower, of this dwarf Gentian are its immensely large blooms and neat
+shining green foliage (see Fig. 43). It is easily identified, there
+being not another species like it, and certainly very few to equal it
+for beauty and service; it forms one of the best edgings for beds and
+borders. Many report that it is difficult to grow, which may be the case
+in some gardens from one cause or other, whilst in many places it runs
+like quick-grass.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 43. GENTIANA ACAULIS.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+Flowers, dark bright blue, large, long bell-shaped, but not drooping;
+tube, five-angular, nearly 3in. long; corolla, five-limbed, and an inch
+or more wide; the stems are seldom more than 3in. long, square,
+furnished with small opposite leaves, and terminated with one flower on
+each. That part of the foliage which sends up the flower is arranged in
+rosette form, the leaves being stout, flat, and acutely lance-shaped.
+Anywhere or everywhere may this subject be planted; it is always bright,
+even in winter, and when there are no flowers upon it it forms a rich
+covering for the otherwise bare ground; its blooms will each keep good a
+week. They are rarely produced in great numbers at one time, but the
+plants will continue for a long while to yield them sparingly.
+
+I find _G. acaulis_ to thrive well at the base of rockwork, as an edging
+to a flat bed, and in the gutters of the garden walks--it likes
+moisture. To me this is clearly proved by other plants, which, in all
+respects but one, are treated the same, the exceptional condition being
+that they are planted on the sloping face of rockwork, where they
+scarcely grow and never bloom. With reference to soil, rich or silky
+loam is best for it, but any kind, if sweet and retentive, will do. Its
+propagation may be effected by division of the rooted creeping stems
+after they have made four leaves. Very early in spring is a good time to
+do this, but neither these nor the old plant, if it has been much
+disturbed, will flower the same season after being so mutilated.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Gentiana Asclepiadea.
+
+SWALLOW-WORT-LEAVED GENTIAN; _Nat. Ord._ GENTIANACEAE.
+
+
+A tall and beautiful alpine species from Austria, very hardy and
+herbaceous. It has long had a place in English gardens--fully 250
+years--and is described by Parkinson in his "Paradise of Flowers." The
+tall stems are very showy, having an abundance of shining dark green
+foliage, amongst which nestle the large and bright purple-blue flowers;
+it is a subject that looks well at a distance, and, as a rule, flowers
+with that quality are of the greatest value for borders and cutting
+purposes.
+
+It grows nearly 2ft. high; the stems are round, erect, short-jointed,
+and very leafy; the flowers are produced on a third of their length,
+they are stalkless, and spring from the axils of the leaves in pairs;
+the calyx is 1/2in. long, tubular, angled, and having fang-shaped
+segments; the corolla is also tubular and angled, somewhat bellied, the
+divisions being deeply cut and reflexed; the whole flower will be fully
+11/2in. long. The inside of the corolla is striped with white and various
+shades of blue and purple. The leaves are 2in. long, oval, lance-shaped,
+distinctly ribbed, somewhat lobed at the base, and stem-clasping, which
+gives the pair of leaves a joined or perfoliate appearance; the nodes
+are short, or near together, the lower ones being the more distant,
+where also the leaves are much smaller; the foliage is a glossy dark
+green colour, the whole plant having a sombre but rich effect.
+
+From the fact that the long stems are top-heavy and of a brittle
+character, a sheltered position should be given to this plant, or the
+wind will snap them off. It ought not to have stakes, as they would mar
+its good form. A fat loam and a moist situation will suit this Gentian
+to perfection, and it may be planted with other strong herbaceous things
+in the borders, where it should be allowed to grow to large specimens.
+It is one of the quickest growers of its genus, few species of which can
+be grown in too large quantities. When it is needful to increase this
+subject, it maybe done more readily than the propagation of some
+Gentians--the roots are more easily separated. It should, however, be
+carefully done, and early spring is the best time; or if the autumn
+should be a dry season and the tops die off early, it may be done then.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+
+
+
+Gentiana Burseri.
+
+BURSER'S GENTIAN; _Nat. Ord._ GENTIANACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy perennial species, of a bold but neat habit, while the flowers
+and foliage combine in rendering it a first-class decorative subject. It
+is a recent introduction, having been brought from the Pyrenees in 1820;
+it is seldom seen in flower gardens, where it certainly deserves to be.
+
+Its flowers are not brilliant, but they are effective from their size,
+number, and persistency; they are produced in whorls on stout round
+stems 18in. high, but only on the three or four upper joints. Each
+flower is 11/2in. long, lemon-yellow, tubular, angular, having four to six
+segments, widely separated, and furnished with a membrane at each
+separation. The segments, and also the tube, are dotted with dark brown
+spots; each flower is tightly folded in a somewhat one-sided membranous
+calyx and borne erect. They occur in pairs mostly, but with several
+pairs in a whorl. They have very short pedicels, and the whorl is
+supported by a bract of stem-clasping leaves, cupped, and variously
+shaped, as ovate and beaked; there are also supplementary bracteoles.
+The leaves of the root very much resemble the plantain leaf, also that
+of _G. lutea_, having longish ribbed and grooved petioles or stalks;
+they are 5in. to 6in. long, and over 3in. broad, egg-shaped, entire,
+veined longitudinally, and slightly wrinkled; they are of a dark green
+colour, shining, and of good substance. The leaves of the stems, as
+already stated, are stem-clasping, and differ in shape. The flowers keep
+in good form for two or three weeks, and otherwise this rigid
+bright-foliaged Gentian proves very ornamental.
+
+I find it to do well in vegetable soil in a moist quarter. Most of the
+members of this genus enjoy plenty of moisture at their roots, and this
+specimen is no exception. A flat stone will form a good substitute for a
+damp situation if placed over the roots; besides, such a method of
+growing this and others of the tall Gentians will allow of their being
+planted on rockwork, or otherwise, near the more frequented walks,
+where they must always prove pleasing from their bold and shining
+foliage, to say nothing of their striking flowers. The propagation of
+this species should be effected by division of the roots, which are very
+strong. Each crown should have as much of the more fibrous roots
+retained as possible, and the parts to be severed should be cut with a
+very sharp knife; it also ripens seed plentifully.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Gentiana Cruciata.
+
+CROSS-LEAVED GENTIAN; _Nat. Ord._ GENTIANACEAE.
+
+
+An interesting species from Austria, and one of the "old-fashioned"
+plants of English gardens, having been cultivated in this country for
+nearly 300 years. Gerarde gives a faithful and full description of it,
+which I will quote: "Crossewoort Gentian hath many ribbed leaues spred
+upon the ground, like unto the leaues of sopewroot, but of a blacker
+green colour; among which rise vp weak iointed stalks, trailing or
+leaning towarde the grounde. The flowers growe at the top in bundels,
+thicke thrust togither, like those of sweete Williams, of a light blew
+colour. The roote is thicke, and creepeth in the grounde farre abroade,
+whereby it greatly increaseth." Its height seldom exceeds 10in., and it
+is to be commended because it is one of the Gentians that are easily
+grown, and is handsome withal. It may be planted in either vegetable or
+loamy soil--the common border seems to suit it; it spreads much faster
+than any of the other Gentians I know, with the exception of _G.
+acaulis_, and it is in broad masses one sees it to greatest advantage.
+Propagated by division any time.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Gentiana Gelida.
+
+ICE-COLD GENTIAN; _Nat. Ord._ GENTIANACEAE.
+
+
+This species comes from Siberia, and has been grown in this country for
+nearly eighty years. It is a very beautiful species, the whole plant
+being handsome; it grows nearly a foot high.
+
+The flowers are produced in terminal clusters, one large flower being
+surrounded by a whorl of smaller ones; they are of a rich purplish-blue
+inside the corolla, which is rotate; the segments (mitre-shaped) and the
+spaces between are prettily furnished with a feathery fringe; the wide
+tube is also finely striped inside; the calyx is tubular, having long
+awl-shaped segments; the stems are procumbent, firm (almost woody),
+short jointed, and thickest near the top. The leaves are of a dark
+shining green colour, from 11/2in. to 2in. long, smallest at the root end,
+and finishing next the flowers with the largest, which are
+lance-shaped, the lower ones being heart-shaped; they are closely
+arranged in pairs, are sessile, and at right angles with the stem.
+
+It seems to enjoy a shady damp corner in rockwork, where its distinct
+forms and neat habit appear to advantage. It should be planted in
+vegetable soil, such as peat or well-decayed leaves mixed with sand. It
+cannot endure drought at the roots. It is a slow-growing plant, but very
+floriferous; the flowers last fully a fortnight in good form, the
+weather, however rough or wet, seeming to have no effect on them. In a
+cut state it is exquisite, but those who properly value the Gentians,
+especially the slow growers, will hardly care to cut away the stems, as,
+by doing so, not only will the plant be checked, but next year's growth
+will prove reduced in both number and vigour. It is propagated by root
+division when in a dormant state. I have also successfully transplanted
+this kind after it has made considerable growth, but the roots have been
+carefully guarded against dryness.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Gentiana Verna.
+
+SPRING ALPINE FELWORT; _Nat. Ord._ GENTIANACEAE.
+
+
+A native evergreen creeper. This plant has many synonymous names in old
+books. It is now, however, well known by the above Latin name. Let me at
+once say that it is a matchless gem. Its flowers are such as to attract
+the notice of any but a blind person. It is said to be rare now in this
+country, still, I think it is far from being extinct in its wild state.
+Be that as it may, it is fortunate that it can be easily cultivated, and
+nothing in a garden can give more pleasure. Its flowers are blue--but
+such a blue! the most intense, with a large and sharply defined white
+eye, and though only 1/2in. across, one on each stem, and 3in. high, they
+are grandly effective. It has a tubular, angled calyx; corolla five-cut.
+The leaves are oval, nearly 1in. long, and half as broad; dark shining
+green and of leathery substance. The radical leaves are crowded into a
+nearly rosette form.
+
+By many this Gentian is considered difficult to grow, but if a proper
+beginning is made it proves to be of the easiest management. Very
+suitable places may be found for it in, not _on_, rockwork, where good
+fat loam forms the staple soil; little corners, not _above_ the ground
+level, but on, or better still, _below_ the ground level, are sure to
+meet its requirements; on the edge of a border, too, where moisture
+collects in the small gutter, has proved a suitable position for it.
+But, perhaps, the most successful way of growing it is in pots, for, as
+with _Trientalis Europa_ and other root creepers, when so treated more
+compact specimens are obtained. It is important to begin with
+properly-rooted plants, the crowns of which are often 2in. to 3in. below
+the surface; from these spring the numerous, bare, yellow, wiry stems,
+too often taken for roots, whereas the main roots are still deeper, very
+long for so small a plant, and furnished with silky feeders. Good crowns
+potted in rich fibrous loam and plunged in sand, fully exposed, with an
+unstinted supply of water, is the substance of the simple treatment my
+plants receive the year round; they are still in the 3in. and 4in. pots
+in which they were placed three years ago, and during spring they are
+covered with flowers. When a pot is lifted out of the sand in which it
+is plunged, the fine long silky roots are seen to have made their way
+through the hole. Spring is the best time to plant.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Geranium Argenteum.
+
+SILVERY CRANE'S-BILL: _Nat. Ord._ GERANIACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 44. GERANIUM ARGENTEUM.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+A hardy perennial alpine from the South of Europe, introduced in 1699.
+It is, therefore, an old plant in this country, and is one of the gems
+of the rock garden; very dwarf, but effective, as may be seen by the
+illustration (Fig. 44). The foliage is of a distinct and somewhat
+conglomerate character, besides being of a silvery-grey colour.
+Well-grown specimens of this charming Crane's-bill look remarkably well
+against dark stones. Its flowers are large for so small a plant, and
+wherever it finds a suitable home it cannot fail to win admiration. In
+borders of rich soil it is grown to the height of about six inches, but
+in drier situations, as on the upper parts of rockwork, it is more
+dwarf.
+
+The flowers are fully an inch in diameter when open, cup-shaped, and
+striped in two shades of rose colour; the unopened flowers are
+bell-shaped and drooping; they are borne on long naked pedicels, bent
+and wiry, oftentimes two on a stem; calyx five-cleft, segments concave;
+petals five, equal and evenly arranged. The leaves are produced on long,
+bent, wiry stalks, the outline is circular, but they are divided into
+five or seven lobes, which are sub-divided and irregular, both in size
+and arrangement; they have a silky appearance, from being furnished with
+numerous fine hairs or down. The plant continues to flower for many
+weeks, but, as may be judged, it is, otherwise than when in flower,
+highly attractive. To lovers of ornamental bedding this must prove a
+first-rate plant. As an edging to beds or borders of choice things it
+would be pleasingly appropriate, and, indeed, anywhere amongst other
+dwarf flowers it could not be other than decorative.
+
+It thrives well in a good depth of loam, its long tap-roots going a long
+way down. If, therefore, it is planted on rockwork, suitable provision
+should be made for this propensity. The propagation of the plant is not
+so easy, from the fact that it makes large crowns without a
+corresponding set of roots, and its seed is scarce and often taken by
+birds before ripened. Moreover, the seedlings do not always come true;
+still, it seems the only mode of propagation, unless the old plants have
+plenty of time allowed them to spread and make extra roots. Latterly I
+have gathered the seeds before the capsules burst--in fact, whilst
+green--and, after carrying them in the waistcoat pocket for a few days,
+they have been sown in leaf soil and sand, and germinated freely. When
+the seedlings have made a few leaves the deteriorated forms may be
+picked out readily.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Gillenia Trifoliata.
+
+_Syn._ SPIRAEA TRIFOLIATA _and_ S.
+TRILOBA--THREE-LEAVED GILLENIA; _Nat. Ord._
+ROSACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial from North America, imported in 1713. The
+main features about this plant are its elegant form and rich tints. The
+illustration (Fig. 45) may give some idea of the former quality, but to
+realise the latter the reader should see a living specimen in the form
+of a bold clump. There is a wild beauty about this subject which it is
+not easy to describe; as a flower it is insignificant, but the way in
+which the flowers are disposed on the slender stems, blending with a
+quaintly pretty foliage, neither too large nor dense, renders them
+effective in their way. It is, however, only as a whole that it can be
+considered decorative, and it should be well grown.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 45. GILLENIA TRIFOLIATA.
+
+(One-sixth natural size; blossom, full size.)]
+
+Although most nearly related to the spiraeas the distinctions from that
+genus are very marked, notably the very slender stems and large flowers,
+which are produced singly on rather long-bending pedicels, almost as
+fine as thread, and, like the stems, of a bright brown (nearly ruddy)
+colour. The flowers form a lax panicle, interspersed with a little
+foliage. The calyx is a bright brown colour, rather large and
+bell-shaped. It contrasts finely with the five long, narrow petals,
+which are white, tinted with red; they are also irregular in form and
+arrangement, somewhat contorted. The leaves, as implied by the specific
+name, are composed of three leaflets; they have very short stalks, and
+the leaflets are all but sessile, lance-shaped, finely toothed or
+fringed, ribbed, and somewhat bronzed. Perhaps it is most useful in a
+cut state; the sprays, even if they have but one or two flowers on them,
+are charming for vase work. I may say the calyx is persistent, and after
+the petals have fallen they not only increase in size, but turn a fine
+red colour, and so render the sprays additionally effective.
+
+To grow this plant well it should have a deep soil; it also loves
+moisture, and, as already hinted, partial shade; it is a steady grower,
+far from rampant, like the spiraeas. This is a capital subject to grow
+near or under "leggy" shrubs and trees, where, in semi-shade, it is not
+only at home, but proves very attractive. It may be propagated by
+division, the best time being early in the year, just before growth
+commences.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Gynerium Argenteum.
+
+PAMPAS _or_ SILVERY GRASS; _Nat. Ord._
+GRAMINEAE.
+
+
+This handsome grass is well known, at least, its feathery plumes are,
+from the fact of their being imported largely in a dry state for
+decorative purposes. It has not been grown long in this country, and,
+perhaps, it is not generally known that it endures our climate as an
+outdoor plant; in most parts of Great Britain, however, it proves hardy.
+As far north as Yorkshire I have seen it in the form of specimens 8ft.
+high; my own examples are yet young--two and three years old--and are
+only just beginning to flower, at the height of 3ft. to 4ft., diameter
+about the same. It is a native of South America, occurring mostly on the
+prairies; it is also found in other parts where there are swamps and
+high temperatures. This would lead us to have doubts as to its
+suitableness for English gardens, but facts prove it to have elastic
+qualities in this respect. It proves at all times to be a noble ornament
+in gardens of moderate size.
+
+In its growing or green state it is a distinct and pleasing object, but
+it is at its greatest beauty when it has ripened its tall and silky
+plumes, which glisten in the sunshine and are of a silvery-grey colour,
+and when also the very long and narrow grass has become browned and
+falls gracefully, more or less curling under the tufts. All its parts
+are persistent, and, as a specimen of ripe grass, it is not only
+ornamental in itself, but it gives a warm effect to its surroundings
+during winter. Under favourable conditions it will grow 10ft. or 12ft.
+high, but it is seldom that it attains a height of more than 8ft. or
+9ft. As an illustration (Fig. 46) is given, further description is not
+needed. I may add that if it is not "laid" by heavy snows, it keeps in
+good form until the new grass begins to grow in the following spring.
+
+I find it to do well in light earth, well enriched with stable manure,
+the soil having a more than ordinary quantity of sand in it; the
+position is such as can have a good supply of moisture, being near walks
+that drain to it. In stiffish loam a strong clump was planted three
+years ago, but it has never looked healthy. The best positions for it
+are well-prepared shrubbery borders; there it contrasts finely with the
+greenery, and receives some protection from the high winds. It may be
+increased by division of healthy roots, when the grass is ripe, but it
+ought not to be cut off.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 46. GYNERIUM ARGENTEUM.
+
+(One-twentieth natural size.)]
+
+The plumes appear in August, and will keep in good condition till the
+weather changes to a wintry character.
+
+
+
+
+Harpalium Rigidum.
+
+_Syn._ HELIANTHUS RIGIDUS--RIGID SUNFLOWER; _Nat.
+Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+One of the most effective and beautiful flowers to be seen in autumn; it
+would be hard to mention another at any period of the year that gives
+more satisfaction and pleasure than this does, either as a decorative
+plant or a cut flower. A bold specimen, 4ft. through, is truly fine, and
+not only those who seldom visit a garden, but amateurs well versed in
+flowers, are alike charmed with its rich and stately blossoms. Most
+people know what a Sunflower is; many of them are coarse and almost
+ugly; but though the present subject is of the family, it is supremely
+distinct; it is without the formal character in its ray, and also the
+herby leafiness of many of its genus, its large, clean, shining, golden
+flowers, mounted on slender, ruddy, long, and nearly nude stalks, not
+only render it distinct, but impart an elegance to this species, which
+is all its own. It grows 4ft. high, is a comparatively new kind in
+English gardens, and comes from North America; still, it has become
+widely known and appreciated, in fact a universal favourite, so much so
+that, although it increases fast, the demand for it is not yet
+satisfied; it is, doubtless, a flower for every garden.
+
+The flowers are 4in. across, glistening golden yellow, and formed of a
+deep ray and small disk; the florets of the ray are 11/2in. long and more
+than 1/2in. broad, they are incurved at their points, but reflexed at
+their edges, and are handsomely ribbed or pleated; they are arranged in
+two or three rays in each flower, and irregularly disposed; the florets,
+being well apart, not only seem to give the bloom body, but also an
+artistic informality and lightness. The florets of the disk are
+chocolate colour, whence issue twirled filamentary forms, which impart
+to the centre of flower the appearance of being netted with a golden
+thread. The scaly involucre is formed of numerous small members of a
+dark olive-green colour, neatly arranged and firmly clasping the whole
+flower. The pedicels are long, round, covered with short stiff hairs,
+and thickened at the involucre; the stems are very rough, rigid, hard,
+and brown or ruddy on the sunny side, sometimes twisted and nude, with
+the exception of a solitary rudimentary leaf. The main stems have many
+axillary branches. The leaves of the root are few, 5in. or 6in. long,
+and oval. Those of the stems more lance-shaped, sessile, and slightly
+dentate, or toothed, lessening in size as they get higher; all the
+leaves are very thick, three-veined, and remarkably hispid, being almost
+as coarse as sandpaper to the touch. I have also observed another
+peculiarity about the leaves, when they have been taken from the plant
+for an hour or more, _i.e._, they have a most elastic property. Very
+often the leaves may be seen in trios, whence spring three side
+branches, surrounding the upright and central one. The habit of the
+whole specimen is very rigid, with the exception of the flowers, which
+are slightly nodding; the tallest growths need no stakes, and the
+species enjoys a happy immunity from insect pests, probably by reason of
+its hispid character. As already stated, as a garden subject this is one
+of the most useful; it shows grandly in front of evergreens, and
+associates well with lilies. In borders of tall perennials, or in
+conspicuous but distant situations, such as are visible from the doors
+or windows of the house, or as isolated clumps, on or near the lawn,
+this fine Sunflower may be planted with satisfactory results; in fact,
+it cannot be planted wrong, provided it is kept away from small
+subjects. In a cut state it is of such value that it cannot be
+overpraised--a branch with four fully blown flowers and others nearly
+out, requires no assistance as a table decoration. Its blooms have the
+quality of keeping clean, doubtless from the smoothness of the florets.
+
+The cultural requirements are few. Any garden soil will do for it, but
+if deeply dug and well enriched with stable manure, so much the better;
+it should have a fairly open situation; it is not only a Sunflower in
+name and form, but it enjoys sunshine. It is self-propagating, and runs
+freely at the roots, immediately under the surface; the thick stolons
+form knobby crowns at their extremities, out of and from under which the
+roots issue, going straight and deep down, and so forming an independent
+plant.
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+
+
+
+Hedera Conglomerata.
+
+CONGLOMERATE IVY; _Nat. Ord._ ARALIACAE.
+
+
+I do not introduce this as a flowering subject, but as a dwarf
+ornamental shrub; it differs so much from all other species and
+varieties of Ivy, and is so beautiful withal, that I trust no further
+apology is needed for giving it a place amongst decorative plants and
+shrubs. I have not been able to learn its habitat or origin; its stunted
+tree-like shape, together with other peculiarities, would indicate that
+it is a species; be that as it may, it has long had a place in English
+gardens, and yet it is seldom met with--it would be hard to explain why.
+On a bit of rockwork I have grown a specimen for nearly five years, and
+it was an old shrub when planted, yet it is not more than 2ft. in
+diameter and 1ft. high. It is much admired, and many notes have been
+taken of it. For rockwork, it is one of the best dwarf evergreen shrubs
+I know.
+
+It has very small leaves, densely arranged in flat or one-sided wreaths.
+They seldom exceed 1in. in diameter, and are of various forms, as
+heart-shaped, sagittate, oval, tri-lobed, and so on. Some are notched,
+others slightly toothed, but many are entire. All are waved or
+contorted, wrinkled and thickened at the edges, where the younger leaves
+show a brown line; the under sides are pale green, and furnished with
+short stiff brown hairs, as also are the stout leaf stalks. The upper
+side of the foliage is a dark glossy green, with shadings of brown. In
+substance the leaves are leathery, inclining to stiffness. The stunted
+branches have a cork-like appearance as regards the bark, are diffuse,
+curiously bent, and sometimes twisted loosely together. It is of slow
+growth, more especially in the upward direction, and though provision
+may be made for it to cling and climb, and it has also well-formed roots
+on the branchlets, still, it assumes more the tree-shape. I never saw or
+heard of its flowering, much less that it ever produced seed; if it does
+not seed we are not only deprived of an ornamental feature belonging to
+the genus from the absence of berries, but it proves that it is only a
+variety of some species.
+
+It may be grown in any kind of sandy soil, and nothing special whatever
+is needed. An open sunny situation will favour its form and colour of
+foliage; under trees I have found it to produce larger leaves of plainer
+shape and more even colour. During the winter it becomes a conspicuous
+object on rockwork, where it seems most at home. It may be propagated by
+cuttings, and spring is a suitable season to lay them in; in well dug
+light soil they soon make plenty of roots.
+
+
+
+
+Helianthus Multiflorus.
+
+MANY-FLOWERED SUNFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+This fashionable flower is glaringly showy. Still, it is not wanting in
+beauty; moreover, it belongs to an "old-fashioned" class, and is itself
+a species which has been grown for nearly 300 years in English gardens.
+It was brought from North America in the year 1597, and during the whole
+of its history in this country, it can hardly ever have been more
+esteemed than it is to-day; it is very hardy, and in every way a
+reliable subject. Everybody knows the Sunflower, therefore no one will
+care to read a description of it; still, one or two remarks may,
+perhaps, be usefully made in the comparative sense, as this is a
+numerous genus. Many of the Sunflowers are annuals, to which this and
+others of a perennial character are much superior, not only in being
+less trouble and not liable to be out of season from mismanagement in
+sowing and planting, as with the annual sorts, but from the fact that
+their flowers are of better substance and far more durable; they are
+also less in size and more in number--two points of great gain as
+regards their usefulness as cut bloom. They are, besides, better
+coloured, and the flowering season more prolonged. Well-established
+specimens, two or three years old, will, in average weather, last in
+good form for fully six weeks. The colour (yellow) is common to the
+Sunflowers. This species has flowers which vary much in size, from 2in.
+to 6in. across, and they are produced on stems 3ft. to 6ft. high, well
+furnished with large heart-shaped leaves of a herb-like character,
+distinctly nerved, toothed, and rough.
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+_H. m. fl.-pl._ is, of course, the double form of the above, the disk
+being represented by a mass of florets considerably shorter than those
+of the ray proper. The flowers are not produced in such large numbers as
+with the typical form, neither does the plant grow so tall, but the
+foliage is a little larger; these constitute all the points of
+difference which I have noticed. These forms of Sunflower are very
+effective--nowhere, perhaps, so much as amongst shrubs. The plants lift
+well, carrying a good ball that facilitates their being placed in pots
+even when in bloom, when, as I have lately seen, they may be used in a
+most telling manner with potted shrubs in large halls, corridors, and
+public buildings. In such places they get no sun to make them droop, and
+a good watering keeps them as fresh as if they had not been disturbed.
+Of the usefulness of this flower in a cut state nothing whatever need be
+said--who has not tried it? Doubtless, when it becomes unfashionable it
+will have fewer patrons, but it will be the same flower, richly
+beautiful--aesthetic. No special culture is needed, any kind of garden
+soil will suit it; if well enriched, all the better. Any situation will
+do but one too densely shaded. Propagated by splitting the roots after
+the plants have done flowering, or in spring.
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+
+
+
+Helianthus Orygalis.
+
+GRACEFUL SUNFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+Yet another Sunflower, and one, too, of the common yellow colour, and
+not otherwise attractive, as may be seen by the illustration (Fig.
+47)--of course, I am now referring to the flower only. There are,
+however, features about this species which all must admire; stems 7ft.
+high, furnished with bright foliage, in the manner indicated, are not
+mean objects, even if topped with but a common yellow composite. This is
+a native of North America, and of recent introduction; it is a distinct
+species, and for foliage a prince among its fellows. I know not another
+to nearly approach it, _H. angustifolius_ being perhaps the nearest, but
+that species has never with me proved of more than a biennial character,
+and its leaves, though long and narrow, are irregular and herby.
+
+The flowers need not be further described beyond saying that they are
+borne on short side shoots, near the top of the main stems, but they
+harmonise with the general arrangement of foliage, and, indeed, from
+their bract-like leafiness, somewhat enrich it. This is one of the
+latest-blooming Sunflowers. The leaves are 5in. to 8in. long, and 1/2in.
+to 1in. wide, the lower half on the stems droop, though they are of good
+substance; the upper half bend gracefully, and, from their close
+arrangement, all but hide the stem. At the axils of the larger leaves,
+tufts of smaller (much smaller) leaves appear, causing the long stems to
+be top-heavy. Still, they wave and bend during the strongest winds
+without supports or damage. It will be seen that the usefulness of this
+plant consists in its distinct form and tallness, and that it is
+effective is without doubt. Among low shrubs, or with other tall things,
+will prove suitable quarters for it.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 47. HELIANTHUS ORYGALIS.
+
+(One-eighth natural size; flower, one-fourth natural size.)]
+
+Any kind of soil will do, shelter from the wind being the most
+important, and perhaps the only point to study when planting. It is
+propagated by root divisions when the tops have withered.
+
+Flowering period, September and October.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Abchasicus.
+
+ABCHASIAN HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+This is a native of the Caucasus, and in this climate, where it has been
+cultivated about fifteen years, it retains its foliage through the
+winter in a green state. It is a free grower, and flowers well, having a
+somewhat slender habit. It is sometimes described as having green
+flowers, but more often as having purple ones. It may be useful to
+remember that there are varieties, and it is likely that, even in the
+so-called green flowers, traces of purple will be seen. Not only is it a
+fact that this species, like _H. purpurascens_ and _H. niger_, is far
+from fixed as regards depth of colour, but it is said to be one of the
+parent forms of some of the fine hybrids. These considerations may help
+to reconcile the apparently conflicting descriptions as regards bloom
+colour.
+
+The flower stems are 12in. to 18in. high, distantly forked twice, and of
+a purplish colour. The flowers are produced in threes and fours on each
+of the branchlets, are inclined to purple, over 2in. across, and
+nodding; sepals oval, waved, and set well apart at the outer ends;
+petals scale-like, green, and numerous; anthers a beautiful delicate
+yellow; leaves of the flower stems few, small, and of irregular form,
+notched, finely serrate, and of a purplish-green shade; in their young
+state more especially does the purple prevail on the under surface--they
+are, in fact, nearly the colour of the flowers. The radical leaves are
+many, nearly a foot in diameter, of a dark green colour, and leathery
+substance; the leaflets are rather distant from each other, forming a
+noble pedate leaf; they are somewhat one-sided, slightly waved, sharply
+and regularly toothed nearly all their length. From this description it
+will be inferred that this is one of the most distinct species, and such
+is truly the case. Moreover, it has a bold and rich effect. The older
+radical foliage, with its long stalks, is for the most part spread on
+the ground, when the new erect flower stems, furnished with small leaves
+and nodding buds and blossoms, all of a shining purplish colour, form a
+peculiar but pleasing contrast, not nearly so marked in any other
+species with which I am acquainted. There is a variety called _H. A.
+purpureus_, in allusion to the colour of the flowers being a little more
+purple.
+
+This Abchasian species and its varieties are not widely distributed;
+they are to be obtained, and need no longer be found only in rare
+collections. It is desirable in every way for the garden, where it forms
+a most ornamental object during winter. Its flowers last for four or
+five weeks, and in a cut state they form rich companion bloom to the
+white Christmas Rose.
+
+A good fat loam suits them; the position should be rather shady and
+moist, but by all means well drained. A top dressing of good rotten
+manure, after all have done blooming, about the end of March, is a great
+help to them. All the Hellebores may be easily increased by root
+divisions, but the stock should be strong and healthy. Roots affected
+with the least rot or canker should be discarded, as from their slowness
+of growth they will not be worth garden space. Seed may also be raised,
+but unless sown as soon as it is ripe germination is less certain, and
+always slower in proportion to the length of time it has been kept dry.
+I may add that, in February (1883), I noticed a pot, sown with Hellebore
+seed in February of 1880; a few were just pushing through the mould. The
+seed was sold to me as the produce of 1879. Since 1880 I have sown seed
+ripened on plants that were bloomed for indoor decoration, it being
+ready about February. From this I had nice little plants in less than
+twelve months. But by seed the process of propagation is slow, and not
+advisable unless the object is to obtain new varieties--a very easy
+matter, by the way, with this family, if the simple rules of
+cross-hybridising are applied.
+
+All the Christmas Roses should be so planted that they may be
+conveniently shaded during their blooming time. They mostly flower
+during the dullest part of the year, and the blossom, more especially
+the white kinds and those with metallic hues, unless protected, become
+damaged with mud splashes. Hand-lights or bell-glasses should be freely
+used.
+
+Flowering period, January to March.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Antiquorum.
+
+ANCIENT HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+In what sense this specific name is applied, or which meaning of the
+word is supposed to be exemplified in this plant, I have no means of
+being certain. It is very probable that the name is in reference to its
+"old-fashioned," but beautiful, flowers; that they are "worthy,"
+"dearer, more acceptable," and of "more esteem and account," is likely
+to be the verdict of every amateur who grows this kind successfully, for
+a more lovely flower could hardly be desired--large, white, softly toned
+with pink and grey. Sepals very large, incurved, overlapping each other,
+having the appearance of being semi-double, and being of good substance.
+The petals are small, short, of a lively green, and numerous. It is a
+bold and effective flower, but to see it in its full beauty it should be
+gathered spotlessly clean, as grey and pink tints are ugly when soiled.
+The leaves accompanying the flowers are of the previous season's growth,
+and are produced on slender round stalks, 1ft. to 11/2ft. long, and much
+thickened at their junction with the leaves. The latter are nearly a
+foot across, pedate, or palm-shaped; the segments or leaflets are
+sub-divided and of irregular form, but mostly ovate, lance-shaped,
+finely and sharply toothed, and of a dull green colour. In a rich and
+free loam this kind proves a good grower, and when, in January, it is
+putting up its flower stalks, the buds being well developed and coloured
+from the time they appear above the earth, furnished with "floral leaf,"
+in which respect it differs from the common Christmas Rose, it causes a
+pleased surprise that such a pure and delicate looking blossom can
+develop and mature in the depth of winter. As a cut flower by many it
+would be preferred to the better-known _H. niger_, not only for its
+antique tints, but for the fine cup form, which is constant, and the
+overlapping, incurved edges of the sepals. Altogether, its form is
+distinct, and when used in small glasses as single specimens, or, at
+most, accompanied only by a fern frond or a few blades of grass, it is a
+charming object.
+
+Cultivation, as for _H. Abchasicus_.
+
+Flowering period, January to April.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Bocconi.
+
+BOCCON'S HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+This, by many, is believed to be a species, but as such is
+unauthenticated. It is classed as a variety of _H. purpurascens_,
+compared with which, however, there are some well-marked distinctions.
+It is sometimes called _H. multifidus_, a name that suits it well, as
+being descriptive of its irregularly slashed foliage. It has but
+recently been brought under cultivation, and was found a native of the
+Apennines of Etruria. It proves perfectly hardy in this climate, and
+flowers in mid-winter unless the season is very severe. As will be
+inferred from its near relationship to _H. purpurascens_, like that
+species it has non-persistent foliage, and the flower stems with their
+floral leaves appear before the leaves of the root. As a species or
+variety, whichever it may be, its more marked features are to be seen in
+the form or cut of the leaves.
+
+As a garden flower it is not showy, yet it stands out well in a group;
+the nodding cup-shaped bloom is a bright green colour, and, for a time,
+the outer sides of the sepals only are seen; but when the flowers are
+more fully expanded, the numerous and somewhat long stamens (which are a
+creamy-white) seem to nearly fill the cup; to my mind, its greatest
+charm is in the fragrant odour which it yields, resembling that of elder
+flowers. A single blossom, if plucked dry and when in its prime, scents
+a small room; at such a stage, the anthers are loaded with pollen, and
+the tubular petals are richly charged with nectar. True, these
+last-named qualities are common to the genus, but when they are coupled
+with that of a sweet perfume, and produced by an open-air plant in
+winter, such a plant, be its blossoms green or red, is too valuable to
+be neglected. The flowers are borne on stems 6in. to 12in. high, which
+are twice and thrice branched or forked, having six to twelve blossoms
+on a stem. The flowers are bright green, nearly 2in. across, cup-shaped,
+and drooping. The sepals are somewhat oval, concave, and overlapping;
+petals very short, pale green, and evenly arranged; stamens
+creamy-white; styles green. The flowers are supported by floral leaves,
+which are much divided, in the way of those of _H. purpurascens_, but
+the segments are more irregular in shape. The radical leaves have long
+stems, and are palmate; divisions lobed. It dies down entirely during
+the autumn. Being a vigorous grower and free bloomer, and the flowers
+very durable withal, it should be largely grown for the sake of its
+sweet-scented blossoms for cutting purposes. There is an allied variety
+cultivated under the name of _H. B. angustifolia_ (narrow-leaved).
+Assuming that _H. Bocconi_ is a species, this is a variety but slightly
+removed from the typical form, inasmuch as the latter is not only much
+cut in the floral and radical leaves, but the shape is uncertain. This
+form, then, which, at least by its name, claims a specific feature in
+the cut of leaf, may be somewhat difficult to identify, more especially
+as there are no other dissimilarities of note. Seen, however, as a
+well-grown specimen, the feature of narrow foliage is not only manifest,
+but the plant is very effective.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, the same as with _H. Abchasicus_.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Colchicus.
+
+COLCHICAN HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+A new species from Asia Minor. This is a strong grower and blooms well.
+The flowers vary in size and shade, but it may be said to be distinct in
+form and pronounced in colour, the latter being an uncommon feature with
+the Hellebores; either growing or cut it is indispensable to a group.
+Moreover, it is one of the best flowers of the genus, and would stand
+high even in a selection of the best six; it is one that should have a
+place in every collection.
+
+It flowers amongst the previous season's foliage on branched stems; the
+sepals are somewhat round and flat, which gives the flower a stiff
+appearance. Still, from their unusual deep purple colour and the yellow
+stamens, together with the manner in which the sepals overlap each
+other, the flower is a most effective one; the petals are a bright
+green, and blend harmoniously with the yellow and purple parts. The
+leaves are very large, pedate, dentate, and distinctly veined. In a
+young state the foliage is richly coloured or tinted with "bloom." It
+enjoys a rich sandy loam and summer shade.
+
+Cultivation, the same as for _H. Abchasicus_.
+
+Flowering period, January to March.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Cupreus.
+
+COPPERY HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+Notwithstanding its peculiar colour, as implied by the name, this is a
+pleasing border flower; moreover, the somewhat large flowers are also
+numerous; blossoms 3in. across, arranged in clusters of four and six,
+and handsomely furnished with new foliage, are no mean things in the
+depth of winter. The specific name of this Hellebore, though applicable,
+is not so definite as some, inasmuch as the colour to which it refers is
+that of several other species and varieties; there may be rather more of
+the metallic hue in our subject, but it is so slight as to be outside
+the pale of notice to the florist. The Coppery Hellebore is a native of
+mid-Europe, and is one of recent introduction into this country, where
+it proves hardy but annually dies down. It grows and flowers freely in
+January, the flower stalks appearing before the radical foliage, and
+attaining a height of nearly a foot.
+
+The flower stems are a palish green, with purplish markings, are twice
+branched and furnished with floral leaves; the latter have ample
+stipules and seven longish divisions, which are well spread out,
+distinctly veined underneath, and coarsely toothed. The flowers are 2in.
+to 3in. across, sepals pointed, overlapping for about half their length,
+and well expanded; their outsides are of a purplish colour, which
+extends along the stalk; the inner surface of the sepals is a yellowish
+green, the whole being suffused with a metallic hue or "bloom"; the
+stamens and anthers are a creamy white, the petals short and
+apple-green. The flowers droop gracefully, and are rendered all the more
+pleasing by the floral leaves which immediately support them. The leaves
+of the root are large and pedate, the divisions wide apart and unevenly
+toothed; the under sides are distinctly veined with purplish-brown when
+in a young state. The habit is robust, and the bloom is produced well
+above the radical foliage. There is a peculiar beauty about a strong
+flowering specimen which would hardly be expected from the above
+description, and it is even more difficult for me to do it justice.
+
+In a cut state a whole stem, with its flowers in different stages of
+development, is fine. The youngest rosy-purple buds, about the size of a
+cob nut; the more opened bell-shaped forms, just showing both the inner
+and outer colours of the sepals; these surmounted by the longer-stalked,
+fully expanded, but drooping flower, with its tassel-like bunch of
+stamens, and all finely interspersed with young leaves of two distinct
+colours, according to the side which meets the eye--all go to make it a
+charming decoration for indoors, and if cut clean it deserves a place
+for the whole week or more during which it remains in good form.
+
+Cultivation, as for _H. Abchasicus_.
+
+Flowering period, January to March.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Dumetorum.
+
+BUSHY HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+One of the less showy species. It comes from Hungary, and has been grown
+in this country about seventy years. It entirely renews its foliage
+yearly, the flower stems appearing before the radical leaves. The
+flowers are small, green, and drooping; the sepals are roundish. The
+flower stems are twice branched, full-flowered, and furnished with the
+"cut floral leaf," which is nearly stalkless and palmate. The root
+leaves are very smooth and pedate. The bright green flowers mix well
+with others, but where Hellebores are grown in limited varieties this
+may be omitted without loss as regards floral beauty.
+
+Cultivation, as for _H. Abchasicus_.
+
+Flowering period, February and March.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Foetidus.
+
+STINKING HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+This is a native species, distinct, ornamental, and evergreen. Its name
+may, with some, prevent its being planted in the pleasure garden, but
+its foetid odour is not perceptible unless sought for. It is mostly
+found wild in this country in chalky districts, and it occurs largely in
+the southern parts of Europe. Though poisonous, it is a valuable herb.
+Its value as a garden subject consists in its dark evergreen foliage,
+good habit, and handsome panicles of bloom. The latter is produced under
+cultivation in mid-winter. It never fails to flower then if the position
+is a sheltered one. In its wild state the flowers appear in March. It
+belongs to that section of the Hellebores which have leafy stems and
+many flowers; its grows 2ft. high, and never seems to rest, but goes on
+making new leaves throughout winter.
+
+The flowers are produced in clusters larger than a man's hand, and are
+of a green colour, the sepals edged with brown, which turns to a
+purplish tint; they are nearly an inch across, well cupped, and mostly
+hang bell-fashion; the leaves are much smaller than those of most
+Hellebores, pedate, smooth, of stout substance and dark green colour;
+the divisions of the leaves are narrow and numerous. The foliage is
+persistent, and keeps green until after the new has appeared; it bends
+downwards in a pleasing manner, and the leafy stems have a palm-like
+appearance. These, when topped with panicles of flowers, though they be
+green ones, are worthy objects for any garden. It is a suitable plant
+for mixing with deciduous shrubs; bold specimens of it enliven such
+borders by their shining greenery, and they are of greatest service when
+most needed, for in such sheltered quarters they are pretty sure to
+flower during winter; and the summer shade, if not too dense, will
+prove more beneficial to them than otherwise.
+
+Cultivation, ordinary garden soil.
+
+Flowering period, December to April.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Guttatus.
+
+SPOTTED HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+This is one of the newer species or varieties; its main distinction is
+well implied by the specific name. The flowers are fully 2in. across,
+and white; the sepals are spotted with purple; the petals are more
+constant than in some species, and of a rich green colour; flowers are
+produced on stems having the floral leaf; the buds are a greenish white,
+but very beautiful. The foliage is smaller than that of most kinds; the
+leaves are radical, rather short-stalked, pedate, and divisions narrow;
+they are of a leathery substance and a dark green colour. This is a free
+bloomer, a fact which, together with those of its winter-blooming habit
+and distinct flowers, renders it a valuable acquisition to the open
+garden. Either cut or growing, it is very lasting.
+
+Cultivation, as for _H. Abchasicus_.
+
+Flowering period, January to March.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Niger.
+
+BLACK HELLEBORE, _or_ CHRISTMAS ROSE; _Nat. Ord._
+RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy, herbaceous perennial. It came from Austria in 1597. In favoured
+situations it proves evergreen; there is nothing black to be seen about
+a growing plant, and it has often puzzled its admirers as to the cause
+of its specific name, which is in reference to the black roots of a year
+or more old. It would appear, moreover, that this is not the true "Black
+Hellebore" of the ancients (see remarks under _H. Orientalis_). This
+"old-fashioned" flower is becoming more and more valued. That it is a
+flower of the first quality is not saying much, compared with what might
+be said for it; and, perhaps, no plant under cultivation is capable of
+more improvement by proper treatment (see Fig. 48). Soil, position, and
+tillage may all be made to bear with marked effect on this plant, as
+regards size and colour of flowers and season of bloom. We took its most
+used common name--Christmas Rose--from the Dutch, who called it
+Christmas Herb, or Christ's Herb, "because it flowereth about the birth
+of our Lord Iesus Christ," and we can easily imagine that its beautiful
+form would suggest the other part of its compound name, "rose." In
+sheltered parts, where the soil is deep and rich, specimens will grow a
+foot high and begin to bloom in December, continuing until March.
+
+The individual flowers last a long time in perfection, either on the
+plant or in a cut state; they vary somewhat in their colour, some being
+more brown on the outer side of the sepals, and others much suffused
+with pink; but under glass, whether in the shape of a bell glass in the
+open garden, or a greenhouse, they mature to a pure white; their form is
+somewhat like that of a single rose, but may be more properly compared
+to a flower of its own order--the single paeonia. It is composed of five
+sepals, and is 2in. to 3in. across, being white or rose-coloured; these
+sepals form a corolla-like calyx; the petals are very short and tubular,
+nestling down amongst the tassel-like bunch of stamens; the flowers are
+produced on stout leafless scapes, having one or two bracteae; for the
+most part the flowers are in ones or pairs, but sometimes there may be
+seen three, and even four, on a scape. The leaves are radical, having
+stout, round stalks; they are large and pedate in shape, stout, and of
+leathery substance. The habit of the plant is neat, growing into rounded
+tufts.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 48. HELLEBORUS NIGER.
+
+(One-quarter natural size.)]
+
+In suitable quarters it proves a quick grower, whilst in ungenial
+situations it will hardly increase, though it is seldom killed. As it
+happens that its flowers are produced at a most unfavourable time for
+keeping them clean, they should be covered with some kind of glass
+shelters, or, where the soil is retentive, the roots may be lifted with
+large balls of earth to them, and be placed in a cool greenhouse well up
+to the light. It would, however, be a mistake to adopt this plan where
+the soil is loose, and during the lifting operation will fall from the
+roots; and it is also a mistake to expect flowers from newly-planted
+roots. Where its fine bloom is required at Christmas, good roots should
+have been planted fully a year previously. Doubtless many an amateur
+will herein recognise his failing point when expecting Christmas Roses
+from roots planted only a month before, and sometimes less. True, the
+buds are there, and fine ones, too, perhaps, but the plants, unless
+transferred with a good ball, suffer a check which it will take at least
+a year to outgrow. It is a good plan to grow this flower in good-sized
+pots, which should be plunged in a shady part of the garden all the
+year, with the exception of the blooming period; but even with pots well
+grown and showing plenty of buds, the mistake is often made of suddenly
+placing them in heat, immediately over hot pipes or flues, the heat from
+which shrivels the buds and foliage too. Though the Hellebores are
+amongst our best flowers for forcing, it should be done gently in an
+atmosphere constantly kept humid.
+
+As a cut bloom, the Christmas Rose vies with the eucharis and
+pancratium. For vase work, or used about the person, it is a flower that
+wins the greatest admiration, and it is no unusual thing for cut flowers
+to last indoors quite a fortnight.
+
+_H. n. angustifolius_ (narrow-leaved Hellebore) has smaller flowers than
+the type. The divisions of the leaves or leaflets are narrower, whence
+its name. The foliage is of a pale or apple green, whereas that of the
+type is very dark. It was introduced in the same year as its reputed
+parent. As a foliage plant it is very handsome, the leaves bending
+gracefully, and the whole specimen having a neat appearance.
+
+_H. n. maximus_ is the largest Christmas Rose, and is a truly grand
+variety; the flowers are 4in. and 5in. across. The illustration (Fig.
+49) is one-fourth natural size. The scapes are very stout, and produce
+several flowers, which are held well above the foliage; like those of
+the type, they, too, are tinted with a pink colour, which passes away
+when the flowers are a week or so old. The foliage is remarkably bold,
+having thick, round, and beautifully marked stalks. Well-established
+specimens have a shrub-like effect, being nearly 2ft. high, and richly
+furnished to the ground. The half-blown buds of this variety are
+exquisitely beautiful, and vary somewhat in form according to their age;
+some resemble a nearly blown tulip, and others a rosebud. As
+buttonholes, backed with a frond of maidenhair, they are charming. A
+whole scape, having one fully-blown flower and several buds, is the most
+perfect and beautiful decoration imaginable for a lady's hair. This
+variety is at its best in the month of December, being a little earlier
+than the typical form.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 49. HELLEBORUS NIGER MAXIMUS.
+
+(One-quarter natural size.)]
+
+All these kinds should be grown in moist and rather shady quarters;
+under trees not too densely foliaged will suit them; the soil should be
+a deep rich loam. I may mention that all my Hellebores are grown under
+"nurses," _i.e._, suitable small trees. I use walnut. About eighteen
+species and varieties are planted under six small trees, 4ft. high. The
+reasons why I use walnut are, that they leaf late in spring and lose
+their leaves early in autumn, so affording the greater amount of light
+during the flowering time of the Hellebores, and screening them in
+summer from the sun with their ample but not over thick foliage; a cut
+under the trees once a year with a sharp spade keeps them dwarf and
+prevents their making too many strong roots. Without saying that
+Hellebores should be grown in this way, it will serve to show how they
+may be conveniently shaded. Nothing could well look more happy under
+such treatment, and, once properly planted, they give no further trouble
+than a mulching of rotten manure in spring, when all the kinds have
+finished flowering. Christmas Roses are easily raised from seed,
+provided it is sown as soon as ripe, but plants so raised are two or
+three years before they flower. The quicker method of increase is by
+division of the roots. This can only be done successfully when the old
+stock is in robust health. Pieces of roots taken from old and unhealthy
+specimens will remain in the ground for twelve months as immovable as
+stones, whereas the least bits of clean young growths will form nice
+blooming plants the first year.
+
+Flowering period, December to March.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Odorus.
+
+SWEET-SCENTED HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+Like all the Hellebores, excepting the white-flowered _H. niger_ and its
+varieties, this has, until very recently, been much neglected,
+notwithstanding that its name implies the rare and desirable quality of
+a sweet odour; moreover, it is of easy culture, very hardy, and a free
+bloomer. It is a native of Hungary, and was introduced to English
+gardens in 1817. It is like _H. purpurascens_, only its flowers are
+green; it even more strongly resembles our native _H. viridis_. All its
+foliage is renewed annually. It belongs to the section having stems
+few-flowered, forked, and bearing floral leaves. It grows 9in. to 12in.
+high.
+
+The flowers are green, small, nodding, and scented. The sepals are
+nearly round, and overlap each other. The flowers are produced at long
+intervals on the twice-branched, stout, pale green stems; they are
+supported by prettily-cut leaves, having lance-shaped segments, finely
+serrated, also having large stipules. The radical leaves are palmate,
+covered with a fine down on the under surface. The segments are oblong,
+undivided, and at the base quite entire, but finely toothed near the
+top. The bloom lasts a long time, either cut or in the growing state.
+There is nothing very distinct to the eye about this species, but it is
+to be commended for the sweetness of its flowers.
+
+Like other Hellebores, it should be grown in a shady place, where there
+is a good depth of rich sandy loam. Propagated by division of healthy
+stock at almost any period.
+
+Flowering period, February to March.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Olympicus.
+
+OLYMPIAN HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+This comes from a Grecian habitat, as the specific name denotes; still
+it is perfectly hardy in this climate, and it deserves a place in every
+garden. It is not so old in English gardens as some kinds, and may not
+be much known; at any rate, it is seldom met with; but, from the fact
+of its coming into bloom in the first month of the year, and having
+finely-formed purple flowers, it is a desirable companion to the white
+Christmas Rose; it is variously stated to have white and purple flowers,
+both statements being authorised; they are produced in spare clusters on
+stems a foot high; the buds are charming objects, of a ruddy-brown
+colour, and the size of a big filbert; they are rather close together,
+and supported by a "cut floral leaf." The leaves are well divided and
+almost palm-shaped, the leaflets being ovate and toothed. It is a free
+grower, and never fails to bloom well too.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, the same as with _H. niger_.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Orientalis.
+
+EASTERN HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+Sometimes also called the Lenten Rose, as it may often be seen in flower
+during Lent, though it is no uncommon thing for it to bloom in January
+in favoured situations and mild winters. This is a very old species
+which has long been known to botanists, but it has only recently been
+introduced into this country. It is a native of the Levant, is plentiful
+on mountains and near Thessalonica and Constantinople. It has gone under
+the name of _H. officinalis_, and as such was, as it still is, the shop
+Hellebore of the East. As a garden flower it is to be recommended as one
+of the best of the genus; the colour is often a fine rose variously
+tinted, and the blooms are of good size. It is, however, a species
+respecting which there is still considerable misconception. One
+authority says the leaves die off and again appear with the flowers;
+another classes it with the group "leaves not annually dying"; then one
+says, "the greenish-white blossoms are tinted at the margin with
+purple"; another, that the flowers are "rose-coloured"; whilst botanical
+descriptions, usually so taunting to the florist as regards
+blossom-colour, are no exceptions in this case. "Sepals oval, coloured,"
+does not point out very clearly the information desired. Many of the
+species of Hellebore are known to produce flowers varying more or less
+in colour; and we also know that an individual blossom, during the long
+period in which the sepals keep good, often changes its tints and
+colours, but we are scarcely prepared to hear that a species has
+greenish-white flowers, whilst we have always seen a rosy or rosy-purple
+one produced. Still, the information from another source, that _H.
+orientalis_ is a species intermediate between _H. niger_ and _H.
+viridis_, would seem to favour the greenish-white as the typical colour;
+be that as it may, it is most likely that the more desirable
+rosy-flowered variety will prevail in flower gardens, that being the
+general recognised colour of the type, and moreover, one which renders
+it pleasingly distinct in the whole genus. There are hybrid kinds which
+have been raised from this species crossed with _H. viridis_ and,
+perhaps, others, and some of them have greenish-white flowers; but they
+should not be confounded with the species under notice. These varieties
+have received such names as _H. orientalis elegans_, _H. o.
+viridescens_, and _H. o. punctatus_. If hybrids are to be honoured with
+specific names, it will require much care to avoid confusion, and it is
+just possible that some such causes have led to the various descriptions
+above referred to. The type under notice is fairly distinct, and the
+amateur having a slight acquaintance with the Hellebore family will have
+little difficulty in making it out.
+
+The flowers are produced on forked stems, and are accompanied by
+finely-cut floral leaves, nearly sessile and palmate; the radical leaves
+are large, pedate, downy underneath, having long stalks, and remaining
+green throughout winter. The habit is to push the stout flower stems
+well up above the foliage, sometimes as high as 18in.; the flowers are
+very durable, at least the major parts--as the sepals--are, the stamens
+and petals falling somewhat sooner than those of most species; if
+different positions are given to a few specimens, flowers may be had
+from Christmas to Lent, according to amount of shelter or exposure
+therein obtained for the plants.
+
+There are facts connected with this plant, as other than a garden
+subject, which can hardly fail to be generally interesting. "This is the
+Black Hellebore of the ancients," so that, though _H. niger_ bears the
+name and is known to be largely possessed of properties similar to those
+of the oriental species, it is proved to be wrongly applied. So much was
+claimed by ancient doctors for the Black Hellebore as a medicine in
+mania, epilepsy, dropsy, and other ills to which mortals are heirs, that
+naturally the true plant was sought with much zeal. Dr. Woodville
+laments the want of proper descriptions of plants and the consequences,
+and in his "Botany," p. 51, points out some ridiculous errors made in
+reference to the Black Hellebore previous to 1790; he gives the names of
+many plants which had been mistaken for it and actually employed, and he
+assumes that at the time of his writing all such errors had not only
+been discovered, but corrected, by what he then described as, and we now
+call by the name of, _H. niger_, being the true Black Hellebore; and
+after all, the potent herb of the ancients has been identified in a
+plant (a near relation, it is true) other than the white Christmas
+Rose--it may be some time before we come to think of our present subject
+as the true Black Hellebore, especially when an otherwise popular
+species bears the name.
+
+Cultivation, as for _H. niger_.
+
+Flowering period, December to April.
+
+
+
+
+Helleborus Purpurascens.
+
+PURPLISH HELLEBORE; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+A native of Podolia and Hungary, introduced sixty to seventy years ago.
+It belongs to the section whose flowers appear before the root leaves,
+having branched flower stalks and the cut floral leaf. It is a dwarf
+kind, and varies very much; I have now an established specimen in bloom
+at the height of 3in., and others at 8in. or 9in. It also differs in the
+depth of bloom-colour; some of its flowers may be described as
+purplish-green and others as greenish-purple, slaty and dove-coloured;
+others have a tinge of red more visible. The flowers are few, on
+twice-forked stems, are 2in. or more across, and commonly, as the name
+implies, of a purplish colour; the inner surface of the sepals is a
+slaty shade, the purple prevailing on the outer surface; the form of the
+flower is nearly round and slightly cupped, from the nearly round or
+kidney shaped sepals, which neatly overlap each other, and are also
+incurved at the edges; the petals are very short and green; the stamens
+and anthers of a creamy white; the floral leaf is nearly stalkless;
+segments unevenly toothed. The radical leaves are "pubescent on the
+under surface, palmate, with the segments cuneated at the base, and from
+three to five lobed at the apex." The habit is robust and free blooming;
+the flowers slightly droop, and, though the colours are not showy, they
+are attractive from the way in which they are borne on the straight
+stems and the absence of the larger leaves. It is a desirable species
+for the garden; a few specimens grown amongst a mass of the "winter
+aconite" are enough to make one forget that it is winter.
+
+Cultivation, as for _H. niger_.
+
+Flowering period, February to April.
+
+
+
+
+Hepatica Angulosa.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+This is a very distinct species. It comes from North America, and is
+twice the size of _H. triloba_ in all its parts; the leaves are more
+cut, and very woolly; the flowers are bright mauve, and 11/2in. across.
+All the Hepaticas are slow growers, but _H. angulosa_ is the more
+vigorous. Some say they should be grown in peat, but I never saw them so
+fine in peat as in strong loam, well drained and manured; they are the
+better with slight shade. I do not object to peat, as possibly it may be
+more suitable than the natural soil of some gardens. Still, if I had to
+make up a compost for Hepaticas, I should freely use strong loam on a
+well-drained site. With me they have been in flower nearly three months,
+commencing in February.
+
+It seems desirable to increase these fine spring flowers, but they are
+most impatient of being disturbed, and, after all, the increase can
+exist in no finer form than in big clumps, though when they are to be
+propagated the roots should be divided before the new leaves are
+produced, which is during the blooming period. A deeply-dug and
+well-manured plot should be prepared for them, and their long roots
+should not be doubled up in the least; they both need and deserve great
+care.
+
+Flowering period, February to April.
+
+
+
+
+Hepatica Triloba.
+
+_Syns._ ANEMONE TRILOBA _and_ ANEMONE HEPATICA; _Nat.
+Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 50. HEPATICA TRILOBA.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+The well-known common Hepatica, of which there are so many beautiful
+varieties. It is a hardy perennial, one of the "old-fashioned" flowers
+of English gardens, and is said by some to be a British species; anyhow,
+it was well known and admired in this country 300 years ago.
+Well-established specimens form neat tufts of three-lobed leaves on long
+stems, which are not evergreen in this climate, though the Hepaticas are
+known to be so in North America, one of their most extensive habitats.
+Here, under cultivation, they produce much finer flowers, and more of
+them. The cut (Fig. 50), however, shows the foliage in more perfect form
+than it is commonly seen to be in this climate during the period of
+bloom, when the old is usually sered, and the new scarcely visible. The
+varieties of _H. triloba_ differ only in the colour and form of their
+flowers, there being blue, purple, white, and pink. Of the first and
+last named there are double varieties as well.
+
+Cultivation, the same as for _H. angulosa_.
+
+Flowering period, February to April.
+
+_H. t. splendens_ is a charming Windflower, and one which, from its
+extra brilliancy, is sure to become a favourite, as, indeed, the whole
+genus _Anemone_ is. It is a new variety of _H. triloba_, and is yet
+somewhat scarce, differing from the more generally known kinds of the
+same species in only two points, so that, beyond the mention of them, no
+other description is needful: (1) Its flowers are single red, but so
+much deeper in colour, brighter, and of better substance, as to be quite
+distinct, and merit the name "_splendens_." (2) It flowers earlier than
+the commoner red kind. This handsome seedling of the common Hepatica is
+very suggestive of what can be done by raising seed from
+carefully-selected sorts, and within the last few years something has
+been done in that direction, so that in a little time we may expect to
+see other good varieties. I may add that seedlings are three years
+before they bloom, and even longer before a proper idea can be formed of
+their qualities.
+
+Cultivation, the same as for _H. angulosa_.
+
+Flowering period, February to March.
+
+
+
+
+Hesperis Matronalis Flore-pleno.
+
+DOUBLE SWEET ROCKET, _or_ DAMES' VIOLET; _Nat. Ord._
+CRUCIFERAE.
+
+
+There are several double forms of this very popular old flower, such as
+purple, ruby, and pure white, the last named being by far the greatest
+favourite. A few years ago it was said to be very scarce, and in some
+parts of the country it certainly was so, but when the present taste for
+the good old flowers became general, it was not only found, but quickly
+propagated, so that now the double white Sweet Rocket may be had
+everywhere, and certainly no more beautiful flower can occupy the garden
+borders, its perfume being strong and deliciously fragrant. The parent
+plant of these double kinds is widely distributed over Europe; all are
+perfectly hardy.
+
+They vary in height from 12in. to 18in., branching candelabra-like, the
+flowers being produced in terminal spikes, arranged in the way of, and
+very much resembling, the double stocks--in fact, the Hesperis used to
+be called "Queene's Gilloflower." The leaves may be briefly described as
+oval, lance-shaped, toothed, and veined; dark green, and often spotted
+or blotched. Gerarde's description, too, may be given, as it is always
+pleasant to recognise the old plants of 300 years ago: "Dames' Violets
+hath great large leaues of a darke greene colour, somewhat snipt about
+the edges; among which spring up stalks of the height of two cubites,
+set with such like leaves; the flowers come foorth at the toppe of the
+branches--like those of the Stock Gilloflower, of a verie sweete smell."
+
+These desirable flowers have a long blooming period, and their
+cultivation is simple; there is, however, one special point to be
+observed, otherwise these double kinds will die off. It should be
+remembered that they produce no seed, and propagation must be carried
+out by divisions of the roots and cuttings; old plants, too, have a
+habit of forming their perennial crowns nearly out of the soil, so that
+the roots going down from them are often bare and unestablished; the
+older parts, too, are frequently attacked by ground vermin. No doubt
+these causes would tend greatly to the former scarcity of the finer
+kinds, but all the difficulties, if they can be called such, may be
+overcome by the very simple process of either putting in cuttings like
+wallflower slips during summer, or, as soon as the old plants are past
+their best bloom, dividing and replanting the various parts deeper,
+whereby all of them, however small, will make good plants the following
+season.
+
+This mode of keeping up the stock will be found to make the plants
+vigorous and free blooming, and also will prove a remedy for the
+complaint so often given expression to in such words as "I lost all my
+double Sweet Rockets; I cannot keep them above two years."
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera.
+
+ALUM-ROOT; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+This is a small genus of hardy perennials suitable for the decoration of
+the English garden from their bold and finely-shaped leaves, which are
+well marked with various pleasing tints, also because of their perpetual
+verdure and neat habit. It takes its name from J. H. de Heucher, a
+botanist. The species, as many of them as are known, are from American
+habitats; nearly all have been introduced within the last sixty years;
+the well-known _H. Americana_, however, is an old plant in English
+gardens, having been cultivated for 223 years. The order, as given
+above, together with the illustration figuring one of the species (see
+Fig. 51), will give some idea of the usefulness of the genus, especially
+when it is remembered that in the depth of winter the foliage is fresh,
+and even in a growing state.
+
+The flowers are of little value for ornamental purposes; they are very
+small and numerous, and are arranged in panicles or racemes, on rather
+tall and mostly leafless stems, round, and somewhat wiry; calyx, petals,
+and stamens have a mixed appearance, the whole flower being of a dingy
+colour, often resembling some of the panicled bloom of meadow grass,
+when seen at a short distance; the calyces, however, are persistent,
+they crown the capsules; these and the naked stems, from their durable
+nature, mar the beauty of the foliage for several weeks, unless cut off.
+The plants are more ornamental without the flowers, as they impart a
+seedy appearance; at no time does the foliage show to more advantage
+than in January, when most herbaceous plants are dormant, and when their
+handsome tufts are alike beautiful, either bedewed with fogs,
+crystallised with hoar-frost, or glittering in the sunshine. As a genus,
+_Heuchera_ is sometimes placed after _Saxifraga_ and before that of
+_Tiarella_; the latter it much resembles, as well as the genera
+_Mitella_ and _Tellima_. Anyone knowing these will at once admit the
+usefulness of the plants under notice.
+
+Not only do they make good edgings or lines to borders, but the leaves
+in a cut state are of great service for table decoration, doing duty
+repeatedly around dishes, &c., either with or without flowers; after
+being so used, if placed in water, they may be kept a fortnight in good
+form. I am told that the leaves are sold in Covent Garden Market for
+similar purposes. I have seen them used in the autumn with the large
+white anemone, and in winter with the Christmas rose, one flower
+arranged and tied on the face of a single leaf. These placed round
+dishes, &c., have a pretty effect.
+
+They grow freely in any kind of soil, excepting stiff clay, and are
+readily increased by division of the crowns. This may be done any time,
+but, perhaps, spring is the best.
+
+The Heucheras bloom from May to August.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Americana.
+
+AMERICAN HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+The flowers of this species are a dull or reddish purple. The foliage is
+rough and clammy; the form of leaf resembles that of _H. glabra_ (see
+Fig. 51), but the colour is a lighter green. All the genus are of an
+astringent nature, but this species is remarkably so, and in its native
+country has earned for the family the name of "Alum-root."
+
+For cultivation and flowering period see _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Cylindrica.
+
+CYLINDRICAL-SPIKED HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+This is much in the way of _H. Richardsoni_, with the distinction
+indicated by the name, the flowers being arranged evenly round the spike
+like a cylinder.
+
+For cultivation and flowering period see _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Drummondi.
+
+DRUMMOND'S HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+A tall kind, with leaves of handsome shape (heart-shaped and lobed) and
+greener than most varieties.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period are described under _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Glabra.
+
+SMOOTH HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 51. HEUCHERA GLABRA.
+
+(One-sixth natural size.)]
+
+This was introduced in 1824 from North America. The foliage is bold and
+abundant; the illustration (Fig. 51) not only gives a good idea of the
+form and habit of foliage, but fairly represents the whole genus, as
+seen during the late (1882) season. This species has dull pinkish
+flowers; the scapes have a few leaves; root leaves are 2in. to 5in. in
+diameter, heart-shaped, lobed, toothed, smooth, and of a dark
+bronzy-green colour. The leaf stalks are long and slender; the habit
+very neat.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period are described under _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Lucida.
+
+SHINING-LEAVED HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+A very dwarf species, not more than 3in. or 4in. high; the foliage a
+clear bright green, nearly kidney-shaped, lobed, and roundly toothed.
+The fresh appearance of its prostrate leaves, which are 2in. across,
+forms a pleasing object in mid-winter.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, as given under _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Metallica.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+This was presented to me in 1881 by a lady, who informed me that it was
+introduced by the late Miss Hope. It is a beautiful plant; the hues
+somewhat justify the name, but to the touch the leaves are more like a
+soft fabric, as cloth or velvet. The flowers are of no value, but the
+foliage is bloom of no mean order, so much so, that everyone stops to
+admire this handsome plant.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, as given under _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Micrantha.
+
+SMALL-FLOWERED HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+From Columbia. Flowers a yellowish-green; leaves nearly round, bluntly
+lobed, crenate or round toothed, the teeth horned or pointed; the colour
+is inclined to auburn during autumn, but it varies, and for a botanical
+description it would be hard to state a particular colour. The gardener,
+however, will find in this a most useful plant, where different forms
+and tints of foliage are desirable. Into the sub-tropical garden it may
+be introduced with good effect. I may add that the leaf stalks are 9in.
+to 12in. long, also of a rich brown colour, and the leaves are 3in. to
+5in. across.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, as described under _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Purpurea.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+This seems to be a less known or newer variety. If the name has
+reference to the colour of the foliage, it is not inappropriate. The
+bold leaves are a dark green, shading to a bronze, then a purple, the
+whole having a soft downy effect. It is a charming kind.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, the same as for the _Heuchera_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Ribifolia.
+
+CURRANT-LEAVED HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+This is another dwarf kind, producing such leaves as the name denotes.
+Of this species the only useful feature for a garden seems to be its
+habit of neatly carpeting the ground under deciduous trees. It has also
+a remarkably fresh appearance during winter.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, as for other _Heucheras_.
+
+
+
+
+Heuchera Richardsoni.
+
+RICHARDSON'S HEUCHERA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+A taller variety than _H. Drummondi_. The most striking distinctions are
+the pale green colour of the young leaves contrasting with the bronzed
+appearance of the older ones, and the larger size of its flowers, which,
+however, are green.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, as for other species.
+
+
+
+
+Houstonia Coerulea.
+
+BLUETS; _Nat. Ord._ GENTIANACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 52. HOUSTONIA COERULEA.
+
+(Natural size.)]
+
+Hardy and evergreen. This pretty little shining plant never exceeds a
+height of 3in. Like most species of this order, both flowers and foliage
+have much substance and endure for a long time in perfection, but its
+neat form and bright parts most commend it--it almost sparkles in both
+leaf and flower. This species, as implied by the specific name, bears a
+blue flower, but there is a variety (_H. c. alba_ or _H. albiflora_)
+which bears white flowers, from a specimen of which the illustration
+(Fig. 52) is drawn, and, as the colour of the flower is the only
+dissimilarity, a description of the typical form will in all other
+respects apply to both.
+
+The flowers, which are produced singly on slender stems 2in. high, are
+composed of a four-toothed calyx; corolla, four petals, or four-toothed
+and funnel-shaped; when fully expanded each flower is 1/2in. across, and
+shows a distinct yellow eye. The leaves of the root are spathulate,
+those of the stems opposite and lanceolate; all the parts are shown of
+the natural size in the illustration.
+
+All the known Houstonias are natives of North America; still, our
+winters seem to kill strong plants. From an impression that the plants
+were destroyed by insects amongst their roots and foliage, I had several
+tufts lifted, well shaken out, and divided in the autumn; they were
+replanted in leaf soil and sand and kept rather moist. When planting
+them, all amongst the roots was thickly strewn with dry silver sand, so
+as to leave no space for the lodgment of vermin; the results were fine,
+fresh, green tufts throughout the following winter, which, however, was
+not severe; still, the plants not so treated dwindled and were
+unhealthy, whereas the others were finely in bloom, the subject of the
+drawing being one of them. These minute plants do well and look well
+wedged between large stones on rockwork, where they flower nearly all
+the year round; they also form pretty pot specimens under cold frame
+treatment; and they may be used with good effect for surfacing the pots
+in which other hardy but tall and bare stemmed things--such as
+lilies--are grown.
+
+The mode of propagation has been indicated by the above autumnal
+treatment.
+
+Flowering period, April to July.
+
+
+
+
+Hutchinsia Alpina.
+
+_Syn._ LEPIDIUM ALPINUM; _Nat. Ord._ CRUCIFERAE.
+
+
+An alpine species, from South Europe, which may be said to be evergreen
+in this climate, and, according to my experience of it, flowering
+throughout the year. Though found in some gardens to be difficult to
+establish, when it finds a suitable home it becomes a pretty addition.
+
+This alpine seldom exceeds 2in. in height. The flowers are a glistening
+white and very small, produced in numerous heads, and they are very
+enduring; the calyx is concave and falls off; the four petals are
+inversely ovate; the little leaves are deeply lobed, of a pale shining
+green colour, with plenty of substance; its habit is spreading or
+creeping. Neither slugs nor any other pests seem to meddle with it. It
+may be transplanted at any time, and the mode of propagation may be
+gathered from the following remarks.
+
+Probably because its name implies its alpine character, some may be
+misled to plant it on rockwork; whether that be so or not, I so tried
+it, and found it would not grow in such a situation. A bed of dwarf and
+moisture-loving subjects was being planted, in which a bit of this
+Hutchinsia was dibbled, and it found a home in the moist vegetable soil.
+For two or three years I do not remember to have seen it, or the
+seedlings, without flowers; its pretty, dwarf, rue-like foliage grew so
+thickly that it threatened to kill the edging of gentianella and such
+things as _Polemonium variegatum_, the double cuckoo-flower, and the
+little _Armeria setacea_; it also filled the walks, and its long wiry
+roots have been eradicated with difficulty. From this it will be seen
+how much depends, with some plants, on the position in which they are
+placed.
+
+
+
+
+Hydrangea Paniculata Grandiflora.
+
+LARGE-PANICLED HYDRANGEA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+This dwarf shrub is perfectly hardy and deciduous; it comes from Japan,
+and is one of the best hardy things I have come across for some time. It
+is quite a new introduction, and has many fine qualities; the fact of
+its producing immense clusters of white flowers, 12in. long and 12in. in
+circumference, as well-established plants, is enough to induce its
+extended cultivation; but when it is stated that its clusters are
+numerous and durable, that the shrub begins to flower in summer and
+continues in great beauty until damaged by frosts, it will doubtless be
+recorded on the lists of desiderata of those who do not possess it. The
+usefulness of such a subject is notable not only to the gardener who has
+a keen eye to artistic effect, but to the lover of showy flowers (see
+Fig. 53).
+
+The flowers are male and female kinds, and, as is usual with the genus,
+the fruitful ones are interspersed with unfruitful, being shorter in the
+stalks and nearly covered over by the latter, which are much larger; in
+fact, they are not the true flowers from a botanist's point of view, but
+with the florist it is exactly the opposite; their colour is white, more
+or less tinted with pink, which, if the autumn season proves fine and
+dry, becomes purple. As the name denotes, the bloom is arranged in
+massive panicles, pyramidal form, 6in. to 12in. long, and 4in. to 8in.
+in diameter. They slightly bend with the great weight, but are otherwise
+well supported by the woody stems. The latter are somewhat short, seeing
+they carry such large clusters. The leaves are oval, subcordate
+(varying), distinctly ribbed, and finely toothed, also varying much in
+size. The habit of the shrub is much branched, of strong growth, and
+very floriferous. The flowering shoots issue from the hard wood of the
+previous season's growth. In the shrubbery it is very attractive, its
+flowers out-numbering, out-measuring, and out-lasting most of its
+neighbours. Kept dwarf, what a grand bedder it would make! Grown in pots
+it is a first-class indoor subject. It has that rare quality, even when
+in small pots, of being adapted for the company of large ferns, palms,
+&c., from the great size of its panicles, and I need scarcely say that
+for cutting purposes it is valuable, more especially in decorations
+which are not closely viewed.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 53. HYDRANGEA PANICULATA GRANDIFLORA.
+
+(One-tenth natural size); blossom, natural size.]
+
+The culture of this shrub is very simple; it does best in rich loam. The
+situation should be sunny, that it may well ripen its wood. In order to
+have clusters of large size, it should be closely pruned, like roses, by
+which treatment the bush may also be kept in the desired form. Its
+propagation is by cuttings; they should be of fairly well-ripened wood
+of the last season's growth. The degree of ripeness, like that of such
+things as roses and fuchsias, may vary according to the method by which
+the cuttings are to be treated. Half-ripened shoots will root well in a
+little heat; the harder wood will root equally well, but more slowly, in
+the open in sandy loam.
+
+Flowering period, July to end of September.
+
+
+
+
+Hypericum Calycinum.
+
+LARGE-CALYXED ST. JOHN'S WORT, _or_ ROSE OF SHARON;
+_Nat. Ord._ HYPERICACEAE.
+
+
+A very ornamental deciduous shrub, but often green throughout the
+winter. This I claim the privilege of introducing amongst herbaceous
+perennials; it is a well-known and favourite "old-fashioned" flower, in
+fact, a native of Ireland. The old name for it was "Cup St. John's
+Wort." In July it is in splendid form, and, familiar as we are with it,
+it never fails to win admiration. How charming are its large, shining,
+golden blossoms, nestling amongst the bright but glaucous foliage! the
+bundled tassels composed of numerous filamentary stamens glistening like
+threads of gold; and though often seen one can never tire of it. As a
+flower, it is distinct in form, showy, and richly effective.
+
+It grows to the height of 1ft. or 18in.; the flowers are 4in. across, of
+a rich golden-yellow colour, and produced singly on the very leafy stems
+which, at the base or at their more woody parts, are square, the upper
+parts being nearly round. Short flower-stalks issue from the side and
+near the top, a small new growth being produced in juxtaposition with
+the blossom, the said growth being composed of half-a-dozen or so
+smaller-sized leaves of a pale apple-green, charmingly suffused with a
+glaucous hue. The calyx of five sepals is very large, whence the
+specific name, and each sepal is nearly round and cupped, whence the old
+common name, "Cup St. John's Wort"; the five petals are 2in. long and
+widely apart; stamens very numerous, long, thready, and arranged in
+tufts. These are very beautiful, and form the most conspicuous part of
+the flower; like the other seed organs, and also the petals, they are of
+a rich, glistening, yellow colour. The leaves are closely arranged in
+pairs, opposite, and nearly sessile; they are 2in. to 3in. long, and
+about 1in. broad, oval-oblong, blunt, smooth, and leathery. When young,
+they are as above described, but when older, they are of a dark, shining
+green colour, and somewhat reflexed. The under sides are finely
+reticulated or veined, and sometimes the foliage is spotted with brown.
+The habit of the shrub is neat, the short stems being numerous and
+semi-prostrate, forming dense, even masses of verdant foliage.
+
+Such a subject as this cannot be too highly esteemed on the score of the
+merits already set forth; but there are other good qualities which I
+will briefly refer to presently. There can be little doubt that the fine
+parts and many uses, decorative and otherwise, of most of the
+"old-fashioned" flowers have much to do with the high and continued
+esteem in which they are held. Not one of the least recommendations of
+this St. John's Wort is that it can be grown with great success under
+the shade of trees. It is one of the very few subjects that will bloom
+freely in such situations. It is, therefore, very valuable; besides, as
+regards its period of flowering, it comes in nicely after the vincas are
+over. These two genera are, perhaps, the best hardy flowering shrubs we
+possess for planting in the shade of trees. I scarcely need add that for
+more open situations, as rockwork and borders, it is in every way
+suitable.
+
+To the lover of cut flowers this must prove one of the most
+satisfactory, not only because of its beauty, but also because they are
+produced for fully three months--into September--and they are sweetly
+scented, like wallflowers. A flower-topped stem forms a perfect and
+unique decoration for a lady's hair; sprays in small vases are
+exquisite, whilst a bowlful for the table (without any other flower) is
+very fine indeed--let the reader try these simple styles of decoration.
+Also, mixed with other flowers, it is one of the most telling; none of
+the yellow exotics can excel it. It is now before me, with a few sprays
+of the pink sweet pea and a bold spike of the white variety of
+goat's-rue; the blend is both delicate and effective. As a cut flower it
+can hardly be misused, provided it is not crowded.
+
+Its culture is simple. Any sort of garden soil suits it, but it prefers
+a sandy loam. A winter top dressing of stable litter will help to
+produce greater luxuriance and a longer succession of flowers. It
+quickly and broadly propagates itself by means of its creeping roots;
+these may be at any time chopped off, with a sharp spade, in strong
+pieces, which, if planted in deeply-dug loam, will make blooming
+specimens for the following season.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Iberis Correaefolia.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ CRUCIFERAE.
+
+
+This is a hybrid and much improved variety of the well-known evergreen
+and shrubby Candytuft, often called "Everlasting Candytuft." A more
+pronounced remove from its parents could hardly be found in any plant or
+shrub than is this. There are evident improvements in colour, size, and
+habit, both in foliage and flowers. It is also a robust grower and
+perfectly hardy, in these respects being very different from _I.
+Gibraltarica_. None of the shrubby Candytufts can compare with this for
+usefulness and beauty; it comes into flower in May, and is in its
+greatest beauty in early June. It remains in fine form for fully four
+weeks. At first the flowers seem small, but later they form broad masses
+of dazzling whiteness, the corymbs being the size of a crown piece. Not
+only is this wholly distinct from its relatives, but it is one of the
+most useful flowers and evergreen shrubs which can be introduced to a
+garden. It cannot be planted wrong as regards either soil or situation.
+It forms a rich surfacing subject, all the year round, to other tall
+plants, as lilies, &c. It looks well as a front specimen in the
+shrubbery, makes an effective and neat appearance at the angles of
+walks, or as an edging it may be cut and trimmed as a substitute for a
+grass verge; it thrives on sunny or almost sunless outhouse tops, and on
+rockwork it is superb; moreover, it grows fairly well in reeky towns,
+and though its white flowers may be soiled the day they open, its bright
+green leaves and dense habit render it a pleasing object.
+
+The flowers are arranged in flat heads at first, but as the stems become
+elongated and the succession of buds open, a long round cluster is
+formed by the old flowers remaining (as they do for weeks), such heads
+or spikes sometimes being 3in. long. There is much substance in the
+petals, which causes them to glisten in strong light; the flower stems
+are produced 5in. or 6in. above the foliage, their total height rarely
+exceeding a foot. The leaves are numerous, of a dark shining green
+colour; in length 11/2in., and over 1/4in. broad near the ends; their shape
+is spathulate, obtuse, entire, and smooth; the new set of foliage
+contrasts pleasingly with the old, and its growth is completed during
+the flowering period; the woody and slender branches are numerous and
+procumbent.
+
+Besides the positions already mentioned, in which this shrub may
+usefully be planted, there is none more so, perhaps, than that of rough
+or unsightly corners, where, if it is provided with a little loam, it
+will soon adapt its form to the surroundings. The flowers in a cut state
+are not only sweet-smelling, but very useful where white bloom is needed
+in quantity, as for church decorations. _I. correaefolia_ can scarcely be
+said to need cultural treatment, but it is useful to bear in mind that
+it may be much more finely bloomed if generously treated, which simply
+consists in nothing more than giving it a sunny place and sandy loam,
+well enriched with old manure. Specimens so treated, which were cuttings
+only two years ago, are now 2ft. in diameter, and covered densely with
+large flowers; and how lovely some of the pretty weeds which have sprung
+up amongst the bushes, and mingle their flowers among the masses of
+white, appear--such as Spring Beauty (Claytonia), pink flowers; the
+Maiden Pink (_Dianthus deltoides_), rose; Self-heal (_Prunella
+pyrenaica_), purple; and the forget-me-nots! This comparatively new
+Candytuft is as easily increased as grown, by either layers or cuttings;
+the latter may be put in almost any time, early spring being the best;
+if put in in June, no better quarters can be given than under the shade
+of shrubs, where the soil is sandy loam.
+
+Flowering period, middle of May to middle of June.
+
+
+
+
+Iris Foetidissima.
+
+GLADDON, GLADWIN, _or_ SPURGE-WORT; _Nat. Ord._
+IRIDACEAE.
+
+
+A British species, occurring largely in some parts, in shady woods and
+swampy places near the sea. It is evergreen and of a pleasing form
+throughout the year. Its flowers are of a dull colour, and not likely to
+be much esteemed, more especially when in midsummer there are so many
+beautiful kinds around; still, it merits a place in our gardens. Its
+handsome berry-like seeds, which are so attractively conspicuous in
+December, are much more desirable than its flowers, ready as they are
+for our use at Christmas time.
+
+It grows 2 ft. high, and is a water-loving plant, but may be easily
+grown in the more moist parts of the garden. The large pod is
+three-cornered; the husks having turned brown, become divided, and
+expose to view the large, orange-coloured seeds, which, later, turn to a
+reddish-brown. They are held in the husks for many weeks and strong
+winds do not displace them; they are very effective amongst the dark
+green foliage, and may be cut if desired, as they often are, for indoor
+decoration. They may be used in a hundred different ways, but never do
+they show to more advantage than when cut with long stems and placed in
+a vase with some of their own dark green sword-shaped leaves; these
+last-named, by the way, may be appropriated throughout the winter as a
+dressing for other flowers. There need be no difficulty in growing this
+species, for if the soil is not naturally moist in summer, a thick
+dressing of rotten stable manure will meet the case. As a matter of
+fact, my specimen is grown in a bed fully exposed to the sun; the soil
+is well drained, and stone-crops are grown in the next bed to it; no
+water is ever given to established plants, and still the Gladwin is well
+fruited; the soil is deeply tilled, and there is a thick covering of
+manure. It is easily propagated by division of the roots in autumn or
+early spring.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Isopyrum Gracilis.
+
+SLENDER ISOPYRUM; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+This is a hardy herbaceous plant, of great beauty. The flowers are not
+showy, but their great numbers and arrangement render them of importance
+in what may be termed a fine-foliaged subject. The Isopyrums are very
+nearly related to the thalictrums or rues, and this one greatly
+resembles the maidenhair-like section, one of which it is often taken
+for. There is, however, an important botanical difference between the
+two genera: the thalictrums have no calyx, and the Isopyrums have.
+Still, as the flowers of both are very small, that feature is not very
+observable. As a decorative plant it may be classed with the
+maidenhair-like rues, and the illustration may be said to give a fair
+idea of three or four species.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 54. ISOPYRUM GRACILIS.
+
+(One-eighth natural size; 1, leaflet, full size.)]
+
+The Isopyrum under notice grows 12in. or 15in. high, and produces its
+dark brown flowers on slender, well-branched stems, forming feathery
+panicles, which have a graceful appearance. The flowers are very small,
+and composed of a five-cleft calyx, five equal petals, and numerous
+long, pendent seed-organs; the stems are elegantly furnished with the
+fine-cut foliage. The leaves are large, but the leaflets small, as may
+be seen by the one given, full size, in the drawing (Fig. 54), being
+somewhat cordate, lobed, and dentate; they have hair-like stalks, which
+add to their elegance of arrangement, and their glaucous colour further
+enhances their effectiveness.
+
+This light and diffuse subject may be usefully planted to relieve other
+kinds; in beds or lines it looks well, having a lace-like effect; as a
+cut flower or spray it nearly equals maidenhair, and for mixing with
+large flowers, it perhaps excels. Either cut or in the growing state it
+is very durable. It may be grown in average garden soil, but to have it
+fine, it should be given vegetable soil and a moist situation, not
+shaded. It is propagated by seeds or division of the roots in autumn.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+
+
+
+Jasminum Nudiflorum.
+
+NUDE-FLOWERED JASMINE; _Nat. Ord._ JASMINACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 55, JASMINUM NUDIFLORUM.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+This was brought to this country from China a little less than forty
+years ago, and, as proof of its sterling worth, it is already in
+extensive use. The whole genus is a favourite one; but there is a
+special and most attractive feature about this species that is sure to
+render it desirable to all--it flowers freely in mid-winter, and it does
+so in the open garden. Like many of the genus, this species comes from a
+very warm climate, and for a time it was grown in glasshouses as a
+tender shrub, where it flowered during the winter months. It is now
+found to be a perfectly hardy subject, not only withstanding our most
+trying seasons without the least injury, but also proving true to the
+month of December as the period when it begins to produce its numerous
+golden flowers. It is a climbing deciduous shrub, though it has neither
+the habit of clinging nor twining.
+
+The shrub produces bloom when only 18in. high, but it often grows to as
+many feet, and even taller. The flowers are borne singly at the joints
+from which the leaves have fallen, and as the latter were opposite, the
+blossom appears in pairs on the new twigs. In the bud state they are
+drooping, and are marked with a bright chestnut tint on the sunny side.
+The calyx is ample, almost leafy, but these parts are hidden when the
+flower opens and becomes erect. The form of the Jasmine blossom is well
+known; in size this one is rather larger than a full-blown violet, and
+quite as sweetly scented, which is saying very much, but the colour is
+yellow; the petals are of good substance and shining; the flowers last a
+long time, even during the roughest weather, they open most during
+sunshine, but do not wait for it, and they remain open until they fade.
+The leaves, which are produced in early spring, are very small and
+ternate; leaflets of unequal size, ovate, downy, and of dark green
+colour. The wood is very pithy, square, with sharp corners, and having
+the appearance almost as if winged; the younger branchlets are dark
+bronze green. The habit of the shrub is rampant, climbing, much
+branched, and very floriferous. The green leafless sprigs of bloom are
+very serviceable in a cut state for vase decoration, especially if mixed
+with dry grasses or well-foliaged flowers; the sweet odour, too, reminds
+one of spring time. Specimens growing against the house or other walls,
+either nailed or in a trellis, have a happy effect in winter, from the
+slender whip-like growths hanging down and being well bloomed. From the
+dark green colour and great number of branchlets, although leafless, a
+well-grown example has quite the effect of an evergreen.
+
+It enjoys a sunny position, but I have it doing well in a northwest
+aspect; it may be used in bush form in almost any situation. Neither is
+it particular as to soil, but I should not think of planting a
+winter-blooming subject in stiff or retentive loam--that of a sandy
+nature is more likely to be productive of flowers. It is easily
+propagated from cuttings of the young wood; if they are taken in late
+summer, when the leaves are falling, they will root quickly. Before the
+strong west winds of autumn occur, it should be pruned, in order to
+prevent its being torn from the wall; if the prunings are laid in sandy
+loam, between shrubs, they will be sufficiently rooted for planting out
+by the following spring.
+
+Flowering period, December to April.
+
+
+
+
+Kalmia Latifolia.
+
+BROAD-LEAVED KALMIA; _Nat. Ord._ ERICACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 56. KALMIA LATIFOLIA.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+An evergreen shrub, very hardy in our climate. It comes from North
+America, and from its dwarf character and free-blooming habit, it is not
+only one of the most useful shrubs, but may be freely planted in
+connection with herbaceous subjects, where it will help to redeem the
+deadness of beds and borders during winter (see Fig. 56). Like the
+rhododendron, it grows to various heights, according to the soil or
+situation in which it may be planted, but 18in. to 2ft. is the size at
+which it may often--perhaps most often--be seen producing its wealth of
+flowers. There are many fine flowering shrubs, but they do not gain the
+esteem in which this is held. Its large clusters of delicate flowers,
+surmounting dark shining foliage, and which seem almost too pure and
+beautiful to withstand the vicissitudes of the open garden, are its
+winning points; moreover, the flowers last several weeks in perfection.
+The flowers are arranged in broad panicles; the pedicels and five-cleft
+calyx are a bright brown colour, and furnished with short stiff hairs.
+The salver-shaped corolla, which is white, pleasingly tinted with red,
+has a short tube and five divisions, curiously cornered; the flower is
+fully 3/4in. across, and in its unopened state is hardly less pretty than
+when blown. The leaves are borne on stout woody branches, have short
+stalks, and a bent or contorted habit; they are thick, leathery,
+shining, smooth, and of a dark green colour on the upper side;
+underneath they are a yellowish-green. In form they are elliptical and
+entire, being 3in. to 4in. long. Healthy specimens are well furnished
+with foliage; otherwise it is spare, and when that is the case the
+flowering is rarely satisfactory.
+
+As this subject requires to be grown in moist vegetable soil, such as
+leaf mould or peat, it is useless to plant it where these conditions do
+not exist; moreover, the rule with species of the order _Ericaceae_ is to
+require a pure, or approximately pure, atmosphere. Doubtless these
+conditions will debar many from growing this shrub successfully; but I
+may add, where its requirements can be afforded, not only should it be
+freely planted, but it will probably thrive without any further care.
+
+As a cut flower it is exquisite, if taken with a good stem and a few
+leaves; to many it may appear odd when I say it is too good to cut, but
+there are others who will comprehend me. The flowers can nowhere show to
+more advantage than on the bush, and it seems a pity to take its
+strongest branches for the sake of transferring the blossom.
+
+It is a slow-growing subject, but easily propagated by layering the
+lower branches; no matter how old or hard the wood has grown, if pegged
+well down they will soon become rooted.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Lactuca Sonchifolia.
+
+SOW THISTLE-LEAFED LETTUCE; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+This is one of the few ornamental species of a somewhat numerous genus;
+it is, moreover, perennial and hardy in this climate--characteristics
+not common to the family. It came from Candia, in 1822, since which time
+it has been grown in English gardens, more or less, as a decorative
+plant; it is of unusual form, especially in the foliage. I think it
+would scarcely be called handsome; but the flowers, which are a fine
+pale blue, and of the form usual to the order, are too good to be
+overlooked, and their value is enhanced by the fact of their being
+produced so late in the year.
+
+In speaking of the flower as a subject of the pleasure garden, it is
+unnecessary to describe it beyond saying that it is of a rich but pale
+blue colour, and over 1in. across, produced on stalks nearly 2ft. high,
+in lax panicles. The leaves are large--about 1ft. long and 9in.
+wide--have a stout mid-rib, are pinnate, and most curiously lobed. The
+leaflets, moreover, are fantastically shaped, being again lobed, also
+toothed and bent in various ways. The teeth have spine-like points, and
+the only uniform trait about their form seems to be that the edges are
+turned backwards. The upper surface is a pale green colour, the under
+side grey, almost white. It is of rather neat habit, and though I have
+not grown it in lines, it is only needful to see one good specimen in
+order to be certain of its effectiveness when so planted; it would be
+singularly distinct.
+
+It enjoys sunny quarters and deep but light or sandy loam. With me it
+does well on a raised bed of light earth; its long tap roots will save
+it from drought during the driest summer, when its fleshy and
+fast-growing foliage would lead one to think that it could not endure a
+dry time. It is readily increased by division of the roots or seed.
+
+Flowering period, September to strong frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Lathyrus Grandiflorus
+
+LARGE-FLOWERED EVERLASTING PEA; _Nat. Ord._
+LEGUMINOSAE.
+
+
+A hardy, herbaceous climber, coming from the South of Europe. It was
+introduced to this country nearly seventy years ago; it is an attractive
+object when in bloom, growing 6ft. high and being very floriferous. The
+flowers are nearly 2in. across. Not only in good soil do specimens grow
+densely and become furnished from the ground to the extremities of the
+stalks with bloom, but the roots run under the surface so rapidly that a
+veritable thicket is formed in three or four years. It is as well to
+allow this fine pea a good broad space, in the midst of which several
+iron standards, 6ft. high, should be firmly fixed; to these, fresh
+twiggy branches might be secured every spring; if the old ones are left
+in, their rottenness will allow them to snap off during strong winds
+when the tendrils have laid hold of them; but fresh branches, used as
+suggested, will bend but not break, and will withstand the strongest
+winds. This is very important, as, if the mass of foliage heads over, it
+is spoilt for the season.
+
+The flowers are dark rose colour, produced in twos and threes on longish
+stalks, which spring from the axils. The tendrils are three-cut, having
+a pair of oval leaflets; the stems are square, or four-angled, and
+slightly twisted and winged. This plant may be grown in any soil or
+situation. A specimen does well with me planted in rubble, where it
+covers a short rain-water pipe, the said pipe being feathered with twigs
+every spring; but to have flowers of extra size and luxuriant growth,
+plant in good loam, in a sunny site, and top dress with stable manure
+every spring. This large Pea-flower is most useful for cutting purposes,
+being not only handsome but very durable. The running roots may be
+transplanted in early spring, just before they make any stem.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Lathyrus Latifolius.
+
+LARGE-LEAVED LATHYRUS, _or_ EVERLASTING PEA; _Nat.
+Ord._ LEGUMINOSAE.
+
+
+This deciduous climber is one of the handsomest plants of the British
+flora (see Fig. 57); in its wild state it is a charming object, and
+under cultivation, in full exposure to sunshine, with proper provision
+for its tendrils, and kept clear of weeds, it becomes in every way one
+of the finest objects in the garden, whether considered as a decorative
+climber, a floral specimen, or a source of cut flowers.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 57. LATHYRUS LATIFOLIUS.
+
+(One-sixth natural size.)]
+
+It grows fully 8ft. high, in deep and rich soil, and is furnished with
+large, many-flowered bunches of blossom from the leaf axils nearly all
+its length, each flower stalk being 6in. to 9in. long. The flowers are
+of a lively rose colour, about twelve in a cluster; tendrils five-cut,
+long, and two-leaved. The leaves are in pairs, elliptical, many ribbed,
+glaucous, and very large, whence the specific name; the internodes of
+the whole plant are winged, wings membranaceous; stipules large, broader
+than the stems. The habit is rampant; it enjoys sunshine, but will do in
+partial shade.
+
+_L. l. albus_ is a variety similar to the above in all its parts, but
+scarcely as large in the foliage, and the flowers are pure white, and
+produced a week or a fortnight later; for cutting purposes these are
+justly and highly esteemed.
+
+Tall vases may be pleasingly dressed by the flowered stems, if cut about
+3ft. long; these twined round or hanging down are very graceful, but
+they should not be used too freely--one, or two at most, on each large
+vase will be ample.
+
+Both the above may be grown with good effect amongst other climbers, on
+a specially prepared trellis-work, ordinary pea-rods, or over defunct
+trees.
+
+Propagated by seeds, or by division of very strong roots only. February
+is a good time for both methods.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Leucojum AEstivum.
+
+SUMMER SNOWFLAKE; _Nat. Ord._ AMARYLLIDACEAE.
+
+
+As may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 58), this native bulbous plant
+is somewhat ungainly; blooming specimens are sometimes 2ft. high, and
+each one rarely produces more than three of its small flowers, but they
+are worth growing, because of their lasting properties, either cut or
+otherwise; the pretty snowdrop-shaped flowers are very effective when
+used in vases, their long stems rendering them more serviceable than
+they otherwise would be.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 58. LEUCOJUM AESTIVUM.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+The white flower is without calyx, and has a corolla of six petals,
+each one being delicately tipped with pale green; they are produced on
+long thick stems, each flower having a somewhat lengthened pedicel, by
+which they are suspended bell-fashion. The foliage is of the common
+daffodil form, but longer; bulb small.
+
+There are, it is said, two varieties of this species, which have
+generally become mixed; the other variety is said to be more dwarf and
+later in flowering; if this is correct, possibly these mixed varieties
+may have something to do with the long time which they are known to
+continue flowering.
+
+Not only for the sake of preventing the tall growths from heading over
+should it be grown in broad masses, but when so planted this flower is
+more effective. It will grow in any kind of soil, but it seems most at
+home amongst dwarf shrubs, where its flowers are always of a more
+delicate colour than when exposed. Propagated by division of the roots
+during autumn every third year.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Leucojum Vernum.
+
+SPRING SNOWFLAKE; _Nat. Ord._ AMARYLLIDACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy bulbous species from Germany. It is not necessary either to
+describe or praise this beautiful flower, beyond stating that in every
+way it closely resembles the snowdrop; it is larger, however, whence the
+appropriateness of its name, Snowflake, in relation to that of the
+snowdrop. It will thrive anywhere but in wet, sour situations; it most
+enjoys fine light soil and the partial shade of trees, where it rapidly
+increases by offsets of the bulbs; these may, with advantage, be divided
+every three or four years.
+
+Flowering period, March and April.
+
+
+
+
+Lilium Auratum.
+
+GOLDEN-RAYED _or_ JAPANESE LILY; _Nat. Ord._
+LILIACEAE.
+
+
+This is a hardy Lily, and though this particular species is
+comparatively new to our English gardens, it belongs to a noble genus
+which has had a place in our ancestors' gardens for ages. It was long
+thought that this bulb from Japan could not endure our winters, and
+though it is proved to be perfectly hardy, there are yet many who only
+cultivate it indoors, and seem surprised when they see it in beds and
+borders, where it is allowed to remain year after year.
+
+The flowers vary very much in size, from 5in. to 8in. across; the
+divisions are richly tinted (golden-rayed), beautifully spotted and
+reflexed; the stems, at the height of 3ft. to 6ft., are furnished with
+flowers, mostly about five to eight in number. Though the flowers
+appear delicate, it is surprising how well they stand out in the open
+garden. For beauty and effect this Lily is incomparable (see Fig. 59).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 59. LILIUM AURATUM.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+Much has been said about its culture, far more than need be put into
+practice. I have found the observance of three simple rules sufficient
+in order to have it in fine bloom year after year: First, begin with
+good sound bulbs, not over large. Second, plant them 9in. deep in sandy
+soil, and a moist situation, surrounding each bulb with half-a-spadeful
+of fine charcoal, which protects them from rot, canker, and (what I
+believe to be the chief cause of failure) the wireworm. Third, grow them
+where they will be sheltered from high winds; otherwise their long and
+top-heavy stems become wrenched, and the upper roots, above the bulbs,
+so torn that the current season's bloom is more or less damaged and root
+development checked.
+
+To put my simple method of growing this Lily in a plainer way, I may
+state that my garden is naturally well drained, has light soil, and a
+south aspect. Under a west wall I planted small bulbs in the manner
+already stated, and though I have often seen this Lily nearly twice as
+tall as ever I grew it, I have not any cause to complain about the
+quantity of bloom. I never either water or put down stakes as supports.
+If the situation is moist no water is needed, and it is next to
+impossible to send down stakes without coming in contact with the large
+bulbs. Doubtless a few good waterings with liquid manure would be an
+advantage, but where _L. auratum_ is esteemed as satisfactory with short
+stems, this need not be given.
+
+When once a clump or batch of this Lily has become established, it
+should not be disturbed for several years, when, if the stems are
+becoming too rank to allow them to wave without damaging each other's
+flowers, or if there are many young unflowered stems, they may
+profitably be dug out in a careful manner when the bulbs have ripened,
+which will be the case when the tops have become thoroughly dry; there
+will then be found to be numbers of nice clean young bulbs, which, with
+a year's extra patience, will probably form a more vigorous batch than
+the parent one. Such bulbs are properly called "home grown."
+
+Flowering period, September to November.
+
+
+
+
+Linum Flavum.
+
+YELLOW FLAX; _Nat. Ord._ LINACEAE.
+
+
+This handsome shrub-like Flax comes from Austria, and is a comparatively
+new species in English gardens. It is not only a distinct form, but from
+the large quantities and more durable quality of its flowers, it proves
+itself a very useful subject for flower-beds and borders, where it
+should have the most select companions. It is classed as a hardy,
+herbaceous perennial; its woody character, and a few green leaves which
+it carries throughout the winter would, however, show that it is not
+strictly herbaceous. Its hardiness, too, will be questioned by many who
+have tried to winter it outside, more especially in the northern parts
+of Great Britain. It is only hardy under certain conditions, which, in
+effect, is saying that it is not perfectly hardy. It requires a light
+warm soil and a dry situation, besides which, if the winter is severe,
+it should be protected with a thick covering of ashes or cocoa fibre.
+This special treatment has been found needful in Yorkshire, but more
+south it has been proved hardy without such precautions. The neat habit
+and clusters of rich yellow flowers of this plant render it deserving of
+the little extra care above indicated; this, together with the fact that
+it is hardy in many parts, is a sufficient reason for naming it amongst
+hardy plants.
+
+Its flowers are produced in branched heads, dense and numerous, on stems
+a foot or more high; each flower is 1in. or 11/2in. across, the five
+petals being of a transparent golden yellow, distinctly veined with
+orange; they are broad, and overlap each other; calyx small, and of a
+dark olive-green colour; segments finely pointed. The leaves are 2in. or
+more in length, lanced, but inclining to spoon shape; sessile, stout,
+smooth, entire, and glaucous. Through the summer new stems are quickly
+grown, which, in their turn, become topped with clusters of bloom, and
+so a succession of flowers is kept up until autumn. On rockwork it is
+effective, the situation, to some extent, meeting the requirements of
+its somewhat tender constitution; it may also be grown well in beds or
+borders, but they should be of a sandy character, and raised, unless it
+is intended to take up the plants for the winter; in such positions four
+or five specimens form a charming group, and nothing can be finer than
+the effect of other Flaxes, of a tall and spray-like character, grown
+near and amongst this golden yellow, such, for instance, as _L.
+Narbonnense_ and _L. perenne_.
+
+It is easily propagated by seeds, which should be sown in the autumn as
+soon as ripe; it may also be divided, but I have found the quickest and
+best results from cuttings taken in a half-ripened state. They should be
+put round the side of a rather large pot in sandy peat; the warmth,
+shade, and moisture of a cucumber-frame will cause them to root quickly,
+when they should be potted off singly, so as to make sturdy plants
+before the winter sets in, and such young stock ought to be wintered in
+a cold frame.
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+
+
+
+Lithospermum Prostratum.
+
+PROSTRATE GROMWELL; _Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEAE.
+
+
+Sometimes called the Gentian L., from its bright blue gentian-like
+flowers. By many this species is considered synonymous with _L.
+fruticosum_. They are, however, very dissimilar. Our subject is an
+evergreen and stunted trailer; _L. fruticosum_ is a deciduous trailer
+and very vigorous; both, however, are perfectly hardy. The most striking
+characteristics of the Prostrate Gromwell are its fine dark blue flowers
+and procumbent habit. It is a native of France, and only within the last
+sixty years has it been introduced into this country. Its habit is most
+distinct as compared with the various long-stemmed species. It much
+resembles the well-known _Veronica prostrata_ in its general appearance.
+
+Its flowers are sparingly produced from the axils of the leaves, but,
+being large compared with the size of the foliage, they are very
+effective when they first open. The dark but bright blue corolla is
+tinged with red, but later on the colour becomes an unmixed blue, and
+the blooms increase in size until more than 1/2in. across. The complexion
+of the foliage is very dark (holly green), the leaves are about 1in.
+long, and are narrow and stalkless; they have much substance and are
+rather hard. The whole plant is thickly coated with hairs--a common
+feature of this order; but in this species the hairs are remarkably
+stiff, those of the edges of the leaves being almost thorny.
+
+The form of growth assumed by this plant eminently fits it for rockwork.
+It should be so planted that its densely-branched stems can fall over
+the face of a light-coloured stone; in this respect it forms a good
+companion to the dwarf phloxes, but it is otherwise a superior rock
+plant, being more characteristic and prolonged in its flowering. It
+should be allowed to grow to a large size, which will require several
+years, or the object may be sooner gained by planting half-a-dozen
+specimens in a group; this should be done when the plants are young, as
+it is very impatient of being disturbed when once established. It would
+make a capital edging plant for small shrubs, to come next the grass,
+backed by a row of _Erica carnea_, which is also dwarf, a continued
+bloomer and contemporaneous. Its propagation can only be readily
+effected in this climate by cuttings, as it does not ripen seed well; it
+cannot be divided, because generally the little shrub has a short bole,
+therefore, cuttings must be struck from the previous year's growth; they
+should be dibbled into fine sand and peat, kept shaded and cool for
+several weeks; they root quicker during the warm season, when they are
+also less liable to be over-watered, which is a very common cause of
+failure in striking cuttings; they should be well rooted before the
+winter sets in.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Lobelia Cardinalis.
+
+CARDINAL FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ LOBELIACEAE.
+
+
+This is one of the finest herbaceous perennials that bloom in October;
+stately, brilliant and lasting. There are many varieties of it, and of
+late years some extra fine sorts have been raised and named, all of
+which are good. The varieties differ much in the foliage as well as the
+flowers, some being much larger, and of a dark brown or reddish colour.
+The illustration (Fig. 60) is drawn from the typical form, which has
+smooth foliage; it is not so large as some of the varieties, but it
+seemed desirable to figure the type, otherwise the varieties might have
+proved misleading. To a more than ordinary extent this plant is called
+by its common name, "the Cardinal Flower," and I have very frequently
+found that it has not been recognised by its proper name, even by
+amateurs who had long grown it. "Is that tall plant a Lobelia?" has
+often been asked; therefore, common as the plant is, I thought it might
+prove useful to give an illustration. One of its valuable qualities is
+that it flowers for a very long time, beginning about the latter end of
+August and continuing until stopped by frosts. In the early part of
+October it is simply grand, as then not only the main stems, but the
+lower ones, are all furnished with their brilliant colouring.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 60. LOBELIA CARDINALIS.
+
+(One-twelfth natural size.)]
+
+This "old-fashioned" plant grows 2ft. or 3ft. high; the flowers are
+produced in terminal spikes on stout, round, and well-foliaged stems;
+each flower has a slender stalk, starting from the axil of a rudimentary
+leaf. The calyx is very finely formed, broadly cup-shaped and cornered;
+the five divisions are narrow, finely pointed, 3/4in. long, and spreading;
+the corolla has a divided tube 1in. long, broadly set in the ample
+calyx, gradually narrowing to the divisions of the corolla. As may be
+seen by the engraving, the flowers much resemble some of our native
+orchids in form, the lip being most characteristic. The leaves are
+broadly lance-shaped, serrated, and sessile. The habit of the plant is
+erect, and almost rigid. The flowers are of the most attractive kind for
+borders, and, as cut bloom, can hardly be excelled.
+
+The only drawback which attaches to it in this climate is that it is
+_not_ perfectly hardy; in other words, it dies in winter when planted in
+certain soils and positions. But I can, from an experience extending
+over three trying winters, confidently state that, if it is planted in
+spring, in deep rich loam, fully exposed to the sun, it will both flower
+well and live through the winter. Only let the reader remember that it
+is a native of North America, and he may then judge that it can be no
+stranger to a cold climate. The advantages of the above method are, that
+the plant becomes well established during summer, its long cord-like
+roots get deep down to the moisture it loves so well, and from full
+exposure it withers seasonably and the crowns become fully ripened by
+the time the strongest frosts occur, so that they do it no harm. The
+reader may take it for what it is worth, that by leaving the dried
+stalks on, the plants are benefited; at any rate, I leave them on, for
+the following reasons: In a dry state they are very hollow, and when cut
+I have found them conductors of rain into the midst of the younger roots
+and dormant crowns, causing them to rot, and when the remaining part of
+the stalk has come away from rottenness too, it has been seen that a
+cavity of corruption had formed where it joined. When I have left the
+withered stalks untrimmed until the following growing season, no such
+decay has been seen. So that, after all, it is perhaps not less hardy
+than many other plants about which little doubt exists, but which may
+have been a little more fortunate as regards other conditions than cold.
+
+To those who prefer to dig up their stock of _L. cardinalis_ and winter
+it away from frost, I may say that it is only needful to pack the roots
+in sand, which should be kept moist, not wet. Propagation may be
+effected by division of the crowns in spring.
+
+Flowering period, August to first frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Lychnis Chalcedonica.
+
+CHALCEDONIAN LYCHNIS, _or_ SCARLET LYCHNIS; _Nat.
+Ord._ SILENACEAE.
+
+
+This hardy herbaceous perennial (see Fig. 61) came from Russia so long
+ago as 1596. It is a well-known and favourite flower, and, of course, a
+very "old-fashioned" one; it is commonly called the Scarlet Lychnis, but
+there are other forms of it with white flowers, both double and single,
+and there is also a double scarlet variety. The typical form comes into
+flower a fortnight earlier than the others, but all may be seen in bloom
+during July. The very brilliant flowers, which are produced for several
+weeks in large showy heads, must commend this plant, and its tall habit
+renders it all the more conspicuous. It ought to be grown in every
+collection of hardy perennial flowers, amongst which bright scarlets are
+not too plentiful. In sandy loam, enriched with well-rotted manure, it
+attains a height of 2ft. to 3ft. The flowers are 3/4in. across, the five
+petals open flat, and each petal is divided into two rounded segments;
+the calyx is hairy, long, bellied, ribbed, five-cleft, and much narrowed
+at the divisions; the numerous flowers are arranged in flat clusters,
+interspersed with many small leaves or bracteoles; the stems are stout,
+round, and having hairs pointing downwards; the nodes or joints are
+distant and furnished with a pair of stem-clasping, lance-shaped leaves,
+whence issue short stems that flower later on. The leaves are 2in. to
+4in. long, lance-shaped, hairy, waved at the edges, and somewhat
+recurved. The whole plant is of a clammy character, after the manner of
+other Catchflies.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 61. LYCHNIS CHALCEDONICA.
+
+(One-third natural size)]
+
+As already hinted, this species, with its varieties, enjoys a sandy
+soil; a mulching of manure proves of great benefit; not only are the
+heads of bloom larger for it, but the side shoots are induced to flower
+freely. In borders of tall plants the scarlets are very showy; they
+cannot, however, endure shade; the position should be sunny and open.
+The propagation of the single forms may be carried out by seed, which
+ripens in large quantities; in fact, they sow themselves freely. The
+double kinds should be divided in early spring. In a cut state the
+flowers are both useful and effective, and if kept in a sunny window
+will continue in good form and open the buds.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Lychnis Viscaria Flore-pleno.
+
+GERMAN CATCHFLY; _Nat. Ord._ SILENACEAE.
+
+
+The double form of the red German Catchfly. The old Latin name for the
+type was _L. Angustifolia_, which is still used sometimes, being a good
+descriptive name. So much cannot be said of the common name; at any
+rate, it sounds odd that one of our native plants should be called the
+"German Catchfly," as name is evidently used in the geographical sense.
+There are several forms of this species having double flowers, which may
+be termed florists' or garden varieties; all are handsome and effective
+flowering plants, and last a long time in good form. A very short
+description will suffice for these, the flowers of which in many
+respects resemble pinks; they are, however, borne on stout stems in long
+heads, the petals being full, divided, and bent, each flower an inch
+across. The rose-coloured varieties are bright and attractive; the
+leaves are in tufts 3in. or 4in. long, narrow and reflexed. These double
+Catchflies are very showy in either borders or rockwork; they rank with
+our neatest subjects and brightest flowers, and certainly ought to be
+widely grown.
+
+They enjoy a stiff soil, but are in no way particular; they should,
+however, have a sunny situation. They may be increased by root divisions
+in summer or early spring.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Lysimachia Clethroides.
+
+CLETHRA-LIKE LOOSESTRIFE; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+This is a tall-growing and distinct species, newly imported from Japan;
+it is perfectly hardy and herbaceous, and differs very much indeed from
+its creeping and evergreen relation, the moneywort, or "creeping jenny,"
+being more like a tall speedwell, having large leaves; it is so
+dissimilar, there can be no likelihood of confounding it with other
+species. As a decorative garden plant it is both attractive and
+interesting.
+
+It attains a height of 3ft. in favourable quarters, and has both a
+wealth of rich foliage and showy one-sided spikes of white flowers; the
+latter are neatly formed and continue to develop along the spike for the
+length of a foot; the flowers are 1/2in. across, somewhat star-shaped,
+having five, and sometimes six, divisions of the corolla, which are oval
+and cupped; the short flower stalk is supported by a very narrow
+bracteole of equal length--this helps not a little to enrich the yet
+unblossomed part of the spike, the buds of which are of the purest
+whiteness and pearl-shape, mounted in the claw-like setting of the pale
+green calyx; these pleasing spikes of flowers and buds have a peculiar
+habit of bending; the unbloomed part is at right angles with the erect
+stem, with the exception of the tip, which slightly erects itself; the
+angle is ever changing, being ruled by the change of flower to seed, the
+development causing the sharp bend to rise day by day. The leaves of the
+root are spoon-shaped, and those of the stems broadly lance-shaped,
+varying in length from 3in. to 5in., entire, veined, of good substance,
+and having attenuated stalks; the younger leaves have a changeable
+satiny hue; all the leaves at their junction with the stems are marked
+with a bright redness; the main stems are furnished with many side
+branches, which assist in maintaining floriferousness until late autumn.
+The habit of the plant is dense, and from the numerous spikes of flowers
+and bright green foliage strong specimens have a commendable appearance;
+with me, the growth has been remarkably vigorous, exceeding by nearly a
+foot the usual height; this I attribute to the enrichment of the soil.
+The bent spikes are scarcely suitable for cutting purposes, but that the
+plant is deserving of a place in the borders may fairly be inferred from
+the manner in which it wins admiration when in flower. It enjoys deep
+loam, which, as before hinted, should be rich; the situation should be
+such as will afford it protection from the winds--then, if its leaves
+remain untorn, they will afford a treat from their "autumnal tints."
+Propagated by root division during late autumn or early spring.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Margyricarpus Setosus.
+
+BRISTLY PEARL-FRUIT; _Nat. Ord._ ROSACEAE.
+
+
+A charming little evergreen shrub, and most aptly named, for not only
+does the name convey some idea of its beauty, but it is specific to the
+utmost degree; a glance at the illustration (Fig. 62) and the English
+name, which is a translation of the Latin one, will show this. It is the
+only species of the genus. It was introduced in the year 1829 from Peru,
+and for a time was considered too tender a subject for other than stove
+treatment, and even now it is treated as a shrub needing protection; but
+warm as is its native climate, it proves hardy in ours; it is not merely
+a safe subject to winter out under special conditions, but quite hardy
+in fully exposed parts. It stood out with me in the winters of 1879-80
+and 1880-1, and in 1881-2, which, however, was specially mild, it held
+its berries until spring. Its evergreen character renders it all the
+more desirable, for though the foliage is small and somewhat spare, it
+is of a bright and pleasing colour. Quite young specimens are prolific,
+and only during the severe months are they without berries.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 62. MARGYRICARPUS SETOSUS.
+
+(One-third natural size; fruit, natural size.)]
+
+A full-grown example does not exceed the height of 6in. or 8in. in this
+climate. The flowers are green and insignificant--in fact, hardly
+visible, and must be closely looked for; they are produced singly on
+the riper parts of the soft wooded branches; they are chubby forms, all
+but stalkless, and supported by a brown stem-clasping sheath, which is
+long-pointed and bent backwards, resembling a spine; these sheaths are
+numerous, and probably suggested the specific name, _setosus_--rough or
+bristly. The flowers appear for many months, and there is a
+corresponding succession of berries; the latter form the main feature of
+this singular shrub, measuring 1/8in. to 1/6in. in diameter, they are of
+a clear, shining white colour, and are well named "pearl fruit." Sooner
+or later in the season every joint of the main branches seems to be
+furnished with fruit, which lasts a long time in perfection. The leaves
+are 1/2in. to 1in. long, pinnate, leaflets awl-shaped, reflexed, and of a
+deep glistening green colour; they are arranged in minute tufts on
+stoutish branchlets, and, for the most part, have a single berry at the
+parent node. All these young shoots grow in the upward direction,
+leaving the procumbent branches to form an even line on the lower side.
+The habit of this shrub is spreading and prostrate, and, from the bright
+berries and foliage (the latter all turned upwards), it becomes a most
+pleasing object to look down upon, reminding one of a dwarf erica
+immediately after a hailstorm. For rockwork, this is a gem. Many
+amateurs will be glad to learn, if they do not already know the shrub,
+that it is one of those pretty, uncommon, and distinct forms ever
+desirable for choice collections.
+
+It should be so planted that its branches can rest on a dark-coloured
+stone; this will show up its fruit to advantage. It enjoys a rich, light
+soil, thriving in a mixture of sand, loam, and rotten leaves. Beyond
+this there is nothing special about its culture; moreover, it is easily
+increased, either by cuttings taken in summer and pricked into moist
+peat under a bell glass, or by layering the branches. These only need to
+be pegged down and covered with soil, or to have a small boulder placed
+on the part where roots are desired.
+
+Flowering period, all summer.
+
+
+
+
+Mazus Pumilio.
+
+DWARF MAZUS; _Nat. Ord._ SCROPHULARIACEAE.
+
+
+This diminutive and pretty plant is a native of Australia, and was
+introduced into this country in 1823. It is hardy, herbaceous, and
+perennial; it is, however, sometimes said to be only annual, which may
+have been inferred from the fact of its perishing in winter in this
+climate when grown in cold, stiff soil, but that it is perennial is
+beyond doubt. Not only have I experienced that it dies every winter in
+clay soil, but also that the roots remain fresh and healthy year after
+year when in more suitable quarters, such as an open situation in light
+vegetable soil mixed with sand, where it quickly spreads by underground
+runners and asserts its perennial character.
+
+Its flowers much resemble the small wild violet of the hedgerows, in
+size and colour more especially; the flower-stalks are, however,
+sometimes branched, carrying four or five flowers; and if I may be
+allowed to make another comparison in order to convey an idea of its
+form, I would mention _Pinguicula vulgaris_, the common butterwort. The
+flowers spring from the midst of flattened tufts of pale green foliage;
+the leaves are 1in. to 3in. long, spoon-shaped, slightly waved at the
+edges and occasionally notched, distinctly veined, of a light green
+colour, and flesh-tinted in the stalks; they are arranged in nearly
+rosette form up to the period of flowering, when they are not only
+longer, but become almost erect; but the younger tufts which do not
+produce flowers remain perfectly flat.
+
+It is useful for rockwork or as a carpet plant where the soil is of a
+sandy nature. There should be few bare places in our gardens whilst we
+have such lovely creepers as this to fall back upon. The rooted stems,
+which run immediately under the surface, may be transplanted any time
+except during winter. If the roots are mutilated then, they will
+probably rot.
+
+Flowering period, June to September.
+
+
+
+
+Melittis Melissophyllum.
+
+_Syn._ M. GRANDIFLORUM; LARGE-FLOWERED BASTARD BALM; _Nat.
+Ord._ LABIATAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 63. MELITTIS MELISSOPHYLLUM.
+
+(One-sixth natural size.)]
+
+This is a somewhat uncommon but handsome native plant. The above names,
+together with the illustration (Fig. 63), will doubtless give the reader
+a fair idea of its appearance. It forms one of the best possible
+subjects for a border of "old-fashioned" plants, being of a distinct
+type and colour.
+
+The flowers are a mixture of white, pink, and purple; and are nearly
+2in. long, in general shape resembling the foxglove, but wider at the
+corolla and a little shorter in the broad tube. They are arranged in
+whorls springing from the axils of the leaves. The whorls are said to be
+of as many as eight flowers, but specimens are more commonly seen to
+have only two to four, being repeated the whole length of the stems,
+which are 18in. high. The leaves are two to three inches long, and half
+as broad, ovate, serrate, hairy, and short stalked. No one can be
+otherwise than pleased with the ancient style and soft colour of the
+large flowers, which last a long time in perfection. There is a
+trimness, too, about the plant which distinguishes it from the more
+weedy species to which it is related.
+
+In a cut state the long stems are not only pretty of themselves when
+placed in old vases or crackle ware, but they have a remarkably good
+effect. They, however, should not be crowded or swamped by more showy
+foliage or flowers--in fact, they should be used alone.
+
+It will grow anywhere and in any quality of soil, but slight shade and
+well-enriched loam will be found to make a vast difference in the size
+of the flowers, and their colour will be also improved. It may be
+divided or transplanted any time after it has done flowering.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Monarda Didyma.
+
+_Syn._ M. KALMIANA; BEE BALM, _or_ OSWEGO TEA; _Nat.
+Ord._ LABIATAE.
+
+
+All the Monardas are natives of North America, and, consequently, quite
+hardy in this country; they are also herbaceous and perennial. This
+species has been grown for 130 years in English gardens, and at the
+present time it is not only accounted an old flower but it is highly
+esteemed. The blooms are large and brilliant in colour, and their shaggy
+forms give them an effect which is decorative both in the garden and
+vase.
+
+The flowers are not only numerous, but, for the most part, bright;
+moreover, they begin to flower at midsummer and continue until the
+frosts set in.
+
+The species under notice has bright scarlet flowers, produced when the
+plant is about 18in. high; it, however, grows to nearly twice that size,
+flowering all the while. The whorls of bloom issue from half-globular
+arrangements of buds and persistent calyces; each flower is an inch
+long; corolla ringent, or gaping; helmet, or upper division, linear; the
+seed organs are longer; the calyx tubular, having five minute teeth,
+being striped and grooved; the whole head, or whorl, is supported by a
+leafy bract, the leaflets being of a pale green colour, tinted with red.
+The leaves are ovate-cordate, or broadly lance-shaped, taper-pointed,
+toothed, rough, and slightly wrinkled, and they have short stalks. The
+stems are square, grooved, and hard. The whole plant exhales a powerful
+but pleasant odour. The habit is branching, that of the root
+progressive, not only increasing rapidly, but such parts on the surface
+may be termed creeping or prostrate branches, forming a veritable mat of
+fibre.
+
+The whole genus is made up of such species as may be used freely in most
+gardens, more especially in those having plenty of space.
+
+For culture and flowering period, see _M. Russelliana_.
+
+
+
+
+Monarda Fistulosa.
+
+WILD BERGAMOT; _Syns._ M. AFFINIS, M. ALTISSIMA, M. MEDIA,
+M. OBLONGATA, M. PURPUREA, _and_ M. RUGOSA; _Nat. Ord._
+LABIATAE.
+
+
+The Wild Bergamot has a pleasant smell; it has, however, the
+objectionable property of attracting great numbers of bees and wasps.
+
+Compared with the scarlet _M. didyma_, the more striking differences are
+the purple flowers, which are less, and mostly produced in single heads.
+The bracts are tinted with purple, and they are more bent down the
+stems; the latter, too, are only half as thick and of a dark brown
+colour.
+
+For culture and flowering period, see _M. Russelliana_.
+
+
+
+
+Monarda Russelliana.
+
+RUSSELL'S MONARDA; _Nat. Ord._ LABIATAE.
+
+
+Another, distinct species. Its flowers are white, with pistil tinted
+purple, and less in size than either of the above. The bract is
+remarkably large, and further amplified by numerous small leaves amongst
+the flowers; all are deeply tinted or veined with purple; the leaves are
+larger than those of _M. didyma_, and those near the tops of the stems
+are also tinted with purple on their stalks, mid-ribs, and edges; the
+stems are green, rounded at the corners, channelled, and smooth.
+
+There are other species than those I have named, but the above-mentioned
+are not only the more distinct, and well represent the genus, but as
+flowers they form a richly beautiful trio of colour, so that, when grown
+side by side, their effectiveness is much enhanced; as cut bloom they
+answer well for furnishing old vases. Either growing or cut, their
+flowers and leaves are pleasant, but if bruised the odour is too
+powerful; they, however, when used in moderation, form a valuable
+ingredient of _pot pourri_.
+
+They may be grown in ordinary soil, and in any position but a too shady
+one. The propagation of these plants may be carried out any time, by
+cutting small squares of the matted roots from old specimens, but it
+will be found that if allowed to grow to bold examples their effect will
+be all the more telling.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Morina Longifolia.
+
+_Syn._ M. ELEGANS; WHORL FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ DIPSACEAE.
+
+
+Until this plant comes into flower there is little about it for us, who
+are trained to dislike and almost despise thistles, to admire. It is
+not a thistle certainly, but the resemblance is very close when not in
+flower, and the three or four specimens which I grow have often caused a
+laugh from visitors at my expense, but I pocket the laugh and ask them
+to come and see my thistles in June. When, too, weeding is being done,
+it is always needful, for the safety of the plants, to give some such
+hint as "Do not pull up those thistles;" but if this plant is no
+relation to that despised weed, it belongs to another race, the species
+of which are also formidably armed--viz., the Teasel. It comes from the
+Himalayas, and is comparatively new in English gardens.
+
+It is hardy, herbaceous, and perennial, grows to a height of 2ft., and
+the flowers are produced in whorls or tiers interspersed with the thorny
+foliage near the top of the stems. At this stage of development the
+plant has a noble appearance, and the rings of flowers are very
+beautiful--though when I say flowers I here mean the combination of buds
+and blossoms in their different stages and colours. The buds are pure
+white and waxy, and when open, are of a delicate pink; as they get
+advanced, they turn to a lovely crimson; these are all the more
+pleasing, because the flowers last a long time. In form they are tubular
+and horn-shaped, having a spreading, uneven corolla, five-parted. Each
+flower is 1in. long and 3/4in. across, six to fifteen in a whorl, the
+whorls being five to ten in number. The whorl-bracts are formed of three
+arrow-shaped leaves, deeply cupped, and overlapping at their junction
+with the stem or scape; they are spiny and downy underneath. Calyx,
+tubular and brown. Segments (two), pale green, notched, alternated with
+long spines, and surrounded with shorter ones. The leaves of the root
+are 9in. to 12in. long, and 2in. wide in the broadest parts; pinnate,
+waved, and spined, like the holly or thistle. The leaves of the stem are
+similar in shape, but very much smaller. The whole plant, and especially
+if there are several together, has a stately appearance, and attracts
+much attention; it is a good border plant, but it will be more at home,
+and show to equal advantage in openings in the front parts of the
+shrubbery, because it enjoys a little shade, and the shelter from high
+winds is a necessity, it being top heavy; if tied, it is robbed of its
+natural and beautiful form.
+
+It thrives well in sandy loam. Slugs are fond of it, and eat into the
+collar or crown, and therefore they should be looked for, especially in
+winter, during open weather. To propagate it, the roots should be
+divided as soon as the plants have done flowering, they then become
+established before winter sets in. Plant in the permanent quarters, and
+shade with leafy branches for a fortnight.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Muhlenbeckia Complexa.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ POLYGONACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 64. MUHLENBECKIA COMPLEXA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size; fruit, natural size.)]
+
+A hardy climber, of great beauty; during November its nearly black stems
+are well furnished with its peculiar small dark green leaves, which,
+even when without flowers or fruit, render it an object of first-class
+merit as a decorative subject. The illustration (Fig. 64) is fairly
+representative of all its parts; still, it can give no idea of the
+effect of a specimen climbing 4ft. to 6ft. high, diffuse and spreading
+withal. Although I have grown this handsome climber several years, my
+experience and information respecting it are very limited indeed; its
+hardiness and beauty are the inducements which have led me to recommend
+it for the pleasure garden. As a matter of fact, I have never bloomed
+it, and I am indebted to a lady for the wax-like and flower-shaped
+fruits illustrated; they were produced in a warm vinery, and I have
+otherwise learned that in this climate the plant only flowers outside
+during very warm summers. I have also information from one of H. M.
+Botanic Gardens that this species "was introduced from South America,
+but when and by whom I am unable to say. It requires a warm, sheltered
+position. Before the severe winters came it used to be covered with
+star-like whitish flowers, which were succeeded by fruits."
+
+The fruits given in the illustration (natural size) are a fine feature,
+but, considering the uncertainty of their production, they can hardly be
+claimed for outside decoration. They are of a transparent, wax-like
+substance, and the tooth-like divisions glisten like miniature icicles;
+they hang in small clusters on lateral shoots from the more ripened
+stems, and have a charming effect, contrasting finely with the black
+stems and dark green foliage. The leaves are small (1/4in. to 3/4in. across)
+somewhat fiddle-shaped, of good substance, and having slender stalks;
+they are alternate and distantly arranged on the long trailing and
+climbing stems. The habit is dense and diffuse, and though it loses many
+leaves in winter, I have never seen it entirely bare; it is therefore
+entitled to be called evergreen with outdoor treatment. The distinct
+form and colour of its foliage, together with the graceful shape of the
+spray-like branches, render this subject of great value for cutting
+purposes. Seen in company, and used sparingly with white flowers for
+epergne work, the effect is unique; and I ask those who possess it to
+try it in that or a similar way.
+
+It enjoys a sunny position and well drained or sandy soil. With me it
+grows entangled with a rose tree, the latter being nailed to the wall. I
+have also seen it very effective on the upper and drier parts of
+rockwork, where it can have nothing to cling to; there it forms a dense
+prostrate bush. It may be propagated by cuttings of the hardier shoots,
+which should be taken in early summer; by this method they become nicely
+rooted before winter.
+
+Flowering periods, warm summers.
+
+
+
+
+Muscari Botryoides.
+
+GRAPE HYACINTH; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEAE.
+
+
+This is a hardy species, somewhat finer than the more common _M.
+racemosum_, from the fact of its richer, bright sky blue flowers. The
+form of the Grape Hyacinth is well known (see Fig. 65), being a very old
+garden flower and a great favourite; when it is once planted, it keeps
+its place, despite all drawbacks common to a crowded border, with the
+exception of that wholesale destroyer, a careless digger; if left
+undisturbed for a year or two, it increases to very showy clumps.
+
+The flowers, which are densely arranged on stout spikes 8in. high, are
+very small, globular, and narrowed at the opening, where the tiny
+divisions are tipped with white. The foliage resembles that of the wood
+hyacinth, but it is more rigid, not so broad, and slightly glaucous.
+
+It seems to do best in light earth, and the flowers are finer in colour
+when grown in shade, but not too much. Where quantities are available,
+they may be used as an edging, nothing looking better in a spring
+garden.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 65. MUSCARI BOTRYOIDES.
+
+(One-eighth natural size.)]
+
+_M. b. alba_ varies only in the colour of its flowers; the white is
+somewhat creamy for a time; it becomes much clearer after a few days,
+and remains in perfection for two weeks in ordinary weather. This is a
+charming variety; grown by the side of the different blues its beauty is
+enhanced. It is very effective as a cut flower, though rather stiff, but
+if sparingly used it is attractive for bouquets, whilst for a buttonhole
+one or two spikes answer admirably.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Muscari Racemosum.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ LILIACEAE.
+
+
+This is the commonest species, and although very pleasing, suffers by a
+comparison with the above blue kind, being more dwarf and the flowers
+less bright. The best time to transplant the bulbs is when the tops have
+died off, and the choicer sorts of these, as well as all other bulbs
+whose foliage dies off early in summer, should have something to mark
+their situation when in their dormant state.
+
+Cultivation and flowering period, as for _M. botryoides_.
+
+
+
+
+Narcissus Minor.
+
+SMALLER DAFFODIL; _Nat. Ord._ AMARYLLIDACEAE.
+
+
+A very beautiful and effective spring flower. Though a native of Spain,
+it proves one of the hardiest denizens of our gardens; it is not often
+met with, but it has been cultivated in this country since 1629. It was
+well known in Parkinson's time. Not merely is it a species due to bloom
+early, but it does so, no matter how severe the weather may be, in
+March, and the flowers are freely produced. We could hardly have more
+severe weather than we had in March, 1883, when the snow was sometimes
+several inches deep and the frost as much as 17deg. to 23deg. Still
+this little Daffodil continued to push up its golden blossoms, so that
+in the latter half of the month, it formed one of the most pleasing of
+the hardy flowers of the spring garden. Its blue-green leaves are
+densely grown, and being only 4in. high and somewhat rigid, they not
+only form a rich setting for the bright blossom which scarcely tops
+them, but they support the flowers, which have a drooping habit. Later
+on, however, they lift their fair faces and look out sideways, but
+whether seen in profile or otherwise, they are alike charming.
+
+I do not remember ever to have seen or heard this flower described as
+finely scented; as a matter of fact, it is deliciously so. The odour is
+aromatic and mace-like. If the bloom is cut when in its prime and quite
+dry, a few heads will scent a fair-sized room. Of course, all the
+species of the genus (as implied by the generic name) exhale an odour,
+and some kinds a very fragrant one, whilst others are said to be
+injurious; but the spicy smell of this can scarcely be otherwise than
+acceptable, and it must always be a desirable feature in a flower
+suitable for cutting, and more especially in a winter and spring flower.
+From its dwarfness this Daffodil is very liable to be soiled; either of
+three plans may be adopted to prevent this: Plant on grass; top-dress in
+January with longish litter, which by the blooming time will have a
+washed and not very objectionable appearance; or, lastly, let the
+patches grow broad and thick, when their own foliage will keep down the
+mud, excepting at the sides. I find the litter method to answer well for
+scores of things for a similar purpose.
+
+Flowers are produced on slender scapes, 3in. to 4in. long, singly, from
+the long membranous spatha; they are 11/4in. across the expanded perianth,
+and about the same length; the six divisions are rather longer than the
+tube, and of a pale yellow or lemon colour; the crown or nectary is
+campanulate, longer than the petal-like divisions, lobed, fringed, and
+of a deep yellow colour. The leaves are strap-shaped, stout and
+glaucous, and about the same length as the scapes.
+
+This plant is in no way particular as to soil, provided it is well
+drained. It enjoys, however, partial shade and liberal top-dressings of
+manure. It increases fast by offsets, and, if desirable, the bulbs may
+be lifted the third year for division, after the tops have died off in
+late summer.
+
+Flowering period, March and April.
+
+
+
+
+Nierembergia Rivularis.
+
+WATER NIEREMBERGIA, _or_ WHITE CUP; _Nat. Ord._
+SOLANACEAE.
+
+
+This alpine plant comes from La Plata; when well grown (and it easily
+may be) it is a gem--hardy, herbaceous, and perennial. It has a most
+pleasing habit; from its mass of root-like stems which run very near the
+surface, it sends up a dense carpet of short-stalked leaves, which in
+July become studded over with large and chaste white flowers; though it
+rarely exceeds 4in. in height, it is very attractive.
+
+The flowers are 11/2in. across, of a variously tinted white, sometimes
+with pink and sometimes with purplish-grey inside the corolla. The
+outside is yellowish-green; the five lobes of the corolla are arranged
+cup-fashion, having four distinct ribs or nerves and wavy margins, the
+inner bases being richly tinted with lemon-yellow; what appears at first
+sight to be the flower-stalk, 2in. to 3in. long, is really a long round
+tube, very narrow for so large a flower; it is of even thickness all its
+length. The calyx nearly touches the earth; it is also tubular and
+five-cleft. The leaves are from less than an inch to 3in. long, somewhat
+spoon-shaped or sub-spathulate and entire, smooth, and very soft to the
+touch.
+
+It thrives in a light soil, but it should not be dry. Moisture and a
+little shade are the chief conditions required by this lovely creeper,
+and where bare places exist, which are otherwise suitable, nothing more
+pleasing could well be planted; in dips or the more moist parts of
+rockwork, it may be grown with capital effect, but the patches should be
+broad. It also forms a good surfacing subject for leggy plants or
+shrubs. Lilies not only appear to more advantage when carpeted with the
+short dense foliage of this creeper, but their roots are kept more cool
+and moist by it, and there are many similar cases in which it will prove
+equally useful. It is easily propagated by division of the roots after
+the leaves have died off, but I have found spring much the better time,
+just as the new growth is pushing.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+
+
+
+Oenothera Speciosa.
+
+SHOWY EVENING PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._ ONAGRACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy and beautiful perennial species from North America; it is aptly
+named, as the flowers are not only large but numerous (see Fig. 66). The
+plant has a gay appearance for many weeks. As a garden flower, it is one
+of those happy subjects which may be allowed to grow in any odd corner,
+no matter what quality the soil may be, and full exposure or a little
+shade is equally suitable. No matter where it grows in the garden, it is
+a showy and pleasing flower, which, if plucked, is found to have the
+delicate smell of the sweet pea. It grows 18in. high, is herb-like in
+the foliage, and very distinct from other species, more especially as
+regards its slender stems and somewhat large and irregular foliage.
+
+The flowers are a satiny white, delicately nerved, and nearly 3in.
+across; the four petals are a pleasing yellowish-green at the bases;
+when fully expanded they form a cross, being clear of each other; they
+become tinted with rose when they begin to fade. The leaves are of
+various sizes, sometimes spotted, lance-shaped, toothed, and attenuated
+at the base. The general habit of the plant is erect, but it is often
+procumbent; it has, from its slender stems, a light appearance, and for
+one evening's use the sprays are very useful in a cut state.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 66. OENOTHERA SPECIOSA.
+
+(One-sixth natural size.)]
+
+It propagates itself freely by its root runners near the surface. These
+roots may be transplanted in early spring, and they will flower the same
+year.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Oenothera Taraxacifolia.
+
+DANDELION-LEAVED EVENING PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._
+ONAGRACEAE.
+
+
+From the great beauty of the flowers of this plant, it has not only
+become widely distributed, but a great favourite, considering that it
+was so recently introduced into this country as 1825; it came from Peru.
+Fortunately this charming exotic proves perfectly hardy in our climate;
+it is also herbaceous and perennial. No garden ought to be without so
+easily grown a flower, and though its foliage much resembles that of the
+common dandelion, a fine mass of it proves no mean setting for the large
+white flowers which spring from the midst of it. Another pleasing
+feature in connection with the flowers is that for a day they are pure
+white, after which they partly close and turn to a scarcely less
+beautiful delicate flesh tint. This colour and the half closed form are
+retained for several days; it exhales a sweet odour, about which there
+is a peculiarity. When newly opened--the first night--while the flowers
+are white, they will be found to have a grateful scent like tea roses;
+but if the older and coloured blooms are tried, they will be found to
+have the refreshing smell of almonds.
+
+There is yet another curious trait about this lovely flower--it has a
+long stalk-like tube, which may be called the flower stalk, as, so to
+speak, it has no other, and the lower part--it being 4in. to 6in.
+long--is inclined to squareness, but near the top it becomes round and
+widens into the divisions of the calyx, being, in fact, the tube or
+undivided part of the calyx. Let the reader carefully examine this
+interesting flower. First pluck it with all its length of stem or tube
+(it may be 6in. long); with a small knife or needle split it upwards,
+and there will be exposed the style of a corresponding length. The tube
+and segments of the calyx are of a pale green colour, segments an inch
+or more long, finely pointed; the four petals are large, nearly round,
+and overlapping each other, forming a corolla more than 3in. across;
+they are satiny in appearance, and transparent, beautifully veined or
+nerved, the nerves having delicate green basements, from which spring
+stamens of a like colour, but with anthers 1/2in. long, evenly balanced,
+and furnished with lemon-yellow pollen. The leaves are herb-like, and,
+as the common name implies, like the leaves of the dandelion, similar in
+size, but more cut or lobed. The plant, however, varies materially from
+the dandelion, in having stems which push out all round the crown,
+growing to a considerable length, and resting on the ground.
+
+This plant cannot well be grown in too large quantities, where there is
+plenty of room; it produces flowers for a long time, and they are highly
+serviceable for cutting purposes, though lasting only a short time. It
+cannot well be planted wrong as regards position, as it will thrive
+anywhere, providing the soil is enriched, it being a gross feeder; it
+should not, however, be planted where it will be likely to overgrow
+smaller and less rampant subjects. On the whole, it is one of those
+plants which afford a maximum of pleasure for a minimum of care, and
+needs no special culture--in fact, takes care of itself. Its
+propagation is simple, and may be carried out either by division of the
+old roots or by transplanting the self-sown seedlings into their
+blooming quarters, during March or April.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Omphalodes Verna.
+
+CREEPING FORGET-ME-NOT; _Syn._ CYNOGLOSSUM OMPHALODES;
+_Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEAE.
+
+
+The common name of this pretty, hardy, herbaceous creeper at once gives
+the keynote to its description; it is a very old plant in English
+gardens, and a native of South Europe. Parkinson gives a very neat
+description of it: "This small borage shooteth forth many leaves from
+the roote, every one upon a long stalke, of a darke greene colour; the
+stalkes are small and slender, not above halfe a foote high, with very
+few leaves thereon, and at the toppes come forth the flowers, made of
+five blew round pointed leaves, every one upon a long foote stalke."
+This, together with the well-known form and habit of the plant, leaves
+little more to be said by way of description; and it maybe added that
+though the flowers are akin to forget-me-nots, but more brilliant, the
+foliage is very different indeed, being nearly heart-shaped, and over
+2in. long. Its habit is such that though its flowers are small, they are
+somewhat conspicuous, from their brightness, abundance, and manner in
+which they are produced, _i.e._, well above a bright green mass of
+leaves; only bold clumps, however, show to such advantage. When the
+plant is fairly established, it makes rapid growth, increasing itself
+somewhat strawberry fashion, by runners.
+
+It is worthy of note here that this semi-woody creeper does well under
+trees not too densely grown. Many inquiries are made for such subjects,
+and this is one of the number (which is far from ample) that can be
+relied upon for not only covering the bare earth, but also for
+bespangling such position with its bright blossoms for two months in
+spring. I have also tried it in pots, grown and bloomed under the shade
+of a trellised peach tree, in a small house, without artificial heat,
+where it not only did well, but vied with the violets for effectiveness.
+
+This otherwise robust plant I have found to die when divided in the
+autumn (a period when many--indeed, I may say most--perennials are best
+transplanted), but when its propagation is carried out in spring, it
+grows like a weed.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Ononis Rotundifolia.
+
+ROUND-LEAVED RESTHARROW; _Nat. Ord._ LEGUMINOSAE.
+
+
+One of the most charming of the "old-fashioned" border flowers, having
+been grown in this country since 1570. It came from the Pyrenees, is
+hardy, evergreen, and shrubby. The common name of the genus, Restharrow,
+is in reference to the long, tough, and woody roots and branches.
+According to Gerarde, these properties "maketh the oxen, whilst they be
+in plowing, to rest or stand still." Although this species has tough
+roots and branches, it seems more likely that the name would be from the
+trouble caused by the weedy species of the genus of his time.
+
+In its growing state there is seen an exquisiteness of form and colour
+rarely approached by any other subject; from the manner in which the
+unopened scarlet buds blend with the thick and handsome-shaped foliage,
+the illustration (Fig. 67) can scarcely do justice to it. It should not
+be judged by other and better known species of the genus, some of which
+are of a weedy character, and from which this is as distinct as it well
+can be. Besides having the valuable property of flowering all summer, it
+is otherwise a suitable subject for the most select collections of hardy
+flowers.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 67. ONONIS ROTUNDIFOLIA.
+
+(Plant, one-sixth natural size; blossom, natural size.)]
+
+It grows 18in. high, and is erect and branched in habit; the flowers are
+produced on short side shoots; in form they are pea-flower-shaped, as
+the reader will infer from the order to which the shrub belongs. The
+raceme seldom has more than two or three flowers fully open at one time,
+when they are of a shaded pink colour, and nearly an inch in length; the
+leaves are 1in. to 2in., ternate, sometimes in fives, ovate, toothed,
+and covered with glandular hairs.
+
+The plant should be grown in bold specimens for the best effect.
+Ordinary garden soil suits it; if deeply dug and enriched, all the
+better. It is not so readily increased by division of the roots as many
+border plants, though root slips may, with care, be formed into nice
+plants the first season; the better plan is to sow the seed as soon as
+well ripened, from which more vigorous plants may be had, and they will
+sometimes flower the following summer, though far short of their natural
+size.
+
+Flowering period, June to September.
+
+
+
+
+Onosma Taurica.
+
+GOLDEN DROP; _Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy perennial, somewhat woody, and retaining much of its foliage in
+a fresh state throughout the winter, though by some described as
+herbaceous. The leaves which wither remain persistent, and sometimes
+this proves a source of danger to the specimen, from holding moisture
+during our wet winters, causing rot to set in. It is a comparatively new
+plant in English gardens, having been introduced from the Caucasus in
+1801, and as yet is seldom met with. Not only is it distinct in the form
+of its flowers--as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 68)--from other
+species of its order, but it has bloom of exceptional beauty, and the
+plant as a garden subject is further enhanced in value from the fact of
+its delicious perfume and perpetual blooming habit--_i.e._, it flowers
+until stopped by frosts; in short, it is one of the very finest hardy
+flowers, and if I could only grow a small collection of fifty, this
+should be one of such collection.
+
+The flowers are bright yellow, 11/2in. long, somewhat pear-shaped, and
+tubular. The calyx is long and deeply divided; the corolla is narrowed
+at the mouth; segments short, broad, and rolled back, forming a sort of
+rim. The flowers are arranged in branched heads, which are one-sided.
+The flower stalks are short, and the flowers and buds closely grown. The
+stems are about a foot long, having short alternate shoots, which flower
+later on; they are weighed to the ground with the numerous flowers and
+buds; the leaves are 3in. to 6in. long, narrow, lance-shaped, reflexed,
+and covered with short stiff hairs, which impart a grey appearance to
+the foliage.
+
+It should be grown fully exposed, as it loves sunshine; if planted in
+the frequented parts of the garden, its delicious perfume is the more
+likely to be enjoyed; on rockwork, somewhat elevated, will perhaps prove
+the best position for it, as then the pendent flowers can be better seen
+and studied. The whole habit of the plant renders it a suitable subject
+for the rock garden; it may be grown in either loam or vegetable soil if
+well drained, and when it once becomes established in genial quarters it
+makes rapid growth and is very floriferous. What a rich bed could be
+formed of this, judiciously mixed with hardy fuchsias and the various
+linums, having deep blue flowers and graceful slender stems! These all
+love a breezy situation and sunshine, they also all flower at the same
+time, and continuously. To increase this choice plant, cuttings should
+be taken during summer; they may be rooted quickly if placed in a
+cucumber frame and kept shaded for ten or twelve days; water should be
+given carefully, or the hairy leaves will begin to rot. Aim at having
+the young stock well rooted and hardened off before the cold weather
+sets in.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 68. ONOSMA TAURICA.
+
+(Plant, one-quarter natural size; blossom, one-half natural size.)]
+
+Flowering period, June to the frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Orchis Foliosa.
+
+LEAFY ORCHIS; _Nat. Ord._ ORCHIDACEAE.
+
+
+This terrestrial Orchid is not generally known to be hardy, but that
+such is the fact is beyond doubt. It is not only hardy, though it comes
+from Madeira, but it thrives better in this climate when exposed to all
+the drawbacks belonging to the open garden, or hardy treatment, than
+when kept under glass. It only seems to require two things--a deep rich
+soil and leaving alone--being very impatient of disturbance at its
+roots. Many of the hardy Orchids, though interesting, are not showy
+enough as flowers for beds or borders. This, however, is an exception,
+and is not only, in common with other Orchids, an interesting species,
+but a handsome and durable flower.
+
+It blooms at different heights, from 9in. to 2ft.; the spike, as implied
+by the name, is leafy up to and among the flowered portion, which is
+from 3in. to 9in. long; the flowers are a cheerful purple colour, each
+3/4in. in diameter; the sepals are erect, cupped, and paler in colour than
+the other parts of the flower; petals small; lip large, three lobed, the
+middle one somewhat pointed; leaves oblong and smooth, lessening and
+becoming more subulate near the top of the stem. When well grown, this
+plant has a noble appearance, and when closely viewed is seen to be a
+flower of a high order, as, in fact, all the Orchids are.
+
+Fortunately, it is not so particular either as regards soil or
+atmosphere as most of its relations, and it may frequently be met with
+in cottage gardens in splendid form. Good sandy loam, in a moist
+situation, suits it well, and I have seen it with fine spikes of bloom
+both in partial shade and fully exposed. Its position should be
+correctly noted, otherwise, when the tops have died down, the roots may
+suffer damage; they should be well guarded against disturbance. When
+increase is desirable the roots may be divided, but if they can be left
+alone it will be much to the advantage of the specimens.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Orchis Fusca.
+
+BROWN ORCHIS; _Nat. Ord._ ORCHIDACEAE.
+
+
+A rare and noble British species, terrestrial, and having a tuberous
+root of moderate size; the specific name does not always apply, as this
+species varies considerably in the colour of its flowers--certainly all
+are not brown. According to Gray, the flowers are "large,
+greenish-brown, brownish-purple, or pale ash grey;" the specimen from
+which our illustration (Fig. 69) was drawn may be said to be
+"brownish-purple," from its great number of brown spots; it is also
+slightly tinged with green. According to Linnaeus, it is synonymous with
+_O. Militaris_, the Soldier, or Brown Man Orchis. Of the native kinds
+of Orchis, many of which are now getting very scarce, it is desirable to
+know what's what. But, as a garden flower, the one now under
+consideration has many points of merit. The plant is bold and portly,
+and the foliage ample compared with many of the genus. The head of
+flowers is large, numerous, and well lifted up, while, far from their
+least good quality, is that of their fine aromatic perfume.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 69. ORCHIS FUSCA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size; 1 and 2, natural size of flower.)]
+
+The full size of a flower is shown in the drawing. The sepals are seen
+to be broad, converging, and pointed; the lip, which is rough, is
+three-parted; lobes, unequal and ragged; the side ones are long and
+narrow, the middle lobe is twice notched in an irregular manner; the
+spur is straight with the stem; bracts, short; the flowers are densely
+produced, forming a compact bunch 3in. to 4in. long, on a spike rather
+over a foot tall; they continue in perfection three weeks or a month.
+The leaves are 9in. or more in length, lance-shaped, and fully an inch
+broad in the middle; they are of a pale, shining, green colour, the
+root leaves resting on the ground.
+
+I find this Orchid capable of withstanding very rough treatment, but it
+requires some time (two years) to get fairly established. Silky loam and
+leaf soil are suitable for it; a moist situation, but in no way of a
+stagnant character, should be given, and the position should also be
+carefully selected, so as to secure the brittle and top-heavy flower
+spikes from strong winds, otherwise it will suffer the fate of hundreds
+of tulips after a gale. It is propagated by root division after the
+foliage has died off.
+
+Flowering period, end of May to end of June.
+
+
+
+
+Origanum Pulchellum.
+
+BEAUTIFUL MARJORAM; _Nat. Ord._ LABIATAE.
+
+
+This is indeed a well-named species or variety, whichever it may be;
+little seems to be known of its origin, but that it is distinct and
+beautiful is beyond doubt. It shines most as a rock plant; its long and
+bending stems, which are somewhat procumbent, have as much rigidity
+about them as to prevent their having a weak appearance; the tips,
+moreover, are erect, showing off to advantage the handsome imbricate
+bracts, bespangled as they are with numerous rosy-purple blossoms. The
+long and elegant panicles of bracteae, together with the pleasing
+arrangement thereof, are the main features of this subject.
+
+The rosy flowers are very small, and have the appearance of being packed
+between the bracteoles; still, their gaping forms are distinctly
+traceable, but the pretty lipped calyxes are quite hidden; the bract
+leaves are roundly-oval, acute, cupped, and touched with a nutty-brown
+tint on the outer sides; the spikes have many minor ones, being as fine
+as a thread, covered with short soft hairs, and of a brown colour; the
+leaves are 3/4in. long, oval, entire, and downy. The plant or shrub grows
+18in. high. As already hinted, the habit is procumbent, the older flower
+stems being woody; not only is it a bright object for rockwork, but it
+is in its finest form when most other flowers are past. The branches are
+useful in a cut state; the slender spikelets, with their pale green and
+brown tinted bracts, are very pretty by gas light, and they keep well
+for a long time in water.
+
+The Marjorams are fond of a dry situation, and this is no exception to
+that rule. Rockwork or raised beds of sandy loam suits it to perfection,
+provided the aspect is sunny. It will, therefore, be seen that there is
+nothing special about its culture, neither is there in its propagation;
+cuttings may be taken in summer, or the rooted shoots may be divided at
+almost any time.
+
+It flowers from September to the time of severe frosts, and is in its
+greatest beauty in October.
+
+
+
+
+Orobus Vernus.
+
+PEASELING, OR SPRING BITTER VETCH; _Nat. Ord._
+LEGUMINOSAE.
+
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial; it flowers in very early spring, and
+sometimes sooner, but it is in full beauty in April, its blooming period
+being very prolonged. Not only is this bright and handsome pea flower
+worth attention being a very old subject of English gardens, but also
+because of its intrinsic merit as a decorative plant. I say plant
+designedly, as its form is both sprightly and elegant, which, I fear,
+the illustration (Fig. 70) can hardly do justice to--more especially its
+spring tints and colours.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 70. OROBUS VERNUS.
+
+(One-fourth, natural size.)]
+
+Pretty nearly as soon as the growths are out of the earth the flowers
+begin to appear. The greatest height the plants attain rarely exceeds a
+foot; this commends it as a suitable border plant. Individually the
+flowers are not showy, but collectively they are pleasing and effective.
+When they first open they are a mixture of green, red, blue, and purple,
+the latter predominating. As they become older they merge into blue, so
+that a plant shows many flowers in various shades, none of which are
+quite an inch long, and being borne on slender drooping stalks, which
+issue from the leafy stems, somewhat below the leading growths, the
+bloom is set off to great advantage. The foliage in form resembles the
+common vetch, but is rather larger in the leaflets, and instead of being
+downy like the vetch, the leaves are smooth and bright. In a cut state,
+sprays are very useful, giving lightness to the stiffer spring flowers,
+such as tulips, narcissi, and hyacinths. Rockwork suits it admirably; it
+also does well in borders; but in any position it pays for liberal
+treatment in the form of heavy manuring. It seeds freely, and may be
+propagated by the seed or division of strong roots in the autumn.
+Whether rabbits can scent it a considerable distance off, I cannot say,
+but, certain it is, they find mine every year, and in one part of the
+garden eat it off bare.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Ourisia Coccinea.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SCROPHULARIACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial from South America, as yet rarely seen in
+English gardens, and more seldom in good form. As may be judged by the
+illustration (Fig. 71), it is a charming plant, but it has beauties
+which cannot be there depicted; its deep green and shining leaves
+constitute wavy masses of foliage, most pleasing to see, and the
+short-stemmed, lax clusters of dazzling scarlet flowers are thereby set
+off to great advantage. I have no fear of overpraising this plant, as
+one cannot well do that. I will, however, add that it is a decorative
+subject of the highest order, without a single coarse feature about it;
+seldom is it seen without a few solitary sprays of flowers, and it is
+never met with in a seedy or flabby state of foliage, but it remains
+plump throughout the autumn, when it sometimes shows a disposition to
+indulge in "autumnal tints." Though seldom encountered, this lovely
+plant is well known, as it is pretty sure to be, from notes made of it
+and published with other garden news; but it has the reputation of being
+a fickle plant, difficult to grow, and a shy bloomer. I trust this
+statement will not deter a single reader from introducing it into his
+garden; if I had found it manageable only with an unreasonable amount of
+care, I would not have introduced it here. It certainly requires special
+treatment, but all the conditions are so simple and practicable, in even
+the smallest garden, that it cannot be fairly termed difficult, as we
+shall shortly see.
+
+The flowers are 11/2in. long, in form intermediate between the pentstemon
+and snapdragon, but in size smaller, and the colour an unmixed deep
+scarlet: they are produced on stems 9in. high, round, hairy, and
+furnished with a pair of very small stem-clasping leaves, and where the
+panicle of flowers begins there is a small bract, and less perfectly
+developed ones are at every joint, whence spring the wiry flower stalks
+in fours, threes, and twos, of various lengths and a ruddy colour. The
+panicles are lax and bending; the flowers, too, are pendent; calyx,
+five-parted and sharply toothed; stamens, four, and long as petals;
+anthers, large and cream coloured, style long and protruding. The leaves
+are radical, and have long, hairy, bending stalks; the main ribs are
+also hairy; beneath, they are of a deep green colour, bald, shining,
+veined and wrinkled; their form is somewhat heart-shaped, sometimes
+oval, lobed, but not deeply, and unevenly notched; they grow in dense
+masses to the height of 6in.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 71. OURISIA COCCINEA.
+
+(Plant, one-fourth natural size; 1, blossom, one-half natural size.)]
+
+It is said to like a peaty soil, in which I have never tried it. In the
+management of this plant I have found position to be the main
+desideratum; the soil may be almost anything if it is kept moist and
+sweet by good drainage, but _Ourisia coccinea_ will not endure exposure
+to hot sunshine; even if the soil is moist it will suffer. I have large
+patches of it, 3ft. in diameter, growing in a mixture of clay and ashes,
+formed into a bank 18in. high, sloping north and screened by a hedge
+nearly 6ft. high from the mid-day sun, and shaded by overhanging trees;
+and I may also add that during the three years my specimens have
+occupied this shady, moist, but well drained position they have grown
+and flowered freely, always best in the deepest shade. As before hinted,
+there is a sort of special treatment required by this plant, but it is,
+after all, very simple. It is a slow surface creeper, should be planted
+freely in frequented parts of the garden, if the needful conditions
+exist, and no more beautiful surfacing can be recommended; grown in such
+quantities it will be available for cutting purposes. As a cut flower it
+is remarkably distinct and fine; it so outshines most other flowers that
+it must either have well selected company or be used with only a few
+ferns or grasses.
+
+It is readily increased by division of the creeping roots, which is best
+done in early spring. If such divisions are made in the autumn,
+according to my experience, the roots rot; they should therefore be
+taken off either in summer, when there is still time for the young stock
+to make roots, or be left in the parent clump until spring, when they
+will start into growth at once.
+
+Flowering period, May to September.
+
+
+
+
+Papaver Orientale.
+
+ORIENTAL POPPY; _Nat. Ord._ PAPAVERACEAE.
+
+
+The Oriental Poppy is a bold and showy plant, very hardy and perennial.
+There are several colours, but the bright scarlet variety is the most
+effective. Specimens of it which have become well established have a
+brilliant appearance during June; they are 3ft. high and attract the eye
+from a distance. Among other large herbaceous plants, as lupines,
+paeonies, thalictrums, &c., or even mixed with dwarf shrubs, they are
+grandly effective; indeed, almost too much so, as by the size and deep
+colour of the flowers they dazzle the eye and throw into the shade the
+surrounding flowers of greater beauty. The kinds with brick-red and
+other shades are comparatively useless. Their flowers are not only
+smaller, but wind or a few drops of rain spot the petals. A night's dew
+has the same effect; the stems, too, are weak and bending, which makes
+them much wanting in boldness, and when the flowers are damaged and the
+stems down there is little left about the Oriental Poppies that is
+ornamental.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 72. PAPAVER ORIENTALE (_var._ BRACTEATUM).
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+The flowers are 6in. to 8in. across when expanded, produced singly on
+stout round stems covered with stiff hairs flattened down, and also
+distantly furnished with small pinnate leaves. Only in some varieties is
+the leafy bract (Fig. 72) to be found. This variety is sometimes called
+_P. bracteatum_. The calyx is three-parted and very rough; the six
+petals (see engraving) are large, having well defined dark spots,
+about the size of a penny piece. The leaves are a foot or more in
+length, stiff but bending; they are thickly furnished with short hairs,
+pinnate and serrated.
+
+This large poppy can be grown to an enormous size, and otherwise vastly
+improved by generous treatment; in a newly trenched and well manured
+plot a specimen has grown 3ft. high, and produced flowers 9in. across,
+the colour being fine; it will, however, do well in less favoured
+quarters--in fact, it may be used to fill up any odd vacancies in the
+shrubbery or borders. It is readily increased by division of the roots,
+and this may be done any time from autumn to February; it also ripens
+seed freely.
+
+Flowering period, May to June.
+
+
+
+
+Pentstemons.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SCROPHULARIACEAE.
+
+
+The hybrids, which constitute the numerous and beautiful class commonly
+grown as "florists' flowers," are the kinds now under notice. The plant,
+when a year old, has a half-shrubby appearance, and if I said that it
+was but half hardy I should probably be nearer the mark than if I
+pronounced it quite hardy. It may, therefore, appear odd that I should
+class it with hardy perennials; there are, however, good reasons for
+doing so, and as these extra fine border plants are great favourites and
+deserve all the care that flowers can be worth, I will indicate my mode
+of growing them; but first I will state why the hybrid Pentstemons are
+here classed as hardy. One reason is that some varieties really are so,
+but most are not, and more especially has that proved to be the case
+during recent severe winters--the old plants, which I never trouble to
+take in, are mostly killed. Another reason why I do not object to their
+being classed as hardy is that cuttings or shoots from the roots appear
+to winter outside, if taken in the summer or autumn and dibbled into
+sand or a raised bed (so that it be somewhat drier than beds of the
+ordinary level), where they will readily root. Such a bed of cuttings I
+have found to keep green all the winter, without any protection other
+than a little dry bracken. My plants are so propagated and wintered.
+
+The Pentstemon has of late years been much improved by hybridising, so
+that now the flowers, which resemble foxgloves, are not only larger than
+those of the typical forms, but also brighter, and few subjects in our
+gardens can vie with them for effectiveness; moreover, they are produced
+for several months together on the same plants, and always have a
+remarkably fresh appearance.
+
+The corolla, which can be well seen both inside and out, has the
+pleasing feature of clearly pronounced colour on the outside, and rich
+and harmonious shadings inside; such flowers, loosely arranged on stems
+about 2ft. high, more or less branched, and furnished with lance-shaped
+foliage of a bright glossy green, go to make this border plant one that
+is justly esteemed, and which certainly deserves the little extra care
+needful during winter.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 73. PENTSTEMON.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+It is grandly effective in rows, but if in a fully exposed position it
+flags during hot sunshine; it is, therefore, a suitable plant to put
+among shrubs, the cool shelter of which it seems to enjoy. The remarks I
+have already made respecting its hardiness sufficiently indicate the
+mode of propagation. Old plants should not be depended upon, for though
+they are thoroughly perennial, they are not so hardy as the younger and
+less woody stuff--besides, young plants are far more vigorous bloomers.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Petasites Vulgaris.
+
+_Syns._ TUSSILAGO PETASITES _and_ T. FRAGRANS; WINTER
+HELIOTROPE _and_ COMMON BUTTERBUR; _Nat. Ord._
+COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+I must explain why this native weed, of rampant growth and perennial
+character, is here mentioned as a fit subject for the garden. It blooms
+in the depth of winter--in fact, all winter; the flowers are not showy
+at all, but they are deliciously scented, whence the specific name
+_fragrans_ and the common one "Winter Heliotrope," as resembling the
+scent of heliotrope. In its wild state it does not flower so early as
+when under cultivation; the latter state is also more favourable to its
+holding some green foliage throughout the winter. It has been said that
+there are different forms--male and female, or minor and major.
+
+Parkinson recognises two forms, and as his remarks are interesting and
+clearly point to the variety under notice, I will quote him from "The
+Theater of Plants," page 419: "The Butter burre is of two sorts, the
+one greater and the other lesser, differing also in the flowers, as you
+shall heare; but because they are so like one another, one description
+shall serve for them both. Each of them riseth up very early in the
+yeare, that is, in _February_, with a thicke stalke about a foote high,
+whereon are set a few small leaves, or rather peeces, and at the toppes
+a long spiked head of flowers, in the one which is the lesse and the
+more rare to finde, wholly white and of a better sent than the other
+(yet some say it hath no sent), in the greater, which is more common
+with us, of a blush or deepe red colour, according to the soile wherein
+it groweth, the clay ground bringing a paler colour somewhat weake, and
+before the stalke with the flowers have abidden a moneth above ground
+will be withered and gon, blowen away with the winde, and the leaves
+will beginne to spring, which when they are full growne are very large
+and broad, that they may very well serve to cover the whole body, or at
+the least the head like an umbello from the sunne and raine."
+
+The flowers are produced on bare, fleshy scapes, springing from amongst
+the old foliage; the new leaves not appearing until much later. The
+bloom is small, of a pinky white colour; they are miniature forms,
+resembling the coltsfoot flowers, being arranged, however, in clusters.
+The leaves are large, cordate, downy, and soft to the touch, having long
+stout stems; they vary much in size, from 3in. to more than a foot
+across, according to the nature of the soil.
+
+The usefulness of this plant consists entirely in its flowers as cut
+bloom, the least bit of which fills a large room with its most agreeable
+perfume. The plant, therefore, need not be grown in the more ornamental
+parts of the garden, and it should have a space exclusively allotted to
+it. It runs widely underground, and soon fills a large space. It enjoys
+moisture, but I have proved it to be more productive of bloom with
+leaves of half their usual size when planted in a rather dry situation
+with light but good soil. Usually a root does not produce flowers until
+two years after it has been planted. Poor as the flowers otherwise are,
+they are of great value in winter, when finely-scented kinds are scarce.
+They may be mixed with more beautiful forms and colours so as not to be
+seen, when, like violets in the hedgerow, they will exhale their
+grateful odour from a position of modest concealment.
+
+Flowering period, November to February.
+
+
+
+
+Phlox.
+
+HYBRID TALL VARIETIES; SUB-SECTIONS, SUFFRUTICOSA _and_
+DECUSSATA (EARLY _and_ LATE FLOWERING); _Nat. Ord._
+POLEMONIACEAE.
+
+
+These noble flowers are not only beautiful as individuals, but the
+cheerful appearance of our gardens during the autumn is much indebted
+to them; the great variety in colour and shade is as remarkable as it is
+effective. The finer sorts are known as "florists' flowers," being
+named. Whence they came (from which species) is not so clear, but in
+other respects than form and habit they are much in the way of _P.
+paniculata_. The Phlox family is a numerous one, and the species are not
+only numerous but extremely dissimilar, consisting of the dwarf woody
+trailers, or _P. procumbens_ section, the oval-leafed section (_P.
+ovata_), the creeping or stolon-rooted (_P. stolonifera_) section, and
+the one now under notice, which differs so widely that many have seemed
+puzzled that these bold tall plants are so closely related to the
+prostrate, Whin-like species. The sub-divisions of the section under
+notice, viz., early and late flowering varieties, in all other respects
+except flowering period are similar, and any remarks of a cultural
+nature are alike applicable. This favourite part of the Phlox family is
+honoured with a specific name, viz., _P. omniflora_ (all varieties of
+flowers), but notwithstanding that it is a most appropriate name it is
+seldom applied.
+
+As the flowers must be familiar to the reader, they need hardly be
+described, and it is only necessary to mention the general features.
+They are produced on tall leafy stems in panicles of different forms, as
+pyramidal, rounded, or flattish; the clusters of bloom are sometimes
+8in. in diameter in rich soil; the corolla of five petals is mostly
+flat, the latter are of a velvety substance, and coloured at their base,
+which in most varieties forms the "eye;" the tube is fine and bent, so
+as to allow the corolla to face upwards; the calyx, too, is tubular, the
+segments being deep and sharply cut; the buds abound in small clusters,
+and although the flowers are of a somewhat fugacious character, their
+place is quickly supplied with new blossoms (the succession being long
+maintained) which, moreover, have always a fresh appearance from the
+absence of the faded parts. The leaves, as indicated by the name
+_suffruticosa_, are arranged on half wood stems, and, as implied by the
+name _decussata_, are arranged in pairs, the alternate pairs being at
+right angles; these names are more in reference to the habit and form of
+the plants than the period of flowering, which, however, they are
+sometimes used to indicate; the leaves of some early kinds are leathery
+and shining, but for the most part they are herb-like and hairy, acutely
+lance-shaped, entire, and 2in. to 5in long.
+
+Under ordinary conditions these hybrid forms of Phlox grow into neat
+bushy specimens of a willow-like appearance, 2ft. to 4ft. high, but in
+well-prepared richly-manured quarters they will not only grow a foot
+taller, but proportionally stouter, and also produce much finer panicles
+of bloom; no flower better repays liberal culture, and few there are
+that more deserve it. In the semi-shade of trees, the more open parts of
+the shrubbery, in borders, or when special plantings are made, it is
+always the same cheerful subject, sweet, fresh, and waving with the
+breeze; its scent is spicy, in the way of cinnamon. The whole genus
+enjoys loam, but these strong-growing hybrids have a mass of long hungry
+roots, and, as already hinted, if they are well fed with manure they pay
+back with interest.
+
+As cut bloom, if taken in entire panicles, they are bouquets in
+themselves. All are effective, and many of the more delicate colours are
+exquisite, vieing with the much more cared-for bouvardias and tender
+primulas.
+
+To grow these flowers well there is nothing special about their
+management, but a method of treatment may be mentioned which, from the
+improved form it imparts to the specimens, as well as the more prolonged
+period in which extra-sized blooms are produced, is well worthy of being
+adopted. When the stems are 12in. or 15in. grown, nip off the tops of
+all the outer ones, they will soon break into two or four shoots. These
+will not only serve to "feather" down the otherwise "leggy" specimens
+and render them more symmetrical, but they will produce a second crop of
+flowers, and, at the same time, allow the first to develope more
+strongly. When the taller stems have done flowering, or become shabby,
+the tops may be cut back to the height of the under part of the
+then-formed buds of the early pinched shoots, and the extra light will
+soon cause them to flower; they should then be tied to the old stems
+left in the middle; this will quite transform the specimen, not only
+making it more neat and dwarf, but otherwise benefiting it--the old worn
+stems will have gone, and a new set of beaming flowers will reward the
+operator. The tops pinched out in the early part of the season make the
+best possible plants for the following season's bloom. They root like
+willows in a shady place in sandy loam, and are ready for planting in
+the open by midsummer, so that they have ample time to become strong
+before winter. Another way to propagate these useful flower roots is to
+divide strong clumps in the autumn after they have ceased to bloom.
+
+The very earliest kinds (some three or four) begin to flower early in
+August, and by the middle of the month many are in bloom; the
+late-flowering (_decussata_) section is a month later; all, however, are
+continued bloomers.
+
+
+
+
+Phlox Frondosa.
+
+FRONDED P.; _Nat. Ord._ POLEMONIACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy creeper; one of the dwarf section, having half-woody, wiry
+stems. For this and many other species of the Creeping Phlox we are
+indebted to North America. Of late years these beautiful flowers have
+received much attention, not only from the trade, but also from
+amateurs, some of whom have taken much pains in crossing the species by
+hybridising, notably the late Rev. J. G. Nelson. Perhaps the most
+distinct and beautiful of all the dwarf Phloxes is the one which bears
+his name--the white-flowered _P. Nelsoni_. I have selected the species
+_P. frondosa_, because the specific name is, perhaps, beyond that of any
+of the others, more generally descriptive of all the following kinds:
+_P. divaricata_, _P. glaberrima_, _P. Nelsoni_ (white flowers), _P.
+reflexa_, _P. oculata_, _P. setacea_, _P. s. atropurpurea_, _P. s.
+violacaea_, _P. subulata_, _P. prostrata_. These differ but slightly from
+one another, so little, indeed, that many discard the distinctions;
+still, they do exist, and may be clearly seen when grown close together
+in collections. The flowers differ in depth of colour; the leaves of
+some are more recurved, crossed, twisted, shining, or pointed, also
+broader and longer; the stems likewise differ; herein the distinctions
+are seen, probably, more than in either flowers or leaves. Sometimes
+they are, in the different species, long or short, leafy, branched,
+dense, arched, and divaricate, but, although at any time when their
+fresh foliage is upon them, and when they are so close together that the
+eye can take them all in at a glance, their distinctions are fairly
+clear, autumn is the time to see them in their most definite and
+beautiful form. Like many other North American plants, they have lovely
+autumnal tints, then their forms have rich glistening colours, and they
+are seen to not only differ considerably, but, perhaps, to more
+advantage than when in flower; but let me add at once that I have only
+proved these plants to take such rich autumnal colours when they have
+been grown so as to rest on stones, which not only keep them from excess
+of moisture, from worm casts, &c., but secure for them a healthy
+circulation of air under their dense foliage. From the above, then, it
+will be seen that a general description of _P. frondosa_ will apply to
+the other species and varieties mentioned.
+
+The flowers are lilac-rose; calyx, tubular; corolla of five petals,
+narrow and notched; leaves, awl-shaped, short, bent, and opposite;
+stems, branched, dense and trailing.
+
+The dwarf Phloxes are pre-eminently rock plants, as which they thrive
+well; when raised from the ground level, so as to be nearly in the line
+of sight, they are very effective. They should be so planted that they
+can fall over the stones, like the one from which the illustration (Fig.
+74) was drawn. For at least a fortnight the plants are literally covered
+with flowers, and at all times they form neat rock plants, though in
+winter they have the appearance of short withered grass; even then the
+stems are full of health, and in early spring they become quickly
+furnished with leaves and flowers. These Phloxes make good edgings.
+Notwithstanding their dead appearance in winter, a capital suggestion
+occurred to me by an accidental mixture of croci with the Phlox. At the
+time when the latter is most unseasonable the crocuses, which should be
+planted in the same line, may be seen coming through the browned
+foliage. When in flower, the blooms will not only be supported by this
+means, but also be preserved from splashes; when the crocuses are past
+their prime, the Phlox will have begun to grow, and, to further its well
+doing, its stems should be lifted and the then lengthened foliage of the
+crocuses should be drawn back to the under side of the Phlox, where it
+might remain to die off. This would allow the Phlox to have the full
+light, and the arrangement would be suitable for the edge of a shrubbery
+or border of herbaceous plants, or even along the walks of a kitchen
+garden.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 74. PHLOX FRONDOSA.
+
+(Plant, one-sixth natural size; 1, natural size of flower.)]
+
+The Phloxes are easily propagated, either from rooted layers or
+cuttings. The latter should be put into a good loam and kept shaded for
+a week or two. Early spring is the best time.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Physalis Alkekengi.
+
+WINTER CHERRY; _Nat. Ord._ SOLANACEAE.
+
+
+This plant begins to flower in summer; but as a garden subject its
+blossom is of no value; the fine large berries, however, which are
+suspended in orange-yellow husks of large size, are very ornamental
+indeed, and form a very pleasing object amongst other "autumnal tints."
+It is not till October that the fruit begins to show its richness of
+colour. The plant is quite hardy, though a native of southern Europe; it
+is also herbaceous and perennial, and it has been grown in this country
+for 330 years. Still, it is not to be seen in many gardens. An old
+common name for it was "Red Nightshade," and Gerarde gives a capital
+illustration of it in his Herbal, under the name _Solanum Halicacabum_.
+
+_P. Alkekengi_ grows to the height of about two feet. The stems of the
+plant are very curious, being somewhat zigzag in shape, swollen at the
+nodes, with sharp ridges all along the stems; otherwise, they are round
+and smooth. The leaves are produced in twins, their long stalks issuing
+from the same part of the joint; they are of various forms and sizes,
+but mostly heart-shaped, somewhat acute, and 2in. to 4in. long. The
+little soft creamy white flowers spring from the junction of the twin
+leaf-stalks; their anthers are bulky for so small a flower. The calyx
+continues to grow after the flower has faded, and forms the
+Chinese-lantern-like covering of the scarlet berry; the latter will be
+over 1/2in. in diameter, and the orange-coloured calyx 11/2in., when fully
+developed. In autumn the older stems cast their leaves early, when the
+finely-coloured fruit shows to advantage; the younger stems keep green
+longer, and continue to flower until stopped by the frost. To this short
+description I may add that of Gerarde, which is not only clear but
+pleasantly novel: "The red winter Cherrie bringeth foorth stalkes a
+cubite long, rounde, slender, smooth, and somewhat reddish, reeling this
+way and that way by reason of his weakness, not able to stande vpright
+without a support: whereupon do growe leaues not vnlike to those of
+common nightshade, but greater; among which leaues come foorth white
+flowers, consisting of five small leaues; in the middle of which leaues
+standeth out a berrie, greene at the first, and red when it is ripe, in
+colour of our common Cherrie and of the same bignesse, which is enclosed
+in a thinne huske or little bladder of a pale reddish colour, in which
+berrie is conteined many small flat seedes of a pale colour. The rootes
+be long, not vnlike to the rootes of Couch grasse, ramping and creeping
+within the vpper crust of the earth farre abroade, whereby it encreaseth
+greatly."
+
+The stems, furnished with fruit of good colour, but otherwise bare, make
+capital decorations for indoors, when mixed with tall grasses, either
+fresh or dried, and for such purposes this plant is worth growing; any
+kind of soil will do, in an out-of-the-way part, but if in shade, the
+rich colour will be wanting.
+
+Flowering period, June to frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Podophyllum Peltatum.
+
+DUCK'S-FOOT, _sometimes called_ MAY APPLE; _Nat. Ord._
+PODOPHYLLACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 75. PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+A hardy herbaceous perennial from North America, more or less grown in
+English gardens since 1664. As may be seen from the illustration (Fig.
+75), it is an ornamental plant, and though its flowers are interesting,
+they are neither showy nor conspicuous, as, from the peculiar manner in
+which they are produced, they are all but invisible until sought out.
+Its leaves and berries constitute the more ornamental parts of the
+plant.
+
+The flowers are white, not unlike the small white dog-rose in both size
+and form; the calyx is of three leaves, which fall off; the corolla, of
+six to nine petals; peduncle nearly an inch long, which joins the stem
+at the junction of the two leaf stalks, only one flower being produced
+on a stem or plant. The leaves join the rather tall and naked stem by
+stalks, 2in. to 3in. long; they are handsome in both form and habit. As
+the specific name implies, the leaves are peltate or umbrella-shaped,
+deeply lobed, each lobe being deeply cut, and all unevenly toothed and
+hairy at the edges, with a fine down covering the under sides; the upper
+surface is of a lively, shining green colour, and finely veined. The
+flower is succeeded by a large one-celled ovate berry, in size and form
+something like a damson, but the colour is yellow when ripe, at which
+stage the berry becomes more conspicuous than the flower could be, from
+the manner in which the young leaves were held.
+
+We want cheerful-looking plants for the bare parts under trees, and this
+is a suitable one, provided the surface soil has a good proportion of
+vegetable matter amongst it, and is rather moist. The thick horizontal
+roots creep near the surface, so it will be seen how important it is to
+secure them against drought otherwise than by depth of covering; a moist
+and shady position, then, is indispensable. In company with trilliums,
+hellebores, anemones, and ferns, this graceful plant would beautifully
+associate. Another way to grow it is in pots, when exactly the required
+kind of compost can easily be given, viz., peat and chopped sphagnum.
+Thus potted, plunged in wet sand, and placed in a northern aspect, it
+will be found not only to thrive well, as several specimens have done
+with me, but also to be worth all the trouble. To propagate it, the long
+creeping roots should be cut in lengths of several inches, and to a good
+bud or crown. When so cut in the autumn, I have proved them to rot when
+planted, but others buried in sand until February, and then planted,
+have done well.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Polyanthus.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+This, with its numerous varieties, comes under _Primula veris_, or the
+common Cowslip. The improved varieties which have sprung from this
+native beauty of our meadows and hedgerows are innumerable, and include
+the rich "gold-laced" kinds--which are cared for like children and are
+annually placed on the exhibition tables--as well as the homely kinds,
+which grow in the open borders by the hundred. The Polyanthus is
+eminently a flower for English gardens; and this country is noted for
+the fine sorts here raised, our humid climate suiting the plant in every
+way; its flowers offer a variety of colour, an odour of the sweetest
+kind, full and rich, reminding us not only of spring time, but of
+youthful rambles and holidays.
+
+As an "old-fashioned" flower for garden decoration it is effective and
+useful, from the great quantity of bloom it sends forth and the length
+of its flowering season; from its love of partial shade it may be
+planted almost anywhere. Its neat habit, too, fits it for scores of
+positions in which we should scarcely think of introducing less modest
+kinds; such nooks and corners of our gardens should be made to beam with
+these and kindred flowers, of which we never have too many. Plant them
+amongst bulbs, whose leaves die off early, and whose flowers will look
+all the happier for their company in spring; plant them under all sorts
+of trees, amongst the fruit bushes, and where only weeds have appeared,
+perhaps, for years; dig and plant the Polyanthus, and make the
+wilderness like Eden.
+
+Flowering period, February to June.
+
+
+
+
+Polygonum Brunonis.
+
+KNOTWEED; _Nat. Ord._ POLYGONACEAE.
+
+
+This is a dwarf species from India, but quite hardy. It is pretty,
+interesting, and useful. The flowers are produced on erect stems a foot
+high, and formed in spikes 3in. to 5in. long, which are as soft as down
+and smell like heather. The colour is a soft rose. These flowers spring
+from a dense mass of rich foliage; the leaves in summer and early autumn
+are of a pleasing apple-green colour, smooth, oblong, and nearly
+spoon-shaped from the narrowing of the lower part; the mid-rib is
+prominent and nearly white; the leaf has rolled edges, and is somewhat
+reflexed at the point. Let the reader closely examine the leaves of this
+species while in their green state, holding them up to a strong light,
+and he will then behold the beauty and finish of Nature to a more than
+ordinary degree. This subject is one having the finest and most lasting
+of "autumnal tints," the dense bed of leaves turn to a rich brick-red,
+and, being persistent, they form a winter ornament in the border or on
+rockwork. The habit of the plant is creeping, rooting as it goes. It is
+a rampant grower, and sure to kill any dwarf subject that may be in its
+way.
+
+It may be grown in any kind of soil, and almost in any position, but it
+loves sunshine. If its fine lambtail-shaped flowers are desired, it
+should be grown on the flat, but, for its grand red autumnal leaf tints,
+it should be on the upper parts of rockwork. It is self-propagating, as
+already hinted.
+
+The flowers prove capital for dressing epergnes. I had not seen them so
+used, until the other day a lady visitor fancied a few spikes, and when
+I called at her house a day or two later saw them mixed with white
+flowers and late flowering forget-me-nots--they were charming.
+
+Flowering period, August to the time of frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Polygonum Cuspidatum.
+
+CUSPID KNOTWEED; _Nat. Ord._ POLYGONACEAE.
+
+
+A recent introduction from China, perfectly hardy, shrub-like but
+herbaceous; a rampant grower, attaining the height of 6ft. or 7ft., and
+spreading fast by means of root suckers. During the early spring it
+pushes its fleshy shoots, and the coloured leaves, which are nearly red,
+are very pleasing; as they unfold they are seen to be richly veined, and
+are as handsome as the beautiful Fittonias, so much admired as hothouse
+plants.
+
+The long slender stems grow apace, and when the growth has been
+completed the flowers issue from the axils of the leaves; they are in
+the form of drooping feathery panicles, 4in. to 5in. long, creamy white,
+and produced in clusters, lasting for three weeks or more in good
+condition. The leaves are 3in. to 4in. long, nearly heart-shaped but
+pointed, entire, and stalked, of good substance, and a pale green
+colour; they are alternately and beautifully arranged along the
+gracefully-arching stems. The specimens are attractive even when not in
+bloom. If the roots are allowed to run in their own way for two or three
+years they form a charming thicket, which must prove a pleasant feature
+in any large garden.
+
+All through the summer its branches are used as dressings for large
+vases, and, either alone or with bold flowers, they prove most useful.
+In the shrubbery, where it can bend over the grass, from its distinct
+colour and graceful habit, it proves not only an effective but a
+convenient subject, as it allows the mowing machine to work without
+hindrance or damage. It is a capital plant for the small town garden.
+After sending to a friend several hampers of plants season after season,
+all without satisfactory results, owing to the exceptionally bad
+atmosphere of the neighbourhood, I sent him some of this, and it has
+proved suitable in every way.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+_P. c. compactum_ is a variety of the above. It is, however, very
+distinct in the way implied by its name, being more compact and rigid,
+and not more than half as tall. The leaves, too, are somewhat crimped,
+and of a much darker colour, the stems are nearly straight and ruddy,
+and the flowers are in more erect racemes, the colour yellowish-white.
+It forms a handsome bush, but is without the graceful habit of the type.
+Like the other knotweeds described, it enjoys a sandy loam, and requires
+nothing in the way of special culture. The roots may be transplanted or
+divided when the tops have withered.
+
+
+
+
+Polygonum Filiformis Variegatum.
+
+KNOTWEED; _Nat. Ord._ POLYGONACEAE.
+
+
+Very hardy and effective. I simply mention this as a foliage plant. The
+leaves are large, drooping, and finely splashed or marbled with pale
+green and yellow, in shape oval-oblong, being crimped between the veins.
+It is a scarce variety. Fine for the sub-tropical garden. Culture, the
+same as for all the Knotweeds.
+
+Flowering period, late summer.
+
+
+
+
+Polygonum Vaccinifolium.
+
+VACCINIUM-LEAVED KNOTWEED; _Nat. Ord._ POLYGONACEAE.
+
+
+It may seem odd that we should go into the Dock family for plants and
+flowers for our gardens; still we may, and find some truly beautiful
+species. The above-named is a charming alpine, coming from the
+Himalayas, and proves perfectly hardy in our climate; it is seldom met
+with and cannot be generally known, otherwise it would be more
+patronised; it forms a pretty dwarf shrub, with woody slender stems,
+clothed with small shining foliage.
+
+The flowers are very small, resembling those of the smaller ericas, and
+of a fine rosy colour; the unopened ones are even more pretty, having a
+coral-like effect; they are arranged in neat spikes, about 2in. long,
+and tapering to a fine point; they are numerously produced all along the
+procumbent branches, becoming erect therefrom. As the specific name
+denotes, the leaves are Vaccinium-like--_i.e._, small and oval, like
+box, but not so stout; they are closely set on the stems, are of a pale
+shining green, and somewhat bent or rolled. The habit is exceedingly
+neat, and, when in flower, a good specimen is a pleasing object; it is
+only a few inches high, but spreads quickly.
+
+On rockwork it seems quite at home. My example has shade from the
+mid-day sun, and, without saying that it should have shade, I may safely
+say that it does well with it. The plant will thrive in sandy loam and
+is readily increased by putting small stones on the trailing stems,
+which soon root.
+
+The leafy stems, with their coral-like, miniature spires, are useful in
+a cut state, so pretty, in fact, that it does not require any skill to
+"bring them in."
+
+Flowering period, August to the frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Potentilla Fruticosa.
+
+SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL; _Nat. Ord._ ROSACEAE.
+
+
+In mountainous woods this native deciduous shrub is found wild, and it
+is much grown in gardens, where it not only proves very attractive, but
+from its dwarf habit and flowering throughout the summer and autumn
+months, it helps to keep the borders or rock garden cheerful.
+
+The flowers, which are lemon yellow, are in form like those of its
+relative, the strawberry, but smaller; they are produced in terminal
+small bunches, but seldom are more than two or three open at the same
+time, and more often only one; but from the numerous branchlets, all of
+which produce bloom, there seems to be no lack of colour. In gardens it
+grows somewhat taller than in its wild state, and if well exposed to the
+sun it is more floriferous, and the individual flowers larger.
+
+It attains the height of 2ft. 6in.; the flowers are 1in. across; the
+petals apart; calyx and bracteae united; ten parted; each flower has a
+short and slender stalk. The leaves are 2in. or more in length, pinnate,
+five but oftener seven parted, the leaflets being oblong, pointed,
+entire and downy; the leaf stalks are very slender, and hardly an inch
+long; they spring from the woody stems or branches, which are of a ruddy
+colour, and also downy. The habit of the shrub is densely bushy, and the
+foliage has a greyish green colour from its downiness.
+
+This subject may be planted in any part of the garden where a constant
+blooming and cheerful yellow flower is required; it is pretty but not
+showy; its best quality, perhaps, is its neatness. It enjoys a vegetable
+soil well drained, and propagates itself by its creeping roots, which
+push up shoots or suckers at short spaces from the parent stock.
+
+Flowering period, summer to early frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Pratia Repens.
+
+_Syn._ LOBELIA PRATIANA; CREEPING PRATIA; _sometimes called_
+LOBELIA REPENS; _Nat. Ord._ LOBELIACEAE.
+
+
+In October this small creeper is a very pretty object on rockwork, when
+the earlier bloom has become changed into oval fruit-pods. These
+berry-like capsules are large for so small a plant, and of a bright and
+pleasing colour. These, together with the few flowers that linger,
+backed up, as they are, with a dense bed of foliage, interlaced with its
+numerous filiform stems, present this subject in its most interesting
+and, perhaps, its prettiest form.
+
+The flowers may be called white, but they have a violet tint, and are
+over half-an-inch in length. The calyx is adnate in relation to the
+ovarium, limb very short, but free and five-toothed; the corolla is
+funnel-shaped, but split at the back, causing it to appear one-sided.
+The solitary flowers are produced on rather long stems from the axils of
+the leaves. As they fade the calyces become fleshy and much enlarged,
+and resemble the fruit of the hawthorn when ripe. The leaves are
+distantly arranged on the creeping stems, 1/2in. long, oval, roundly
+toothed and undulated, fleshy, somewhat glaucous and petiolate. The
+habit of the plant is to root as it creeps, and the thread-like stems
+intersect each other in a pleasing way. They are to be seen distinctly,
+as the leaves are not only small, but distant, and seem to rest on a
+lattice-work of stems. This species comes from the Falkland Islands, and
+is of recent introduction.
+
+It is herbaceous and perennial, and proves hardy in this climate if
+planted on a well-drained soil of a vegetable character. It not only
+enjoys such a position as the slope of rockwork, but, when so placed, it
+may be seen to advantage. It should be free from shade, or the fruit
+will not colour well. It will therefore be seen that this is a rock
+plant, so far as its decorative qualities are concerned. It may,
+however, be grown well on flat beds of peat soil, where its fruit will
+mature finely, but it cannot be so well seen. It is self-propagating.
+Transplantings should be made in spring, or tufts may be placed in pots,
+during the autumn, and put in cold frames, as then they would not suffer
+displacement by frosts.
+
+Flowering period, June to frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Acaulis.
+
+_Syn._ P. VULGARIS, COMMON PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._
+PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+This common native flower needs no description, growing everywhere, yet
+we all seem to enjoy its company in our gardens, though it may, perhaps,
+be seen wild close by. It is a flower of more interest than ordinary,
+and to the florist of some importance. The great variety of double and
+single primroses have all sprung from this, the modest form found in our
+woods and damp hedgerows, and the number is being added to year by year.
+The generic name is in allusion to a quality--that of early or first
+flowering. The specific name, _acaulis_, is in reference to its
+stemlessness, which is its main distinguishing feature from the
+Polyanthus and Oxlip (_P. veris_). I may add, that from the great
+variety of _P. acaulis_ and _P. veris_, and their mutual resemblance in
+many instances, the casual observer may often find in this feature a
+ready means by which to identify a specimen. Of course, there are other
+points by which the different species can be recognised, even when the
+scape is out of sight, but I am now speaking of their general likeness
+to each other in early spring.
+
+Common Cowslips or Paigles (_P. veris_), great Cowslips or Oxlips (_P.
+elatior_), field primrose or large-flowered primrose (_P. acaulis_),
+were all in olden times called by the general name of primrose, the
+literal meaning of which is first-rose. Old authorities give us many
+synonymous names for this plant, as _P. grandiflora_, _P. vulgaris_, _P.
+sylvestris_, and _P. veris_. The last is given by three authorities,
+including Linnaeus. As this seems to clash hard with the name as applied
+to the Cowslip species, I may at once state that Linnaeus has only that
+one name for the three species, viz: _P. acaulis_, _P. elatior_, _P.
+veris_; the name _P. vulgaris_, by another authority, is explained by
+the same rule; Curtis (_Flora Londinensis_) is the authority for the
+name _P. acaulis_.
+
+I need not here go into any of the varieties, beyond giving a cursory
+glance at them as a whole. The double kinds are all beautiful, some
+superb and rare, as the ruby and crimson; the white, sulphur, mauve,
+magenta, and other less distinct double forms are more easily grown, and
+in some parts are very plentiful. The single kinds have even a more
+extensive range in colour. We have now fine reds and what are called
+blue primrose; the latter variety is not a blue, but certainly a near
+approach to it. It is an interesting occupation to raise the coloured
+primroses from seed, not only because of the pleasing kinds which may be
+so obtained, but under cultivation, as in a wild state, seedlings are
+always seen to be the more vigorous plants; self-sown seed springs up
+freely on short grass, sandy walks, and in half-shaded borders; but when
+it is sought to improve the strain, not only should seedlings be
+regularly raised, but it should be done systematically, when it will be
+necessary, during the blooming season, to look over the flowers daily
+and remove inferior kinds as soon as proved, so that neither their seed
+nor pollen can escape and be disseminated. This part of the operation
+alone will, in a few years, where strictly carried out, cause a garden
+to become famous for its primroses. Seasonable sowing, protection from
+slugs, and liberal treatment are also of the utmost importance.
+
+Briefly stated, the _modus operandi_ should be as follows: Sow the seed
+at the natural season, soon as ripe, on moist vegetable soil; do not
+cover it with more than a mere dash of sand; the aspect should be north,
+but with a little shade any other will do; the seedlings will be pretty
+strong by the time of the early frosts; about that time they should, on
+dry days, have three or four slight dressings of soot and quicklime; it
+should be dusted over them with a "dredge" or sieve; this may be
+expected to clear them of the slug pest, after which a dressing of sand
+and half-rotten leaves may be scattered over them; this will not only
+keep them fresh and plump during winter, but also protect them from the
+effects of wet succeeded by frost, which often lifts such things
+entirely out of the earth. In March, plant out in well enriched loam, in
+shady quarters; many will flower in late spring. Another plan would be
+to leave them in the seed bed if not too rank, where most would flower;
+in either case, the seed bed might be left furnished with undisturbed
+seedlings. The main crop of bloom should not be looked for until the
+second spring after the summer sowing.
+
+The double forms are not only less vigorous, but the means of
+propagation are limited; offsets of only healthy stock should be taken
+in early summer. A rich retentive loam suits them, or moist vegetable
+soil would do: shade, however, is the great desideratum; exposure to
+full sunshine harms them, even if well moistened at the roots; besides,
+in such positions red spider is sure to attack them. This mode of
+propagation is applicable to desirable single varieties, as they cannot
+be relied upon to produce stock true to themselves from seed. In
+planting offsets it is a good practice to put them in rather deeply; not
+only are the new roots emitted from above the old ones, but the heart of
+the offset seems to be sustained during the warm and, perhaps, dry
+weather, by being set a trifle below the surface. This I have ever
+proved to be a sure and quick method in the open garden.
+
+Flowering period, February to June.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Capitata.
+
+ROUND-HEADED PRIMULA; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+Hardy, herbaceous, and perennial. Before referring to this Primula in
+particular, I would say a word or two respecting hardy and alpine
+Primulae in general. It may appear strange and, on my part, somewhat
+presumptuous, when I state that this section of the Primula family is
+little known. Gardeners, both old and young, who have seen them in
+collections, have asked what they were as they stood over them admiring
+their lovely flowers. They are, however, very distinct on the one hand
+from the primrose (_Primula vulgaris_ or _acaulis_) and polyanthus
+(_Primula elatior_) sections; and also from the _P. sinensis_
+section--the species with so many fine double and single varieties, much
+grown in our greenhouses, and which, of course, are not hardy. The hardy
+and distinct species to which I now allude are mostly from alpine
+habitats, of stunted but neat forms, widely distinct, and very
+beautiful.
+
+The British representatives of this class are _Primula farinosa_ and _P.
+Scotica_, but from nearly all parts of the temperate zone these lovely
+subjects have been imported. It may not be out of place to name some of
+them: _P. Allioni_, France; _P. amoena_, Caucasus; _P. auricula_,
+Switzerland; _P. Carniolica_, Carniola; _P. decora_, South Europe; _P.
+glaucescens_ and _P. grandis_, Switzerland; _P. glutinosa_, South
+Europe; _P. latifolia_, Pyrenees; _P. longifolia_, Levant; _P.
+marginata_, Switzerland; _P. minima_, South Europe; _P. nivalis_,
+Dahuria; _P. villosa_, Switzerland; _P. viscosa_, Piedmont; _P.
+Wulfeniana_, _P. spectabilis_, _P. denticulata_, _P. luteola_, _P.
+Tirolensis_, and others, from the Himalayas and North America, all of
+which I have proved to be of easy culture, either on rockwork, or in
+pots and cold frames, where, though they may be frozen as hard as the
+stones amongst which their roots delight to run, they are perfectly
+safe. The treatment they will not endure is a confined atmosphere.
+
+_P. capitata_, which is a native of Sikkim, is still considered to be
+new in this country, though it was flowered at Kew about thirty years
+ago, but it has only become general in its distribution during the past
+three or four years.
+
+The flowers are borne on stems which are very mealy, and 6in. to 9in.
+high; the head of bloom is round and dense, 11/2in. across. The outer pips
+are first developed, and as they fade the succeeding rings or tiers
+extend and hide them. The very smallest in the centre of the head remain
+covered with the farina-like substance, and form a beautiful contrast to
+the deep violet-blue of the opened, and the lavender-blue of the
+unopened pips. One head of bloom will last fully four weeks. The
+denseness and form of the head, combined with the fine colour of the
+bloom, are the chief points which go to make this Primula very distinct.
+The leaves, which are arranged in rosette form, are otherwise very
+pretty, having a mealy covering on the under side, sometimes of a golden
+hue; they are also finely wrinkled and toothed, giving the appearance,
+in small plants, of a rosette of green feathers. Sometimes the leaves
+are as large as a full-grown polyanthus leaf, whilst other plants, which
+have flowered equally well, have not produced foliage larger than that
+of primroses, when having their earliest flowers.
+
+It makes a fine pot subject, but will not endure a heated greenhouse. It
+should be kept in a cold frame, with plenty of air. It may be planted on
+rockwork where it will not get the mid-day sun. I hear that it grows like
+grass with a correspondent whose garden soil is stiff loam; there it
+seeds and increases rapidly. My first experience with it was
+troublesome; when dying down in the winter, the leaves, which are
+persistent, seemed to collect moisture at the collar and cause it to
+rot. I tried planting not quite so deeply, and I imagine that it has
+proved a remedy. So choice a garden subject should not be passed by
+because it cannot be dibbled in and grown as easily as a cabbage. Old
+plants produce offsets which, as soon as the April showers come, may be
+transplanted in loamy soil and a shady situation. Propagation may also
+be carried on by seed when well ripened, but that has not been my
+experience of it hitherto.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Cashmerianum.
+
+CASHMERE PRIMROSE; _Nat Ord._ PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+This belongs to the large-leaved and herbaceous section, and though it
+comes (as its name specifies) from a much warmer climate than ours, its
+habitat was found at a great altitude, and it has been proved to be
+perfectly hardy in North Britain. This species is comparatively new to
+English gardens, but it has already obtained great favour and is much
+grown (see Fig. 76). No collection of _Primulae_ can well be without it;
+its boldness, even in its young state, is the first characteristic to
+draw attention, for with the leaf development there goes on that of the
+scape. For a time the foliage has the form of young cos lettuce, but the
+under sides are beautifully covered with a meal resembling gold dust.
+This feature of the plant is best seen at the early stage of its growth,
+as later on the leaves bend or flatten to the ground in rosette form,
+the rosettes being often more than 12in. across. The golden farina
+varies in both quantity and depth of colour on different plants.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 76. PRIMULA CASHMERIANUM.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+The flower scape is from 9in. to 12in. high, nearly as stout as a clay
+pipe stem, and very mealy, thickening near the top. The flowers, which
+are small, of a light purple colour, and having a yellow eye, are
+densely arranged in globular trusses, each lasting more than a fortnight
+in beauty. The leaves when resting on the ground show their finely
+serrated edges and pleasing pale green, which contrasts oddly with the
+under sides of those still erect, the latter being not only of a golden
+colour, as already mentioned, but their edges are turned, almost rolled
+under.
+
+This plant loves moisture; and it will adorn any position where it can
+be well grown; it will also endure any amount of sunshine if it has
+plenty of moisture at the roots, and almost any kind of soil will do
+except clay, but peat and sand are best for it, according to my
+experience. During winter the crown is liable to rot, from the amount of
+moisture which lodges therein somewhat below the ground level; latterly
+I have placed a piece of glass over them, and I do not remember to have
+lost one so treated. Offsets are but sparingly produced by this species;
+propagation is more easily carried out by seed, from which plants will
+sometimes flower the first year.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Denticulata.
+
+TOOTHED PRIMULA; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+This is one of that section of the Primrose family having stout scapes
+and compact heads of bloom. It is a comparatively recent introduction
+from the Himalayas, a true alpine, and perfectly hardy in this climate.
+As a garden flower, it has much merit, blooming early and profusely. It
+cannot be too highly commended for its fine form as a plant and beauty
+as a flower, more especially as seen on rockwork. The flower buds begin
+in very early spring to rise on their straight round stems, new foliage
+being developed at the same time.
+
+The flowers are arranged in dense round clusters, and are often in their
+finest form when nearly a foot high. They are of a light purple colour,
+each flower 1/2in. across, corolla prettily cupped, segments two-lobed,
+greenish white at bases, tube long and cylindrical, calyx about half
+length of tube, teeth rather long and of a dark brown colour. The scape
+is somewhat dark-coloured, especially near the apex. The leaves are
+arranged in rosette form, are lance-shaped, rolled back at the edges and
+toothed, also wrinkled and downy; they continue to grow long after the
+flowers have faded.
+
+Delicate as the flowers seem, they stand the roughest storms without
+much hurt.
+
+_P. d. major_ is a larger form in all its parts.
+
+_P. d. nana_ is more dwarfed than the type.
+
+_P. d. amabilis_ is a truly lovely form, having darker foliage and rosy
+buds; its habit, too, is even more neat and upright, and the blooming
+period earlier by about two weeks.
+
+A moist position and vegetable mould suit it best, according to my
+experience, and the dips of rockwork are just the places for it, not
+exactly in the bottom, for the following reason: The large crowns are
+liable to rot from wet standing in them, and if the plants are set in a
+slope it greatly helps to clear the crowns of stagnant moisture.
+Propagation is by means of offsets, which should be taken during the
+growing season, so that they may form good roots and become established
+before winter.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Farinosa.
+
+MEALY PRIMROSE, _or_ BIRD'S-EYE; _Nat. Ord._
+PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+The pretty native species, very common in a wild state in some parts,
+near which, of course, it need not be grown in gardens; but as its
+beauty is unquestionable, and as there are many who do not know it, and
+evidently have never seen it, it ought to have a place in the garden. It
+is herbaceous and perennial. All its names are strictly descriptive. The
+little centre has a resemblance to a bird's eye, and the whole plant is
+thickly covered with a meal-like substance. Small as this plant is, when
+properly grown it produces a large quantity of bloom for cutting
+purposes.
+
+It is 3in. to 8in. high, according to the situation in which it is
+grown. The flowers are light purple, only 1/2in. across, arranged in neat
+umbels; the corolla is flat, having a bright yellow centre; leaves
+small, ovate-oblong, roundly toothed, bald, and powdery beneath; the
+flower scapes are round and quite white, with a meal-like covering.
+
+In stiff soil and a damp situation this little gem does well, or it will
+be equally at home in a vegetable soil, such as leaf mould or peat, but
+there must be no lack of moisture, and it is all the better for being
+screened from the mid-day sun, as it would be behind a hedge or low
+wall. So freely does it bloom, that it is not only worth a place in the
+garden, but repays all the trouble required to establish it in proper
+quarters, after which it will take care of itself, by producing offsets
+and seedlings in abundance.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Marginata.
+
+_Syn._ P. CRENATA; MARGINED PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._
+PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+A native of Switzerland, so rich in alpine flowers; this is but a small
+species, yet very distinct and conspicuous (see Fig. 77). As its
+specific name denotes, its foliage has a bold margin, as if stitched
+with white silken thread, and the whole plant is thickly covered with a
+mealy substance. So distinct in these respects is this lovely species
+that, with, perhaps, one exception, it may easily be identified from all
+others, _P. auricula marginata_ being the one that most resembles it,
+that species also being edged and densely covered with farina, but its
+foliage is larger, not toothed, and its flowers yellow.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 77. PRIMULA MARGINATA.
+
+(Two-thirds natural size.)]
+
+_P. marginata_ has bright but light violet flowers on very short scapes,
+seldom more than 3in. high; these and the calyx also are very mealy. The
+little leaves are of various shapes, and distinctly toothed, being about
+the size of the bowl of a dessert spoon. They are neatly arranged in
+tufts on a short footstalk, which becomes surrounded with young growths,
+all as clear in their markings as the parent plant, so that a well grown
+specimen of three years or even less becomes a beautiful object, whether
+it is on rockwork or in a cold frame.
+
+The flowers are produced and remain in good form for two or three weeks
+on strong plants, and for nearly the whole year the plant is otherwise
+attractive.
+
+I scarcely need mention that such plants with mealy and downy foliage
+are all the better for being sheltered from wind and rain. In a crevice,
+overhung by a big stone, but where the rockwork is so constructed that
+plenty of moisture is naturally received, a specimen has done very well
+indeed, besides keeping its foliage dry and perfect. When such positions
+can either be found or made, they appear to answer even better than
+frames, as alpine species cannot endure a stagnant atmosphere, which is
+the too common lot of frame subjects. It is not very particular as to
+soil or situation. I grow it both in shade and fully exposed to the
+mid-day sun of summer, and, though a healthy specimen is grown in loam, I
+find others to do better in leaf mould mixed with grit and pebbles. It
+enjoys a rare immunity--the slugs let it alone, or at least my slugs do,
+for it is said that different tribes or colonies have different tastes.
+To propagate it, the little offsets about the footstalk should be cut
+off with a sharp knife when the parent plant has finished flowering;
+they will mostly be found to have nice long roots. Plant in leaf soil
+and grit, and keep them shaded for a month.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Purpurea.
+
+PURPLE-FLOWERED PRIMULA; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+A truly grand primrose of the same section as _P. denticulata_, coming
+also from an alpine habitat, viz., the higher elevations of the
+Himalayas. It has not long been in cultivation in this country compared
+with our knowledge of the Himalayan flora. It is perfectly hardy, but
+seems to require rather drier situations than most of the large-leaved
+kinds. I never saw it so fine as when grown on a hillock of rockwork in
+sand and leaf mould; the specimen had there stood two severe winters,
+and in the spring of 1881 we were gladdened by its pushing in all
+directions fifteen scapes, all well topped by its nearly globular heads
+of fine purple flowers. It begins to flower in March, and keeps on for
+quite a month.
+
+The flower stems are 9in. high, stout, and covered with a mealy dust,
+thickest near the top and amongst the small bracts. The umbels of
+blossom are 2in. to 3in. across, each flower nearly 3/4in. in diameter,
+the corolla being salver shaped and having its lobed segments pretty
+well apart; the tube is long and somewhat bellied where touched by the
+teeth of the calyx; the latter is more than half the length of tube, of
+a pale green colour, and the teeth, which are long, awl shaped, and
+clasping, impart to the tubes of the younger flowers a fluted
+appearance; later on they become relaxed and leafy. The leaves have a
+strong, broad, pale green, shining mid-rib, are lance-shaped, nearly
+smooth, wavy, and serrulated; the upper surface is of a lively green
+colour, and the under side has a similar mealy covering to that of the
+scape. Flowers and leaves develope at the same time, the latter being
+8in. long and of irregular arrangement.
+
+The exceedingly floriferous character of this otherwise handsome primula
+renders it one of the very best subjects for the spring garden; it
+should have a place in the most select collections, as well as in more
+general assemblages of plants, for not only does it take care of itself
+when once properly planted, but it increases fast, forming noble tufts a
+foot in diameter, than which few things give a finer effect or an equal
+quantity of flowers at a time when they are not too plentiful. As
+already hinted, it should have a somewhat drier position than _P.
+denticulata_, but by no means should it suffer from drought, and a
+little shade will be beneficial. Propagated by division during the
+growing season, immediately after flowering being the best time.
+
+Flowering period, March and April.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Scotica.
+
+SCOTTISH PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+This charming little member of the British flora very much resembles the
+native Bird's-eye Primrose (_P. farinosa_), which is very common in some
+parts. It is not uniformly conceded to be a distinct species, but many
+botanists believe it to be such. As a matter of fact, it is different
+from _P. farinosa_ in several important points, though they are not seen
+at a mere glance. That it has darker flowers and a more dwarf and sturdy
+habit may, indeed, be readily seen when the two are side by side. Size
+and colour, however, would not in this case appear to be the most
+distinctive features. The seed organs differ considerably. "In _P.
+farinosa_ the germen is broadly obovate and the stigma capitate; here
+the germen is globose and the stigma has five points." But there is
+another dissimilarity which may or may not prove much to the botanist,
+but to the lover of flowers who tries to cultivate them it is
+all-important. Whilst _P. farinosa_ can be easily grown in various soils
+and positions, in the same garden _P. Scotica_ refuses to live; so
+fickle, indeed, is it, that were it not a very lovely flower that can be
+grown and its fastidious requirements easily afforded, it would not have
+been classed in this list of garden subjects. Here it begins to blossom
+in the middle of March at the height of 3in. In its habitats in
+Caithness and the north coast of Sutherland it is considerably
+later--April and May.
+
+The flowers are arranged in a crowded umbel on a short stoutish scape;
+they are of a deep-bluish purple, with a yellow eye; the divisions of
+the corolla are flat and lobed; calyx nearly as long as tube, and
+ventricose or unevenly swollen. The whole flower is much less than _P.
+farinosa_. The leaves are also smaller than those of that species;
+obovate, lanceolate, denticulate, and very mealy underneath.
+
+To grow it requires not only a light but somewhat spongy soil, as peat
+and sand, but it should never be allowed to get dry at the roots; a top
+dressing during summer of sand and half decayed leaves is a great help
+to it, for the roots are not only then very active, going deep and
+issuing from the base of the leaves, but they require something they can
+immediately grow into when just forming, and to be protected from
+drought. It will be well to remember that its principal habitats are on
+the sandy shores, as that gives a proper idea of the bottom moisture,
+and, from the looseness of the sand, the drier condition of the
+immediate surface. My specimens have always dwindled during summer and
+failed to appear the following spring, excepting where such treatment as
+the above has been adopted. I am much indebted for these hints to
+several amateurs, who grow it well. That many fail with it is evidenced
+by the facts that it is in great demand every spring and that there are
+few sources of supply other than its wild home. Never was it more sought
+for, perhaps, than at the present time, not only by amateurs at home,
+but by both private and trade growers abroad. The exquisite beauty of
+this primrose when well grown and the technical care required to have it
+in that condition are both things of which any plant lover may be proud.
+
+If once established, its propagation is scarcely an affair of the
+cultivator's; the self-sown seed appears to germinate with far more
+certainty when left alone, and, as the plants are always very small,
+they hardly need to be transplanted. If left alone, though they are
+often much less than an inch across, many will flower the first season.
+Some have taken it as something of a biennial character. The treatment
+is at fault when it gives cause for such impressions; its perennial
+quality is both authorised and proved under cultivation.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Sikkimensis.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 78. PRIMULA SIKKIMENSIS.
+
+(Plant, one-sixth natural size; _a,_ blossom, two-thirds natural size.)]
+
+The specific name of this noble and lovely plant has reference to its
+habitat, Sikkim, in the Himalayas, where it was found not many years
+ago. It is not largely cultivated yet--probably not well known. It may,
+however, be frequently met with in choice collections, where no plant is
+more worthy of a place. Its general character may be said to be very
+distinct, especially when in flower. It is herbaceous, hardy, and
+perennial. Its hardiness has been questioned for several years, but the
+winters of 1880 and 1881 settled that beyond the region of doubt. I had
+then many plants of it fully exposed, without even a top-dressing, which
+is sometimes given to plants of unquestionable hardiness, and they
+stood the winters as well as their kindred species--our common Cowslip.
+It was also said to be not more than biennial, as if it were a plant too
+good to be without some fatal fault for our climate. However, I can say
+emphatically that it is more than biennial, as the specimens from which
+the drawing (Fig. 78) is taken are three years old. Several
+correspondents have written me stating that their plants are dead. That
+has been during their season of dormancy, but in every case they have
+pushed at the proper time. I may as well here explain, though somewhat
+out of order, a peculiarity in reference to the roots of this species:
+it dies down in early autumn, and the crown seems to retire within the
+ball of its roots, which are a matted mass of fibres, and not only does
+it seem to retire, but also to dwindle, so that anyone, with a
+suspicion, who might be seeking for the vital part, might easily be
+misled by such appearances, which are further added to by the fact that
+the species does not start into growth until a late date compared with
+others of the genus. So peculiar are the roots and crown of this plant,
+that if a root were dug up in mid-winter, and the soil partly shaken
+from it, a two-year-old specimen would be found to be the size and shape
+of a cricket ball, and the position of the crown so difficult to find
+that, on planting the root again, considerable discrimination would have
+to be exercised, or the crown might be pointed the wrong way.
+
+_P. Sikkimensis_ is a Cowslip. The flowers are a pale primrose yellow,
+rendered more pale still by a mealiness which covers the whole stem,
+being most abundant near the top, but whether it is produced on the
+petals, or, owing to their bell-shape and pendent form they receive it
+from the scape and pedicels by the action of the wind, I cannot say. The
+flowers are considerably over 1in. long; they are numerously produced on
+long drooping pedicels, of irregular lengths; the tallest scape of the
+specimen illustrated is 18in. high, but under more favourable conditions
+this Cowslip has been said to reach a height of 3ft. The leaves are 6in.
+to 12in. long, wrinkled, unevenly dentate, oblong and blunt; during the
+time of seeding the leaves increase in length, some becoming spathulate,
+or broadly stalked; it ripens seed plentifully, from which seedlings
+come true.
+
+Although I have never grown this noble plant otherwise than in ordinary
+garden loam well enriched and in shady borders, it is said to be more at
+home in peaty soil always in a moist state. However that may be, I have
+proved it to do well under ordinary treatment; it should be well watered
+during hot dry weather; amongst dwarf trees, in the more damp parts of
+rockwork, or at the foot of a north wall covered with any kind of
+foliage, it will be grown and seen to advantage.
+
+Besides by seed, which should be sown as soon as ripened, it may be
+propagated by root divisions at the time the crowns are pushing in
+spring.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Primula Vulgaris Flore-pleno.
+
+DOUBLE-FLOWERED PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+It is not intended to descant upon, or even attempt to name, the many
+forms of Double Primrose; the object is more to direct the attention of
+the reader to one which is a truly valuable flower and ought to be in
+every garden. Let me at once state its chief points. Colour, yellow;
+flowers, large, full, clear, and sweetly scented, produced regularly
+twice a year; foliage, short, rigid, evergreen, handsome, and supporting
+the flowers from earth splashes. Having grown this variety for five
+years, I have proved it to be as stated during both mild and severe
+seasons. It seems as if it wanted to commence its blooming period about
+October, from which time to the severest part of winter it affords a
+goodly amount of flowers; it is then stopped for a while, though its
+buds can be seen during the whole winter, and when the longer days and
+vernal sunshine return, it soon becomes thickly covered with blossoms,
+which are of the most desirable kind for spring gathering.
+
+Its flowers need no further description beyond that already given; but I
+may add that the stalks are somewhat short, which is an advantage, as
+the bloom is kept more amongst the leaves and away from the mud. The
+foliage is truly handsome, short, finely toothed, rolled back,
+pleasingly wrinkled, and of a pale green colour. It is very hardy,
+standing all kinds of weather, and I never saw it rot at the older
+crowns, like so many of the fine varieties, but it goes on growing,
+forming itself into large tufts a foot and more across.
+
+It has been tried in stiff loam and light vegetable soil; in shade, and
+fully exposed; it has proved to do equally well in both kinds of soil,
+but where it received the full force of the summer sun the plants were
+weak, infested with red spider, and had a poorer crop of flowers. It
+would, therefore, appear that soil is of little or no importance, but
+that partial shade is needful. It is not only a variety worth the
+having, but one which deserves to have the best possible treatment, for
+flowers in winter--and such flowers--are worth all care.
+
+Flowering periods, late autumn and early spring to June.
+
+
+
+
+Pulmonarias.
+
+LUNGWORTS; _Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEAE.
+
+
+In speaking of these hardy herbaceous perennials, I should wish to be
+understood that the section, often and more properly called _Mertensia_,
+is not included because they are so very distinct in habit and colour of
+both flowers and foliage. Most of the Pulmonarias begin to flower early
+in March, and continue to do so for a very long time, quite two months.
+
+For the most part, the flowers (which are borne on stems about 8in.
+high, in straggling clusters) are of changing colours, as from pink to
+blue; they are small but pretty, and also have a quaint appearance. The
+foliage during the blooming period is not nearly developed, the plants
+being then somewhat small in all their parts, but later the leaf growth
+goes on rapidly, and some kinds are truly handsome from their fine
+spreading habit and clear markings of large white spots on the leaves,
+which are often 9in. or 10in. long and 3in. broad, oblong, lanceolate,
+taper-pointed, and rough, with stiff hairs. At this stage they would
+seem to be in their most decorative form, though their flowers, in a cut
+state, formed into "posies," are very beautiful and really charming when
+massed for table decoration; on the plant they have a faded appearance.
+
+Many of the species or varieties have but slight distinctions, though
+all are beautiful. A few may be briefly noticed otherwise than as above:
+
+_P. officinalis_ is British, and typical of several others. Flowers
+pink, turning to blue; leaves blotted.
+
+_P. off. alba_ differs only in the flowers being an unchanging white.
+
+_P. angustifolia_, also British, having, as its specific name implies,
+narrow leaves; flowers bright blue or violet.
+
+_P. mollis_, in several varieties, comes from North America; is distinct
+from its leaves being smaller, the markings or spots less distinct, and
+more thickly covered with _soft_ hairs, whence its name.
+
+_P. azurea_ has not only a well-marked leaf, but also a very bright and
+beautiful azure flower; it comes from Poland.
+
+_P. maculata_ has the most clearly and richly marked leaf, and perhaps
+the largest, that being the chief distinction.
+
+_P. saccharata_ is later; its flowers are pink, and not otherwise very
+distinct from some of the above kinds.
+
+It is not necessary to enumerate others, as the main points of
+difference are to be found in the above-mentioned kinds.
+
+All are very easily cultivated; any kind of soil will do for them, but
+they repay liberal treatment by the extra quality of their foliage.
+Their long and thick fleshy roots allow of their being transplanted at
+any time of the year. Large clumps, however, are better divided in early
+spring, even though they are then in flower.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Puschkinia Scilloides.
+
+SCILLA-LIKE PUSCHKINIA, _or_ STRIPED SQUILL; _Syns._
+P. LIBANOTICA, ADAMSIA SCILLOIDES; _Nat. Ord._
+LILIACEAE.
+
+
+As all its names, common and botanical, denote, this charming bulbous
+plant is like the scillas; it may, therefore, be useful to point out the
+distinctions which divide them. They are (in the flowers) to be seen at
+a glance; within the spreading perianth there is a tubular crown or
+corona, having six lobes and a membranous fringe. This crown is
+connected at the base of the divisions of the perianth, which divisions
+do not go to the base of the flower, but form what may be called an
+outer tube. In the scilla there is no corona, neither a tube, but the
+petal-like sepals or divisions of the perianth are entire, going to the
+base of the flower. There are other but less visible differences which
+need not be further gone into. Although there are but two or three known
+species of the genus, we have not only a confusion of names, but plants
+of another genus have been mistaken as belonging to this. Mr. Baker, of
+Kew, however, has put both the plants and names to their proper
+belongings, and we are no longer puzzled with a chionodoxa under the
+name of _Puschkinia_. This Lilywort came from Siberia in 1819, and was
+long considered a tender bulb in this climate, and even yet by many it
+is treated as such. With ordinary care--judicious planting--it not only
+proves hardy, but increases fast. Still, it is a rare plant, and very
+seldom seen, notwithstanding its great beauty. It was named by Adams, in
+honour of the Russian botanist, Count Puschkin, whence the two
+synonymous names _Puschkinia_ and _Adamsia_; there is also another name,
+specific, which, though still used, has become discarded by authorities,
+viz., _P. Libanotica_--this was supposed to be in reference to one of
+its habitats being on Mount Lebanon. During mild winters it flowers in
+March, and so delicately marked are its blossoms that one must always
+feel that its beauties are mainly lost from the proverbial harshness of
+the season.
+
+At the height of 4in. to 8in. the flowers are produced on slender
+bending scapes, the spikes of blossom are arranged one-sided; each
+flower is 1/2in. to nearly 1in. across, white, richly striped with pale
+blue down the centre, and on both sides of the petal-like divisions. The
+latter are of equal length, lance-shaped, and finely reflexed; there is
+a short tube, on the mouth of which is joined the smaller one of the
+corona. The latter is conspicuous from the reflexed condition of the
+limb of the perianth, and also from its lobes and membranous fringe
+being a soft lemon-yellow colour. The pedicels are slender and distant,
+causing the flower spikes, which are composed of four to eight flowers,
+to have a lax appearance. The leaves are few, 4in. to 6in. long,
+lance-shaped, concave, but flatter near the apex, of good substance and
+a dark green colour; bulb small.
+
+As already stated, a little care is needed in planting this choice
+bulbous subject. It enjoys a rich, but light soil. It does not so much
+matter whether it is loamy or of a vegetable nature if it is light and
+well drained; and, provided it is planted under such conditions and in
+full sunshine, it will both bloom well and increase. It may be
+propagated by division of the roots during late summer, when the tops
+have died off; but only tufts having a crowded appearance should be
+disturbed for an increase of stock.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+_P. s. compacta_ is a variety of the above, having a stronger habit and
+bolder flowers. The latter are more numerous, have shorter pedicels, and
+are compactly arranged in the spike--whence the name. Culture,
+propagation, and flowering time, same as last.
+
+
+
+
+Pyrethrum Uliginosum.
+
+MARSH FEVERFEW; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+A very bold and strong growing species, belonging to a numerous genus;
+it comes to us from Hungary, and has been grown more or less in English
+gardens a little over sixty years. It is a distinct species, its large
+flowers, the height to which it grows, and the strength of its
+willow-like stalks being its chief characteristics. Still, to anyone
+with but a slight knowledge of hardy plants, it asserts itself at once
+as a Pyrethrum. It is hardy, herbaceous, and perennial, and worth
+growing in every garden where there is room for large growing subjects.
+There is something about this plant when in flower which a bare
+description fails to explain; to do it justice it should be seen when in
+full bloom.
+
+Its flowers are large and ox-eye-daisy-like, having a white ray, with
+yellow centre, but the florets are larger in proportion to the disk;
+plain and quiet as the individual flowers appear, when seen in numbers
+(as they always may be seen on well-established specimens), they are
+strikingly beautiful, the blooms are more than 2in. across, and the mass
+comes level with the eye, for the stems are over 5ft. high, and though
+very stout, the branched stems which carry the flowers are slender and
+gracefully bending. The leaves are smooth, lance-shaped, and sharply
+toothed, fully 4in. long, and stalkless; they are irregularly but
+numerously disposed on the stout round stems, and of nearly uniform size
+and shape until the corymbose branches are reached, _i.e._, for 4ft. or
+5ft. of their length; when the leaves are fully grown they reflex or
+hang down, and totally hide the stems. This habit, coupled with the
+graceful and nodding appearance of the large white flowers, renders this
+a pleasing subject, especially for situations where tall plants are
+required, such as near and in shrubberies. I grow but one strong
+specimen, and it looks well between two apple trees, but not
+over-shaded. The idea in planting it there was to obtain some protection
+from strong winds, and to avoid the labour and eyesore which staking
+would create.
+
+It likes a stiff loam, but is not particular as to soil if only it is
+somewhat damp. The flowers last three weeks; and in a cut state are also
+very effective; and, whether so appropriated or left on the plant, they
+will be found to be very enduring. When cutting these flowers, the whole
+corymb should be taken, as in this particular case we could not wish for
+a finer arrangement, and being contemporaneous with the Michaelmas
+daisy, the bloom branches of the two subjects form elegant and
+fashionable decorations for table or vase use. To propagate this plant,
+it is only needed to divide the roots in November, and plant in
+deeply-dug but damp soil.
+
+Flowering period, August to September.
+
+
+
+
+Ramondia Pyrenaica.
+
+_Syns._ CHAIXIA MYCONI _and_ VERBASCUM MYCONI; _Nat.
+Ord._ SOLANACEAE.
+
+
+This is a very dwarf and beautiful alpine plant, from the Pyrenees, the
+one and only species of the genus. Although it is sometimes called a
+Verbascum or Mullien, it is widely distinct from all the plants of that
+family. To lovers of dwarf subjects this must be one of the most
+desirable; small as it is, it is full of character.
+
+The flowers, when held up to a good light, are seen to be downy and of
+ice-like transparency; they are of a delicate, pale, violet colour, and
+a little more than an inch in diameter, produced on stems 3in. to 4in.
+high, which are nearly red, and furnished with numerous hairs; otherwise
+the flower stems are nude, seldom more than two flowers, and oftener
+only one bloom is seen on a stem. The pedicels, which are about
+half-an-inch long, bend downwards, but the flowers, when fully expanded,
+rise a little; the calyx is green, downy, five-parted, the divisions
+being short and reflexed at their points; the corolla is rotate, flat,
+and, in the case of flowers several days old, thrown back; the petals
+are nearly round, slightly uneven, and waved at the edges, having minute
+protuberances at their base tipped with bright orange, shading to white;
+the seed organs are very prominent; stamens arrow-shaped; pistil more
+than twice the length of filaments and anthers combined, white, tipped
+with green. The leaves are arranged in very flat rosettes, the latter
+being from four to eight inches across. The foliage is entirely
+stemless, the nude flower stalks issuing from between the leaves, which
+are roundly toothed, evenly and deeply wrinkled, and elliptical in
+outline. Underneath, the ribs are very prominent, and the covering of
+hairs rather long, as are also those of the edges. On the upper surface
+the hairs are short and stiff.
+
+In the more moist interstices of rockwork, where, against and between
+large stones, its roots will be safe from drought, it will not only be a
+pleasing ornament, but will be likely to thrive and flower well. It is
+perfectly hardy, but there is one condition of our climate which tries
+it very much--the wet, and alternate frosts and thaws of winter. From
+its hairy character and flat form, the plant is scarcely ever dry, and
+rot sets in. This is more especially the case with specimens planted
+flat; it is therefore a great help against such climatic conditions to
+place the plants in rockwork, so that the rosettes are as nearly as
+possible at right angles with the ground level. Another interesting way
+to grow this lovely and valuable species is in pans or large pots, but
+this system requires some shelter in winter, as the plants will be flat.
+The advantages of this mode are that five or six specimens so grown are
+very effective. They can, from higher cultivation (by giving them
+richer soil, liquid manure, and by judicious confinement of their
+roots), be brought into a more floriferous condition, and when the
+flowers appear, they can be removed into some cool light situation,
+under cover, so that their beauties can be more enjoyed, and not be
+liable to damage by splashing, &c. Plants so grown should be potted in
+sandy peat, and a few pieces of sandstone placed over the roots,
+slightly cropping out of the surface; these will not only help to keep
+the roots from being droughted, but also bear up the rosetted leaves,
+and so allow a better circulation of air about the collars, that being
+the place where rot usually sets in. In the case of specimens which do
+not get proper treatment, or which have undergone a transplanting to
+their disadvantage, they will often remain perfectly dormant to all
+appearance for a year or more. Such plants should be moved into a moist
+fissure in rockwork, east aspect, and the soil should be of a peaty
+character. This may seem like coddling, and a slur on hardy plants.
+Here, however, we have a valuable subject, which does not find a home in
+this climate exactly so happy as its native habitat, but which, with a
+little care, can have things so adapted to its requirements as to be
+grown year after year in its finest form; such care is not likely to be
+withheld by the true lover of choice alpines.
+
+This somewhat slow-growing species may be propagated by division, but
+only perfectly healthy specimens should be selected for the purpose,
+early spring being the best time; by seed also it may be increased; the
+process, however, is slow, and the seedlings will be two years at least
+before they flower.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Ranunculus Aconitifolius.
+
+ACONITE-LEAVED CROWFOOT, _or_ BACHELORS' BUTTONS;
+_Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+An herbaceous perennial, of the alpine parts of Europe, and for a long
+time cultivated in this country. It grows 1ft. high, is much branched in
+zigzag form, and produces numerous flowers, resembling those of the
+strawberry, but only about half the size; the leaves are finely cut and
+of a dark green colour; it is not a plant worth growing for its flowers,
+but the reason why I briefly speak of it here is that I may more
+properly introduce that grand old flower of which it is the parent, _R.
+a. fl.-pl._ (see Fig. 79), the true "English double white Crowfoote," or
+Bachelor's Buttons; these are the common names which Gerarde gives as
+borne by this plant nearly 300 years ago, and there can be no mistaking
+the plant, as he figures it in his "Historie of Plantes," p. 812; true,
+he gives it a different Latin name to the one it bears at the present
+time; still, it is the same plant, and his name for it (_R. albus
+multiflorus_) is strictly and correctly specific. Numerous flowers are
+called Bachelor's Buttons, including daisies, globe flowers, pyrethrums,
+and different kinds of ranunculi, but here we have the "original and
+true;" probably it originated in some ancient English garden, as Gerarde
+says, "It groweth in the gardens of herbarists & louers of strange
+plants, whereof we have good plentie, but it groweth not wild anywhere."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 79. RANUNCULUS ACONIT FOLIUS FLORE-PLENO.
+
+(One-fourth natural size; _a_, natural size of flower.)]
+
+Its round smooth stems are stout, zigzag, and much branched, forming the
+plant into a neat compact bush, in size (of plants two or more years
+old) 2ft. high and 2ft. through. The flowers are white, and very double
+or full of petals, evenly and beautifully arranged, salver shape,
+forming a flower sometimes nearly an inch across; the purity of their
+whiteness is not marred by even an eye, and they are abundantly produced
+and for a long time in succession. The leaves are of a dark shining
+green colour, richly cut--as the specific name implies--after the style
+of the Aconites; the roots are fasciculate, long, and fleshy.
+
+This "old-fashioned" plant is now in great favour and much sought
+after; and no wonder, for its flowers are perfection, and the plant one
+of the most decorative and suitable for any position in the garden. In a
+cut state the flowers do excellent service. This subject is easily
+cultivated, but to have large specimens, with plenty of flowers, a deep,
+well enriched soil is indispensable; stagnant moisture should be
+avoided. Autumn is the best time to divide the roots.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Ranunculus Acris Flore-pleno.
+
+DOUBLE ACRID CROWFOOT, YELLOW BACHELOR'S BUTTONS; _Nat. Ord._
+RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+The type of this is a common British plant, most nearly related to the
+field buttercup. I am not going to describe it, but mention it as I wish
+to introduce _R. acris fl.-pl._, sometimes called "yellow Bachelor's
+Buttons"--indeed, that is the correct common name for it, as used fully
+300 years ago. In every way, with the exception of its fine double
+flowers, it resembles very much the tall meadow buttercup, so that it
+needs no further description; but, common as is its parentage, it is
+both a showy and useful border flower, and forms a capital companion to
+the double white Bachelor's Buttons (_R. aconitifolius fl.-pl._).
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Ranunculus Amplexicaulis.
+
+STEM-CLASPING RANUNCULUS; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+A very hardy subject; effective and beautiful. The form of this plant is
+exceedingly neat, and its attractiveness is further added to by its
+smooth and pale glaucous foliage. It was introduced into this country
+more than 200 years ago, from the Pyrenees. Still it is not generally
+grown, though at a first glance it asserts itself a plant of first-class
+merit (see Fig. 80).
+
+The shortest and, perhaps, best description of its flowers will be given
+when I say they are white _Buttercups_, produced on stout stems nearly a
+foot high, which are also furnished by entire stem-clasping leaves,
+whence its name; other leaves are of varying forms, mostly broadly
+lance-shaped, and some once-notched; those of the root are nearly
+spoon-shaped. The whole plant is very smooth and glaucous, also covered
+with a fine meal. As a plant, it is effective; but grown by the side of
+_R. montanus_ and the geums, which have flowers of similar shape, it is
+seen to more advantage.
+
+On rockwork, in leaf soil, it does remarkably well; in loam it seems
+somewhat stunted. Its flowers are very serviceable in a cut state, and
+they are produced in succession for three or four weeks on the same
+plant. It has large, fleshy, semi-tuberous roots, and many of them; so
+that at any time it may be transplanted. I have pulled even flowering
+plants to pieces, and the different parts, which, of course, had plenty
+of roots to them, still continued to bloom.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 80. RANUNCULUS AMPLEXICAULIS.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Ranunculus Speciosum.
+
+SHOWY CROWFOOT; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEAE.
+
+
+This is another double yellow form of the Buttercup. It has only
+recently come into my possession. The blooms are very large and
+beautiful, double the size of _R. acris fl.-pl._, and a deeper yellow;
+the habit, too, is much more dwarf, the leaves larger, but similar in
+shape.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+All the foregoing Crowfoots are of the easiest culture, needing no
+particular treatment; but they like rich and deep soil. They may be
+increased by division at almost any time, the exceptions being when
+flowering or at a droughty season.
+
+
+
+
+Rudbeckia Californica.
+
+CALIFORNIAN CONE-FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+This, in all its parts, is a very large and showy subject; the flowers
+are 3in. to 6in. across, in the style of the sunflower. It has not long
+been grown in English gardens, and came, as its name implies, from
+California: it is very suitable for association with old-fashioned
+flowers, being nearly related to the genus _Helianthus_, or sunflower.
+It is not only perfectly hardy in this climate, which is more than can
+be said of very many of the Californian species, but it grows rampantly
+and flowers well. It is all the more valuable as a flower from the fact
+that it comes into bloom several weeks earlier than most of the large
+yellow Composites. Having stated already the size of its flower, I need
+scarcely add that it is one of the showiest subjects in the garden; it
+is, however, as well to keep it in the background, not only on account
+of its tallness, but also because of its coarse abundant foliage.
+
+It grows 4ft. to 6ft. high, the stems being many-branched. The flowers
+have erect stout stalks, and vary in size from 3in. to 6in. across,
+being of a light but glistening yellow colour; the ray is somewhat
+unevenly formed, owing to the florets being of various sizes, sometimes
+slit at the points, lobed, notched, and bent; the disk is very bold,
+being nearly 2in. high, in the form of a cone, whence the name "cone
+flower." The fertile florets of the disk or cone are green, and produce
+an abundance of yellow pollen, but it is gradually developed, and forms
+a yellow ring round the dark green cone, which rises slowly to the top
+when the florets of the ray fall; from this it will be seen that the
+flowers last a long time. The leaves of the root are sometimes a foot in
+length and half as broad, being oval, pointed, and sometimes notched or
+lobed; also rough, from a covering of short stiff hairs, and having
+once-grooved stout stalks 9in. or more long; the leaves of the stems are
+much smaller, generally oval, but of very uneven form, bluntly pointed,
+distinctly toothed, and some of the teeth so large as to be more
+appropriately described as segments; the base abruptly narrows into a
+very short stalk. The flowers of this plant are sure to meet with much
+favour, especially while the present fashion continues; but apart from
+fashion, merely considered as a decorative subject for the garden, it is
+well worth a place. There are larger yellow Composites, but either they
+are much later, or they are not perennial species, and otherwise this
+one differs materially from them.
+
+I need not say anything respecting this form of flower in a cut
+state--its effectiveness is well known. If planted in ordinary garden
+loam it will hold its place and bloom freely year after year without
+further care. Smaller subjects should not be set too near it; it may be
+unadvisable to plant too many clumps in the same garden, but it can be
+allowed to spread into one bold patch. The best time to divide or
+transplant is in early spring, when growth is just pushing, for vigorous
+as this and many other perennials are, I have often found them to rot,
+when the dormant roots, after being cut into pieces, have had to face
+the winter.
+
+Flowering period, July to September.
+
+
+
+
+Rudbeckia Serotina.
+
+_Late_ CONE-FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+This hardy American species, though not an old plant in English gardens,
+is nevertheless classed with "old-fashioned" plants and flowers; and
+certainly its sombre but pleasing dark golden ray flowers, together with
+its likeness to many of the old sunflowers, favours such classification.
+It is the latest of a late-flowering genus.
+
+It attains the height of 2ft.; the root leaves are of irregular shape,
+some oval and pointed, others, on the same plant, being lance-shaped,
+with two or three large teeth or acute lobes; in size the leaves also
+vary from 3in. to 8in. long, and being covered with short bristly hairs,
+they are very rough, also of a dull green colour; the flower stems have
+but few leaves, so it will be judged that the plant has but a weedy
+appearance, but this is compensated for by the rich and numerous large
+dark orange flowers, 3in. across; the ray is single, and the centre,
+which is large and prominent, is a rich chocolate brown.
+
+This subject, to be effective, should be grown in large specimens; mine
+is about 3ft. in diameter, and the level mass of flowers, as I have
+often noticed them in twilight, were grandly beautiful. I can well
+understand that many have not cared for this cone flower when they have
+judged it from a small plant which has sent up its first, and perhaps
+abnormal, bloom. It is especially a subject that should be seen in bold
+clumps, and in moderately rich soil it will soon become such. Moreover,
+the flowers are very effective in a cut state, when loosely arranged in
+vases, only needing something in the way of tall grasses to blend with
+in order to form an antique "posy."
+
+Autumn is the best time to plant it; its long roots denote that it
+enjoys deep soil, and, when planted, the roots of this, as well as all
+others then being transplanted, should be made firm, otherwise the frost
+will lift them out and the droughts will finish them off. Many plants
+are lost in this manner, and, indeed, many short-rooted kinds are
+scarcely saved by the greatest care. The stem-rooting character of this
+plant affords ready means of propagation by root divisions.
+
+Flowering period, from September till strong frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Salix Reticulata.
+
+WRINKLED _or_ NETTED WILLOW; _Nat. Ord._
+SALICACEAE.
+
+
+A native deciduous shrub, of creeping or prostrate habit, not growing
+higher than 2in. As the flowers are inconspicuous and only interesting
+to the botanist or when under the microscope, let me at once say I
+mention this subject because of its beautiful habit and distinct quality
+of foliage. When grown on rockwork, no other plant can compare with it,
+and where choice spring bulbs are planted, this handsome creeper may be
+allowed, without injury to such roots, to broadly establish itself; so
+grown, its little stout leaves, thickly produced, flatly on the surface,
+are much admired.
+
+The flowers or catkins stand well above the foliage, but are
+unattractive, being of a dusky brown colour; the leaves are dark green,
+downy, of much substance, 11/2in. long, and nearly 1in. broad, but the
+size of foliage varies according to the conditions under which the
+specimens are grown; the sizes now referred to are of plants grown on
+rather dry rockwork and fully exposed; the form of the leaves is
+orbicular, obtuse, not in the least notched, bald, reticulately veined,
+and glaucous beneath; the stems are short and diffuse, and tinged with
+red on the younger parts.
+
+During winter, when bare of foliage, its thick creeping stems, covered
+with fat buds and interlaced in a pleasing manner, render it interesting
+in almost any situation not shaded. It forms a capital carpet plant from
+early spring to the end of summer.
+
+It is in no way particular as regards soil, and though it loves
+moisture, like most other willows, it proves thriving in dry places. It
+is, moreover, a good grower in large towns. Its propagation may be
+carried out before the leaves unfold in spring. Little branches with
+roots to them may be cut from the parent plant, and should be set in
+sandy loam and watered well to settle it about the roots.
+
+Flowering period, September to strong frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Sanguinaria Canadensis.
+
+BLOODROOT; _Nat. Ord._ PAPAVERACEAE.
+
+
+This is a native of North America, and is, therefore, hardy in this
+climate; tuberous rooted. It is a curious plant, not only from its great
+fulness of sap or juice, which is red (that of the root being darker,
+whence its name Bloodroot), but also because of the shape of its leaves,
+their colour, and method of development (see Fig. 81). Though very
+dwarf, it is handsome and distinct.
+
+The flowers are pure white and nearly 2in. across; the petals have good
+substance, but they fall in five or six sunny days; the stamens are
+numerous and bright yellow. Though belonging to the order of the Poppy,
+it is in many respects unlike it; each flower stem, which is 6in. high,
+springs directly from the root, and only one flower is produced on a
+stem; the leaves are also radical, so that the plant is branchless and
+stemless; the leaf stalks are rather shorter than those of the flowers.
+The foliage is of a slate-grey colour, prominently veined on the under
+side, the upper surface being somewhat wrinkled; the leaves are 3in.
+across when fully developed, vine-leaf shaped, deeply and beautifully
+lobed; their development is slow, not being completed until the bloom is
+past. Both leaves and flowers are produced in a curious fashion; for a
+time the flower-bud is compactly enfolded by a leaf, and so both grow up
+to the height of 2in. or 3in., when the former pushes through, and soon
+swells its olive-shaped buds. At this stage a good specimen clump is
+very attractive, and is only more so when the fine blooms first open.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 81. SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+It should be grown amongst some such carpeting plants as _Sibthorpia
+Europaea_ or _Linaria pilosa_, so as to protect it; moreover, these
+creepers are suited for a similar soil and position. The soil should be
+light, either of sandy or vegetable character, but one that cannot bake;
+shade from the mid-day sun is essential, as also is plenty of moisture.
+When the growths have become crowded, as they do in about three years,
+it is as well to lift, divide, and replant at a distance of 3in.; this
+is best done after the tops have died off in summer; plant 4in. or 5in.
+deep.
+
+Flowering period, April and May.
+
+
+
+
+Saponaria Ocymoides.
+
+ROCK SOAPWORT, _or_ BASIL-LEAVED SOAPWORT: _Nat. Ord._
+SILENACEAE.
+
+
+A very hardy alpine from France, and one of the most floriferous
+subjects that can be placed on rockwork, where should be its position.
+During a single season it is no uncommon thing to see a small plant grow
+into a large cushion 2ft. in diameter, and only 6in. or 9in. high. In
+planting it this fact should not be overlooked, not only for the sake of
+giving it plenty of room, but also in order that less vigorous subjects
+near it may not become overgrown; it blooms all summer, and though the
+flowers are small and not at all bright, their numbers render it
+attractive.
+
+The flowers, which are about 1/2in. across, are of a pink colour, and
+produced on many-branched prostrate stems; the calyx is five-toothed;
+the corolla is formed of five flat petals; the leaves are small,
+basil-like, oval-lance shaped, entire and smooth; the general appearance
+of the plant when in bloom is that of a compact mass of small leaves and
+flowers, the latter predominating.
+
+It will grow in any kind of soil, but prefers that of a vegetable
+character, with its roots amongst large stones; but, strictly speaking,
+it needs nothing but an open situation and plenty of room to spread. It
+ripens an abundance of seed, and there is not a better mode of
+propagation than its own; hundreds of stout seedlings appear the
+following spring around the parent plant, and these may then be
+transplanted, and they will flower the same season.
+
+_S. o. splendens_ is a variety of the above very much improved indeed;
+and though one cannot discard the good old plant for its very recent
+offspring, the former is certainly very much eclipsed. _Splendens_ has
+foliage slightly different, but its flowers are much larger and
+brighter; and though it may not be quite so vigorous, in this case that
+may be considered an improvement. It is said to come true from seed.
+
+Flowering period, May to August.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Burseriana.
+
+BURSER'S SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy evergreen alpine. A native of Carniola, not long discovered, and
+quite new to English gardens. Though it belongs to a very extensive
+genus, it is a distinct species; many of the Saxifrages are not so,
+neither are they sufficiently decorative to merit a place in any but
+large or scientific gardens. This one, however, is a truly handsome
+kind, and its flowers are produced amid the snow and during the bleak
+and dull weather of mid-winter.
+
+The plant in form is a dense cushion of little spiked rosettes, of a
+dark green colour, slightly silvered. The flowers are produced on bright
+ruddy stems 3in. high, and are creamy white, nearly the size of a
+sixpence. Small as the plant is, a moderate sized specimen is very
+attractive, especially before the flowers open, when they are in their
+prettiest form. They open slowly and endure nearly two months.
+
+It enjoys light soil and a well drained situation, such as the edge of a
+border, where strong growing kinds cannot damage it, or on rockwork,
+where it will be fully exposed to the sun. To be effective, it should be
+grown into strong clumps, which may easily be done by annually giving a
+top-dressing of leaf-mould; the older parts of the plant will remain
+perfectly sound and healthy for years. When it is desirable to propagate
+it, it may best be done in April, when the tufts should be carefully
+divided, and its short roots made firm in the soil by one or two stones
+being placed near.
+
+Flowering period, January to April.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Caesia.
+
+SILVER MOSS, _or_ GREY SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._
+SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+One of the alpine gems. This has been grown in English gardens since
+1752, yet good specimens are rarely met with, though its culture is
+simple and easy. It is found wild on the Alps of Switzerland, Austria,
+and the Pyrenees. To the lover of the minute forms of genuine alpine
+plants, this will be a treasure; it is very distinct in form, habit, and
+colour. Its tiny rosettes of encrusted leaves can scarcely be said to
+rise from the ground, and the common name, "silver moss," which it is
+often called by, most fittingly applies; but perhaps its colour is the
+main feature of notice. The meaning of its specific name is grey, to
+which it certainly answers; but so peculiar is the greyness that a more
+definite description may be useful, in giving which I will quote that of
+Decandolle and Sprengle: "The _lavender_-blue is a pale blue (caesius);
+it is mixed with a little grey." This exactly answers to the colour of
+the pretty Saxifrage under notice, and it is far from a common one in
+foliage.
+
+The flowers differ but slightly from those of other encrusted forms of
+the genus, but they are a creamy white, arranged in small panicles on
+short and slender stems. They are sparingly produced in May and June.
+The leaves are 1/4in. long, aggregate or in miniature rosettes; in shape,
+linear-oblong, recurved, and keeled. The upper surface is concave,
+having marginal dots, evenly disposed; the dots are bright and
+excavated, and some of the leaves (those of the stems) are scale formed.
+The glaucous or lavender-blue colour is beautifully enlivened with the
+crystal dots. Its habit reminds one of the more distinct forms of
+lichens, and, when it is grown with suitable companions on rockwork, it
+has a happy way of showing and adapting itself in such situation;
+besides, its colour then shows with more effect.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 82. SAXIFRAGA CAESIA MAJOR.
+
+(1, single rosette, natural size.)]
+
+There is a variety of this species not yet in general cultivation, and
+it cannot be too strongly recommended to lovers of the finest forms of
+rock or alpine plants. It is called _S. c. major_ (see Fig. 82). The
+name at once suggests the main difference from the type, but there are
+other features quite as marked as that of its extra size in all its
+parts; the foliage is more crowded, which seems to cause the largest
+leaves to become more erect, and the habit, too, perhaps from the same
+cause, is ball shaped; the small rosettes of thick encrusted leaves,
+from the manner in which they are packed together, form a rigid mass,
+which differs widely both in detail and effect from any other Saxifrage
+I know.
+
+These dwarf subjects are best suited for rockwork; but another plan, now
+much practised, is to grow them in pots. This in no way implies that
+protection is given or needed--these sturdy subjects are far better
+fully exposed--but the pot system has advantages; when so planted, the
+roots are more likely to be placed in a better selected compost, and the
+specimens can be raised in order to examine their miniature beauties.
+The above kinds enjoy a gritty vegetable soil; perfect drainage is
+indispensable. These are not among the Saxifrages that are readily
+propagated; a few crowns or rosettes with short pieces of stem are not
+sure to root, and if more careful division is not carried out, perhaps
+but two or three growing bits from a large specimen may be the result,
+so lessening instead of increasing the stock. Before cutting let the
+roots be washed clear of soil, trace the long roots, and so cut up the
+plant that each division will have a share of them. Sometimes a rather
+large specimen will have but few of such roots, in which case it will
+prove the better and safer plan to make only a corresponding number of
+divisions, so making sure of each. A further help to such newly planted
+stock is gained by placing small stones about the collars; this keeps
+the plants moist and cool during the dry season, when (after flowering)
+the divisions should be made.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Ceratophylla.
+
+HORN-LEAVED SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+For the most part, this numerous genus flowers in spring and early
+summer, the species now under notice being one of the late bloomers; its
+flowers however, like most of the Saxifrages, are small and
+insignificant; on the other hand, its foliage, as may be seen by the
+illustration (Fig. 83) is highly ornamental. In November, the grand
+half-globular tufts of rigid dark green foliage are delicately furnished
+with a whitish exudation, which, seen through a magnifying glass,
+resembles scales, but seen by the naked eye--and it can be clearly seen
+without stooping--it gives the idea of hoar frost. We have here, then,
+an interesting and ornamental subject, which, when grown in collections
+of considerable variety, proves attractive; and as even after many
+degrees of frost, it retains its beauty, and, I may add, its finest
+form, it may be confidently recommended as a suitable winter garden
+subject. This species proves evergreen in our climate, though a native
+of Spain, from which country it was imported about eighty years ago. It
+is sometimes called _S. cornutum_, a name quite applicable, and it is
+frequently confounded with _S. pentadactylis_ (the Five-fingered-leaved
+Saxifrage), which it much resembles, from which, however, it is distinct
+in several respects.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 83. SAXIFRAGA CERATOPHYLLA.
+
+(Leaf, one-half natural size.)]
+
+Its flowers are small, white, and numerous, produced on slender stalks
+in summer; they are of the general type of the flowers of the mossy
+section, and need not be further described. The foliage forms rigid
+cushions, dense, rounded, and of a dark green colour in the early
+season; later it becomes grey, with an exudation; the leaves are
+arranged in rosette form, having stout stalks, channelled or folded on
+the upper surface; there are three deep divisions, and others less cut;
+the segments are subulate, bent back and tipped with horny mucrones,
+whence its specific name; these horn-like points are bent under, which,
+together with their transparency, renders them all but invisible; they
+can, however, be clearly seen if brought near the eye and looked for on
+the under side of the foliage. The leaves are of good substance, 1in. to
+2in. long, having broad stipules; the stems are exceedingly slender in
+the older parts, and somewhat woody, having the appearance of being
+dried up and dead.
+
+On rockwork it is seen in its best form, as the slope not only shows it
+off better, but is conducive to a finer growth. In flat places, the
+dense cushions, which are 6in. or 8in. high, often rot from too much
+moisture. I have never seen this occur in the drier positions afforded
+by the slopes of a rockery. If planted between large stones it has a
+happy way of adapting itself to them, and few plants are more effective.
+It thrives equally well in soil of a loamy or vegetable character, but
+it seems to enjoy a little limestone, small pieces of which I place
+round the specimens; they also serve to hold up the lower foliage and
+favour the admission of air. Where alpines are grown in pots this should
+form one, as it makes a charming specimen; the drainage should be
+perfect. It also makes a capital edging plant, especially for raised
+beds, as then it is accommodated in the same way as on rockwork.
+
+It may be propagated by taking the slips nearest the earth, which will
+often be found to have a few rootlets, but if not they will still prove
+the more suitable; if taken in summer and dibbled into sand, they will
+make good roots in a week or two, when they may be transplanted to their
+permanent quarters, so as to become established before winter.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Ciliata.
+
+HAIRY-MARGINED SAXIFRAGE; _Syn._ MEGASEA CILIATA;
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+This is a peculiar, distinct, and beautiful form of Saxifrage; there
+seems, however, to be some confusion in reference to its nomenclature.
+That it belongs to the _Megasea_ section there can be little doubt, so
+that its synonym (_M. ciliata_) is fairly descriptive; but when it is
+said to be _identical_ with _S. ligulata_, also of the _Megasea_
+section, the difficulty of recognising the form illustrated as such is
+very great indeed. It is also supposed to be a _variety_ of _S.
+ligulata_, and though it has many important dissimilarities, it has also
+many affinities. So much does it differ from _S. ligulata_ that it seems
+to be fully entitled to the specific honours which some authorities have
+given to it. It differs from _S. ligulata_, described by Don, in being
+rough and hairy on both sides of the leaves; in other respects it
+agrees, more especially in the colour of the flowers, which is uncommon.
+It may be the _Megasea ciliata_ of Haworth, which Don refers to under
+_S. ligulata_, or it may be a distinct form of the latter, as, on the
+authority of Dr. Wallich, of the Botanical Gardens of Calcutta, the
+species has varieties. Wherever its proper place may be in its numerous
+genus, the name at the head hereof is a good descriptive one. It is an
+Indian contribution, hailing from the mountains east of Bengal. In this
+climate it endures our winters, though it is not one of the hardiest of
+its tribe. It has not long been cultivated in this country, and is
+rarely met with. Its distinct habit and fine flowers render it
+desirable, and it will with many be more so on the score of its
+peculiarities. A few of the latter may be mentioned here. Anthers very
+large, and brick-red before becoming pollenized; scapes and
+scape-sheaths nearly smooth, though all other foliar parts are hairy;
+stipules very large and fully developed whilst the leaves are in their
+rudimentary stage. When not in flower the plant has a strong resemblance
+to _S. sarmentosa_, which belongs to another section, but _S. ciliata_
+has features belonging to both sections. The habit, however, is more
+flat, and leaves more oval, and if, as has been hinted, this is a
+hybrid, it may not be without some relationship to that species, which
+is also of Asian origin. Further, on the authority of Murray, _Sax.
+sarmentosa_ is identical with _S. ligulata_; so that, if we may suppose
+_S. ciliata_ to be a distinct variety of _S. ligulata_, and the latter
+to have such affinity to _S. sarmentosa_ that Murray puts it as
+identical, the chief difference between our subject and the form
+generally accepted as _S. ligulata_ is accounted for, viz., the hairy
+and rougher surfaces of the leaves, which are traits of the well-known
+_S. sarmentosa_. If these remarks prove nothing, they may serve to show
+the difficulty of recognising the various forms and species of so
+popular a genus from reading alone, it having been so extensively
+treated of, and the classifications being so varied. Its study, when the
+species are being cultivated, is simply delightful, compared with the
+confusion of book study alone; and yet it is no uncommon thing, when
+forming a collection of Saxifrages, to receive three or four different
+forms from different sources under the same name, and each perhaps more
+or less authorised. The student by growing this genus of plants will
+reap other pleasures than that of identification, and in a few years
+time will find in his own garden (as the outcome of growing allied
+species) new forms springing from seed, and scattered about the beds and
+walks in a pleasing and suggestive manner. (See Fig. 84.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 84. SAXIFRAGA CILIATA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size; (1) two-thirds natural size.)]
+
+The present subject has bell-shaped flowers, arranged in short-branched
+panicles, each flower 3/4in. across, and sometimes, when well expanded,
+quite an inch; the colour is a delicate pink-tinted white; petals
+obovate and concave, inserted in the calyx, clawed, sometimes notched
+and even lobed; stamens long as petals, inserted in throat of calyx,
+stout, green changing to pink; anthers large and brick red when young;
+styles massive, joining close together, turgid, nearly long as stamens,
+and pale green; stigmas, simple, beardless, turning to a red colour;
+calyx bell-shaped, five-parted, wrinkled; segments slightly reflexed and
+conniving or joining; scapes 4in. to 6in. high, stout and smooth,
+excepting solitary hairs; bracts, leaf-like; leaves oval or cordate,
+2in. to 4in. long, wrinkled, slightly waved, and toothed, conspicuously
+ciliated or haired on the margin, whence the specific name "_ciliata_."
+Both surfaces are also furnished with short stiff hairs, the whole leaf
+being stout and flatly arranged; leaf stalks short, thick, and furnished
+with numerous long hairs, and ample stipules, which are glabrous, but
+beautifully ciliated. Roots, woody, and slightly creeping on the
+surface. Habit of foliage reflexing, forming flat masses; smaller or
+supplementary scapes are sent up later than the main scape, from the
+midst of the stipules, bearing flowers in ones and twos. The blossom,
+which is effective and very beautiful, is also sweetly scented, like the
+hawthorn.
+
+As already hinted, this is not one of the most hardy Saxifrages, but I
+have twice wintered it out on gritty beds, well raised, also on
+rockwork, under a warm south wall; and, as such positions can be found
+or made in most gardens, it would be advisable to try and establish this
+distinct and lovely spring bloomer. Lime and sandstone grit mixed with
+loam and leaf soil I find to be the best compost I have yet tried for
+it; in fact, until a dry situation and a little lime were given, it
+proved a shy bloomer. It is now quite the reverse, notwithstanding that
+the roots were divided during the previous autumn. Fogs and rain are its
+greatest plagues, owing to its hairy nature; the glass and wire
+shelters should be used for this most deserving subject. Propagated by
+division of the woody semi-creeping roots during early autumn; each
+division should have a crown and some roots, when they may be planted in
+their permanent quarters.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga (Megasea) Cordifolia.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+A first-class herbaceous perennial, grown for over a hundred years in
+English gardens; it comes from Siberia, and consequently, it is very
+hardy in this climate. The _Megasea_ section of the Saxifraga is a very
+distinct genus; there are several forms with but slight distinctions in
+the section, but the species now under notice may be readily
+distinguished from its nearest known relatives, first by its extra size
+in all its parts, next by its wrinkled heart-shaped leaves.
+
+The flowers are produced on stout stems nearly a foot high, a section of
+which will cut the size of a sixpenny piece; the rose-coloured flowers
+are perfectly developed before they push through the many-times
+over-lapped foliage; they are neatly arranged, the branching stems
+sometimes giving the panicle of blossom the form and also the size of a
+moderate bunch of grapes. Just at this stage the flowers, to be most
+enjoyed, should be cut before the weather spoils their delicate colour.
+The fine pale green calyx, which is also conspicuous by its handsome
+form and extra length, is far from the least important feature of this
+flower, especially at the above-mentioned stage. The leaves are 6in. to
+10in. across.
+
+Of the use of its flowers in a cut state, a few words may be said. The
+weather soon destroys their beauty, but when cut they may be preserved
+for fully a fortnight. On one occasion I took a blossom and placed it in
+a flower stand for single specimen blooms; in this instance all the
+other glasses held such fine roses as Baroness Rothschild, Madame
+Lacharme, and Edouard Morren, but so richly did it compare with these
+roses that it was given the place of honour--the top centre glass; this
+flower I should say had never seen the full light in the open. After
+that others pushed out of the leaves and were speedily damaged, and not
+fit to cut.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Coriophylla.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+This is a rather recently discovered alpine species, very dwarf, but
+beautiful. The specific name would appear to be in allusion to its
+flowers as pink-shaped; they are very small, but the reader, by
+referring to the cut (Fig. 85), may form his own opinion of such
+likeness; however well founded or otherwise the name may be, we have in
+this subject a gem for the rock garden. It is a native of Albania, and
+belongs to that section of its extensive genus having triquetrous and
+obtuse leaves, or blunt three-sided foliage, as formed by a well
+developed keel. It is in flower in the middle of March, at the height of
+2in. All its parts are of miniature dimensions, and yet when grown in a
+suitable position it is effective.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 85. SAXIFRAGA CORIOPHYLLA.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+The flowers are pure white, produced on leafy stems an inch or more
+high; they are few, and open in succession; petals round and
+overlapping; calyx large for the size of flower, and covered with down;
+sepals obtuse and tipped with a brown, almost red-tint; stamens short,
+having rather large yellow anthers, which fill the throat of the
+corolla. The leaves are evergreen or silvery grey, arranged in small
+rosettes, and 1/4in. long, of good substance, rigid and smooth; their
+shape is obtuse, concave, and keeled; they are furnished with marginal
+excavations, which present themselves as dots; the habit is compact, the
+rosettes being crowded and forming cushioned-shaped specimens; the
+flowers last for a fortnight in average weather.
+
+Between large stones in vegetable mould and grit, it both thrives and
+shows to advantage; it is also a charming subject for the pot culture of
+alpines. In company with the red-stalked and white-flowered _S.
+Burseriana_, the purple _S. oppositifolia_, and the many other forms of
+the mossy section, all, or nearly all in bloom about the same time, it
+offers a pleasing variety, as being distinct in every way from its
+contemporaries, more especially in the foliage. It is rather a slow
+grower, and not so readily increased as most Saxifrages; it is greatly
+benefited by having pebbles or small stones about the collar. These keep
+it moist at the roots during the growing season. If a little dry cow
+manure or guano is dusted amongst the stones during early summer, the
+results will soon be seen; such growth, however, should not be
+stimulated during the latter half of the year, or from its want of
+ripeness it will be liable to damage during winter. This practice of top
+dressing greatly assists the parts touching the earth to root, and so
+either an increased stock or larger specimens may sooner be obtained.
+
+Flowering period, March.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Fortunei.
+
+FORTUNE'S SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+This, as may at once be seen by a glance at Fig. 86, belongs to the
+lobed-leafed section. It is as yet new in English gardens, and is often
+grown in pots in warm glasshouses. It is, however, perfectly hardy,
+having stood out with me in the open for the past three years. It is
+nearly related to _S. japonica_ and its varieties, but is without the
+stolons or runners. In this climate, with outdoor treatment, it flowers
+in October until cut down by frost, which sometimes happens before the
+flowers get well out. It has been stated not only that it is not hardy,
+but that its flowering period is May. With me it has proved otherwise,
+and others have proved it to flower naturally in October. I also
+observed it in bloom in the Hull Botanic Gardens on the open rockwork in
+November, 1882. I have no doubt that autumn is the natural season for
+well-established plants to flower; weaker specimens may fail to push
+forth ere the frost cuts down their leaves, when the dormant buds must
+remain sealed for the winter, but ready to develope with the return of
+longer and warmer days.
+
+The flowers are arranged in panicles on scapes nearly a foot high, the
+panicles being 6in. long and 3in. in diameter. The petals are long and
+narrow, of uneven length, and notched; colour pure white. The calyx is
+well developed; segments oval, notched at the ends; colour, pale apple
+green. Stamens, long and tipped with beautifully orange-coloured
+anthers. The ovary is prominent, and of a pale yellow. Besides the above
+features, the flowers, which mostly look sideways and are quite an inch
+across their broadest parts, have one very long petal at the low side,
+and the two next are at right angles with it, less than half its size,
+the two upper ones being still less; the effect is both unusual and
+pleasing. The leaf stalks are long, stout, and of a succulent nature,
+semi-transparent, and slightly furnished with longish hairs; the
+stipules are ample, and of a bright red, which colour extends for a
+short length up the stalk. The leaves are kidney-shaped, 2in. to 5in.
+across, eight or ten lobed, toothed and reflexed; they are furnished
+with solitary stiff hairs, are of good substance, and a very dark green
+colour, but herbaceous. The habit of this species is neat and very
+floriferous; therefore it is a valuable plant for in or outdoor
+gardening; but owing to its late season of flowering outside, the
+blossom is liable to injury. A bell glass, however, will meet the case;
+it should be placed over the plant, but tilted slightly, when there are
+signs of frost--the flowers will amply reward such care. If the bloom
+can be cut clean, a good cluster will vie with many orchids for delicacy
+and effect.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 86. SAXIFRAGA FORTUNEI.
+
+(One-fifth natural size; 1 and 2, full size.)]
+
+I find it to do well in fat loam, and with the same kind of soil in
+pots, which comes in for placing in cold frames when frost threatens. I
+find it one of the easiest plants possible to manage--in fact, it needs
+no care to grow it; still, many amateurs fail to keep it, I suppose from
+taking it into a warm greenhouse, where it is sure to dwindle. It is
+readily propagated by division of the crowns, which should be done in
+spring.
+
+Flowering period, October until strong frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga (Megasea) Ligulata.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+One of the large-leaved species (see Fig. 87) compared with others of
+the _Megasea_ section, its leaves are strap-like, as implied by the
+specific name. It is sometimes called _Megasea ciliata_, but there is a
+large-leaved species, commonly called _S. ciliata_, which is very
+distinct from this one, and it is all the more important that they
+should not be confounded with each other, as _S. ciliata_ is not very
+hardy, whilst this is perfectly so, being also one of our finest
+herbaceous perennials. It comes to us from Nepaul, and has not long been
+cultivated in this country.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 87. SAXIFRAGA (MEGASEA) LIGULATA.]
+
+Its flowers are produced numerously on bold stout stems 10in. high.
+Sometimes the flower-stem is branched. The pale but clear rosy flowers
+are not only showy, but very enduring, lasting several weeks. The leaves
+are six to ten inches long, of irregular form, but handsomely ribbed and
+wavy; the new growths are bright yellowish-green, and tinted from the
+edges with a reddish bronze, so that, during spring, besides being
+finely in flower, it is otherwise a pleasing plant to look upon.
+Moreover, it is one of the few bold kinds of plants which flower so
+early and therefore a most valuable subject for the spring flower-beds.
+
+It looks well in any position, either near or back from the walks, in
+shrubs, or as a centre specimen for beds; it is also a plant that may be
+moved easily, as it carries plenty of root and earth, consequently it
+may be used in such designs as necessitate frequent transplantings. It
+is not particular as to soil or position, but in light earth, well
+enriched with stable manure, I have found it to thrive, so as to be
+equal to many of the so-called "fine foliage" plants during summer;
+therefore, I should say, give it rich food. To propagate it, a strong
+specimen with branched crowns should be selected. These branches or
+stems are 1/2in. to 1in. thick. They should be cut off with as much length
+as possible; if they have a bit of root, all the better; if not, it does
+not much matter. Let the cut end dry for a little time, take off half,
+or even the whole, of the largest leaves, or the action of the wind will
+prevent their remaining firm. When so prepared, the cuttings may be
+deeply planted in sandy loam, which has previously been deeply stirred.
+This may be done as soon as the flowers are past, and by the end of the
+year the cuttings should be well rooted and suitable for moving into the
+ornamental part of the garden.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Longifolia.
+
+LONG-LEAVED SAXIFRAGE; QUEEN OF SAXIFRAGES; _Nat.
+Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+Numerous and beautiful as are the species and varieties of this genus,
+this is the most admired of them all, from which fact it derives its
+proud name of "Queen." It is of recent introduction; habitat, the
+Pyrenees; but though of alpine origin, it thrives in lower, I may say
+the lowest, situations even in our wet climate. As will be seen by the
+illustration (Fig. 88), it belongs to the rosette section, and may
+indeed be said, for size and symmetry, to head the list. There are many
+forms of it, differing more or less in shape of leaves, colour, habit,
+and size of rosette. The original or reputed type is but an indifferent
+form compared with the one now generally accepted as the representative
+of the species. So readily do the various Saxifrages become crossed,
+that it is hard to distinguish them; and when a distinct form is evolved
+the question occurs, What constitutes or entitles it to specific
+honours? Surely the form of which we are speaking must be fully entitled
+to a name all its own, as it is not possible to find another Saxifrage
+that can so widely contrast with the whole genus.
+
+It may be as well, in a few words, to refer to one or two varieties; and
+it shall only be from an amateur's point of view, whose estimate of
+their worth or importance is based entirely on their ornamental
+qualities under cultivation. Such varieties, as far as I know, have not
+had any name given them, descriptive or otherwise, and I for one have no
+desire to see any, as the genus is already overloaded with names.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 88. SAXIFRAGA LONGIFOLIA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+There is, first, a form whose main distinction is its dark olive-green
+leaves; the ends are rather inclined to be spathulate, they are long,
+narrow, and arch well, rather nearer the centre of the rosette; this
+causes the end of the outer circle of leaves to come flat on the ground.
+The whole specimen has a sombre appearance compared with the more
+silvery kinds. The second form has broader leaves, is more distinctly
+toothed and spotted; as a consequence of their width, the leaves are
+fewer, and though all the varieties are very formal, this is the most
+so. When by the side of what we may term the true form, which has
+sometimes _vera_ added to its name, this one has a plain and somewhat
+"dumpy" appearance, and frequently the tips of the leaves curl back,
+which further detracts from its ornamental quality. A third form has
+small rosettes, pale green foliage, indistinct silvery dots, and, worse
+than all, the habit of throwing out a progeny of young growths all round
+the collar, furnishing itself as with a ruff, when the parent rosette
+turns to a yellowish-green. Of all the forms this is the most constant
+bloomer. The favourite variety, to which an engraving can do but scant
+justice, is superior to the above kinds in all its parts. Its blooming
+period is in early summer, but specimens often grow in size and beauty
+for three or five years without producing flowers. The foliage is the
+more admired feature, and is at its greatest beauty in December.
+
+The flowers are borne in handsome panicles, in the style of those of _S.
+pyramidalis_, which are about 18in. high. The blossom is of the kind
+common to this section. The leaves are long, narrow, toothed bluntly,
+and spotted with silvery dots; the whole leaf is greyish; the habit is
+rigid and of even arrangement; the rosettes are of all sizes, from 2in.
+to 10in. in diameter. At 3in. to 6in. they are attractive, and as they
+grow larger, they become conspicuous in their beauty. It is not
+desirable to have them flower, inasmuch as the rosettes are then
+destroyed, though the plants do not die. Of course, if a specimen "shows
+bloom" it cannot be helped, but rather than lose a season's produce of
+young stock I would nip out the "lead," and so cause offsets to be
+produced instead of flowers.
+
+In the rock garden this is one of the most telling subjects that can be
+introduced; not only does it love to have its roots amongst the stones,
+but it is a form which harmonises and yet contrasts finely with such
+shapeless material, and, further, relieves the sameness of verdure of
+other plants in a more than ordinary degree. It will grow in borders or
+beds, but looks nowhere so well as on rockwork. True, its uses are
+limited, but then they are exceedingly effective. I have grown this
+subject in almost every kind of soil and compost, and it has done well
+in most; stiff clay-like loam appears too cold or wet for it; on the
+other hand, a sandy loam, mixed with leaf soil, grows it finely; perfect
+drainage is the desideratum, in no matter what position it is planted.
+It may be increased in various ways--1st, By seeds, which may be bought,
+as it is carefully harvested abroad; 2nd, from offsets, as already
+stated; and, 3rd, from offsets produced by cutting out the leaves in two
+or more parts, so as to let the light in at the collar. This method may
+seem heartless, and it certainly spoils the specimen; it is a mode to be
+followed only where there are spare old plants and young stock is
+needed.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Macnabiana.
+
+MACNAB'S SAXIFRAGA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+This is a new and very beautiful variety, called after Mr. MacNab, who
+raised it in 1877. Of the several hundreds of species and varieties of
+this genus, it is doubtless one of the best and most distinct as regards
+its habit and rich flowers. So pronounced are its merit that, although I
+have not grown it for more than four years or so, I can have no
+hesitation in sounding its praise. It is possible that when it has
+become better established in the collections of amateurs and others, and
+when it has regained what may be termed its natural vigour, lost by the
+too rapid propagation common to new plants, it may prove to be even
+better than I have yet proved it. However that may be, there can at
+present be only one opinion respecting it.
+
+The rosette foliage is in the style of _S. longifolia_ and _S.
+pyramidalis_, intermediate; the flowers are quite distinct, but they
+remind one of the charming _S. mutata_, which is also a rosette form,
+having a fine panicle of blossom. It is said to be a seedling from _S.
+Nepalensis_ crossed by _S. cotyledon_ or _S. pyramidalis_, but, as the
+cross was accidental, there must be some uncertainty; both parents are
+evidently incrusted forms.
+
+The flowers are 1/2in. across, corolla flat, petals richly spotted with
+numerous bright red spots; they are much shorter than the petals of most
+of the other incrusted varieties; they are also slightly reflexed in the
+more matured flowers; the calyx, too, is less hairy and the segments
+shorter than those of its reputed parents. The stem of my tallest
+specimen is not more than 15in. high; the panicle is large, beginning
+about four inches above the rosette. It is well branched, the flowers
+being clustered at the ends of the branchlets. The whole panicle will be
+about 10in. long and 6in. or 8in. through. As regards the foliage, I
+only need add to what has already been stated, that the leaves are
+arranged in somewhat lax rosettes, are strap, or tongue-shaped, evenly
+serrated, and, in the winter bright at the edges, with frosted or
+silvery markings; the flowers are so very attractive that casual
+observers readily recognise their beauties amongst hundreds of other
+Saxifrages, and they have not inaptly been compared with fine old china.
+
+I ought not to omit mention of that rare quality possessed by this
+Saxifrage, viz., a rich perfume.
+
+Though it is perfectly hardy, it may be grown in pots with great
+advantage, as then it can be the more closely examined; but if it is not
+convenient to grow it in that manner, it may be planted either on
+rockwork or in borders amongst choice things, where its flowers will not
+fail to command admiring notice. As to the kind of soil, it seems in no
+way particular. Sandy loam, mixed with peat, however, suits it well. It
+is propagated by offsets, but these are rarely produced in numbers, as
+is common with most of the incrusted Saxifrages. I may say that I have
+only met with one specimen which has thus proved useful in any degree
+worth notice, and it produced nearly a score of offsets during one
+season; it ripens much seed, which may, or may not come true.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Mutata.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+A somewhat rare alpine species, evergreen, hardy, very distinct and
+beautiful. It is one of the rosette forms, after the style of _S.
+pyramidalis_, but there are several important variations about the
+plant, other than in the flowers, which are totally different. There are
+many peculiarities about this species, but they would hardly require to
+be noticed here were not the plant otherwise of great merit. When in
+bloom it is highly decorative, and the flowers in a cut state are
+unique.
+
+The flower stem is 12in. to 18in. high, furnished with supplementary
+ones all its length; the lower ones are 8in. long, and spreading; they
+become shorter as they near the top, the whole forming a fine
+symmetrical panicle. The flowers are over 1/2in. across, petals
+awl-shaped, and, when first open, are nearly red; they change to dark
+orange and again to pale yellow; the calyx is very large, the sepals
+four times as broad as the petals and bluntly pointed; the stamens and
+anthers are coloured, and change like the petals; the ovary, which is
+very conspicuous, is a fine purple, but later, it, too, changes to a
+pink colour; the outer parts of the calyx and all the shorter
+flower-stalks, which are clustered at the ends of the supplementary
+stems, are greenish-yellow, and this feature of the plant adds much to
+its beauty. Calyx, stems, and stem-leaves are densely furnished with
+stiff gland-tipped hairs, rendering them clammy to the touch. The leaves
+of the rosettes are tongue-shaped, rough at the edges, fleshy, covered
+with glandular hairs, of a shining green colour, and slightly reflexed.
+The changeable nature of the flowers doubtless gives rise to the
+specific name. A well-flowered specimen is very effective on rockwork,
+but the panicles have a fault of heading over, from their weight, and
+also because, unlike _S. longifolia_ and _S. cotyledon_, which have
+large and firm rosettes close to the ground to stay them, this species
+has a somewhat "leggy" rosette or a foot stalk, which is more or less
+furnished with browned and very persistent foliage. The flowers last a
+long time in good form, and, if grown clean, their yellow--nearly
+golden--stalks render them very useful in a cut state.
+
+The propagation of this Saxifraga is more difficult than any other
+according to my experience, and I have heard of many who have found it
+the same. The offsets are not produced close to the ground, consequently
+have no rootlets; neither, from their hairy character, can they resist
+rot from moisture so well when planted as if they were bald, like the
+stolons of other species. I have found the best plan to be as follows:
+Take offsets before the plants flower; if there are none, which will
+often be the case, the bloom must be sacrificed by pinching out the
+stem. As soon as there are nice sized shoots ready, cut them off with
+all possible length of stalk; prepare a sandy patch of soil in a warm
+situation, lay them in a row on the surface, heads to the north, and
+then place a brick on them so as to hold all the cuttings in position;
+gently press on the brick, to cause the cuttings to assume a more
+natural position, and they will need no other attention until they
+become rooted; the brick will act as a screen from the hot sunshine,
+absorbing the heat to the benefit of the cuttings, as it will also
+absorb superfluous moisture. During the summer I have rooted many
+offsets in this way. That contact with the brick is favourable to the
+roots is evidenced by their clinging to it; no water should be given,
+however droughty the season may be--excessive moisture is the main thing
+to guard against.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Oppositifolia (_Lin._)
+
+PURPLE MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE, PURPLE SAXIFRAGE, BLUE
+SAXIFRAGE, OPPOSITE-LEAVED SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._
+SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+During the month of March this is one of the most effective flowers in
+our gardens. The mossy appearance of its foliage, when dotted with its
+large blossoms, is hardly less beautiful than when the whole broad
+spreading tufts are literally packed with them. This must be a dear
+flower to all lovers of our native flora, for it not only comes very
+early, and in its wild homes on the Ingleborough, Welsh, and Scottish
+hills, greets and gladdens the rambler, who is, perhaps, making his
+first excursion of the year, but it is one of our most striking and
+beautiful flowers, even though they are produced on a plant of such
+humble size and habit. The pleasing and descriptive names of this gem of
+our hills would form a chapter in themselves. Even the old Latin names
+by which it was known, before the time when Linnaeus arranged and
+re-named most of our native plants, bespeak a desire to do justice to a
+flower of more than ordinary beauty; and, as they were so strictly
+descriptive, at least one, I think, may be given without trying the
+reader's patience: _Saxifraga alpina ericoides flore caeruleo_, or the
+Blue-flowered Erica-like Mountain Saxifrage. Doubtless, shorter names
+are more convenient, but such specific names as the one just given are
+not entirely useless. Its present botanical name is in reference to the
+foliage only, but otherwise so distinct is this plant either in or out
+of bloom that no one could well mistake it.
+
+The flowers are 1/2in. to 3/4in. across, produced terminally and singly on
+short procumbent stems. They are of a bright purple colour; petals
+ovate; the longish stamens carry bold anthers furnished with dark
+orange-coloured pollen, which forms a pretty feature. The leaves are
+small, crowded, opposite, ovate, entire, leathery, fringed or ciliated,
+and retuse. A peculiar feature about this species is the pore at the
+blunt apex of each leaf. The habit is prostrate; the stems being long,
+tufted, or pendulous, according to the situation; the flower shoots are
+upright, on which the leaves are more remote. Under cultivation newly
+planted roots will be found not only to flower sparingly, but the blooms
+will be rather small until the plant grows large and strong.
+
+On rockwork, with its roots near or between large stones, is in every
+way the best place for it; it however, thrives in the borders. The soil
+is not of much importance, but without doubt it does best in a compost
+of the nature of that of its wild homes. The humus and grit may be
+represented by sand and small stones, and peat or leaf soil, all mixed
+with loam. This, let me here state, will be found generally the right
+stuff for alpines and rockery plants. This plant is useful as a spring
+bedder, or for carpeting bare places; and any conspicuous part of the
+garden needing bright objects during March and April should give room
+largely for this cheerful subject. The bloom is very lasting; no storm
+seems to do it any hurt, and in every way it is reliable. It may be
+readily propagated by divisions. The procumbent stems will, in strong
+patches, be found to supply rootlets in abundance. These may be
+transplanted at almost any time of the year.
+
+Flowering period, March and April.
+
+_S. opp. alba_ is a white flowered variety of the above. It is not found
+wild. Other dissimilarities are the smaller parts throughout the whole
+plant, and the less straggling habit. The white petals show up the dark
+orange anthers finely. There are other varieties of the above type, but
+their points of difference are so slight as not to need description for
+garden uses. It may, however, be useful to give their names: _S. opp.
+major_, _S. opp. pyrenaica_, _S. opp. retusa_, _S. opp. pallida_. All
+the above varieties may be grown like the common form; their uses,
+propagation, and blooming period are the same, with the exception of
+_pyrenaica_, which not only flowers a little later, but is less rampant,
+and not nearly so easy to propagate. I have imagined that a little
+limestone has helped it, bits of which are placed over its roots.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Paradoxa.
+
+PARADOXICAL SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 89. SAXIFRAGA PARADOXA.
+
+(Two-thirds natural size.)]
+
+One of the less known and, perhaps, somewhat rare saxifrages; it is a
+curious, distinct, and beautiful form, being of that class which the
+lover of the ornamental kinds most admires, for not only is it
+attractive all the year round, but additionally so when there cannot be
+seen any part of a growing or decaying flower stem upon it, and when its
+silvery, but lax rosettes, with their encrustments and glistening leaf
+dots, are perfectly matured, which is the case during mid-winter. I fear
+the illustration (Fig. 89), can give but a poor idea of the pleasing
+silvery-grey colour, which, when the specimen is dry, overlays foliage
+of a dark and glossy green, to say nothing of the numerous and regular
+spots which so charmingly enliven the specimens. I am unable to learn to
+what species it is most nearly related; its name, which doubtless has
+reference to its peculiar form and habit, would seem to isolate it even
+from its parents, if such are known; it, however, belongs to that
+section having thick leathery leaves, ligulate, encrusted, arranged in
+rosette form, and having excavated dots. _Saxifraga lingulata_, _S.
+crustata_, _S. Australis_, _S. longifolia_, and _S. carinthiaca_ belong
+to the same section; but _S. paradoxa_ differs much in general
+appearance from them all, and remarkably so in one or two respects, as,
+indeed, it does from the whole genus, thus justifying its name. The
+uneven length and arrangement of leaves, the casting off of the
+encrustments as a skin or in flakes, exposing to view a finely-polished
+surface, and the general web-like appearance of the tufts, are all
+peculiar to it. Of all the varieties of its section it most resembles
+_S. carinthiaca_ and _S. Australis_; these forms, however, grow in
+compact rosette form, having leaves of more even size and shape. Our
+subject is irregular in every way, many of the leaves pushing out to
+double the length of others, and becoming attenuated at their junction,
+or club-shaped.
+
+Its flowers are insignificant and similar to those of _S. Aizoon_, but
+more dwarf in the stem. The leaves are 1/2in. to 3in. long, very narrow
+and tongue-shaped, sometimes obtuse and club-shaped; stout, dark green,
+with a greyish crust-like covering, and deeply dotted with bright spots.
+The leaves are arranged in lax rosettes and are reflexed or pressed flat
+to the earth nearly all their length. The habit is very pretty in
+established and fair-sized specimens, which accommodate themselves to
+the form of surface, and the longer or erratic leaves become so
+interlaced with the other parts as to appear woven; this habit and the
+bright bead-like dots go to make the plant more than ordinarily
+attractive. It should be in every collection of choice Saxifrages; it is
+charming as a pot specimen, plunged and grown out of doors the year
+round.
+
+On rockwork it should have a place, too, among the gems, being a neat
+and slow grower; its position should be near dark-coloured stones, where
+it will prove most telling. In damp weather its silvery parts are
+obliterated, but a breeze of half-an-hour or a beam of sunshine soon
+brings it into full beauty again. Gritty peat and a little loam suits it
+well; I have it doing nicely in ordinary garden soil; but if the more
+carefully prepared composts are employed, the results well repay the
+pains so taken. Its propagation is easily carried out by root divisions;
+early spring is a good time for the operation.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Pectinata.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+This belongs to the encrusted section, being most distinctly toothed;
+from this it takes its name; the teeth are large for such small leaves.
+Specimens of this Saxifrage, though small, are exceedingly pretty.
+Excepting when there is fog or rain, it is nearly white; and the
+rosettes, of various sizes, from 1/4in. to 1in. across, are not only neat
+in themselves, but are densely and pleasingly arranged in a hard flat
+mass. It is never more beautiful, not even in May and June, when it
+flowers, than in November, when the growth is both complete and ripened,
+and the scaly substance which is spread over the leaves and the silvery
+teeth combine to render it attractive.
+
+The flowers are of the usual form, and are produced on stems 4in. to
+6in. high; they are white. The leaves seldom exceed 1/2in. in length and
+1/8in. in width; they are spathulate in form, stout, and rigid. The
+rosettes are somewhat flattened and numerous, and give the idea of
+greenish-white flowers.
+
+_S. p. hybrida_ is a variety of the foregoing species, and without
+pretending to say what the type has been crossed with to produce this
+handsome form, I may, for the purpose of conveying an idea of what it is
+like, say that it approaches _S. aizoon_, which also flowers in May and
+June. In all its parts it is larger than the type; the leaves are
+greener and more strap-shaped, and are more erect, but not so rigid; the
+habit, too, differs--it forms more rounded tufts. In all these respects
+it will be seen to resemble _S. aizoon_. It is a lovely form; the
+sparkling teeth are relieved by the fine dark green ground of the
+foliage.
+
+These comb-leaved Saxifrages belong to the more neat and effective rock
+plants; the type, at least, is of alpine origin, and under cultivation
+it seems most happy amongst the stones. I have grown these kinds as pot
+specimens, on nearly flat beds, and as edging plants; and in every
+position they prove attractive. It is very strange that such pretty
+forms are not more generally seen in gardens; they will grow well on
+walls and the tops of outhouses, and are good subjects for town gardens.
+Any kind of sandy soil will do for them; that of a vegetable character
+is, however, the best; they may be planted with choicer things, for,
+unlike many of the genus, they are not rampant growers. Practically,
+they need no propagating; for as the specimens spread they make new
+roots, and at any time one or half a dozen rosettes may be slipped off
+for planting elsewhere. It is better, though, to avoid this with small
+plants, as their full beauty is not realised until they become of
+considerable size.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Peltata.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+A new species to English gardens, hardy, herbaceous, and perennial,
+imported from North America; it is a truly noble plant. The illustration
+(Fig. 90) will convey some idea of its fine form, but the reader must
+rely on the description for its size when fully developed. When the
+flowers of this Saxifrage are in their best form, the noble foliage is
+scarcely half developed; a drawing, therefore (though it could hardly be
+made at a stage when the plant is more interesting), must necessarily
+fail, in this case, to give any more than an approximate idea of the
+parts undeveloped. Not only is this the largest species of the extensive
+genus at present grown in this country, but its form is both distinct
+and noble.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 90. SAXIFRAGA PELTATA.
+
+(1, Single blossom, natural size.)]
+
+The flowers are produced on stems 18in. high and 3/4in. thick at the base,
+being covered with long stiff white hairs, which are very conspicuous on
+the reddish stems. The flowers are similar to those of most of the
+genus, as may be seen by the one given in the drawing; they are arranged
+in massive heads, 3in. to 6in. in diameter, and rose-coloured. The
+leaves at the flowering time are 6in. or 9in. across, having stout,
+round, ruddy stems, 8in. long, covered with stiff hairs; they form a
+junction with the leaves in an unusual way, viz., near the centre,
+whence the specific name _peltata_, or umbrella shape; but the form of
+the leaves at the flowering period, which is funnel-shape, is, a little
+later on, reversed, the edges bending downwards. The younger leaves are
+folded and hooked downward, having the appearance of stout fern fronds
+just out of the ground, and their stalks are much contorted. The more
+advanced leaves are seen to be seven-cut, each lobe divided and
+sub-divided by cuts less deep, the whole leaf being richly toothed and
+veined. The under side is covered with hairs, the upper surface being
+smooth, shining, and of a pleasing bronze-green colour. Later, the
+foliage in every way increases very much in size, reaching a height of
+2ft., and each leaf measuring nearly a foot across. The root or rhizoma
+is horizontal, progressive, jointed, and fibrous at the joints, and
+nearly 2in. in diameter; it may be clearly traced on the surface, but
+the fibrous parts go very deep.
+
+It is said to be a bog subject; fortunately, however, this fine plant
+may be grown otherwise than in a bog, but it should not want for depth
+of rich soil. This I believe to be a more important condition than a
+boggy situation, inasmuch as I have grown my specimen for three years on
+the top of a dry mound; but the soil is good rich loam, and fully 5ft.
+deep; and to show that this strong-growing subject needs a good depth of
+soil, I may mention that I had occasion to dig up a piece, when it was
+found, for the operation, to require both the strength and tools that
+trees demand, the fibrous parts being deep and tough. When fairly
+established it makes rapid growth, and when in full leaf it proves very
+effective. Its propagation is easy with healthy plants; a length of the
+creeping root, with a crown to it, should be cut from the parent stock
+just before growth commences in early March. If planted as indicated in
+the foregoing remarks, and kept shaded with a leafy branch for a month
+or two, there need not be any fear about young plants becoming
+established the first season.
+
+Flowering period, June.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Purpurascens.
+
+LARGE-LEAVED PURPLE SAXIFRAGA, MEGASEA _section_;
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+A rare plant of great beauty. It is figured here without flowers, as I
+consider it in finer form then than when in bloom. Fine as its flowers
+are, much resembling those of _S. cordifolia_ and _S. crassifolia_ (also
+of the _Megasea_ section); the brightness and colouring of its leaves in
+autumn are such as to render it distinct from all the other species. I
+need only ask the reader to note the fine foliage indicated in the cut
+(Fig. 91), and inform him that in the autumn it turns to a glossy
+vermilion colour, and I think he will admit that it will not come far
+short in beauty of any flower. The species is a recent introduction from
+the Himalayas, and in this climate proves all but evergreen (if tinted
+foliage can be so called) and hardy. The latter quality has been doubted
+by some, but by others re-asserted. My present specimen was planted in
+the open garden in the spring of 1880, since which time it has withstood
+22deg. of frost.
+
+The flowers are produced on stout stems, 8in. high, arranged in branched
+heads, of a rose or rosy-purple colour, and bell-shaped. They are,
+however, soon damaged by unfavourable weather, and there is little about
+the plant at that period to render it more attractive than its fellows;
+its finer qualities are developed as more genial weather prevails. When
+the stout foliage grows glossy, waved, and of a deep clear green
+colour, the edges of the leaves become lined with red as if hemmed with
+red silk; the leaves also have the edges irregular in form, the outline
+broadly oval, 4in. to 6in. long, and they are veined and slightly
+wrinkled; during the autumn a yellow tint starts from the edge, and in
+time becomes a vermilion, which is all the more effective from the leaf
+being of leather-like substance.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 91. SAXIFRAGA PURPURASCENS.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+It enjoys a deep rich loam; and, evidently, to place its roots in
+contact with pieces of limestone is beneficial. Rare as the plant is,
+this is all that I do for it, and not only does it remain healthy, but
+it has increased greatly in size during the last year. I have not as yet
+tried to propagate it, but so far as I can judge there will be no
+difficulty in forming young stock by root division. It has hitherto
+enjoyed a happy immunity from all garden pests, not excepting slugs.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Pyramidalis.
+
+PYRAMIDAL SAXIFRAGA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+This is a very handsome form or variety of _S. Cotyledon_, and belongs
+to the alpine regions of Europe. As a decorative subject for our
+gardens, it is highly and deservedly esteemed; its attractiveness
+consists more in the numbers and arrangement of the flowers than in any
+beauty which belongs to them individually, though they are not devoid of
+that quality.
+
+Of the many hundreds of species and varieties of Saxifrages which bloom
+during the month of June, this is one of the most distinct and useful as
+a decorative flower, and where the Saxifrages are grown in large
+collections, as they often are, giving more than an ordinary amount of
+pleasure compared with collections of other genera, the kind now under
+consideration always asserts itself as one of the first order of merit.
+Not only in its blooming state, but all the year round, it is very
+effective and striking; it is a free grower, having handsome, large
+rosetted foliage.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 92. SAXIFRAGA PYRAMIDALIS.
+
+(One-eighth natural size; 1, single blossom, natural size; 2, leaf,
+one-eighth natural size.)]
+
+The flowers, as will be seen by the one given, natural size, in the
+illustration (Fig. 92), are of the common Saxifrage form, but rather
+more highly coloured in the central markings than the general run. They
+are produced on stout stems, 2ft. high, well and evenly branched in the
+form of a pyramid, whence the specific name. Each flower will be 1/2in. or
+more across; they are very numerous, and, partly from the fact that they
+remain perfect for a very long while, and partly because of the habit of
+the plant being to open all its flowers about or near the same time, the
+large panicle of bloom is very fine. The leaves, as already hinted, are
+formed into lax rosettes, which are 5in. to 7in. across; they are
+strap-shaped, narrowing slightly at the connection, half an inch wide,
+the outer ones being reflexed; the edges are finely serrated, and
+irregularly lined with a silver colouring.
+
+This is a capital plant for rockwork, where it shows itself to much
+advantage; but specimens are much finer grown in beds or borders, where
+the moisture and temperature at the roots are likely to be more equable;
+besides, I find that, owing to its small quantity of roots, all of which
+are very near the surface, when grown on rockwork they may often be seen
+bare on inclined surfaces, and the weight of the flowers drags them
+entirely out of the soil on one side. They may be planted as an edging
+to a shrubbery, in bold groups, or as ordinary border flowers. So useful
+has this variety been found by professional gardeners that it is now
+largely grown in pots in single rosettes, which, after becoming well
+established, send up their rich plumes of blossom, all the finer for
+having been kept clean under glass. So grown, nothing can better repay
+the small amount of trouble which they give in order to place them in
+the conservatory as showy specimens; all they require being a 4in. pot,
+well drained, a compost of half-rotted leaves, and fat loam and sand.
+Put in one rooted offset any time from June to the end of July, the
+earlier the better; plunge the pot to its rim in sand or ashes until
+next spring, when it may be taken under glass if desired. To have fine
+flowers, the offsets should be pinched off as they appear. I may also
+mention that a somewhat shady situation has proved conducive to large
+and better coloured flowers; between irises 4ft. high and shrubs 6ft.
+high, the opening being not more than 3ft., running north and south. The
+specimen from which the drawing is taken was grown along with many
+others. A baking or dry treatment is often not only given to plants of
+this genus, but believed to be of advantage to them; it may be to some,
+but there are exceptions, and this is one without doubt. All the
+sections of Saxifraga to which it belongs are fond of good loam, well
+enriched. It is propagated from offsets taken as soon as they are from
+an inch to two inches across; they may either be put into nursery beds
+or be planted in their blooming quarters.
+
+Flowering period, June and July.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Rocheliana.
+
+ROCHEL'S SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+Another hardy evergreen species, distinct in form, foliage and flowers,
+and a native of the alpine regions of central Europe; it nevertheless
+thrives well in our climate with ordinary care. Its foliage takes the
+form of miniature rosettes, which are closely packed; the tiny leaves
+are distinctly and regularly dotted; and present a frosted appearance.
+
+The flowers are unimportant, though they form an interesting feature of
+such a choice and somewhat rare plant; they are small, white, and
+produced on stems 3in. to 4in. high, which are thick and curiously
+furnished with leaves. During summer this species has a very bright
+silvery appearance, as if laid on in patches.
+
+Similar treatment is required for this as for _S. Burseriana_, but it
+will be found much more difficult to propagate, as its roots are of the
+tap kind, and are more sparingly produced, while its seed seldom ripens,
+I believe, in this climate. To increase it, the better plan is to
+prepare the old plant by keeping it well earthed up, and so encouraging
+new roots; after a year's patience it may be divided in April. The small
+pieces should be secured by stones or verbena pins, and a supply of
+pebbles placed around them will keep them cool and moist during summer.
+
+Flowering period, March and April.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Umbrosa.
+
+LONDON PRIDE; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+This common flower is well known, and is only mentioned here as the
+typical form, and by way of introducing a beautiful variety called _S.
+u. variegata_, broad cushions of which, from their verdant condition,
+good habit, and pleasing variations of leaf colour, are amongst the more
+attractive objects of the garden in January. It hardly need be said that
+the plant is not valued for its flowers, which are similar to those of
+the parent form and borne at a corresponding date. The leaves, however,
+are much less in size and more flatly arranged in rosette form, they are
+also recurved at the edges. The markings are of two colours,
+creamy-white and pink, and there are many shades of green. The forms of
+the markings are most irregular, as striped, flecked, marbled, dotted,
+and edged; the various shades of green blended with pink and white,
+although figured on one of the commonest plants we know, render such
+plant worthy of a place in every garden, and more especially on
+rockwork.
+
+It has this drawback--it is not constant. In some gardens the markings
+die out. This, however, need not be, for a rather dry situation and rich
+soil will produce rosettes of large size and good figuring. Still, there
+will be fully half of the rosettes entirely green in a large patch; this
+is more desirable than otherwise. The marked ones have a more starry
+effect in such a green setting; it is only when all become green that
+disappointment is felt. Sometimes I have noticed rosettes, about the
+size of a penny-piece, all one colour--creamy-white--which, when cut
+from the plant, very much resembled a carnation. Such abnormal forms are
+of no moment to the botanist, but if nine out of every ten persons who
+see this plant are interested, not to say pleased with it, it ought not
+to be entirely neglected. It is most effective in patches 1ft. to 2ft.
+broad. In propagating it the more finely marked pieces only should be
+taken.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Saxifraga Wallacei.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy perennial hybrid variety, of first-class merit. Its loose and
+spreading panicles of large pure white flowers are something better than
+the ordinary run of bloom belonging to this extensive genus; it is said
+to be the offspring of species of the mossy section; but there is
+certainly a great likeness about its foliage to some of the horny
+section, such as _S. cornutum_ or _S. pentadactylis_, or even the
+handsome _S. geranioides_. It would, however, be hard to say what it is
+from; but in it we have not only a showy but most useful variety (see
+Fig. 93). It has deservedly grown into great favour, though known to
+amateurs but for three years. It begins to flower in April, but in May
+it is in its best form, being covered with a rich mass of bloom from the
+foliage to the height of a foot.
+
+The flowers, as before stated, are of a pure white--an unusual colour
+amongst the genus; they are bell-shaped but erect, the ovate petals
+reverse. Well-grown specimens with me have flowers quite an inch across.
+The individual blooms last more than a week, and the succession is well
+maintained during summer. The panicles are leafy, having small entire
+leaves, and others once and twice-cut. The stems of the present season's
+growth are stout, semi-transparent, and ruddy; the leaves are palmate,
+slender at the bottom, mostly five-fingered, fleshy, and covered with
+long silky hairs which stand well off; the fine apple-green foliage is
+shown to great advantage by the ruddy stems.
+
+This plant may be grown in pots or borders, as edging, or on rockwork,
+and in any kind of soil; but to have fine specimens and large flowers it
+should be planted in calcareous loam, and be top dressed in early
+spring with well rotted manure. I have it as an edging to a small bed of
+roses; the position is bleak, but the soil is good; it furnishes large
+quantities of cut bloom, and otherwise, from its rich hawthorn-like
+scent, it proves a great treat. So freely is its handsome foliage
+produced that it, too, may be cut in quantities for table decoration. If
+the flowers, or some of them, be left on, the tufts will form a pretty
+setting for a few other small flowers of decided colours.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 93. SAXIFRAGA WALLACEI.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+To increase this Saxifrage is a simple matter during the warm season:
+The twiggy tufts should be pulled asunder, no matter whether they have
+roots or no roots; if dibbled into fine soil, deeply dug, and shaded for
+a week or two, they will form strong plants before the winter sets in.
+
+Flowering period, April to August.
+
+
+
+
+Scilla Campanulata.
+
+BELL-FLOWERED SCILLA _or_ BLUEBELL; _Nat. Ord._
+LILIACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy bulbous perennial, introduced from Spain 200 years ago. It very
+much resembles the English hyacinth--_H. nutans_, or _Scilla
+non-scripta_--better known as the wood hyacinth. Handsome as this simple
+flower is, it might have been omitted from these notes as a plant too
+well known, but for the fact that there are several varieties of the
+species which are less known, very beautiful, and deliciously fragrant,
+entitling them to a place amongst other choice flowers, both in books
+and gardens.
+
+Of the typical form little need be said by way of description. The
+flowers are bell-shaped, pendent, blue, and produced in racemes of many
+flowers. The leaves are lance-shaped, prostrate, and of a dark shining
+green colour.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 94. SCILLA CAMPANULATA ALBA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size; single flower, one-half natural size.)]
+
+_S. c. alba_ differs from the type in having its white flowers arranged
+more evenly round the scape, being shorter in the divisions of petals
+and wider at the corolla; the habit of the plant, too, as may be seen by
+the illustration (Fig. 94), is more rigid and neat. In a cut state the
+flowers are not only very lasting, but if gathered clean, they are
+suitable for the most delicate wreath or bouquet.
+
+_S. c. carnea_ has pink flowers.
+
+All the forms of _S. campanulata_ are cheerful and effective spring
+flowers. They should be grown in bold clumps, and if under slight shade,
+where many other things cannot be well grown, all the better; still,
+they are in no way particular--any aspect, position, or soil will answer
+for these robust flowers. Such being the case, few gardens should be
+without at least the finer forms of the large Bluebell. So fast do these
+varieties increase by seed and otherwise, that any remarks on their
+propagation are unnecessary.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Sedum Sieboldi.
+
+SIEBOLD'S STONECROP; _Nat. Ord._ CRASSULACEAE.
+
+
+This is a capital species. It is perfectly hardy, though not generally
+known to be so. It is more often seen under glass, and is certainly a
+pretty pot plant.
+
+Its stems are 12in. or less in length, slender and procumbent. The
+leaves, which are rather larger than a shilling, fleshy, cupped, and
+glaucous, are curiously arranged on the stems, somewhat reflexed, and
+otherwise twisted at their axils, presenting a flattened but pleasing
+appearance. The small flowers, which are bright rose, are borne in
+clusters, and remain two or three weeks in perfection.
+
+It is a fine subject for rockwork, and, moreover, likes such dry
+situations as only rockwork affords. It should be so planted that its
+graceful stems can fall over the stones. There is a variety of this
+species, with creamy foliage, but it is less vigorous; neither are the
+flowers so fine in colour. Slugs are fond of these, and sometimes they
+will eat off nearly every leaf. A sprinkling of sharp sand once a week
+keeps them off, but trapping them with hollowed turnips is a more
+effective remedy. Propagated by cuttings pricked into sand in summer, or
+division of roots when the tops have died down.
+
+Flowering period, August and September.
+
+
+
+
+Sedum Spectabile.
+
+SHOWY STONECROP; _Nat. Ord._ CRASSULACEAE.
+
+
+Hardy and herbaceous. This is one of our finest autumn bloomers. During
+September, the broad massive heads of small rosy flowers, which are
+arranged in cymes 6in. across, are very attractive, and will, with
+average weather, keep in good form for a month. This species is somewhat
+mixed up with another called _S. Fabarium_; by many they are said to be
+identical, but such is not the case. I grow them side by side, and I may
+say that they are as "like as two peas" up to midsummer, when they begin
+to diverge. _S. Fabarium_ continues to grow to the height, or rather
+length, of 2ft., and tumbles over; the foliage has a lax appearance,
+and the flowers are very pale. Concurrently _S. spectabile_ has grown
+its stems and glaucous leaves to stouter proportions, and crowned them
+with more massive heads of bright rose-coloured flowers, at the height
+of 15in. It is larger in all its parts, with the exception of length of
+stem, and by September it is nearly twice the size of _S. Fabarium_; it
+also stands erect, so that then the two species suggest a contrast
+rather than a comparison, _S. spectabile_ being by far the more
+desirable.
+
+I find, however, that it is much slower in increasing itself; the best
+way to propagate it is by cuttings dibbled into sand in early summer.
+The commoner one increases rapidly and often bears the wrong name; care
+should therefore be taken to obtain the true species, after which it
+will not give much further trouble, thriving in any kind of soil, but it
+should be planted in the full sunshine, when its habit and flowers will
+be greatly improved. It will bear any amount of drought--indeed, it
+seems to enjoy it. My finest clump is on a very dry part of rockwork,
+where it has always flowered well. These two Stonecrops and a variegated
+variety are some of the very few hardy plants which slugs do not graze;
+at any rate, it is so with me; neither do other pests attack them, but
+the humble bees literally cover their flowers the whole day long at
+times.
+
+Flowering period, August to October.
+
+
+
+
+Sempervivum Laggeri.
+
+LAGGER'S HOUSELEEK; _Nat. Ord._ CRASSULACEAE.
+
+
+Of the numerous species and varieties of Houseleek, this is at once the
+most curious, interesting, and beautiful. It is by far the finest of the
+webbed forms. It has, however, the reputation of not being quite hardy,
+but that it will endure our severest winters is without doubt, and if we
+recall its habitats, which are in alpine regions, its hardiness in a low
+temperature need not be further questioned. Still, partly from its downy
+nature, and partly from the dampness of our winters, this climate causes
+it to rot. There are, however, simple and most efficient remedies, which
+shall be mentioned shortly.
+
+The illustration (Fig. 95) gives some idea of its form and habit. The
+flowering rosettes send up stems 6in. high; they are well furnished with
+leaves--in fact, they are the rosettes elongated; they terminate with a
+cluster of buds and flowers, which remain several weeks in perfection,
+however unfavourable the weather may be.
+
+The flowers are more than an inch across, of a bright rose colour, and
+very beautiful; the central flower is invariably the largest, and the
+number of petals varies from six to twelve. The leaves are in rosette
+form, the rosettes being sometimes 2in. across, nearly flat, and
+slightly dipped in the centre; a downy web, as fine as a cobweb, covers
+the rosette, it being attached to the tips of the leaves, and in the
+middle it is so dense that it has a matted appearance. The leaves are
+very fleshy, glandular, and of a pale green colour. Slow in growth,
+habit very compact; it has a tender appearance, but I never saw its web
+damaged by rain or hail.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 95. SEMPERVIVUM LAGGERI.
+
+(Two-thirds natural size.)]
+
+Many grow it in pots for indoor use; it finds a happy home on rockwork
+or old walls; it should have a dry and sunny situation, and, with these
+conditions, it will prove attractive all the year round. It thrives well
+in gritty loam; a little peat rubbed in with the grit will be an
+improvement and also more resemble its native soil. To preserve it from
+the bad effects of our damp winters, it need not be taken indoors, but
+sheets of glass should be tilted over the specimens during the short
+days, when they are dormant; the glass should not touch the plant. This
+seems to be the nearest condition we can afford it as a substitute for
+the snows of its mountain home, and I may add, for years it has proved
+effective; in fact, for several years I have left specimens in the open
+without any shelter whatever, and the percentage of loss has been very
+low, though the seasons were trying. It propagates itself freely by
+offsets; if it is intended to remove them from the parent plant, it
+should be done early in summer, so that they may become established
+before winter, otherwise the frosts will lift them out of position.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Senecio Pulcher.
+
+NOBLE GROUNDSEL; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 96. SENECIO PULCHER.
+
+(One-tenth natural size.)]
+
+Autumn is the heyday of Composite flowers. The one now under notice has
+the merit of being of an unusual and beautiful colour, viz., purplish
+crimson. It is, in fact, a new plant in English gardens, and has been
+justly described as one of the finest imports of recent years; it has
+only to be seen in order to commend itself to all lovers of hardy
+flowers (see Fig. 96). It is a robust grower, ranking with the more
+noble subjects suitable for the borders. Its hardiness is doubted by
+many, and a few have suspected its perennial quality; but
+notwithstanding the warm climate of South America (whence it hails), it
+has proved both hardy and perennial in this country. Excessive moisture
+is its greatest enemy.
+
+Its bright purplish-crimson flowers are daisy-shaped and large, the
+centre being a fine golden yellow--on strong young plants the flowers
+will be 3in. across. Moreover, they are numerously produced on stems
+3ft. high, in branching cymes, and last a long time in perfection; with
+favourable weather an individual bloom will stand above a week, and the
+plant provides itself with abundance of buds for succession. I never yet
+saw a specimen that developed half its buds, but this brings me to
+notice one of its faults (for it has more than one), viz., it is too
+late in blooming; at any rate, in Yorkshire we rarely get more than
+three weeks' enjoyment of its flowers, when, but for severe frosts, it
+appears capable of blooming for two months. To some extent this may be
+remedied, as will be shown when I refer to its culture. The radical
+leaves are over a foot long, stem leaves much smaller, very dark holly
+green of leather-like substance, the edges very unevenly shaped, the
+general form of the leaf being something like the cos lettuce.
+
+The cut blooms are indeed fine and cannot well be inappropriately used.
+This brings me to fault No. 2. The flower stems are very hollow and dry,
+nearly as much so as the hemlock or kex, and I have found that when
+flowers have been cut, either from the moisture collecting in the stem,
+or some such cause, rot sets in lower down, and soon the branches of
+bloom head over. I tried cutting to a joint where the cavity was
+stopped, but the pith when so exposed soon gave way, so that latterly I
+have ceased to cut the flowers, unless the occasion was worth the risk.
+A specimen not cut from did not suffer from stem rot. I, therefore,
+blamed the cutting. There may, however, be other causes; at any rate,
+there is the fact of fine flowers in their prime falling over, and it is
+worth one's while to try to find out from what cause it happens, and if
+my theory is not the true one, it may prove useful as a hint.
+
+It likes a deep and rich soil, and well deserves to have it; if left out
+all the winter, a piece of glass should be put over the crown, because
+it has the fault (No. 3) of rotting in the centre, as I believe from
+water being conducted down its spout-like stems; but even under the most
+neglected conditions it stands our winters, and the rootlets send up a
+number of small growths in spring. These may make plants, but will not
+be reliable for bloom the following autumn; the damage should be
+prevented if possible. Another plan, by which two points are gained, is
+to grow young plants in good-sized pots and winter them, plunged in cold
+frames, not failing to give plenty of air. In April these, if compared
+with others in the open garden, will be found to be much more forward,
+and the first gain will be that, if planted out then, they will flower
+much more vigorously, and, secondly, they will start earlier by two
+weeks at least. To propagate this fine border plant, the very long and
+fleshy roots may be cut into pieces 6in. long and dibbled into fine
+soil; they are somewhat slow, but pretty sure to "go"; they should be
+protected from slugs, which are very fond of the young leaves. On young
+stuff, grown apart from the flower beds and borders, quicklime may be
+used, which would otherwise be unsightly.
+
+Flowering period, August to October.
+
+
+
+
+Sisyrinchium Grandiflorum.
+
+SATIN-FLOWER, _or_ RUSH LILY; _Nat. Ord._
+IRIDACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 97. SISYRINCHIUM GRANDIFLORUM.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+The generic name of this flower is in reference to the grubbing of swine
+for its roots, and means "pig-snout." The common names may be seen, by a
+glance at the cut (Fig. 97), to be most appropriate; that of
+Satin-flower is of American origin the plant being a native of Oregon,
+and is in reference to its rich satiny blossom; that of Rush-lily, which
+is, perhaps, an even more suitable name, has been recently applied to
+it, I believe, in this country. It is applicable alike to the rush-like
+form and habit of foliage, and the lily-like purity and style of
+flowers. It was sent to this country in 1826, and yet it is rarely met
+with in English gardens. Some think it scarcely hardy in our climate in
+certain soils. I happen to have grown it for six years, which period
+includes the recent severe winters, and it has not only survived but
+increased in a moderate degree. This took place on rockwork facing
+south; in the autumn of 1881 I divided the specimen, and planted a part
+of it in the coldest part of my garden, which is not without clay,
+though far from all clay; that division is now a strong plant, and has
+made an extra crown; it forms the subject of the present illustration.
+Let me state, in passing, that it is naturally a slow grower. The very
+severe weather of the week previous to my writing this note, in March,
+1883, when 23deg. of frost was registered, which cut down the bloom
+stems of Hellebores and many other well-known hardy things, did not hurt
+this subject very much; I am, therefore, confident of its hardiness from
+six years of such experience.
+
+The flowers are 1in. to 11/2in. long, and about as much across when open,
+of a fine purple colour, with a shining satiny appearance; the six
+transparent petal-like divisions are of uneven form, having short
+bluntish points; from the openness of the corolla the stamens and style
+are well exposed, and they are very beautiful. The flowers are produced
+when the plant is about 6in. or 9in. high, the buds being developed on a
+rush-like stem, and enfolded in an almost invisible sheath 2in. or 3in.
+from the apex. Gradually the sheath, from becoming swollen, attracts
+notice, and during sunshine it will suddenly burst and let fall its
+precious contents--a pair of beautiful flowers--which dangle on slender
+arching pedicels, springing from the sheath-socket. They seem to enjoy
+their new-born freedom, and flutter in the March wind like tethered
+butterflies. Their happy day, however, is soon over; their fugacious
+petals shrivel in three or four days. The leaves are rush-like, ribbed,
+and sheathed.
+
+I have found it to thrive in loam, both light and moderately stiff, also
+in vegetable soil and sand; it likes moisture, but not of a stagnant
+character; between large stones, at the base of rockwork, suits it in
+every way; it may also be grown by the side of the larger kinds of
+snowdrops for contrast and effect. Impatient of being disturbed, it is
+not wisdom to lift it for any purpose, provided it is making progress,
+or until it has formed strong tufts; when, if it is desirable to
+increase it, and during early autumn, the long roots should be got well
+under, and taken out of the ground as entire as possible; from their
+wiry nature they are then both easily cleared of earth and divided into
+single crowns; these should be replanted in positions deeply dug, and
+where they are intended to remain, being carefully arranged without any
+doubling up. After such pains have been taken with so well-deserving a
+plant, there will be little to fear for its future, no matter how severe
+the winter may prove.
+
+_S. g. album_ is a white-flowered variety, of which, however, I have had
+no experience. Since these lines appeared in serial form, a lady,
+cultivating a good collection of choice hardy flowers, has informed me
+that this variety is very fine, and in every way commendable.
+
+Flowering period, March to May, according to positions or climatic
+conditions.
+
+
+
+
+Soldanellas.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+Diminutive herbaceous alpine perennials. This genus is small in number
+of known species as in size of specimens. They are found in very high
+altitudes in the Tyrol, Switzerland, and Germany; but they are easily
+managed even in our foggy climate, as is shown by the fact of the
+various species being grown in all collections of alpines; and, indeed,
+no collection can be said to be complete without such gems--they are
+great favourites, as they well deserve to be. They flower in early
+spring, some with one, and others more than one flower on a stem.
+
+The flowers are very small, broadly bell-shaped, and of a feathery
+appearance, from the fact of their petals being finely divided. The
+foliage is also small, nearly round, of good substance, and in all the
+following species very bright green; the leaf stalks are long and wiry,
+and form neat and handsome little tufts, independent of the flowers,
+which, I may add, do not last more than five or six days.
+
+_S. alpina_, smaller in all its parts, but otherwise much resembling _S.
+montana_--has leaves the size of a shilling piece, flowers bright blue,
+mostly two on a stem.
+
+_S. Clusii_, from Germany, is smaller than _S. alpina_; in other
+respects similar, with the exception of flowers, which are purple.
+
+_S. minima_ (smallest). Very tiny in all its parts, many of its little
+thick leaves being only 1/4in. across; flowers purple, single on the stem,
+which is only 1/2in. to 1in. long.
+
+_S. montana_ (Fig. 98) is the largest species of all--leaves the size of
+a half-crown piece, flowers bright blue, four or five on a stem, 5in.
+high. It has other distinctions, of a minute character, from the smaller
+species, but by difference of size alone it may be readily identified.
+
+All the Soldanellas love a vegetable soil, as peat or leaf mould, to
+which, when under cultivation, a liberal quantity of sand should be
+added. If grown in pots, they make lovely specimens, and should be
+plunged in sand and kept moist; but I find my specimens to grow much
+more vigorously when planted out, as they are at the base of a small
+rockery, rather below the level of the neighbouring walk, which forms a
+miniature watershed for the supply of moisture. I also fancy the
+liverwort, which surrounds them, rather helps them than otherwise.
+Certain I am, however, that moisture is the great desideratum in the
+culture of this genus. My difficulty with the planted-out specimens is
+to keep them from being grazed off by the slugs; a dash of silver sand
+every day or two has sometimes proved of use. When the Soldanellas once
+get into proper quarters they make rapid growth; I have divided them
+most successfully in April and May.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 98. SOLDANELLA MONTANA.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Spiraea Palmata.
+
+PALM-LIKE SPIRAEA; _Nat. Ord._ ROSACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 99. SPIRAEA PALMATA.
+
+(One-eighth natural size.)]
+
+A bold and handsome species from China, imported about sixty years ago.
+It is perfectly hardy, though, generally grown in pots and under glass.
+It belongs to the herbaceous section, and I may as well state at once
+that the Spiraeas--more especially the herbaceous kinds--are only
+decorative when in flower, by which I wish to convey the idea that after
+they have done flowering, from their abundant foliage, which then begins
+to turn sere and ragged, they become unsightly if planted in conspicuous
+parts. Still, their flowers and general habit are both rich and handsome
+when in their prime, and they are certainly worth growing, especially by
+those who have large gardens, where they can be planted in large patches
+in some of the less frequented parts.
+
+_S. palmata_ (Fig. 99) has remarkably bright rosy-crimson flowers; they
+are of indistinct form unless closely examined. It is, however, a
+well-known form of flower, or arrangement of flowers, and need not be
+further described, beyond saying they are in panicles and have a
+feathery appearance. The leaves, which are 6in. or more across, have
+long smooth stems, are mostly seven-lobed, the lobes being long,
+pointed, and unevenly serrated. The size of foliage and height of plants
+vary very much; if grown in a bog or by the side of a stream, it attains
+the height of 3ft. to 4ft.; in drier situations I have seen it flower
+when only 10in. high. The specimen illustrated is about 15in. high.
+
+A light spongy vegetable soil, with plenty of moisture, is the main
+requirement of most of the Spiraeas, and to grow them to perfection
+little less will do; but a creditable display of bloom may be enjoyed
+from plants grown in ordinary garden loam, provided the situation is
+moist. By way of experiment, I planted a dozen roots of this species in
+an exposed border, drained, and in all respects the same as for the
+ordinary run of border flowers. They none of them flowered, and scarcely
+grew; at no time would they be higher than 6in. I wish to make it clear
+that the Spiraeas, and especially _S. palmata_, cannot be grown and
+bloomed well without an abundance of moisture at the roots, as I am
+aware that many have tried and failed with this desirable kind. It
+should be treated as a bog plant, then it can scarcely fail to do well.
+In sunk parts of rockwork, by the walk gutters, by the side of a pond or
+stream, or (if there is one) in the hedge dyke, are all suitable places
+for this bright flower, and if only for the fine spikes which it
+produces for cutting purposes, it should be grown largely; and as most
+of the positions indicated are somewhat out of the way, they may perhaps
+be the more readily thus appropriated. Propagated by division of strong
+roots during autumn.
+
+Flowering period, July and August.
+
+
+
+
+Spiraea Ulmaria Variegata.
+
+_Syn._ S. ODORATA FOL. VAR.; _Nat. Ord._ ROSACEAE.
+
+
+The beautiful variegated form of the well-known "Meadowsweet," other old
+names being "Mead-sweet," and "Queen of the Meadows." The typical form,
+at least, needs no description, it being one of the commonest and most
+appreciated plants of the British flora. This variety, however, is less
+known; it differs only as regards the markings of the foliage. When the
+crimped leaves are young, the broad golden patches are very effective,
+and when the plants are fully grown, the markings of the older foliage
+become lighter coloured, but not less rich. Of the value of this as a
+"fine foliage" plant there can be no doubt; it is very telling, and
+always admired. As regards its flowers, they ought not to be allowed to
+develope. I only mention this subject for the sake of its beautifully
+coloured leaves.
+
+Requirements: Ordinary garden loam, in a moist situation; propagated by
+root divisions during autumn.
+
+Flowering period, May to August.
+
+
+
+
+Spiraea Venusta.
+
+QUEEN OF THE PRAIRIE; _Nat. Ord._ ROSACEAE.
+
+
+A comparatively new species of the herbaceous section, from North
+America. In good deep loam it grows to the height of 3ft. or more.
+
+The flowers are of a soft red, after the manner of those of _S.
+palmata_, but rather differently arranged, viz., in clustered sprays or
+cymes, which bend outwards; they are durable and very effective, even
+when seen at some distance in the garden, whilst for cutting they are
+flowers of first-class merit; the leaves are large, somewhat coarse,
+pinnate, segments sharply lobed and irregularly serrated.
+
+I find this plant to flower indifferently under the shade of trees, but
+in a fully exposed situation, planted in a deep retentive loam, it
+thrives and flowers well. It is perfectly hardy, and easily propagated
+by division during autumn.
+
+Flowering period, June to August.
+
+
+
+
+Statice Latifolia.
+
+BROAD-LEAVED SEA-LAVENDER; _Nat. Ord._ PLUMBAGINACEAE.
+
+
+This hardy perennial is all but evergreen in this climate. Probably
+there are two varieties of it, as although the plants in growth and form
+correspond, there is a notable difference in the habit of some
+specimens, as regards the greenness of the foliage in winter; whilst one
+shrivels and blackens the other will remain more or less green. It is
+possible that the native countries from which they come may have
+something to do with this fact. The species was introduced from Portugal
+in 1740, and again from Siberia in 1791. It need not be wondered at if
+the variety from the northern habitat proved the more verdant,
+notwithstanding its becoming acclimatised. Its lofty and diffuse
+panicles are ornamental and lasting; it is a subject which may be grown
+in almost any part of the garden, and hardly seem misplaced,
+notwithstanding its height of 3ft., because only the slender stems,
+furnished with their minute flowers, rise above the ground, and from the
+cloud-like effects more dwarf flowers can be easily seen, even when
+behind them. In many such cases, therefore, this gauzy-flowered
+Sea-lavender proves of advantage.
+
+The bloom is lilac-coloured, each flower being very small. The stout
+scape at a short distance above the ground becomes much branched; the
+branchlets, as already indicated, are slender, and furnished with the
+soft blue bloom. The leaves are radical, and arranged in somewhat
+rosette form, and for the most part prostrate; many of them are quite a
+foot long and 5in. broad, or long egg-shaped; they are wavy, of leathery
+substance, and a dark shining green colour.
+
+Of all the genus, this is, perhaps, the most useful of the hardy
+species. Either in a growing or cut state, the flowers are much admired;
+cut, they need not be placed in water; and for a year, until the plant
+yields fresh supplies, they will remain presentable and even bright. Its
+culture is simple, though there are positions where I have found it to
+simply exist, viz., on rockwork, unless it was given a part where
+moisture would be abundant about the roots, in search of which its long
+woody roots go deeply; if planted in deep loam of a light nature, there
+will be little fear as to its thriving, but if well manured and mulched,
+specimens would grow to nearly double size. Propagated by root division.
+But often the crowns are all on one stout root, and then it is not a
+safe or ready operation; still, with a sharp knife, the woody root may
+be split its whole length--this should be done in spring, when the
+divisions can begin to grow at once. Another and safer plan would be to
+divide the root for an inch or more from the crowns downwards, insert a
+few pebbles to keep the parts open, and put back the specimen in freshly
+dug earth, where, during a season of growth, the cut parts would produce
+vigorous roots.
+
+Flowering period, August to October.
+
+
+
+
+Statice Profusa.
+
+PROFUSE SEA-LAVENDER; _Nat. Ord._ PLUMBAGINACEAE.
+
+
+A hybrid hardy form, not to be confounded with the hairy-leaved and
+tender kind commonly grown under glass, which has the same name. All the
+Sea-lavenders are profuse blooming, but the one now under notice is more
+especially so, as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 100). The seed
+of this genus is prolific in varieties, and, although the name of this
+variety, or even the plant, may not be generally known, and the
+parentage, perhaps, untraceable, it appeared to such advantage, when
+grown by the side of such species as _S. bellidifolia_, _S. echioides_,
+_S. gmelina_, _S. incana_, _S. latifolia_, _S. sereptana_, _S.
+speciosa_, _S. tatarica_, _S. tormentilla_, _S. virgata_, _and_ _S.
+Wildenovi_, that I considered it worth a short description, more
+especially as the object of this book is to speak of subjects with
+telling flowers or attractive forms. It is well known that the Statices
+have insignificant blossoms, taken individually, though, from their
+great profusion, they have a singular beauty. The variety now under
+notice, at the height of 2ft., developed a well branched panicle about
+the latter end of August; gradually the minute flowers expanded, when,
+in the middle of September, they became extremely fine, the smaller
+stems being as fine as horsehair, evenly disposed, and rigid; the head
+being globular, and supported by a single stem.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 100. STATICE PROFUSA.
+
+(One-tenth natural size.)]
+
+The flowers are of a lively lilac, having a brownish or snuff-coloured
+spiked calyx, the effect being far prettier than the description would
+lead one to imagine. The leaves are radical, 6in. to 8in. long, oval, or
+somewhat spathulate, waved, leathery, shining and dark green, the outer
+ones prostrate, the whole being arranged in lax rosette form.
+
+The flowers are very durable, either cut or in the growing state; they
+may be used to advantage with dried grasses, ferns, and "everlastings;"
+or the whole head, when cut, is a good substitute for gold-paper
+clippings in an unused fire grate; our people have so used one for two
+years, and it has still a fresh appearance. It needs no words of mine
+to explain that such a plant as is represented by the illustration will
+prove highly decorative in any part of the flower garden. There is
+nothing special about the culture of the genus. All the Sea-lavenders do
+well in sandy loam, enriched with stable manure. Some sorts, the present
+one included, are not very readily propagated, as the crowns are not on
+separate pieces of root, but often crowded on a woody caudex. I have,
+however, sometimes split the long root with a sharp knife, and made good
+plants; this should only be done in spring, when growth can start at
+once.
+
+Flowering period, August to frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Stenactis Speciosus.
+
+_Syn._ ERIGERON SPECIOSUS; SHOWY FLEABANE; _Nat. Ord._
+COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+This has not long been cultivated in this country; but though a native
+of the warm climate of California, it proves to be one of the most hardy
+of herbaceous perennials; it begins to flower in early summer, but
+August is the heyday of its showiness, and it continues at least a month
+longer. Its more recent name, _Stenactis_, is, according to Paxton, a
+happy and appropriate derivation, and tends much to explain the form of
+flower, "_Stene_, narrow, and _aktin_, a sunbeam, from the narrow and
+sunlike rays of the expanded flower." It belongs to a genus of
+"old-fashioned" flowers, which, moreover, is that of the most modern
+fashion in flowers. As a garden plant it is not only effective, but one
+of that class which will put up with the most offhand treatment;
+tenacious of life, neither particular as to soil nor position, constant
+in fair and foul weather, and doing duty alike in town or suburban
+garden, these qualities go to make it a worthy subject. Whilst it is
+nearly related to, and much resembles, the starworts or Michaelmas
+daises, it far exceeds in beauty the best of them, with only a third of
+their ungainly length of stem.
+
+The flowers are fully two inches across, of a light purple colour; the
+disk is somewhat large and of a greenish yellow; the florets of the ray
+are numerous, full, narrow, and slightly uneven at their points, giving
+the otherwise dense ray a feathery appearance. These large flowers are
+produced in bunches of six or ten on each branch, at the height of about
+eighteen inches; there are many stems, and each one is well branched,
+the species being very floriferous; the leaves are herb-like,
+lance-shaped, pointed, amplexicaul, and smooth; root-leaves spathulate.
+
+This plant needs no cultural care; its only requirements are a place in
+the garden and some one to appropriate its beaming crop of flowers,
+which cannot fail to be serviceable. As a border plant, among suitable
+companions, bold clumps are fine, especially when seen by twilight; in
+lines, too, it may be profitably used. Propagated by division of the
+roots at any time.
+
+Flowering period, June to September.
+
+
+
+
+Stokesia Cyanea.
+
+JASPER-BLUE STOKESIA, _or_ STOKES' ASTER; _Nat. Ord._
+COMPOSITAE.
+
+
+This handsome, hardy, herbaceous perennial was brought from Carolina in
+the year 1766. It is the only species known of the genus, and was named
+after Jonathan Stokes, M.D., who assisted Withering, the botanist, in
+his arrangement of British plants. The order which includes it is a very
+extensive one, and it may be useful to add that it belongs to the
+sub-order _Carduaceae_, or the Thistle family. The mention of this
+relationship may not help our subject much in the estimation of the
+reader, but it must be borne in mind that in plant families as well as
+others, there are individual members that often contrast rather than
+compare with their relatives, and so it is in the Thistle family, for it
+embraces the gay Doronicums, silky Gnaphaliums, shining Arnica, and
+noble Stobaea and Echinops. But the relationship will, perhaps, be better
+understood when it is stated that as a sub-order the _Carduaceae_ stand
+side by side with that of the _Asteraceae_, which includes so many
+well-known and favourite flowers. Let me now ask the reader to glance at
+the illustration (Fig. 101), and he will, I think, see marks of affinity
+with both the thistle and the aster; the few thorny teeth at the base of
+the larger leaves, and the spines on the smaller divisions of the
+imbricate calyx, are clearly features of the former, whilst the general
+form of the plant and flowers are not unlike the aster.
+
+Of all herbaceous plants, this is one of the latest to bloom; in
+favourable situations it will begin in October, but often not until
+November and December in northern parts of the country; and, I hardly
+need add, unless severe frosts hold off, it will be cut down before its
+buds expand. There is much uncertainty about its flowering, when planted
+in the ordinary way, so that, fine as its flowers are, the plant would
+scarcely be worth a place in our gardens, if there were no means by
+which such uncertainty could be at least minimised; and were it not a
+fact that this plant may be bloomed by a little special treatment, which
+it justly merits, it would not have been introduced in this book, much
+less illustrated. The plant itself is very hardy, enduring keen frosts
+without apparent damage, and the bloom is also durable, either cut or on
+the plant.
+
+I scarcely need further describe the flowers, as the form is a very
+common one. It has, however, a very ample bract, which supports a large
+imbricate calyx, the members of which have stiff bristle-like hairs.
+Each flower will be 2in. to 3in. across, and of a fine blue colour. The
+leaves are arranged on stout round stems, 18in. high, being from 2in. to
+6in. long, somewhat lobed and toothed at the base, the teeth rather
+spiny; their shape varies very much, but generally they are
+lance-shaped, concave, often waved at the edges, and otherwise
+contorted. The foliage is more thickly furnished at the upper part of
+the plant, it has a glaucous hue, is of good substance, smooth and
+shining, like many of the gentians. It will, therefore, be seen that
+this is far from a weedy-looking subject, and throughout the season has
+a tidy and shrub-like appearance, but it grows top-heavy, and, unless
+supported, is liable to be snapped off at the ground line by high winds.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 101. STOKESIA CYANEA.
+
+(One-sixth natural size.)]
+
+In order to get it to bloom before the frosts cut it, the soil and
+situation should be carefully selected; the former cannot be too sandy
+if enriched with manure, whilst cold, stiff soil is quite unsuited to
+it. The position should not only have the sunniest possible aspect, but
+be at the base of a wall that will ward off the more cutting winds. In
+such snug quarters many things may be had in bloom earlier, and others
+kept in flower through the winter, as violets; whilst fuchsias, crinums,
+African and Belladonna lilies, and similar roots, that would perish in
+more exposed parts, will live from year to year in such situations.
+Unless the subject now under consideration can have these conditions, it
+is useless to plant it--not that its hardiness is doubtful, but because
+its blooming period should be hastened. Its propagation may be by
+division of the roots after it has flowered, or in spring.
+
+Flowering period, October to December.
+
+
+
+
+Symphytum Caucasicum.
+
+CAUCASIAN COMFREY; _Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEAE.
+
+
+A comparatively modern species in English gardens, belonging to a genus
+well represented by native species, from which this differs mainly in
+being less tall and hairy, and otherwise less coarse. The erect habit,
+and abundant azure flowers produced in pendent form, which, moreover,
+last for several weeks, go to make this a capital border plant. If not
+an old species, from its resemblance to some which are so, it is
+rendered a suitable companion to "old-fashioned" subjects. The plant
+grows to a height of nearly 2ft., is of dark greyish-green colour, from
+being thickly covered with short, stiff hairs, on every part, including
+the calyx.
+
+The flowers are more than 1/2in. long, produced in elongated clusters,
+opening three or four at a time, and just before expansion they are of a
+bright rose colour, but afterwards turn a fine blue; calyx five-parted,
+as also is the corolla, the segments being drawn in at the mouth. The
+entire flower is long and bell-shaped; the pendent clusters of bloom are
+well held out from the main stem by leafy branches, each being
+terminated by two racemes. The leaves of the root are large and stalked,
+oval, lance-shaped, and wrinkled; those of the stems are stalkless, and
+so attached as to give the stems a winged appearance near their
+junction.
+
+The plant will thrive in any kind of soil, but it likes shade and
+moisture, and a specimen grown under such conditions will be found to be
+much superior in every way. A position under fruit trees suits it
+admirably, and for such thoughtful planting it will well repay the lover
+of flowers for vase decoration. It also makes a good subject for large
+or rough rockwork, on which, however, it should be sheltered from the
+mid-day sun. Its propagation may be carried out at any time by dividing
+the roots, but autumn is the preferable period.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Tiarella Cordifolia.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 102. TIARELLA CORDIFOLIA.
+
+(One-fifth natural size; _a_, flower, natural size.)]
+
+The illustration (Fig. 102), together with the order given to which it
+belongs, will convey a fair idea of the style and habit of the plant,
+but its exquisite flowers must be seen to be appreciated, and hardly
+could they appear to more advantage than in a growing state, the rich
+foliage forming their most natural and effective ground. This hardy
+herbaceous perennial has been known to English gardens for 150 years,
+and was introduced from North America, where it grows in glorious
+masses, but common as it is in its native country, and long as it has
+been grown in this, I scarcely know a flower respecting which so many
+have been in error as regards the true species. I have had all sorts of
+things sent to me under the name, and, after all, it is easy to be wrong
+with it unless the amateur has either closely noted its distinctions or
+grown it for a year at least. Heucheras are similar in habit and shape
+of foliage, and are often confounded with it, though otherwise very
+distinct. _Tellima grandiflora_, when in its young state, is very like
+it, but the strong crowns should be noted--they are twice the strength
+of _T. cordifolia_, and develop foliage more than double its size,
+whilst the flowers are on stems 3ft. high, nearly green, and might
+easily be taken for seed pods.
+
+The Mitellas, however, are much more puzzling, the distinctions being
+finer and mostly of a botanical character. Still, in May and June, when
+all are in flower, the identification of our subject is not difficult,
+more especially if the other species of the same order are near for
+comparison.
+
+_T. cordifolia_ grows to the height of 9in. to 12in.; the flowers are
+composed of a calyx (five-parted) and five petals, which are entire,
+evenly set in the calyx. The ten stamens are prominent; each flower has
+a stout pedicel, which holds out the pretty white blossom in a nearly
+horizontal way. There is nothing of a bell-shape character about the
+flower, as in its nearest relative the Mitella. The flower stem is erect
+and round, being evenly furnished with flowers, for a length of 4in. to
+6in.; the flowers are very lasting. The leaves are heart-shaped, acutely
+lobed, denticulate, slightly wrinkled, hairy on both sides, and more or
+less spotted or splashed with brown spots on the main ribs; the leaf
+stalks are long, and carry the foliage gracefully. The whole plant has a
+neat habit, and, when in vigorous health, sends out surface creepers.
+
+It enjoys moist quarters and slight shade, though it is grown as seen in
+the drawing in an exposed part. The soil is good, but otherwise there is
+nothing special about its culture. If this little spring flower can be
+made more known, it will be sure to be more widely cultivated; for
+covering the bare parts of lawn shrubberies it would form a pleasing
+subject, and might be mixed with the scarlet ourisia and the finer sorts
+of myosotis; these would make an excellent blend, all flowering
+together, and lasting for a long time, besides being suitable otherwise
+for such shady positions. When increase is desired strong plants may be
+divided at any time, soon after flowering being the best; if the season
+be dry, the young stock should be shaded by a leafy branch and kept well
+watered.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Trientalis Europaea.
+
+EUROPEAN WINTERGREEN, or STAR-FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._
+PRIMULACEAE.
+
+
+Some may say, "Why, this is a common British plant;" and so it is in
+some parts, but for all that there are many who have never seen it. In
+no way does the mention here of this lovely little flower need an
+apology: the best possible reasons for growing and recommending it are
+in the facts that it is very beautiful and greatly admired (see Fig.
+103).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 103. TRIENTALIS EUROPAEA.
+
+(Plant, one-third natural size; blossom, full size.)]
+
+The flowers, which are 3/4in. across, are salver-shaped, pure white,
+excepting for a day or two when newly opened, then they are stained with
+a soft pink; the calyx has eight handsome light green, shining,
+awl-shaped sepals; the corolla has five to nine petals, equal in size,
+flatly and evenly arranged, their pointed tips forming the star-like
+appearance from which the flower takes one of its common names; the
+flower stalks are exceedingly fine--thready--but firm, from 1in. to 3in.
+long, and each carries but one flower; they issue from the axils of the
+leaves, which are arranged in whorls of five or seven, and nearly as
+many blossoms will be produced from the whorl, but seldom more than one,
+and hardly ever more than two, flowers will be open together, when they
+occupy the central position of the foliage, which gives the plant an
+elegant appearance. The leaves are of a pale green colour, sometimes a
+little bronzed at the tips, veined, entire, bald, lance-shaped, and, as
+before hinted, verticillate; they vary much in size, being from 1in. to
+3in. long and 1/2in. to 1in. broad. The stems are round, reddish, slender,
+and naked, with the exception of two or three minute round leaves, borne
+distantly apart; the stems, too, like the leaves, vary in length;
+sometimes they grow 8in., while others equally floriferous are not above
+3in. high; the root is creeping, and somewhat tuberous. A colony of this
+plant has the appearance of a miniature group of palms, bedecked with
+glistening stars at the flowering time, and it is one of the most
+durable flowers I know; so persistent, indeed, are they, that botanical
+descriptions make mention of it.
+
+In a cut state they equal either violets or snowdrops, from the
+beautiful combination of flowers and foliage, and it is a pity that it
+is not grown in sufficient quantities for cutting purposes. Its culture
+is very easy, but to do it well it may be said to require special
+treatment; in its wild state it runs freely, and the specimens are not
+nearly so fine as they may be had under cultivation with proper
+treatment. It should have moist quarters, a little shade, light
+vegetable soil, and confinement at the roots. I ought, perhaps, to
+explain the last-mentioned condition. It would appear that if the
+quick-spreading roots are allowed to ramble, the top growths are not
+only straggling, but weak and unfruitful. To confine its roots,
+therefore, not only causes it to grow in compact groups, but in every
+way improves its appearance; it may be done by planting it in a large
+seed pan, 15in. across, and 4in. or 6in. deep. Let it be well drained;
+over the drainage place a layer of lumpy peat, on which arrange another
+of roots, and fill up with leaf soil and peat mixed with sand; this may
+be done any time from September to February; the pan may then be plunged
+in a suitable position, so as to just cover the rim from sight, and so
+do away with artificial appearances; but if it is sunk too deep, the
+roots will go over the rim and all the labour will be lost. So charming
+is this plant when so grown, that it is worth all the care. A well-known
+botanist saw such a pan last spring, and he could hardly believe it to
+be our native species. Pans at two years old are lovely masses, and very
+suitable for taking as grown for table decoration. The outer sides of
+the pans should be banked down to the tray with damp moss, which could
+be pricked in with any soft-coloured flowers, as dog roses, pinks or
+forget-me-nots.
+
+I will only add that, unless the root confinement is effected either in
+the above or some other way, according to my experience, the plant will
+never present a creditable appearance as a cultivated specimen; at the
+same time, this somewhat troublesome mode of planting it is not in
+proportion to the pleasure it will afford and certainly ought not to
+prevent its introduction into every garden.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Trillium Erectum.
+
+ERECT WOOD-LILY; _Nat. Ord._ MELANTHACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 104. TRILLIUM ERECTUM.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+A hardy, tuberous perennial, from North America, whence most, perhaps
+all, the species of this genus are imported. The peculiar form of the
+plants gives rise to the generic name. A flowering specimen has on one
+stem three leaves, three sepals, and three petals; the specific name is
+in reference to the more erect habit of this species compared with
+others. Of _T. erectum_ there are several varieties, having
+different-coloured flowers; the specimens from which the drawing (Fig.
+104) was taken have rich brown or dark maroon flowers. Little groups
+have a rather quaint look, they being very formal, the flowers curiously
+placed, and of unusual colour. The flowers are fully 2in. across, or
+much more, if the petals did not reflex almost their whole length. The
+sepals of the calyx are exactly alternate with the petals, and remain
+erect, giving the flower a characteristic quality; and, let me add,
+they are far more pleasing to the eye than to the sense of smell. The
+leaves are arranged in threes on the main stem, and that number
+constitutes the entire foliage of the plant; they are stalkless, oval,
+but pointed, entire, smooth, and of a shining dark green colour. The
+specimens from which the illustration was made are 5in. to 6in. high,
+but their height differs very much with the positions in which they are
+grown, shade and moisture inducing taller growths. The roots, which are
+tuberous, are of unusual form--soft swollen root-stocks may be more
+descriptive of them. Trilliums are now in much favour, and their quiet
+beauty is likely to create a genuine love for them. Moreover, the
+different species are distinct, and if grown in cool, shady quarters,
+their flowers remain in good form and colour for a long time. They are
+seen to most advantage in a subdued light, as under the shade of rather
+tall but not too thickly grown trees. They require vegetable soil, no
+matter how light it may be, provided it can be maintained in a moist
+state, the latter condition being indispensable. Trilliums are capable
+of taking a good share towards supplying shade-loving subjects. How
+finely they would mix with anemones, violets, _Paris quadrifolia_,
+hellebores, and such like flowers! Colonies of these, planted so as to
+carpet small openings in shrubberies, would be a clear gain in several
+ways to our gardens; to many they would be a new feature; more showy
+flowers would not have to be given up for such an arrangement, but, on
+the other hand, both would be more enjoyed by the contrast. Trilliums
+increase slowly; propagation may be carried out by the division of the
+roots of healthy plants.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Triteleia Uniflora.
+
+_Sometimes called_ MILLA UNIFLORA; ONE-FLOWERED
+TRITELEIA, _or_ SPRING STAR FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._
+LILIACEAE.
+
+
+This is a favourite flower, and in some soils increases very fast; it is
+the commonest species of the very limited genus to which it belongs; was
+brought from South America only so recently as 1836, and it is already
+extensively grown in this country, and as a trade article is very cheap
+indeed, thanks to its intrinsic worth. Though small, its star-like form
+gives it a lively and effective appearance in the borders. It is much
+used by the Americans as a window and greenhouse plant, notwithstanding
+that it is a wild flower with them, and its pretty shape and lovely hues
+render it eligible for such uses, but on account of the esteem in which
+is held the odour of garlic, I should not like to recommend it for such
+close associations. The flower in shape is, as the generic name
+implies, like the Trillium, formed of three, or rather threes; the
+divisions are arranged in threes, or triangularly; the two triangles,
+being crossed, give the flower a geometrical and star-like effect. The
+flowers, which are 1in. to 2in. across, are borne on slender stems, 4in.
+to 6in. long. They are nearly white, but have various tints, bluish
+reflections, with a line of blue in each petal. The leaves resemble
+those of the snowdrop when overgrown and turning flabby, and have a
+somewhat untidy and sprawling habit; they are abundantly produced from
+the rather small cocoon-shaped bulbs. On the whole, the plant is very
+ornamental when in flower, and the bloom is produced more or less for
+many weeks; at any rate, it is an early flower, and if it cannot be used
+indoors it should be extensively planted amongst border subjects, than
+which there are few more hardy or reliable. Propagated by divisions of
+the crowded bulbs every other year, during late summer.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 105. TRITELEIA UNIFLORA.
+
+(One-fourth natural size.)]
+
+_T. u. lilacina_ (the Lilac-coloured Star Flower) is a most handsome
+variety, having, as implied by the name, a richly coloured flower. I am
+indebted to a lady for roots and flowers recently sent me; so far as I
+know, it is not yet generally distributed. It is very distinct from the
+type in having smaller parts throughout, and a more highly coloured
+bloom, with the outer surface of the shining tube of a darker or
+brownish-green colour. I have seen a mauve coloured form, but this is
+much more pronounced and effective. The chief recommendation of this
+otherwise desirable flower, to my thinking, is its rich, new-mown hay
+scent; in this it differs much from the parent form.
+
+Flowering period, March to May.
+
+
+
+
+Tritoma Uvaria.
+
+GREAT TRITOMA; _Common Names_, FLAME-FLOWER,
+RED-HOT POKER; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEAE-HEMERO-CALLIDEAE.
+
+
+This is one of our finest late-flowering plants; it has, moreover, a
+tropical appearance, which renders it very attractive. It is fast
+becoming popular, though as yet it is not very often seen in private
+gardens; it comes from the Cape of Good Hope, its year of introduction
+being 1707. In this climate, when planted in well-exposed situations and
+in sandy loam, it proves hardy but herbaceous; if protected it is
+evergreen; and I ought to add that if it is planted in clay soil, or
+where the drainage is defective, it will be killed by a severe winter;
+but when such simple precautions as are here indicated will conduce to
+the salvation of a somewhat doubtful plant, it may be fairly termed
+hardy. According to my experience during severe winters, plants in wet
+stiff loam were all killed, but others of the same stock, in light sandy
+earth, did not suffer in the least. I have also made similar
+observations outside my own garden.
+
+The stout scapes or stems sometimes reach a height of 4ft., and are
+topped with long or cocoon-shaped spikes of orange and red flowers; the
+flowers are tubular and small, closely arranged, and drooping; each will
+be about an inch long, and the spikes 6in. to 8in. long. The leaves are
+narrow, 2ft. to 3ft. long, keeled, channelled, and rough on the edges,
+of a dark green colour and prostrate habit. Either amongst trees or in
+more conspicuous positions this flower proves very effective, whilst in
+lines it is simply dazzling; when grown in quantity it may be cut for
+indoor decoration, than which few large flowers are more telling.
+
+Cultural hints have already been given in speaking of its hardiness, but
+I may add that where the soil is naturally light and dry a liberal
+dressing of well-rotted manure may be dug in with great benefit to the
+flowers. It is readily propagated by division of the roots every third
+year; the young stock should be put in rows, the earth having been
+deeply stirred and well broken; this may be done in late autumn or
+spring--if the former, a top dressing of leaves will assist root action.
+
+This bold and brilliant flower appears in September, and is produced in
+numbers more or less to the end of the year, provided the season does
+not set in very severe.
+
+
+
+
+Tropaeolum Tuberosum.
+
+TUBEROUS TROPAEOLUM; _Nat. Ord._ TROPAEOLACEAE.
+
+
+All the species of this genus are highly decorative garden subjects,
+including the annual varieties, and otherwise they are interesting. They
+are known by various names, as Trophy-plant, Indian Cress, and
+Nasturtium, though the latter is only applicable strictly to plants of
+another order. The plant under notice is a climber, herbaceous and
+perennial, having tuberous roots, whence its specific name; they much
+resemble small potatoes, and are eaten in Peru, the native country of
+the plant. It has not long been grown in this country, the date of its
+introduction being 1836; it is not often seen, which may be in part
+owing to the fact of its being considered tender in this climate. But
+let me at once state that under favourable conditions, and such as may
+easily be afforded in any garden, it proves hardy. As a matter of fact,
+I wintered it in 1880-1, and also in 1881-2, which latter does not
+signify much, as it proved so mild; but it must be admitted that the
+first-mentioned winter would be a fair test season. The position was
+very dry, viz., on the top of a small bank of earth, against a south
+wall; the soil was sandy loam, and it was overgrown with ivy, the leaves
+of which would doubtless keep out many degrees of cold, as also would
+the dryness of the soil; another point in favour of my specimen proving
+hardy, would be the fact of its exposure to the sun, by which the tubers
+would be well and duly ripened. It is one of the handsomest trailers or
+climbers I know for the herbaceous garden; a free grower, very
+floriferous, bright, distinct, and having a charming habit. The
+illustration (Fig. 106) can give no idea of the fine colours of its
+flowers, or richly glaucous foliage. One specimen in my garden has been
+much admired, thanks to nothing but its own habit and form; under a west
+wall, sheltered from the strong winds, it grows near some _Lilium
+auratum_; after outgrowing the lengths of the stems, and having set off
+to advantage the lily bloom, it caught by its tendril-like shoots an
+apricot tree on the wall, and then reached the top, being furnished with
+bloom its whole length. The flowers are orange and scarlet, inclining to
+crimson; they are produced singly on long red stalks, which spring from
+the axils of the leaves; the orange petals are small and overlapping,
+being compactly enclosed in the scarlet calyx; the spur, which is also
+of the same colour, is thick and long, imparting a pear-like form to the
+whole flower, which, however, is not more than 11/2in. long. The leaves
+are nearly round in outline, sub-peltate, five, but sometimes only
+three-lobed; lobes entire, sometimes notched, smooth and glaucous; the
+leaf-stalks are long and bent, and act as tendrils. The plant makes
+rapid growth, the stems going out in all directions, some trailing on
+the ground.
+
+It is a good subject for the drier parts of rockwork, where a twiggy
+branch should be secured, which it will soon cover. It is also fine for
+lattice work, or it may be grown where it can appropriate the dried
+stems of lupine and larkspurs. For all such situations it is not only
+showy, but beautiful. The flowered sprays are effective in a cut state,
+especially by gaslight; they come in for drooping or twining purposes,
+and last a long time in water.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 106. TROPAEOLUM TUBEROSUM.
+
+(One-fifth natural size.)]
+
+If grown as a tender plant its treatment is as simple as can be; the
+tubers may be planted in early spring in any desired situation, and when
+the frosts at the end of the season have cut down the foliage, the
+tubers may be taken up and stored in sand; but if it is intended to
+winter it out the situation should be chosen for its dryness, and the
+soil should be of a sandy nature, in which the tubers ought to be placed
+5in. or 6in. deep. It is self-propagating, the tubers being numerously
+produced; and like "potato sets," the larger ones may be cut in pieces;
+if, however, numbers are not the object they are better left uncut.
+Caterpillars are fond of this plant; at the first sight of an eaten
+leaf, they should be looked for and destroyed.
+
+It begins to flower in the latter part of summer, continuing until
+stopped by frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Umbilicus Chrysanthus.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ CRASSULACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 107. UMBILICUS CHRYSANTHUS.
+
+(One-half natural size.)]
+
+This is a very pretty and distinct subject, and never fails to flower
+very late in the year. It is a plant having the appearance of being
+tender, and is not often seen growing fully exposed in the garden; it
+is, however, perfectly hardy, enduring any amount of cold; it suffers
+more from wet. It is also evergreen. Its soft dull or greyish-green
+rosettes are in marked contrast with the rigid and shining sempervivums,
+in the company of which it is frequently placed. It is an alpine
+subject, and comes from the mountains of Asiatic Turkey, being also
+found more west. Not only is it interesting, but its pretty form and
+habit are qualities which render it very useful in a garden, more
+especially for dry parts, such as old walls and rockwork.
+
+It grows 6in. high, the older rosettes elongate and form leafy flower
+stalks, which are topped by drooping panicles of flowers, somewhat bell
+shaped; each flower is 3/4in. long, of a yellowish white colour; the
+petals are finely pointed, and well supported by a fleshy calyx; the
+bloom is slowly developed and very enduring, even when the worst weather
+prevails. The leaves are arranged in flat rosette form (the rosettes
+from 1in. to 2in. across), lower leaves spathulate, those near the
+centre more oval.
+
+All are fleshy, covered with short hairs, and somewhat clammy to the
+touch. Its habit is neat, and it adorns such situations as otherwise
+suit it, viz., banks or risen beds, and such other positions as have
+already been named.
+
+Its culture is easy, but it ought to have the compost it most
+enjoys--peat and grit--and it should be sheltered from the strong winds,
+otherwise its top-heavy flower stalks will be laid prostrate. When it
+once finds a happy home it increases fast; the thick stalks are
+procumbent and emit roots. These may either be left to form large
+specimens or be taken off during the growing season for stock. Excessive
+wet is its greatest enemy. For such subjects, the wire and glass
+shelters are not only a remedy, but very handy.
+
+Flowering period, summer, until stopped by frosts.
+
+
+
+
+Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea.
+
+RED WHORTLE-BERRY; _sometimes called_ COW-BERRY; _Nat.
+Ord._ VACCINACEAE.
+
+
+Although a native evergreen, and in some parts occurring extensively, it
+proves to be both decorative and useful as a garden subject; as a neat
+evergreen it is worthy of a place, especially when it is not to be found
+near in a wild state. It is seldom seen without either its waxy and
+pink-tinted white flowers or its bright clusters of red berries, but in
+October it carries both, which, together with the fine condition of the
+foliage, renders the shrub most attractive. It grows 6in. to 9in. high
+under cultivation.
+
+In form the flowers somewhat resemble the lily of the valley, but they
+are closely set in the stems and partly hidden, owing to the shortness
+and drooping character of the racemes; not only are the flowers
+pleasingly tinted, but they exhale a full and spicy odour; the buds,
+too, are tinted with a lively pink colour on their sunny sides. The
+berries are quickly developed, being nearly the size of the holly berry,
+but a more bright red. The leaves are stout, shining, and leathery, and
+ofttimes pleasingly bronzed. They are over 1/2in. long and egg-shaped,
+being bent backwards. The stems are furnished with short hairs, are much
+branched, and densely foliaged. This compact-growing shrub would make a
+capital edging, provided it was well grown in vegetable soil. It would
+go well with _Erica carnea_ to form a double line, either to a shrubbery
+or permanent beds of dwarf flowering trees. Now that berries are so much
+used for wearing about the person and for indoor decoration, those of
+this shrub may become useful. A dishful of sprigs in October proves
+pleasant both to the sight and smell, the flowers and fruit being
+charmingly blended.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 108. VACCINIUM VITIS-IDAEA.
+
+(Natural size.)]
+
+_V. v.-i. major_ is a variety which is simply larger in all its parts;
+it is, however, rather more bronzed in the foliage. I daresay by many it
+would be preferred to the typical form, both for its robust and
+decorative qualities. It is nearly twice the size of the type.
+
+As may be inferred, both from the order to which this shrub belongs and
+the localities where it occurs in its wild state, a peaty or vegetable
+soil will be required. I find the species grow most freely in a mixture
+of leaf soil and sand, the position being moist but exposed. It does not
+object to a little shade, but then its useful berries are neither so
+numerously produced nor so well coloured.
+
+It is easily propagated by division at almost any time.
+
+Flowering period, May to October.
+
+
+
+
+Veronica Gentianoides.
+
+_Syn._ V. GENTIANIFOLIA; GENTIAN-LEAVED SPEEDWELL;
+_Nat. Ord._ SCROPHULARIACEAE.
+
+
+This is a distinct and pleasing species, viewed as a garden plant. It is
+very hardy, and one of the herbaceous kinds; it has been grown in
+English gardens nearly 150 years, and came originally from the Levant.
+It is pretty widely used, but it deserves a place in every garden; not
+only are its tall spikes of flowers effective during their season, but
+the foliage, compared with other Veronicas, is of a bright and plump
+character. The newly-formed tufts, which are somewhat rosette-shaped,
+have a fresh appearance throughout the winter, it being one of the few
+herbaceous subjects in which the signs of life are so visible in this
+climate.
+
+The flowers are small-1/2in. in diameter--numerously produced on spikes
+18in. high. They are blue, striped with light and dark shades; both
+calyx and corolla, as common to the genus, are four-parted, petals of
+uneven size. The flower spikes are finely developed, the flowers and
+buds occupying 12in. of their length, and tapering off to a point which
+bends gracefully. The buds are not less pretty than the flowers,
+resembling as they do turquoise in a deep setting of the calyx. The
+leaves are smooth, shining, and of much substance, 3in. to 6in. long,
+and 1in. to 2in. broad, lance-shaped, serrated, and sheathing. They are
+of a somewhat clustered arrangement close to the ground. Good pieces of
+this plant, 1ft. to 2ft. across, are very effective, and flower for a
+good while.
+
+The rich and graceful spikes are of great value for vase decoration, one
+or two sufficing in connection with other suitable flowers.
+
+There is a lovely variety of this species called _V. g. variegata_; in
+shape and habit it resembles the type though scarcely as vigorous, but
+not at all "miffy." The leaves are richly coloured pale green, white,
+and pink; and the flowers, as seldom occurs in variegated forms, are
+larger and more handsome than in the parent; in all respects, it is as
+useful, and, for forming an edging, perhaps more suitable than the
+common form.
+
+Both kinds like a good fat loam and a moist situation; they may be grown
+either in borders or on rockwork, but specimens on the latter compare
+poorly with those grown otherwise; either they are too dry, or the soil
+gets washed from them, so that the new roots, which strike down from the
+surface-creeping stems, do not find the needful nourishment. Their
+increase is easily effected by division of the rooted stems any time
+after they have done flowering. If the season is droughty, they should
+be well watered.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Veronica Pinguifolia.
+
+FAT-LEAVED SPEEDWELL; _Nat. Ord._ SCROPHULARIACEAE.
+
+
+This is a rather uncommon species, being of the shrubby section, but
+unlike many of its relative kinds, it is perfectly hardy, also evergreen
+and very dwarf; a specimen three or four years old is but a diminutive
+bush, 18in. through and 8in. high. The habit is dense, the main or old
+branches are prostrate, the younger wood being erect and full of very
+short side shoots.
+
+The flowers are produced on the new wood; the chubby flower-spikes issue
+from the axils of the leaves near the leading shoot; in some cases there
+are three, in others four, but more often two. Each flower spike has a
+short, stout, round stem, nearly an inch long, and the part furnished
+with buds is nearly as long again. At this stage (just before they begin
+to open) the buds are rice-shaped, snow white, waxy, and arranged cone
+form. They are, moreover, charmingly intersected with the pale green
+sepals in their undeveloped stage. The little bunches of buds are simply
+exquisite. The flowers are small, pure white, waxy, and twisted in the
+petals. The two filaments are longer than the petals, having rather
+large anthers, which are bright purple. This pleasing feature, together
+with the young shoots in the midst of the blossoms, which have small
+stout glaucous leaves tipped with yellow--nearly golden--give the
+clusters a bouquet-like appearance. The leaves are small--little more
+than half an inch long--and ovate, slightly cupped, stem-clasping, and
+opposite. They are a pale glaucous hue, and closely grown on the stems;
+they greatly add to the rich effect of the flowers.
+
+This shrub is a most fitting subject for rockwork, and it would also
+make an edging of rare beauty, which, if well grown, no one could but
+admire. It seems to enjoy loam and leaf soil in a moist but sunny
+situation. It may be propagated by cuttings, taken with a part of the
+previous year's wood.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Veronica Prostrata.
+
+PROSTRATE SPEEDWELL; _Nat. Ord._ SCROPHULARIACEAE.
+
+
+This is sometimes confounded with _V. repens_, I presume from the slight
+distinction in the specific names, but so different are the two species
+that no one who has seen them can possibly take one for the other. _V.
+repens_ is herb-like; it creeps and roots, and has nearly white flowers
+in April; but _V. prostrata_ is a deciduous trailer, and the more common
+and best form has fine gentian-blue flowers; it is a capital rock plant,
+being most effective when hanging over the face of large stones. The
+flowers are small, and produced in rather long sprays, which are
+numerous, so that little else than flowers can be seen for two or three
+weeks.
+
+It will grow and flower freely in any soil, but the aspect should be
+sunny; it is easily increased by division or rootlets. I may add that
+the very long stems of this prostrate plant (when in bloom) are well
+adapted for indoor decoration. Where pendent, deep blue flowers are
+needed, there are very few good blues so suitable.
+
+Flowering period, May to July.
+
+
+
+
+Vesicaria Graeca.
+
+_Nat. Ord._ CRUCIFERAE.
+
+
+This beautiful, diminutive, hardy evergreen shrub comes to us from
+Switzerland, being an alpine species (see Fig. 109).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 109. VESICARIA GRAECA.
+
+(One-third natural size; 1, full size.)]
+
+When in flower it does not exceed the height of 6in. or 8in., at which
+time it is very showy, covered, as it is, with flowers of the brightest
+golden yellow, surpassing the golden alyssum, which in some respects it
+resembles, being half woody, possessing greyish leaves, and dense heads
+of flowers, which, however, are arranged in small corymbs, and being
+also much larger. The leaves of the flower stalks resemble lavender
+leaves in general appearance; those of the unproductive stems are
+larger, and arranged sparingly in rigid rosette form, such unproductive
+stems being few.
+
+The neat and erect habit of the plant renders it most suitable for
+rockwork or edgings, and otherwise, from its long continued flowering,
+which will exceed a month in moderate weather, it is one of the most
+useful spring flowers; whilst, for cutting purposes, it cannot but rank
+with the more choice, as, combined with extra brightness of colour, it
+exhales a rich hawthorn perfume. To all who have a garden, big or
+little, I would say, grow this sweet little shrub. It has never failed
+to do well with me in any situation that was fully exposed; it flowers
+freely in a light dry bed, but on rockwork it is most at home. The
+quickest way to prepare plants of flowering strength is to divide strong
+pieces; but this interferes with the larger specimens, which are by far
+the best forms in which to grow and retain it. Another mode is to cut
+off all the flowers nearly down to the old wood; side shoots will thus
+be induced to grow earlier than otherwise, so that in late summer they
+may be taken off as slips, and there will still be plenty of time to
+strike them like wallflower slips, and get plenty of roots to them
+before the cold weather sets in. The plant also produces seed freely in
+its inflated pods, which affords another, but more tedious, way of
+increasing it.
+
+Flowering period, April to June.
+
+
+
+
+Viola Pedata.
+
+PEDATE-LEAVED _or_ BIRD'S-FOOT VIOLET; _Nat. Ord._
+VIOLACEAE.
+
+
+Over a hundred years ago this hardy herbaceous violet was introduced
+from North America; still, it is not largely grown, though it is now
+becoming quite a favourite. As may be seen by the illustration (Fig.
+110), it is distinct in general appearance, more especially in the
+foliage, which in its young state is bird-foot-shaped, whence the
+appropriateness of its specific name; it should perhaps be explained
+that the leaves are very small compared with the flowers when the plant
+first begins to bloom, but later they increase very much in size. There
+are several characteristics about this species which render it
+desirable, and no choice collection should be without either this (the
+typical form) or some of its varieties. Deep cut, shining, dark green
+foliage, very bright blue flowers, and pleasing habit are its most
+prominent features; its blooming period is prolonged, and it has a
+robust constitution, which further commends it to lovers of choice
+flowers, and if once planted in proper quarters it gives no further
+trouble in the way of treatment.
+
+The flowers are nearly an inch across, bright purple-blue, produced on
+stalks of varying lengths, but mostly long; the leaves are many parted,
+segments long, narrow and lance-shaped, some being cut or toothed near
+the tips; the crown of the root is rather bulky; the roots are long and
+fleshy.
+
+The following are varieties; all are handsome and worth growing: _V. p.
+alba_, new; flowers white, not so robust as the type. _V. p. bicolor_,
+new; flowers two colours. _V. p. flabellata_ (syn. _V. digitata_);
+flowers light purple. _V. p. ranunculifolia_ (syn. _V. ranunculifolia_);
+flowers nearly white.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 110. VIOLA PEDATA.
+
+(Two-thirds natural size.)]
+
+As this plant requires a moist and partially shaded situation, it is not
+eligible for doing duty indiscriminately in any part of the garden;
+still, it will thrive under any conditions such as the well-known
+violets are seen to encounter. On the north or west side of rockwork, in
+dips or moist parts, it will be found to do well and prove attractive.
+
+The propagation of all the kinds may be carried out by allowing the seed
+to scatter itself, and, before the winter sets in, a light top-dressing
+of half rotted leaves and sand will not only be a natural way of
+protecting it until germination takes place, but will also be of much
+benefit to the parent plants. Another mode of increase is to divide the
+roots of strong and healthy specimens; in this way only can true kinds
+be obtained; seedlings are almost certain to be crossed.
+
+Flowering period, May and June.
+
+
+
+
+Viola Tricolor.
+
+THREE-COLOURED VIOLET, PANSY, or HEARTSEASE; _Nat.
+Ord._ VIOLACEAE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 111. VIOLA TRICOLOR.
+
+(One-third natural size.)]
+
+This well known herbaceous perennial is a British species. It has long
+been grown in gardens, where, by selection and crossing, innumerable and
+beautiful kinds have been produced, so that at the present time it is
+not only a "florist's flower," but a general favourite. Besides the
+above-mentioned common names, it has many others, and it may not be
+uninteresting to repeat them--"Love in Idleness," "Call me to you,"
+"Kiss me ere I rise," "Herb Trinity," and "Three Faces under one Hood."
+Although this plant is herbaceous, the old stems remain green until the
+new growths come into flower, and, in many varieties, by a little
+management in plucking out the buds during summer, flowers may be had in
+the autumn and well into winter. If, also, from other plants early
+cuttings have been taken, and become well rooted, they will produce
+large flowers very early in spring, and so the Pansy may be had in
+flower nearly the year round. Any description of this well-known plant
+would be superfluous to an English reader.
+
+The wild _V. tricolor_ is, however, a very different plant and flower to
+its numerous offspring, such as the illustration (Fig. 111) depicts, and
+in which there is ever a tendency to "go back." It is only by constant
+care and high cultivation that the Pansy is kept at such a high standard
+of excellence, and one may add that such labour is well repaid by the
+results. With no flower more than the Pansy does all depend on the
+propagation and culture. Not the least reliance can be placed on seeds
+for producing flowers like those of the parent. Cuttings or root
+divisions should be made in summer, so as to have them strong, to
+withstand the winter. They enjoy a stiffish loam, well enriched. And in
+spring they may be lifted with a ball and transplanted into beds,
+borders, lines, or irregular masses, where they are equally effective,
+and no flower is more reliable for a profusion of bloom.
+
+
+
+
+Yucca Filamentosa.
+
+THREADY-LEAVED YUCCA; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEAE.
+
+
+This is of a more deciduous nature than _Y. gloriosa_, reclothing itself
+each spring more amply with foliage. In December, however, it is in fine
+form, and though it is a better flowering species than most of its
+genus, and to a fair extent valuable for its flowers, it will be more
+esteemed, perhaps, as a shrub of ornamental foliage. It came from
+Virginia in the year 1675.
+
+The flowers are pretty, greenish-white, bell-shaped, and drooping: they
+are arranged in panicles, which, when sent up from strong plants, are,
+from their size, very attractive; but otherwise they are hardly up to
+the mark as flowers. The leaves in form are lance-shaped, concave,
+reflexed near the ends, and sharp-pointed. The colour is a
+yellowish-green, the edges are brown, and their substance is split up
+into curled filaments, which are sometimes 9in. or more long, and are
+blown about by every breeze. From these thready parts the species takes
+its name. It is seldom that this kind grows more than 4ft. high, but a
+greater number of offsets are produced from this than from any other of
+our cultivated Yuccas.
+
+I know no better use for this kind than planting it on the knolly parts
+of rockwork, positions which in every way suit it, for it enjoys a warm,
+dry soil.
+
+_Y. f. variegata_, as its name implies, is a form with coloured foliage.
+In the north it proves to be far from hardy, and therefore cannot be
+recommended for culture in the open garden. My reasons for mentioning
+it are that it is convenient to do so when the typical form is under
+notice, and that it is frequently spoken of as hardy. Subjects needing
+well selected positions, protection, and a mild winter in order to keep
+them alive from autumn to spring, can in no sense be considered hardy,
+even though they may be planted out of doors.
+
+Flowering period, August to October.
+
+
+
+
+Yucca Gloriosa.
+
+GLORIOUS YUCCA, ADAM'S NEEDLE; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEAE.
+
+
+A hardy evergreen shrub which has long been grown in England, but for
+all that is not often met with in private gardens. It is a native of
+South America, and was brought to our shores in 1596. The genus is
+remarkable for not flowering constantly in our climate, and also for
+slow growth; fortunately, both these drawbacks, if one may term them
+such, are counter-balanced by the handsome foliage of the various
+species, mostly of an evergreen and very durable nature, and also by the
+bold and symmetrical arrangement of the same. This Yucca flowers in the
+autumn, but it may be considered more especially a foliage subject, as
+the bloom is insignificant compared with the leaves and is not produced
+more than once in four years as a rule. The leaves assume their richest
+hues and become thoroughly matured about the end of the year; and when
+the ground is covered with a thick coat of snow, their rigid forms are
+amongst the very few of any note that can be seen. In any garden, no
+matter how large or how small, a Yucca imparts a style or character to
+it which scarcely any other subject can give. It may not be so easy to
+explain this, but the fact is recognised by the most casual observer at
+first sight. If I say the effect is tropical, noble, rich, and sometimes
+graceful, a partial idea of its ornamental qualities may be conveyed;
+but to know its value and enjoy it, it should be grown. The species
+under consideration has many forms, some differing rather widely from
+the type, so much so that these varieties are honoured with specific
+names. First may be given a brief description of the parent form.
+
+It grows from 3ft. to 6ft. high, according to the more or less
+favourable conditions. These dimensions apply to blooming specimens; but
+shrubs, three to six years old, if they have never bloomed, may not
+exceed 1ft. to 2ft. in height, and about the same in diameter. The
+flowers, as may be gathered from the order to which the genus belongs,
+are lily-like, or bell-shaped; they are of a greenish white colour,
+arranged in lax clusters on stoutish stalks. The leaves are 12in. to
+2ft. long, 3in. or more broad in their widest parts, concave or
+boat-shaped, sharp pointed, glaucous, sometimes slightly plicate, rigid,
+and leathery.
+
+The habit, after flowering, is generally to form offsets, when the plant
+loses much of its former boldness and effect. From the lateness of its
+blooming period, and a lack of suitable conditions, it does not ripen
+seed in our climate, and it must of necessity be raised from seed
+ripened in more favourable climes.
+
+The following are said to be some of its varieties, bearing useful
+descriptive names: _Y. g. pendula_, having a pendulous habit or reflexed
+leaves; _Y. g. plicata_, having plaited leaves; _Y. g. minor_, a lesser
+form in its various parts. There are other reputed varieties of more
+doubtful descent.
+
+For cultivation see _Y. recurva_.
+
+
+
+
+Yucca Recurva.
+
+RECURVE-LEAVED YUCCA; _Common Name_, WEEPING YUCCA;
+_Nat. Ord._ LILIACEAE.
+
+
+This is a charming species, perfectly hardy and evergreen; it was
+brought from Georgia about ninety years ago.
+
+The flowers are a greenish-white, and undesirable where the shrub is
+grown for the sake of its ornamental qualities; fortunately they are far
+from being constant in their appearance. September is its blooming
+period in our climate. The leaves are its main feature; with age it
+becomes rather tall, 6ft. to 9ft. high, having a woody hole or caudex,
+which is largely concealed by the handsome drooping foliage; a few of
+the youngest leaves from the middle of the tuft remain erect. The whole
+specimen is characterised by its deep green and glossy foliage, combined
+with a most graceful habit. Few things can be planted with such
+desirable effect as this shrub; it puts a stamp on the landscape,
+parterre and shrubland, and when well grown forms a landmark in the most
+extensive garden.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 112. YUCCA RECURVA
+
+(one-eighteenth natural size.)]
+
+For all the species and varieties of Yucca the mode of culture is not
+only similar but simple. They have long roots of a wiry texture. These
+denote that they require deep soil, light, and rather dry. Sandy loam,
+light vegetable soil, or marl and peat grow them well. Raised beds or
+borders, the higher parts of rockwork, or any open position, thoroughly
+drained, will not only be conducive to their health, but also prove
+fitting points of vantage. In planting Yuccas it must never be forgotten
+that perfect drainage is the all important requisite, and if it is not
+afforded the stock will never thrive, but ultimately die from rot or
+canker. Another matter, when referred to, will perhaps complete all that
+is special about the culture, or rather planting, of Yuccas. Begin with
+young stuff; I know nothing that transplants worse than this class of
+shrubs after they have become considerably grown. Their spare, wiry
+roots, when taken out of a sandy soil, do not carry a "ball," and from
+the great depth to which they run they are seldom taken up without more
+than ordinary damage. Young specimens, 6in., 9in., or not more than
+12in. high, should be preferred, and of these sizes the least will prove
+the safest. Yuccas are readily propagated at the proper season; and in
+specifying the season it is needful to point out that of offsets, from
+which young stock is soonest obtained, there are two kinds. Some spring
+from immediately below the earth, and may more properly be termed
+suckers; the others grow on the visible part of the stem or caudex,
+often close to the oldest leaves; these should be cut off with a sharp
+knife, in early summer, and if they have a little of the parent bark
+attached to them all the better. If they are planted in a shady place,
+in sweet sandy loam, they will make good roots before winter, and may be
+allowed to make the following summer's growth in the same position. In
+the succeeding autumn it will be a good plan to put them in their
+permanent places. The suckers will be found to have more or less root;
+they should be taken in spring from the parent specimen, the roots
+should be carefully preserved, and the pushing parts planted just level
+with the surface.
+
+
+
+
+FLOWERING PERIODS.
+
+
+As an aid to readers desirous of making a selection of plants which will
+secure a succession of bloom the year through, we here give a list of
+those described in the preceding pages, arranged according to their
+average periods of flowering.
+
+
+January.
+
+Anemone fulgens, Aralia Sieboldi, Bulbocodium vernum, Cheiranthus
+Cheiri, Crocus medius, Eranthis hyemalis, Helleborus abchasicus, H.
+antiquorum, H. Bocconi, H. colchicus, H. cupreus, H. foetidus, H.
+guttatus, H. niger, H. orientalis, H. olympicus, Jasminum nudiflorum,
+Petasites vulgaris, Saxifraga Burseriana.
+
+
+February.
+
+Anemone blanda, A. fulgens, A. stellata, Arabis lucida, A. Sieboldi,
+Bellis perennis, Bulbocodium trigynum, B. vernum, Cheiranthus Cheiri,
+Corydalis solida, Daphne Mezereum, Eranthis hyemalis, Erica carnea,
+Galanthus Elwesii, G. Imperati, G. nivalis, G. plicatus, Helleborus
+abchasicus, H. antiquorum, H, Bocconi, H. colchicus, H. cupreus, H.
+dumetorum, H. foetidus, H. guttatus, H. niger, H. odorus, H.
+orientalis, H. olympicus, H. purpurascens, Hepatica angulosa, H.
+triloba, Jasminum nudiflorum, Petasites vulgaris, Polyanthus, Primula
+acaulis, Saxifraga Burseriana.
+
+
+March.
+
+Anemone blanda, A. fulgens, A. Pulsatilla, A. stellata, Arabis lucida,
+Aralia Sieboldi, Bellis perennis, Bulbocodium trigynum, B. vernum,
+Cheiranthus Cheiri, Chionodoxa Luciliae, Corydalis solida, Daphne
+Mezereum, Dentaria digitata, Doronicum caucasicum, Epigaea repens, Erica
+carnea, Erythronium dens-canis, Galanthus Elwesii, G. Imperati, G.
+nivalis, G. plicatus, G. Redoutei, Helleborus abchasicus, H. antiquorum,
+H. Bocconi, H. colchicus, H. cupreus, H. dumetorum, H. foetidus, H.
+guttatus, H. niger, H. odorus, H. orientalis, H. olympicus, H.
+purpurascens, Hepatica angulosa, H. triloba, Jasminum nudiflorum,
+Leucojum vernum, Muscari botryoides, M. racemosum, Narcissus minor,
+Omphalodes verna, Orobus vernus, Phlox frondosa, Polyanthus, Primula
+acaulis, P. Cashmeriana, P. denticulata, P. marginata, P. purpurea, P.
+Scotica, Pulmonarias, Puschkinia scilloides, Saxifraga Burseriana, S.
+ciliata, S. cordifolia, S. coriophylla, S. ligulata, S. oppositifolia,
+S. Rocheliana, Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, Soldanellas, Triteleia
+uniflora.
+
+
+April.
+
+Alyssum saxatile, Andromeda tetragona, Anemone Apennina, A. fulgens, A.
+Pulsatilla, A. stellata, Arabis lucida, Bellis perennis, Calthus
+palustris flore-pleno, Cheiranthus Cheiri, Chionodoxa Luciliae, Corydalis
+nobilis, C. solida, Daphne cneorum, D. Mezereum, Dentaria digitata, D.
+Jeffreyanum, D. Meadia, Dondia Epipactis, Doronicum caucasicum, Epigaea
+repens, Erica carnea, Erysimum pumilum, Erythronium dens-canis,
+Fritillaria armena, Galanthus nivalis, G. plicatus, G. Redoutei,
+Gentiana verna, Helleborus antiquorum, H. colchicus, H. orientalis, H.
+purpurascens, Hepatica angulosa, H. triloba, Houstonia coerulea,
+Jasminum nudiflorum, Leucojum vernum, Muscari botryoides, M. racemosum,
+Narcissus minor, Omphalodes verna, Orobus vernus, Phlox frondosa,
+Polyanthus, Primula acaulis, P. capitata, P. Cashmeriana, P.
+denticulata, P. farinosa, P. marginata, P. purpurea, P. Scotica, P.
+vulgaris flore-pleno, Pulmonarias, Puschkinia scilloides, Ranunculus
+acris flore-pleno, R. amplexicaulis, R. speciosum, Sanguinaria
+canadensis, Saxifraga Burseriana, S. ciliata, S. cordifolia, S.
+ligulata, S. oppositifolia, S. purpurascens, S. Rocheliana, S. Wallacei,
+Scilla campanulata, Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, Soldanellas, Symphytum
+caucasicum, Tritelia uniflora, Vesicaria graeca.
+
+
+May.
+
+Alyssum saxatile, Anchusa Italica, A. sempervirens, Andromeda tetragona,
+Anemone Apennina, A. coronaria, A. decapitate, A. fulgens, A. nemorosa
+flore-pleno, A. Pulsatilla, A. stellata, A. sulphurea, A. sylvestris, A.
+vernalis, Arabis lucida, Bellis perennis, Calthus palustris flore-pleno,
+Cheiranthus Cheiri, C. Marshallii, Corydalis lutea, C. nobilis, C.
+solida, Cypripedium calceolus, Daphne cneorum, Dentaria digitata,
+Dianthus hybridus, Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum, D. Meadia, Dondia Epipactis,
+Doronicum caucasicum, Erysimum pumilum, Fritillaria armena, Gentiana
+acaulis, G. verna, Geranium argenteum, Heuchera, H. Americana, H.
+cylindrica, H. Drummondi, H. glabra, H. lucida, H. metallica, H.
+micrantha, H. purpurea, H. ribifolia, H. Richardsoni, Houstonia
+coerulea, Iberis correaefolia, Leucojum aestivum, Lithospermum
+prostratum, Muscari botryoides, M. racemosum, Omphalodes verna, Orchis
+fusca, Orobus vernus, Ourisia coccinea, Papaver orientale, Phlox
+frondosa, Podophyllum peltatum, Polyanthus, Primula acaulis, P.
+capitata, P. Cashmeriana, P. denticulata, P. farinosa, P. marginata, P.
+Scotica, P. vulgaris flore-pleno, Pulmonarias, Puschkinia scilloides,
+Ramondia pyrenaica, Ranunculus aconitifolius, R. acris flore-pleno, R.
+amplexicaulis, R. speciosum, Sanguinaria canadensis, Saponaria
+ocymoides, Saxifraga caesia, S. ciliata, S. cordifolia, S. ligulata, S.
+paradoxa, S. pectinata, S. purpurascens, S. tuberosa, S. Wallacei,
+Scilla campanulata, Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, Soldanellas, Spiraea
+ulmaria variegata, Symphytum caucascium, Tiarella cordifolia, Trientalis
+europaea, Trillium erectum, Triteleia uniflora, Vaccinium Vitis Idaea,
+Veronica gentianoides, V. pinguifolia, V. prostrata, Vesicaria graeca.
+
+
+June.
+
+Acaena Novae Zealandiae, Achillea aegyptiaca, A. filipendula, A.
+millefolium, A. Ptarmica, Allium Moly, A. neapolitanum, Anchusa italica,
+A. sempervirens, Anemone alpina, A. coronaria, A. decapitata, A.
+fulgens, A. stellata, A. sulphurea, A. sylvestris, A. vernalis,
+Anthericum Liliago, A. Liliastrum, Anthyllis montana, Arabis lucida,
+Arisaema triphyllum, Arum crinitum, Aster alpinus, Bellis perennis,
+Calthus palustris flore-pleno, Campanula grandis, C. latifolia, C.
+speciosa, Centaurea montana, Centranthus ruber, Cheiranthus Cheiri, C.
+Marshallii, Cornus canadensis, Corydalis lutea, C. nobilis, Cypripedium
+calceolus, Dianthus deltoides, D. hybridus, Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum, D.
+Meadia, Doronicum caucasicum, Erigeron caucasicus, E. glaucum, Erysimum
+pumilum, Festuca glauca, Funkia albo-marginata, Gentiana acaulis, G.
+Burseri, G. cruciata, G. gelida, G. verna, Geranium argenteum, Gillenia
+trifoliata, Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, Heuchera, H. Americana, H.
+cylindrica, H. Drummondi, H. glabra, H. lucida, H. metallica, H.
+micrantha, H. purpurea, H. ribifolia, H. Richardsoni, Houstonia
+coerulea, Iberis correaefolia, Iris foetidissima, Kalmia latifolia,
+Lathyrus grandiflorus, L. latifolius, Leucojum aestivum, Lithospermum
+prostratum, Lychnis chalcedonica, L. Viscaria flore-pleno, Margyricarpus
+setosus, Mazus pumilio, Melittis melissophyllum, Morina longifolia,
+Oenothera speciosa, Oe. taraxacifolia, Ononis rotundifolia, Onosma
+taurica, Orchis foliosa, O. fusca, Ourisia coccinea, Papaver orientale,
+Pentstemons, Physalis Alkekengi, Podophyllum peltatum, Polyanthus,
+Pratia repens, Primula acaulis, P. capitata, P. farinosa, P.
+sikkimensis, P. vulgaris flore-pleno, Ramondia pyrenaica, Ranunculus
+aconitifolius flore-pleno, R. acris flore-pleno, R. speciosum, Saponaria
+ocymoides, Saxifraga caesia, S. longifolia, S. Macnabiana, S. mutata, S.
+paradoxa, S. pectinata, S. peltata, S. purpurascens, S. pyramidalis, S.
+umbrosa, S. Wallacei, Scilla campanulata, Sempervivum Laggeri, Spiraea
+ulmaria variegata, S. venusta, Stenactis speciosus, Symphytum
+caucasicum, Tiarella cordifolia, Trientalis europaea, Trillium erectum,
+Vaccinum Vitis-Idaea, Veronica gentianoides, V. pinguifolia, V.
+prostrata, Vesicaria graeca.
+
+
+July.
+
+Acaena Novae Zealandiae, Achillea aegyptiaca, A. filipendula, A.
+millefolium, A. Ptarmica, Allium Moly, A. neapolitanum, Anchusa Italica,
+A. sempervirens, Anthericum Liliago, A. liliastrum, Anthyllis montana,
+Arisaema triphyllum, Arum crinitum, Aster alpinus, Bellis perennis,
+Calystegia pubescens flore-pleno, Campanula grandis, C. latifolia, C.
+persicifolia, C. pyramidalis, C. speciosa, C. Waldsteiniana, Centaurea
+montana, Centranthus ruber, Coreopsis lanceolata, Cornus canadensis,
+Corydalis lutea, Dianthus deltoides, D. hybridus, Doronicum caucasicum,
+Edraianthus dalmaticus, Erigeron caucasicus, E. glaucum, Erysimum
+pumilum, Festuca glauca, Funkia albo-marginata, F. Sieboldi, Galax
+aphylla, Galega officinalis, G. persica lilacina, Gentiana acaulis, G.
+asclepiadea, G. Burseri, G. cruciata, G. gelida, Geranium argenteum,
+Gillenia trifoliata, Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, Heuchera, H.
+americana, H. cylindrica, H. Drummondi, H. glabra, H. lucida, H.
+metallica, H. micrantha, H. purpurea, H. ribifolia, H. Richardsoni,
+Houstonia coerulea, Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, Hypericum
+calycinum, Iris foetidissima, Isopyrum gracilis, Kalmia latifolia,
+Lathyrus grandiflorus, L. latifolius, Leucojum aestivum, Lithospermum
+prostratum, Lychnis chalcedonica, L. Viscaria flore-pleno, Lysimachia
+clethroides, Margyricarpus setosus, Mazus pumilio, Melittis
+melissophyllum, Monarda didyma, M. fistulosa, M. Russelliana, Morina
+longifolia, Muhlenbeckia complexa, Nierembergia rivularis, Oenothera
+speciosa, Oe. taraxacifolia, Ononis rotundifolia, Onosma taurica,
+Orchis foliosa, Ourisia coccinea, Pentstemons, Physalis Alkekengi,
+Polygonum cuspidatum, Potentilla fructicosa, Pratia repens, Primula
+sikkimensis, Ramondia pyrenaica, Ranunculus aconitifolius flore-pleno,
+Rudbeckia californica, Saponaria ocymoides, Saxifraga longifolia, S.
+Macnabiana, S. mutata, S. pyramidalis, S. umbrosa, S. Wallacei,
+Sempervivum Laggeri, Spiraea palmata, S. ulmaria variegata, S. venusta,
+Stenactis speciosus, Umbillicus chrysanthus, Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea,
+Veronica gentianoides, V. pinguifolia, V. prostrata.
+
+
+August.
+
+Acaena Novae Zealandiae, Achillea aegyptiaca, A. filipendula, A.
+millefolium, A. Ptarmica, Aconitum autumnale, Allium Moly, A.
+neapolitanum, Anchusa italica, A. sempervirens, Anemone japonica, Apios
+tuberosa, Asters, A. ptarmicoides, Bocconia cordata, Calystegia
+pubescens flore-pleno, Campanula persicifolia, C. pyramidalis, C.
+Waldsteiniana, Centaurea montana, Centranthus ruber, Chrysanthemum,
+Cichorium Intybus, Clethra alnifolia, Coreopsis auriculata, C.
+grandiflora, C. lanceolata, C. tenuifolia, Cornus canadensis, Corydalis
+lutea, Dianthus deltoides D. hybridus, Edraianthus dalmaticus, Erigeron
+caucasicus, E. glaucum, Eryngium giganteum, Erysimum pumilum, Festuca
+glauca, Funkia albo-marginata, F. Sieboldi, Galax aphylla, Galega
+officinalis, G. persica liliacina, Gentiana asclepiadea, G. Burseri, G.
+gelida, Gillenia trifoliata, Gynerium argenteum, Harpalium rigidum,
+Helianthus multiflorus, Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, Heuchera, H.
+americana, H. cylindrica, H. Drummondi, H. glabra, H. lucida, H.
+metallica, H. micrantha, H. purpurea, H. ribifolia, H. Richardsoni,
+Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, Hypericum calycinum, Iris
+foetidissima, Isopyrum gracilis, Kalmia latifolia, Lathyrus
+grandiflorus, L. latifolius, Linum flavum, Lobelia cardinalis, Lychnis
+chalcedonica, L. Viscaria flore-pleno, Lysimachia clethroides,
+Margyricarpus setosus, Mazus pumilio, Melittis melissophyllum, Monarda
+didyma, M. fistulosa, M. Russelliana, Muhlenbeckia complexa,
+Nierembergia rivularis, Oenothera speciosa, Oe. taraxacifolia,
+Ononis rotundifolia, Onosma taurica, Ourisia coccinea, Pentstemons,
+Phlox, Physalis Alkekengi, Polygonum Brunonis, P. cuspidatum, P.
+filiformis variegatum, P. vaccinifolium, Potentilla fruticosa, Pratia
+repens, Pyrethrum uliginosum, Rudbeckia californica, Saponaria
+ocymoides, Saxifraga mutata, S. Wallacei, Sedum Sieboldi, S. spectabile,
+Sempervivum Laggeri, Senecio pulcher, Spiraea palmata, S. ulmaria
+variegata, S. venusta, Statice latifolia, S. profusa, Stenactis
+speciosus, Tropaeolum tuberosum, Umbilicus chrysanthus, Vaccinium
+Vitis-Idaea.
+
+
+September.
+
+Acaena Novae Zealandiae, Achillea aegyptiaca, A. filipendula, A.
+millefolium, Aconitum autumnale, Anchusa italica, A. sempervirens,
+Anemone japonica, Apios tuberosa, Asters, A. ptarmicoides, Bocconia
+cordata, Calystegia pubescens flore-pleno, Campanula persicifolia, C.
+pyramidalis, Centaurea montana, Centranthus ruber, Chrysanthemum,
+Cichorium Intybus, Clethra alnifolia, Colchicum autumnale, C.
+variegatum, Coreopsis auriculata, C. grandiflora, c. lanceolata, C.
+tenuifolia, Cornus canadensis, Corydalis lutea, Cyananthus lobatus,
+Daphne cneorum, Dianthus deltoides, Dianthus hybridus, Echinacea
+purpurea, Erigeron caucasicus, E. glaucum, Eryngium giganteum, Erysimum
+pumilum, Festuca glauca, Funkia Sieboldii, Galega officinalis, G.
+persica liliacina, Gynerium argenteum, Harpalium rigidum, Helianthus
+multiflorus, H. orygalis, Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, Hypericum
+calycinum, Lactuca sonchifolia, Lilium auratum, Linum flavum, Lobelia
+cardinalis, Lysimachia clethroides, Margyricarpus setosus, Mazus
+pumilio, Monarda didyma, M. fistulosa, M. Russelliana, Ononis
+rotundifolia, Onosma taurica, Origanum pulchellum, Ourisia coccinea,
+Phlox, Physalis Alkekengi, Polygonum Brunonis, P. filiformis variegatum,
+P. vaccinifolium, Potentilla fruticosa, Pratia repens, Pyrethrum
+uliginosum, Rudbeckia californica, R. serotina, Salix reticulata, Sedum
+Sieboldi, S. spectabile, Senecio pulcher, Statice latifolia, S. profusa,
+Stenactis speciosus, Tritoma uvaria, Tropaeolum tuberosum, Umbilicus
+chrysanthus, Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea.
+
+
+October.
+
+Achillea millefolium, Aconitum autumnale, Anemone japonica, Apios
+tuberosa, Asters, A. ptarmicoides, Campanula pyramidalis, Chrysanthemum,
+Colchicum autumnale, C. variegatum, Coreopsis lanceolata, Cornus
+canadensis, Corydalis lutea, Cyananthus lobatus, Dianthus deltoides,
+Echinacea purpurea, Erigeron caucasicus, E. glaucum, Erysimum pumilum,
+Gynerium argenteum, Helianthus orygalis, Lactuca sonchifolia, Lilium
+auratum, Lobelia cardinalis, Onosma taurica, Origanum pulchellum, Phlox,
+Physalis Alkekengi, Polygonum Brunonis, P. filiformis variegatum, P.
+vaccinifolium, Potentilla fruticosa, Pratia repens, Primula vulgaris
+flore-pleno, Rudbeckia serotina, Salix reticulata, Saxifraga Fortunei,
+Sedum spectabile, Senecio pulcher, Statice latifolia, S. profusa,
+Stokesia cyanea, Tritoma uvaria, Tropaeolum tuberosum, Umbilicus
+chrysanthus, Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea.
+
+
+November.
+
+Achillea millefolium, Anemone japonica, Aralia Sieboldi, Asters,
+Chrysanthemum, Lilium auratum, Origanum pulchellum, Petasites vulgaris,
+Physalis Alkekengi, Primula vulgaris flore-pleno, Saxifraga Fortunei,
+Stokesia cyanea.
+
+
+December.
+
+Aralia Sieboldi, Eranthis hyemalis, Helleborus foetidus, H. niger, H.
+orientalis, H. olympicus, Jasminum nudiflorum, Petasites vulgaris,
+Physalis Alkekengi, Stokesia cyanea.
+
+
+
+
+COLOURS OF FLOWERS.
+
+
+The following list will be found useful to those who wish to select
+flowers of any particular colour:--
+
+  ~Blue~ (including some of the shades inclining to Purple).
+
+  Aconitum autumnale, 5.
+
+  Anemone Apennina, 12;
+    A. blanda, 12;
+    A. coronaria, 13;
+    A. japonica vitifolia, 16.
+
+  Anchusa italica, 8;
+    A. sempervirens, 9.
+
+  Campanula grandis, 49;
+    C. latifolia, 50;
+    C. persicifolia, 50;
+    C. pyramidalis, 51.
+
+  Centaurea montana, 54.
+
+  Chionodoxa Luciliae, 58.
+
+  Cichorium Intybus, 61.
+
+  Cyananthus lobatus, 74.
+
+  Eryngium giganteum, 96.
+
+  Galega officinalis, 110.
+
+  Gentiana acaulis, 111;
+    G. cruciata, 114;
+    G. verna, 115.
+
+  Hepatica triloba, 140.
+
+  Houstonia coerulea, 146.
+
+  Lactuca sonchifolia, 158.
+
+  Lithospermum prostratum, 165.
+
+  Muscari botryoides, 179;
+    M. racemosum, 180.
+
+  Omphalodes verna, 185.
+
+  Orobus vernus, 192.
+
+  Primula, 212;
+    P. capitata, 213.
+
+  Pulmonarias, 224;
+    P. azurea, 225.
+
+  Scilla campanulata, 267
+
+  Soldanella alpina, 276;
+    S. montana, 276.
+
+  Stokesia cyanea, 284.
+
+  Symphytum caucasicum, 286.
+
+  Veronica gentianoides, 300;
+    V. prostrata, 301.
+
+  Viola pedata,303;
+    V. tricolor, 305.
+
+
+  ~Brown.~
+
+  Cheiranthus Cheiri, 56.
+
+  Corydalis nobilis, 71.
+
+  Chrysanthemum, 59.
+
+  Gillenia trifoliata, 117.
+
+  Orchis fusca, 189.
+
+  Trillium erectum, 291.
+
+
+  ~Green.~
+
+  Helleborus abchasicus, 126;
+    H. Bocconi, 128;
+    H. dumetorum, 131;
+    H. foetidus, 131;
+    H. odorus, 136;
+    H. orientalis elegans, 138.
+
+  Heuchera Richardsoni, 146.
+
+  Margyricarpus setosus, 171.
+
+
+  ~Lilac.~
+
+  Asters or Michaelmas daisies, 37.
+
+  Bulbocodium trigynum, 45;
+    B. vernum, 46.
+
+  Campanula Waldsteiniana. 53.
+
+  Crocus medius, 74.
+
+  Erigeron glaucum, 94.
+
+  Erythronium dens canis, 98.
+
+  Funkia albo-marginata, 102;
+    F. Sieboldii, 103.
+
+  Galega persica liliacina, 110.
+
+  Phlox, 202.
+
+  Statice latifolia, 280;
+    S. profusa, 281.
+
+  Triteleia uniflora liliacina, 293.
+
+  Helleborus cupreus, 130.
+
+
+  ~Pink~ (including shades of Blush and Rose).
+
+  Achillea millefolium, 4.
+
+  Anemone japonica, 16.
+
+  Calystegia pubescens flore-pleno, 48.
+
+  Centaurea montana, 54.
+
+  Centranthus ruber coccinea, 56.
+
+  Chrysanthemum, 69.
+
+  Daphne cneorum, 78.
+
+  Dianthus deltoides, 81, 152;
+    D. hybridus, 82.
+
+  Geranium argenteum, 116.
+
+  Helleborus orientalis, 137.
+
+  Hepatica triloba, 140.
+
+  Heuchera glabra, 144.
+
+  Lathyrus grandiflorus, 159;
+    L. latifolius, 160.
+
+  Lychnis Viscaria flore-pleno, 170.
+
+  Melittis Melissophyllum, 174.
+
+  Morina longifolia, 176.
+
+  Origanum pulchellum, 191.
+
+  Phlox, 202
+
+  Polygonum Brunonis, 207;
+    P. vaccinifolium, 209.
+
+  Primula denticulata amabilis, 217.
+
+  Pulmonarias, 224;
+    P. saccharata, 225.
+
+  Saponaria ocymoides, 237.
+
+  Saxifraga cordifolia, 245;
+    S. ligulata, 249;
+    S. peltata, 259;
+    S. purpurascens, 261.
+
+  Scilla campanulata carnea, 268.
+
+  Sedum Sieboldi, 269;
+    S. spectabile, 269.
+
+  Sempervivum Laggeri, 270.
+
+  Spring Beauty, 152.
+
+
+  ~Purple~ (including shades Lilac Purple, Rosy and Reddish Purple,
+                Purple Blue, &c).
+
+  Anemone coronaria, 13;
+    A. pulsatilla, 18;
+    A. stellata, 20;
+    A. vernalis, 24.
+
+  Anthyllis montana, 27.
+
+  Apios tuberosa, 27.
+
+  Arum crinitum, 35.
+
+  Aster alpinus, 37;
+    A. Amellus, 37;
+    A. Madame Soyance, 37.
+
+  Bulbocodium vernum, 46.
+
+  Campanula speciosa, 53.
+
+  Colchicum autumnale, 63;
+    C. variegatum, 64.
+
+  Corydalis solida, 73.
+
+  Crocus medius, 74.
+
+  Chrysanthemum, 59.
+
+  Cyananthus lobatus, 74.
+
+  Daphne Mezereum, 79.
+
+  Dentaria digitata, 81.
+
+  Dodecatheon Meadia, 84;
+    D. Meadia elegans, 85.
+
+  Echinacea purpurea, 87.
+
+  Edraianthus dalmaticus, 88.
+
+  Erica carnea, 92.
+
+  Erigeron caucasicus, 93.
+
+  Erythronium dens-canis, 98.
+
+  Gentiana gelida, 114.
+
+  Helleborus abchasicus, 126;
+    H. A. purpureus, 126;
+    H. colchicus, 129;
+    H. olympicus, 136;
+    H. purpurascens, 139.
+
+  Hepatica triloba, 140.
+
+  Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, 141.
+
+  Heuchera americana, 143.
+
+  Melittis Melissophyllum, 174.
+
+  Monarda fistulosa, 176.
+
+  Orchis foliosa, 189;
+    O. fusca, 189.
+
+  Primula cashmeriana, 214;
+    P. denticulata, 216;
+    P. farinosa, 217;
+    P. purpurea, 219;
+    P. Scotica, 220.
+
+  Prunella pyrenaica, 152.
+
+  Saxifraga oppositifolia, 255;
+    S. purpurascens, 261.
+
+  Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, 274.
+
+  Soldanella Clusii, 276;
+    S. minima, 276.
+
+  Stenactis speciosus, 283.
+
+  Viola pedata digitata, 304;
+    V. p. flabellata, 304;
+    V. tricolor, 305.
+
+
+  ~Red~ (including Ruby and shades of Crimson).
+
+  Bellis perennis fistulosa, 40.
+
+  Centranthus ruber, 55.
+
+  Daisy, Sweep, 40.
+
+  Daphne Mezereum autumnale, 80.
+
+  Hepatica triloba splendens, 141.
+
+  Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, 141.
+
+  Lobelia cardinalis, 166.
+
+  Lychnis Viscaria flore-pleno, 170.
+
+  Primula acaulis, 211.
+
+  Saxifraga mutata, 254.
+
+  Senecio pulcher, 272.
+
+  Spiraea palmata, 278;
+    S. venusta, 280.
+
+  Tropaeolum tuberosum, 295.
+
+
+  ~Scarlet.~
+
+  Anemone coronaria, 13;
+    A. fulgens, 15.
+
+  Dianthus hybridus, 82.
+
+  Lychnis chalcedonica, 168.
+
+  Monarda didyma, 175.
+
+  Ononis rotundifolia, 185.
+
+  Ourisia coccinea, 193.
+
+  Papaver orientale, 195.
+
+
+  ~Striped.~
+
+  Anemone coronaria, 13;
+    A. stellata, 20.
+
+  Arisaema triphyllum, 33.
+
+  Gentiana asclepiadea, 112.
+
+
+  ~Violet~ (including shades of Mauve).
+
+  Colchicum autumnale, 63.
+
+  Chrysanthemum, 59.
+
+  Hepatica angulosa, 139.
+
+  Mazus pumilis, 173.
+
+  Pratia repens, 210.
+
+  Primula, 211;
+    P. capitata, 213;
+    P. marginata, 218.
+
+  Pulmonaria angustifolia, 225.
+
+  Ramondia pyrenaica, 228.
+
+
+  ~White~ (sometimes with delicate edgings of colour, or with pale tints).
+
+  Achillea Ptarmica, 5.
+
+  Allium neapolitanum, 6.
+
+  Anemone coronaria, 13;
+    A. decapetala, 15;
+    A. japonica alba, 16;
+    A. nemorosa flore-pleno, 17;
+    A. stellata, 20;
+    A. sylvestris, 22.
+
+  Anthericum liliago, 25;
+    A. liliastrum, 25;
+    A. l. major, 27.
+
+  Aralia Sieboldi, 30.
+
+  Aster alpinus albus, 39;
+    A. ptarmicoides, 39.
+
+  Bellis perennis hortensis, 44.
+
+  Bocconia cordata, 42.
+
+  Campanula persicifolia, 50;
+    C. pyramidalis alba, 53.
+
+  Centaurea montana, 54.
+
+  Centranthus ruber albus, 56.
+
+  Clethra alnifolia, 62.
+
+  Cornus canadensis, 68.
+
+  Daisy, Bride, 40.
+
+  Daphne Mezereum alba, 80.
+
+  Dianthus hybridus, 82.
+
+  Dodecatheon Meadia albiflorum, 85.
+
+  Epigaea repens, 90.
+
+  Erythronium dens canis, 98.
+
+  Galax aphylla, 108.
+
+  Galega officinalis alba, 110.
+
+  Helleborus antiquorum, 127;
+    H. guttatus, 132;
+    H. niger, 132;
+    H. n. maximus, 134.
+
+  Hepatica triloba, 140.
+
+  Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, 141.
+
+  Houstonia albiflora, 146.
+
+  Hutchinsia alpina, 147.
+
+  Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, 148.
+
+  Iberia correaefolia, 151.
+
+  Kalmia latifolia, 157.
+
+  Lathyrus latifolia albus, 161.
+
+  Leucojum aestivum, 161;
+    L. vernum, 162.
+
+  Lilium auratum, 162.
+
+  Lychnis, 168.
+
+  Lysimachia clethroides, 170.
+
+  Monarda Russelliana, 176.
+
+  Muhlenbeckia complexa, 178.
+
+  Muscari botryoides alba, 180.
+
+  Nierembergia rivularis, 181.
+
+  Oenothera speciosa, 182;
+    Oe. taraxacifolia, 183.
+
+  Petasites vulgaris, 198.
+
+  Phlox divaricata, 202;
+    P. glaberrima, 202;
+    P. Nelsoni, 202.
+
+  Physalis Alkekengi, 203.
+
+  Podophyllum peltatum, 205.
+
+  Polygonum cuspidatum, 208.
+
+  Pratia repens, 210.
+
+  Primula, 211.
+
+  Pulmonaria officinalis alba, 225.
+
+  Puschkinia scilloides, 225.
+
+  Pyrethrum uliginosum, 227.
+
+  Ranunculus aconitifolius, 229;
+    R. amplexicaulis, 231.
+
+  Sanguinaria canadensis, 235.
+
+  Saxifraga Burseriana, 238;
+    S. caesia, 238;
+    S. ceratophylla, 240;
+    S. ciliata, 242;
+    S. coriophylla, 245;
+    S. Fortunei, 247;
+    S. Macnabiana, 253;
+    S. oppositifolia alba, 256;
+    S. pectinata, 258;
+    S. Rocheliana, 265;
+    S. Wallacei, 266.
+
+  Scilla campanulata alba, 268.
+
+  Sisyrinchium grandiflorum album, 276.
+
+  Tiarella cordifolia, 288.
+
+  Trientalis europaea, 288.
+
+  Tritelia uniflora, 292.
+
+  Umbilicus chrysanthus, 297.
+
+  Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea, 298.
+
+  Veronica pinguifolia, 301;
+    V. repens, 301.
+
+  Viola pedata alba, 304;
+    V. p. ranunculifolia, 304.
+
+  Yucca filamentosa, 306;
+    Y. gloriosa, 307;
+    Y. recurva, 308.
+
+
+  ~Yellow~ (all shades, from Cream to Deep Orange; also shades of
+                 Greenish Yellow).
+
+  Achillea aegyptiaca, 3;
+    A. filipendula, 4.
+
+  Allium Moly, 6.
+
+  Alyssum saxatile, 7.
+
+  Anemone sulphurea, 21.
+
+  Calthus palustris flore-pleno, 47.
+
+  Cheiranthus Marshallii, 58.
+
+  Coreopsis auriculata, 65, 68.
+
+  Corydalis lutea, 70;
+    C. nobilis, 71.
+
+  Chrysanthemum, 59.
+
+  Cypripedium calceolus, 76.
+
+  Dondia Epipactus, 85.
+
+  Doronicum caucasicum, 86.
+
+  Eranthis hyemalis, 91.
+
+  Erysimum pumilum, 97.
+
+  Erythronium dens-canis, 98.
+
+  Fritillaria armena, 101.
+
+  Gentiana Burseri, 113.
+
+  Harpalium rigidum, 121.
+
+  Helianthus multiflorus, 123;
+    H. orygalis, 124.
+
+  Heuchera micrantha, 145.
+
+  Hypericum calycinum, 150.
+
+  Jasminum nudiflorum, 155.
+
+  Linum flavum, 164.
+
+  Narcissus minor, 180.
+
+  Onosma taurica, 187.
+
+  Potentilla fruticosa, 209.
+
+  Primula, 211;
+    P. auricula marginata, 218;
+    P. sikkimensis, 221;
+    P. vulgaris flore-pleno, 223.
+
+  Ranunculus acris flore-pleno, 231;
+    R. speciosum, 232.
+
+  Rudbeckia californica, 233;
+    R. serotina, 234.
+
+  Saxifraga mutata, 254.
+
+  Tropaeolum tuberosum, 295.
+
+  Vesicaria graeca, 302.
+
+  Viola tricolor, 305.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  A.
+
+  Acaena microphylla, 1.
+    Novae Zealandiae, 1.
+
+  Achillea aegyptica, 3.
+    filipendula, 4.
+    millefolium, 4.
+    ptarmica, 4.
+    sylvestris, 4.
+
+  Aconite, winter, 91.
+
+  Aconitum autumnale, 5.
+    japonicum, 6.
+
+  Adamsia scilloides, 225.
+
+  Adam's needle, 307.
+
+  Alkanet, Italian, 8.
+
+  Allium Moly, 6.
+    neapolitanum, 6.
+
+  Alum root, 142.
+
+  Alyssum saxatile, 7.
+
+  Anchusa italica, 8.
+    sempervirens, 9.
+
+  Andromeda tetragona, 10.
+
+  Anemone alpina, 11.
+    apennina, 12.
+    apiifolia, 21.
+    blanda, 12.
+    blue Grecian, 12.
+    coronaria, 13.
+    decapetala, 15.
+    double-wood, 17.
+    fulgens, 15.
+    geranium-leaved, 12.
+    Honorine Jobert, 16.
+    hortensis, 15, 20.
+    japonica, 16.
+    nemorosa flore-pleno, 17.
+    pavonina, 15.
+    pulsatilla, 18.
+    snowdrop, 22.
+    stellata, 20.
+    sulphurea, 21.
+    sylvestris, 22.
+    triloba, 140.
+    vernalis, 23.
+
+  Anthericum liliago, 25.
+    liliastrum, 25.
+    liliastrum major, 27.
+
+  Anthyllis montana, 27.
+
+  Apios Glycine, 27.
+    tuberosa, 27.
+
+  Apple, May, 205.
+
+  Aralia Sieboldi, 30.
+
+  Arabis alpina, 29.
+    lucida, 29.
+    l. variegata, 29.
+
+  Arisaema triphyllum, 33.
+    zebrinum, 33.
+
+  Arum crinitum 35.
+    hairy, 35.
+    three-leaved, 33.
+    triphyllum, 33.
+
+  Asters, 37.
+    alpinus, 37.
+    amellus, 37.
+    diversifolius, 37.
+    dumosus, 37.
+    ericoides, 37.
+    grandiflorus, 37.
+    Mdme. Soyance, 37.
+    pendulus, 37.
+    ptarmicoides, 39.
+    Stokes', 284.
+
+  Astrantia Epipactis, 85.
+
+
+  B.
+
+  Bachelor's buttons, 229.
+
+  Bachelor's buttons, yellow, 231.
+
+  Balm, bee, 175.
+    large-flowered bastard, 174.
+
+  Bay, dwarf, 79.
+
+  Bellflower, broad-leaved, 50.
+    peach-leaved, 50.
+    great, 49.
+
+  Bellis perennis, 40.
+    p. aucubaefolia, 40.
+    p. prolifera, 40.
+
+  Bergamot, wild, 176.
+
+  Bloodroot, 235.
+
+  Blandfordia cordata, 108.
+
+  Bluebell, 267.
+
+  Bluebottle, large, 54.
+
+  Bluets, 146.
+
+  Bocconia cordata, 42.
+
+  Borago sempervirens, 9.
+
+  Bruisewoorte, 42.
+
+  Buglossum sempervirens, 9.
+
+  Bulbocodium, spring, 46.
+    trigynum, 45.
+    vernum, 46.
+
+  Butterbur, common, 198.
+
+
+  C.
+
+  Calthus palustris flore-pleno, 47.
+
+  Calystegia pubescens flore-pleno, 48.
+
+  Campanula, chimney, 51.
+    glomerata dahurica, 53.
+    grandis, 49.
+    latifolia, 50.
+    muralis, 54.
+    persicifolia, 50.
+    pulla, 49.
+    pyramidalis, 51.
+    speciosa, 53.
+    Waldsteiniana, 53.
+    Zoysii, 54.
+
+  Candytuft, everlasting, 151.
+
+  Cardinal flower, 166.
+
+  Cassiope tetragona, 10.
+
+  Catchfly, 168.
+    German, 170.
+
+  Centaurea montana, 54.
+
+  Centranthus ruber, 55.
+
+  Chaixia Myconi, 228.
+
+  Cheiranthus Cheiri, 56.
+
+  Cheiranthus Marshallii, 58.
+
+  Cherry, winter, 203.
+
+  Chicory, 61.
+
+  Chionodoxa Luciliae, 58.
+
+  Chrysanthemum, 59.
+
+  Cichorium Intybus, 61.
+    perenne, 61.
+    sylvestre, 61.
+
+  Cinquefoil, shrubby, 209.
+
+  Claytonia, 151.
+
+  Clethra, alder-leaved, 62.
+    alnifolia, 62.
+
+  Colchicum autumnale, 63.
+    caucasicum, 45.
+    variegatum, 64.
+
+  Comfrey, Caucasian, 286.
+
+  Cone-flower, Californian, 233.
+    late, 234.
+
+  Convolvulus, double, 48.
+
+  Conyza, chilensis, 94.
+
+  Coreopsis auriculata, 65.
+    ear-leaved, 65.
+    grandiflora, 66.
+    lanceolata, 66.
+    large-flowered, 66.
+    slender-leaved, 67.
+    spear-leaved, 66.
+    tenuifolia, 67.
+
+  Cornell, Canadian, 68.
+
+  Cornflower, perennial, 54.
+
+  Cornus canadensis, 68.
+    suecica, 67.
+
+  Corydalis lutea, 70.
+    noble or great-flowered, 71.
+    nobilis, 71.
+    solida, 73.
+
+  Coventry bells, 18.
+
+  Cow-berry, 298.
+
+  Cowslip, 206, 211.
+    American, 84.
+
+  Crane's-bill, silvery, 116.
+
+  Crocus, 202.
+    autumnal, 63.
+    medius, 74.
+
+  Crowfoot, aconite-leaved, 229.
+    double acrid, 231.
+    English double white, 229.
+
+  Cup, white, 181.
+
+  Cypripedium calceolus, 76.
+
+  Cyananthus lobatus, 74.
+
+  Cynoglossum omphalodes, 185.
+
+
+  D.
+
+  Daffodil, smaller, 180
+
+  Daisy, blue, 37.
+    common perennial, 40.
+    double, 40.
+    Hen and Chickens, 40.
+    little, 42.
+    Michaelmas, 37.
+
+  Daphne Cneorum, 78.
+    mezereum, 79.
+    m. alba, 80.
+    m. autumnale, 80.
+    m. trailing, 78.
+
+  Dentaria digitata, 81.
+
+  Dianthus barbatus, 82.
+    deltoides, 81, 152.
+    hybridus, 82.
+    multiflorus, 82.
+    plumarius, 82.
+
+  Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum, 83.
+    meadia, 74.
+    m. albiflorum, 85.
+    m. elegans, 85.
+    m. giganteum, 85.
+
+  Dogwood, 68.
+
+  Dondia Epipactis, 85.
+
+  Doronicum caucasicum, 86.
+    orientale, 86.
+
+  Dragon's mouth, 35.
+
+  Duck's foot, 205.
+
+
+  E.
+
+  Easter flower, 18.
+
+  Echinacea purpurea, 87.
+
+  Edraianthus dalmaticus, 88.
+
+  Epigaea repens, 90.
+
+  Eranthis hyemalis, 91.
+
+  Erica carnea, 92, 166.
+
+  Erigeron caucasicus, 93.
+    glaucum, 94.
+    speciosus, 283.
+
+  Eryngium giganteum, 96.
+
+  Eryngo, great, 96.
+
+  Erysimum pumilum, 97.
+
+  Erythronium dens-canis, 98.
+
+  Euonymus japonicus radicans variegata, 99.
+
+  Everlasting pea, large-leaved, 160.
+    large-flowered, 159.
+
+  EVERGREENS:--
+    Achillea aegyptica, 3;
+    Alyssum saxatile, 7;
+    Anchusa sempervirens, 9;
+    Andromeda tetragona, 10;
+    Aralia Sieboldi, 30;
+    Campanula grandis, 49;
+    Cheiranthus Cheiri, 56;
+    Daphne Cneorum, 78;
+    Dianthus hybridus, 82;
+    Epigaea repens, 90;
+    Erica carnea, 92;
+    Erigeron glaucum, 94;
+    Euonymus japonicus radicans variegata, 99;
+    Galax aphylla, 108;
+    Gentiana acaulis, 111;
+    Hedera conglomerata, 122;
+    Helleborus abchasicus, 126;
+    H. foetidus, 131;
+    H. niger, 132;
+    Heuchera, 142;
+    Houstonia coerulea, 146;
+    Hutchinsia alpina, 147;
+    Iberis correaefolia, 151;
+    Iris foetidissima, 153;
+    Kalmia latifolia, 157;
+    Lithospermum prostratum, 165;
+    Margyricarpus setosus, 171;
+    Saxifraga Burseriana, 238;
+    S. ceratophylla, 240;
+    S. purpurascens, 261;
+    S. Rocheliana, 265;
+    Umbillicus chrysanthus, 297;
+    Vaccinium vitis-idaea, 298;
+    Veronica gentianoides, 300;
+    V. pinguifolia, 301;
+    Vesicaria graeca, 302;
+    Yucca gloriosa, 307;
+    Y. recurva, 308.
+
+
+  F.
+
+  February, Fair Maids of, 106.
+
+  Felworth, spring alpine, 115.
+
+  Festuca glauca, 101.
+
+  Feverfew, marsh, 227.
+
+  Flame-flowers, 294.
+
+  Flaw flower, 18.
+
+  Flax, yellow, 164.
+
+  Fleabane, Caucasian, 93.
+    glaucous, 94.
+    showy, 283.
+
+  Flower, milk, 107.
+
+  Foliage Plants:--Achillea aegyptica, 3;
+    Arabis lucida variegata, 29;
+    Aralia Sieboldi, 30;
+  Arisaema triphyllum, 33;
+    Bocconia cordata, 42;
+    Cornus canadensis, 68;
+    Corydalis lutea, 70;
+    C. nobilis, 71;
+    C. solida, 73;
+    Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum, 83;
+    Erica carnea, 92;
+    Euonymus japonicus radicans variegata, 99;
+    Festuca glauca, 101;
+    Funkia albo-marginata, 102;
+    F. Sieboldii, 103;
+    Galax aphylla, 108;
+    Galega officinalis, 110;
+    Gentiana asclepiadea, 112;
+    G. Burseri, 113;
+    Geranium argenteum, 116;
+    Gynerium argenteum, 119;
+    Hedera conglomerata, 122;
+    Helleborus foetidus, 131;
+    Heuchera, 142;
+    H. glabra, 144;
+    H. metallica, 145;
+    H. purpurea, 145;
+    Iris foetidissima, 153;
+    Isopyrum gracilis, 153;
+    Lactuca sonchifolia, 158;
+    Lysimachia clethroides, 170;
+    Ononis rotundifolia, 185;
+    Ourisia coccinea, 193;
+    Podophyllum peltatum, 205;
+    Polygonum Brunonis, 207;
+    P. cuspidatum, 208;
+    P. filiformis variegatum, 209;
+    Statice latifolia, 280;
+    Saxifraga Burseriana, 238;
+    S. caesia, 238;
+    S. ceratophylla, 240;
+    S. ciliata, 242;
+    S. ligulata, 249;
+    S. longifolia, 250;
+    S. Macnabiana, 253;
+    S. paradoxa, 257;
+    S. pectinata, 258;
+    S. peltata, 259;
+    S. purpurascens, 261;
+    S. pyramidalis, 262;
+    S. Rocheliana, 265;
+    S. umbrosa variegata, 265;
+    Sempervivum Laggeri, 270;
+    Spiraea ulmaria variegata, 279;
+    Tiarella cordifolia, 287;
+    Yucca gloriosa, 308.
+
+  Forget-me-not, creeping, 185.
+
+  Fritillaria armena, 101.
+
+  Fumitory, 73.
+    "hollowe roote," 71, 73.
+    yellow, 70.
+
+  Funkia albo-marginata, 102.
+    Sieboldii, 103.
+
+
+  G.
+
+  Galanthus Elwesii, 105.
+    folded, 107.
+    imperati, 105.
+    nivalis, 106.
+    plicatus, 107.
+    redoutei, 107.
+
+  Galax aphylla, 108.
+    heart-leaved, 108.
+
+  Galega officinalis, 110.
+    persica liliacina, 110.
+
+  Garland flower, 78.
+
+  Garlic, large yellow, 6.
+
+  Gentian, Burser's, 113.
+    cross-leaved, 114.
+    ice-cold, 114.
+    lithospermum, 165.
+    swallow-wort leaved, 112.
+
+  Gentiana acaulis, 111.
+    asclepiadea, 112.
+    Burseri, 113.
+    cruciata, 114.
+    gelida, 114.
+    verna, 115.
+
+  Gentianella, 111.
+
+  Geranium argenteum, 116.
+
+  Gillenia trifoliata, 117.
+
+  Gilloflower, 107.
+    Queene's, 141.
+    stock, 142.
+    wild, 81.
+
+  Gillyflower, 57.
+
+  Gladdon or Gladwin, 153.
+
+  Glory, Snowy, 58.
+
+  Goats-rue, officinal, 110.
+
+  Golden drop, 187.
+
+  Goose-tongue, 4.
+
+  Grandmother's frilled cap, 51
+
+  Grass, blue, 101.
+    pampas or silvery, 119.
+
+  Gromwell, prostrate, 165.
+
+  Groundsel, noble, 272.
+
+  Gynerium argenteum, 119.
+
+
+  H.
+
+  Hacquetia Epipactis, 85.
+
+  Harebell, showy, 53.
+
+  Harpalium rigidum, 121.
+
+  Heath, winter, 92.
+
+  Hedera conglomerata, 122.
+
+  Helianthus multiflorus, 123.
+    m. flore-pleno, 124.
+    orygalis, 124.
+    rigidus, 121.
+
+  Heliotrope, winter, 198.
+
+  Hellebore, abchasian, 126.
+    ancient, 127.
+    black, 132, 188.
+    Boccon's, 128.
+    bushy, 131.
+    Colchican, 129.
+    coppery, 130.
+    eastern, 137.
+    officinalis, 137.
+    Olympian, 136.
+    purplish, 139.
+    spotted, 132.
+    stinking, 131.
+    sweet-scented, 136.
+
+  Helleborus abchasicus, 126.
+    a. purpureus, 126.
+    antiquorum, 127.
+    Bocconi, 128.
+    B. angustifolia, 129.
+    colchicus, 129.
+    cupreus, 130.
+    dumetorum, 131.
+    foetidus, 131.
+    guttatus, 132.
+    hyemalis, 91.
+    multifidus, 128.
+    niger, 132, 138.
+    n. angustifolius, 134
+    n. maximus, 134.
+    odorus, 136.
+    olympicus, 136.
+    orientalis, 137.
+    o. elegans, 138.
+    purpurascens, 139.
+
+  Hepatica, anemone, 140.
+    angulosa, 139.
+    triloba, 140.
+    t. splendens, 141.
+
+  Herb, Christ's, 132.
+
+  Hesperis matronalis flore-pleno, 141.
+
+  Heuchera, 142, 288.
+    americana, 143.
+    currant-leaved, 145.
+
+  Heuchera cylindrica, 143.
+    cylindrical-spiked, 143.
+    Drummondi, 144.
+    glabra, 141.
+    lucida, 144.
+    metallica, 145.
+    micrantha, 145.
+    purpurea, 145.
+    ribifolia, 145.
+    Richardsoni, 146.
+    shining-leaved, 144.
+    small-flowered, 145.
+    smooth, 144.
+
+  Hill tulip, 18.
+
+  Houseleek, Lagger's, 270.
+
+  Houstonia albiflora, 146.
+    coerulea, 146.
+
+  Hutchinsia alpina, 147.
+
+  Hyacinth, 267.
+    grape, 179.
+
+  Hydrangea, large-flowered, 148.
+    paniculata grandiflora, 148.
+
+  Hypericum calycinum, 150.
+
+
+  I.
+
+  Iberis correaefolia, 151.
+
+  Indian cress, 295.
+
+  Iris foetidissima, 153.
+
+  Isopyrum gracilis, 153.
+    slender, 153.
+
+  Ivy, conglomerate, 122.
+
+
+  J.
+
+  Jack in the pulpit, 33.
+
+  Jasminum nudiflorum, 155.
+
+
+  K.
+
+  Kalmia, broad-leaved, 157.
+    latifolia, 157.
+
+  Knapweed, mountain, 54.
+
+  Knotweed, 207, 209.
+    cuspid, 208.
+    vaccinium-leaved, 209.
+
+
+  L.
+
+  Lactuca sonchifolia, 158.
+
+  Lathyrus grandiflorus, 159.
+    latifolius, 160.
+    l. albus, 161.
+
+  Laurel, creeping or ground, 90.
+
+  Leopard's bane, 86.
+
+  Lepidium alpinum, 147.
+
+  Lettuce, sow thistle-leaved, 158.
+
+  Leucojum aestivum, 161.
+    vernum, 162.
+
+  Lilium auratum, 162.
+
+  Lily, erect wood, 291.
+    golden-rayed or Japanese, 162.
+    rush, 274.
+    St. Bernard's, 25.
+    St. Bruno's, 25.
+    Siebold's plantain-leaved, 103.
+    white-edged, plantain-leaved, 102.
+
+  Lilywort, 226.
+
+  Linaria pilosa, 237.
+
+  Linum flavum, 164.
+    narbonnense, 165.
+    perenne, 165.
+
+  Lithospermum fruticosum, 165.
+    prostratum, 165.
+
+  Lobelia cardinalis, 166.
+    pratiana, 210.
+    repens, 210.
+
+  Loosestrife, clethra-like, 170.
+
+  Lungworts, 224.
+
+  Lychnis chalcedonica, 168.
+    scarlet, 168.
+    viscaria flore-pleno, 170.
+
+  Lysimachia clethroides, 170.
+
+
+  M.
+
+  Macleaya cordata, 42.
+
+  Madwort, rock, or golden tuft, 7.
+
+  Margyricarpus setosus, 171.
+
+  Marigold, double marsh, 47.
+
+  Marjoram, beautiful, 191.
+
+  Mazus, dwarf, 173.
+    pumilio, 173.
+
+  "Meadow bootes," 47.
+
+  Meadowsweet, 279.
+
+  Meadows, Queen of the, 279.
+
+  Megasea ciliata, 242, 249.
+    cordifolia, 245.
+    ligulata, 249.
+    purpurascens, 261.
+
+  Melittis grandiflorum, 174.
+    melissophyllum, 174.
+
+  Merendera caucasicum, 45.
+
+  Mertensia, 224.
+
+  Mezereon, 79.
+
+  Milfoil, common, 4.
+
+  Milla uniflora, 292.
+
+  Mitella, 288.
+
+  Monarda affinis, 176.
+    altissima, 176.
+    didyma, 175.
+    fistulosa, 176.
+    kalmiana, 175.
+    media, 176.
+    oblongata, 176.
+    purpurea, 176.
+    rugosa, 176.
+    Russelliana, 176.
+
+  Monk's-hood, autumn, 5.
+
+  Morina elegans, 176.
+    longifolia, 176.
+
+  Moss, silver, 238.
+
+  Muhlenbeckia complexa, 178.
+
+  Mullien, 228.
+
+  Muscari botryoides, 179.
+    b. alba, 180.
+    racemosum, 180.
+
+
+  N.
+
+  Narcissus minor, 180.
+
+  Nasturtium, 295.
+
+  Nierembergia rivularis, 181.
+    water, 181.
+
+  Nightshade, red, 204.
+
+
+  O.
+
+  Oenothera speciosa, 182.
+    taraxacifolia, 183.
+
+  Omphalodes verna, 185.
+
+  Ononis rotundifolia, 185.
+
+  Onosma taurica, 187.
+
+  Orchis, brown, 189.
+    foliosa, 189.
+    fusca, 189.
+
+  Orchis, leafy, 189.
+    militaris, 189.
+    soldier or brown man, 189.
+
+  Origanum pulchellum, 191.
+
+  Orobus vernus, 192.
+
+  Oswego tea, 175.
+
+  Ourisia coccinea, 193.
+
+  Oxlips, 211.
+
+
+  P.
+
+  Paigles, 211.
+
+  Pansy, 306.
+
+  Papaver bracteatum, 195.
+    orientale, 195.
+
+  Pasque-flower, 18.
+
+  Passe-flower, 18.
+
+  Peachbels, 50.
+
+  Pearl-fruit, bristly, 171.
+
+  Peaseling, 192.
+
+  Pellitory, wild, 4.
+
+  Pentstemons, 197.
+
+  Petasites vulgaris, 198.
+
+  Phlox, 199.
+    decussata, 199.
+    early and late flowering, 199.
+    frondosa, 201.
+    omniflora, 200.
+    ovata, 200.
+    paniculata, 200.
+    procumbens, 200.
+    stolonifera, 200.
+    suffruticosa, 199.
+
+  Physalis Alkekengi, 203.
+
+  Pinguicula vulgaris, 173.
+
+  Pink, maiden, 81, 152.
+    mule, 82.
+
+  Pinke, maidenly, 81.
+    virgin-like, 81.
+
+  Podophyllum peltatum, 205.
+
+  Polyanthus, 206.
+
+  Polygonum Brunonis, 207.
+    cuspidatum, 208.
+    c. compactum, 208.
+    filiformis variegatum, 209.
+    vaccinifolium, 209.
+
+  Poppy, oriental, 195.
+
+  Potentilla fruticosa, 209.
+
+  Prairie, Queen of the, 280.
+
+  Pratia, creeping, 210.
+    repens, 210.
+
+  Primrose, Cashmere, 214.
+    dandelion-leaved evening, 183.
+    double-flowered, 223.
+    margined, 217.
+    mealy or bird's-eye, 217.
+    Scottish, 220.
+    showy evening, 182.
+
+  Primula acaulis, 211.
+    Allioni, 213.
+    amoena, 213.
+    auricula, 213.
+    a. marginata, 218.
+    capitata, 213.
+    carniolica, 213.
+    cashmeriana, 124.
+    crenata, 217.
+    decora, 213.
+    denticulata, 213, 216.
+    d. amabilis, 217.
+    d. major, 217.
+    d. nana, 217.
+    elatior, 211.
+    farinosa, 213, 217, 220.
+    glaucescens, 213.
+    glutinosa, 213.
+    grandiflora, 211.
+    grandis, 213.
+    latifolia, 213.
+    longifolia, 213.
+    luteola, 213.
+    marginata, 213, 217.
+    minima, 213.
+    nivalis, 213.
+    purple-flowered, 219.
+    purpurea, 219.
+    round headed, 213.
+    scotica, 213, 220.
+    sikkimensis, 221.
+    sinensis, 213.
+    spectabilis, 213.
+    sylvestris, 211.
+    tyrolensis, 213.
+    toothed, 216.
+    veris, 206, 211.
+    villosa, 213.
+    viscosa, 213.
+    vulgaris, 211.
+    v. flore-pleno, 223.
+    Wulfeniana, 213.
+
+  Prunella pyrenaica, 152.
+
+  Ptarmica vulgaris, 4.
+
+  Pulmonarias, 224.
+    maculata, 225.
+    mollis, 225.
+    officinalis, 225.
+
+  Puschkinia libanotica, 225.
+    scilla-like, 225.
+    scilloides, 225.
+    s. compacta, 226.
+
+  Pyrethrum uliginosum, 227.
+
+
+  R.
+
+  Ramondia pyrenaica, 228.
+
+  Ranunculus aconitifolius, 229.
+    acris flore-pleno, 231.
+    albus multiflorus, 229.
+    amplexicaulis, 231.
+    speciosum, 232.
+    stem-clasping, 231.
+
+  Red-hot poker, 294.
+
+  Rest-arrow, round-leaved, 185.
+
+  Rocket, double sweet, 141.
+
+  ROCKWORK PLANTS:--
+    Acaena Novae Zealandiae, 1;
+    Alyssum saxatile, 7;
+    Andromeda tetragona, 10;
+    Anthyllis montana, 27;
+    Arabis lucida, 29;
+    Aralia Sieboldi, 30;
+    Aster alpinus, 37;
+    Campanula Waldsteiniana, 53;
+    Cardamine trifolia, 70;
+    Colchicum variegatum, 64;
+    Cornus canadensis, 68;
+    Corydalis nobilis, 71;
+    C. solida, 73;
+    Cyananthus lobatus, 74;
+    Dentaria digitata, 81;
+    Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum, 83;
+    Dondia Epipactis, 85;
+    Doronicum caucasicum, 86;
+    Edraianthus dalmaticus, 88;
+    Erica carnea, 92;
+    Erigeron glaucum, 94;
+    Erysimum pumilum, 97;
+    Festuca glauca, 101;
+    Funkia Sieboldii, 103;
+    Galax aphylla, 70, 108;
+    Gentiana acaulis, 111;
+    G. Burseri, 113;
+    G. gelida, 114;
+    G. verna, 115;
+    Geranium argenteum, 116;
+    Hedera conglomerata, 122;
+    Houstonia coerulea, 146;
+    Iberis correaefolia, 151;
+    Linum flavum, 164;
+    Lithospermum prostratum, 165;
+    Lychnis Viscaria flore-pleno, 170;
+    Margyricarpus setosus, 171;
+    Muhlenbeckia complexa, 178;
+    Nierembergia rivularis, 181;
+    Onosma taurica, 188;
+    Origanum pulchellum, 191;
+    Orobus vernus, 192;
+    Phlox, 202;
+    Polygonum vaccinifolium, 209;
+    Pratia repens, 210;
+    Primula, 213, 216, 218, 222;
+    Pyrola rotundifolia, 70;
+    Ramondia pyrenaica, 228;
+    Ranunculus amplexicaulis, 231;
+    Salix reticulata, 70, 235;
+    Saponaria ocymoides, 237;
+    Saxifraga Burseriana, 238;
+    S. caesia, 238;
+    S. ceratophylla, 240;
+    S. ciliata, 242;
+    S. coriophylla, 246;
+    S. Fortunei, 247;
+    S. longifolia, 250;
+    S. mutata, 254;
+    S. oppositifolia, 255;
+    S. paradoxa, 257;
+    S. pectinata, 258;
+    S. pyramidalis, 262;
+    S. umbrosa variegata, 265;
+    S. Wallacei, 266;
+    Sedum spectabile, 269;
+    Sempervivum Laggeri, 270;
+    Symphytum caucasicum, 286;
+    Tropaeolum tuberosum, 295;
+    Umbilicus chrysanthus, 297;
+    Veronica pinguifolia, 301;
+    V. prostrata, 301;
+    Vesicaria graeca, 302;
+    Viola pedata, 303;
+    Yucca filamentosa, 306.
+
+  Rose, Christmas, 132, 138.
+    lenten, 137.
+    of Sharon, 150.
+
+  Rudbeckia californica, 233.
+    purpurea, 87.
+    serotina, 234.
+
+  Rues, maidenhair-like, 153.
+
+
+  S.
+
+  Saffron, meadow, 63.
+    spring, 46.
+
+  Saint John's Wort, cup, 150.
+    large calyxed, 150.
+
+  Salix reticulata, 235.
+
+  Sanguinaria canadensis, 235.
+
+  Saponaria ocymoides, 237.
+    ocymoides splendens, 237.
+
+  Satin-flower, 274.
+
+  Saxifraga Aizoon, 258, 259.
+    alpina ericoides flore coeruleo, 255.
+    australis, 257, 258.
+    Burseriana, 238, 246.
+    caesia, 238.
+    carinthiaca, 257, 258.
+    ceratophylla, 240.
+    ciliata, 242, 249.
+    cordifolia, 245, 261.
+    coriophylla, 245.
+    cornutum, 241, 266.
+    cotyledon, 253, 254, 262.
+    crassifolia, 261.
+    crustata, 257.
+    fortunei, 247.
+    geranioides, 266.
+    japonica, 247.
+    ligulata, 242, 249, 257.
+    longifolia, 250, 254, 257.
+    macnabiana, 253.
+    mutata, 254.
+    nepalensis, 253.
+    oppositifolia, 246, 255.
+    o. alba, 256.
+    paradoxa, 257.
+    pectinata, 258.
+    peltata, 259.
+    pentadactylis, 240, 266.
+    pryamidalis, 262.
+    purpurascens, 261.
+    rocheliana, 265.
+    umbrosa, 265.
+    variegata, 265.
+    sarmentosa, 243.
+    Wallacei, 266.
+
+  Saxifrage, blue, 255.
+    Burser's, 238, 246.
+    Fortune's, 247.
+    grey, 238.
+    hairy margined, 242.
+    horn-leaved, 240.
+    large-leaved purple, 261.
+    long-leaved, 250.
+    Mac Nab's, 253.
+    opposite-leaved, 255.
+    paradoxical, 257.
+    purple mountain, 255.
+    Queen of, 250.
+    Rochel's, 265.
+
+  Scilla, bell-flowered, 267.
+    campanulata, 267.
+
+  Sea lavender, broad-leaved, 280.
+    profuse, 281.
+
+  Sedum Fabarium, 269.
+    spectabile, 269.
+    Sieboldi, 269.
+
+  Self heal, 152.
+
+  Sempervivum Laggeri, 270.
+
+  Senecio pulcher, 272.
+
+  Sibthorpia europaea, 237.
+
+  Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, 274.
+    Grandiflorum album, 276.
+
+  Slipper, English lady's, 76.
+
+  Sneezewort, 4.
+
+  Snowdrop, common, 106.
+    Elwes's, 105.
+    imperial, 105.
+
+  Snowflake, spring, 162.
+    summer, 161.
+
+  Soapwort, basil-leaved, 237.
+    rock, 237.
+
+  Solanum Halicacabum, 204.
+
+  Soldanella alpina, 276.
+    Clusii, 276.
+    minima, 276.
+    montana, 276.
+
+  Speedwell, fat-leaved, 301.
+    gentian-leaved, 300.
+    prostrate, 301.
+
+  Spikenard, 94.
+
+  Spindle tree, variegated, rooting, 99.
+
+  Spiraea odorata, 279.
+    palmata, 278.
+    palm-like, 278.
+    trifoliata, 117.
+    triloba, 117.
+    ulmaria variegata, 279.
+    venusta, 280.
+
+  Spring beauty, 152.
+
+  Spurge-flax, 79.
+    German olive, 79.
+    wort, 153.
+
+  Squill, striped, 225.
+
+  Star-flower, 288.
+    lilac, 293.
+
+  Star-flower, spring, 292.
+
+  Star, shooting, 84.
+
+  Starwort, 37, 283.
+
+  Starwort, alpine, 37.
+    bouquet, 39.
+
+  Statice latifolia, 280.
+    profusa, 281.
+    varieties of, 281.
+
+  Steeple-bells, 50.
+
+  Stenactis speciosus, 283.
+
+  Stokesia, jasper blue, 284.
+    cyanea, 284.
+
+  Stonecrop, showy, 269.
+    Siebold's, 269.
+
+  Succory, wild, 61.
+
+  Sunflower, graceful, 124.
+    many-flowered, 123.
+    rigid, 121.
+
+  Symphytum caucasicum, 286.
+
+
+  T.
+
+  Teazel, 176.
+
+  Thistle, 284.
+
+  Tiarella cordifolia, 287.
+
+  Tirentalis europaea, 288.
+
+  Toothwort, 81.
+
+  Treacle-mustard, dwarf, 97.
+
+  Trillium erectum, 291.
+
+  Triteleia, one-flowered, 292.
+    uniflora, 292.
+    u. liliacina, 292.
+
+  Tritoma, great, 294.
+    uvaria, 294.
+
+  Tropaeolum tuberosum, 295.
+    tuberous, 295.
+
+  Trophy plant, 295.
+
+  Tussilago fragrans, 198.
+    petasites, 198.
+
+
+  U.
+
+  Umbillicus chrysanthus, 297.
+
+
+  V.
+
+  Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea, 298.
+
+  Valerian red, 55.
+
+  Valeriana ruber, 55.
+
+  Verbascum Myconi, 228.
+
+  Veronica gentianoides, 300.
+
+  Veronica pinguifolia, 301.
+    prostrata, 165, 301.
+    repens, 301.
+
+  Vesicaria graeca, 302.
+
+  Vetch, mountain kidney, 27.
+    spring bitter, 192.
+
+  Viola pedata, 303.
+    pedata bicolor, 304.
+    tricolor, 305.
+
+  Violet, Dame's, 141.
+    dog's tooth, 98.
+    early bulbous, 106.
+    pedate-leaved, or bird's-foot, 303.
+
+
+  W.
+
+  Wallflower, common, 56.
+    fairy, 97.
+    Marshall's, 58.
+
+  Whorl flower, 176.
+
+  Whortle-berry, red, 298.
+
+  Willow, wrinkled or netted, 235.
+
+  Windflower, 141.
+    alpine, 11.
+    double, 17.
+    fair, 12.
+    Japan, 16.
+    mountain, 12.
+    poppy-like, 13.
+    shaggy, 23.
+    shining, 15.
+    star, 20.
+    stork's-bill, 12.
+    sulphur-coloured, 21.
+
+  Wintergreen, English, 288.
+
+
+  Y.
+
+  Yarrow, Egyptian, 3.
+    wild, 4.
+
+  Yucca filamentosa, 306.
+    filamentosa variegata, 306.
+    gloriosa, 307.
+    recurva, 308.
+    thready-leaved, 306.
+    weeping, 308.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hardy Perennials and Old Fashioned
+Flowers, by John Wood
+
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